APPENDIX 3 Map of Nauru

MAP OF NAURU
Flat
Plateau
(Source : http://www.worldatlas.com, modified by the Study Team)
List of Acronyms
A$
ADB
AMU
AusAID
BON
DCIE
DNWP
DOF
DOH
DPPD
EDF
EHC
EIA
EU
GDP
GNI
GON
IWRM
JICA
MDGs
MCIE
MFSD
NSDS
NPC
NRC
PD
RO
RONPHOS
SOE(s)
SOPAC
SS
TDS
UNDP
WHO
Australian Dollars
Asian Development Bank
Aid Management Unit
Australian Agency for International Development
Bank of Nauru
Department of Commerce, Industry and the Environment
Draft National Water Plan
Department of Finance
Department of Health
Development Planning and Policy Division
European Development Fund
Eigigu Holdings Corporation
Environment Impact Assessment
European Union
Gross Domestic Product
Gross National Income
Government of Nauru
Integrated Water Resource Management
Japan International Cooperation Agency
Millennium Development Goals
Ministry of Commerce, Industry and Environment
Ministry of Finance and Sustainable Development
National Sustainable Development Strategy
Nauru Phosphate Corporation
Nauru Rehabilitation Corporation
Partnership for Development
Reverse Osmosis
Republic of Nauru Phosphate Corporation
State-Owned Enterprise(s)
Pacific Island Applied Geoscience Commission
Suspended Solids
Total Dissolved Solids
United Nation Development Programme
World Health Organisation
(Remarks) All currencies quoted are in Australian Dollars unless otherwise indicated.
Table of Contents
Location Map
List of Acronyms
Page
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
1) Background and Objectives of the Study ...................................................................................ES-1
2) Current Situation of Water Supply in Nauru ..............................................................................ES-2
3)
Outline of the Future Project ......................................................................................................ES-3
4) Conclusion and Recommendation ..............................................................................................ES-4
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1
Background of the Study .....................................................................................................1-1
1.2
Objective of the Study .........................................................................................................1-2
1.3
Member of the Study Team .................................................................................................1-3
1.4
Schedule of the Study ..........................................................................................................1-3
1.5
List of Interviewees..............................................................................................................1-6
CHAPTER 2
CURRENT SITUATION OF WATER SUPPLY IN NAURU
2.1
Outline of the Republic of Nauru.........................................................................................2-1
2.1.1
Geography and Environment ...............................................................................................2-1
2.1.2
Population ............................................................................................................................2-1
2.1.3
Economy ..............................................................................................................................2-2
2.1.4
National Budget ...................................................................................................................2-3
2.1.5
Exports and Imports.............................................................................................................2-6
2.1.6
Labour Force, Employment and Wages...............................................................................2-7
2.1.7
Finance.................................................................................................................................2-7
2.1.8
Political Organisation...........................................................................................................2-8
i
2.2
Current Situation of Water Supply in Nauru........................................................................2-13
2.2.1
National Plan of Water Supply in Nauru .............................................................................2-13
2.2.2
Current Situation of the Existing Water Resources and Water situation .............................2-18
2.2.3
Current Situation of the Existing Water Supply Facilities...................................................2-27
2.2.4
Current Situation of the Sanitation Facilities .......................................................................2-36
2.3
Institution and Management of Water Supply .....................................................................2-38
2.3.1
Department of Commerce, Industry and Environment (DCIE) ...........................................2-39
2.3.2
Nauru Utilities Authority (NUA).........................................................................................2-40
2.3.3
Nauru Rehabilitation Corporation (NRC)............................................................................2-41
2.3.4
Eigigu Holdings Corporation (EHC) ...................................................................................2-42
2.3.5
Other Water Supply - Related Agencies, Organisations and SOEs .....................................2-42
2.4
Major Donors’ Activities .....................................................................................................2-43
2.4.1
Bilateral Donors / AusAID (Australia) ................................................................................2-43
2.4.2
Republic of China (Taiwan).................................................................................................2-44
2.4.3
Italy ......................................................................................................................................2-44
2.4.4
Japan ....................................................................................................................................2-45
2.4.5
Other Bilateral Donors.........................................................................................................2-45
2.4.6
Multilateral Donors / European Union (EU)........................................................................2-45
2.4.7
Asian Development Bank (ADB) ........................................................................................2-46
2.4.8
Pacific Island Applied Geoscience Commission (SOPAC).................................................2-46
2.4.9
Other Multilateral Donors....................................................................................................2-46
CHAPTER 3
OUTLINE OF THE PROPOSED FUTURE PROJECTS
3.1
Establishment of Water Supply and Sanitation Agency ......................................................3-1
3.2
Water Supply Projects..........................................................................................................3-2
3.2.1
Water Demand Forecast.......................................................................................................3-2
3.2.2
Choices of Water Sources ....................................................................................................3-5
3.2.3
Plan for Water Supply Facilities ..........................................................................................3-6
ii
3.2.4
Cost Estimate .......................................................................................................................3-18
3.2.4
Environmental Issues ...........................................................................................................3-19
3.3
Sewerage Projects ................................................................................................................3-19
3.4
Environmental and Social Consideration.............................................................................3-21
CHAPTER 4
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
4.1
Conclusion ...........................................................................................................................4-1
4.2
Recommendation .................................................................................................................4-2
4.2.1
Institutional Aspects.............................................................................................................4-2
4.2.2
Technical Aspects ................................................................................................................4-3
4.3
Application (Draft) for Japan’s Technical Assistance .........................................................4-5
ANNEX 1
Pictures
ANNEX 2
Application Form for Japanese Technical Cooperation
(和文要約)
1)
調査の背景と目的..............................................................................................................要約-1
2)
ナウルの上水道の現状......................................................................................................要約-2
3)
将来計画の概要..................................................................................................................要約-3
4)
結論と提言 .........................................................................................................................要約-4
iii
List of Figures and Tables
Table 1-1
Member List of the Study Team-------------------------------------------- 1-3
Table 1-2
Schedule of the Study (1st Survey) ---------------------------------------- 1-4
Table 1-3
Schedule of the Study (2nd Survey) --------------------------------------- 1-5
Table 2-1
Population Projections ------------------------------------------------------- 2-2
Table 2-2
Composition of Nauru’s GDP ---------------------------------------------- 2-3
Figure 2-1
Composition of Total Revenue (2009-10) -------------------------------- 2-4
Table 2-3
Donor Revenue Measures --------------------------------------------------- 2-4
Figure 2-2
Composition of Domestic Expenses (2009-10) -------------------------- 2-5
Table 2-4
Budget Aggregate ------------------------------------------------------------ 2-6
Figure 2-3
Nauru’s Trade Balance with Australia (2000-2007) --------------------- 2-7
Figure 2-4
Structure of Cabinet Minister ----------------------------------------------- 2-9
Figure 2-5
Organisational Chart of Government of Nauru--------------------------- 2-10
Table 2-5
Comparison of Socio-Economic Data with Nauru’s Neighbouring
Countries ---------------------------------------------------------------------- 2-12
Figure 2-6
Policy Development and Implementation Framework ------------------ 2-14
Figure 2-7
Basic Concept of the NSDS------------------------------------------------- 2-15
Table 2-6
Strategies and Terminal Milestones in Water Sector (NSDS 2009) --- 2-17
Figure 2-8
Components of Water Resources in Nauru ------------------------------- 2-18
Table 2-7
Monthly Rainfall Records (1915 to 2006) -------------------------------- 2-20
Figure 2-9
Salinity of Groundwater ----------------------------------------------------- 2-22
Table 2-8
Water Quality Standard (WHO, USA, EU and Japan) ------------------ 2-24
Table 2-9
Accessibility to Drinking Water -------------------------------------------- 2-25
Table 2-10
Water Delivery Method------------------------------------------------------ 2-25
Table 2-11
Main Source of Drinking Water -------------------------------------------- 2-25
Figure 2-10 DOW SW30HR-380 (DOW catalogue) ----------------------------------- 2-28
Figure 2-11 Desalination unit with RO process (1/2) ---------------------------------- 2-29
Figure 2-12 Desalination unit with RO process (2/2) ---------------------------------- 2-30
Figure 2-13 Basic flow of RO system at Mennen hotel -------------------------------- 2-31
Figure 2-14 Flow Diagram of Water Supply in Nauru --------------------------------- 2-33
i
Table 2-12
Number and Delivery Capacity of Water Tanker Truck ---------------- 2-35
Table 2-13
Number of Cistern by Size -------------------------------------------------- 2-36
Figure 2-15 Organisation of Ministry of Commerce, Industry and Environment -- 2-39
Figure 2-16 Organisation of Nauru Utilities Authority -------------------------------- 2-41
Figure 3-1
Proposed Water Supply and Sanitation Agency-------------------------- 3-2
Figure 3-2
Population Forecast ---------------------------------------------------------- 3-3
Table 3-1
Nauru Economic Indications (2004 to 2008) ----------------------------- 3-4
Figure 3-3
Relationship between GDP and Water Consumption per Capita------- 3-5
Table 3-2
Water Consumption ---------------------------------------------------------- 3-5
Table 3-3
Production Capacity of Existing Water Resources --------------------- 3-6
Table 3-4
Water Resources Enhancement--------------------------------------------- 3-7
Figure 3-4
Proportion by Types of Desalination Method ---------------------------- 3-8
Figure 3-5
Membrane type and its application----------------------------------------- 3-8
Figure 3-6
Basic Flow of the Desalination System------------------------------------ 3-9
Figure 3-7
Image of RO System (Typical Diagram for 270m³/day) ---------------- 3-11
Figure 3-8
Image of RO System (Standard Type: Production Capacity –
300m³/day) ------------------------------------------------------------------- 3-12
Figure 3-9
Image of RO System (Container Type: Production Capacity –
100m³/day) -------------------------------------------------------------------- 3-13
Figure 3-10 Expected Material Balance for 300m³/day RO --------------------------- 3-14
Figure 3-11 Expected Water Quality and Balance-------------------------------------- 3-15
Table 3-5
Specification of RO Membrane Lement----------------------------------- 3-16
Figure 3-12 Proposed Distribution Pipeline --------------------------------------------- 3-17
Table 3-6
Proposed Equipment List---------------------------------------------------- 3-18
Table 3-7
Estimated Facility Cost ------------------------------------------------------ 3-18
Figure3-13 Brine from Desalination System ------------------------------------------- 3-19
ii
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
1)
Background and Objectives of the Study
Republic of Nauru (hereinafter referred as “Nauru”) is an isolated island located in the dry
belt of the equatorial oceanic area in the western Pacific Ocean, with the population of
approximately 10,000 people.
At just 21 km², the country is the 3rd smallest country in the
world.
Nauru is a permeable island with no surface freshwater resources except a small lagoon
located in the south-western centre of the island and a few small brackish ponds surrounding the
escarpments.
Due to the permeability, most of the groundwater resources in the island are also
brackish which can not be drinkable.
In rainy season, portable water is collected in rainwater tanks connected with the roofs of
domestic and commercial buildings.
However, in the last decade, Nauru experiences severe
draughts associated with La Niña episodes.
After all, Nauru is a shortage of stable natural
water resources to cover the entire population.
Under such circumstances, portable water in the island heavily depends on the two
desalination plants operated by the Nauru Utility Authority (NUA).
However, the production
capacity of the two plants is not able to make up for the lack of water resources, and also the
production cost, which is much more higher than that of other water treatment methods such as
rapid filtration method, lays a financial burden on the concerned organisations.
In order to break out the status quo, the Government of Nauru plans to make a request to
the Government of Japan to provide a Japanese technical cooperation project which consists of
soft and hard components.
The main objectives of the Project Formation Study on Nauru Water Supply Improvement
Project are as follows;
(1) To confirm the current situation of water supply and sewerage systems
(2) To identify the sustainable and efficient water supply system
(3) To ascertain the possibility of the Japanese technical assistance project on water supply
ES-1
2)
Current Situation of Water Supply in Nauru
So far no agency, department nor corporation has sole responsibility for the operation and
management of water supply in Nauru.
According to the Government of Nauru, more than 10
governmental agencies and State-Owned Enterprises, mainly under the Ministry of Commerce,
Industry and Environment, share the roles and responsibilities on water supply.
In Nauru, major water resources are rainwater, groundwater and desalinated water.
Among them, according to the Census conducted in 2002, the desalinated water shares almost
80% of total supply in the country.
The existing water supply facilities and their problems are as follows;
- Water Production Facilities (1) Seawater desalination with Reverse Osmosis plants at the NUA
120 m3/day/unit x three units, total 360 m3/day
(2) Seawater desalination with Reverse Osmosis plants at Menen Hotel
120 m3/day/unit x one unit
- Water Delivery Facilities (1) Water Tanker Truck owned by the NUA (Maximum delivery capacity: 166 m3/day)
(2) Small pipeline system exclusively used for the RON hospital
Despite of the high production cost of the desalinated water, thanks to the government
subsidy, water user can get water free of charge in most cases.
In case the users request to
supply water to their private cisterns by the water tanker trucks, A$ 2.5 /m³ is charged by the
NUA as delivery charge, not as water charge.
In Nauru, no piped sewerage system exists.
Most of households have the simple sewerage
treatment equipment such as septic tanks, however, sewage might be penetrating into
groundwater, causing contamination.
Thus, the construction of sewerage treatment plant is
also eagerly anticipated.
ES-2
3)
Outline of the Future Project
The following projects are required to develop the water supply in Nauru;
(1) Establishment of Water Supply and Sanitation Agency
So far there is no single department, agency or corporation in Nauru with responsibility or
jurisdiction for water supply on the whole.
Without the appropriate organisation, it is quite
difficult to plan, implement, and mange water supply in the island.
Then, the Study Team
strongly recommends that Nauru should establish water supply agency, and the expected
functions of the proposed water supply agency are as follows;
a) Integrated water resource management
b) Operation and management of water supply (and sanitation) facilities
c) Planning and implementation of water supply (and sanitation) projects
d) Water quality control and monitoring
e) Enactment of water laws and regulations
f) Establishment of water charge and water charge collection systems, etc.
(2) Water Supply Facilities
In order to bridge the gap between the current capacity of water production and the future
water demand, additional desalination plant is required.
The specification of the plant is as
follows;
- Raw water
: seawater
- Production capacity
: 300 m3/day
- Required product water quality
: less than 1,000 mg/l in TDS
Total cost is estimated at A$ 830,000 (= 66,400,000 Japanese Yen)
In addition, rehabilitation of the existing water supply facilities, especially abandoned
distribution pipeline in the populated area shall be implemented and also the piped water
reticulation system shall be newly established in the near future.
As for the sewerage, currently, no piped sewage system exists in the country.
Although
improvement of the sewage system is not clear in the national development plan, in order to
protect natural environment, it is recommended to prepare proper sewerage system urgently.
ES-3
4) Conclusion and Recommendation
(1) Conclusion
The existing water supply systems in Nauru face serious situations in terms of managerial
and technical aspects.
First of all, there is no single agency, department or corporation in the country with the
responsibility for the comprehensive management and operation of water supply systems in the
island.
Although several governmental agencies and SOEs, partially and individually, fulfil
their duties on water supply, it is, however, imperative that all the organisations concerned
water supply shall share information and establish the cooperative framework amongst them.
In addition to the institutional improvement, water tariff system should be adopted.
In
order for the sound management of water supply, all the activities in water sector should be
based on the collected water charges paid by water users.
Second, as for the technical aspect, historically water supply in Nauru has been heavily
depending on subsidised desalination plants, which is much costlier than other water treatment
methods such as rapid and slow filtration systems.
In addition, since there is no pipeline
network, the expensive desalinated water is delivered by means of water tanker truck, which can
also be one of the most expensive delivery methods.
In order to solve the problems, as a first step, establishment of a single water supply agency
that manage water supply comprehensively is absolutely imperative.
Then, since there is no
practical national water plan, the basic policy of the expansion and rehabilitation of the systems
shall be deliberately planned and implemented by the proposed agency in accordance with the
National Sustainable Development Strategy.
(2) Recommendation
On the basis of the above conclusion, the Study Team made the following
recommendations to carry on the development of water supply in Nauru;
- Institutional Aspect a) Establishment of water supply agency
b) Enactment of water laws and regulations
c) Drawing up of the national water master plan
d) Human resource development
ES-4
e) Financial improvement
- Technical Aspect a) Review of water resources in Nauru
b) Review of the existing water supply facilities
c) Project planning for the expansion of water supply facilities
d) Improvement of sewerage systems
As a result of the Study, the Study Team highly recommend our counterparts in Nauru to
implement the technical cooperation project, which consists of both the soft and hard
components.
In fact, the Ministry of Commerce, Industry and Environment has completed a
draft of the application form for Japan’s Technical Assistance for the fiscal year of 2010 and the
draft has already been submitted to a Cabinet meeting, and is waiting for their approval.
ES-5
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
Chapter 1 Introduction
1 INTRODUCTION
1.1
Background of the Study
Republic of Nauru (hereinafter referred as “Nauru”) is an isolated island located in the dry
belt of the equatorial oceanic area in the western Pacific Ocean, with the population of
approximately 10,000 people.
At just 21 km², the country is the 3rd smallest country in the
world.
Same as other small island nations in the Pacific, the current state of water supply in Nauru
leaves a lot to be desired even though it has been improved in cooperation with international
organisations and other donor agencies since the collapse of the prosperous economy which
depended solely on phosphate export.
Nauru is a permeable island with no surface freshwater resources except a small lagoon
located in the south-western centre of the island and a few small brackish ponds surrounding the
escarpments.
