Title 史学第46巻3号 三橋冨治男「小アジア・トルコ化の一側面」正誤表

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英文抄録
慶應義塾経済学会
三田学会雑誌 (Keio journal of economics). Vol.50, No.10/11 (1957. 11) ,p.1- 9
http://koara.lib.keio.ac.jp/xoonips/modules/xoonips/detail.php?koara_id=AN00234610-19571101
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b u t lost th e knowledge of weaving, iron-making, etc.
i:hey kept th e memory of th e ir ancestor's traditions.
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Nevertlieless
The Polynesian Migrations to the Hawaiian Islands
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by Kanetaro Nom ura
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It is said th a t the original homeland of the Polynesians was!
Ohaldea a t th e head of the Percian Gulf. They left th ere a t an
unknown date to th e islands of the Malay archpelago k n o w as
Indonesia, in where they made a long sojburn. A t th e close of th e
first and during the second century A, D. they entered to • Pacific,
establishing tliemselves on the Oceanic Islands. It is also said th a t
dxiring ttie fifth century A.D. the Polynesians settled on th e Hawaiian
Islands. These earlier people were th e pioneers who reached from
various islands and settled down w ithout thought of re tu rn in g whence
they came. Such were th e original settlers of Hawaii, k n o w as th e
MeneMme, just as th e earliest settlers of Tahiti napied
At
the eleventh century A.D；
,1seyeral parties of fresh einigrants from th e
Marquesas, Society and Samoan groups arrived a t tHe Hawaiian Islands.
A fter th e four or five generations th e Hawaiian people were isolated
from th e other Polynesian groups，until then ， re-discovery by Captain
厂 Cook in 1788； ：
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C 1.0 One of th e causes of th e (Polynesian M igrations shpuld be
th e seeking for tHeir fa th e r land—Hawaiki. which name under divers
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form s and still m ore divers m eanings accomDamed all fheir subsequent
m igrations over th e Pacific Ocean.
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( 2 ) There> were four social classes in ,the Society Isla n d s: th e
a riif-maroJura, th e
th e hui-ra^atira apd the manahune, b u t
in the Hawaiiaii Islands th e alii-nuiy th e ali% th e kaMma (priest) and
•th穸 州 :ft/ca,ぐ/ / ? T^ie Hawaiians reserve th e term menehune fo r
bands of supernatural, night-w orking artisans of very small hight.
If th ere were no menehune as a real human-being, th ere should be no
inhabitant in these islands, when th e second m igrations reached in
th e eleventh century.
( 3 ) Old Hawaiian legends closely resemble th e Old Testam ent
history, for instance, as th e H aw aiian account of th e Creation. The
Polynesian people developed th e knowledge ot seacraft and became
a seafaring people on th eir way from Indonesia to the Pacific Islands ，
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Some Problems on Exchange Rate ana
International Balance of Payment
—A S tu d y on W o rld E x c h a n g e sin c e th e W o rld W a r H —
〜 和
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by Kennosuke K im p a ra
The problem of dollar shortage is iinderstood in various ways, and
i t comes out on th e surface in th e form of disequilibrium in in tern a­
tio n al balance of paym ent. Though th is problem was one of those
th a t caused liot discussion a fte r th e W orld Wこar II, people looked
jrathei’ cool about it one of these years th an k s to th e .recovery of
world economy. In th is year, lioweyer, som e' countries have shown
th e disequilibrium in balance of paym ent again and th is has presented
a new aspect in world exchange problem.
The most in terestin g countries showing th e diseciuilibriuni in in ter­
national
balance 6f paym ent are France, India
and Japan.
