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A B C - The Movement Disorder Society
家族性パーキンソン病患者の心筋における 123I-MIBG の取り込み Myocardial 123Metaiodobenzylguanidine Uptake in Genetic Parkinson’s Disease *, ** Aldo Quattrone, MD, Antonio Bagnato, MD, Grazia Annesi, PhD, Fabiana Novellino, MD, Letterio Morgante, MD, Giovanni Savettieri, MD, Mario Zappia, MD, Patrizia Tarantino, PhD, Innocenza Claudia Cirò Candiano, PhD, Ferdinanda Annesi, PhD, Donatella Civitelli, PhD, Francesca Emanuela Rocca, PhD, Marco D’Amelio, MD, Giuseppe Nicoletti, MD, Maurizio Morelli, MD, Alfredo Petrone MD, Piercostanzo Loizzo, MD, and Francesca Condino, PhD * Institute of Neurology, University Magna Graecia, Catanzaro, Italy Institute of Neurological Sciences, National Research Council, Mangone, Cosenza, Italy * * 123 I-metaiodobenzylguanidine(MIBG)心筋シンチグ 変異を伴う非血縁患者 6 例中 3 例では心筋 MIBG 取り ラフィーは,心臓交感神経の節後線維の評価に利用でき 込みが保たれていたのに対し,弧発性 PD 患者の全例で る。パーキンソン病(Parkinson’ s disease; PD)患者 MIBG 取り込みは低下していた。対照被験者の MIBG 取 では,ほぼ全例で MIBG の取り込みが低下している。本 り込みはいずれも正常であった。今回の研究において心 研究の目的は,家族性 PD 患者における MIBG 取り込み 筋 MIBG 取り込みは家族性 PD 患者 14 例中 8 例で正 を評価することである。様々な遺伝子変異〔Parkin , 常であったことから,家族性 PD では弧発性 PD に比べ DJ-1,PINK1,leucine-rich repeat kinase 2(LRRK2 ) 〕 心臓交感神経の脱神経の発現頻度が低いことが示唆さ を伴う PD 患者 14 例,弧発性 PD 患者 15 例,対照被 れる。また,今回の知見から,同一遺伝子に異なる変異 験者 10 例を対象に MIBG の取り込みを検討した。Par- を伴う患者,あるいは同じ遺伝子変異を伴う患者であっ kin 変異を伴うパーキンソン症候群患者 4 例中 3 例, ても,神経障害には差があり,家族性 PD における DJ-1 変異を伴う患者 2 例中 1 例,PINK1 変異を伴う兄 MIBG 取り込みパターンは一様でないことも明らかに 弟の患者 2 例中 1 例,LRRK2 遺伝子に Gly2019Ser なった。 Movement Disorders Vol. 23, No. 1, 2008, pp. 21-27 Key Word 心筋シンチグラフィー,家族性 PD パーキンソン病(Parkinson’s disease; PD)患者では運 核上性麻痺患者の MIBG 取り込みは,PD 患者とは異な 動症状以外に自律神経障害も報告されている。最近いく り正常であることが報告されている。このことから,心 つかの研究で PD 患者の交感神経終末の評価における 筋シンチグラフィーが PD とこれらのパーキンソン症候 123 I-metaiodobenzylguanidine(MIBG)心筋シンチグラ 群の鑑別に有用である可能性が示唆される 4-6,8。最近の フィーの有用性が検証されており,ほぼすべての PD 患 研究では,Parkin 遺伝子変異を伴う早期発症 PD(early- 者で MIBG 取り込み低下が認められている 。MIBG 取 onset PD; EOPD) 患者 4 例の MIBG 取り込みは正常であっ り込み低下は心臓交感神経の脱神経を示唆する所見であ たのに対し 9,10,α -synuclein 遺伝子変異を伴う EOPD 患 り,非常に初期の PD 患者や明らかな自律神経障害のな 者では取り込みが低下していることが報告された 11。本 い PD 患者でもこの所見が認められることから,節後線 研究では,Parkin,DJ-1,PINK1,leucine-rich repeat 維の障害が PD 初期から生じている可能性が考えられ kinase 2(LRRK2)の各遺伝子に変異を伴う PD 患者を対 る 。別の複数の研究では,多系統萎縮症および進行性 象に,MIBG 心筋シンチグラフィーを実施した。 1-4 6,7 2 A. Quattrone et al. 対象および方法 本研究は家族性 PD 患者 14 例,弧発性 PD 患者 15 例, 取り込みを測定して心筋/縦隔(heart/mediastinum; H/M) 比を計算した。被験者全例の早期像および後期像から求 めた H/M 比を評価し,H/M 比が各対照平均値よりも 3 対照被験者 10 例を対象とした。家族性 PD 患者では,14 標準偏差(standard deviation; SD)以上下回った場合を異 例中 4 例(うち 2 例は同胞)が Parkin 変異,非血縁患者 常値とみなした。局所の MIBG 取り込みは, 3 軸断層像 (短 2 例が DJ-1 変異,2 例(兄弟)が PINK1 変異,6 例(1 軸断層像,垂直面長軸断層像,水平面長軸断層像)によ 例は家族歴あり,5 例はおそらく孤発例)が LRRK2 遺伝 る SPECT で評価した。画像評価は,患者の診断につい 子の Gly2019Ser 変異を伴っていた。弧発性 PD 患者では, て盲検化された研究者 1 名が行った。 LRRK2 遺伝子の Gly2019Ser および Ile2020Thr 変異は陰 性であった。PD の診断は UK Parkinson’s Disease Society 遺伝子検査 Brain Bank の基準に従って行った。すべての患者におい 遺伝子解析用の血液試料は,すべての患者および対照 て薬効 off 期(一晩薬剤投与を行わない)に Unified 被験者からインフォームドコンセントを得た後,採取し (運動) Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale(UPDRS)PartⅠ Ⅰ Ⅰ た。DNA は 標 準 法 で 調 製した。患 者 14 例の Parkin, のスコアと Hoehn and Yahr(HY)分類の評価を行った。 DJ-1 および PINK1 変異と,患者 29 例の LRRK2 遺伝子 全例で自律神経系の検査を行った。手関節部の正中神経 の Gly2019Ser および Ile2020Thr 変異を解析した。シーク に電気刺激を加え,手掌部表面の交感神経皮膚反応を記 エンス解析のため,イントロン配列プライマーを用いて 録した。また,呼吸変化に対する心拍数の反応試験(深 Parkin,DJ-1,PINK1 のコーディング領域および LRRK2 呼吸試験)と起立性低血圧に関する起立試験も,既報の 遺伝子のエクソン 41 をポリメラーゼ連鎖反応(PCR)で ように実施した 。レボドパ(L—ドパ)+ドパ脱炭酸酵 増幅した。ジデオキシ・サイクルシークエンスは,ABI 素阻害薬は全例で投与され,ドパミンアゴニストは併用 PRISM シークエンシングキットを用いて製造者のプロト されている場合とされていない場合があった(家族性 PD コルに従って実施した。続いて,ABI 3130-XL Avant 自動 患者 14 例中 4 例および弧発性 PD 患者 15 例中 5 例はド DNA シークエンス解析装置を用いてエクソンのシークエ パミンアゴニスト併用,家族性 PD 患者 1 例はアマンタ ンスを行った。 12 ジン併用) 。脳 MRI 検査では全例正常であった。本研究 には健常被験者 10 例も参加した。患者および対照被験 統計解析 者の除外基準は,糖尿病,ニューロパチーの病歴,関連 弧発性 PD 患者,家族性 PD 患者,対照被験者間にお のある心疾患の既往歴,自律神経系または心筋 MIBG 取 ける連続変数(平均年齢および H/M 比)の差は一元配置 り込みに影響しうる PD 以外の病態がある場合とした。 分 散 分 析 で 検 討した後,対 応のない t 検 定を用いて どの被験者も,交感神経終末の MIBG 取り込みを妨げる Bonferroni の補正による多重比較を行った。性別分布の 薬物は使用していなかった。本研究に参加する各被験者 群間比較にはカイ二乗検定を用いた。弧発性 PD 群およ から文書によるインフォームドコンセントを取得した。 び家族性 PD 群間における HY scale のスコアと UPDRS PartⅠ Ⅰ Ⅰ (運動)のスコアの差は Mann-Whitney U 検定で評 MIBG シンチグラフィー 価し,発症年齢と L—ドパ用量は対応のない t 検定で解析 心筋 MIBG シンチグラフィーは安静時に行った。計 した。H/M 比が低い家族性 PD 患者と H/M 比が正常な 111 MBq の 123I-MIBG(Amersham, Eindhoven, NL)を 60 家族性 PD 患者の比較にも,Mann-Whitney U 検定および 秒かけて静注した。データは,アイソトープ注入 10 分後 対応のない t 検定を用いた。 (早期像)および 240 分後(後期像)にデュアルヘッドガ ンマカメラ(Axis, Picker, Bedford, OH)にて収集した。 結 果 静止平面像および局所 MIBG 取り込みはマトリクスサイ ズ 128 × 128 で求めた。定量的な評価には胸部前面像の PD 患者および対照被験者の特性を Table 1 と 2 に示す。 みを用いた。前面像の心臓全体および縦隔に関心領域 PD 患者(家族性および弧発性)はいずれも L—ドパに良 (region of interest; ROI)を設定し,各 ROI 内のトレーサ 好な反応を示した。家族性 PD 患者では 1 例(LRRK2 変 3 123 MYOCARDIAL123I-MIBG METAIODOBENZYLGUANIDINE 家族性パーキンソン病患者の心筋における の取り込み UPTAKE IN GENETIC PD 23 TABLE 1. Characteristic and H/M ratio in patients with genetic and idiopathic Parkinson’s disease (PD), and controls Variables 123 Genetic PD (N 14) Idiopathic PD (N 15) Controls (N 10) P-value METAIODOBENZYLGUANIDINE UPTAKE IN GENETIC 23 Mean age SD, yr MYOCARDIAL 58.29 12.46 69.47 6.41 63.10 5.53PD 0.007 Sex (N, % male) 8 (57.1) 9 (60.0) 5 (50.0) 0.883 Mean age SD at onset, yr 41.57 11.99 66.33 6.83 – 0.001 TABLE Characteristic andyrH/M ratio16.80 in patients and idiopathic Parkinson’s disease (PD), and controls Duration of the1.disease, mean SD, 11.90with genetic 3.13 3.64 – 0.001 Hoehn–Yahr median (range) 2.5 (2-4) 2.0 (1-4) – 0.001 Variables Genetic (N 14) Idiopathic PD (N 15) Controls (N P-value UPDRS-ME 38.29 PD 14.69 22.93 12.84 – 10) 0.001 Dosage 566.07 166.30 426.67 237.45 0.08 Mean ageoflevodopa SD, yr (mg/daily, mean SD) 58.29 12.46 69.47 6.41 63.10 5.53– 0.007 H/M(N, ratio mean SD (range) Sex % male) 8 (57.1) 9 (60.0) 5 (50.0) 0.883 Early 1.45 1.16 1.69 015–(1.47-1.94) 0.001 Mean ageimage SD at onset, yr 41.57 0.30 11.99(1.13-2.0) 66.33 0.02 6.83 (1.13-1.19) 0.001 Delayed 1.61 1.173.64 0.02 (1.13-1.19) 1.98 0.06– (1.91-2.07) 0.001 Duration of image the disease, mean SD, yr 16.80 0.40 11.90(1.13-2.0) 3.13 0.001 Hoehn–Yahr median (range) 2.5 (2-4) 2.0 (1-4) – 0.001 H/M ratio heart/mediastinum ratio; H/M ratio: genetic PD versus idiopathic PD (early: P 0.001; delayed: P 0.001; unpaired t test corrected UPDRS-ME 38.29 14.69 22.93 12.84 – 0.001 according to Bonferroni); genetic PD versus controls (early: P 0.003; delayed: P 0.017; unpaired t test corrected according to Bonferroni); Dosage of levodopa (mg/daily, mean SD) 566.07 166.30 426.67 237.45 – 0.08 idiopathic PD versus controls (P 0.001; delayed: P 0.001, unpaired t test corrected according to Bonferroni). H/M ratio mean SD (range) Early image 1.45 0.30 (1.13-2.0) 1.16 0.02 (1.13-1.19) 1.69 015 (1.47-1.94) 0.001 Delayed image 1.61 0.40 (1.13-2.0) 1.17 0.02 (1.13-1.19) 1.98 0.06 (1.91-2.07) 0.001 function (sympathetic skin response absent; deep breatheral sclerosis,13 and two novel DJ-1 mutations, in a ing test and postural evaluation of blood pressure were double heterozygous state (g.159 C/G, IVS4 2insA), according to Bonferroni); genetic PD versus controls (early: P 0.003; delayed: P 0.017; unpaired t test corrected according to Bonferroni); 13 応は陰性,深呼吸試験および起立血圧試験は異常所見) が認められ,孤発性 EOPD と思われる (g.168_185dup) abnormal), whereas dysautonomia was never found in in a patient with apparently sporadic EOPD (Tarantino P, idiopathic PD versus controls (P 0.001; delayed: P 0.001, unpaired t test corrected according to Bonferroni). sporadic PD patients. et al., 2006; personal communication); a novel homozyDJ-1 を示したのに対し,孤発性 PD 患者では自律神経障害は 患者 1 例では複合ヘテロ接合の 2 つの新規 変異 Mutation analyses showed three different mutations in gous deletion 889delG mutation in the PINK-1 gene in 2 まったく認められなかった。 (g.159 C/G,IVS4+2insA)が認められた(Tarantino ら, eral sclerosis, function (sympathetic skin response absent; and two PD novel DJ-1 mutations, a the Parkin gene (a homozygous exon 3deldeep in a breathsubject brothers with 13early-onset (Cirò Candiano IC, etinPal., ing test and postural evaluation of blood pressure were double heterozygous state (g.159 C/G, IVS4 2insA), 遺伝子解析では次の変異が認められた。まず第 1に 2006 信 communication). ) 。 第 3 に,EOPD 患 者 2 analysis 例( 兄 弟 with apparently sporadic EOPD, a homozygous 2022006;年,私 personal Mutation of)の the abnormal), whereas dysautonomia was never found in inGly2019Ser a patient with apparently sporadic EOPDthe (Tarantino P, 203delAG in another subject with apparently sporadic in the LRRK2 gene showed presence of Parkin 遺 伝 子に 3 種 類の 変 異,具 体 的には,孤 発 性 PINK-1 遺伝子に新規のホモ接合欠失変異 889delG が認 sporadic PD patients. et al., 2006; personal communication); a novel homozyEOPD, and a homozygous exon 3-4del in two siblings the mutation in a homozygous state in a patient with EOPD と思われる被験者 1 例におけるホモ接合のエクソ められた(Cirò Candiano IC ら,2006 。LRRK2 Mutation analyses showed three different mutations in gous deletion 889delG in the 年,私信) PINK-1 gene 2 with EOPD); a previously described homozygous mutafamilial late-onset PD mutation (consanguineous parents, andindethe Parkin gene (a homozygous exon 3del in a subject brothers with early-onset PD (Cirò Candiano IC, et al., in exon 7EOPD (E163K) and a homozygous1 例におけ mutation ceased affected relatives in both maternal and parental ンtion 3del,孤発性 と思われる別の被験者 遺伝子の Gly2019Ser に関する変異解析では,家族性の晩 with apparently in sporadic EOPD,region a homozygous 2022006; personal communication). of the (g.168_185dup) the promoter of the DJ-1 gene ascendants; a living sibling withMutation PD withanalysis the same hoるホモ接合の 202-203delAG,EOPD 患者 2 例(同胞)に 期発症 PD 患者 1 例(両親は血族結婚で,母方にも父方 203delAG in another subject with apparently sporadic Gly2019Ser in the LRRK2 gene showed the presence in a patient with EOPD, dementia and amyotrophic latmozygous genotype), and the presence of the mutationofin おけるホモ接合のエクソン 2 に, にも死亡した罹患者がいる。生存する 名に EOPD, and a homozygous3-4del exon が認められた。第 3-4del in two siblings the mutation in a homozygous state inPD a の同胞 patient 1with with EOPD); a previously described homozygous mutafamilial late-onset PD (consanguineous parents, and deEOPD,認知症および筋萎縮性側索硬化症を伴う患者 1 も同じホモ接合の遺伝子型が認められる)にこのホモ接 2. H/M ratio in patients with genetic Parkinson’s disease tion in exon 7 (E163K) andTABLE a homozygous mutation ceased affected relatives in both maternal and parental DJ-1 例 の 遺 伝 子 エ クソン 7 に 既 報 の ホ モ 接 合 変 異 合変異が認められ,孤発性の晩期発症 PDthe と思われる他 (g.168_185dup) in the promoter region of the DJ-1 gene ascendants; a living sibling with PD with same H/M ratio hoinGene a patient with EOPD, dementia and amyotrophic latmozygous genotype), and the presence of the mutation in Sex/Age Onset H-Y Therapy (mg/die) Mutation Early Delayed 異を伴う患者 I)のみが自律神経障害(交感神経皮膚反 (E163K) ロモ ー タPー 域 unpaired に ホ モt test 接 corrected 合変異 H/M ratio heart/mediastinum ratio; H/M ratio: genetic PD versus idiopathic PD (early: と P プ0.001; delayed: 領 0.001; Parkin I II IIIa IVa Gene DJ-1 Parkin II IIII M/39 M/47 F/54 M/59 Sex/Age 30TABLE 3.0 202-203delAG hom. disease 2. H/M ratioLD in 600 patients with genetic Parkinson’s 37 2.0 LD 500 exon 3del hom. 42 2.0 LD 600b exon 3-4del hom. 43 2.5 LD 600b exon 3-4del hom. Onset H-Y Therapy (mg/die) Mutation IIIa PINK-1 a IV Ia a II DJ-1 M/47 M/39 M/38 M/47 F/54 M/59 M/74 M/68 38 30 24 37 42 43 29 28 2.5 3.0 3.0 2.0 2.0 2.5 4.0 3.0 LD600 750 LD LD500 750 LD LD 600b LD 600b LD 500 LD 500 g.159 C/G andhom. IVS42insA 202-203delAG g.168_185 dup hom. and E163K hom. exon 3del hom. exon 3-4del hom. exon 3-4del hom. 889delG hom. 889delG hom. 1.45 1.46 1.16 1.73 1.15 1.73 1.18 1.68 1.97 2.0 1.16 1.92 1.15 1.96 1.19 1.93 I IILRRK2 I II PINK-1 IaIII a IIIV V VI LRRK2 M/47 M/38 F/74 F/66 F/62 M/74 M/50 M/68 F/68 F/70 38 24 54 53 43 29 42 28 66 53 2.5 3.0 4.0 2.5 3.0 4.0 2.0 3.0 2.0 4.0 LD 750 LD 750 LD 750 LD 500b LD500 625 LD LD500 250 LD LD 250b LD 750 g.159 C/G and IVS42insA g.168_185 dup hom. and E163K hom. Gly2019Ser het. Gly2019Ser het. Gly2019Ser 889delG hom.het Gly2019Ser 889delG hom.het Gly2019Ser het. Gly2019Ser hom. 1.45 1.16 1.13 1.18 1.15 1.18 1.58 1.68 1.77 2.0 1.97 1.16 1.13 1.19 1.15 1.19 1.97 1.93 1.85 2.0 Gly2019Ser Gly2019Ser Gly2019Ser Gly2019Ser Gly2019Ser Gly2019Ser 1.13 1.18 1.15 1.58 1.77 2.0 1.13 1.19 1.15 1.97 1.85 2.0 I a F/74 54 4.0 LD 750 Siblings; LD levodopa plus dopa decarboxylase inhibitor. b II b F/66 53 2.5 LD 500 LD levodopa plus dopa decarboxylase inhibitor and dopamine agonists. III F/62 43 3.0 LD 625 H-Y, Hoehn–Yahr; H/M ratio, heart to mediastinum ratio (240 min). IV M/50 42 2.0 LD 250 V F/68 66 2.0 LD 250b VI F/70 53 4.0 LD 750 a Siblings; LD levodopa plus dopa decarboxylase inhibitor. LD levodopa plus dopa decarboxylase inhibitor and dopamine agonists. H-Y, Hoehn–Yahr; H/M ratio, heart to mediastinum ratio (240 min). b 4 1.46 2.0 1.73 1.92 1.15H/M ratio1.15 1.73 1.96 Early Delayed het. het. het het het. hom. Movement Disorders, Vol. 23, No. 1, 2008 Movement Disorders, Vol. 23, No. 1, 2008 MYOCARDIAL MYOCARDIAL 123 METAIODOBENZYLGUANIDINE 123 UPTAKE IN GENETIC PD METAIODOBENZYLGUANIDINE UPTAKE IN GENETIC PD A. Quattrone et25 al. 25 FIG. 1. Myocardial 123Metaiodobenzylguanidine (MIBG) planar anterior view and regional radiolabeled MIBGカラー原図をモノクロで掲載しております。 uptake 4 hr p.i., in siblings with homozygous exon 3-4123 Parkin mutations. Planar anterior view of theanterior Parkin-III (a) showed severe decrease cardiac MIBG whereas FIG. 1. Myocardial Metaiodobenzylguanidine (MIBG) planar viewpatient and regional radiolabeled MIBG of uptake 4 hr p.i., uptake, in siblings with MIBG uptakeexon was 3-4 normal in the Parkin-IV patient (b). view Regional MIBG uptakepatient in the(a) Parkin-IV patientdecrease (c) showed high MIBG all the homozygous Parkin mutations. Planar anterior of the Parkin-III showed severe of cardiac MIBGactivity uptake,inwhereas regions of the heart. MIBG uptake was normal in the Parkin-IV patient (b). Regional MIBG uptake in the Parkin-IV patient (c) showed high MIBG activity in all the regions of the heart. body pathology itself might cause profound cardiac sympathetic denervation and low MIBG uptake. pathetic denervation and low MIBG 対照群の H/M 比(平均± SD)は早期像で 1.69 ± 0.15, Our study also shows that geneticuptake. PD patients disOur study also shows that genetic PD patients displayed a 1.98 heterogeneous pattern of cardiac MIBG uptake. 後期像で ± 0.06 であり,正常下限値(平均値から 3 played a heterogeneous pattern of cardiac MIBG uptake. Indeed, MIBG uptake varied among PD patients with SD を差し引いた値)はそれぞれ 1.23 および 1.81 に設定 Indeed, MIBG uptake genes, varied among among PD patients with mutations in different unrelated patients mutations in different genes, among unrelated patients した。H/M 比は,家族性 PD 群(早期像:1.45 ± 0.30, with different mutations in the same gene (1 of 2 patients with different mutationsand in the (1 of 2 patients with DJ-1 mutations, 1 same of thegene 4 Parkin-mutated 後期像:1.61 ± 0.40,p < 0.001)および対照群(早期像: with DJ-1 mutations, and 1 of the 4 Parkin-mutated patients had reduced cardiac MIBG uptake), and also 1.69 ± 0.15,後期像:1.98 ± 0.06,p < 0.001)の両者に patients had reduced cardiac MIBG andmutaalso among unrelated patients carrying the uptake), same gene among unrelated patients carrying the same gene muta比べ,弧発性 PD 群(早期像:1.16 ± 0.02,後期像:1.17 tion (3 of 6 patients carrying the Gly2019Ser mutation in tionLRRK2 (3 of 6 gene patients thedecreased Gly2019Ser mutation in the hadcarrying markedly cardiac MIBG ± 0.02)で有意に低かった(Table 1) 。いずれの弧発性 the LRRK2 gene had markedly decreased cardiac MIBG uptake, whereas it was normal in the remaining 3 paPD 患者においても,早期像および後期像の H/M 比は各 uptake, whereasresults it washave normal the remaining 3inpatients). Similar beeninrecently reported 5 tients). Similar results have been recently reported inH/5 patients from three small families from Japan with 対照平均値より 3 SD 以上低かった。