Due to the permeability, most of the groundwater resources in the island are also
brackish which can not be drinkable.
In rainy season, portable water is collected in rainwater tanks connected with the roofs of
domestic and commercial buildings.
However, in the last decade, Nauru experiences severe
draughts associated with La Niña episodes.
After all, Nauru is a shortage of stable natural
water resources to cover the entire population.
Under such circumstances, portable water in the island heavily depends on the two
desalination plants operated by the Nauru Utility Authority (NUA).
However, the production
capacity of the two plants is not able to make up for the lack of water resources, and also the
production cost, which is much more higher than that of other water treatment methods such as
rapid filtration method, lays a financial burden on the concerned organisations.
In addition to the lack of basic infrastructure of water supply, there is no single organisation
or department that manages water supply comprehensively in the island.
In order to break out the status quo, the Government of Nauru (GON) plans to make a
request to the Government of Japan to provide a Japanese technical cooperation project which
consists of soft and hard components.
1-1
Chapter 1 Introduction
1.2
Objectives of the Study
The main objectives of the Project Formation Study on Nauru Water Supply Improvement
Project (The Study) are as follows;
(1) To confirm the current situation of water supply and sewerage systems in Nauru
(2) To identify the sustainable and efficient water supply system in Nauru
(3) To ascertain the possibility of the Japanese technical assistance project on water supply in
Nauru
In addition, at the start of the Study, the Project Formation Study Team (The Study Team)
intended to focus on the following survey items;
(1) Present status of water supply (eg. coverage ratio, existing facilities, O&M, and social
recognition, etc.)
(2) Short, middle and long-term water master plan (national plan on water supply), if any.
(3) Water supply concerned organisations and their functions
(4) Selection of water resource (s)
(5) Other donors’ activities
(6) Technical identification of the prospective water supply project and its cost estimation
(7) Human resource development plan
(8) Water laws, environment lows and other water supply related laws and regulation.
(9) Economic and social impact of the prospective water supply project
(10) Needs assessment of sewerage project (s), etc.
It is, however, slightly modified in line with the current situation of water supply in Nauru.
In addition, the Study includes a discussion with the Embassy of Japan in Fiji and Japan
International Cooperation Agency (JICA) Fiji Office.
1-2
Chapter 1 Introduction
1.3
Member of the Study Team
The Study Team consists of five members as follows;
Table 1-1 Member List of the Study Team
Name
Mr. Kenichiro SUGIYA
Duty
Company
Team leader / Operation and
Unico International Corp.
Maintenance Specialist
Mr. Junichi KAMIMURA
Water Supply Facility
Unico International Corp.
Specialist
Mr. Takeshi Iwase*
Socio-Economy Specialist
Unico International Corp.
(Including assistant for Water
Supply Facility Specialist)
(Remarks*: Mr. Iwase engages domestic works only)
1.4
Schedule of the Study
The Study of the site survey is divided into two phases as follows;
1st Survey: 29 August to 18 September, 2009
2nd Survey: 7 January to 19 January, 2010
Detailed information of the Study schedule shall be indicated in Table 1-2 and 3.
1-3
Chapter 1 Introduction
Table 1-2 Schedule of the Study (1st Survey)
Contents of Study
Mr. Kenichiro SUGIYA
Mr. Junichi KAMIMURA
✈JL 761 (Tokyo 21:10 - *07:05 Brisbane)
1
28-Aug
Sat
2
29-Aug
Sun
3
30-Aug
●Kick-off Meeting with the Aid Management Unit (AMU)
Mon ●Kick-off Meeting with the Ministry of Utilities (MOU)
●Meeting with the AusAID
4
31-Aug
Tue ●(Site Survey: Existing facilities - Desalination Plant, Pump Station、Individual Wells, etc.)
5
1-Sep
Wed
6
2-Sep
Thu
7
3-Sep
●Meeting with the Egigu
Fri ●Meeting with the Nauru Rehabilitation Corporation
●Meeting with the Ministry of Health and Medical Services
8
4-Sep
Sat
(Site Survey)
9
5-Sep
Sun
(Site Survey)
10
6-Sep
Mon
11
7-Sep
Tue
(Site Survey)
✈ JL 762 (Brisbane 08:45 - 17:05 Tokyo)
12
8-Sep
Wed
(Site Survey)
(Domestic Work)
13
9-Sep
Thu
●Meeting with the AMU
●Meeting with the MOU
(Domestic Work)
14
10-Sep
Fri
●Wrap up Meeting with AMU
●Wrap up Meeting with MOU
(Domestic Work)
15
11-Sep
Sat
-
(Domestic Work)
16
12-Sep
Sun
-
(Domestic Work)
17
13-Sep
✈ ON 001 (Nauru 05:45 - 09:45 Brisbane)
Mon ✈ QF 397 (Brisbane 11:30 - 17:00 Nadi)
(Surface Transfer) Nadi→Suva
(Domestic Work)
18
14-Sep
Tue
●Meeting with the Embassy of Japan
●Meeting with JICA Fiji Office
(Domestic Work)
19
15-Sep
Wed
AM: (Surface Transfer) Suva → Nadi
PM: Reporting
(Domestic Work)
20
16-Sep
Thu ✈ QF 398 (Nadi 08:15 - 10:30 Brisbane)
(Domestic Work)
21
17-Sep
Fri ✈ JL 762 (Brisbane 08:45 - 17:05 Tokyo)
(Domestic Work)
✈ ON 002 (Brisbane 21:00 - *04:45 Nauru)
●Study on Financial and Institutional matters
●Study on the concerned laws
●Study on Waste water facilities
●Study on Designing of facilities
(Site Survey)
●Meeting with the AMU
●Meeting with the MOU
✈ ON 001 (Nauru 05:45 - 09:45 Brisbane)
1-4
Chapter 1 Introduction
Table 1-3 Schedule of the Study (2nd Survey)
Contents of Study
Mr. Kenichiro SUGIYA
1
6-Jan
Thu
✈JL 761 (Tokyo 21:10 - *07:05 Brisbane)
2
7-Jan
Fri
- Transit -
3
8-Jan
Sat
✈ ON 002 (Brisbane 01:00 - 08:50 Nauru)
4
9-Jan
Sun ●Reporting
5
10-Jan
●Kick-off Meeting with the Department of Aid Management Unit (AMU)
Mon ●Kick-off Meeting with Nauru Utilities Authority (NUA)
●Kick-off Meeting with the Department of Commerce, Industry and Environment (CIE)
6
11-Jan
Tue
●Meeting with the Aid Management Unit (AMU)
●Meeting with AusAID
7
12-Jan
Wed
●Meeting with NUA
●Site Survey (Desalination Plants, Delivery Facilities)
8
13-Jan
Thu
●Meeting with AMU
●Meeting with Egigu
14-Jan
Fri
9
10
11
●Meeting with Dept. of CIE
●Meeting with Nauru Rehabilitation Corporation
15-Jan
16-Jan
Sat ●Site Survey (Wells in phosphate mining area)
Sun ●Site Survey (Individual Wells, Individual Rainwater Harvesting, etc.)
12
17-Jan
●Wrap up Meeting with the AMU
Mon ●Wrap up Meeting with the Dept. of CIE
✈ ON 001 (Nauru 14:00 - 17:50 Brisbane)
13
18-Jan
Tue
✈ JL 762 (Brisbane 08:45 - 17:05 Tokyo)
1-5
Chapter 1 Introduction
1.5
List of Interviewees
- NAURU -
1) Minister for Commerce, Industry and
Mr. Frederick Pitcher
Environment (CIE)
2) Ministry of Finance and Sustainable
Development (MFSD)
3) MFSD: Aid Management Unit
Mr. Tim Drown (Secretary)
Ms. Tai’atu Ata’ata (Deputy Secretary)
Ms. Berilyn Jeremiah (Assistant Director – Bilateral)
Ms. Greta Harris (Assistant Director – Multilateral)
4) MFSD: Development Planning Policy
Mr. Samuel Grundler
Division
5) Department of CIE
Mr. Russ Kun (Secretary)
Mr. Bryan Star (Manager of Environment)
Mr. Hasseldon Buraman (IWRM Coordinator)
6) Ministry of Health
Mr. Taniela Sunia Soalai (Secretary)
Mr. Norman Powell (Strategic Health Partner)
Dr. Thant Zin (Director of Public Health)
7) Nauru Utilities Authority
Ms. Apisake Soakai (Chief Executive Officer)
Mr. Wayne Brearley (Utilities Manager)
Mr. Raphael Ribauw (Manager, Delivery Dept.)
8) Nauru Rehabilitation Corporation
Mr. Vinci Clodumar (CEO)
9) EIGIGU Holdings Corporation
Mr. Fabian Ribauw (CEO)
10) Australian Consulate-General
Mr. George Fraser (Consul-General)
Ms. Lydia Bezeruk (First Secretary, AusAID)
1-6
Chapter 1 Introduction
- FIJI 1) Embassy of Japan in Fiji
Mr. Yoshihiro TOYOMITSU (Second Secretary)
2) JICA Fiji Office
Mr. Nariaki MIKUNI (Deputy Resident Representative)
Mr. Kentaro SUEKANE (Manager)
3) SOPAC
Mr. John Tagiilima (Project Engineer)
Mr. Tony Falkland (Consultant)
1-7
CHAPTER 2
CURRENT SITUATION OF WATER
SUPPLY IN NAURU
Chapter 2 Current Situation of Water Supply in Nauru
2 CURRENT SITUATION OF WATER SUPPLY IN NAURU
2.1
Outline of the Republic of Nauru
2.1.1 Geography and Environment
Nauru is one of the world’s smallest and one of the most inaccessible countries 1 .
Consisting of a single island, the size of the Nauru is about 4 km in diameter and 21 km² in
area.
Nauru is located at 41 km south of the equator, some 2,000 km east-northeast of Papua
New Guinea (Refer to the map).
Nauru has abundant mineral and marine resources.
Geologically, it consists of a 500 m
column of limestone that sits atop of the seamount and coexists with high-grade marine
phosphate. Nauru’s exclusive economic zone encloses maritime zone of some 430,000 km²
The island is also divided into 14 districts which provide a base of community governance
and administration.
2.1.2 Population
The population of Nauru was 10,065 on 2002 Census, including 7,572 with Nauruans,
2,300 expatriates and 193 short stay visitors.
Most of the immigrants were coming from
Kiribati (1,157), Tuvalu (307), and the People’s Republic of China (512).
Yaren (6.3% of the
total polupation), Boe (7.3%) and Aiwo (10.4)% comprises the central districts and have 24% of
population in the country.
Governmental documents suggest that the rate of emigration has increased, particularly
among the non-indigenous residents after 2002. At present, GON estimates its population
approximately 10,000.
Nauru has a high fertility rate with an average of 3.9 births per household, and an implied
natural population growth of around 2.5% per year, suggesting a doubling of population every
28 years (in absence of migration).
However, it also has a low life expectancy of 57.6 years.
The combination of past high birth rates and low life expectancy has skewed the population
1
Nauru is the 3rd smallest country in the world following Vatican and Monaco.
2-1
Chapter 2 Current Situation of Water Supply in Nauru
distribution toward children and young adults.
The birth rate has fallen in recent years,
particularly in 2005 when it fell to around half the previous years.
The reason for the
decreased rate is not clear, but it seems likely to have been associated with reduced incomes and
increased hardship among some sections of the population.
significant trend of decline.
There were no previous signs of a
If mortality rates are reduced and fertility rates remain at the
previous levels, the population could grow rapidly.
For reference, Table 2-1 shows the three patterns of the population projections.
Table 2-1
Population Projections
(Source: Nauru Bureau of Statistics)
2.1.3 Economy
The economy of Nauru is dominated by the Government and its many State-Owned
Enterprises (SOEs) and agencies.
Phosphate mining provided the main source of the nation’s income until the late 1980s,
with production running at around A$ 10 billion. Despite the small size and remoteness, in
fact, phosphate exports briefly gave Nauruans one of the highest Gross Domestic Product
(GDP) per capita in the world.
However, the gradual depletion of phosphate started in the late
1980s leading to the deterioration of the economy, and the performance of other industries
became gradually significant to the economy.
In the year of 2006, the revenue from Phosphate
has fallen to only A$ 0.9 million.
Recently, Nauru heavily relies on donor support; more than half of its budget is contributed
by donors.
Nauru’s 2009-10 budget of revenue is around A$ 29 million, which included
revenue from fisheries of around A$ 7 million and about A$ 5 million from phosphate dividends
and royalties.
2-2
Chapter 2 Current Situation of Water Supply in Nauru
According to the Asian Development Bank (ADB), although the accurate economic data is
not available in Nauru, GDP per capita of Nauru was estimated at A$ 2,400 to A$ 2,715, from
FY2004 to FY2006 (current prices).
The amount was almost half compared to that of 15
years’ ago. There is no evidence of absolute poverty, however, living standards for most of the
people remain modest or poor.
Table 2-2 indicates the breakdown of Nauru’s GDP.
Table 2-2
Composition of Nauru’s GDP
Unit:
A$ million
2004
2005
2006
GDP at market price
38.36
34.01
36.88
GDP per Capita
3,805
3,373
3,695
Agriculture
2.7
4
3.9
10.6
Manufacturing
0.1
0.6
0.7
1.9
-5.7
-5.4
1.9
5.2
1.2
1.1
-2.8
-7.6
8
7
2.5
6.8
Transport, Communication
10.5
7.6
3.4
9.2
Finance & Business Service
1.1
1.1
1.1
3.0
Public Administrations
13
13.9
14.9
40.4
Personal, Other Services
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.8
Ownership of Dwelling
3.2
3.2
3.2
8.7
Government Consumption
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.8
Electricity, Water
Construction
Commerce
% of GDP
(Source: ADB Country Economic Report 2007)
2.1.4 National Budget
According to the “BUDGET PAPER” issued by the Ministry of Finance and Sustainable
Development (MFSD), Nauru’s economy heavily relies on donor support; almost 54% of its
budget is provided by donors such as Australian Government, Taiwanese Government and the
European Union (EU).
Figure 2-1 explains the composition of total revenue 2009-10 and Table indicates donor
revenue measures.
2-3
Chapter 2 Current Situation of Water Supply in Nauru
(Source: MFSD)
Figure 2-1
Table 2-3
Composition of Total Revenue (2009-10)
Donor Revenue Measures
(Unit: $ ‘000)
(Source: MFSD)
Note: The following estimates do not include provision for development aid received “in kind”.
Only
development assistance that results in cash being paid into GON bank accounts is reflected in these
estimates.
2-4
Chapter 2 Current Situation of Water Supply in Nauru
In the meanwhile, domestic expenses are expected to fall in 2009-10 compared to 2008-09
budgeted levels.
The decrease in expenditure is mainly due to reduction on fuel, oil,
equipment and debt repayments.
Figure 2-2 indicates the composition of domestic expenses
for 2009-10.
GON strives to avoid the waste and shift spending to high priority sectors, to ensure the
GON is meeting key objectives outlined in the National Sustainable Development Strategy
(NSDS) to be described later.
(Source: MFSD)
Figure 2-2
Composition of Domestic Expenses (2009-10)
As shown in Table 2-4, the 2009-10 Budget estimated that revenue and expenditure were
approximately balanced with a small surplus of A$ 50,000.
However, like most other
countries, Nauru has also been significantly affected by the Global Financial Crisis stemmed
from the collapse of US financial corporation, and the estimates for 2009-10 as well as 2010-11
look inarticulate.
2-5
Chapter 2 Current Situation of Water Supply in Nauru
Table 2-4
Budget Aggregate
(Unit:A$ ‘000)
(Source: MFSD)
In fact, the impact of the financial crisis can be most severe on two of Nauru’s major
revenue sources, phosphate industry and customs duties, and may result in a need for further
unbudgeted outlays to assist some of its SOEs remain afloat.
2.1.5 Exports and Imports
Nauru does not have resources other than minerals and fish products to sell in international
markets.
The export of phosphate, which was used to be the most significant product of Nauru,
which reached a peak in the 1970s at approximately 2,300,000 tons, had fallen drastically to
500,000 tons by the early 1990s and virtually zero by 2004 and 2005 due to the change of
business environment.
However, exports of phosphate is resumed in 2006 and increased
rapidly in 2007 to A$ 21 million.
On the other hand, Nauru relies on imports for almost all of its material needs (food ,
consumer goods, plant and equipment, fuel, and building materials). Most of these goods are
imported from Australia.
Figure 2-3 shows that the trade balance with Australia, Nauru’s main trading partner, has
improved considerably with annual trade deficits hovering around A$ 10 million between 2002
and 2006 to a small surplus of A$ 2.8 million.
The favourable change has been due to a very
large increase in exports more than offsetting an increase in imports.
2-6
Chapter 2 Current Situation of Water Supply in Nauru
(Unit: $ ‘000)
Figure 2-3
(Source: Nauru Bureau of Statistics)
Nauru’s Trade Balance with Australia (2000-2007)
2.1.6 Labour Force, Employment and Wages
Until recently, employment in Nauru was dominated by government departments and
public enterprises, particularly the Republic of Nauru Phosphate Corporation (RONPHOS) and
Nauru Rehabilitation Corporation (NRC).
At the time of the 2002 census, SOEs employed
about 2,000 people, 1,500 of whom working at the RONPHOS.
Government departments and
directorates employed around another 1,500, while the remainder of the workforce was mainly
employed in restaurants, the retail trade, aid agencies.