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equilibrium m balaiice of paym ent is disturbed, exchange ra te will
iru c tn a te n and hence by its reaction upon th e international balance
of paym ent th e equilibrium is to be recovered. B ut, as th e policy of
fixed exchange ra te has been tak en since th e W orld W ar II, th e
( recovery of equinbrinm m ust depend on th e fluctuation o f domestic
economy. Ja p an and India are th is case. In India, th e recovery of
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equilibrium m ust m am ly depend on inducement of roreign caDital
ultim ately, because her five year plan, which agg rav ated her posi­
tion in balance of paym ent, cannot be altered. On th e other hand,
in France th e devaluation of F ranc by 20% was m ade as th e means
fo r adjustm ent. The reason why France took th e different means
from th a t taken by Ja p a n and India lies m her different eharactei'
of the aggravatioii of balance of paym ent. Moreover, th e de
facto devaluation of F ran c has presented a new question to th e
problem of European currency and of world exchange system. The
first problem appeared as th e over-appreciation of Franc and under；
appreciatioii of M ark, and th is is th e question of w hether th e la tte r
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can Tpe corrected a fte r th e ：devaluation of Franc, The question to theworld exchange system means th a t th e system established a t the1 devaluation of Pound Sterling has begun to collapse and th u s th e new
stage has been opened on which th e exchange parity, which has been
in cliseqiiilibrium sinco th e W orld W ar II, should be readjusted.
This article deals w ith these problems as a whole.
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Some problems concerning the aging population
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The increasing
proportion of the
aged in th e to tal' (populationノ厂isた
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one of the most serious problems in the civilised countries, In Japan,
th e proportion is yet; ra th e r low, b u t th e tren d of th e population
movement ihdicates th a t , the same problem will oqcur in th e near
fu tu re. The w riter exam ines in th is article 1 . its causes, 2. th e science
of aging (Gerontology), 3. th e aged in th e fam ily, 4. th e aged and th e
employment, 6. th e retirem ent and retirem en t allowances', 6. th e old
age pension. In th e conQlusion, he shows th e possibility of increasing:
the employment of th e aged through th e prolongation of th e school
years, and the desirability of a national old age pension system.
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The Unification of Two Standpoints^-Value-and
Function-Theorv—in ^he Study of the Science
of Business AamiBistration
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by Ycisuo K otaka
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Recently th e fundam ental questions of th e science of business'
adm inistration, as well as th e practical problem s of enterprises, are
discussed every tim e when we m eet a t th e Japanesfe Society o f Business
A dm inistration ;
such subjects as th e methodology of th is science.,
W e can also acknowledge the same n a tu re in th e Japanese Society of
Acdoxinting, and th a t is likely to show for our science to be in 这
tu rn in g point. Then, it seems fo r me th a t th e basic reasons are as*,
follow s: while before W orld W ar II our study of th is science had
been more influenced by th a t of German (B etriebsw irtscliaftslehre)r
a fte r th e W ar th e A m erican Researches concerning iii th is area Have
bean introduced year a fte r year. And th ere was so such, a difference
between th e two m ethods of study and so suddenly our change of
studying method was, th a t we could not sufficiently digest aind c ritic i^
th e new knowledge and also could not m ake it the unificated system
4 as our1s own. Accordingly, it is now th e m ost im portant problem fp r
us to set about unification.
Thus, dealing w ith th e problems of profit, I am try in g to unificate
those subjects and to appoint th e teDdency in th is paper.
A lthougn th e profit of enterprise has been trea te d economically
by both general investigators and students of business adm inistration,
th e re are two problem s m th e economical profit of e n te rp rise ; m ea su re '
m ent and character. In th e ixieasurement of profit m any economical
opinions used to be understood from th e view of accounting. And it
is said th a t, thiougli economists can m easure tHe fu tu re value in th eir
yalue-theories, accountants and scientists of business adm inistration
can m easure th e p a st v a ^ e . B ut th is opinion is understood in a narrow
sense. The up-to-date m anagerial accoiinting is showing th e system of
caleiilation whicb is goin^ about th e fu tu re value. Of course, though
such a system is n o t y et clearer th a n general accounting, we can not
discuss th e present accounting' w ithout it. For example, only by th e
mimerical vahie which is disclosed by th e Profit Planning, B udget and
Standard Cost, th e p resen t accounting-system can be understood. We
can not develop th e valuation-theory tbrougli th e old cost-theory, b u t
th ro u g h m anagerial accounting' which combines thQ cost-theory w ith
m anagerial functions. For our purpose ofi nvestigating' th e relations
between social or economical situations and functions of enterprise,
.th e study of vaiue-tiieory is indeed of impor'taiice.