家族性 PD 群の patientsmutations. from three small families fromfrom Japan with 19 Two LRRK2 of these patients the same M 比には対照群との間に有意差が認められた(早期像: LRRK2 mutations.19 Two of these patients from the same の 5 例の患者にもヘテロ接合変異が認められた (Tablesym2) 。 body pathology itself might cause profound cardiac p = 0.017,後期像:p = 0.003) 。ただし,家族性 PD 患 者の心筋 MIBG 取り込みパターンは一様ではなかった。 すなわち,14 例中 8 例では MIBG 取り込みが正常であっ family carrying the Gly2019Ser in the LRRK2 gene and たのに対し(早期像:1.67 ± 0.18,後期像:1.95 ± 0.05) carrying the Gly2019Ser in the gene and, 1family patient from another family with theLRRK2 Ile2020Thr mu1他の patient from another family withuptake, the Ile2020Thr mu6 had 例では MIBG 取り込みが低下しており (早期像 1.16 tation normal cardiac MIBG while the: retation had normal cardiac MIBG uptake, while the remaining 2 patients from the third family carrying the ± 0.02,後期像:1.16 ± 0.02) ,各対照平均値より 3SD maining 2 patients from the third family carrying the Ile2020Thr mutation had decreased cardiac MIBG Parkin 以上低かった(Table 。詳述すると,ホモ接合の Ile2020Thr mutation2) had decreased cardiac MIBG uptake. uptake. 変異を伴う患者 4 例中 3 例,DJ-1 変異を伴う患者 2 例中 Why genetic PD displays a heterogeneous pattern of Why genetic PD displays a heterogeneous pattern of cardiac MIBG変異を伴う兄弟 uptake is still unknown. On the basis of 1 例,PINK1 2 例中 1 例,LRRK2 遺伝子 cardiac MIBG uptake is still unknown. On the basis of the above-mentioned studies showing a link between に Gly2019Ser 変異を伴う患者 6 例中 3 例では,MIBG 取 the above-mentioned studies showing a link between Lewy pathology, cardiac sympathetic degeneration, and Lewy pathology, cardiac sympathetic degeneration, that and 5,10,17,18 り込みが正常であったのに対し,これら以外の家族性 PD low MIBG uptake, it can be hypothesized 5,10,17,18 it can be hypothesized that low MIBG uptake, genetic PD without Lewy bodies show a変異 normal Parkin 患者 6 例(ホモ接合の 変異might 1 例,DJ-1 1 例, genetic PD without Lewy bodies mightwith show a normal cardiac MIBG uptake, while patients genetic PD PINK1 変異 1 例,LRRK2 変異 3 例)では心筋のトレーサ cardiac MIBG uptake, while patients with genetic PD and Lewy body pathology might have decreased MIBG and Lewy body pathology might have decreased MIBG uptake. Recent studies in PD patients with mutation in 取り込みが著しく低下していた(Table 2) 。MIBG 取り込 uptake. or Recent studies inshowed PD patients with mutation in Parkin LRRK2 genes a pleomorphic range of みは,Parkin 遺伝子にホモ接合変異を伴う PD の同胞間 Parkin or LRRK2 genes showed a pleomorphic range of (Figure 1) ,およびホモ接合 PINK1 変異を伴う PD の 2 例 の兄弟間でも異なっていた(Figure 2) 。 Movement Disorders, Vol. 23, No. 1, 2008 Disorders, Vol. 23, No.比の低 1, 2008 家族性 PD 患者を H/MMovement 比で分類すると,H/M 5 123 26 A. QUATTRONE 家族性パーキンソン病患者の心筋における I-MIBG の取り込み 26 ET AL. A. QUATTRONE ET AL. カラー原図をモノクロで掲載しております。 FIG. 2. Myocardial 123Metaiodobenzylguanidine (MIBG) planar anterior view and regional radiolabeled MIBG uptake 4 hr p.i., in 2 brothers with homozygous PINK1 123 mutations. Planar anterior view of theplanar patient PINK1-I (a)and showed severe decrease MIBG of cardiac MIBG FIG. 2. Myocardial Metaiodobenzylguanidine (MIBG) anterior view regional radiolabeled uptake 4 hr uptake, p.i., in 2whereas brothersMIBG with uptake was normal the PINK1-II patient (b). view Regional MIBG uptake in the(a) PINK1-II showedofhigh MIBG activity in allwhereas the regions of homozygous PINK1inmutations. Planar anterior of the patient PINK1-I showed patient severe (c) decrease cardiac MIBG uptake, MIBG the heart. uptake was normal in the PINK1-II patient (b). Regional MIBG uptake in the PINK1-II patient (c) showed high MIBG activity in all the regions of the heart. pathologies with or without Lewy bodies. Indeed, Parpathologies withParkinsonisms or without Lewy bodies. Parkin-associated usually lackIndeed, Lewy body 20-22 病期間:平均 20.50 ± 12.44,p = 0.332,HY 分類:中央 kin-associated Parkinsonisms usually lack Lewy body pathology, but patients with mutations in the Parkin pathology, but patients mutations in therecently Parkin gene with 20-22 Lewy bodies in with the brain have been 値 3.0,範囲 2~ 4,p = 0.257,発症年齢:平均 40.83 ± 23,24 gene with Lewy bodies in the brain have been recently reported. Similarly, it has been reported that PD 12.25,p = 0.850,L—ドパ用量:平均 620.8 ± 112.3,p = 23,24 reported. Similarly, it has been reported thatLewy PD patients with the Gly2019Ser may or may not have patients with the 比 Gly2019Ser may or may not年have 0.304)と,H/M が 常 な25-28 患 者(8 例, 齢:Lewy 平 均 while individuals with body pathology in the正brain, 25-28 while individuals with body pathology in the brain, familial PD carrying other LRRK2 mutations, as 56.12 ± 11.76,罹病期間:平均 14.00 ± 11.49,HYsuch 分類: familial PD Tyr1699Cys, carrying otherdoLRRK2 mutations, such as Ile2020Thr, not have Lewy bodies in 中央値 2.5,範囲 2 ~together, 4,発症年齢:42.12 ± 12.41,L—ド 29,30 Ile2020Thr, Tyr1699Cys, do not Lewy bodiesthat in the brain. Taken thesehave findings suggest 29,30 Taken together, these findings suggest that the brain.PD パ用量:平均 525.0 ±carrying 194.6)との間に,いずれの変数に genetic patients the same gene mutation or genetic PD patients in carrying thegene same gene mutation or different mutations the same おいても有意差は認められなかった。may have pleomordifferent mutations in the same gene may have phic neuropathology (positive or negative Lewypleomorbodies), phic neuropathology (positive or negative Lewy which in turn might cause heterogeneous cardiacbodies), MIBG which uptake.in turn might cause heterogeneous cardiac MIBG 考 察 uptake. It is noteworthy that a heterogeneous MIBG uptake It is noteworthy a heterogeneous MIBG uptake was observed in ourthat siblings with homozygous Parkin 本研究では,様々な遺伝子変異を伴う家族性 患者 was observed in our siblings with homozygous Parkin mutations (1 of them had normal cardiac MIBGPD uptake) mutations (1 of them had normal cardiac MIBG uptake) and in 2 brothers with homozygous PINK1 mutations では 14 the 例中 8 例で MIBG 取り込みは保たれていたのに and in the 2 brothers with homozygous PINK1 mutations い患者(6 例,年齢:平均 61.33 ± 13.72,p = 0.459,罹 対し,弧発性 PD 患者では全例で心筋 MIBG 取り込みが 著しく低下していた。すなわち,Parkin 変異を伴うパー Movement Disorders, Vol. 23, No. 1, 2008 DJ-1 変異を伴う患者 1 例, キンソン症候群患者 4 例中 例, Movement Disorders, Vol. 23, No. 1, 32008 6 (1 subject had normal MIBG while his brother showed PINK1 変異を伴う兄弟の患者 2 例中 1 例,LRRK2 遺伝子 (1 subject decreased had normalcardiac MIBGMIBG while his brother showed markedly uptake), suggesting に Gly2019Ser 変 異 を 伴 う 患 者 6 例 中 3 例 に おい て, markedly decreased cardiac MIBG uptake), suggesting that the same gene mutation might be associated with that the same gene mutation might be associated with pleomorphic Lewy pathology also in individuals from MIBG 取り込みは正常であった。 pleomorphic LewyPathologic pathologyevidence also in individuals the same family. supports thisfrom hyMIBG はノルエピネフリンの類似体であり,その取り 19 the same family. Pathologic evidence supports hypatient pothesis. Indeed, some authors reported that 1this 14 19 reported that 1 patient pothesis. Indeed, mutation some authors 。 込みと貯蔵の機序は内因性神経伝達物質と類似する with Ile2020Thr in the LRRK2 gene from the with Ile2020Thr mutation in the LRRK2 gene from the Sagamihara family had Lewy body pathology, while MIBG 取り込みは,交感神経系のシナプス前部が完全な Sagamihara familymembers had Lewy body pathology, while most of the other of his family were negative 状態にあることを示し,本トレーサの心筋取り込みが低 most of the other members of his family were negative for Lewy bodies. for Lewyare bodies. 下している場合は心臓交感神経系の機能低下ないし脱神 There some limitations to this study. We lack pathoThere are some to this study.our Wepatients lack pathologic data, and do not know whether with 15limitations 経が示唆されるwe 。 logic data, and we do not know whether our patients with genetic PD and impaired MIBG cardiac uptake have Lewy 大部分の PDimpaired MIBG 取り込みが著明に低下 genetic PD and MIBG cardiac uptake have Lewy body pathology in患者で心筋 the brain and sympathetic nerve endings. 1-4 nerve endings. body pathology in the brain and sympathetic However, at present, very few pathologic 。MIBG data have取り込 been していることを示すエビデンスがある However, present, very few fibers pathologic data PD, haveand been reported onatsympathetic nerve in genetic no み低下は,PD の早期と晩期において,また自律神経障害 reported sympathetic nerve fibers infindings genetic in PD, andand no evidenceon exists concerning pathologic brain がなくても認められており,MIBG 心筋シンチグラフィー evidence exists concerning findings in brain and sympathetic nerve endingspathologic in subjects with homozygous sympathetic nerve endings in subjects with homozygous PINK1 or DJ-1 mutations. が PD の早期診断,ならびに無症状の自律神経障害の早 PINK1 or DJ-1 mutations. 6,7 期発見に役立つ可能性が示唆されている 。 多数の弧発性 PD 患者を対象とした最近のある研究 4 では,病期が進行した患者ほど心筋 MIBG H/M 比が低い A. Quattrone et al. ことが明らかにされ,心筋 MIBG 取り込みが PD の重症 異を伴う別の家系の 1 例は心筋 MIBG 取り込みが正常で 度と逆相関する可能性が示された。しかし,今回の知見 あったのに対し,Ile2020Thr 変異を伴う第 3 の家系の残 はこの観察結果とは異なり,HY 分類と MIBG H/M 比は りの 2 例では心筋 MIBG 取り込みが低下していた。 弧発性 PD 群よりも家族性 PD 群で高く,また H/M 比が 家族性 PD 患者の心筋 MIBG 取り込みパターンが一様 正常な家族性 PD 患者と MIBG 取り込みが低下している でない理由は不明である。ただし,上述の研究で示され 家族性 PD 患者との間に臨床的な差はみられなかった。 たようなレビー小体の病理変化,心臓交感神経変性およ この結果から,家族性 PD 患者では疾患重症度とは独立 び MIBG 取り込み低下が関連するという知見 5,10,17,18 に基 して節後交感神経の脱神経が生じる可能性が示唆され づくと,レビー小体のない家族性 PD では心筋 MIBG 取 る。 り込みが正常であり,レビー小体の病理変化を伴う家族 これまでの研究により,レビー小体に病理変化がなく 性 PD 患者では MIBG 取り込みが低下しているという仮 Parkin 変異を伴うパーキンソン症候群の患者数例では心 説を立てることもできる。Parkin または LRRK2 遺伝子に 筋 MIBG 取り込みが保たれていることが示されたが , 9,10 変異を伴う PD 患者に関する最近のいくつかの研究では, 本研究の知見はこれらの研究成果を進展させるものであ レビー小体を伴うあるいは伴わない多彩な病理所見が明 る。剖検を行った研究では,Parkin 遺伝子にホモ接合変 らかになった。すなわち,Parkin 変異を伴うパーキンソ 異を伴う患者の心外膜におけるチロシン水酸化酵素 ン症候群ではレビー小体の病理変化は通常認められない (tyrosine hydroxylase; TH)免疫反応性神経線維はよく保 が 20-22,最近になって脳にレビー小体をもつ Parkin 遺伝 存されていたのに対し 9,レビー小体が病理学的に確認さ 子変異患者が報告された 23,24。同様に,Gly2019Ser 変異 れた弧発性 PD 被験者では,これらの神経線維が著明に を伴う PD 患者では脳にレビー小体の病理変化が認めら 減少ないし消失していた 。この所見から,Parkin 変異 れる場合と認められない場合があり 25-28,Ile2020Thr や を伴うパーキンソン症候群患者で完全な状態の心臓交感 Tyr1699Cys といった他の LRRK2 変異を伴う家族性 PD 神経線維がみられるのはレビー小体の病理変化の欠如に 患者では,脳にレビー小体が認められないことが報告さ よる可能性があり,これによって正常な心筋 MIBG 取り れている 29,30。以上の知見を総合すると,同一遺伝子変 込みが説明できるかもしれない。上記の観察結果に一致 異あるいは同一遺伝子に異なる変異を伴う家族性 PD 患 し,病理学的なエビデンスにより,PD 患者の交感神経節 者は,多彩な神経病理学的所見(レビー小体陽性あるい 内 は陰性)を示す可能性があり,ひいては,これが心筋 17 9,16 および心臓の節後交感神経内 18 にレビー小体が存在 することが証明されており,レビー小体の病理変化その MIBG 取り込みを多様化させていると考えられる。 ものが心臓交感神経における高度の脱神経ならびに 今回の重要な知見として,ホモ接合 Parkin 変異を伴う MIBG 取り込み低下を引き起こす可能性が示唆されてい 同胞例(うち 1 例は心筋 MIBG 取り込み正常)ならびに る。 ホモ接合 PINK1 変異を伴う兄弟 2 例(1 例は MIBG 取り 本研究は, 家族性 PD 患者の心筋 MIBG 取り込みパター 込み正常,その兄は取り込みが著明に低下)で,MIBG ンが一様ではないことも示している。すなわち,異なる 取り込みに不一致が認められた。このことから,同一遺 遺伝子に変異を伴う PD 患者間,同一遺伝子に異なる変 伝子変異を伴う同一家系の複数の個体においても,多彩 異を伴う非血縁患者間(DJ-1 変異患者は 2 例中 1 例で, なレビー小体の病理変化がみられる可能性が示唆され Parkin 変異患者は 4 例中 1 例で心筋 MIBG 取り込みが低 る。病理学的なエビデンスでもこの仮説は支持されてい 下していた) ,さらには同一遺伝子変異を伴う非血縁患者 る。ある論文 19 では,LRRK2 遺伝子に Ile2020Thr 変異を 間(LRRK2 遺伝子に Gly2019Ser 変異を伴う患者 6 例中 3 伴う Sagamihara 家系の患者 1 例でレビー小体の病理変化 例で心筋 MIBG 取り込みが著明に低下していたのに対し, が認められたが,この男性患者以外の家系構成員の大部 他の 3 例では正常に保たれていた)でも,MIBG 取り込 分にレビー小体は認められなかったと報告している。 みにはばらつきが認められた。同様の結果は,最近, 本研究にはいくつかの限界がある。本研究では病理学 LRRK2 変異を伴う 3 つの小家系の日本人患者 5 例でも報 的データを入手していないため,心筋 MIBG 取り込みが 告されている 。この日本人患者のうち,LRRK2 遺伝子 低下した家族性 PD 患者において,レビー小体の病理変 に Gly2019Ser 変異を伴う同一家系の 2 例と Ile2020Thr 変 化が脳や交感神経終末にみられるかどうかは不明である。 19 7 636. 10. Orimo S, Amino T, Yokochi M, et al. Preserved cardiac sympathetic nerve accounts for normal cardiac uptake of MIBG in PARK2. Mov Disord 2005;20:1350-1353. 家族性パーキンソン病患者の心筋における 123I-MIBG の取り込み 11. Singleton A, Gwinn-Hardy K, Sharabi Y, et al. Association between cardiac denervation and parkinsonism caused by -synuclein gene triplication. Brain 2004;1227:768-772. 12. Mathias CJ, Bannister R. Clinical autonomic testing. In: Mathias 現時点では,家族性 PD 患者の交感神経線維に関する病 CJ, Bannister R, editors. Autonomic failure. A textbook of clinical 理 学的データの報告はきわめて少なく,ホモ接合の disorders of the autonomic nervous system. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 1999. p 171-178. 123 PINK1 あるいは DJ-1 変異を伴う患者の脳と交感神経終 MYOCARDIAL METAIODOBENZYLGUANIDINE UPTAKE IN GENETIC PDmutations and parkin27 13. Annesi G, Savettieri, Pugliese P, et al. DJ-1 sonism-dementia-amyotrophic lateral sclerosis complex. Ann Neu末の病理所見についてはエビデンスが得られていない。 rol 2005;58:803-807. 14. Wieland DM, Wu JL, Brown LE, et al. Radiolabeled adrenergic In conclusion, differing from idiopathic PD, patients 結論として,家族性 PD 患者の心筋 MIBG 取り込みは, neuron-blocking agents: adrenomedullary imaging with [123I]Me123 with genetic PDMYOCARDIAL can show normal or decreased cardiac METAIODOBENZYLGUANIDINE UPTAKE IN GENETIC PD 27 taiodobenzylguanidine. J Nucl Med 1980;21:349-353. 弧発性 PD 患者とは異なり正常な場合と低下している場 MIBG uptake, suggesting that cardiac MIBG scintigra15. Hakusui S, Yasuda T, Yanagi T, et al. A radiological analysis of 合の両方がある。したがって,心筋 MIBG heart sympathetic functions with meta-[123I]Metaiodobenzylguaniphy is not useful to distinguish patients withシンチグラ genetic PD 14. Wieland Wu JL,patients Brown with LE, et al. Radiolabeled In conclusion, differing from idiopathic PD, patients dine in DM, neurological autonomic failure. J adrenergic Auton Nerv from those withPD idiopathic PD. 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Duda, MD, Marc N. Potenza, MD, PhD, Stacy Horn, DO, Matthew B. Stern, MD, and Daniel Weintraub, MD * Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 最近, 複数の研究により, ドパミンアゴニスト(dopamine 査時に投与されている DA のレボドパ(L—ドパ)換算 1 agonist; DA)の使用がパーキンソン病(Parkinson’ s 日用量(levodopa equivalent daily dosage; LEDD) disease; PD)における衝動制御障害(impulse control ,L—ドパの 1 は有意に低く(Z =- 3.1,p = 0.002) disorder; ICD)の発現と関連することが報告されてい ,総 日 用 量 は 高 か っ た が(Z = - 1.9,p = 0.05) る。こうした ICD 患者の至適管理法や長期アウトカム , LEDD はほぼ同じであり(Z =- 0.47,p = 0.64) については,ほとんど知られていない。本研究の目的は, Unified Parkinson’ s Disease Rating Scale PartⅠ (運 Ⅰ Ⅰ DA 投与開始後に ICD を発現した PD 患者の臨床的介入 動)のスコアにも差を認めなかった(Z =- 1.3,p = 法と長期アウトカムを報告することである。ベースライ 0.19) 。ICD 管理の一環として患者 12 例(80.0%)で ン時から平均 29.2 ヵ月後に電話による追跡調査面接を は DA が投与中止または大幅に減量されていたが,全例 行った。強迫的な買い物・賭博・性行動に関する修正 で自己評価による ICD 症状は完全または部分寛解し, Minnesota Impulse Disorder Interview(MIDI)に加え, うち 10 例(83.3%)ではすでに ICD の診断基準を満 ICD 症状の変化に関する被験者の自己評価も調査した。 たさなくなっていた。DA 投与中に ICD を発現した PD ベースライン時および追跡調査時のドパミン補充療法の 患者は,DA の投与中止または大幅な減量により(代わ 実施状況を記録し,診療録をレビューして確認した。被 ,運動症状の増悪を伴 りに L—ドパを増量したとしても) 験者 18 例のうち 15 例(83.3%)が電話による追跡調 うことなく,ICD 症状は寛解または有意に抑制される。 査面接に参加した。ベースライン時に比べると,追跡調 Movement Disorders Vol. 23, No. 1, 2008, pp. 75-80 Key Word ドパミンアゴニスト,賭博,衝動制御障害,パーキンソン病 パーキンソン病(Parkinson ’s disease; PD)患者では, 強迫的な賭博 ,性行動 ニスト(dopamine agonist; DA)の使用を指摘しているが, ,買い物 ,摂食 など,数多 一方ではレボドパ(L—ドパ)使用との関連も報告されて くの衝動制御障害(impulse control disorder; ICD)が高い いる 12。ICD 発現に関するその他の危険因子として,低 頻度で報告されている。PD 患者における ICD の推定発 年齢での PD 発症 11,PD 罹患以前の ICD 3 または薬物乱 現頻度は一般集団より高いのが普通であり 7,全体では常 用 11 の既往歴も考えられる。 1 2-4 3,5 6 に患者の約 5%に ICD がみられ 3,8,PD 経過中のある時点 ICD を有する PD 患者の至適管理法や長期アウトカム については,ほとんど知られていない。事例的には,DA では 5 ~ 10%に達することがある 。 2,3 は,PD の投与中止,使用中の DA の減量,あるいは別の DA へ における ICD 発現の主要な危険因子としてドパミンアゴ の変更など,DA 療法の変更に伴って ICD 症状が改善な いくつかの症例報告 4,5,8-10 および前向き研究 3,11 9 パーキンソン病における衝動制御障害 いし消失した例が報告されている 4,6,9,10。症例報告では, PD における ICD 治療として,非定型抗精神病薬 抗うつ薬 , 4,13,14 方法 電話による追跡調査面接を行うため, 著者の 1 人(EM) 9,12 が患者に連絡を取った。初回スクリーニング(活動性 の有益性を示唆している。ただし,これらの治療法はド ICD 患者の場合)または自己申告に基づく ICD 症状の極 パミン補充療法の変更と同時に実施されることが多く, 期(非活動性 ICD 患者の場合) (Time 1)から,追跡調 個別の効果は明らかでない。また,日常診療の一環とし 査面接(Time 2)までの平均(SD)期間は 29.2(16.5)ヵ て視床下核(subthalamic nucleus; STN)深部脳刺激(deep- 月であった。 ,気分安定薬 4,12 ,種々の心理社会的介入 4,9 brain stimulation; DBS)を受けた PD 患者(598 例)のア 追跡調査面接では,半定型的な臨床面接と,強迫的な ウトカムに関する症例研究では,DBS 前に病的賭博がみ 買い物・賭博・性行動に関する修正 Minnesota Impulse られたすべての患者(7 例)で,術後は症状が消失した Disorder Interview(MIDI)16 を実施した。これと同じ方 ことが報告されている 15。この論文の著者らは,DBS の 法は,本 ICD コホートに関する最初の報告 3 でも用いた。 生理学的作用が, 同時に行われた DA 全体の減量と相まっ 被験者には,各自の ICD が「完全寛解」 (症状なし) , 「部 て ICD 症状を改善したという仮説を立てている。ただし, 分寛解」 (依然として症状はあるが,重大な機能障害はな 彼らの研究結果は,L—ドパ療法と DA 療法での変更を区 い) , 「完全に症状が残存」 (時間が経っても症状に変化が 別しておらず,STN DBS を受けた PD 患者の中の少数の ない)のいずれの状態にあるか,自己評価してもらった。 ICD 患者を対象としている。したがって,この知見は PD 面接の一部として,各被験者から ICD 症状の初回発現 患者全体に一般化できない可能性がある。 日および消失日,ICD 症状に対する介入(例えば,抗 PD 我々は,以前,PD の経過中に ICD を発現した 273 例 薬の増量ないし減量,向精神薬の使用,あるいは心理社 のサンプルのうち,症状発現時に DA を使用していた 18 会的治療の実施) ,さらに PD および精神疾患に対する過 例について報告した 。