Unfortunately, data on the employment
status of non-Nauruans do not seem to have been compiled at the time of the census.
2.1.7 Finance
Nauru uses the Australian dollar (A$) and does not issue its own currency. So far there
are no active financial institutions or services on the island.
Reserves at the Bank of Nauru
(BON) were drawn down to the point where it could no longer meet its obligations to depositors,
and it effectively ceased operating in 1998.
A debt management strategy in 2006 shows Nauru has external public debts of around
A$ 371 million and other internal debts of A$ 265 million.
The strategy further notes that
Nauru’s economy is capable of repayment of only A$ 46 million of debt.
2-7
Chapter 2 Current Situation of Water Supply in Nauru
2.1.8 Political Organisation
Nauru takes a Westminster-type constitutional democracy2.
The Government has two
branches: the executive, consisting of a president and his cabinet; and the legislature, consisting
of a unicameral parliament with 18 members elected every 3 years.
The President performs
the functions of both the head of state and head of government.
As of April 2008, governmental administration is distributed across 15 Ministries shared
amongst a six Minister Cabinet under the Constitution of Nauru Article 23.
The 15 Ministries
comprise some 54 departments, agencies and SOEs.
Figure 2-4 shows the structure of the cabinet ministers and Figure 2-5 also indicates the
present institutional structure of the GON.
2
The same political system is applied in Australia, UK, and New Zealand.
2-8
Chapter 2 Current Situation of Water Supply in Nauru
H.E. President
Marcus Stephen, MP
Min. for Public Service
Chairman of the Cabinet
Cabinet Secretariat
Min. for Home Affairs
Min. for Police, Prison &
Emergency Services
Chief Secretary's Department
Dept. of Home Affairs
Nauru Police Force
Good Governance
Public Service Administration
Government Information Office
Human Resource & Labour
Audit
Reg of Births, Deaths & Marriages
Min. for Nauru
Phosphate
Royalities Trust
Wom en's Affairs
Prison & Correctional Services
Nauruan Culture
Nauru Fire & Rescue Services
Nauru Media Bureau
National Disaster Managem ent
Nauru Post & Philately
Lands & Survey
Nauru Superannuation Board
Hon. Dr. Kieren Keke, MP
Min. Assisting the President
Min. for Foreign Affairs and Trade
Hon. Roland Kun, MP
Min. for Education
Dept. of Education
Nauru Lands Committee
Hon. Sprent Dabwido, MP
Min. for Transport
Hon. Frederic Pitcher, MP
Min. for Commerce Industry and
Environment
Dept. of Transport
Hon. Mathew Batsiua, MP
Min. for Health
Dept. of Health
Dept. of Commerce & Env ironment
Dept. of Foreign Af f airs & Trade
Youth Affairs
Lands Transport
Technical & Vocational Training
Civil Aviation
Min. for Sport
Commerce & Business Dev el
Min. for Finance and Sustainable
Development
Maritime Affairs
Dept. of Finance
Treasury
Dept. of Sport
Food Security .Ag.Liv estock
Min. for Fisheries
Nauru Fisheries & Marine
Res Auth.
Foreign Investment
Min. for Justice
Dept. of Justice & Border Control
Nauru Port Authority
Tourism
Nauru Air Corporation
Justice
Environm ent
Bureau of Statistics
Min. for Telecommunications
Development Planning Policy Div.
Nauru Agency/Corporation
Dept. of Infor & Com Technology
Eigigu Holdings Corporation
Aid Managem ent Unit
RONTEL
Eigigu HQ & Civic Centre
RONFIN
Cenpac
Banking
Eigigu Civil Works
Bank of Nauru
Eigigu Supermarket
Customs
Immigration & Passports
Quarantine
Judiclary & Counts
Cord Com on Anti-Money Laundering
& Countering the Financing Terrorism
Menen Hotel
Insurance
RONPHOS
Nauru Plehabilitation Corp.
Key Water Agencies
NauruUtilities Authority
(Source: GON)
Figure 2-4
Structure of Cabinet Ministers
2-9
Chapter 2 Current Situation of Water Supply in Nauru
H.E. the President
Minister for Public Service
CHIEF SECRETARY
Sec. for
Finance
Dir. Stats
Dep,. Sec.
DPPPD
Dir. Dev. P.
Dir. P.P.
Dir. AMU
Chief Acc't
Gen. Mgr.
BON
Sec. for
C.I.E.
Dir. C.B.D.
Dir. Of
Projects
Dir.
Tourism
Dir.
Agriculture
Promotional Off.
Visitor into.
Off.
Ass't. Dir.
B.P.
Ass't. Gov't
Stats
Statistical
Off.
Ass't. Dir.
Multi
Ass't Dir
Bilat
Project. I. M
Bank Mgr.
Ass't, Mgr.
Sec. for
Home Aff.
Dir. i.
Survey
Dir. Media
Dir.
Womens
Mgr.
Culture
Sec. for
Education
Dir. Edu.
Dir. Y/Aff.
Ass't Dir.
Edu.
Ass't. Dir.
CASE
Ass't. Dir.
Y/Aff.
Sec. for
Health
Director
Admin.
Dir. H.R.L.
Sec. for
Justice
Dir. Health
& Adm.
Dir. Med.
Services
Dir. Nursing
Dir. Public
Health
Ass't D.A.
Dir. Post
Dep.
R.B.D.M
Ass't
Dir. HRL
P.L.O.
P.I.O.
Dir. Customs
Mgr. Post
Mgr.
Philatelic
S.M.O.
Med.
Practionar
G.M.O.
Healthy
Island Co.
Dir. P.P.
Chief
Customs Off.
Dep. P.I.O.
Resident
Magistrate
Sec. for
Trans. & Tele
Dir.
Transport
Dir. C.A.
Dir. I.C.T.
Dir. Maritime
Harbour
Master
Sec. for
Sports
Sec. for
Foreign Aff.
Commissioner of
Police
Clerk of
Parliament
Dir. Of
Audit
Admin. Off.
Epon'n
Keramen
Nacional Co.
Dep. Sec.
F.A.T.
H.R.M.
Superintendent
Parliamentary
Council
Internal
Auditor
Inspector
Dep. Clerk of
Parliament
Senior Auditor
Ass't. Dir
I.C.T.
Tele.
Technician
Snr.F.S.O.
Dir. P.D.P.
Dir. B.I.A.
Dir. T.R.A.
Dir. Trade
Dir.
Aust.OPC
(Source: GON)
Figure 2-5
Organisational Chart of Government of Nauru
2-10
Chapter 2 Current Situation of Water Supply in Nauru
For further reference, comparison of socio-economic data with neighbouring Pacific nations
is shown in Table 2-5.
2-11
Chapter 2 Current Situation of Water Supply in Nauru
Table 2-5 Comparison of Socio-Economic Data with Nauru’s Neighbouring Countries
(Source: ADB and Nauru Bureau of Statistics)
2-12
Chapter 2 Current Situation of Water Supply in Nauru
2.2
Current Situation of Water Supply in Nauru
2.2.1 National Plan of Water Supply in Nauru
In 2005, “Nauru National Sustainable Development Strategy 2005-2015: Partnerships for
Quality of Life (NSDS)” was officially announced as a key milestone in Nauru’s development
processes in every aspects.
It is a sort of road map that reflects the reforms needed to be put in
place and the strategies for implementation, as the platform for a better life for the future in
Nauru.
NSDS is reviewed and revised in 2009 in line with the drastic change of the global
economy and environment.
NSDS emphasises on the development of a coherent planning process for Nauru’s
economic and social development.
Development planning processes were established during
and following the preparation of the NSDS first edition.
Much has been achieved in
strengthening these processes including in the area of aid management.
However, there is still a need to strengthen the policy development and implementation
framework and improve compliance with the processes that have been developed since the
NSDS was first adopted in 2005.
In order to achieve its vision;
“a future where individual, community, business and government partnerships contribute to
a sustainable quality of life for all Nauruans”
by 2025, it is significant that the GON and development partners recognise and adhere to
the policy development and implementation frame work as indicated in Figure 2-6.
This
Framework will guide budget and development partner priorities, the development of policy
actions to achieve the goals and strategies in the NSDS, as well as implementation of policies
and the monitoring of development outcomes.
2-13
Chapter 2 Current Situation of Water Supply in Nauru
(Source: MFSD)
Figure 2-6
Policy Development and Implementation Framework
In addition, as shown in Figure 2-7, the NSDS forms a backbone of all the development
policies including water supply.
2-14
Chapter 2 Current Situation of Water Supply in Nauru
Social
Improve the educational system, focusing on the quality (to
regional standards), scope (primary, secondary,
vocational and life & trade skills) and reach (new
audiences such as the mature age)
Economic
Provision of effective preventative health
services reducing lifestyle related
illness
Fully rehabilitate topside with a greater area of
rehabilitated land utilised for livelihood
sustainability including environment
conservation and protection.
An efficient and effective judicial system with
strong, functioning law and order
Increase the use of traditional values,
knowledge, skills and practices to
strengthen cultural and national
identity
Increase revenue generation through the efficient and
effective use of the few available remaining resources
such as phosphate reserves and fish stocks and
establishment of a national Trust Fund
Infrastructure
Develop an SME sector that includes the participation of
the community, as the basis for the economy
supported by the development of a conducive
business services environment
NSDS PRIORITIES
Enhance utilities and transport services (including renewable
energy, power, water, waste management, roads, sea and air)
PARTNERSHIP FOR QUALITY OF LIFE
Increase level of domestic agricultural production initiatives such as
kitchen gardens and fish farms to reduce dependence on imported food
and to address food security
Cross-cutting
Improve labour market access for Nauruans
leading to a higher flow of remittances
Develop the human resources in technical, organisational and financial
management capacities
A stable, trustworthy, fiscally responsible government with transparent
and accountable parliamentarians, cabinet and public service
Establish a legislative and institutional framework conducive to foreign
investment and the setting up of companies to generate employment
and income including, foreign banking presence and clear tenure/rental
laws
Maintain good bilateral, region-wide and international relations and
comply with international standards
(Source: NSDS)
Figure 2-7
Basic Concept of the NSDS
2-15
Chapter 2 Current Situation of Water Supply in Nauru
According to the NSDS first edition, the basic policy of water supply is described as below;
To ensure a sustainable water supply which provides water of satisfactory
quality and appropriate quantities, and appropriate sanitation to meet all
reasonable health, environmental, and development needs”.
At the NSDS second edition (revised in 2009) reviewed that there have been gains in water
sectors since water production and delivery has strengthened.
However, the review also
pointed out that the supply capacity of water has been supplemented by rainwater harvesting.
For instance, 260 new rainwater tanks have been installed in Nauruan households.
Despite
these improvements for Nauru to deal with drought its capacity to produce, harvest and deliver
water needs to be further expanded.
The NSDS second edition also identified the energy and water sector as one of the six
major priorities as follows;
“Energy and Water. Whilst there has been considerable progress in achieving more stable
electricity and water services, the current way in which electricity and water services are
delivered in not sustainable for Nauru. Urgent measures need to be taken to upgrade
infrastructure, raise efficiency, secure the benefits of renewable energy, and develop and
implement sustainable water management policies.”
Under the review of the development strategy towards water sector and its results, the
NSDS second edition resets the sector goals as follows;
Provide a reliable, safe, affordable, secure and sustainable water supply to meet
socio-economic development needs”.
and also defines the three key performance indicators;
(1)
Proportion of population accessing regular and safe drinking water and improved
sanitation facility
(2) Proportion of rain and ground water harvesting to total water production
(3) Potable water available to each person on Nauru on a daily basis
Other practical strategies and terminal milestones are shown in Table 2-6.
2-16
Chapter 2 Current Situation of Water Supply in Nauru
Table 2-6
Strategies and Terminal Milestones in Water Sector (NSDS 2009)
(Source: MFSD)
2-17
Chapter 2
Current situation of Water Supply in Nauru
Additionally, prior to the NSDS, Draft National Water Plan (DNWP) was issued through
the cooperation of Ministry of Health, Ministry for Industry and Economic Development, Nauru
Phosphate Corporation (NPC)3, Nauru Rehabilitation Corporation (NRC) and World Health
Organisation (WHO) in 2001.
The main objectives are defined as follows;
(1) To provide safe potable water to the residents of Nauru;
(2) To ensure that the water supply is sustainable in perpetuity;
(3) To provide an amount of water adequate for the needs of all residents;
(4) To ensure a reliable water supply even during prolonged droughts;
(5) To safeguard the environment and the ecology of Nauru;
(6) To ensure potable water is affordable by all residents;
(7) To have efficient distribution of water;
(8) To make best use of existing resources, facilities and skills;
(9) To conserve resources and energy; and
(10) To provide a culturally acceptable water system.
Judging from the above objectives, it is, thus, obvious that the provision of adequate,
sustainable safe water supplies to ensure human health and well-being is given the high priority
in Nauru.
2.2.2 Current Situation of the Existing Water Resources and Water situation
The share of each resource in supply of water in Census 2002 is as per Fig. 2-8.
major water resources are rainwater, groundwater and desalinated water.
In Nauru,
Among them,
according to the Census, the desalinated water shares almost 80% of total supply.
Water resource
66
10
236
Desalination
Rainwater
Ground water
Others
1340
(Source: Census 2002)
Figure 2-8
3
Components of Water Resources in Nauru
NPC was re-established as RONPHOS in 2005.
2-18
Chapter 2
Current situation of Water Supply in Nauru
(1) Rainwater
This rainwater is not sustainable at the level shown in above Table 2-7.
In the past,
about several thousand millimetres (mm) of rain was recorded, but in other years there
were severe droughts.
During the period covered, one-third are wet years with 2,600-4,600 mm/year rainfall, and
two-thirds are dry years with 500-2,000mm/year.
Recent years in particular have included
such dry years as when only 302mm fell in 1996, 457mm in 1998, 361mm in 1999 and in
572mm in 2000.
Traditionally, rain is collected by roof gutters and stored in large water tanks made of
plastic or concrete (see photos below).
Even in a year with average rainfall, the quantity is not
enough for household demand, and of course the situation is problematic in dry years.
Therefore, not only private houses, but also public buildings are used for rainwater collection.
Utilization of the airport runway is also planned as a rainwater catchment.
2-19
Chapter 2
Current situation of Water Supply in Nauru
Most households treat this grey water by themselves, using filtration and sterilization by
boiling for drinking water.
In the dry season, sufficient rainwater is not available, forcing the
people to use high salinity groundwater which is not suitable for their health.
Table 2-7
Monthly Rainfall Records (1915 to 2006)
2-20
Chapter 2
Current situation of Water Supply in Nauru
(Source: SOPAC)
(2) Groundwater
The potential available groundwater in average year is around 850m³/day, but in dry year
or drought period, the quantity is less than this average figure.
Therefore, in this study,
500m³/day is used as the groundwater resource.
Most houses have their own shallow well, the ground is, however, porous, as the country
having its origin as a volcanic island.
as the result well water contains salt.
Therefore seawater easily intrudes into groundwater and
Salinity of groundwater was checked by the Pacific
2-21
Chapter 2
Current situation of Water Supply in Nauru
Islands Applied Geoscience Commission (SOPAC).
Figure 2-9 shows the salinity of
groundwater for the entire island.
(Source: SOPAC)
Figure 2-9
Salinity of Groundwater
According to SOPAC’s survey, almost all of wells are salty. Only in the northern part
(blue points in Figure 2-9) is there better quality, but even in this area, salinity is near to 2,500
micro siemens, which is near to 1,300 mg/l in Total Dissolved Solids (TDS).
2-22
Chapter 2
Current situation of Water Supply in Nauru
Also, cadmium or other metallic ions, the source of which is the phosphate mining process,
and contamination with waste water from daily life, are apprehensive matters concerning
utilization of groundwater.
In summary, groundwater is not yet proven to be a sustainable and safe water resource.
(3) Desalinated Water
Desalinated water has been used as the main water resource in recent years.
3
3
production is 360m /day at the power station and 120m /day at the Menen Hotel.
Current
Desalination
facilities at the power station are owned and operated by Nauru Utilities Authority (NUA).
In
3
the beginning of 2000, a 1,200m /day Multi Effect Distillation (MED) plant was put in
operation. This facility was donated from Israel, and was operated for several years but then
operation was stopped due to the shortage of exhaust steam from power station.
The production cost of desalinated water is A$ 2.9/m3, which is higher than that of other
water resources.
Delivery capacity from desalination plants to the reservoir is an average for
each household of only 166m3/day due to lack of a distribution pipe network and the limited
capacity of water tanker trucks and manpower in the country. Details are given in sub-clause
2.2.3.
(4) Imported Water
In the past, water was imported by water tanker vessel, but in recent years this has been
curtailed due to its high cost.
(5) Water Quality
NUA checks water quality every day on;
„ Residual chlorine
„ Micro-biological characteristics
„ TDS
„ Visual inspection
In Nauru, water quality standards are not regulated, but the NOG has been drafting
standards with intention of completing work by end of year 2009, and basically following WHO
and South Pacific Countries’ standards.
Therefore if these are the basis for new standards, the
maximum salinity of ground water will be 1,000 mg/l in TDS, and most of well are over this
standard.
Table 2-8 shows the related part of WHO potable water standard.