本論文では,これらの患者の ICD 去と現在の薬物療法について,情報を収集した。これら に関する長期アウトカムを報告する。ドパミン補充療法 の情報はすべて診療録のレビューで確認し,さらに別の または PD 管理法の経時的な変更,および ICD への臨床 著者(DW)が再検討した。Time 1 および Time 2(± 6 ヵ 的介入に関する情報を収集した。我々は DA の投与中止 月)における Unified Parkinson’ s Disease Rating Scale または減量が ICD の改善や消失に関連しているとの仮説 (UPDRS)17 PartⅠ Ⅰ Ⅰ(運動)のスコアは, 診療録をレビュー 3 を立て,検証を行った。 して入手した。本研究の目的に鑑み,DA 用量の 30%を 超える減量を大幅な減量と事前に定義した。 対象および方法 対象 統計解析 L—ドパの 1 日用量, DA の L—ドパ換算 1 日用量(L-dopa PD 患者のうつ病発現頻度および関連因子に関する研 equivalent daily dosage; LEDD) ,総 LEDD(L—ドパ+ DA 究で作成されたデータベースを用い,PD 経過中に活動 の LEDD) ,UPDRS PartⅠ Ⅰ Ⅰ(運動)のスコアの Time 1 お 性 ICD がみられた PD 患者を特定した(方法はすでに報 よび Time 2 での各変化は,関連する 2 群間の差の検定に 告済み ) 。初回の評価では,18 例の患者で PD 経過中に 用いられる Wilcoxon 符号付順位検定により検討した。 ICD が認められた(活動性 ICD は 11 例,寛解期 ICD は LEDD は従来の報告 18,19 と同様の次式で計算した:L—ド 7 例) 。このうち 15 例(83.3%)が電話による追跡調査面 パ 100 mg =放出制御型 L—ドパ 130 mg = L—ドパ 70 mg 接に参加した。追跡調査に参加した患者の自己申告およ + COMT 阻害剤=ペルゴリド 1 mg =プラミペキソール び診療録のレビューで ICD 症状の極期と判定された時点 1 mg =ロピニロール 5 mg。p ≦ 0.05 を有意とした。 3 での臨床的・人口学的特徴は次の通りであった。すなわち, 性別は 73.3%が男性, 婚姻区分は 86.7%が既婚, 平均(SD) 年齢は 60.9(11.1)歳,平均(SD)教育期間は 14.8(3.0) 年,平均(SD)PD 罹病期間は 9.4(4.6)年であった。 結 果 Time 1 Time 1 では被験者 15 例全例が DA の投与を受けてい 10 Compulsive gambling Compulsive gambling Compulsive gambling Compulsive buying Compulsive buying Compulsive gambling, buying, sexuality Compulsive gambling Compulsive sexuality Compulsive gambling Compulsive gambling, sexuality Compulsive sexuality Compulsive sexuality Compulsive gambling Compulsive sexuality 2 4 7 9 10 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes DA use Pramipexole (6) Ropinirole (12) Ropinirole (9) Pramipexole (2.75) Pramipexole (2.25) Ropinirole (21) Pramipexole (4.5) Ropinirole (4.5) Ropinirole (15) Pergolide (8) Ropinirole (18) Ropinirole (12) Pramipexole (3) Pramipexole (4) Pergolide (5) DA and dose (mg/ day) 0 0 280 400 0 0 425 390 1,320 0 210 800 800 210 500 Levodopa dosage (mg/day) *N 14, UPDRS scores unavailable for 1 patient. 15 14 13 12 11 8 6 5 3 Compulsive sexuality ICD type 1 Subjects no. Time 1 7 21 – 36 32 10 29 30 26 24 20 29 24 13 16 UPDRS* 17 mo 17 mo 58 mo 18 mo 18 mo 71 mo 20 mo 23 mo 24 mo 29 mo 35 mo 16 mo 22 mo 46 mo 25 mo Time 2 – Time 1 Yes No Yes Yes Yes No Yes No No Yes No Yes Yes No No DA use Pramipexole (1) Ropinirole (6) Not applicable Pramipexole (1.875) Not applicable Ropinirole (21) Pramipexole (4.5) Not applicable Not applicable Not applicable Pramipexole (1.25) Pergolide (8) Not applicable Pramipexole (1.5) Not applicable DA and dose (mg/day) Time 2 0 325 330 700 300 390 390 520 1,310 0 140 1,010 700 720 400 Levodopa dosage (mg) 11 23 – 38 42 10 12 28 35 32 22 19 31 17 24 UPDRS* TABLE 1. Changes in clinical management and ICD status over time Discontinued ropinirole Decreased pramipexole Decreased ropinirole Decreased pramipexole Discontinued ropinirole; increased antidepressant dosage Underwent DBS surgery; decreased amantadine Discontinued pramipexole None Discontinued ropinirole Decreased DA dosage (switched from ropinirole to pramipexole) Discontinued ropinirole Discontinued pergolide; attended sex addiction support group Discontinued pramipexole Decreased pramipexole dosage; Switched antidepressant None Intervention for ICD Full remission Compulsive gambling Full remission Outcome: MIDI Partial remission Full remission Full remission Full remission Full remission Partial remission Full remission Full remission Full remission Compulsive sexuality Full remission Full remission Full remission Full remission Compulsive gambling Full remission Full remission Full remission Fully Compulsive symptomatic gambling Full Full remission remission Full Full remission remission Full remission Partial remission Full remission Outcome: self report ICD status IMPULSE CONTROL DISORDERS IN PARKINSONS DISEASE Eugenia Mamikonyan 77 Movement Disorders, Vol. 23, No. 1, 2008 11 78 パーキンソン病における衝動制御障害 E. MAMIKONYAN ET AL. TABLE 2. Changes in levodopa equivalent daily dosages (LEDDs) and UPDRS score over time Time 1 (mean [SD]) Time 2 (mean [SD]) Average % change Statistic (Z score [P value])* 358.7 (179.4) 349.7 (381.3) 708.3 (482.9) 22.6(8.7) 170.2 (233.3) 482.3 (358.9) 652.5 (465.3) 24.6(10.2) 52.6 37.9 7.9 8.8 3.1 (0.002) 1.9 (0.05) 0.5 (0.64) 1.3(0.19) Dopamine agonist LEDD Levodopa daily dosage Total LEDD UPDRS motor scorea *Wilcoxon Signed Ranks Test. a N 14, UPDRS scores unavailable for 1 patient. (13%). Thirteen (87%) subjects had a single ICD, while た(Table 1) 。各 DA の使用割合は,プラミペキソールが two subjects had two or more ICDs. Approximately half 40%, 47%,ペルゴリドが 13%であった。 (53%)ロピニロールが of subjects were compulsive gamblers, 40% excompulsive behavior, and 20% had 13perienced 例(87%)では 1 つのsexual ICD 症状だけがみられたが,2 compulsive buying. Mean (SD) daily dosages of PD 例では複数の ICD 症状を有していた。また,被験者の約 medications and UPDRS motor score were as follows: 半数(53%)は強迫的な賭博常習者,40%は強迫的な性 L-dopa 349.7 (381.3) mg, DA LEDD 358.7 (179.4) mg, total LEDD 708.3 (482.9) mg, and UPDRS motor 行動経験者であり,20%で強迫的な買い物がみられた。 score 22.6 (8.7). 抗 PD 薬の平均(SD)1 日用量と UPDRS PartⅠ Ⅰ Ⅰ(運動) Time 2 のスコアは以下の通りであった:L—ドパ= 349.7(381.3) At Time 2 approximately half (53%) LEDD of the= sample mg,DA の LEDD = 358.7(179.4)mg,総 708.3 remained on a DA. Of the subjects remaining on a DA, (482.9)mg, UPDRS PartⅠ Ⅰ Ⅰ(運動)のスコア= 22.6(8.7) 。 63% were on pramipexole, 25% on ropinirole, and 13% on pergolide. Mean (SD) daily dosages of PD medications and UPDRS motor score were as follows: L-dopa Time 2 482.3 (358.9) mg, DA LEDD 170.2 (233.3) mg, total Time 2では,被験者の約半数(53%)で DA 投与が継 LEDD 652.5 (465.3) mg, and UPDRS motor score 24.6 (10.2). Over time there was a63%がプラミペキソー statistically significant 続されていた。DA 投与継続例の increase in L-dopa dosage (Z 1.9, P 0.05) and a ル使用で,25%がロピニロール,13%がペルゴリドであっ statistically significant decrease in DA LEDD (Z た。抗 薬の平均 日用量と Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ (運動) 3.1, PD P 0.002),(SD) with 1no change UPDRS in total Part LEDD (Z 0.5, P 0.64). There was no : change in UPDRS motor のスコアは以下のとおりであった L—ドパ= 482.3(358.9) score over time (Z 1.3, P 0.19) (Table 2). mg,DA の LEDD = 170.2(233.3)mg,総 LEDD = 652.5 As part of clinical management for the ICD, 12 (80%) (465.3)mg, UPDRS PartⅠ Ⅰ Ⅰ (運動)のスコア= 。 patients either discontinued DA treatment24.6(10.2) or significantly decreased their DA dosage. Of these Zpatients, all 経時的に,L—ドパの統計学的に有意な増量( = –1.9,p reported experiencing full or partial remission of their = 0.05)と,DA の LEDD の統計学的に有意な減少(Z ICD symptoms, and 10 (83%) no longer met criteria for = 0.002)が認められたが,総 LEDD に変化は an–3.1,p active = ICD. Of the 7 (47%) patients who discontinued DA treatment, all reported full。UPDRS remissionPart of ICD sympなかった(Z = –0.5,p = 0.64) Ⅲ(運動) toms over time and none still met diagnostic criteria for のスコアにも経時的な変化はみられなかった(Z = 1.3, an active ICD. p =Only 3(Table (20%) 2) patients remained on the exact same DA 0.19) 。 and dosage over time. One was in full12remission postICD の臨床管理の一環として,患者 例(80%)で DBS surgery and other medication adjustments, one was DA in の投与中止または大幅な減量が行われた。これら全 partial remission, and one remained fully symptomatic. 例で ICD 症状が完全または部分寛解したことが報告され, Four patients who experienced full or partial remission そのうち 10 例(83%)はすでに活動性 ICD の診断基準 reported clinical interventions for their ICD symptoms in を満たしていなかった。DA を投与中止された 7例 (47%) addition to (N 3) or instead of (N 1) changes in DA treatment. As a supplemental treatment, one subject atは時間の経過とともに ICD 症状が完全寛解し,活動性 ICD の診断基準を満たす者はいなかった。 DISCUSSION 例) ,ICD 症状への臨床的介入が行われた。補助療法と To 1our knowledge this is the first case series examinして, 例は性的耽溺(sex addiction)に関する支援グルー ing in the context of routine care the long-term clinical プの活動に参加し,2 例では抗うつ薬への変更もしくは outcomes of PD patients with ICDs. We found that on 使用中の抗うつ薬が増量された。残りの患者 1 例は DBS average patients had a significant change in their specific dopamine replacement therapies once their 後はアマン ICD was 後も同じ DA を同一用量で継続したが,DBS identified, and that all patients who discontinued or sigタジンが投与中止された。 nificantly decreased DA treatment experienced full remission or a clinically significant reduction in ICD symptomatology. This was consistent with our hypothe考 察in exposure to DA therapy would be sis that decreases associated with improvement in ICD symptoms. There are several limitations to this study. we 今回の研究は,我々が知る限り,ICD を伴うFirst, PD 患者 were unable to contact all eligible subjects, although over の長期臨床アウトカムを日常診療との関連において検討 80% of the original ICD sample did participate in the した最初の症例集積研究である。本研究の症例では, follow-up interview. Second, the sample size was relatively small, only identified ICD patients on a DA, and ICD と診断された後は患者個々のドパミン補充療法は大 involved patients at two movement disorders centers 幅に変更されており,また DA を投与中止ないし大幅に with a research focus on the psychiatric complications of 減量したすべての患者で,ICD PD, limiting the generalizability症状は完全寛解ないし臨 of the findings. Third, the data were obtained primarily via telephone interview. 床的に有意に軽快した。この結果は,DA への曝露を低 In-person interviews may have yielded more accurate 減すると ICD 症状が改善されるという我々の仮説と一致 and complete information. Finally, this study was not した。 controlled, limiting conclusions that could be drawn. For example, it is possible that the overall decrease in DA 本研究にはいくつかの限界がある。第 1 に,当初の exposure was unrelated to improvement in ICD sympICD 被験者の 80%超が実際に追跡調査面接に参加したと toms, as the natural histories of ICDs in PD and non-PD individuals are not well understood. はいえ,適格者全員に連絡を取ることはできなかった。 results of this study results provide further 第 The 2 に,サンプルサイズが比較的小さく,DA 投与 eviICD dence of the association between DA treatment and ICD 患者のみをデータベースで特定し,PD の精神科的合併 behaviors in PD. Because of the long lag-time reported in many cases between DA 2initiation and development of 症を重点研究領域とする つの運動障害関連施設の患者 ICD behaviors, it is not practical to conduct a randomを対象とした。この結果,今回の知見を一般化するには ized trial to definitively determine the association be限界がある。第 3 に,データは主として電話面接によっ tween DA treatment and ICDs. Additionally, given the existing evidence in support of the association between て得られたものである。対面面接であれば,さらに正確 かつ完全な情報が得られた可能性がある。最後に,本研 同じ DA を同一用量でそのまま継続投与されたのは 3 究は対照群を置いていないため,得られた結論には限界 例(20%)のみであった。1 例は DBS 後および他の薬剤 がある。例えば,PD および非 PD 患者における ICD の自 Movement Disorders, Vol. 23, No. 1, 2008 12 tended a sex addiction support group, and two subjects を適応された後,完全寛解した。別の 1 例は部分寛解に changed antidepressant treatment or increased their an達したが,もう 1 例は完全に症状が残存した。 tidepressant dosage. The remaining patient continued on the完全または部分寛解に達した患者 same DA and dosage post-DBS4 surgery, but 治療 did 例では,DA discontinue amantadine post-DBS surgery. の変更に加えて(3 例) , もしくは DA 治療の代替として(1 Eugenia Mamikonyan 然史はよく分かっていないため,DA 曝露の全般的な低 衝動は,DBS の神経刺激スイッチをオフにすることで消 減が ICD 症状の改善とは無関係であった可能性も考えら 失した。その後パラメータを変えて刺激を再開したとこ れる。 ろ,ICD 症状が再発し,DA 投与を中止しない限り STN 本研究の結果は,PD における DA 投与と ICD との関 刺激の継続は不可能であった。このように,ICD 症状と 連性について更なるエビデンスを提供するものである。 PD 治療との関連性については,特に個々の患者特性を考 多くの症例で DA の投与開始と ICD に伴う問題行動発現 慮して,さらに研究を進める必要がある。 との間に長いタイムラグのあることが報告されているが, また,DA 投与に伴い PD 患者で発現した ICD に対し, DA 投与と ICD との関連性を確定するために無作為試験 他の治療法が有効であるかどうかを検討することも重要 を実施するのは現実的ではない。さらに,ICD と DA 投 である。本研究の対象患者 1 例は同じ DA を同じ用量で 与との関連性を支持するエビデンスの存在を考慮しても, 継続したにもかかわらず,ICD 症状が部分寛解したこと ICD を伴う PD 患者を対象に無作為に DA の投与を中止 から,その他の因子が ICD 症状の経時的変化に寄与する する試験を行うことは倫理的に妥当であるとは思えない。 可能性が示唆される。さらに PD 患者の多くは,DA を使 したがって,ICD に対する DA 投与の影響について入手 の投与中止には IMPULSE CONTROL DISORDERS 用すると運動機能が改善するため,DA IN PARKINSONS DISEASE 79 できる最良のエビデンスは,横断的研究ならびに臨床集 消極的である。したがって,非定型抗精神病薬や抗うつ 団の慎重な長期追跡調査で得られると考えられる。 ICDs and DA treatment, it does not seem ethical to 薬など,PDthat 患者の 治療への有用性が報告されてい suggesting otherICD factors may contribute to changes in ICD symptoms over time. In addition, many PD る精神科用薬剤を用いて無作為投与試験を実施する必要 patients are reluctant to discontinue DA treatment be’ Anonymous(病的賭博患者の がある。さらに,Gamblers cause of the motor benefits associated with their use. 自助グループ)への参加など,心理社会的介入の役割に Thus, randomized treatment studies using psychiatric medications that have been reported to be helpful in the ついても未だ研究がなされていない。このような他の治 treatment of ICDs in PD, such as atypical antipsychotics 療法の検証を待つ一方,DA 投与中の ICD を管理するた and antidepressants, are needed. Finally, the role for psychosocial interventions, such as participation in Gamめの比較的簡単かつ有効と思われる方法の 1 つとして, blers’ Anonymous, has yet to be studied. However, while DA 曝露の低減と L—ドパ増量を考慮すべきである。 waiting for other treatment strategies to be tested, one 謝 辞effective way to manage relatively simple and apparently ICDs that occur during DA treatment is toInstitute decrease DA 本研究は米国立精神衛生研究所(National of Mental L -dopa exposure and consider a concomitant increase in Health)の助成(No. 067894)を受けた。 treatment. conduct a randomizedを投与中止ないし減量すると DA discontinuation study inICD PD 今回の結果は,DA patients with an ICD. Thus, the best available evidence 症状が抑制または消失するという,これまでの症例報告 regarding the impact of DA treatment on ICD behaviors と矛盾しない。この結果は,STN DBS studies を施行した小規模 is likely to come from cross-sectional and careful long-term follow-up of clinical populations. ICD 患者集団で認められたアウトカムとも類似している Our results are consistent with previous case reporting が,これらの患者ではいずれも DBS 後,総 LEDD leads の有 that discontinuation or reduction in DA treatment 15 to a reduction or resolution of ICD symptoms. 意な減量に関連して ICD 症状が消失した 。 They are also similar to the outcomes of the small group of ICD 全体的にみると,患者の総 LEDD は 2 つの時点でほぼ patients who underwent STN DBS surgery, all of whom 同じであったが,L—ドパおよび 投与間のバランスに experienced resolution of ICDDA symptomatology postDBS surgery and in the context of treatment with signifは全体として変化がみられた。すなわち, Time 1 において, icantly lower total LEDD.15 L—ドパの 1 日用量および DA の LEDD は本質的に同じで We found that patients overall were being treated あったが,Time 2 では,L—ドパ投与に比重が移っており, with similar total LEDDs at the two time periods, but that there was an overall shiftの in4the balance between L—ドパの 1 日用量は DA LEDD 倍近くまで増加して L-dopa and DA treatment. At Time 1, patients were on いた。UPDRS PartⅠ Ⅰ Ⅰ(運動)のスコアに経時的な変化が essentially the same daily L-dopa and DA LEDD dos認められなかったことから,DA からshifted L—ドパに投与バラ age, but at Time 2 the balance in favor of L-dopa treatment, with the daily L-dopa dosage being ンスを変更することで,全体として ICD 患者の運動症状 nearly four times as high as the DA LEDD dosage. が適切に管理できることが示唆される。慢性的な高用量 The lack of change in UPDRS motor score over time suggests that overall it is possible to adequately manL—ドパ投与は長期有害作用(例えばジスキネジアや age motor symptoms in ICD patients by shifting the 20 motor fluctuation)を引き起こす可能性もあるが ,今回 balance away from DA treatment to L-dopa treatment. の結果は,DBS 施行患者で得られた知見と合わせ,PD Though there may be long-term adverse effects (e.g., dyskinesias or motor fluctuations) from chronic, high患者の ICD 症状に対して有効と考えられる 2 つの管理法 er-dose L-dopa treatment,20 our results in conjunction を示唆している。すなわち,L—ドパと DA の投与バラン with those of patients undergoing surgery suggest that スを変更して DBSsympの施 two possibleL—ドパに比重を置くことと,STN management strategies for ICD toms in PD are shifting the L -dopa:DA balance in 行であり,後者はドパミン作動性治療の全体的な抑制に favor of L-dopa and STN DBS surgery, the latter つながる。ただし,最近の症例報告では,両側 STN DBS leading to a decrease in overall dopaminergic treat後に初めて認知機能低下を背景とする病的賭博が発現し ment. 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The ミオクローヌス・ジストニア症候群:11 家系の臨床像・疾患 a disability in performing daily activities and these pamovement disorder spontaneously improved in the two 経過・遺伝的特徴 tients were therefore given medication with different older siblings of Family 3 after age 10. drugs (clonazepam, valproic acid, levitiracetam), with no Myoclonus–Dystonia Syndrome: Clinical Presentation, Disease Electrophysiological Course, and Genetic Features in 11 Results or only mild improvement. Noticeably, in Patient 10 Families The data of EMG recordings are summarized in Table benzodiazepines (diazepam and clonazepam) caused a 3. The EMG correlates of the myoclonic jerks demonsevere worsening of the myoclonic jerks. No patients Nardo Nardocci, MD, Giovanna Zorzi, MD, Chiara Barzaghi, MSc, Federica Zibordi, MD, Claudia Ciano, MD, Daniele Ghezzi, MSc, and Barstrated bursts with a wide range of duration, from 60 to received any treatment for dystonia. bara Garavaglia, PhD 500 ms. The myoclonic jerks were evident at rest in 6 In 8 patients, the disease course was nonprogressive: * Department of Child Neurology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico “Carlo Besta”, Via Celoria 11, Milano, Italy patients, and in this circumstance the bursts occurred on no modification of distribution or severity of myoclonus a silent background (Fig. 2A). In all patients, voluntary and dystonia was observed. muscle activation produced or aggravated the myoclonic In one case (Patient 3) a complete spontaneous remisjerks, which became repetitive with always an arrhythsion of myoclonus was observed by age 12. ミオ クローヌス・ジ ストニア 症 候 群(myoclonusの 2 つの変異が認められた。大部分の患者ではミオク mic pattern. In 5 patients, there were also polymyoMutation-Negative Patients. graphic features consistent with dystonia (cocontraction dystonia syndrome; MDS)は,多様な臨床的・遺伝的 ローヌスとジストニアが組み合わさった症状がみられた There were 4 patients from 2 unrelated families. In one of agonist and antagonist muscles during voluntary 特徴を示す遺伝性の運動障害である。ε - サルコグリカ が,非常に早期の発症,遠位ミオクローヌス,下肢障害 family (Family 9) the pedigree analysis indicated an movements), and in these patients the myoclonic jerks sarcoglycan; )遺伝子変異は MDS ン(epsilon といった非定型的と考えられる臨床所見もかなり高い割 autosomal dominant mode ofSGCE inheritance with reduced were superimposed to the abnormal prolonged tonic acpenetrance consistent with maternal imprinting. 家系の患 tivity (Fig. 2B). Each patient showing both very short の重要な原因の 1 つである。本論文では,11 合で認められた。疾患の経過も様々で,運動症状が進 The mean age at onset of the disease was 2 years and and very long bursts (Fig. 2C,D). The burst occurred 者 20 例に対する臨床的・遺伝的研究結果を報告する。 行する例もあれば自然寛解する例もあった。変異陽性例 4 months (range: 8 months to 3 years). All patients had mainly synchronous on antagonist muscles (Fig. 2C) but 本研究では,9 家系で 6 つの新規変異ならびに既報告 と変異陰性例の臨床像に明らかな違いはなかった。 a clinical phenotype of myoclonus combined with dyssometimes they were also asynchronous. Other electrotonia, involving the upper body part and being myoclophysiological investigations (somatosensory and central nus the predominant movement disorder. None of the motor evoked potentials, long-loop reflex study, EEG– Movement Disorders Vol. 23, No. 1, 2008, pp. 28-34 patients had an involvement of lower limbs. In one EMG and jerked locked potentials) resulted normal in family alcohol sensitivity and psychiatric symptoms, deSGCE-positive and -negative patients. In one mutationscribed as anxiety disorder were also reported. In both negative patient (Patient 17), epileptic abnormalities Key Word ミオクローヌス・ジストニア,小児,ε - サルコグリカン遺伝子,臨床像,神経生理学 families there was a history of epilepsy, which did not characterized by high amplitude spike and waves on cooccurred in the subjects affected by MDS, with chartemporal regions were transiently recorded on EEG duracteristics of generalized primary epilepsy. ing sleep. * TABLE 3. Polymyographic aspects of myoclonus Fam. SGCE Duration of No. Pt. No mutation bursts (ms) 1 4 5 6 Pt. Pt. Pt. Pt. Pt. Pt. Pt. Pt. Pt. Pt. Pt. 1 2 3 4 5 6 8 7 9 10 12 100–500 60–250 100 50–300 80–150 80–200 100–15 60–250 100–200 50–400 100–150 7 8 9 10 Pt. Pt. Pt. Pt. 14 16 17 18 150–400 100–300 100–200 100–300 11 Pt. 20 100–150 2 3 Other characteristics Synchr, isol Synchr, arrhyt Synchr, isol Synchr, arrhyt Synchr, isol Synchr, isol Synchr, isol Synchr and asynchr, isol Synchr, arrhyt Synchr, arrhyt Synchr and asynchr, arrhyt Synch, arrhyt Synchr, arrhyt Synch, arrhyt Synchr and asynchr,, arrhyt Synch, arrhyt Distribution Proximal Proximal Proximal Proximal Proximal Proximal Proximal Proximal Proximal Proximal Proximal and and and and and and distal distal distal distal distal distal Presence at rest Presence with Presence with postural voluntary Stimuli maintenance movements sensitivity and distal and distal and distal No No No No No Yes No No No Yes Yes Yes Yes No No No Yes No Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No Yes Yes No n.t n.t n.t n.t. Yes n.t. Proximal and distal Proximal and distal Distal Proximal and distal Yes No Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes n.t. Yes n.t No Proximal and distal Yes Yes Yes n.t n.t.: not tested; synchr: synchronous; asynchr: asynchronous; isol: isolated; arrhyt: arrhythmic. Movement Disorders, Vol. 23, No. 1, 2008 15 動作緩慢と固縮を伴うパーキンソン症候群におけるアルギニン 負荷成長ホルモン分泌刺激試験 The Arginine Growth Hormone Stimulation Test in Bradykinetic-Rigid Parkinsonisms * Maria Teresa Pellecchia, MD, Katia Longo, MD, Michela Manfredi, MD, Claudio Lucetti, MD, Giovanni Cossu, MD, Alfredo Petrone, MD, Roberto Marconi, MD, Mariachiara Sensi, MD, Antonio Epifanio, MD, Roberto Eleopra, MD, Roberta Marchese, MD, Tomaso Scaravilli, MD, Letterio Morgante, MD, Giovanni Abbruzzese, MD, Ubaldo Bonuccelli, MD, Edoardo Donati, MD, Rosario Pivonello, MD, Annamaria Colao, MD, and Paolo Barone, MD * Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Naples “Federico II”, Naples, Italy アルギニン負荷による成長ホルモン(growth hormone; PSP 群(6.64 ± 0.82 µg/L) ,対照群(8.59 ± 0.44 GH)分泌刺激試験は,パーキンソン型多系統萎縮症 µg/L)に比べ,MSA-P 群(1.46 ± 0.29 µg/L)で有 (Parkinsonian variant of multiple system atrophy; 。PSP 患者では,PD 患者お 意に低かった(p < 0.01) MSA-P) と 特 発 性 パ ー キ ン ソ ン 病(Parkinson’ s よび対照被験者に比べ,GH の最高値が遅れて出現する disease; PD)との鑑別に有効である。本研究の目的は, 傾向がみられた。カットオフ値を 4 µg/L とした場合, アルギニン負荷 GH 分泌刺激試験による進行性核上性 アルギニン負荷 GH 分泌刺激試験の PD と MSA-P との 麻 痺(progressive supranuclear palsy; PSP) , 鑑 別におけ る感 度は 92%,特 異 度は 96 % であり, MSA-P,PD の 鑑 別 精 度 を 評 価 す る こ と で あ る。 PSP と MSA-P との鑑別における感度は 78%,特異度 MSA-P 患者 26 例,PSP 患者 23 例,PD 患者 26 例, は 96%であった。アルギニンに対する GH 反応によっ 健常対照被験者 80 例にアルギニンを投与後,血清試料 て, PD および PSP と MSA-P を高い精度で鑑別できる。 を採取して GH 反応を測定した。GH 濃度とその最高値 PSP 患者のアルギニンに対する神経内分泌反応は, の群間比較には ANOVA と Bonferroni 検定を用いた。 MSA-P 患者とは異なり正常対照被験者や PD 患者と一 受信者動作特性(ROC)曲線を解析し,MSA-P,PSP, 致しなかった。今回の結果から,GH 分泌を制御する中 PD の鑑別に最も適したアルギニンのカットオフ値を決 枢機構の障害が PSP と MSA-P では異なることが示唆 定した。GH の最高値は,PD 群(8.74 ± 0.98 µg/L) , される。 Movement Disorders Vol. 23, No. 2, 2008, pp. 190-194 Key Word 成長ホルモン,アルギニン負荷試験,進行性核上性麻痺,多系統萎縮症 GH levels (µg/l) 20 10 0 PD PSP MSA-P FIG. 2. Distributions of GH peaks after the arginine test in patients with PD, PSP, or MSA-P. The continuous line indicates the optimum cut-off value of 4 g/L. 16 パーキンソン病における怒り:症例対照研究 Anger in Parkinson’s Disease: A Case-Control Study * Yolanda Macías, PhD, Julián Benito-León MD, PhD, Elan D. Louis MD, MSc, and Antonio Cano-Vindel, PhD * Parkinson’s Disease Association of Móstoles, Móstoles, Madrid, Spain パーキンソン病(Parkinson’ s disease; PD)患者には 向的表出(周りの人や物に怒りをぶつける傾向) 」 (9.0 認知障害/精神症状が高頻度にみられ,運動症状と同 p <0.001) 「怒り表出指数」 , (26.1 ± 2.5対10.5 ± 3.0, 様に日常生活に支障をもたらす。禁欲的で融通の利かな p = 0.002)のレベルが低く, 「怒 ± 8.8 対 29.6 ± 9.4, い性格特性と PD との関連が指摘されている。これまで りの内向的表出(怒りを内に秘めたり抑えたりする傾 PD において多くの性格特性に関する研究が行われてき , 「怒 向) 」 (14.0 ± 3.4 対 12.2 ± 3.2,p < 0.001) たが,PD における易怒性の性格および怒りの表出性に りの外向的抑制(周りの人や物に怒りをぶつけるのを抑 関する系統的な研究は行われていない。本研究では,易 えることで怒りをコントロールする傾向) 」 (18.6 ± 5.0 怒性の性格と怒りの表出性を評価するために,6 項目の , 「怒りの内向的抑制(心 対 16.1 ± 5.0,p < 0.001) 尺度と怒り表出指数(anger expression index)で構成 を落ち着けたり気持ちを冷ましたりすることで怒りをコ される State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory-2 ントロールする傾向) 」 (14.3 ± 4.7 対 13.0 ± 4.5,p (ST AXI-2)のスペイン語版を用いた。本研究は,抑う < 0.05)のレベルが高かった。これらの差は,年齢, つ症状を伴う 126 例の PD 患者と,年齢および性別を 性別および抑うつ症状について補正した解析でも認め マッチさせた 126 例の対照被験者を対象とした。PD られた。結論:PD 患者は,外向的に怒りを表出する傾 患者群は対照群に比べ, 「状況的怒り(感情的になって 向が低く,怒りを抑制する傾向が高かった。今回の結果 いる場面での怒りの強さ) ( 」15.8 ± 3.1 対 17.9 ± 5.3, により,PD 患者にみられる禁欲的な性格特性の別の側 p < 0.001) , 「性格的怒り(日頃,怒りを感じる頻度) 」 面が示された。 , 「 怒りの外 (19.2 ± 5.3 対 20.7 ± 6.0,p < 0.05) Movement Disorders Vol. 23, No. 2, 2008, pp. 195-199 Key Word パーキンソン病,非運動症状,精神医学 ANGER IN PARKINSONS DISEASE 197 TABLE 1. Comparison of demographic and clinical characteristics of PD patients with depressive symptoms vs. controls Age in years Gender (female) Hoehn and Yahr stage Disease duration (yr) Tridimensional depression questionnaire PD patients (N 126) Controls (N 126) P value 67.7 8.9 (69) 63 (50%) Stage I 3 Stage II 64 Stage III 47 Stage IV 12 6.6 5.2 (5) 52.8 22.5 67.1 9.6 (68) 63 (50%) Not applicable 0.66a 1.00b Not applicable 32.4 17.7 0.001a Results are means SD, and (medians). a Mann-Whitney U test. b 2 test. 6. Anger control-in. This scale assesses the control of angry feelings by calming down or cooling off (anger control-in). 7. Anger expression index. This index comes from which the outcome variables were each one of the STAXI-2 scores. The targeted sample size (125–130 participants in each group) had 93.8 to 94.6% power to detect as little as 17 FREEZING GAIT AND EXECUTIVE FUNCTIONS IN PD TABLE 1. Demographic and clinical features of PD patients with and without freezing パーキンソン病患者のすくみ足と遂行機能 Gender (M/F) FOG (n 13) FOG (n 15) P val 9/4 9/6 62.6 8.03 7.53 6.36 5.69 2.25 1.93 0.32 1.07 1.03 5.6 2.77 9.87 3.96 0.6 0.83 28.69 1.15 0.87 0.22 0.77 0.62 0.57 0.71 0.00 0.17 0.07 0.49 627.00 304.68 464.58 247.82 0.42 0.54 Agein Patients with Parkinson’s Disease66.46 8.21 Freezing of Gait and Executive Functions Beck inventory 8.15 4.47 Disease duration (yr) 5.23 2.52 stage 2.0PhD 0.29 Marianna Amboni, MD, Autilia Cozzolino, MD, KatiaH&Y Longo, MD, Marina Picillo, MD, and Paolo Barone, MD, UPDRS I 1.23 1.30 * Department of Neurological Sciences, University “Federico II,” Naples, Italy UPDRS II 10.62 4.21 ** Istituto di Diagnosi e Cura “Hermitage Capodimonte,” Naples, Italy UPDRS III 12.08 4.42 UPDRS IV 1.54 1.71 MMSE 28.32 1.63 Total equivalent-to-levodopa dosage [levodopa dopamine agonists] (mg)a 718.46 282.04 Daily levodopa dose (mg)b 522.73 194.12 *, ** Values are mean SD. All patients were treated with dopamine agonists at commonly used dosages. b 12/15 FOG patients and 11/13 FOG patients were also treated with levodopa. すくみ足(freezing of gait; FOG)はパーキンソン病 認知症または抑うつ症状を伴う患者はいなかった。これ H&Y stage: Hoehn & Yahr stage; UPDRS: Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale; MMSE: mini men (Parkinson’ s disease; PD)患者によくみられる症状 s Disease state evaluation. らの PD 患者に対し,Unified Parkinson’ a であり, 運動障害の原因となる。FOG は通常数秒間続く。 Rating Scale(UPDRS) ,FOG 質問票,Mini Mental shows that the reduced phonemic verb FOG patients had pathological scores on neuropsychoFOG は短時間の発作性事象で,患者はこの間は歩行動 State Examination(MMSE) ,frontal assessment logical tasks with respect to Italian normative data. In sample occurred irrespective of disease 作を開始・継続することができない。FOG は高頻度に battery(FAB) ,音素言語流暢度(phonemic verbal particular, one patient had subnormal scores on FAB, Also the mean FAB scores were sign 部,第 ,tenみられる症状であるにもかかわらず,その病態生理は不 Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ 部) fluency)検査,Stroop test(第 Stroop II and III, and TPCT; one patient on FAB, Stroop the FOG patients than in FOG pa III, and TPCT; one on FAB, verbal fluency, and TPCT; subnormal scores,群間 according to Italian n point clock test(TPCT)による評価を行った。2 明である。前頭葉の機能障害あるいは前頭葉 - 大脳基 one on Stroop III and TPCT; two on FAB and TPCT; one were found in 6/13 FOG (46.15%) で UPDRS および MMSE のスコアに差はみられなかっ 底核間の連携離断(disconnection)が FOG に関与す on TPCT; and one on FAB. In the group of FOG patients (0%). A significant negative co の各スコアは,FOG - ると考えられることから,本研究では神経心理学的検査 patients 3/15 had subnormal た。FAB,言語流暢度,TPCT scores on TPCT. FOG score and single FAB subitems w p= によって PD 患者の前頭葉機能を検討した。 「薬効 on」 患者よりも FOG +患者で有意に低かった(FAB: subitems 1 (conceptualization) and 4 ( DISCUSSION Surprisingly, there was no 0.011,TPCT: p= 0.008, 音 素 言 語 流 暢 度:p =terference). 期にすくみ現象を伴う(FOG +)初期 PD 患者 13 例 Here we demonstrate that on-state FOG is related to tween motor programming (sub-item 3 0.024) PD 患者では,FOG と前頭葉機能試験の 〔Hoehn & Yahr(HY)scale のスコア≦ 年齢・ cognitive 2.5〕と, frontal dysfunction. Mean。初期 phonemic verbal tionnaire score, which is at variance wi fluency score was significantly lower in FOG patients スコア低下との間に関連性が認められた。 HY scale のスコア・罹病期間をマッチさせたすくみ現 freezing is simply due to impaired mot than in FOG patients. Verbal fluency, with both se象を伴わない(FOG -)PD 患者 15 例を対象とした。 We found that FOG patients perf mantic and phonemic tasks, is associated with frontal TPCT than FOG subjects. The mean lobe function. In particular, phonemic verbal fluency, significantly lower in FOG than in which requires the ability to suppressMovement the normal habit ofVol. 23, No. 3, 2008, pp. 395-400 Disorders Based on the arbitrary cutoff suggeste using words according to their meaning,30 is associated 26 7/13 FOG patients (53.8% Wu (7), to the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex,31-33 anterior cinguKey Word すくみ足,パーキンソン病,遂行機能 mal score; 3/15 FOG patients had sco late,31,32 and left inferior frontal gyrus.34 Verbal fluency than the cutoff value. The TPCT serve 35 declines with PD progression. In our study, t-test analgrade cognitive deficits26 and it is se ysis showed that there was no difference in disease executive cognitive dysfunctions in peo duration between and FOG and FOG patients, which MMSE scores,36 as in our study popula The mean Stroop part III scores did n TABLE 2. Cognitive evaluationa FOG and FOG patients. Individual normal in 3/13 FOG patients but no FOG (n 13) FOG (n 15) P value tients. Because Stroop part III evalua Verbal fluency 29.19 5.97 37.50 9.43 0.011 FAB 14.0 2.16 15.95 1.33 0.008 interference, this result seems to be in TPCT 5.85 2.70 7.73 1.33 0.024 results of FAB (subitem 4). However, Stroop II 36.55 8.68 44.67 4.73 0.004 that, besides the orbital and medial fr Stroop III 18.24 5.3 21.42 3.82 0.077 neural areas are involved in performing Values are mean SD. However, although the Stroop test is a “ a Scores are age and education adjusted. it is generally agreed that its specificity f FAB: frontal assessment battery; TPCT: ten-point clock test. Movement Disorde 18 Abstract 22,00 60,00 20,00 50,00 vflu fab 18,00 16,00 14,00 40,00 30,00 12,00 20,00 10,00 10,00 0,00 5,00 10,00 15,00 20,00 0,00 5,00 60,00 10,00 50,00 8,00 40,00 6,00 30,00 2,00 10,00 0,00 5,00 10,00 fogquest 15,00 20,00 15,00 20,00 4,00 20,00 0,00 10,00 fogquest tpct stroop2 fogquest 15,00 20,00 0,00 5,00 10,00 fogquest FIG. 1. Correlations between FOG-Questionnaire (fogquest) scores and FAB (fab), verbal fluency (vflu), Stroop II (stroop2), and TPCT (tpct) scores. Squares: FOG ; Circles: FOG . 19 パーキンソン病患者の意思決定:Iowa Gambling Task によ る行動および生理学的パターンの解析 Decision Making in Parkinson’s Disease: Analysis of Behavioral and Physiological Patterns in the Iowa Gambling Task * Mutsutaka Kobayakawa, PhD, Shinichi Koyama, PhD, Masaru Mimura, MD, and Mitsuru Kawamura, MD * Department of Neurology, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan 最 近 の 研 究 で は, パ ー キ ン ソ ン 病(Parkinson’ s び報酬や罰金を受けた後の SCR は,NC 被験者よりも disease; PD)に伴う社会的認知機能の障害が報告され PD 患者で低かった。PD 患者が高リスクの選択を行う ている。しかし,これに伴って PD 患者の行動に異常が 傾向は,年齢,学歴,全般的な認知機能,PD 重症度と 生じるかどうかについては,なお議論の余地がある。本 は相関しなかった。以上の結果から,PD 患者の意思決 研究の目的は,Iowa Gambling Task(IGT)を用いて 定は,他の認知機能よりも,むしろ疾患そのものに影響 PD 患者の意思決定を検討することである。認知症を伴 を受けており,PD 患者の高リスク行動には感情的反応 わない初期 PD 患者を多数募集し, IGT を実施した。また, の乏しさが関連していることが確認された。PD 患者の 感情的興奮の尺度として,IGT 実施中に皮膚コンダクタ 行動および SCR のパターンは,扁桃体に障害のある患 ンス反応(skin conductance response; SCR)を記録 者と類似していた。PD 患者にみられる高リスクを選択 し た。IGT に お い て,PD 患 者 は 健 常 対 照(normal する傾向は,扁桃体(リスク判断への関与が知られてい control; NC)被験者に比べ,リスクの高い不利なカー る)の機能障害により説明できると考えられる。 ドの山を選択する傾向にあった。