2-23
Chapter 2
Table 2-8
Current situation of Water Supply in Nauru
Water Quality Standard
Item
(WHO, USA, EU and Japan)
WHO
USA
EU
Japan
Aluminum
0.2
0.05 ~ 0.2
0.2
0.2
Ammonia
1.5
Antimony
0.005
0.006
0.005
0.002
Arsenic
0.01
0.05
0.01
0.01
U
7 (Mil./L)
0.7
2
NAD
0.004
1
1
1. Inorganics
Asbestos
Barium
Beryllium
Boron
0.5
0.5
Cadmium
0.003
0.005
0.005
0.01
Chloride
250
250
250
200
−
6.5 ~ 8.5
6.5 ~ 9.5
5.8 ~ 8.6
0.01
0.05
0.01
0.01
U
0.01
200
200
pH
Selenium
Silver
Sodium
200
Sulfate
250
Tin
250
250
U
Total Dissolved Solids
1000
500
500 ~ 200
Uranium
0.002
0.03
0.002
3
5
1
Zinc
Thallium
0.002
2. Organics
Carbon tetrachloride
0.002
0.005
0.002
(Source: Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare, Japan, :www.mhlw.go.jp/shingi/2002/11/s1108-5g.html)
(6) Water Coverage Ratio
In Nauru, as per Figure 2-8 more than 80% of water supply is desalinated water.
This
water is not delivered by pipelines but by water tanker truck to cisterns at private homes and
public spaces.
Delivery by pipeline is only for the Hospital.
According to SOPAC, there exist 1,652 households in Nauru, and 1,403 (85%) have access
to drinking water and 1,395 household are supplied from cisterns.
sources, 1,340 household are supplied from desalination plants.
in Table 2-9 to 11.
2-24
With regard to water
Detailed information is shown
Chapter 2
Table 2-9
Current situation of Water Supply in Nauru
Accessibility to Drinking Water
Total
Yes
No
Not stated
1,652
1,403 (85%)
234 (14%)
15 (1%)
(Source: SOPAC)
Table 2-10
Water Delivery Method
Total
Cistern tank
Well/Brackish
Other sources
Not stated
1,652
1,395 (85%)
40 (2%)
186 (11%)
31 (2%)
(Source: SOPAC)
Table 2-11
Total
Desalination
Main Source of Drinking Water
Well/Ground
Rain
Other
Not stated
10 (1%)
236 (14%)
43 (3%)
23 (1%)
Plant
1,652
1,340 (81%)
(Source: SOPAC)
(7) Water Tariff
There is no public tariff table, but people can get water free of charge in following cases;
(Case 1)
People visit the desalination centre and collect water from desalted water tank.
They
carry back collected water to their home by themselves.
(Case 2)
People can get water from public cisterns located near their houses.
by the NUA’s water tanker truck.
The tank is filled
Cost is born by GON and the Government of Taiwan
also shares this cost.
However, NUA collects A$ 2.5 /m³ as fee from those household who receive delivery by
water tanker truck to cisterns installed at their individual homes.
2-25
Chapter 2
BOX
Current situation of Water Supply in Nauru
1
The Pacific Framework for Action on Drinking Water Quality and Health
The Pacific Framework for Action on Drinking Water Quality and Health has been endorsed by the Ministers of
Health for the Pacific island countries through the Samoa Commitment (March 2005) and they have recommended
this framework for implementation. The recommendations and actions envisaged in this strategic instrument are
structured under the six themes of the Regional Action Plan for Sustainable Water Management. The
recommendations are:
(1) Protection of water sources such as springs, rivers, groundwater and rainwater catchments from contamination
and overuse must be a priority to ensure quality and quantity.
(2) Technical support should be provided to develop national drinking-water quality standards that are dynamic
and 2.implemented in stages as necessary.
(3) The use of Water Safety Plans should be encouraged in the region, and countries should be supported with
manuals, guidelines and training on the use and implementation of this tool.
(4) Effort should be expanded at regional and national level to assess risks posed by toxic chemicals and pathogens
in drinking-water.
(5) Human resources should be developed for drinking-water safety, including drinking-water quality monitoring,
data management and information systems.
(6) Research should be promoted and supported, and the scientific knowledge base should be strengthened to
support the development of effective, efficient, and equitable policies and plans related to drinking-water quality
and health.
(7) Emergency preparedness plans should adequately address drinking-water quality issues, and water safety plans
should address risks posed by potential emergencies.
(8) The fragile environments of very small islands and their role in managing source water quality and quantity
should be respected and protected.
(9) Human resources should be developed to strengthen countries’ capacities for raising community awareness
related to water quality and health risks, source water protection, household-level water treatment and safe
storage.
(10) Community awareness and community-based action programmes on safe water supply and sanitation should be
developed and expanded in rural and remote areas and in urban areas alike (e.g. Healthy Islands Programme,
etc.).
(11) Community-based water quality testing and source-protection programmes should be supported in rural and
remote areas as well as in urban areas.
(12) Government awareness should be raised and political commitment should be strengthened to support actions for
safe water supply and sanitation.
(13) Technical assistance and training should be provided for strengthening drinking-water quality management
(including monitoring, operation, calibration and maintenance of any related equipment).
(14) Adequate equipment for drinking-water quality management (particularly field test kits for remote areas,
hardware/ software for data management) should be provided.
(15) Research should be supported to develop appropriate field-test kits for use in remote and rural areas.
(16) Adequate equipment for water and wastewater treatment should be provided.
(17) Rainwater harvesting programmes should be supported by improving water quality through approaches such as
“first- flush” devices and community-based water quality testing.
(18) National and regional partnerships should be built to develop standards and guidelines and legislation in order
to ensure provision of safe drinking-water, and to establish national water quality committees that could oversee
development of water safety plans.
(19) Communication and information exchange between agencies involved with water quality data collection should
be strengthened. This should include exchange and joint analysis of drinking-water quality data and disease
surveillance data between water supply agencies and health authorities.
(20) Governments should, as a priority, develop and implement appropriate financial mechanisms to support
sustained supplies of safe drinking-water and sanitation services to both rural and urban communities to fulfil
the MDG target on water and sanitation.
(21) External agencies should be encouraged to support specific activities in the region where governments are
unable to sustain provision of safe drinking-water and sanitation services.
Nearly one hundred actions addressing the above recommendations were formulated as part of this framework.
(Source: WHO/WPRO)
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Chapter 2
Current situation of Water Supply in Nauru
2.2.3 Current Situation of the Existing Water Supply Facilities
(1) Desalination Plant
1) At electric power station in NUA
There exists one Multi-Effect Distillation (MED) plant and three Seawater Desalination
with Reverse Osmosis (RO) units at the power station.
Raw seawater is diverted from the
cooling seawater line for the power generator.
MED
Production capacity
: 1,200 m3/day
Year started
: 1998
Financed by
: Government of Israel
Manufacturer
: Israel Desalination Engineering
This plant has not been operated in recent
years due to the shortage of waste heat from the
three diesel generators at the power station.
The
brine is returned to the ocean.
This plant was once given an overhaul in
2003-2004,
which
included
de-scaling,
replacement of internal heat exchange tubes and
tube plates, removal of rust, and application of epoxy coating.
However, the NUA has no
intention to re-start this plant because of lack of steam from waste heat from the diesel
generators, and its high maintenance cost.
RO
This plant was installed in 2004, and started operation then. In the beginning, some
trouble happened such as pump, piping and air conditioning breakdowns, but after that,
countermeasures was taken for improving the switching-off procedure and other changes were
made.
Then, two units were in operation, and one unit was transported from the Menen Hotel
after Afghanistan and Pakistani refugees left Nauru several years ago.
in total are in operation in the NUA.
2-27
At present, three units
Chapter 2
Current situation of Water Supply in Nauru
Production capacity : 120 m3/day/unit x three units, total 360 m3/day
Year started
: 2004
Financed by
: Government of Australia
Manufacturer
: Veolia water system
System Recovery
: 40 %
RO membrane
: DOW SW30HR-380 (8-inch diameter x 40-inch length), 9 pieces
Basic information on this membrane is as per Figure 2-10.
(Source: DOW)
Figure 2-10
DOW SW30HR-380 (DOW catalogue)
Basic flow and balance is same as the RO plant at the Menen Hotel mentioned in the
following section.
Brine is also returned to the ocean.
For further reference about the RO
plant, Figures 2-11 and 12 indicate the detailed specification of the plant.
2-28
Chapter 2
Current situation of Water Supply in Nauru
(Source: Veolia)
Figure 2-11
Desalination unit with RO process (1/2)
2-29
Chapter 2
Current situation of Water Supply in Nauru
(Source: Veolia)
Figure 2-12
Desalination unit with RO process (2/2)
2-30
Chapter 2
Current situation of Water Supply in Nauru
2) At Menen Hotel
There exists one RO unit having the same specification as at the power station are in
operation. Capacity is 120m3/day, and all of desalinated water is for hotel use, not for the
inhabitants around the hotel.
Production capacity : 120 m3/day/unit x one unit
Year started
: 2003
Financed by
: Government of Australia
Manufacturer
: Veolia water system
System Recovery
: 41.7 %
RO membrane
: DOW SW30HR-380 (8-inch diameter x 40-inch length), 9 pieces
Basic flow of the RO plant is as per Figure 2-13.
Sea water
Product water
12m3/h (x24 = 288m3/day)
5m3/h (x24 = 120m3/day),
(35,000 mg/l)
940 micro S (= around 600mg/l)
Sand
Filitration
Cartridg
e Filter
RO
membrane
Filitrated
water
tank
9 pieces of 8 inch
element
P
Transfer pump
Figure 2-13
to city
HP
High pressure pump
No energy recovery
58 bar
Concentrated water
7m3/h (x24 = 168m3/day)
Basic flow of RO system at Mennen hotel
Though detailed operational data were not available, water quality seem to have become
worse since the start-up date.
According to module array design calculation under these
conditions, product water quality was around 170 mg/l
In addition to the above two desalination plants, there is a small RO plant at the hospital for
the kidney dialysis.
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Chapter 2
Current situation of Water Supply in Nauru
(2) Water Reservoir
Rainwater is harvested from roofs of private houses, stores and warehouses.
Old water
reservoirs are made of concrete, galvanised iron or steel sheeting construction, however new
ones are made of polyethylene in size of 2-45 m3.
Most of the rain harvested is collected from
roofs through gutters at individual private houses.
Rainwater harvested from the roof of warehouses and the RONPHOS workshop near the
power station is fed to the main rainwater catchment tanks at power station C1-C6; each has
capacity of 289m3.
Other tanks, C7-C12, with capacity of 300m3 each, have not been in use
since 2003. Some tanks have leakage problem due to the lack of maintenance.
According to the SOPAC, water quality, especially presence/absence of E. coli bacteria, is
tested weekly at the power station before transmitting it to the big tank B13, capacity of which
is 4,410m3, however, pH and presence of free chlorine, alkalinity, phosphate, copper, iron or
heavy metals are not checked.
C1-C6 tanks are made of concrete and are mostly below ground, with open tops. A
common roof is provided over the tanks.
plant.
These tanks also receive water from the desalination
It is said that construction of s new potable storage tank of 10,000m3 capacity is
required, but has not yet been implemented.
The cost of this size of reservoir tank is estimated
to be A$7 million.
(3) Water Supply Network
The flow diagram among water resources, water supply facilities and its usage is summarized
in Figure 2-14.
At present, no water distribution pipeline systems exists, except a line to the national
hospital from the desalination plant in the NUA.
In the past, a pipeline network existed but
due to problems such as the lack of maintenance and illegal connection, the distribution systems
were abandoned.
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Chapter 2
Current situation of Water Supply in Nauru
Menen Hotel area
Sea water
RO
by AUS Aid
120m3/d
RO
by AUS Aid
120m3/d
Menen Hotel
for Afuganistan
refugee camp
After refugee's leaving, transferred to Power Station site
Usage
Power Station site
RO
by AUS Aid
120m3/d
RO
by AUS Aid、2000∼
120m3/d
RO
by AUS Aid、2000∼
120m3/d
Product
water
tank
C1∼C6
B13
Distribution pipe
Hospital wate
Hospital
Cistern tank, donated from Japan
Note 1: Fuel oil cost for RO operation is shared by Japanese aid.
RO(New)
by AUS Aid, or ???
265m3/d --> 300 m3/d
Free of charge when people come to cistern tank to get water.
Life water
Note2: Water cost is born by Taiwan aid
Water tariff : 2.5A$/m3
Community
house
Water tanker truck
10m3 x 6times/day = 60m3
14m3 x 5times/day = 70m3
4m3 x 9times/day = 36m3
Reservoir
for each
communit
y
MED（Thermal desalination1,200m3/d
by Israel、1998∼
Now, no operation
house
Drinking wate
Cooking
house
house
Free of charge when people come to water staion.
Water is stored when each house's individual reservoir is fullfilled.
Exhaust steam (Heat for MED）… Now stop to feed
Sea water Coolong water
Power station
13,000ｋWh
Note 3: Fuel oil cost is shared by Japanese aid.
Each house's individual reservoir
(Rain harvest)
Rain water
(Not sustainable in drought year)
Drinking wate
Cooking
Each house's individual reservoir
Equipped at each house
Get water from well. Most of
well, except northern well, is
high salinity.
Well water (brackish water)
（Become high salinity）
Toilet
Laundry
Shower
Some part in Aiwo area, sea
water was utilized for toilet
flushing, but no more use
now.
Sea water
Figure 2-14
2-33
Flow Diagram of Water Supply in Nauru
for Toilet
Chapter 2
Current situation of Water Supply in Nauru
Under such bad conditions, as explained in sub clause 2.2.2, water for habitants is delivered
by the NUA’s water tanker trucks to cisterns which locate next to their individual houses at
around six times a day.
Number and the respective (maximum) capacity of water tanker truck owned by the NUA
are as per Table 2-12.
Table 2-12
Name
Number and Delivery Capacity of Water Tanker Truck
Storage
Load/day
Total Delivery
Capacity(l)
Capacity(l)
1. Big Red
10,000
6
60,000
2. Dispatch
14,000
5
70,000
3. Red
4,000
9
36,000
166,000
(Source: NUA)
Other than the above trucks, the following public/private companies also have water tanker
trucks.
However, these trucks are mainly used for their business activities.
1) Nauru Rehabilitation Corporation (NRC)
: 6 m³
2) Republic of Nauru Phosphate Corporation (RONPHOS)
: 11.2 m³
3) Capelle & Partners
: 11.2 m³
4) Jeremiah Store
: 13.6 m³
As stated above, there is a huge gap between supply capacity (360 m³/day) and delivery
capacity (166 m³/day) in the current water supply system in Nauru.
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Chapter 2
Current situation of Water Supply in Nauru
(4) Cistern Tank (individual water reservoir tank)
According to the SOPAC, distribution to dwellings from the desalination plant of the NUA
serves 1395 households through their cistern.
Table 2-13
Table 2-13 shows the number of cistern by size.
Number of Cistern by Size
Total
Cistern - gallons
(household)
<3,000
3,000-5,000
5,000-10,000
>10,000
1,395
240
544
321
290
(Source: SOPAC)
In addition to the private cistern tanks, a total of 45 public cistern are provided by the
Japan’s grass-roots grant aid.
The public cistern tanks are managed and used by the local
community bases.
2.2.4 Current Situation of the Sanitation Facilities
In Nauru, no piped sewerage system exists.
Most of households have the septic tank style
sewerage treatment equipment.
It is said that this sewage is penetrating into groundwater, causing contamination.
past, flush toilets using seawater were in use in the Aiwo district.
In the
The pipeline was made of
asbestos and concrete, and for this purpose, seawater storage tanks were constructed with
pipelines at higher places in the Aiwo district.
It is estimated that around 1,000 cisterns were connected with this system.
According to
the SOPAC, 250 liters/day/cistern (=10 liters/cistern x 25 flushes/day) water is consumed.
This means 250 m3/day water is required for 1,000 cisterns at the hospital, school and offices.
This is equivalent to two units of RO plant capacity.
potential to reduce this water demand.
2-36
Then, the idea of seawater usage has the
Chapter 2
BOX
Current situation of Water Supply in Nauru
2
Current Situation of Sanitation
The Pacific islands including Nauru have normally a fragile ecosystem requiring careful
consideration in selecting and maintaining sanitation technologies.
Some of the “improved”
sanitation technologies may be hazardous to both existing sources of drinking water and the
ecosystems surrounding the Pacific islands.
Sewage systems being discharged untreated into
the sea may inflict a serious impact on the marine environment and may affect the food chain
through fish and shellfish.
Septic tanks with soak-pits and latrines below the water table may
contaminate scarce groundwater sources.
Small island countries also have uniquely fragile and scarce water resources due to small
size, lack of natural water storage and vulnerability to natural and anthropogenic hazards.
Such resources are severely harmed by inadequate sanitation systems and uncontrolled water
use. Sanitation and drinking-water service providers face challenging constraints to sustaining
drinking water and sanitation services provision due to lack of both human and financial
resources. This restricts the availability of experienced staff, sufficient investment and
effectiveness of cost-recovery.
Sanitation and drinking-water services governance is highly
complex due to interwoven social, cultural and legal governance structures and the specific
socio-political and cultural structures relating to traditional community, tribal and inter-island
practices, rights and interests.
Although major efforts have been made to generate strategic
instruments for the development of water resources management in the Pacific Islands, there is
a lack of specific strategic planning to advance the sanitation and drinking-water development
process, orienting it to the achievement of the MDG sanitation and drinking-water target.
(Source: WHO and SOPAC)
2-37
Chapter 2
2.3
Current situation of Water Supply in Nauru
Institution and Management of Water Supply
So far no agency, department nor corporation has sole responsibility for the operation and
management of water supply in Nauru.
According to the GON, more than 10 governmental
agencies and SOEs share the roles and responsibilities on water supply.
However, without
clear enabling act and policy for water supply, the demarcation of their roles and responsibilities
is not clear.
Also, there is no established communication channel amongst them and thus each
of agencies and SOEs conducts their activities individually.
Under such circumstances, Ministry of Commerce, Industry and Environment (MCIE)
plays a key role in water supply sector in Nauru.
Under the Minister of Commerce, Industry
and Environment, four subordinate organisations (out of six) are in charge of water resource
management, environmental protection and water supply activities.
Organizational Chart of the MCIE is described at Figure 2-15.
2-38
Chapter 2
Current situation of Water Supply in Nauru
Minister of CIE
Nauru Agency
Corporation
Department of
CIE
Eigigu
Holdings
Corporation
RONPHOS
Commerce &
Business
Development
Eigigu HQ
Food Security
and Agriculture
Civic Centre
Foreign
Investment
Eigigu
Supermarket
Tourism
Menen Hotel
Environment
Eigigu Civil
Works
Figure 2-15
Nauru
Rehabilitation
Corporation
Nauru Utilities
Authority
Water-related agencies
Organisation of Ministry of Commerce, Industry and Environment
2.3.1 Department of Commerce, Industry and Environment (DCIE)
Department of Commerce, Industry and Environment (DCIE) is a part of the main body of
the GON and is under the direct control of the Minister.
As shown in the above organisational
chart of the Ministry, it consists of five departments.
Amongst them Environment Unit has
broad responsibility for the management of Nauru’s environment and water resources.
2-39
Chapter 2
Current situation of Water Supply in Nauru
DCIE implements the Integrated Water Resource Management (IWRM) programme in
cooperation with the SOPAC, and would be the main counterpart if the proposed technical
cooperation attached in clause 4.3 is materialised in the future.
However, so far DCIE’s functions and activities on water supply are limited by the absence
of a regulatory role for the department and shortage of human resources.
2.3.2 Nauru Utilities Authority (NUA)
NUA is the sole SOE with responsibility for the operation and maintenance of the
diesel-generated power supply and for the production and distribution of desalinated water.
As
explained in clause 2.2.2, NUA operates desalination units at their power station in Aiwo
district.
NUA consists of three divisions and has now 161 employees in total.
Regarding the water
supply, there are two departments, Desalination Operation and Water Dispatch only, and no
departments are responsible for planning, designing and management.
In a sense, NUA
concentrates on production and delivery of the desalinated water for users.
It is a noteworthy fact that NUA collects payment only for water delivery, not for
production of the desalinated water.
the GON.
Production costs of the water is heavily subsidised from
Detail information of water tariff is explained in clause 2.2.2.
In addition, NUA is not in charge of the operation and maintenance of sanitation facilities.
Figure 2-16 indicates the organisational structure of NUA.
2-40
Chapter 2
Current situation of Water Supply in Nauru
Office of the CEO
Corporate Services and
Administration Division
Power & Water
Operations Division
Tank Farm Operation
Division
Policy &
Planning Dept.
Power
Generation
Dept.
Fuel Stock
Management
Dept.
Finance and
Budget Dept.
Destribution &
Electrical Dept.
Aircraft
Refuelling
Dept.
HR &
Development
Dept.
Desalination
Operation
Dept.
Water
Despatch
Dept.
Water-related Depts.
Figure 2-16
Organisation of Nauru Utilities Authority
2.3.3 Nauru Rehabilitation Corporation (NRC)
NRC is also one of the SOEs under the MCIE.
Major responsibilities of the NRC are to
undertake investigations and rehabilitation works in the devastated phosphate mining areas at
Topside.
NRC conducts an extensive survey of the groundwater development in conjunction with the
SOPAC, since an abundant of water for agricultural industry NRC plans to expand in the near
future would be indispensable.
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Chapter 2
Current situation of Water Supply in Nauru
However, NRC is not responsible for distribution of water supply and does not own
authority to use the groundwater as it is most likely to be the private property of the landowners.
Then, at the moment, their activity on groundwater development is limited due to the
restrictions of legal framework.
Besides the groundwater development, NRC has jurisdiction over the operation and
management of Nauru’s only domestic waste landfill located on Topside.
2.3.4 Eigigu Holdings Corporation (EHC)
Eigigu Holdings Corporation (EHC) is also a SOE under the MCIE and provides technical
services such as engineering, construction and public transportation to the people of Nauru.
EHC was conducted the extensive community survey in order to select the location of water
tanks provided by Australian Agency for International Development (AusAID) and Italian
government in 2008, and their subsidiary company, Eigigu Civil Works, installed the cistern
tanks for the selected households.
EHC also operates a sludge truck also provided by AusAID, and thus will be a key
organisation in sanitation sector in Nauru.
2.3.5 Other Water Supply - Related Agencies, Organisations and SOEs
Department of Health (DOH) and Department of Education in the GON take an active role
in promoting wise water management including hygienic education.
In particular, although
DOH has no responsibility for water supply at all, DOH conducts water quality inspections on
ad-hoc basis, usually on demand from patients. So the water quality inspections conducted by
the DOH is limited to bacteriological aspects due to the shortage of testing equipment.
Aid Management Unit (AMU), under the Department of Finance (DOF), takes charge of
the arrangement and coordination of all the aid projects, including water supply and sanitation.
Development Planning and Policy Division (DPPD) which is also under the DOF is
responsible for the smooth implementation of the NSDS.
However, as pointed out earlier, the roles, functions and responsibilities of the above
water-related agencies, departments or SOEs are uncertain due to the lack of enabling
legislation and national water plan towards water supply.
2-42
Chapter 2
2.4
Current situation of Water Supply in Nauru
Major Donors’ Activities
As indicated in the aforementioned Table 2-3, the amount of donor assistance to Nauru has
increased steadily in line with the policy development and implementation framework of the
NSDS.
The following section provides an overview of Nauru’s key development partners,
which consists of bilateral and multilateral donors, and their planned programs to be
implemented in 2009-10. The Study Team confirmed that no bilateral and multilateral donors
have practical project on water supply, which may duplicate the proposed technical cooperation
project mentioned in the Chapter 4.
2.4.1 Bilateral Donors / AusAID (Australia)
Due to the strong tie between the two countries, Australia remains Nauru’s largest donor. In
2009, the two governments agreed “Partnership for Development (PD)”, which seeks to
advance Nauru’s development vision as articulated in the NSDS and make progress towards
attainment of the Millennium Development Goals (MGDs) by 2015.
The PD is premised on
the “Port Moresby Declaration” released in March 2008 and reflects a commitment by Australia
to closely cooperate and engage with its Pacific partners.
Under the PD, Australia is prepared to provide increased development assistance over time
to improve governance, increase investment in economic infrastructure, and achieve better
outcomes in health and education.
Australian government agreed to focus on five priority outcomes and targets which meet
the objectives of the PD.
These priority outcomes are listed as below;
(1) More efficient and accountable public sector
(2) Improved education
(3) A cost-effective health system which delivers improved health outcomes
(4) Reliable and cost effective provision of essential infrastructure and services
(5) Increased private sector growth
The priority outcome (4) includes the development water sector.
However, according to
the AusAID, there is no specific project or programmes on water supply sector.
In the past decade, AusAID contributes largely to the development of water sector.
As
explained in clause 2.2.3, three units of RO systems, the main water source in Nauru, are
2-43
Chapter 2
provided by the AusAID.
Current situation of Water Supply in Nauru
In addition, 150 cisterns are also installed to individual household to
achieve the objectives in the water sector.
2.4.2 Republic of China (Taiwan)
The Republic of China (Taiwan) provides funding support to Nauru of US$ 9.35 million
annually.
In 2009, Nauru received funding of US$ 1 million from Taiwan for telecommunications
network support.
This funding has been committed to establish the country’s first mobile
phone network, which was launched operation in September 2009.
In 2008, Taiwan provided funding for the repayment of A$ 1.05 million of pending salaries
owed to Nauruan public servants.
In late 2009, Taiwan will provide funding for another $1
million of pending salaries for public servants.
In 2009-10, Taiwan will again provide funding for general budget support and to support
Nauru’s overseas missions.
These payments make an important contribution to keeping the
Government of Nauru budget in surplus.
Taiwan provides further assistance to Nauru through the Technical Mission on the island,
which focuses on agriculture and livestock development, and the Mobile Medical mission visits.
Taiwan provided a significant number of computers for Government, which were installed
during 2008-09.
Nauru is negotiating with Taiwan for A$ 500,000 to provide micro-finance
assistance for a Small Business incubator.
The aid relationship between Taiwan and Nauru is characterised by flexibility and
cooperation.
Assistance from Taiwan has contributed greatly to Nauru’s gradual economic
recovery over the past five years.
Regarding the water supply sector, Taiwan provides community development fund which is
partially used to purchase desalinated water from NUA
2.4.3 Italy
In 2008, the Government of Italy committed US$ 10 million to support implementation of
climate change and renewable energy projects in the Pacific Small Island States, including
Nauru.
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Chapter 2
Current situation of Water Supply in Nauru
Under a multilateral agreement premised on addressing climate change issues, Italy’s
assistance has focused on renewable energy and the water sector in Nauru.
In fact, 110
cisterns are provided to the individual households in 2008.
Additional assistance is also provided bilaterally to the health sector as well as agriculture.
2.4.4 Japan
Through its grass-roots grant aid, Japan is providing assistance to the local communities of
Nauru addressing the water sector in particular, water security and accessibility through the
provision of 48 cisterns for communities and water tanker trucks for NUA.
In addition, under the Non Project Grant Aid, Japan also provides assistance through the
purchase of diesel to the utilities sector for the generation of electricity and desalination plants.
2.4.5 Other Bilateral Donors
NZ AID (New Zealand) is also a large donor to Nauru.
NZ AID implements assistant
projects through Pacific Regional Assistance to Nauru and mainly focused on the educational
and justice sectors.
Cuba, Greece, India, Israel, South Korea, Singapore, and Turkey are also bilateral partner
of Nauru.
Most of the partners have provided assistance to Nauru in the form of general
budget support and human resource development in the various sectors.
2.4.6 Multilateral Donors / European Union (EU)
EU is the second largest partner to Nauru, next Australia.
Basically, assistance from the
EU is focused in the energy sector, mainly renewable energy.
Under the 9th European
Development Fund (EDF), the EU funding has been utilized towards the installation of pre-paid
electricity meters to all households in Nauru, installation of solar cells at the Nauru College and
energy efficiency awareness through the appointment of officers.
In addition, the EU provides
funding to the regional program Disaster Risk Reduction focusing on national water security.
Survey for searching alternative water sources is planned to implement by the fund of
EDF9 Envelop B.
Water governance is also thought as a future project funded by the EDF.
Both projects will be planned and carried out through the SOPAC.
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Chapter 2
Current situation of Water Supply in Nauru
2.4.7 Asian Development Bank (ADB)
Since 2005, ADB’s operations in Nauru aim to support implementation of the NSDS.
The
main priority areas for ADB support include the review and update of the NSDS, the reform of
the electricity sector, development of the Nauru port, Nauru and HIV/AIDS activities.
In addition to the above priority areas, GON is also looking to the ADB to support its
efforts in producing basic economic monitoring statistics and has fielded consultants to scope
for the investment and legal framework for the Nauru Trust Fund.
2.4.8 Pacific Island Applied Geoscience Commission (SOPAC)
SOPAC provides several technical assistances in the water sector of NAURU.
Their
activities such as groundwater investigation and fact finding survey are funded by the EU and
other international organisations.
SOPAC promotes a Geographic Information System (GIS) / Global Positioning System
(GPS) database of all properties and associated roof catchments to precisely identify the
condition of rainwater harvesting infrastructure assets.
Potential hazards of groundwater are also examined in all parts of the island by the SOPAC
in cooperation with NRC.
The results of the survey are shown in clause 2.2.2.
2.4.9 Other Multilateral Donors
There are a number of development partners especially for the Pacific Region, such as
Pacific-Islands Forum Secretariat, Secretariat of the Pacific Community, and Secretariat of the
Pacific Regional Environment Programme, who have and are currently assisting the
development of Nauru.
Assistance rendered by these development partners vary from
provision of technical assistance, capacity building, budgetary support and aid in kind.
Besides the regional multilateral donors, the subsidiaries of the United Nations such as the
Global Environmental Fund, United Nations Food and Agricultural Organization, WHO and the
United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) also provide assistance to Nauru in a number
of sectors.
In particular, UNDP supports the field study on the integrated water resource management
conducted by the SOPAC.
2-46
CHAPTER 3
OUTLINE OF THE PROPOSED FUTURE
PROJECTS
Chapter 3 Outline of the Proposed Future Project
3 OUTLINE OF THE PPOSED FUTURE PROJECT
3.1
Establishment of Water Supply and Sanitation Agency
As mentioned in sub-clause 2.3, so far there is no single department, agency or corporation
in Nauru with responsibility or jurisdiction for water supply on the whole.
The present
responsibilities and arrangements on water supply are shared by the several governmental
organisations and corporations which are mainly under the MCIE.
However, the activities are
implemented individually and thus there is no communication between the concerned
organisations and corporations, which impedes the development of water supply in the country.
Major issues stemmed from the present structure of water supply in Nauru are;
-
Difficulties to collect, compile and archive information on water supply and resources
-
No organisation can make a practical master plan for water supply
-
No organisation can understand the possible natural water resources such as rainwater
and groundwater
-
No organisation can confirm the safety of water quality
-
No organisation can manage and operate water supply facilities efficiently
-
Lack of water-related laws and regulations to cover water supply and resources
For instance, although the current water supply for people in Nauru heavily relies on the
reliable but expensive desalinated water, there could be more possibility in other water
resources such as rainwater and groundwater.
In addition, domestic water is supplied by
water tanker trucks, which is also costly as compared to distribution piping system, and in fact,
there is an abandoned piping system in the populated Location area.
However, under such
circumstances, no organisation has ability to point out the issues to be solved and no
governmental department or corporation has capacity to improve the water supply situation in
the country.
Without the appropriate organisation, it is quite difficult to plan, implement, and
mange water supply in the island.
Then, the Study Team strongly recommends that the GON should establish water supply
agency in the MCIE as indicated in Figure 3-1, and the expected functions of the proposed
water supply agency are as follows;
3-1
Chapter 3 Outline of the Proposed Future Project
1) Integrated water resource management
2) Operation and management of water supply (and sanitation) facilities
3) Planning and implementation of water supply (and sanitation) projects
4) Water quality control and monitoring
5) Enactment of water laws and regulations
6) Establishment of water charge and water charge collection systems, etc.
Ministry of CIE
Nauru Water Supply and Sanitation Agency (Tentative Name)
Desalinated Water
Rain Water
Ground Water
Water Users
Figure 3-1 Proposed Water Supply and Sanitation Agency
In order to ensure independence and autonomy, the proposed water supply agency might be
better to establish as a SOE, not as a governmental department.
In addition, in the future, it is,
then, desirable to run on a stand-alone basis, without financial help from the GON.
3.2
Water Supply Projects
3.2.1 Water Demand Forecast
In Nauru, restoration and improvement of water supply have been identified as one of the
most important programmes in national and regional reconstruction planning.
According to the aforementioned DNWP, 1,500 m³/day is necessary, and the existing
desalination plant is to continue to be used as the major potable water production facility.
3-2
Chapter 3 Outline of the Proposed Future Project
In this section, required capacity is determined by using various data.
(1) Population Outlook
SOPAC provides estimates of the future population, based on Census data (see Figure
3-2).
The 2002 Census recorded the total population as 9,872, excluding 193 short-term visitors.
From a population of 9,600 in 1992 there had been an annual increase of 0.27%.
Future
projections will vary according to assumptions used and methodology; such details are omitted
here.
The project’s target period is 2020, around 10 years from now.
At that time the
population is forecast to be from 15,000 to 8,600. For present purposes, the medium-growth
case is used, rounded to 12,000.
(Source: SOPAC)
Figure 3-2
Population Forecast
(2) Consumption per Capita
GDP-based view
Nauru’s lack of water supply system and water resources is keeping consumption of
potable water low.
In the study, consumption should be forecasted according to the GON’s
policy in which would include an estimate of future consumption, but in the absence of relevant
3-3
Chapter 3 Outline of the Proposed Future Project
national policy consumption is estimated by use of interviews during the site survey and other
data sources.
Generally, these estimates of consumption are based on the current life style and industrial
situation.
But people will start to consume more water when their life style modernizes.
Especially when the tourism industry is further developed, water consumption should be
considered by taking into account the number of hotels and beds.
It is said that at middle or
average class hotel guests, who are foreigners and are accustomed to using water as in a
developed country, consume water at the rate of 200-500 l/day/bed (person).
Therefore this
consumption rate should be considered in planning future development.
In Nauru, detailed, accurate economic data are not compiled.
capita GNI in 2008 is estimated at US$ 2,514.
According to ADB data, per
This is not GDP, but in this study is a suitable
proxy for GDP.
Table 3-1
Nauru Economic Indications (2004 to 2008)
(Source: ADB)
In addition, following data compiled by the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transportation
and Tourism, Japan, shows the relationship between water consumption per capita and GDP per
capita.
With this concept, the estimated water consumption per capita is around 120 to
130l/day/person.