また,意思決定前およ Movement Disorders Vol. 23, No. 4, 2008, pp. 547-552 Key Word 意思決定,Iowa Gambling Task,皮膚コンダクタンス反応,社会的認知機能,パーキンソン病 20 Abstract A B C IGT scores for each block (C+D)-(A+B) 7 250000 200000 Total IGT Scores (C+D)-(A+B) Total Gain (yen) 15 150000 100000 50000 10 5 0 -5 -10 -15 -20 -25 0 PD 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 -1 -2 -3 -4 -5 -6 -7 PD NC 1-20 NC 21-40 41-60 PD 61-80 81-100 Trail# NC FIG. 1. Results from the Iowa Gambling Task. Significant differences were observed between the amount made by PD patients and that made by the normal control subjects (A). The total IGT scores (B) and IGT scores for each block of 20 card selections (C) were significantly different. PD patients chose risky decks significantly more frequently than the NC subjects. Reward SCR 0.4 0.3 0.35 0.25 0.3 0.2 0.25 SCRs (µS) 0.35 0.15 0.1 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.2 0.15 0.1 0.05 0 Punishment SCR SCRs (µS) Anticipatory SCR SCRs (µS) C B A NC 0 0.2 0.1 0.05 PD 0.3 0 PD NC PD NC Advantageous Decks (C & D) Advantageous Decks (C & D) Advantageous Decks (C & D) Disadvantageous Decks (A & B) Disadvantageous Decks (A & B) Disadvantageous Decks (A & B) FIG. 2. Results from the SCR analysis. PD patients generated lower anticipatory (A), reward (B), and punishment (C) SCRs than the NC subjects. 21 パーキンソン病における反復経頭蓋磁気刺激の治療効果: 11 C-raclopride PET による解析 Therapeutic Effect of Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation in Parkinson’s Disease: Analysis of [11C] Raclopride PET Study * Ji Youn Kim, MD, Eun Joo Chung, MD, Won Yong Lee, MD, PhD, Hee Young Shin, MD, Gyeong Han Lee, MD, PhD, Yearn-Seong Choe, MD, PhD, Yong Choi, PhD, and Byeong Joon Kim, MD, PhD * Department of Neurology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea 反復経頭蓋磁気刺激(repetitive transcranial magnetic を 2 回にわたり,症状が強い側の運動皮質(motor stimulation; rTMS)は,パーキンソン病(Parkinson’ s cortex; MC)の手指領域に実施した。MC への一側 disease; PD)に有効な治療手段として使用されてきた。 rTMS 施 行 後, 平 均 raclopride 結 合 能(binding しかし,PD に対する rTMS の治療上の価値および/ま potential; BP)は,刺激側の被殻および尾状核領域だ たはプラセボ効果については,まだ明らかになっていな , けでなく (それぞれ-4.9%および-6.5%) (p >0.05) い。PD における rTMS の治療上の価値および/または 非刺激半球の被殻および尾状核領域でも低下していた プラセボ効果を検討するため,PD 患者 9 例に rTMS を (それぞれ- 6.6%,p > 0.05 および- 12.1%,p = 2 回実施し,その前後で Unified Parkinson’ s Disease 0.049) 。UPDRS PartⅠ (運動)のスコアは有意に低下 Ⅰ Ⅰ Rating Scale(UPDRS)PartⅠ (運動)のスコアおよび Ⅰ Ⅰ していた(35.0 ± 14.1 から 32.0 ± 13.4 に低下,p 11 C-raclopride PET による総細胞外ドパミン濃度を比 = 0.049) 。一側 rTMS により非刺激側の腹側線条体に 較した。薬効 off 期の連続 2 日間,周波数 5 Hz の刺激 おいて raclopride BP が低下したことから,rTMS 施行 15 回からなる rTMS(強度:安静時運動閾値の 90%) 中にプラセボ反応が生じることが示された。 Movement Disorders Vol. 23, No. 2, 2008, pp. 207-211 Key Word 反復経頭蓋磁気刺激,11C-raclopride PET,パーキンソン病,プラセボ効果 22 Abstract 208 J.Y. KIM ET AL. TABLE 1. Subjects Age (yr) Disease duration (yr) H-Y stage Medication 1 2 3 Female Male Male 53 64 54 6 2 6 Left Right Left 2 1 2 4 5 6 Female Male Male 40 67 68 2 11 6 Left Right Left 2 3 2 7 Male 43 3 Left 2 8 Female 53 8 Right 2 9 Female 60 4 Left 3 Drug naive Ropinirole, 3 mg/day Levodopa, 600 mg/day Ropinirole, 3 mg/day Levodopa, 300 mg/day Levodopa, 600 mg/day Levodopa, 450 mg/day Ropinirole, 6 mg/day Levodopa, 300 mg/day Ropinirole, 3 mg/day Levodopa, 150 mg/day Ropinirole, 1.5 mg/day Levodopa, 300 mg/day Ropinirole, 3 mg/day 55.8 10.0 5.3 3.0 Mean SD Sex Clinical data of the enrolled Parkinson’s disease patients Male: 5 Female: 4 More affected side Right: 3 Left: 6 2.1 0.5 H-Y stage, Hoehn and Yahr stage. SD, standard deviation. 1. Following overnight withdrawal of antiparkinsonian medication, motor sections of unified PD rating scale (UPDRS III) scores11 were evaluated and [11C] raclopride PET scans were performed to provide baseline data. Within 24 hours after baseline raclopride PET scans, participants underwent the first session of rTMS to 10 the contralateral side of MC to the more severely af8 fected extremities, i.e., showing severe rigidity, bradykinesia, or resting tremor (hereafter referred to as the more 6 severely symptomatic hemisphere). The following day, 4 the second session of rTMS was administered. Antiparkinsonian medication was withdrawn throughout the 2 study. Immediately after the second stimulation, UPDRS 0 baseline rTMS werebaseline study car- rTMS III scores and the [11C] raclopride PET stim-putamen stim-caudate ried out to provide poststimulation data. [11C] Raclopride PET Scans % change RAC BP [11C] RAC BF PET scans were performed in three-dimensional (3D) mode using an Advance PET scanner (GE Medical Systems, Milwaukee, WI) with an average in-plane resolution of 4.5-mm full width at half-maximum. Patients were positioned in the scanner with heads aligned parallel to the orbitomental line using a laser beam. Transmission scans for attenuation correction were obtained over 10 minutes using a rotating 68Ge rod before emission scan acquisitions. At the start of each PET scan (the baseline data, before rTMS; the poststimulation data, 5 minutes after the end of the second rTMS session), patients received a slow bolus intravenous injection of baseline baseline[11 rTMS C] of raclopride. Sequential 28 from 10 rTMS to 20 mCi non-stim-putamen non-stim-caudate emission scan frames of increasing length were then acquired over 60 minutes starting at the time of injection. 0 All emission scans were reconstructed using 3D filtered Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation -5 back projection using a Hamming filter. rTMS was carried out using a Magstim stimulator (2.2 -10 Raclopride binding potentials (BPs) of the caudate and T) through a figure-eight coil during off-medication on 2 -15 putamen were extracted with spherical regions of interconsecutive days. TMS was delivered through a figure-20 ests and calculated using a simplified reference tissue eight coil oriented so that the induced electrical current -25 (cerebellum) method to measure changes in BP.12,13 A flowed in a posterior–anterior direction over the hand FIG. 1. On the top, [11C] raclopride BP (baseline and reduction in [11 C]following raclopride BP in the caudate and area of MC corresponding to rTMS), more from severely affected the caudate and putamen of the stimulated and nonstimuputaminal areas after to the MC suggests an inextremities. rTMS intensities were 90% of resting motor with spherical regions of interestsrTMS lated hemispheres, extracted and crease in the amount of intrinsic striatal dopamine. calculated usingwhich a simplified threshold for the abductor pollicis brevis, wasreference tissue (cerebellum) method to measure changes in BP. On the bottom, the figure displays the per- determined as the minimum intensity that produced at centage changes in [11C] raclopride BP for the stimulated (black bar) least five motor evoked potentials amplitude(gray exceedandof nonstimulated bar) hemispheres. The magnitude ofStatistical change in Analysis was significant in the caudate All of nonstimulated hemisphere ing 100 V. rTMS blocks werebinding delivered 10 minutes data are presented as mean standard deviation. (P 0.05 by Wilcoxon signed rank test). apart in the scanner prior to image acquisition. During SPSS (version 12.0) for Windows (SPSS, Chicago, IL) each of the two sessions, each block consisted of 15 was used for the statistical analysis. The Wilcoxon 5-pulse trains of 1 second duration (i.e. 5 Hz) with signed rank test was used to assess differences in raclopride BPs and part III UPDRS scores before and after intertrain intervals of 10 seconds. Movement Disorders, Vol. 23, No. 2, 2008 23 パーキンソン病患者における鏡像運動 Mirror Movements in Patients with Parkinson’s Disease * Donatella Ottaviani, MD, Dorina Tiple, MD, Antonio Suppa, MD, Carlo Colosimo, MD, Giovanni Fabbrini, MD, Massimo Cincotta, MD, Giovanni Defazio, MD, and Alfredo Berardelli, MD * Department of Neurological Sciences and Neuromed Institute (IRCCS), “La Sapienza” University of Rome, Rome, Italy 鏡像運動(mirror movement; MM)とは,一側の随意 に一側性であった。パーキンソン徴侯が一側性の場合, 運動時に反対側の同一身体領域にみられる不随意運動 MM は常に健側に生じ,パーキンソン徴侯が両側性の場 の こ と で あ る。 本 研 究 の 目 的 は,パ ー キ ン ソ ン 病 合,MM は障害の弱い側に認められた。MM がみられ (Parkinson’ s disease; PD)患者 274 例および健常被 た PD 患者は,MM のない患者に比べ,Hohen and 験者 100 例の任意抽出サンプルにおいて MM の発現頻 Yahr(HY)分類のスコアが有意に低かった。同様に, 度と分布を比較し,MM と PD 臨床像との関連性を検討 Woods and Teuber scale のスコアで判定した MM の することである。手部の MM を Woods and Teuber 程度と HY 分類の間にも,有意な逆相関が認められた(r scale に従ってスコア化した。MM の発現頻度は,PD 。PD 患者ではおそらく,パーキ =- 0.16,p < 0.01) 患者の方が健常被験者よりも低かった(29%対 71%, ンソン徴侯をもたらす病態生理学的機序と運動の左右 p < 0.0001) 。MM の分布も両群で異なり,健常被験 差が生じる機序とが複雑に相互作用し,これに伴い MM 者群では両側性の場合が多かったが,PD 患者群では常 の発現頻度が低くなっていると考えられる。 Movement Disorders Vol. 23, No. 2, 2008, pp. 253-258 Key Word 運動系,運動,パーキンソン病 24 NTS WITH PARKINSONS DISEASE or both M. der, PD healthy wer freand sex tion beds ratio 3; P subjects nsonian on the bilateral, fingers tasks Teuber le 2). In d more healthy ale gave in both gnificant ge (r und with were obWoods y higher whereas ures did MM. In patients 56/173 disease nts with sidering mirror healthy P value 0.001 0.27 0.0001 0.0001 ann-Whit- Abstract 255 TABLE 2. Distribution of the Woods and Teuber scale scores for mirror movements in the various tasks in patients with Parkinson’s disease and healthy subjects Woods and Teuber scale Task 1: tapping the thumb against the index finger Score 1 Score 2 Score 3 Score 4 Task 2: finger-thumb opposition Score 1 Score 2 Score 3 Score 4 Task 3: hand opening-closing Score 1 Score 2 Score 3 Score 4 Task 4: First dorsal interosseous muscle isometric contraction Score 1 Score 2 Score 3 Score 4 Parkinsonian patients Healthy subjects 29 4 0 0 32 12 0 0 51 17 0 0 74 35 3 0 29 11 6 1 37 8 0 0 22 6 0 0 19 8 1 0 P 0.16 0.24 0.02 0.32 2 test(Fisher exact test when appropriate). patients staging 4 –5 on the HY scale as a reference, and adjusting for age, sex, duration of disease, and presence of clinical fluctuations/dyskinesias, there was a significant association of MM with both PD patients staging 1–1.5 (adjusted OR, 5.3; 95% confidence interval, 1.2– 23; P 0.025) and PD patients staging 2–3 (adjusted OR, 5.4; 95% confidence interval, 1.5–19; P 0.009). None of the adjusted ORs for the other examined parkinsonian features reached the level of statistical significance (data not shown). In the PD population, there was a significant inverse correlation between the overall Woods and Teuber score and HY staging (r 0.16, P 0.01) and disease duration (r 0.15, P 0.02). No correlation was observed with age (r 0.09, P 0.13), sex (r 0.01, P 0.86), and presence of clinical fluctuations (r 0.05, P 0.4) or dyskinesias (r 0.09, P 0.13). Similar findings were observed when considering the various tasks of the Woods and Teuber score separately (not shown). EMG Study ANOVA with “Group”, “APB performing movement” and “APB at rest” as main factors of analysis showed no significant effect of factor “Group” (F(2,27) 0,81; P 0.46) demonstrating that for both hands EMG back- Movement Disorders, Vol. 23, No. 2, 2008 256 D. OTTAVIANI ET AL TABLE 3. Demographic and clinical characteristics of Parkinson’s disease patients with and without mirror movements Number Sex (men/women) Mean age (years) SD Mean disease duration (years) SD UPDRS (mean SD) Tremor Rigidity Bradykinesia Hoehn-Yahr staging (%) 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 4 5 Mean SD Levodopa treatment Number of patients (%) Daily dose (mg) Duration (months) Dopamine agonist treatment Number of patients (%) Duration Motor fluctuations (%) Dyskinesia (%) Parkinson’s disease patients with mirror movements Parkinson’s disease patients without mirror movements P values 76 45/31 67.6 8.2 186 108/78 69.3 9.3 0.86 0.17 6.9 5.7 8.3 5.7 0.072 2.9 3 6.1 2.7 10.3 4.5 3.1 3.3 6.1 3.2 10.7 4.9 0.34 0.43 0.53 9 (12%) 8 (10%) 29 (38%) 14 (18%) 13 (17%) 3 (4%) 0 (0%) 3.3 1.3 15 (8%) 17 (9%) 61 (33%) 20 (11%) 36 (19%) 33 (18%) 4 (2%) 3.9 1.5 57 (75%) 518 269 67 67 150 (80%) 567 290 78 66 0.31 0.27 0.29 40 (52%) 39 46 30 (39%) 18 (24%) 85 (46%) 34 45 82 (44%) 63 (34%) 0.31 0.52 0.5 0.32 0.042 0.003 P by 2 test(Fisher’s exact test when appropriate) and Mann-Whitney U test. ground was similar in both APB muscles and in all groups of subjects. Between-group ANOVA with “Group” and “APB performing movement” as main factors of analysis testing EMG mirror showed a significant mirror A significa in healt Ratio m patients with MM MMclin; MMclin P 0.01 vs. ratio 0.74). This i MM as healthy found a in case p No prior unselect reliable subjects. increase ing age. creased age in o The fr ering all reported of PD p ease.13,14 unilatera an inver mirrorin 25subjects, tients M パーキンソン病における衝動性と衝動制御障害の関連性 The Relationship Between Impulsivity and Impulse Control Disorders in Parkinson’s Disease * Ioannis U. Isaias, MD, Chiara Siri, PhD, Roberto Cilia, MD, Danilo De Gaspari, MS, Gianni Pezzoli, MD, and Angelo Antonini, MD * Parkinson Institute, Istituti Clinici di Perfezionamento, Milan, Italy パーキンソン病(Parkinson’ s disease; PD)患者では, 対 照 被 験 者 の 20 %(20/100 例 ) で,MIDI ま た は ドパミン作動性薬剤に関連して様々な行動障害が起こる SOGS スコアに衝動制御障害を示す異常行動が 1 つ以 と考えられ,近年この問題が認識されるようになってい , 強迫性 (p <0.001) , 上認められた。衝動性 (p =0.006) る。本研究では,安定用量のドパミンアゴニストおよび 抑うつ(p < 0.001)のスコアは,対照群よりも PD 群 レボドパ(L—ドパ)投与を受け,認知機能が正常である で高かった。PD 群において衝動性,強迫性,抑うつの 連続した PD 患者 50 例と健常対照被験者 100 例を対 各スコアの相関性は認められなかった。PD 群では,男 象に,強迫的な性行動・強迫的買物行動・間欠性爆発性 性で衝動性スコア高値の場合に MIDI で衝動制御障害と 障害は Minnesota Impulsive Disorders Interview (MIDI) 判定される確率が上昇したが,ドパミン作動性薬剤の用 で, 病的賭博は South Oaks Gambling Screen(SOGS) 量や種類との間に関連は認められなかった。衝動制御 で,衝動性は Barratt Impulsiveness Scale で,強迫性 障害は対照群でも多くみられた。高い衝動性や抑うつと は Maudsley Obsessional-Compulsive Inventory で, いった患者個人の感受性因子により,安定したドパミン 抑うつは Geriatric Depression Scale でそれぞれ評価し 補充療法を受ける PD 患者の異常行動が増加すると考え た。全体として,PD 患者の 28%(14/50 例)と健常 られる。 Movement Disorders Vol. 23, No. 3, 2008, pp. 411-415 Key Word パーキンソン病,衝動制御障害,衝動性,強迫性 26 Abstract IMPULSE CONTROL DISORDERS IN PD 413 TABLE 1. Number of PD patients and healthy controls (male patients in brackets) with ICDs and domain distribution 11A was higher in both PD men and women with ICDs IMPULSE CONTROL DISORDERS IN PD (Table 2). In the healthy control cohort (Table 2) BIS-11A and Number of PD patients and scores healthywere controls ICDs scales PD TABLE 1. Controls 11A was higher both PD men and w GDS-15 higher in subjects with ICDs.inHow(male patients in brackets) ever, with ICDs andrelated domaindifferences were (Table 2). only for men gender found MIDI CB 5 (1) 9 (1) distribution MIDI ED 1 6 (2) In the healthy control cohort (Table but not for women. MIDI CS 2 (1) 1 (1) ICDs scales PD Controls GDS-15 scores were higher in subjects w All subjects were classified as having a PS below or SOGS 1 1 ever,balance gender related were fou above of PD differences and CB CS 2 (2) MIDI CB0 5 (1) the median. 9 (1) Given the good CB ED 1 (1) MIDI ED1 (1) 1 6 (2) but not sub-sample, for women. this healthy controls in the above-median ED CS 0 MIDI CS1 (1) 2 (1) 1 (1) subjects the weretwo classified as havin was preferred 1 for comparisonsAllbetween CB CS ED 0 SOGS 1 (1) 1 CB CS SOGS 1 (1) above the median. Given CB CS0 2 (2) 0 groups. In this sub-sample the incidence of ICDs was the good bal CB ED SOGS 1 (1) CB ED0 1 (1) (1) in The the above-median s 35.1% in PD 11 and 20.6% in healthy healthy controls controls. ED CS 0 (1) was (14.5%; preferred comparisons bet difference between P for 0.17) MIDI, Minnesota Impulsive Disorders Interview; compulsive CB CB, CS ED 0 1 (1) the two groups buying; ED, intermittent explosive disorder; CS, sexual CB compulsive CS SOGS 1 (1) magnified0 with respect togroups. In this sub-sample the inciden was that observed in the behavior; SOGS, South Oaks Gambling Screen: gamCB (pathological ED SOGS 1 (1) 0 35.1% in PD and 20.6% in healthy overall sample (8%), even though in both cases the bling). difference between the two groups (14 MIDI, Minnesota Impulsive Disorders Interview; CB, size compulsive limited sample did not allow to reach statistical buying; ED, intermittent explosive disorder; CS, compulsive sexual was magnified with respect to that o significance. behavior; SOGS, South Oaks Gambling Screen: (pathological gamoverall in sample (8%), even though in The logistic regression performed PD patients bling). at multiple ICDs, subjects (3/20%–15%) were positive limited sample size did not allow to showed male gender and higher BIS-11A score as the all of them were men (Table 1). significance. only factors associated with increased probability of ocAmong ICD positive PD patients, 8 were taking regression performed currenceatofmultiple at least one ICD. On theThe basislogistic of the resulting pramipexole of a total of 32 patients, ropinirole of 4were positive subjects1 (3/20%–15%) ICDs, showed male gender and higher BIS-1 model, we calculated a cut-off value for BIS-11A (score patients, 4 cabergoline of 11 patients, pergolide all of and them1 were men of (Table 1). only factors associated When applied to PD, this cut-off selected 33with increased p 3 patients. Among ICD positive PD 44). patients, 8 were taking currence at least oneinICD. On the basi patients (66%) including patientsofwith ICDs BIS-11A and GDS-15 scores pramipexole were higher in withof 32 patients, of PD a total 1 ropinirole of 412 of 14 model, we calculated a cut-off value for the whole group (85%). ICDs while MOCI did not differ. In addition the BIS-of 11 patients, patients, 4 cabergoline andPD 1 pergolide of 44). When applied to PD, this cut3 patients. patients (66%) including 12 of 14 patien BIS-11A and GDS-15 scores were higher in PD with the disorders whole PD group (85%). Table 2. Parkinson’s ICDs diseasewhile patients and healthy and without MOCI did notcontrols differ. with In addition the impulse BIS- control PD patients Men, no (%) Age (yr) Education (yr) BIS–11A BIS–11A men BIS–11A women GDS–15 MOCI PD duration (yr) Total LEDD (mg/day) Time on therapy (mo) UPDRS III All patients (n 50) ICDs positive (n 14) ICDs negative (n 36) P value Table7 (50%) 2. Parkinson’s disease patients and healthy controls with and without impulse control disor 24 (67%) 0.02 31 (62%) 65 (9) 60 (9) 47–76 65 (9) 51–80 0.04 All patients 9 (4) 10 (5) 5–17 9 (4) ICDs positive5–17 0.64 ICDs negative (n 36) PD patients (n 50) (n 14) 50.4 (11.7) 57.5 (10) 38–75 47.6 (11.3) 32–76 0.006 53 (11) Men, no61.1 53–75 30–76 0.0224 (67%) (%) (7) 31 (62%) 50.7 (11) 7 (50%) 45 (11) Age (yr)53.8 (11.7) 38–70 41.2 (9.1) 32–347–76 0.0265 (9) 65 (9) 60 (9) 51–80 4.3 (3.4)Education6.0 1–139 (4) 3.6 (3) 0–125–17 0.02 9 (4) (yr)(3.7) 10 (5) 5–17 7 (5) BIS–11A 8.5 (4) 3–16 (5.3)(10) 0–19 0.247.6 (11.3) 50.4 (11.7) 6.557.5 38–75 32–76 9 (5) BIS–11A men 9 (5) 4–24 861.1 (5) (7) 1–26 0.69 53 (11) 53–75 50.7 (11) 30–76 631 (280)BIS–11A656 (252) 290–1250 62253.8 (294)(11.7) 250–1205 0.741.2 (9.1) women 45 (11) 38–70 32–3 71.7 (63.7) 13–286 73 (61) 12–312 0.8 3.6 (3) GDS–15 68 (71) 4.3 (3.4) 6.0 (3.7) 1–13 0–12 18.2 (6.3)MOCI 16.7 (6) 6–267 (5) 18.8 (6.4) 5–303–16 0.3 6.5 (5.3) 8.5 (4) 0–19 PD duration (yr) 9 (5) 9 (5) 4–24 8 (5) 1–26 Total LEDD (mg/day) 631 (280) 656 (252) 290–1250 622 (294) 250–1205 All subjects Time on therapy 68 negative (71) 13–286 73 (61) 12–312 Healthy controls (n 100) ICDs (mo) positive (n 71.7 20) (63.7) ICDs (n 80) P value UPDRS III 18.2 (6.3) 16.7 (6) 6–26 18.8 (6.4) 5–30 Men, no (%) 47 (47%) 7 (35%) 40 (50%) 0.3 Age (yr) 61 (9) 55 (7) 41–67 63 (9) 40–80 0.001 All subjects Education (yr) 11 (5) (5) 5–17 10 (5) ICDs positive 5–17 0.14 ICDs negative (n 80) Healthy12controls (n 100) (n 20) BIS–11A 46 (9.5) 51.2 (9) 36–66 44.1 (9.3) 32–67 0.003 BIS–11A men 44.7 (9.7)Men, no53.3 36–58 31–64 0.007 (%) (7.8) 47 (47%) 43.3 (8.7) 7 (35%) 40 (50%) BIS–11A women 47 (9.2)Age (yr)50.1 (9.5) 40–66 46.0 (9.7) 32–67 0.1963 (9) 61 (9) 55 (7) 41–67 40–80 GDS–15 2.5 (2.6)Education3.8 0–9 2 (2.5) 0–135–17 0.008 (yr)(2.8) 11 (5) 12 (5) 10 (5) 5–17 MOCI 3.7 (3.8)BIS–11A n.a. n.a. 46 (9.5) 51.2 (9) 36–66 44.1 (9.3) 32–67 BIS–11A men 44.7 (9.7) 53.3 (7.8) 36–58 43.3 (8.7) 31–64 Values are expressed as mean, standard deviation, and range (unless otherwise P values refer to ICDs positive46.0 vs. (9.7) BIS–11A women 47 (9.2) indicated); 50.1 (9.5) 40–66 32–67 negative sub-scores. GDS–15 2.5 (2.6) 3.8 (2.8) 0–9 2 (2.5) 0–13 Abbreviations are described in the text. MOCI 3.7 (3.8) n.a. n.a. Values are expressed as mean, standard deviation, and range (unless otherwise indicated); P values refer to ICDs negative sub-scores. Abbreviations are described in the text. Movement Disorders, Vol. 23, No. 3, 2008 Movement Disorder 27 パーキンソン病患者の深部脳刺激に関する多施設共同試験: 術後 4 年時点における有害事象報告の独立評価 Multicenter Study on Deep Brain Stimulation in Parkinson’s Disease: An Independent Assessment of Reported Adverse Events at 4 Years *, ** Marwan I. Hariz, MD, PhD, Stig Rehncrona, MD, PhD, Niall P. Quinn, MD, Johannes D. Speelman, MD, PhD, Carin Wensing, and the Multicentre Advanced Parkinson’s Disease Deep Brain Stimulation Group * Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience and Movement Disorders, Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, United Kingdom Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital, Umeå, Sweden ** 8 施設による多施設共同試験で, 視床下核(subthalamic DBS を受けた患者の 35%で 8 件報告された。AE の多 nucleus; STN) (49 例)または淡蒼球内節(internal くは重度とは判定されず, 「刺激時と非刺激時の両方で」 globus pallidus; GPi) (20 例)への深部脳刺激(deep 発現することが報告されていた。AE の大部分は,発語, brain stimulation; DBS)を受けた進行期パーキンソン 歩行,バランスばかりでなく,認知・精神・行動機能に 病(Parkinson’ s disease; PD)患者 69 例を対象に, も影響を与え,それらの多くは STN DBS を受けた患者 術後 4 年で認められる持続的な有害事象(adverse に認められた。AE が発現した患者と発現しなかった患 event; AE)を独立した専門委員会が解析した。ベース 者を比較すると,STN DBS 群では,AE を発現した患 ライン時には患者の年齢,性別,罹病期間,病状にほと 者は罹病期間が長く,ベースライン時における歩行障害 んど差はみられず,追跡調査期間中も同様であった。 と精神障害がより高度であった。 AE は STN DBS を受けた患者の 53%で 64 件,GPi- Movement Disorders Vol. 23, No. 3, 2008, pp. 416-421 Key Word 有害事象,深部脳刺激,淡蒼球,パーキンソン病,視床下核 28 Abstract M.I. HARIZ ET AL. where no evidence of normal distribuFor this reason, the test used was always c Wilcoxon (Mann–Whitney) test. All ne using SAS software version 8.02 or variables, counts were presented torelative frequencies as percentages. A ered significant when the accompanyless than 0.05. RESULTS the results of DBS with respect to mptoms and signs, it is referred to the paper.2 In summary, at 4-years followon unified Parkinson’s disease rating art III (motor scores) had improved in ts by 50% and in GPi DBS patients by ith baseline. Dopaminergic medication y in the STN DBS group. Dyskinesias antly in both groups. e-Related Adverse Events S patients and one GPi DBS patient al surgery to treat device-related comfracture, infection of the connection n erosion, or infection at the site of the atients, infection of the device led to f DBS. During the follow-up period, 6 patients (12.2%) and eight of 20 GPi %) had stimulator replacement because life, which may be an expression of the n parameters used in the GPi group.2 TABLE 2. Distribution and details of adverse events (AEs) at 4 years in patients with STN and GPi DBS No of patients No. (%) of patients with AE Total no. of AE Cognition/memory decline, psychiatric disturbances Depression/apathy/anxiety mood disturbance Hypersexuality Speech difficulties/dysphonia/dysarthria Dysphagia Dysequilibrium/falls/balance disturbances Gait disorders Dystonia/cramps/pain/tightness Dyskinesias Sleep disorders Increased PD symptoms Motor fluctuations Weakness/fatigue/decreased endurance Eyelid-opening apraxia Drooling Orthostatism Double vision Pain Paresis Bone fracture STN DBS GPi DBS 49 26 (53%) 64 20 7 (35%) 8 No. of AE (%) No. of AE (%) 12 (18.8) 1 (12.5) 3 (4.7) 1 (1.5) 0 1 (12.5) 9 (14.1) 3 (4.7) 1 (12.5) 0 8 (12.5) 9 (14.1) 1 (1.5) 1 (1.5) 2 (3.1) 1 (1.5) 1 (1.5) 2 (3.1) 2 (3.1) 2 (3.1) 1 (1.5) 1 (1.5) 2 (3.1) 1 (1.5) 2 (3.1) 0 0 1 (12.5) 1 (12.5) 1 (12.5) 1 (12.5) 0 0 1 (12.5) 0 0 0 0 0 0 chosen by clinicians to receive GPi DBS had more severe dyskinesias than those selected for STN DBS. At ADVERSE EVENTS OF DBS IN STN AND GPI 4-years follow-up, levodopa equivalent doses were sigvice-Related Adverse Events nificantly (P 0.0001) higher in patients with GPi DBS orty-nine (53%) STN DBS patients had TABLE 3. Distribution of the events (AEs) in patients with STN and GPi DBS, according to severity than in adverse those with STN DBS. , and 7 of 20 (35%) GPi patients had a STN patients GPi patients Comparison Between Patients with and Without s. In both groups, the majority of the Adverse Events Mild Moderate Severe Mild Moderate reported as being unrelated to stimulaNo. (%) No. (%) No. (%) No. (%) No. (%) nt both with and without stimulation.” The characteristics of patients who developed AEs as Cognition/memory decline, psychiatric disturbances 4 (8) 7 (14.3) 1 (2) 1 (5) 0 f follow-up visits varied considerably compared with those who did not were analyzed in both Depression/apathy/anxiety mood disturbance 0 3 (6) 0 0 0 Also, the various AEs (that were by groups with respect0 to age, response to L-dopa Hypersexuality 0 1 (2)at base- 1 (5) 0 going at 4 years) appeared at a variable line, axial symptoms (rising from Speech difficulties/dysphonia/dysarthria 2 (4) 3 (6) chair, postural 4 (8) stabil- 0 0 Dysphagia 1 (2)swallowing), 1 (2) and with1 (2) 0 gery (mean 673 days postoperatively, ity, gait, speech, and respect to 0 Dysequilibrium/falls/balance disturbances 2 (4) 5 (10.2) 1 (2) 0 0 239 –1527 days). Table 2 shows the items of UPDRS part Gait disorders 2 (4)I. There 3was (6) no difference 4 (8) in age 0 0 mber, and percentage of AEs for each between patients with with patients with- 0 Dystonia/cramps/pain/tightness 1 (2)AEs compared 0 0 0 Dyskinesias 0 1 (2) in the STN 0 0 ble 3 shows the distribution of AEs in out AEs in either group. However, group, 0 Sleep disorders 1 (2) 1 (2) 0 0 1 (5) p according toIncreased the severity of the AE. depression, thought 0disorders, rising from chair PD symptoms 0 1 (2)and gait 0 0 were more affected at those patients Motor fluctuations 0 baseline in 1 (2) 0 who later 0 0 etween Patients with STN DBS andenduranceexhibited AEs at 4-years Weakness/fatigue/decreased 1 (2) follow-up. 1 (2) Furthermore, 0 0 in the 0 Blepharospasm/eyelid-opening apraxia 1 (2) 0 1 (2) 0 0 atients with GPi DBS STN DBS group there in L-dopa Drooling 0 was no difference 1 (2) 1 (2) equiv- 0 0 alent doses between characteristics and clinical values of the Orthostatism 0 patients 0with and without 1 (2) AEs. 0 0 vision between the 1 (2) difference 0in disease 0 0 However, there was0 a significant aseline, the onlyDouble difference Pain 0 2 (4) 0 0 0 duration between the0 STN DBS1 (2) patients with0AEs (16.9 0 in the severity of dyskinesias: those Paresis 0 Bone fracture 0 0 2 (4) 0 0 419 Severe No. (%) 0 0 0 1 (5) 0 0 0 1 (5) 1 (5) 0 1 (5) 0 0 1 (5) 0 0 0 0 0 0 l. 23, No. 3, 2008 years) as compared with those without AEs (14.1 year; P 0.042). Also, the percentage of improvement “onstimulation on-medication” in UPDRS III (motor) of STN DBS patients with AEs was lower than in those without AEs (P 0.037). 2. Most AEs affected patients’ cognitive and pyschiatric status, speech, postural stability, and gait. 3. AEs occurred in a greater proportion of patients who had STN DBS than those who had GPi DBS. 4. In the STN DBS group, patients with AEs had a 29 振戦優位型パーキンソン症候群:臨床像と LRRK2 遺伝子変 異スクリーニング Tremor Dominant Parkinsonism: Clinical Description and LRRK2 Mutation Screening * Jordi Clarimón, PhD, Javier Pagonabarraga, MD, Coro Paisán-Ruíz, PhD, Antonia Campolongo, BSc, Berta Pascual-Sedano, MD, PhD, JoséFélix Martí-Massó, MD, PhD, Andrew B. Singleton, PhD, and Jaime Kulisevsky, MD, PhD * Memory Unit, Alzheimer’s Laboratory, and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (CIBERNED), Neurology Department, Sant Pau Hospital, Barcelona, Spain 振戦優位型パーキンソン症候群(tremor dominant が全患者に最も強い苦痛および運動障害をもたらしてい parkinsonism; TDP)の特徴として,安静時および動作 たが,一方,患者の大半では固縮および/または動作緩 時振戦が初期から顕著であること,パーキンソン徴候が 慢は臨床的に問題となることはなかった。また,本研究 軽度であること,薬物療法への反応性が予測できないこ では全患者において,leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 と,特発性パーキンソン病(idiopathic Parkinson’ s (LRRK2 )遺伝子の全コーディング領域をシークエンシ disease; PD)よりも予後が良好であることが挙げられ ングした。解析の結果,新規に検出された Val2390Met る。本研究では,TDP 患者 26 例の臨床像と長期経過 変異は,他の 864 の染色体には認められなかった。今 を報告する。平均罹病期間は 6.5 ± 3 年であり,患者 回の結果から,LRRK2 変異に伴う臨床像は多彩である の 61.5%に振戦の家族歴が認められ,73%は薬物療法 ことが示唆された。また,TDP は PD スペクトル内に を 必 要 と し な か っ た。 ま た, 患 者 の 65.4 % で は 含まれる 1 つのサブタイプであり,主な特徴として,運 123 I-Ioflupane SPECT で線条体のトレーサ取り込みが 動障害を伴う振戦を除けばパーキンソン徴候が軽度で 低下しており,嗅覚識別検査では検査した全例(22 例) あること,および予後が良好であることが挙げられる。 で異常が認められた。動作時および安静時振戦の合併 Movement Disorders Vol. 23, No. 4, 2008, pp. 518-523 Key Word 振戦優位型パーキンソン症候群,パーキンソン,振戦,LRRK2 30 520 Abstract J. CLARIMÓN ET AL. TABLE 1. Demographic and clinical characteristics of the patients. Patient N/Gender Age at onset Family history 1/F 2/M 3/F 4/F 5/F 6/F 7/F 8/M 9/F 10/F 11/M 12/F 13/F 14/M 15/M 16/F 17/F 18/M 19/F 20/F 21/F 22/M 23/F 24/M 25/M 26/M 72 54 73 61 65 61 67 57 72 58 75 75 72 58 65 60 68 74 73 77 70 66 65 63 52 83 No Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes No Yes No No Yes Yes No No Yes No Yes Yes No Yes Yes Initial symptoms* ATT ATT ATT ATT RTT ATT ATT ATT RTT ATT ATT RTT ATT ATT RTT ATT RTT ATT ATT RTT ATT ATT RTT ATT ATTRTT ATTRTT ATT ATT ATT RTT ATT ATT RTT ATT RTT ATT Time to1st visit (yr) Follow up (yr) Clinical examination** UPDRS-III 1st visit Tot/TS/ PIGD (Rt) UPDRS-III Last visit Tot/ TS/PIGD (Rt) DAT*** 5 5 2 2 7 4 1 10 5 6 3 2 5 2 2 7 5 1 3 2 1 1 10 1 1 3 6 7 3 6 10 6 6 14 10 11 5 3 7 3 4 6 7 3 6 4 2 7 13 9 6 5 RT,AT,R RT,AT,R,B RT,AT RT,AT RT,AT,R,B RT,AT RT,AT RT,AT,R RT,AT,B RT,AT,R,B RT,AT,R,B RT,AT,R RT,AT RT,AT RT,AT,R,B RT,AT,R,B RT,AT,R RT,AT,B RT,AT,B RT,AT,B RT,AT,R,B RT,AT,R,B RT,AT,B RT,AT,R,B RT,AT,R,B RT,AT 7/6/0 (1.5) 5/5/0 (1.5) 3/3/0 (1.5) 6/4/0 (1.5) 4/4/0 (1.5) 6/6/0 (1.5) 4/4/0 (1.5) 4/4/0 (1.5) 8/8/0 (1.5) 5/5/0 (1.5) 7/7/0 (1.5) 8/7/1 (1.5) 2/2/0 (1.5) 5/5/0 (1.5) 4/4/0 (1.5) 5/5/0 (1.5) 3/3/0 (1.5) 7/7/0 (1.5) 4/4/0 (1.5) 3/3/0 (1.5) 4/4/0 (1.5) 7/7/0 (1.5) 5/5/0 (1.5) 5/5/0 (1.5) 6/6/0 (1.5) 3/3/0 (1.5) 10/8/0 (1.5) 18/6/1 (1.5) 5/5/0 (1.5) 10/6/0 (1.5) 20/7/2 (1.5) 12/9/0 (1.5) 6/6/0 (1.5) 9/7/1 (1.5) 19/8/2 (1.5) 18/8/2 (1.5) 14/8/1 (1.5) 18/7/2 (1.5) 4/4/0 (1.5) 10/7/0 (1.5) 16/8/1 (1.5) 18/9/2 (1.5) 13/7/1 (1.5) 12/7/2 (1.5) 7/7/0 (1.5) 8/7/1 (1.5) 9/6/1 (1.5) 18/9/2 (1.5) 17/8/1 (1.5) 8/5/0 (1.5) 14/8/1 (1.5) 9/9/0 (1.5) N A N N A N N A A A N A N A A /A A N N A A A A A A A Hyposmia Yes Yes NA Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes NA Yes Yes NA Yes NA Yes Yes Yes Yes *Initial symptoms were referred by the patients. ATT: action-type tremor; RTT: resting-type tremor. **Clinical examination refers to the last visit. RT: resting tremor; AT: action tremor; R: rigidity; B: Bradykinesia. ***Altered (A) or not altered (N) SPECT. UPDRS-III Tot, total UPDRS-III score; TS, tremor score (mean postural and action tremor scores of both hands and feet in UPDRS-III); PIGD, postural instability and gait disturbances score (mean gait and postural instability scores in UPDRS III); Rt, ratio TS/PIGD. the disease, bradykinesia appeared in fourteen patients (53.8%) and rigidity in 14 patients (53.8%). Co-occurrence of bradykinesia and rigidity was found in 10 patients (38.5%). Combined AT and RT continued to be the Clinical Examination at First Visit most annoying and disabling symptom in all the patients, At first clinical visit, combined action (AT) and RT in whereas rigidity and/or bradykinesia were clinically irboth hands was documented in 23 patients A (88%), and relevant or not present in most of them. Only three was symmetric in 12 of them (52%). Three patients individuals presented significant bradykinesia or rigidity. (12%) showed bilateral and asymmetric AT in both Although treatment with levodopa (L-dopa) was initiated hands with unilateral RT in the most affected hand. in all the patients with up to a daily dose of 600 mg, drug Three patients with AT and RT in both hands also response was achieved in only three cases. Treatment showed AT and RT in the lower limbs. Amplitude of AT with propranolol up to a daily dose of 120 mg was and RT was similar in 16 patients (60%), while AT was attempted in 80% of the sample, but AT improved in greater in six patients (24%), and tremor was greater at only one individual. During the follow-up, 19 patients rest in four (16%). Mild generalized bradykinesia was (73%) did not receive any treatment. Absence of renoted in only two patients, and mild rigidity in one arm Cys va12390Met sponseHis to previous medications and mildness of sympwas observed in one patient. None of the patients showed toms, prompted the patients not to use any medication. unilateral tremor. Intentional tremor, B when present, was In all the patients the ratio of the tremor score (mean less or as intense as postural tremor in all the patients. Homo_sapiens postural and action tremor scores of both hands and feet Pan_troglodytes Rattus_norvergicus Clinical Examination and Response to Treatment at Mus_musculus in UPDRS subscale III) between the postural instability Last VisitCanis_familiaris Gallus_gallus and gait difficulties (PIGD) score (mean gait and postural Xenopus_laevis instability scores in UPDRS III) was 1.5 in both the The last clinical visit occurred aTetraodon meannigroviridis of 6.5 3 years FIG. 1. (A)the Electropherograms showing thelast LRRK2 sefirst and visit,exon thus48accomplishing suggested criteria [range, 2–14] after symptom onset. During course of RTT in the left hand. No patient was complaining of slowness, gait disturbance, or speech problems at disease onset. Movement Disorders, Vol. 23, No. 4, 2008 quences flanking the c.G7168A heterozygous mutation in patient 15 (bottom) as well as a wild type genotype (top). Amino acid translations are shown below. (B) Human Dardarin protein sequence aligned with other orthologs. 