3-4
Chapter 3 Outline of the Proposed Future Project
Per-capita consumption of daily life water
(m3/person
x year)
litre/person/day
USA
France
Japan
Egypt
Israel
Iran
Morocco
Kenya
Nauru, GNI=2,514$
Per-capita GDP (US$/person/year)
(Source: Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transportation and Tourism, Japan, and modified by the Study Team)
Figure 3-3
Relationship between GDP and Water Consumption per Capita
Other water consumption forecast
On the one hand, according to the DNWP, 30,000m³ for 20 days is necessary, which is
equivalent to 1,500m³/day or 150l/day per capita.
Also, the SOPAC estimates the following
demand forecast in 2010.
Table 3-2
Potable Water
Water Consumption
Water Consumption (per L per capita)
Drinking water
30 l/capita
Additional Cooking and Washing
70 l/capita
(Source: SOPAC)
Considering above two forecasts, in the Study, water demand is set as 100 l/day/person,
which equivalents to the WHO standard.
3.2.2 Choices of Water Sources
As per section 2.2.2, current water resources in Nauru are limited to rain water, ground
water and desalinated water.
This situation is unlikely to change in the near future.
To obtain
high quality and sustainable water supply, desalination is effective measure, because that rain
water is unsustainable resource, and quality of ground water is becoming worse due to seawater
3-5
Chapter 3 Outline of the Proposed Future Project
intrusion which makes its salinity higher than drinking water standard.
However, production
cost of the desalinated water is the highest among the other water resources.
Then,
combination of the possible water resources could be recommended.
In the Study, due to the lack of data and information on rainwater and groundwater
resources, the Study Team mainly focuses on the desalinated water in order to fulfil the water
demand by the targeted year 2020.
3.2.3 Plan for Water Supply Facilities
(1) Production Quantity
Water demand is set as 100 litter/day/person as per in the previous sub-clause 3.2.1, and the
total expected population is 12,000 people in year 2020.
From these assumptions, total
required capacity for production of potable water is calculated as follows.
12,000 person x 100 litre/person/day = 1,200 m3/day
Current existing water resources are estimated as following Table 3-3.
Table 3-3
Production Capacity of Existing Water Resources
Facility / Location
Plant owner
Production capacity (m³/d)
RO (Power station)
NUA
360
RO (Menen hotel)
Menen hotel
120
Rain water
240
Ground water
10
Total
730
RO capacity in this table is based on interview survey, and rainwater and ground water is
based on Figure 2-8.
is available.
According to the estimation of the existing water resources, 730m³/day
The required additional capacity therefore is 470m³/day (=1,200m³/day –
730m³/day), which shall be newly produced as in Table 3-4.
shown.
In the Table, 300m³/day RO is
This is based on interviews at the NUA, who requested the Japanese government to
provide 300m³/day RO.
3-6
Chapter 3 Outline of the Proposed Future Project
Table 3-4
Water Resources Enhancement
Method
Plant owner
Additional desalination
Production capacity (m³/d)
NUA
300
Rain harvest enhancement*
170
Total
470
(*Remark) In this study, rain harvest enhancement is not studied in detail. But this figure may be realistic if airport
runaway catchments etc. are realized as planned.
(2) Water Quality of Desalinated Water
Nauru has no specific regulation or standard for a portable water quality.
Thus the Study
adopts the WHO standard (Refer to Table 2-8).
For the design of desalination facility, water analysis data is necessary, but data have not
been collected by the NUA, therefore, in this section, some assumptions are used, and an effort
is made work with this water quality standard.
TDS and some other factors are considered in
the Study.
(3) Plant Specification of the New Water Production Facility
Based on the above situation, the study base for a new facility is to have the following
specification;
- Raw water
: seawater
- Production capacity
: 300 m3/day
- Required product water quality
: less than 1,000 mg/l in TDS
- Distribution pipe network:
(4) Plant Description
1) Desalination Process
RO membrane technology was developed almost 50 years ago, and has been applied to
water desalination for some time.
Figure 3-4 shows that the RO process has the top share in
this application, because of low operation cost and ease of operation.
There are three types of membrane, MF (Micro Filtration), UF (Ultra Filtration) and RO
(Reverse Osmosis).
Separation capability of each membrane is as per Figure 3-5.
3-7
Chapter 3 Outline of the Proposed Future Project
In this project, desalination, removal of ions such as sodium (Na+) and chloride (Cl-) is
necessary.
Therefore use of RO membrane process, technology already in use in Nauru and
familiar with water officials, is assumed.
(Source: IDA Inventory Report 2002)
Figure 3-4
Proportion by Types of Desalination Method
Ultrafiltration
UF
Nanofiltration
NF
Reverse Osmosis
Membrane
Microfiltration
MF
RO
Size (μm)
0.0001
Cl- ion
Na+ion
Relative Size
of
Common
Materials
0.001
0.01
0.1
Pesticide, Organic Material
Influenza Virus
Zn2+ion
10
Algae, Mad
Vibrio Cholerae
Virus
Polio Virus
F- ion
Pb2+ ion
NO3-ion
Coliform
Cryptosporidium
Hepatitis A Virus
Trihalomethane
Sea Water Desalination
Application
1
Bacillus anthracis
Wastewater Treatment
Brackish Water Desalination Drinking Water
Wastewater Treatment
Figure 3-5
Drinking Water
Drinking Water
Membrane type and its application
3-8
Chapter 3 Outline of the Proposed Future Project
2) Overall Flow Diagram
The plant shall be constructed at the electric power station site.
from cooling water for power generator.
Raw seawater is collected
The basic flow of a RO system is as per Figure 3-6.
This desalination plant consists of;
- Intake
- Pre-treatment
- Desalination with RO membrane
- Post-treatment
Pretreatment
Cartridge
Filter
RO Elements
≦7MPa*)
NaHSO3
FeCl3
Cl2
High-pressure
Pump
Motor
H2SO4
Cl2
Energy
Recovery
Turbine,
IF
Raw water Raw water
(Saline water) Tank
Figure 3-6
Brine NECESSARY
Feed
Water
Tank
Product
Water
Basic Flow of the Desalination System
Raw water is received from cooling water pipeline, and stored at the raw water tank, and
Suspended Solids (SS) are removed by a dual media filter or sand filter, then the water is fed to
the RO membrane by a high pressure pump.
Dissolved solids are removed by this RO
membrane and pH adjustment and necessary chemical injection are also done during this
pre-treatment process.
Electric power is supplied from the power station.
3-9
Chapter 3 Outline of the Proposed Future Project
For reference, more detailed flow diagram for 270 m3/d production capacity plant is shown
in Figure 3-7.
Note: In case of an isolated island or developing area, for protecting water plant from
breakdowns or malfunctioning caused by improper operation the following design philosophy
may be effective, but in theStudy, for the sake of simplicity, a standard design is studied.
-
Double stage RO system
-
No chemical injection system
3) Overall Plot Plan
Sample of plot plan for a 300 m3/d RO plant is as per Fig. 3-8.
This is based on a standard
type of plant design, but there is the idea of installing the equipment in containers to saving
construction costs.
Most of equipment would be installed in the containers at the factory
before shipping, and at the site, only a set-up of the containers and connection of pipes and
electric cables.
One container is for pre-treatment and the other is for high pressure pump and
RO membrane module.
Sample layout in containers is as per Figure 3-9.
The figure is purely
3
conceptual, and not based on an actual 100 m /d RO.
4) Pre-Treatment
Dual media sand filtration will be equipped for removing SS and organic matter etc. from
the seawater.
Most of SS and contaminants will be removed from seawater to meet the
requirement for fouling protection on the RO membrane.
Necessary chemical dosing is done for protection bio-fouling problems in the system and
RO membrane.
3-10
Chapter 3 Outline of the Proposed Future Project
(Source Veolia)
Figure 3-7
Image of RO System (Typical Diagram for 270m³/day)
3-11
Chapter 3 Outline of the Proposed Future Project
(Source Veolia)
Figure 3-8
Image of RO System (Standard Type: Production Capacity – 300m³/day)
3-12
Chapter 3 Outline of the Proposed Future Project
(Source Veolia)
Figure 3-9
Image of RO System (Container Type: Production Capacity – 100m³/day)
3-13
Chapter 3 Outline of the Proposed Future Project
5) Desalination
Dissolved solid in the seawater is desalted by use of a RO membrane. In this area, standard
seawater concentration is 35,000 mg/l in TDS.
By use of this desalination process, fresh water
with quality of 1,000 mg/l or less in TDS will be obtained.
Six pieces of 8-inch type spiral RO element of 40 inches length are loaded in a pressure
vessel, and four pressure vessels are connected in parallel by pipes. Total RO elements are 24.
Operating pressure is around 53 bars in initial stage. Membrane life is expected to be five years
if operated properly.
This facility produces 300 m3/day fresh water with around 160 mg/l at initial stage, which is
less than the WHO drinking water standard, 1,000 mg/l.
Simulation of the material balance is as per the attached calculation sheet, Figures 3-10 and
11.
(Source: Toray RO calculation software)
Figure 3-10
Expected Material Balance for 300m³/day RO
3-14
Chapter 3 Outline of the Proposed Future Project
(Source: Toray RO calculation software)
Figure 3-11
Expected Water Quality and Balance
6) After Treatment of the Product Water
Additional treatment will be done at the product water tank for adjusting pH to meet the
drinking water standard.
Also chlorine is injected to prevent propagation of micro-organisms.
7) Simulation of Operation
Material balance is also calculated as per above Figure 3-10 and 11.
The existing plant has a Dow product, the basic specification of which is SW30HR-380.
As per Table 3-5, Toray RO has a similar specification, therefore, Toray TM820-370 is used for
the Study for calculation purposes only.
Water temperature for system design is set up
tentatively as 25 deg C.
3-15
Chapter 3 Outline of the Proposed Future Project
Table 3-5
Manufacturer
Model
Specification of RO Membrane Lement
Product flow
Salt rejection
Membrane area
rate (GPD)
(%)
(ft2)
DOW
SW30HR-380
6,000 (23 m3/d)
99.70
380 (35m2)
TORAY
TM820-370
6,000 (23 m3/d)
99.75
370 (34m2)
<Test conditions>
Feed concentration : 32,000 mg/l NaCl, Operating pressure : 800 psi,
Temperature : 25 deg C,
Recovery : 8%, pH : 8
Data is based on manufacturer’s product catalogue.
8) Operation
Plant is operated continuously 24 hours a day, 365 days a year, for steady operation.
for chemical cleaning and a maintenance period is the plant shut down.
Only
This period is not
considered.
(5) Distribution Pipeline
Product water from the desalination plant at the power station shall be delivered to
households. As introduced in Chapter 2, the current method is by water tanker truck.
costly, but there is no danger of theft of water.
This is
The GON’s policy is to continue this delivery
style, but in the near future, it is recommended to shift to a pipe line transfer/distribution.
Figure 3-12 shows the basic concept of a pipeline network.
Major components of this
distribution pipe line system are:
- Transfer pump
: Specification shall be decided according to transfer water
quantity and distance to final destination.
- Transfer pipe
: Plastic pipe seems to be suitable for when transfer over
flat areas.
When transferring to inner areas, elevation
should be considered and high pressure pipe is necessary.
- Intermediate reservoir
: Necessary reservoirs are to be built
Detailed study is recommended be executed by a future water organization to be established
by the GON.
3-16
Chapter 3 Outline of the Proposed Future Project
Less Populated Area (Anabar)
Populated Area (Aiwo)
Populated Area (Menen)
Government Area (Yaren)
Candidate site for airport runway catchment (Rainwater harvest)
Existing desalination plant, at Power station
Figure 3-12
Proposed Distribution Pipeline
3-17
Chapter 3 Outline of the Proposed Future Project
3.2.4 Cost Estimate
(1) Major Equipment List
Major equipments are listed in Table 3-6.
Table 3-6
No
Proposed Equipment List
Equipment
Quantity (pcs)
1
Intake pump
1
2
Filtration pump
1
3
Multimedia Filter
1
4
Feed pump
1
5
Cartridge Filter
1
6
RO high pressure pump
1
7
RO module
Pressure Vessel : 4
RO element : 24
8
Product water tank
1
9
Chemical dosing
1set
10
Chemical cleaning system
1set
(2) Facility Cost
Facility cost is estimated as per Table 3-7.
Table 3-7
Estimated Facility Cost
No
Item
Cost
( A$ ’000)
1
Mechanical & Electrical equipment
700
2
Field installation work
130
Total
830
This is based on international prices which are widely quoted in Australia and other
countries in the South Pacific region.
protection process.
Also this does not consider the additional fouling
If polishing sand filter is added for this purpose, around A$ 70,000 shall be
added to above Table 3-7.
3-18
Chapter 3 Outline of the Proposed Future Project
3.2.4 Environmental Issues
RO brine water, chemical waste water during membrane cleaning will be generated.
(1) RO Brine Water
As per Figure 3-13, 60% of intake seawater will be discharged from the desalination facility
as RO brine water, the TDS of which is expected to be approximately 58,000mg/l.
The
3
quantity is estimated as 450m /day.
This water is concentrated water of RO feed water, which is seawater and well filtrated by a
pre-treatment system.
Usually this brine water is discharged to the sea.
Because of the small
quantity, this brine water is easily diluted by sea water.
Brine 450 m3/day,
Raw seawater
3
750 m /day
Pre
treatment
Filtrated
58,400 mg/l
RO
Product 300 m3/day
seawater
35,000 mg/l
Figure3-13
Brine from Desalination System
(2) Chemicals
Cleaning will be expected to be done two or three times a year.
required is not great.
Total chemical volume
These chemicals, thus, shall be treated as waste water at the site together
with waste materials from the processing plant.
(3) Replaced Filter and RO Elements
The volume of these solid wastes is not big.
These may be incinerated or placed under
ground.
3.3
Sewerage Projects
Currently, in Nauru, no piped sewage system exists.
which are emptied by suction trucks when requested.
not clear in the NSDS.
Most of houses have septic tank,
Enhancement of this sewage system is
In order to protect natural environment, it is recommended to prepare
proper sewerage system urgently.
3-19
Chapter 3 Outline of the Proposed Future Project
BOX
3
Water and Disease
Figure: Incidence rate of diarrhoeal diseases per 1000 population in the Pacific island countries
and the developed Australia and New Zealand, 2002
As a typical value, about 10% of all deaths of children less than five years old in the Pacific
island countries are attributable to diarrhoeal diseases.
About 90% of such diseases are
attributable to lack of sanitation, drinking-water and hygiene.
However, despite the
exceedingly high mortality figures due to lack of basic sanitation, safe drinking-water and
hygiene, the evidence suggests that these statistics might be underestimating the real dimension
of the problem.
As the above Figure indicates, Nauru is the worst in the Pacific nations.
(Source: WHO and SOPAC)
3-20
Chapter 3 Outline of the Proposed Future Project
3.4
Environmental and Social Consideration
In general, Nauru has made little progress in the environmental field.
According to the MCIE, as for the environmental aspects, they focus on the rehabilitation
of Topside.
In fact, the NRC has commenced rehabilitating a small (5 ha) portion of land as a
demonstration site.
This is to be followed by a 13 ha site for a national cemetery site which
will take at least 18 months to develop.
Apart from rehabilitating topside the 2005 NSDS only contained one goal dealing with the
general environment, whose short term milestone was to undertake an environmental review
and pass new environmental legislation.
A draft of an Environment Management Bill has been
prepared, but still requires further work before being presented to Parliament.
The MCIE has received the authority to deal with issues of natural resources, including
environmental protection, at national level.
However, The Ministry’s administrative capacity
needs to be significantly strengthened to ensure it can carry out these tasks.
Despite this, Nauru has pursued a number of other projects consistent with international
environmental initiatives and these are reflected in new sector goals, strategies and milestones.
In 2008 the GON finalized the National Energy Policy Framework with assistance from SOPAC.
Work is also being carried out in developing water governance and finalizing the National Solid
Waste Management Strategy which was developed late in 2008.
Realisation of the goals
described in the policy framework seems to be quite difficult due to the lack of human and
financial resources in the MCIE.
Other environmental issues which have been pursued by Nauru are in the areas of climate
change, biodiversity and sustainable land management as follows;
(1) In climate change, Nauru will be preparing its Second National Communication to the
Conference of the Parties of the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change.
(2) In biodiversity, Nauru will be preparing its National Biodiversity Strategy and Action
Plan and its first and third National Reports to the Fourth Session of the Conference
Parties of the Convention on Biological Diversity.
As regards water quality, the collection of data on water quality is not yet functioning well.
Poor water quality and insufficient waste water treatment remains a key environment challenge.
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Chapter 3 Outline of the Proposed Future Project
Water quality is in general poor due to the discharge domestic and industrial waste directly into
sea and underground.
Furthermore, there is an absence of environmental laws and legislation.
Although the
some environmental plans exist, there is no capacity amongst the authorities for deciding on
priorities, policy or measures to implement it.
The Study Team highly recommend
strengthening the capacity of the MCIE and establishing an environmental law.
It is also
important that the MCIE and the prospective water supply agency ensure that environmental
impact assessments are carried out in compliance with the law and that a functioning
environmental monitoring system is in place.
Establishing a well equipped and operational State Environmental Agency would be a
significant step forward in this respect.
The establishment of a nationwide and harmonised
legal framework for environmental protection is also important.
For reference, the Study Team conducted provisional scoping as follows, on the assumption
that water supply project is implemented;
(1) Adverse Impacts
Most significant adverse environmental impacts are:
1) Land acquisition for new water treatment plants and distribution facilities such as
reservoirs, valve chambers on the pipeline and so on.
2) Hindrance to local populations such as noise, dust, vibration and traffic.
3) Increase of wastewater flow
(2) Envisioned Mitigation Measures
1) With regard to land acquisition, mitigation measures will be considered since the whole
land of Nauru is private property. Following mitigation measures will be considered
on the site selection.
Site selection shall be conducted on the basis whether the
candidate sites have inhabitants and existing facilities or not.
In case the site has
inhabitants, dialogue with inhabitants and disclosure of the information shall be
executed.
Priority shall be given to publicly-used areas and areas with a few
inhabitants.
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Chapter 3 Outline of the Proposed Future Project
2) With regard to hindrance to local populations, construction method and work execution
plan, which mitigate the adverse impacts, will be considered.
Following mitigation
measures will be considered at the time of construction.
・ to select the construction methods which minimize the noise, dust and cordoning
・ to draw up the construction plan which minimize the cordoning and to explain the
plan to inhabitants in advance
・ to adopt the safety measures during construction
3) With regard to increase of wastewater, adverse impact will be continuous. Concerning
the increase of wastewater, it is necessary to advocate the counter measure protecting
the natural purification function of land and maintaining the natural environment
balance.
4) With regard to sludge from water supply and/or waste water treatment plant(s), it is
necessary to consider an appropriate treatment method (s) for the future plan.
In case
alternative plan for sludge treatment is considered, it is necessary to study in
conjunction with the dumping or dealing methods.
3-23
Chapter 3 Outline of the Proposed Future Project
BOX
4
Climate Change and Fresh Water
Climate variability and change cause death and disease through natural disasters, such as
variable rainfall, cyclones, accelerating storm water runoff, floods, droughts, and heat waves,
which bring about a reduction in the availability of fresh water and a gradual decrease in water
quality.
This is exacerbated in the Pacific island countries due to the fragility and
vulnerability of the water lenses in the countries’ islands.
(Source: WHO and SOPAC)
3-24
CHAPTER 4
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Chapter 4 Conclusion and Recommendation
4 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
4.1
Conclusion
The existing water supply systems in Nauru face serious situations in terms of managerial
and technical aspects.
First of all, there is no single agency, department or corporation in the country with the
responsibility for the comprehensive management and operation of water supply systems.
Although several governmental agencies and SOEs, partially and individually, fulfil their duties
on water supply, it is, however, imperative that all the organisations concerned water supply
shall share information and establish the cooperative framework amongst them.
Without such a cooperative framework in Nauru, it is difficult to draw up a national water
plan or strategy, which is based on the accurate information and examination, for the future.
In addition to the institutional improvement, water tariff system should be adopted.
In
order for the sound management of water supply, all the activities in water sector should be
based on the collected water charges paid by water users.
The skewed management which is
heavily depends upon governmental subsidy will not last long due to the severe fiscal condition
of Nauru.
Second, as for the technical aspect, historically water supply in Nauru has been heavily
depending on subsidised desalination plants, which is much costlier than other water treatment
methods such as rapid and slow filtration systems.
In addition, since there is no pipeline
network, the expensive desalinated water is delivered by means of water tanker truck, which can
also be one of the most expensive delivery methods.
Besides the desalination plant, there are
some old water supply facilities that are so deteriorated in structure, pipes, mechanical and
electrical equipment, hence are not able to supply sufficient water to users.
Despite of the efforts the GON and other donor agencies have made in the last decade, ratio
of population served safe and stable water still remains low and moreover the water supply
condition seems worsening due to the inefficient management and deterioration of the existing
water supply facilities.
4-1
Chapter 4 Conclusion and Recommendation
In order to solve the problems, as a first step, establishment of a single water supply agency
that manage water supply comprehensively is absolutely imperative.
Then, since there is no
practical national water plan in the nation level, the basic policy of the expansion and
rehabilitation of the systems shall be deliberately planned and implemented by the proposed
agency in accordance with the NSDS.
Finally, the newly-developed water supply system will
be ‘properly’ operated and managed by the agency.
In the future, it is clear that Nauru should diversify and develop other water resources such
as rainwater and groundwater to reduce dependency on desalinated water, and pipeline network
to be installed all over the island should take the place of water tanker trucks as a water
distribution tool.
4.2
Recommendation
4.2.1 Institutional Aspects
(1) Establishment of water supply agency
The flotation of the water supply agency proposed in sub-clause 3.1 could be a fundamental
base to develop water supply in Nauru.
In fact, without the proper water supply management
including planning, implementing and operating of the water supply facilities by the proposed
agency, it would be impossible to achieve the goals targeted in the NSDS.
The proposed water supply agency might be better to establish as a SOE, not as a
governmental department, in order to ensure independence and autonomy.
In the future, it is,
then, desirable to run on a stand-alone basis.
(2) Enactment of water laws and regulations
So far there are neither laws nor regulations on water supply in Nauru, and it could be
factors to hamper the development of water supply inside the GON.
Thus, at least water law,
which covers ownership, control and use of water resource, should be enacted in parallel with
the establishment of water supply agency.
In addition to the water-related laws, environmental laws must be enacted in Nauru.
For
instance, during the project implementation, the Environment Impact Assessment (EIA) should
be carried out by the proposed water supply agency and its report should also be approved by
the concerned organisation in the GON.
In order to protect of vulnerable nature in Nauru, it is,
thus, imperative for Nauru to enact legislation of environment.
4-2
Chapter 4 Conclusion and Recommendation
(3) Drawing up of the national water master plan
Without a well-ordered national water master plan, it is quite difficult to implement water
supply projects efficiently.
Although the NSDS (refer to sub-clause 2.2.1) includes some
strategies and milestones, it still needs specific target such as water coverage ratio and practical
schedule of construction of infrastructures.
Then, the newly-established water supply agency
shall prioritise and work out a plan for water supply projects in the framework of the above
water laws and regulations.
(4) Human resource development
In order to develop personnel resources in the proposed water supply agency that has little
experience to manage water supply systems to the desired level for sound management, and to
keep the work forces required for the proposed future water supply systems, both rationalization
and capacity development of the organizations would be necessary.
At the same time, training
and education would also be necessary to maintain and develop the water supply management.
Therefore, continuous training and education programs are strongly recommended for
management positions, engineers, and administration staffs to upgrade their skill, knowledge
and performance.
(5) Financial improvement
There is no water tariff system in Nauru since the operation of the existing desalination
plants are heavily subsidised by the GON.
NUA charges users with only delivery charge. In
order to allow the proposed water agency to generate higher profit for the proper management
of systems, tariff system should be adopted.
However, this option must be carefully studied
further as introduction of water tariff may cause decline in water charges collection.
So further
studies including socio-economic survey must be carried out on this issue and variables
affecting collection ratio must be identified.
4.2.2 Technical Aspects
(1) Review of water resources in Nauru
As the SOPAC indicated in the report1, Nauru’s long-term reliance on desalinated water
supplies has permitted both the attrition of alternative water supply infrastructure and the
degradation of other water resources such as groundwater and rain water.
needs to examine the possibilities of other water resources at a deeper level.
1
National Integrated Water Resource Management Diagnostic Report (SOPAC, 2007)
4-3
In a sense, Nauru
Chapter 4 Conclusion and Recommendation
Although Nauru experiences severe droughts associated with La Niña episodes, the average
annual rainfall in the period of 1946 to 2006 is 2,090mm which could be an alternative water
resource.
Then, the Study Team suggest that Nauru should think about the construction of a
catchment and storage.
There could be two options as follows;
1. “Airport catchment, such as that incorporated into the design of the existing airport
runway at Majuro in the Marshall Islands funded by the Japanese government in
about 20 years ago
2. Catchment in the spacious rehabilitated and mining land in Topside
As for the groundwater, as shown in the sub-clause 2.2.2, most of the wells checked by the
SOPAC are salinity and is undrinkable.
However, the NRC is still working with the assistance
of the AusAID and SOPAC to assess the feasibility of harvesting the groundwater in the
uninhibited Topside extensively, where a thin freshwater lens hydro-statistically is thought to
flow on higher density saltwater.
Before getting the result of the assessment, Nauru should not
lose the potential of groundwater as a water resource.
(2) Review of the existing water supply facilities
In addition to the desalination plants in NUA and Menen hotel, the piped water supply
networks with booster pump stations once served in Location area, the densest residential area
in the island, but are not in use due to the bad condition.
In order to reduce the number of load of water tanker trucks that deliver desalinated water
to users, rehabilitation of the piped water supply networks is recommended.
The production capacity of the RO plant in Menen hotel might be excessive in
consideration of the daily water demand in the premise.
It is, thus, recommended that the
desalinated water produced in the RO plant should be delivered to the adjacent residential area.
(3) Project planning for the expansion of water supply facilities
In line with the rehabilitation of the existing water supply facilities, and also with the
prospective national water master plan, the piped water reticulation system shall be established
in the future.
4-4
Chapter 4 Conclusion and Recommendation
Fortunately, Nauru is only 17km around and most people inhabit the costal areas, and then
the proposed piped water reticulation system will be able to supply water for the whole
population effectively and efficiently at a reasonable cost.
(4) Improvement of sewerage systems
There is no wastewater treatment plant in Nauru, on the contrary, there is a few sewerage
systems such as collecting pipes and individual septic tanks in the limited areas in the island.
So far, collected sewerage is directly discharges into natural environment including the adjacent
sea and underground.
4.3
It is recommended to prepare sewerage system urgently.
Application (Draft) for Japan’s Technical Assistance
This Study is to prepare for project formation at the preliminary stage.
As a result of the
Study, the Study Team highly recommend our counterparts in Nauru to implement the
following technical cooperation project, which consists of both the soft and hard components as
follows;
a) Soft Component
Soft component shall be divided into the two parts as below;
1. The current situation of water supply (and sanitation) in Nauru, and water-concerned
agencies’ capacity to carry out water supply (and sanitation) projects shall be verified.
For that purposes, the following activities will be conducted;
-
Implementation of the base-line survey including socio-economic survey
-
Investigation of the orientation regime of the MCIE
-
Capacity assessment of the water-concerned agencies
2. Establishment of the water supply (and sanitation) agency under the MCIE is the
fundamental base of al the water-related projects.
Structuring of the organisational
functions to carry out comprehensive management of water supply is also involved.
Proposed cooperation in the activities are;
4-5
Chapter 4 Conclusion and Recommendation
-
OJ-Training of the employee in each section
-
To Draw up of the operation manual in each section
-
To elaborate the plan of administration and the future organisational development
-
To elaborate the draft of water laws and regulations
-
To review of water tariff and water charge collection system
-
To promote hygienic education to inhabitants
(b) Hard Component
Hard component shall be carried out in line with the progress of soft component.
Prospective activities are as follows;
-
Construction of the additional RO unit with the capacity of 300kl/day
-
To elaborate the plan for the future water supply projects including rehabilitation
of pipeline system in Location
-
To elaborate the plan for airport (runway) catchment water supply system
-
OJ-Training (in technical/engineering aspects)of the employee in each technical
section
-
To Draw up of the operation manual in each technical section
-
To water quality control
Amongst the above activities, the construction of the additional RO unit shall be executed
on trial basis for the newly-established water supply agency.
As of January 2010, the MCIE, under the consultation of the AMU and the Study Team,
has completed a draft of the application form for Japan’s Technical Assistance for the fiscal
year of 2010.
The draft has already been submitted to a Cabinet meeting, and is waiting for
their approval.
The draft of the application form is attached to ANNEX 2.
4-6
ANNEX 1
Pictures
ANNEX-1
Pictures (1/2)
Nauru Island (Area - 21km², Diameter – 5km,
Nauru is surrounded by coral reef between 120m
Circumference – 17km)
and 300m wide
Phosphate mining areas in Topside
Rainwater
collecting
system
(in
housing
complex)
Rainwater collecting system (in private house)
Public water tanks in front of a primary school
donated by the Japanese government
Pictures (2/2)
MED plant in NUA (Capacity-1,200m³/day, not
RO plant in NUA (Capacity-120 m³/day x 3
in use at the moment)
units)
Water tanker truck “Big Red” owned by NUA RO plant in Menen Hotel (Capacity-120m³/day)
(Capacity-10 m³/load)
Existing water storage tanks (not in use at the
Runway of the airport (2,500m x 50m), the
moment)
prospective rainwater catchment
ANNEX 2
Application Form for Japanese Technical
Cooperation
ANNEX-2
Application Form (Technical Cooperation Project/
Technical Cooperation for Development Planning)
APPLICATION FORM FOR JAPAN’S TECHNICAL COOPERATION
1.
Date of Entry:
Day
15
Month
9
Year
2009
2.
Applicant:
The Government of
3.
Project Title:
Project for Institutional Reinforcement of Water Supply and Sanitation
NAURU
4.
Contact Point (Implementing Agency): Ministry of Commerce, Industry and the Environment
Address: Yaren District, Government Building
Contact Person: Mr. Frederick Pitcher, Minister for Commerce, Industry and Environment
Tel. No.: +674-4443133 (ext. 213) Fax No. +674-4443157
E-Mail: [email protected]
5.
Background of the Project
The Republic of Nauru is an isolated, raised limestone island located 41km south
of the equator with a land area of 22km². The country is also located in the dry
belt of the equatorial oceanic zone, with diurnal temperatures ranging from 26 to
35 degrees in Celsius. Annual rainfall is extremely variable, averaging
approximately 2,000mm per year with a range of less than 300 to over 4,000mm.
In recent years, Nauru faces severe droughts due to the La Niña episode.
Fundamentally, Nauru is lack of water resources. In recent years, sources of
freshwater for inhabitants in Nauru are restricted to the followings;
1. Desalinated water
2. Groundwater
3. Rainwater harvesting
Among these water resources, desalinated water is the most sustainable and
reliable water source in consideration of stability. In the meanwhile, most of
groundwater sources in Nauru are confirmed as blackish which are not suitable as
portable water (See APPENDIX 1). Rainwater harvesting is also not reliable
water source since the annual rainfalls varies (See APPENDIX 2) and Nauru
experiences severe droughts frequently.
However, the existing desalination plant (RO) owned by the Nauru Utilities
Authority (NUA) produces a total of approximately 360kl/day, and delivery
capacity is only 166kl/day due to the lack of pipeline system and the limited
capacity of water tank trucks in the country. In addition to that, production cost
of the desalinated water is much higher than that of other water treatment
methods such as filtration systems. Although the production cost of the
desalinated water is heavily subsidised by the government of Nauru (GON), this
can be heavy burden to the GON. It is, thus, necessary to think about the
integrated management of water supply systems in the near future.
As for the access to safe drinking water, according to the health survey in 2007,
90% of respondents reported that their house had access to an improved water
source and this tends to be rainwater. Most households treat their water to
ensure it is not contaminated prior to drinking, although 23% of households do
not apply an appropriate treatment for their drinking water.
However, as mentioned above, rainwater is not accessible during the dry season
and people are forced to use un-potable groundwater, and Nauru has a
significantly high rate of hospitalised diarrhoea in the Pacific region.
So far, in Nauru there is no single department or agency to plan, manage and
monitor water supply systems comprehensively (See APPENDIX 4), and then the
GON needs a support to establish an agency for comprehensive management of
water supply and sanitation in the country. Several departments and agencies
combine roles in the water sector and only Utilities is the sole water production
and delivery service provider. Under this current regime water may not always be
prioritized as each organization has other major issues to manage as well i.e.
Utilities managing energy and water at the same time and sometimes these sectors
may be competing for prioritization.
Finally, National Sustainable Development Strategy (NSDS) launched in
November 2005 emphasise that providing sufficient and reliable water supply is
crucial to sustaining economic growth in Nauru.
6.
Outline of the Project
(1) Overall Goal
Improve the current situation of water supply and sanitation for the entire area of
Nauru.
(2) Project Purpose
Establish an organisation which manages water supply and sanitation
comprehensively in Nauru, and improve the capacity to plan, implement, and
operate the water supply and sanitation systems in all over the Nauru.
(3) Outputs
- Establishment of water supply and sanitation department/agency under the
Ministry of Commerce, Industry and Environment (CIE).
- The capacity of the new department/agency over the comprehensive
management, such as managerial and technical, of water supply and sanitation
activities is strengthened.
- The extension of water supply capacity by installing an additional RO unit
with a capacity of 300kl/day, as a pilot project.
(4) Area to be covered by the Project
Since Nauru is a small insular country, proposed area to be covered by the project
shall be whole area of the country. Map of Nauru is attached at APPENDIX 3.
(5)
Project Activities
Project activities shall be divided into soft and hard component.
(a) Soft Component
1. The current situation of water supply and sanitation in Nauru, water
concerned agencies’ capacity to carry out water supply and sanitation projects
and its responsibility is verified.
Carry out the base-line survey
Investigate the orientation regime of the Ministry of CIE
Capacity assessment of the water concerned agencies
2. Establishment of the water supply and sanitation department/agency under the
Ministry of CIE.
Structuring of the department/agency to carry out comprehensive management
of water supply in Nauru
OJ-Training of the employee in each section
Operation manual for management in each section
Elaborate the plan of administration and the future organisational
development
Review of water tariff system
Hygienic education to inhabitants
(b) Hard Component
Construction of the additional RO Unit with the capacity of 300kl/day
Elaborate the plan for the future water supply projects including rehabilitation
of pipeline system in Location.