31 パーキンソン病の発症リスクに対する喫煙・コーヒー・NSAID の複合効果 Combined Effects of Smoking, Coffee, and NSAIDs on Parkinson’s Disease Risk * Karen M. Powers, BS, Denise M. Kay, PhD, Stewart A. Factor, DO, Cyrus P. Zabetian MD, MS, Donald S. Higgins, MD, Ali Samii, MD, John G. Nutt, MD, Alida Griffith, MD, Berta Leis, PhD, John W. Roberts, MD, Erica D. Martinez, BS, Jennifer S. Montimurro, BS, Harvey Checkoway, PhD, and Haydeh Payami, PhD * Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health and Community Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington パーキンソン病(Parkinson’ s disease; PD)が,喫煙・ NSAID(OTC 薬)の使用は個別因子として PD 発症リ コーヒー摂取・非ステロイド系抗炎症薬(nonsteroidal スクを 20 ~ 30%有意に低下させた。2 因子および 3 anti-inflammatory drug; NSAID)の各因子と逆相関関 因子の組み合わせにおいて,PD 発症リスクはそれぞれ 係にあることは個々に報告されているが,これらの複合 37 ~ 49%および 62%低下した。喫煙とコーヒー摂取 効果はこれまで検討されていない。これらの各因子ある では,累積曝露量が増えるほど有意にリスクが低下する いは 2 因子および 3 因子の組み合わせと PD との関連 傾向がみられ,用量反応性との相関が示唆された。3 因 性について定量するため,PD 患者 1,186 例と対照被 子すべての組み合わせを検討すると,喫煙・コーヒー摂 験者 928 例を対象に,関連解析を用いた症例対照研究 取の程度が最高レベルで NSAID 使用歴もあるとリスク を実 施した。本 研 究は NeuroGenetics Research が 87%低下すると推定された(OR = 0.13,95%信 Consortium において実施した。被験者は, 喫煙, コーヒー 頼区間= 0.06 ~ 0.29) 。本知見が真の生物学的防御効 摂取,NSAID の使用に関する定型的な質問票に回答し 果を反映しているかどうかについては,今後検討する必 た。無条件ロジスティック回帰分析を用いてオッズ比 要がある。 (odds ratio; OR)を計算した。喫煙,コーヒー摂取, Movement Disorders Vol. 23, No. 1, 2008, pp. 88-95 Key Word パーキンソン病,喫煙,コーヒー,NSAID,非ステロイド系抗炎症薬 32 of about 20% for users of OTC NSAIDs for both early and late onset PD, but they were not statistically significant. Stratified analysis by family history revealed PD 0.06 – 0.29, Table 5C). Again, results were the same when relatives were excluded (OR 0.13, 95% CI: 0.06 – 0.29). Abstract TABLE 4. Associations of Parkinson’s disease with NSAID use Men and Women NSAID use OTC Never Evera NSAID-yearsb 0 0–1.4 1.5–3.0 3 P for trend Rx Never Evera NSAID-yearsb 0 0–0.29 0.3–2.0 2 P for trend OTC or Rx Never Evera Men Women Cases Controls OR* 95% CI Cases Controls OR* 95% CI Cases Controls OR* 95% CI 483 677 310 597 1.0 0.81 Ref 0.67–0.98 334 439 153 215 1.0 0.87 Ref 0.66–1.13 149 238 157 382 1.0 0.73 Ref 0.55–0.98 543 198 190 214 359 177 193 169 1.0 0.80 0.75 0.98 Ref 0.62–1.04 0.58–0.97 0.75–1.27 0.387 374 125 122 140 173 66 68 56 1.0 0.82 0.79 1.09 Ref 0.57–1.18 0.55–1.13 0.75–1.59 0.908 169 73 68 74 186 111 125 113 1.0 0.76 0.69 0.87 Ref 0.53–1.11 0.47–1.01 0.59–1.27 0.244 782 368 572 321 1.0 0.92 Ref 0.76–1.13 542 225 255 103 1.0 0.99 Ref 0.75–1.32 240 143 317 218 1.0 0.87 Ref 0.66–1.14 805 110 108 122 590 102 88 106 1.0 0.92 0.99 0.97 Ref 0.68–1.25 0.72–1.36 0.72–1.30 0.787 560 61 67 74 260 33 27 34 1.0 0.88 1.10 0.97 Ref 0.55–1.40 0.68–1.77 0.62–1.51 0.985 245 49 41 48 330 69 61 72 1.0 0.99 0.89 0.96 Ref 0.65–1.49 0.58–1.39 0.63–1.44 0.695 408 769 256 663 1.0 0.83 Ref 0.68–1.02 289 496 131 240 1.0 0.88 Ref 0.67–1.15 119 273 125 423 1.0 0.77 Ref 0.56–1.04 *Odds ratio adjusted for smoking, coffee, age, ethnicity,and state (and gender for men and women combined) a Includes those who said yes to NSAIDs but did not indicate how long. b NSAID times/day years. PD, SMOKING, COFFEE, AND NSAIDS Movement Disorders, Vol. 23, No. 1, 2008 93 TABLE 5. Joint effects of smoking, coffee, and NSAIDs Men and Women Exposure Cases Controls OR Men 95% CI Cases Controls Women OR 95% CI Cases Controls OR 95% CI A. Two-way categorical comparisonsa Smoking No Yes No Yes Smoking No Yes No Yes NSAIDs No Yes No Yes Coffee Low Low High High NSAIDs No No Yes Yes Coffee Low Low High High 448 266 207 254 315 183 166 254 1.0 0.85 0.80 0.51 Ref 0.66–1.09 0.62–1.05 0.40–0.65 264 194 128 197 94 77 58 141 1.0 0.87 0.76 0.49 Ref 0.61–1.24 0.52–1.13 0.35–0.67 184 72 79 57 221 106 108 113 1.0 0.82 0.82 0.59 Ref 0.57–1.18 0.57–1.17 0.40–0.86 226 181 429 339 126 129 355 308 1.0 0.70 0.78 0.63 Ref 0.50–0.98 0.59–1.03 0.48–0.84 141 147 251 244 55 75 97 143 1.0 0.87 0.99 0.71 Ref 0.57–1.34 0.66–1.47 0.48–1.05 85 34 178 95 71 54 258 165 1.0 0.57 0.65 0.59 Ref 0.33–0.99 0.44–0.95 0.39–0.90 237 477 170 291 135 363 120 300 1.0 0.88 0.82 0.63 Ref 0.67–1.15 0.59–1.14 0.47–0.84 163 295 125 200 60 111 70 129 1.0 0.93 0.74 0.61 Ref 0.63–1.35 0.48–1.14 0.42–0.90 74 182 45 91 75 252 50 171 1.0 0.85 1.03 0.65 Ref 0.58–1.26 0.61–1.75 0.43–1.00 Smoking Lowest Middle Highest Coffee No No No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Low Low High High Low Low High High No Any Highest Lowest Any Highest NSAIDs Cases B. Three-way categorical comparisonsa No 157 Yes 291 No 69 Yes 138 No 80 Yes 186 No 101 Yes 153 C. Three-way dose trendsb No 107 No/Yes 1057 Yes 11 Controls OR 95% CI 83 232 43 123 52 131 77 177 1.0 0.76 0.77 0.62 0.63 0.73 0.52 0.38 Ref 0.54–1.06 0.47–1.25 0.43–0.91 0.39–0.99 0.50–1.05 0.34–0.78 0.27–0.55 63 822 33 1.0 0.74 0.13 Ref 0.53–1.04 0.06–0.29 P for trend 0.001. ORs were adjusted for age, ethnicity, and state; and for gender for men and women combined; and mutually adjusted for smoking, NSAIDs and coffee as appropriate a Categories were defined as ever or never smoker (Yes, No), below or above median (60 cups/day yrs ) consumption of coffee (low, high); and ever or never use of OTC or Rx NSAID (Yes, No). b For dose trends, the lowest dose group included subjects who did not smoke and drank the least coffee (lowest quartile of 14 cups/day yrs) and never used NSAIDs. The highest dose group included subjects who smoked the heaviest (highest quartile of 40 pack-years), drank the most coffee (highest quartile of 120 cups/day yrs) and used OTC or Rx NSAIDs (small sample size prevented using highest dose for NSAIDs). The middle group included all other subjects who did not qualify for the lowest or the highest strata. DISCUSSION Although smoking, coffee, and NSAIDs have been extensively studied individually, to our knowledge, 30% for individual effects to 37% to 49% for two-way joint effects, and to 62% for three-way combination. Considering dosage of coffee and smoking, risk was reduced by 87% in individuals who smoked the most 33 パーキンソン病患者の主訴としての非運動症状:臨床病理学的 研究 Nonmotor Symptoms as Presenting Complaints in Parkinson’s Disease: A Clinicopathological Study * Sean S. O’Sullivan, MRCPI, David R. Williams, PhD, David A. Gallagher, MRCP, Luke A. Massey, MRCP, Laura Silveira-Moriyama, MD, and Andrew J. Lees, FRCP * Reta Lila Weston Institute of Neurological Studies, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom 非運動症状(nonmotor symptoms; NMS)は,パーキ NMS を主訴とする場合,PD の診断が遅れる傾向にあ ンソン病(Parkinson’ s disease; PD)後期における病 。NMS を主 る(Mann-Whitney U 検定,p = 0.001) 悩の主要原因として認知されつつある。また,PD の前 訴とする患者は,初診時に誤診される可能性が高く,神 駆期における NMS も,一部の患者の臨床像を構成する 経内科医よりも整形外科医やリウマチ科医に紹介される 要素としてよく知られているが,病理学的に証明された ことが多かった(神経内科医に紹介される頻度:NMS PD 症例における主訴としての NMS の有病率,ならび を主訴とする患者群 5.5%,運動症状を主訴とする患者 に NMS が臨床管理に及ぼす影響については明らかでな 。病理学的に 群 44.2%,カイ二乗検定 p < 0.0001) い。 本 研 究 で は,Queen Square Brain Bank for 確認された PD 患者において,NMS は主訴として一般 Neurological Diseases に登録され,病理学的に証明さ 的であるが,初診時の誤診により,潜在的に不適切な医 れた PD 症例 433 例の主訴を,臨床症例記録から特定 学的介入が行われている可能性がある。主訴としての した。PD 患者 433 例中 91 例(21%)が NMS を主 NMS は,運動に対する薬物療法の効果には影響を及ぼ 訴とし, NMS で最も高頻度にみられたのは疼痛(15%) , さないが,短い罹病期間と関係している(カイ二乗検定 排尿障害(3.9%) , 不安または抑うつ(2.5%)であった。 p = 0.016) 。 Movement Disorders Vol. 23, No. 1, 2008, pp. 101-106 NMS AS PRESENTING COMPLAINTS IN PD 103 Key Word パーキンソン病,非運動性,疼痛,抑うつ,自律神経性 TABLE 1. Patient characteristics and presenting symptoms Male:female (%) Number of patients with a documented family history of PD (%) Age of PD onset mean SD Interval between symptom onset and diagnosis of PD; median, interquartile range (years) Duration of PD before death; mean SD (years) Age of death; mean SD First symptoms including tremor First symptoms including bradykinesia First symptoms including rigidity First symptoms including unspecified gait disturbance First symptoms including pain First symptoms including urinary dysfunction First symptoms including depression or anxiety Other symptoms Total cases (N 433) Cases with “motor symptoms” at presentation (N 342) Cases without “motor symptoms” at presentation (N 91) P value 274:159 (63:37%) 31 (7%) 215:127 (63:37%) 28 (8.2%) 59:32 (65:35%) 3 (3.3%) NSa 0.08a 60.9 10.4 years 1.1 (0.9–2.4) 60.6 10.6 years 1.0 (0.8–2.2) 61.9 9.5 years 1.6 (1.0–3.0) NSb 0.001c 14.9 6.9 75.8 7.4 196 (45.3%) 136 (31.4%) 44 (10.2%) 51 (11.8%) 65 (15%) 17 (3.9%) 11 (2.5%) 59 (13.6%) 15.3 7.0 75.9 7.6 196 (57.3%) 136 (39.8%) 44 (12.9%) 51 (14.9%) 17 (5%) 2 (0.6%) 0 34 (9.9%) 13.4 6.6 75.3 6.6 0 0 0 0 48 (52.7%) 15 (16.5%) 11 (12.1%) 25 (27.5%) 0.016b NSb N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A a 2 . Student’s t-test. c Mann-Whitney U. b 34 A small percentage of patients from the nonmotor group (4.4%) had no bradykinesia, rigidity, or tremor documented 2 years after symptom onset. After the same disease history. There was no difference in the mean latency from first symptom onset to the development of hallucinations between groups (motor group 131 75 PATHOLOGY OF ESSENTIAL TREMOR In a follow-up study, data on 10 ET and 12 control 本態性振戦に伴う神経病理学的変化の新知見 brains were presented. Four ET brains (including one 41 previously reported) 40 had a similar pattern of restricted The Emerging Neuropathology of Essential Tremor Lewy body involvement (see Fig. 1). Four other cases exhibited cerebellar degenerative changes. First, the number of torpedoes was increased 10-fold compared to * GH Sergievsky Center, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA similarly-aged control brains (see Fig. 2) and, second, ** Department of Neurology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA *** there Disease was anand increase the number Bergmann glial Columbia University, New York, Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer’s the AginginBrain, College of of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, USA cells in these cases. Purkinje cell loss was similar in **** Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA cases and controls, although this was not rigorously quantified. Based on these initial results, the ET cases formed two pathological subtypes: those with restricted LC Lewy bodies (referred to as the “Lewy body variant of ET” or LBVET) and those without such Lewy bodies 本態性振戦(essential tremor; ET)は最もよくみられ みられる基礎的な脳変化の一部が明らかになりつつあ but with cerebellar degenerative changes (referred to as る神経障害の 1 つであるが,それと同時に最も理解の る。この種の研究は ET の病態生理の理解を進展させる “cerebellar ET”). In theの基礎にある病理 same year, an eleventh ET case was reported 進んでいない神経疾患でもある。ET とともに,この広くみられる運動障害の治療法開発に道 separately.42 The patient was 90-years-old, with a 30 解剖学については,最近まで理解の手掛かりさえつかめ を開くものと考えられる。 year history of ET. On postmortem examination, there ていなかったが,現在では剖検研究により,ET was segmental loss患者に of Purkinje cells and an increased FIG. 2. Cerebellar tissue from several ET cases number of torpedoes and Bergmann glial cells. In addidoes in close proximity (top, LH and E 200 ma left, LH and E 400 magnification), and one to tion, there were extensive changes in the dentate nucleus: Bielschowsky-stained, magnification). (Perm Movement Disorders Vol. 23, No. 2, 2008, pp.400 174-182 neuronal atrophy, neuronal loss, microglial clusters, and as follows: Figure 2, top: Archives of Neurology a reduction in efferent fibers (i.e., myelin loss involving page 1191, Copyright © 2006, American Medic Key Word 本態性振戦,病理学,小脳,レビー小体,神経変性 rights reserved. Figure 2, bottom left: Louis et the hilum). That case,42 with more marked cerebellar findings in essential tremor. Neurology, 2006;66:1 41 degeneration than in those previously-reported, further extended the range of pathological changes observed in cerebellar ET. Because Purkinje cell loss was not literature,30-33 and because segmental l cells was observed in ETCBR cases,42 t gators undertook a more rigorous quan Purkinje cell linear density, using calbin tochemistry in ET cases and control study,43 of 14 ETCBR ET cases and 11 c cell linear density differed by diagnosis: 1.27 cells/mm), LBVET (3.33 1.06 cerebellar ET (2.14 0.82 cells/mm), P main difference being between cerebell controls, where the reduction in Pur 38.2% (P 0.04) (see Fig. 3).43 Low linear density was also associated with of torpedoes (r 0.42, P 0.04), FIG. 1. Two LBVET cases. Two panels on left are Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&E) or Luxol Fast Blue and H&E (LH&E) stained sections of torpedoes and Purkinje cell loss may the LC in a first ET case (top, 400) and a second ET case (bottom, features of cerebellar degeneration in th 200) showing multiple Lewy bodies (arrows). The top right panel At present, data are available for (200) shows an alpha-synuclein-stained section of numerous Lewy bodies in the LC of one of these ET cases. The bottom right panel is an brains. Three-quarters of these exhib alpha-synuclein-stained section of the substantia nigra pars compacta changes of the cerebellar variant of ET w (100) showing normal pigmentation and cellularity, and complete have LBVET. Of additional note is th absence of Lewy bodies or Lewy neurites in one of these ET cases. (Permissions for Figure 1 as follows: Figure 1, top left and top right: detectable changes in the inferior oliva Archives of Neurology, 2005, volume 62, page 1006, Copyright © nucleus, thalamus, caudate, putamen, glo 2005, American Medical Association. All rights reserved. Figure 1, motor cortex in these brains. Among tho bottom left and bottom right: Louis et al. Neuropathologic findings in essential tremor. Neurology, 2006;66:1756 –1759.) lar ET, besides the degenerative cerebell *, **, ***, **** Elan D. Louis, MD, MSc, and Jean Paul G. Vonsattel, MD Movement Disorder 35 淡蒼球の深部脳刺激により分節性および全身性ジストニア患者 の生活の質が改善される:模擬刺激を対照群とした前向き無作 為試験の結果 Pallidal Deep Brain Stimulation Improves Quality of Life in Segmental and Generalized Dystonia: Results from a Prospective, Randomized Sham-Controlled Trial Joerg Mueller, MD, Inger M. Skogseid, MD, Reiner Benecke, MD, Andreas Kupsch, MD, Thomas Trottenberg, MD, Werner Poewe, MD, Gerd H. Schneider, MD, Wilhelm Eisner, MD, Alexander Wolters, MD, J.U. Müller, MD, Günther Deuschl, MD, Marcus O. Pinsker, MD, Geir K. Roeste, MD, Juliane Vollmer-Haase, MD, Angela Brentrup, MD, Martin Krause, MD, Volker Tronnier, MD, Alfons Schnitzler, MD, Jüergen Voges, MD, Guido Nikkhah MD, PhD, Jan Vesper, MD, Markus Naumann, MD, and Jens Volkmann, MD, for the Deep-Brain Stimulation for Dystonia Study Group 本研究では,一次性の分節性ジストニアと全身性ジスト HRQoL が有意に改善した。