Elaborate the plan for airport (runway) catchment water supply system
OJ-Training of the employee in each section
Operation manual in each section
Water quality control
(6) Input from the Recipient Government
(Counterpart personnel)
Mr. Russ Kun, Secretary, Department of CIE
Ms. Apisake Soakai, CEO, NUA
(Support staff)
Mr. Bryan Star, Manager of Environment (Project), Department of CIE
Mr. Hasseldon Buraman, IWRM Coordinator, Department of CIE
Ms. Mavis Depaune, PACC Coordinator, Department of CIE
Other supporting staffs are available on demand.
(Office space)
Due to the shortage of office space in the government building, we can not
provide the office space for the project. However, we can arrange the suitable
office for the project team.
(Running expenses)
Running expenses of the Project can be partially borne by the GON.
(Vehicles)
Although CIE does not own vehicles, vehicles can be arranged as needed.
(Equipment, etc.)
Necessary equipment for the project is prepared by the GON as thoroughly as
possible.
(7) Input from the Japanese Government
(Number and qualification of Japanese experts/consultant)
Six experts
(1) Team Leader
(2) Expert in Management of Water Supply and Sanitation Organisation
(3) Expert in Water Supply Engineering 1 (RO operation)
(4) Expert in Water Supply Engineering 2 (Planning, Designing and
Monitoring)
(5) Expert in Sanitation
(6) Expert in Water and Sanitation Laws
(Contents of training (in Japan and in-country) courses)
(1) Soft component
- Management
- Accounting
- Hygiene / Sanitation
- Laws / Regulation
(2) Hard component
- Operation and maintenance (especially for RO units)
- Monitoring (including water quality check)
- Planning
- Designing
(Seminars and workshops)
Technical seminars for employees of the proposed department/agency and
workshops of water and sanitation intended for customers are strongly required.
(Equipment, etc.)
- RO Units with its capacity of 300kl/day and other necessary equipment are
required.
- Vehicle for visiting sites
-
7.
Water quality checking kit
Other necessary equipment to carry out the project
Implementation Schedule
Month
8.
1
Year
2011 〜 Month
3
Year
2013
Description of Implementing Agency
Total budget for the Ministry of CIE: A$158,000
Total Number of Staff of the Ministry: 30
Department of CIE consists of the four groups as follows;
(1) Commerce and Business development
(2) Food Security, Agriculture and Livestock
(3) Foreign Investment
(4) Tourism
(5) Environment
And, Environment group (# of staff: 4) will be in charge of the project.
9.
Related Information
(1) Prospects of further plans and actions/ Expected funding resources for the
Project:
Ministry of CIE is ready for reshuffling of personnel relocation to receive the
Japanese project team.
(2) Projects by other donor agencies, if any:
−Whether you have requested the same project to other donors or not.
No.
−Whether any other donor has already started a similar project in the target
area or not.
No. But Pacific Islands Applied Geoscience Commission (SOPAC) is
considering an integrated water resources management (IWRM) programme
funded by the EU.
−Presence/absence of cooperation results or plans by third-countries or
international agencies for similar projects.
(1) AusAID (2009) – Improvement of rainwater harvesting
(2) EU Envelop B (future project) – Searching for alternative water sources
and enhancement of storage and distribution of water
(3) EU EDF9 (future project) – Improvement rainwater harvesting and
updating of data base related in water sector
(4) EU Water Governance (future project) – Improvement the institutional
structure related in water sector
(5) Pacific HYCOS (future project) – Water resource monitoring
(6) GEF-IWRM (future project) – Coordination of water resource
management
Note that (2) to (6) are carried out through SOPAC.
−In the case that a project was conducted in the same field in the past,
describe the grounds for requesting this project/study, the present status of
the previous project, and the situation regarding the technology transfer.
This proposed project is the first trial of the establishment of agency
managing water supply and sanitation comprehensively in the entire area of
Nauru.
−Whether there are existing projects/studies regarding this requested project/
study or not.
Please refer to the above.
(3) Other relevant Projects (Activities in the sector by the recipient government
and NGOs), if any:
No.
(4) Other relevant information (Available data, information, documents, maps, etc.
related to the Project)
Please refer to the APPENDIX as follows;
APPENDIX 1: Ground water information
ANNES 2: Rainfall information
APPENDIX 3: Map of Nauru
APPENDIX 4: Proposed Organisation in water sector
10. Global Issues (Gender, Poverty, Climate change, etc.)
The proposed RO method is known as energy-conservation system in desalination
methods treatment. Comparing with other desalination methods such as
electrodialysis, ion-exchange resin and evaporation method, RO consumes much
less energy to desalt sea water, which contributes largely to the carbon-dioxide
reduction.
11. Environmental and Social Considerations
Please refer to the attached “Screening Sheets”.
12．Beneficiaries
Total Population of 10,000 is the beneficiaries of the project.
(According to the Census 2006, the proportion of male and female population is
51:49.)
13.
14.
Security Conditions
Nauru has a low crime rate and thus security condition is quite good, however, the
GON will formulate thoroughgoing safety measures for the Japanese experts.
Others
In order to modernise our water supply systems, drastic organisational reform and
improvement are indispensable. The GON is expecting to receive a support in
the both of technical and managerial aspects from the Government of Japan.
Signed:
Title:
On behalf of the Government of NAURU
Date: 15 September 2009
Screening Format（Environmental and Social Considerations）
Question 1 Address of a project site
Project area shall be
Question 2 Outline of the project
2-1 Does the project come under following sectors?
■Yes □No
If yes, please mark corresponding items.
□Mining development
□Industrial development
□Thermal power (including geothermal power)
□Hydropower, dams and reservoirs
□River/erosion control
□Power transmission and distribution lines
□Roads, railways and bridges
□Airports
□Ports and harbors
■Water supply, sewage and waste treatment
□Waste management and disposal
□Agriculture involving large-scale land-clearing or irrigation
□Forestry
□Fishery
□Tourism
2-2 Does the project include the following items?
□Yes
□No
If yes, please mark following items.
□Involuntary resettlement
(scale:
■Groundwater pumping
(scale: approx. 15,000 m3/year)
households,
□Land reclamation, land development and land-clearing (scale:
□Logging
(scale:
hectors)
persons)
hectors)
2-3 Did the proponent consider alternatives before request?
■Yes: Please describe outline of the alternatives
（Rain water harvesting and groundwater were considered as the alternative
water sources, however, they are not reliable in terms of quantity and quality. ）
□No
2-4 Did the proponent have meetings with related stakeholders before request?
■Yes
□No
If yes, please mark the corresponding stakeholders.
■Administrative body
■Local residents
□NGO
）
□Others（
Question 3
Is the project a new one or an on-going one? In case of an on-going one, have you received
strong complaints etc. from local residents?
■New
□On-going(there are complaints)
□On-going (there are no complaints)
□Others
Question 4 Name of laws or guidelines:
Is Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) including Initial Environmental Examination
(IEE) required for the project according to laws or guidelines in the host country?
□Yes
■No
If yes, please mark corresponding items.
□Required only IEE
(□Implemented, □on going, □planning)
□Required both IEE and EIA (□Implemented, □on going, □planning)
□Required only EIA
□Others:
Question 5
(□Implemented, □on going, □planning)
In case of that EIA was taken steps, was EIA approved by relevant laws in the host country?
If yes, please mark date of approval and the competent authority.
□Approved: without a
□Approved: with a
□Under appraisal
supplementary condition
supplementary condition
(Date of approval:
Competent authority:
)
■Not yet started an appraisal process
□Others:(
)
Question 6
If a certificate regarding the environment and society other than EIA, is required, please
indicate the title of certificate.
□Already certified
□Required a certificate but not yet done
Title of the certificate :(
)
■Not required
□Others
Question 7
Are following areas located inside or around the project site?
□Yes
■No
□Not identified
If yes, please mark the corresponding items.
□National parks, protected areas designated by the government (coast line, wetlands,
reserved area for ethnic or indigenous people, cultural heritage) and areas being
considered for national parks or protected areas
□Virgin forests, tropical forests
□Ecological important habitat areas (coral reef, mangrove wetland, tidal flats)
□Habitat of valuable species protected by domestic laws or international treaties
□Likely salts cumulus or soil erosion areas on a massive scale
□Remarkable desertification trend areas
□Archaeological, historical or cultural valuable areas
□Living areas of ethnic, indigenous people or nomads who have a traditional lifestyle, or
special socially valuable area
Question 8
Does the project have adverse impacts on the environment and local communities?
□Yes
■No
□Not identified
Reason:
Question 9
Please mark related environmental and social impacts, and describe their outlines.
□Air pollution
■Social
institutions
such
as
social
■Water pollution
infrastructure and local decision-making
□Soil pollution
institutions
□Waste
□Noise and vibration
■Existing
social
infrastructures
and
services
□Ground subsidence
□The poor, indigenous of ethnic people
□Offensive odors
□Maldistribution of benefit and damage
□Geographical features
□Local conflict of interests
□Bottom sediment
□Gender
□Biota and ecosystem
□Children’s rights
■Water usage
□Cultural heritage
□Accidents
□Infectious diseases such as HIV/AIDS
□Global warming
□Involuntary resettlement
etc.
□Others (
)
■Local economy such as employment
and livelihood etc.
□Land use and utilization of local
resources
Outline of related impacts:
- The project can “good” impact on water environment if the proposed organisation educates
citizens how to use and discharge water properly.
- Effective management of water supply system will lessen a burden of the GON since the
RO units in NUA is heavily subsidised by the government.
- The proposed organisation can upgrade the social services through safe and stable water
supply, which people in Nauru have been eagerly waiting for.
Question 10
Information disclosure and meetings with stakeholders
10-1 If the environmental and social considerations are required, does the proponent agree on
information disclosure and meetings with stakeholders in accordance with JICA Guidelines
for Environmental and Social Considerations?
■Yes
□No
10-2 If no, please describe reasons below.
APPENDIX
(APPENDIX 1 Groundwater information)
(Source: SOPAC)
(APPENDIX 2 Rainfall information)
Annual Mean Rainfall 2004
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
Annual Mean Rain
2004
(Source: Nauru Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Station)
(APPENDIX 3 Map of Nauru)
(Source: NSDS)
(APPENDIX 4 Proposed Organisation in Water Sector)
Ministry of CIE
Nauru Water Supply and Sanitation Authority
Desalinated Water
Rain Water
Water Users
Ground Water
ナウル上水道事業改善計画
ナウル共和国
(和文要約)
要約
1)
調査の背景と目的
ナウル共和国（以下、ナウル）は、太平洋西部に位置し、赤道直下の乾燥地帯に属
する孤島である。 総人口は約10,000人で、陸地総面積は21km²で、国土の大きさでは世
界で三番目に小さい国家である。
ナウルは多孔性の土壌をしており、島の中央西南部にある小さなラグーン（湖）を
除くと、淡水資源は存在しない。また、海岸沿いにある断崖沿いには小さな池があるが、
塩分濃度が高い。そして、その多孔性の土壌ゆえに、島の大部分の地下水源は塩分濃度
が高く、飲用には適さない。
雨季には一般家庭やビルの屋根と雨水集水タンクを繋げて生活用水を取水する、し
かし、特に過去10年間では、ラ・ニーニャ現象の影響を受け、深刻な干ばつが頻繁に発
生している。以上のようにナウルは全人口に水供給するための安定した天然の水資源確
保が難しい状況にある。
そのような状況下において、ナウルの水道供給は、ナウル公共事業公社 (NUA）が
運営する二つの海水淡水化プラントにほとんど依存している。しかし、2つのプラント
の生産キャパシティは水資源の不足を補えず、また、急速濾過方式等の他の浄水方法と
比較すると高い生産コストは各関係諸機関の財政的な重荷にもなっている。
上記のような現状を打開するために、ナウル政府は日本政府に対してソフト及びハ
ード・コンポーネントを含んだ技術協力プロジェクトを要請しようとしている。
本調査の主な目的は下記の通りである。
1. ナウルの上下水道システムの現況を把握する
2. ナウルにおける持続的で効率的な水道システムを模索する
3. ナウルの上水道に対する日本の技術協力プロジェクトの可能性を探る
要約-1
2)
ナウルの上水道の現状
現在、ナウルには水道の維持管理を管轄する政府機関、部署そして公社は存在しな
い。同政府によると、同国の水道事業は、合計10以上の政府機関や国有会社が役割や責
任を共有しており、関連組織のほとんどは商業・産業・環境省の傘下にあるとのことで
ある。
ナウルにおける主な水資源は、雨水、地下水、そして海水淡水化プラントからの生
産水である。2002年に実施された最新の国勢調査によると、それらの水資源の中でも、
生産水が全使用量の約80%を占めている。
既存の上水道施設の概要及びその問題点を下記に記す。
−
水道生産施設
−
(1) NUA内にある逆浸透膜海水淡水化プラント
120 m3/日/ユニット x 3 ユニット、計 360 m3/日
(2) メネンホテル内にある逆浸透膜海水淡水化プラント
120 m3/日/ユニット x 1 ユニット、計 120 m3/日
−
配水施設
−
(1) NUA所有の給水タンク車（最大供給能力：166 m3/日）
(2) RON病院直結の小規模な配水管システム
前述の通り、ナウルの水道供給は生産コストの高い海水淡水化プラントに依存して
いるものの、政府が補助金を出しているため、水道ユーザーはほとんどの場合、無料で
その生産水を供給されている。ユーザーが個人所有の貯水タンクに給水タンク車からの
水道供給を要求した場合のみ、NUAはA$ 2.5を配水料として請求するが、これは水道料
金ではない。
ナウルでは下水パイプや下水関連施設がまだ存在しない。ほとんどの世帯ではセプ
ティック・タンクのような簡易的な下水施設を所有するが、汚水などが地下に浸透する
など、環境汚染に影響している。従って、下水処理施設の建設も急務とされている。
要約-2
3)
将来計画の概要
ナウルの上水道の発展のためにも下記の様なプロジェクトが必要と考えられる。
(1) 上水道公社の設立
現状では水道事業を包括的に管轄し責任を持つ政府機関、部署または公社がナウ
ルには存在しない。適切な組織がなくては、同国の水道事業の計画、実施、運営は極め
て難しい。そこで、調査団としてはナウルに水道公社を設立することを勧める。その水
道公社の期待される機能としては下記のようなものがある。
a) 統合的水資源管理
b) 上(下)水道施設の運営維持管理
c) 上(下)水道プロジェクトの計画と実施
d) 水質管理とモニタリング
e) 水道法及び関連規則の制定
f) 水道料金システムとその徴収システムの確立
(2) 上水道施設
生産キャパシティと将来的な水需要のギャップを埋めるためにも、海水淡水化プラ
ントを一基増設する必要がある。そのプラントの仕様は下記のようなものが考えられる。
- 原水
: 海水
- 生産キャパシティ
: 300 m3/日
- 生産水の水質
: 電界物質濃度 1,000 mg/l 以下
以上のプラントの総コストはA$ 830,000 (= 66,400,000円)程度になる。
また、既存の水道施設、特に人口が集中している地域にある配水管網の改修を実施
すべきである。また、将来的には島全体をカバーする配水管を新規建設することも考え
られる。
下水に関しては、現状ではナウル国内に下水施設は存在していない。また、国家開
発計画においても下水システムの改善に関しては明確な方向性が打ち出されていない。
しかし、自然環境を維持するためにも、何らかの下水処理システムを早急に建設するこ
とが望ましい。
要約-3
4) 結論と提言
(1) 結論
ナウル国内の既存上水道施設は経営的にも技術的にも深刻な現状に直面している。
第一にナウルには包括的な水道施設の維持管理を管轄する政府機関がない。複数の
政府機関や国営企業が部分的且つ個別に、水道事業に関する各機関夫々の職責を果たし
てはいる。しかし、全ての水道関連機関が情報を共有し、彼らの中で協力的枠組みを構
築していくことが今後必須となる。
上記の組織改革に加えて、水道料金制は導入されるべきである。水道事業の健全な
る運営のためには、すべての水道セクターにおける活動は、水道ユーザーから徴収され
た水道料金がその土台となる。
第二に、技術的な側面に関しては、歴史的にもナウルの水道供給は政府の補助金に
よる海水淡水化プラントに大きく依存している。そして、一般に海水淡水化方式の浄水
は急速及び緩速濾過のような浄水方法と比較すると高コストである。また、島内には配
水管網がなく、高い生産コストが掛かった海水淡水化プラントの生産水は、同じく最も
コストの高い配水方法の一つである給水タンク車により供給されている。
以上の諸問題を解決するため、その第一歩として単一で水道事業を全体的に管轄す
る水道公社を設立することは必要不可欠である。そして、具体的な水道システムの拡張
や改修に関する国家マスタープランがないこともあり、上水道システムの拡張及び改修
の方針に関しては、提案する水道公社が国家計画「National Sustainable Development
Strategy」に従い、慎重に計画・実施すべきである。
(2) 提言
上記の結論より、調査団はナウルにおける上水道事業の開発を継続するためにも以
下の点を提言したい。
- 組織的観点 a) 水道公社の設立
b) 水道法及び関連規則の制定
c) 国家水道マスタープランの策定
d) 人的資源の開発
e) 財務面の改善
要約-4
- 技術的観点 a) ナウルの水資源のレビュー
b) 既存上水道施設のレビュー
c) 水道施設の拡張計画の策定
d) 下水システムの改善
本調査の結果を踏まえ、調査団としては、ナウルのカウンターパートに対して、ソ
フト及びハード・コンポーネント両面を含んだ技術協力プロジェクトを実施することを
強く勧める。現在、商業・産業・環境省は2010年度における日本の技術協力プロジェク
トに対する要請書を作成した。その要請書は既に閣議に提出され承認を待っている状態
である。
要約-5