オープンラベルの延長試験 ニアにおける深部脳刺激(deep brain stimulation; では,6 ヵ月間の神経刺激後,SF-36 のすべての領域 DBS)と模擬刺激を比較した最初の無作為対照試験の で有意な改善が認められた。以上の結果から,DBS は 一環として,健康関連の生活の質(health-related 一次性ジストニア患者の HRQoL に好影響を与えること quality of life; HRQoL)を SF-36 で評価した。模擬刺 が示された。 激を対照群とする 3 ヵ月間の試験後,実刺激群のみで Movement Disorders Vol. 23, No. 1, 2008, pp. 131-134 Key Word ジストニア,深部脳刺激,淡蒼球内節,生活の質 0 PF SF RP RE MH VT BP GH z-score 95 -2 -3 -4 baseline 3 months (sham-stimulation) 3 months (neurostimulation) 6 months 99 0 Percentiles of German normal population 75 -1 36 50 FIG. 1. SF-36 domain scores of individual patients were z-transformed and related to the percentile level of the agematched German normal population. Differences are considered relevant if they exceed one SD (z 1). PF, physical function; SF, social function; RP, role limitations due to physical problems; RE, role limitations due to emotional problems; MH, mental health; VT, vitality; BP, bodily pain; GH, general health.*P 0.05, **P 0.01. ボツリヌス毒素治療未経験の頸部ジストニア患者における A 型ボツリヌス毒素と B 型ボツリヌス毒素の比較:無作為二重 盲検非劣性試験 Botulinum Toxin Type B vs. Type A in Toxin-Naïve Patients with Cervical Dystonia: Randomized, Double-Blind, Noninferiority Trial *, ** Eric J. Pappert, MD, and Terry Germanson, PhD, for The Myobloc/Neurobloc European Cervical Dystonia Study Group * Solstice Neurosciences, Inc, Malvern, Pennsylvania, USA ** University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas, USA 本研究の目的は,ボツリヌス毒素(botulinum toxin; る BoNT-B の非劣性試験としてデザインし,患者 111 BoNT) 治 療 未 経 験 の 頸 部 ジ ス ト ニ ア(cervical 例を無作為に BoNT-A 群(55 例)と BoNT-B 群(56 例) dystonia; CD)患者において,A 型ボツリヌス毒素 に割り付けた。注射 4 週間後の TWSTRS 総合スコアの (botulinum toxin type A; BoNT-A)と B 型ボツリヌス 改善度は,BoNT-A 群に比べ BoNT-B 群は劣っていな 毒素(botulinum toxin type B; BoNT-B)の有効性,安 かった〔補正後の平均値:BoNT-A 群 8.8(SE 1.2) , 全性,効果持続期間を比較することである。BoNT 治療 BoNT-B 群 11.0(SE 1.2) ,per-protocol 集団(per- 未経験の CD 患者を BoNT-A 群または BoNT-B 群に無 protocol-population; PPP) 〕 。効果持続期間の中央値は 作為に割り付けて治療を 1 回行い,ベースライン時お BoNT-A 群 と BoNT-B 群 と の 間 に 差 が な か っ た よび注射後 4 週間ごとに二重盲検評価を実施した。主 (BoNT-A 群:13.1 週,BoNT-B 群 13.7 週,p = 0.833, 要評価項目は,ベースライン時と BoNT 注射 4 週間後 PPP) 。注射部位の疼痛および嚥下障害の発生率に有意 を比較した Toronto Western Spasmodic Torticollis 差はなかった。軽度の口内乾燥の発生率は BoNT-B 群 Rating Scale(TWSTRS)のスコアの変化とした。副次 で高かったが,中等度/重度の口内乾燥に両群間で差は 的評価項目は,TWSTRS サブスケールのスコアの変化, 認められなかった。本研究の結果,BoNT-A と BoNT-B 疼痛,医師および患者による治療効果の総合的印象,効 はいずれも BoNT 治療未経験の CD 患者の治療に有効 果持続期間,安全性とした。本試験は BoNT-A に対す かつ安全であることが示された。 Movement Disorders Vol. 23, No. 4, 2008, pp. 510-517 Key Word A 型ボツリヌス毒素,B 型ボツリヌス毒素,頸部ジストニア,ボツリヌス毒素治療未経験 1.0 Type A (Medium Survival=13.1 week) Type B (Medium Survival=13.7 week) Probability of <=80% Loss of Benefit 0.9 0.8 FIG. 2. Kaplan-Meier curves for the time from the assessment to the first TWSTRS-total score demonstrating a 80% loss in the improvement attained. Time 0 is the time of injection. Subjects who do not show improvement in the TWSTRStotal score at week 4 after the initial injection are considered to lose benefit at week 4. 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 Hazard Ratio (95%IC):0.95 (0.56,1.59) 0.0 Week 0 1 2 Type A (N) Type B (N) 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 40 43 40 43 40 43 40 43 40 43 38 40 37 39 36 38 33 29 20 17 14 14 12 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 14 9 13 9 10 8 6 7 6 5 5 5 4 4 3 3 37 594 SCHNEIDER AND BHATIA Woodhouse Sakati 症候群におけるジストニア:新たに同定 sory neuropathy, mental retardation, alopecia, hypogonadism, and diabetes mellitus. The autosomal recessive された 1 家系の報告と文献レビュー inheritance and the syndromic presentation were suggesof Woodhouse Sakati syndrome, Dystonia in the Woodhouse Sakati Syndrome: A New tive Family and Literature Review matching previous reports. A diagnosis of mitochondrial disease was considered but excluded by muscle biopsy and mitochonSusanne A. Schneider, MD and Kailash P. Bhatia, MD drial mutations were negative. Other causes of secondary * Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience and Movement Disorders, Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, United Kingdom dystonia were also excluded by appropriate tests. Woodhouse Sakati syndrome is a rare autosomal recessive disorder. To date about 25 families1–12 have been described (Table 1), mostly from the Middle East (Saudi Arabia, Jordan, Lebanon, Turkey), where consanguinity FIG. 2. MRI of our index case demonstrates multiple white matter is not uncommon. Our patients were from a consanguinfoci with confluent lesions. Woodhouse Sakati 症候群は,稀な常染色体劣性神経 候群の報告例の多くは中東諸国出身の家系であるが,白 eous family and from that region. Only two families from 内分泌疾患であり,脱毛,性腺機能低下症,糖尿病,精 人の症例も稀に報告されている。本論文では,新たに同 Caucasian descent have been reported.10,12 VDRL, TPHA, HIV antibodies, HBV antibodies, voltA literature 1 review revealed that neurological features age-gated potassium channel antibodies. Genetic testing 神遅滞,感音性難聴, 錐体外路徴候の合併を特徴とする。 定された中東の 家系の患者(同胞)2 例の臨床像を include extrapyramidal signs, dysarthria and dysphagia, revealed a normal karyotype. DYT1 gene and DM (Myo同症候群に伴う運動障害は,主に思春期発症型の四肢 詳述し,本疾患について運動障害専門医の注意を喚起し cognitive decline, deafness, seizures, and polyneuropathy. tonic dystrophy) gene mutations were excluded. An ECG のジストニアと舞踏病である。通常,顔面筋に障害はな たい。また,特に神経症状ならびに運動障害に注目して Movements were characterized by a combination of was normal. dystonia and chorea with onset in adolescence or adultいが,構音障害はよく認められる。錐体路徴候と末梢神 既報告症例の所見を要約する。 Trials of levodopa, trihexyphenidyl, tetrabenazine, or hood with focal limb onset, but spread of symptoms was botulinum toxin injections were not beneficial. Sakati The com経異常の発現に一貫性はない。Woodhouse 症 common causing gait difficulties and later immobility. bination of baclofen and clonazepam produced mild Severe dystonic scoliosis can occur. One patient had benefit. cogwheel rigidity in the absence of dystonia and chorea.1 Movement Disorders Vol. 23, No. 4, 2008, pp. 592-596 Case 2 Overall, involuntary movements were present in half of all cases. Others may have been too young at time of His sister was similarly affected by alopecia, hypogoKey Word Woodhouse Sakati 症候群,ジストニア,性腺機能低下症,脱毛,難聴,糖尿病,精神遅滞 description to exhibit a movement disorder. Dysarthria nadismus with primary amenorrhea, deafness, mental may be combined with a high-pitched voice. Eye moveretardation, diabetes mellitus, and dystonia. She had additional seizures since age 2. On examination cognitive impairment was more seTABLE 1. Summary of clinical characteristics from vere compared to her brother with disorientation in place previously reported cases with Woodhouse Sakati syndrome* and time. She was emotionally labile with a tendency to 1 cousins laughing easily. Facial appearances and dysarthria were ● Fifty-five cases from 23 families in 12 case reports between 1973 and 2007 similar to her brother. There was hypertelorism with ● Countries of origin were mainly in the Middle East including keratoconus. She had a female phenotype but poor secSaudi Arabia ondary sexual development. Her height was 1.62 m, and ● Autoimmune disorder 1 cousins Alopecia: 100% her weight was 61 kg. She had dystonic posturing of all Hypogonadism: 98% four limbs with hypertrophy of her calf muscles first Thyroid dysfunction: 30% (13/44) noted at age 22. Limb strength and reflexes were normal Diabetes mellitus: 60% (28/47) ● Neurological features except for diminished knee and ankle reflexes. Plantars Cognitive impairment/mental retardation: 75% (39/52) were flexor. Muscle wasting was absent. Her gait was Deafness: 74% (31/42) wide-based and clumsy. Extrapyramidal features (primarily chorea and dystonia): 50% (23/47) FSH levels were high; 17-beta estradiol levels were Dysarthria or speech changes low suggesting primary ovarian failure. Karyotype analSeizures ysis was normal. Like her brother she had raised CK, and Other rare neurological features: pyramidal signs, polyneuropathy, Woodhouse Sakati syndrome, clinically examined incontinence elevated HbA1c. An EEG showed interictal generalized/ Affected by history (deafness) ● Other features bifrontal epileptiform activity. Nerve conduction studies ECG changes (T-wave abnormalities) Affected by history (diabetes mellitus) were normal. Keratoconus * st st Affected by history (mental retardation) DISCUSSION FIG. 1. Pedigree of patients. The arrows indicate the here presented cases. Filled symbols indicate examined affected individuals. By hisWe have described a sib-pair with adult-onset dystonia tory (not examined) partially affected relatives (see key) are shown as associated sensory relatives neural asdeafness, seizures, senshaded symbolswith and unaffected empty symbols. Movement Disorders, Vol. 23, No. 4, 2008 38 Camptodactyly Acanthosis nigrans *Absolute numbers are given in brackets when information was not available for all cases (for detailed work-up, see Supplementary Table). パーキンソン病患者の抑うつ症候群に関する検証試験 A Validation Study of Depressive Syndromes in Parkinson’s Disease *, ** Sergio E. Starkstein, MD, PhD, Marcelo Merello, MD, PhD, Ricardo Jorge, MD, Simone Brockman, MA, David Bruce, MD, Gustavo Petracca, MD, and Robert G. Robinson, MD * School of Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, University of Western Australia, Western Australia, Australia Department of Psychiatry, Fremantle Hospital, Western Australia, Australia ** パーキンソン病(Parkinson’ s disease; PD)患者の大う 退,自尊心の低下,集中力低下,絶望感といった症状は, つ病(major depression) ,小うつ病(minor depression) , すべて気分変調性障害に関する DSM-IV 基準の「悲哀気 気分変調性障害(dysthymic disorder) ,亜症候群性うつ 分(sad mood) 」陽性と有意に関連していた。今回のサ 病(subsyndromal depression)の診断において,PD 患 ンプ ル の 30 %は 大うつ 病,20 %は 気 分 変 調 性 障 害, 者の抑うつ症状を指標とする妥当性とその感度および特 10%は小うつ病の DSM-IV 診断基準を満たし,8%は亜 異度を検討した。ある Movement Disorders Clinic を受 症候群性うつ病の臨床基準を満たしていた。大うつ病また 診した連続した PD 患者 173 例を対象に,包括的な精神 は小うつ病の患者は,気分変調性障害患者もしくはうつ病 医学的および神経学的評価を実施した。 興味/喜びの喪失, を伴わない患者に比べ,日常生活動作の障害,認知障害, 食欲または体重の変化,睡眠の変化,気力減退,無価値感 パーキンソン症候群の重症度が有意に高かった。本研究 または不適切な罪責感,精神運動遅滞/興奮,集中力低下, の結果,大うつ病および気分変調性障害に関する DSM-IV 自殺念慮といった症状は,すべて大うつ病に関する DSM- 診断基準を PD 患者に適用する妥当性が示された。小うつ IV 基準の「抑うつ気分(depressed mood) 」陽性と有意 病および亜症候群性うつ病のカテゴリーについては妥当性 に関連していた。また,食欲の変化,睡眠の変化,気力減 をさらに検証する必要がある。 Movement Disorders Vol. 23, No. 4, 2008, pp. 538-546 540 S.E. STARKSTEIN ET AL. Key Word パーキンソン病,うつ病,気分変調,不安 TABLE 1. DSM-IV criteria for major depression and dysthymic disorder for patients with Parkinson’s disease Hoehn–Yahr I–II Number of patients Major depressiona Loss of interest/pleasure Changes in appetite/ weight Sleep changes Psychomotor changes Loss of energy Worthlessness/guilt Concentration deficits Suicide ideation Dysthymic disorderb Number of patients Changes in appetite Sleep changes Low energy Low self-esteem Poor concentration Hopelessness Additional symptomsc Psychological anxiety Autonomic anxiety Hoehn–Yahr III Hoehn–Yahr IV–V No sad mood Sad mood No sad mood Sad mood No sad mood Sad mood 40 40 29 34 9 21 1.3 (0.6) 2.5 (0.7) 1.6 (0.8) 2.5 (0.6) 1.6 (1.0) 2.3 (0.8) 1.1 (0.4) 1.3 (0.7) 1.3 (0.6) 1.3 (0.6) 1.0 (0.2) 1.2 (0.5) 1.1 (0.5) 1.8 (0.8) 2.0 (0.9) 2.0 (0.8) 2.3 (0.7) 2.0 (0.8) 2.3 (0.8) 1.5 (0.8) 1.0 (0.3) 1.3 (0.7) 1.4 (0.7) 1.4 (0.7) 1.1 (0.5) 1.5 (0.9) 1.0 (0.3) 1.7 (0.9) 1.7 (0.8) 2.1 (0.9) 2.4 (0.7) 1.7 (0.8) 2.4 (0.8) 1.7 (0.9) 1.3 (0.7) 1.3 (0.7) 1.6 (1.0) 1.4 (0.7) 1.2 (0.4) 1.4 (0.7) 1.2 (0.4) 1.6 (0.8) 1.8 (1.0) 2.1 (0.9) 2.2 (0.8) 1.9 (1.0) 2.4 (0.8) 1.6 (1.0) 39 1.1 (0.4) 1.4 (0.6) 1.4 (0.6) 1.1 (0.4) 1.3 (0.6) 1.1 (0.3) 21 1.5 (0.8) 1.8 (0.9) 2.4 (0.8) 1.7 (0.9) 2.2 (0.8) 2.4 (0.7) 31 1.1 (0.3) 1.3 (0.6) 1.3 (0.7) 1.0 (0.3) 1.6 (0.8) 1.0 (0.2) 12 1.8 (1.0) 1.7 (0.9) 2.3 (0.8) 1.7 (0.9) 2.0 (0.8) 1.7 (0.9) 13 1.3 (0.5) 1.0 (0.5) 1.4 (0.4) 1.2 (0.2) 1.3 (0.5) 1.0 (0.2) 5 1.8 (1.0) 2.4 (0.9) 2.8 (0.3) 2.2 (1.0) 2.2 (0.9) 2.4 (0.7) 0.6 (0.7) 0.5 (0.6) 1.3 (0.9) 1.2 (0.8) 0.4 (0.7) 0.4 (0.6) 1.2 (0.8) 1.3 (0.8) 0.5 (0.8) 0.3 (0.7) 1.0 (0.9) 1.1 (1.0) Numbers are means (SD). a Effect for depressed mood: Wilks’ Lambda 0.59, df 8,160, P 0 .0001. Post hoc comparisons between patients with versus those without sad mood showed significant differences (P 0.0001) for all individual items. b Effect for sad mood: Wilks’ Lambda 0.43, df 6,110, P 0.0001. Post hoc comparisons between patients with versus those without sad mood showed significant differences (P 0.001) for all individual items. c Effect for depressed mood: Wilks’ Lambda 0.80, df 2,166, P 0.0001. analyzed with a stepwise regression analysis. All P values are two-tailed. as the dependent variables. There was a significant main effect for sad mood (Wilks’ Lambda 0.59, df 8,160, 39 パーキンソン病患者の抑うつ有病率に関する研究を対象とした 系統的レビュー A Systematic Review of Prevalence Studies of Depression in Parkinson’s Disease * Jennifer S.A.M. Reijnders, MA, Uwe Ehrt, MD, Wim E.J. Weber, MD, PhD, Dag Aarsland, MD, PhD, and Albert F.G. Leentjens, MD, PhD * Department of Psychiatry, Maastricht University Hospital, Maastricht, The Netherlands パーキンソン病(Parkinson’ s disease; PD)患者にお depression)は 22%,気分変調症(dysthymia)は けるうつ病性障害の有病率は研究によって大きく異な 13%であった。DSM の定義によるうつ病性障害の有無 り,2.7 ~ 90%超と報告されている。今回の系統的レ にかかわらず,臨床的に有意な抑うつ症状は患者の ビューの目的は,各研究間で異なる設定条件および診断 35%に認められた。DSM 基準を確立するために(半) 法を考慮の上,うつ病性障害の平均有病率を算出するこ 構造化面接を行った研究では,大うつ病性障害の有病 とである。PubMed 上の Medline を用い,PD 患者の抑 率は 19%であったのに対し,構造化面接を行わずに うつに関する研究を系統的に検索した。検索の結果,計 DSM 基準を使用した研究で報告された大うつ病性障害 104 件の論文が特定され,研究の質を検討したところ, の有病率は 7%であった。一般集団を対象とした研究で 51 件の論文が基準を満たしていた。同一データベース は,他の設定条件の研究に比べ,大うつ病性障害およ を用いた公表文献が複数ある場合,重複文献はメタア び臨床的に有意な抑うつ症状の有病率が低かった。今 ナリシスから除外した。残った 36 件の論文において 回の系統的レビューから,PD 患者における大うつ病性 PD 患 者 の 大 う つ 病 性 障 害(major depressive 障害の平均有病率は高いが,一般に考えられているほど disorder)の加重有病率は 17%,小うつ病(minor ではないことが示唆される。 Movement Disorders Vol. 23, No. 2, 2008, pp. 183-189 Key Word パーキンソン病,うつ病性障害,気分変調症,有病率,系統的レビュー THE PREVALENCE OF DEPRESSION IN PD TABLE 3. Prevalence (%) of major depressive disorder and clinically relevant depressive symptoms in different settings Major depressive disorder Population General population General practice Outpatient setting Inpatient setting Nursing home 40 Clinically relevant depressive symptoms Number of Number of studies Prevalence studies Prevalence 4 0 11 1 0 8.1 24.0 21.7 5 2 25 3 1 10.8 42.3 40.4 54.3 32.7 The prevalence of clinically significant depressive symptoms was 35%. While dysthymia may be diagnosed in the presence of major depressive disorder or minor depression (the concept of “double depression”), it is surprising that none of the studies have looked at both minor depression and dysthymia at the same time. The influence of setting on the prevalence of depres- DISCUSSION This is the first extensive review of th depressive disorders in Parkinson’s disea different settings and diagnostic approac ous studies into account. It shows that th alence of major depressive disorder in PD is substantial, but less than the prevalen usually quoted. Minor depression was and dysthymia in 13% of PD patients. I the general population these numbers a they are higher in hospital outpatient an tings. We could not confirm that the prev depression is lower when structured inte as opposed unstructured clinical interv diagnostic criteria, as is reported by o review, the use of structured interviews prevalence rates. Two earlier reviews on the prevalence PD have been published. Both were extensive review that also included the