The problems of n a tu re of profit is th e Gordian-Knot for economists
and students of business adm inistration, B u t w hat we have to tak e
notice is th a t th e development of concept u profit brings th e different
category for th e n a tu re of p ro fit; profit in such a sense as synthesis
of effects of functions and as increase of complete asset-valiie th a t is
closely connected w ith individual effects. Those can not be cleared by
a simple value-theory. Moreover, to raise th e m anagerial accounting'
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which lies on th e calculative value-relations, th e study of effect as
a whole of a enterprise is necessary. *So we m ust distinct th e valiieconnection which pierces through m any functions. There is also th e
problems th a t m ust be imificated.
To conclude, we m ust disclose only th ro u g h unification of two
standpoints how th e rational m onetary am ount does perm eat into
responsibility or how to plan th e scheme of a whole enterprise basing
upon the individual effects.
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An Outline of Schxjol Social Work. ； A Study
related to the Inquiry into the Concept
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..... . .. . .； Not a few people in Jap an hold fa s t to th e opinion th a t th e social
work should be regarded as one of the various fields of activities fo r
am eliorating th e conditions of th e poor. In order to illu strate th e
far-reaching possibilities of social work conceived as vthe method of
helping people in th eir efforts to solve th e ir problems arising from
socfel^ m aladjustm ent, th e development and present situation of th e
school social work in th e United S tates is outlined,- relying chiefly
up o n such iriatdrmls as th e articles in th e B ulletin ：oi th e N ational
Association of School Social W orkers and Mildred SJkikeina^ R eport
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of a Study of School Social W ork Practice in Twelve Oommunities,
sNew York, 1953.
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Al^o a brief account is given on th e recent a ttem p t in Osaka City
to introduce a rudim entary io rm of school social work nnder th e joint
auspices of th e Board of Public W elfare and th e Board of Education.
The plan hopes to mobilize th e existing arm y of Ohiid W elfare Officials
(Jido I-in) into service which is somewhat like th a t of th e voluntary
w orkers of th e Sehool Care Cominittees in London.
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Socialism and Public Ownership of
the Means of Production
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by Kenzo K ig a
Thus f a r socialism has mostly been defined as for its two economic
c h a ra c te ristic s; puiblic ownership of th e m eans of production ancl
equal distribution of Wealth and income. In our country, where th e
influence of M arxism is dominant, alm ost all socialists are swayed by
th is definition. I t seems, hbwever, th a t th ey have hardly deliberated
on th e following p ro b lem : How, and under w hat conditions, could
these fea tu res be b ro u g h t into practice ?
R ecent experieilces in G reat B rita in and U.B.S.R. are conductive
to appraise how th ey are practicable. N ationalization of industries by
compensation in G reat B ritain in 1946-51 did not prove so effective
both in abolishing th e system of p riv ate p ro p erty and in realizing an
e q u alitarian re-distribution of wealth and income. Bolsheviks in Russia
confiscated alm ost every b it of th e p riv ate m eans of production. B ut
w hat followed was Hot th e ownership by w orkers and peasants, as
had been expected, b u t th e ownership by th e Comimmist Goyernmeiit.
Proletarians, who were to be em ancipated from th e capitalistic exploi­
tation, became th e servants of th eir new governm ent.
According to M arxian view, a capitalistic system is open to th e
cKargfe of exploitation- and unequal distribution. I t is claimed th a t
all surplus value over subsistence cost should be reim bursed to th e
workers. The fact, however, does not necessarily w a rran ts th e cla im .,
III th e socialist system s also, th e efforts fo r m anagers and officials to
ru n th e production u n its profitably a re indispensable fo r attaining ： an
efficient allocation of resources. I t should be noted too th a t a portion
of surplus value m ust cover governm ent needs as well as capital
form ation.
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Considering .this, th e proper charge ag ain st capitalism would ra th e r
be unequal distribution of wealth and income. In a society, either
socialistic or capitalistic, where extrem e poor and extrem e rich do not
exist, demand fo r necessaries of life would sufficiently bo satisfied and
consum ption of e x tra v a g a n t luxuries would go out of sight. One©
such an environm ent is created, th ere would be no reason why fre e
choice of cohsumers should not be restored,
I t is often said th a t tnonopbly ob stru ct to supply necessary goods
cheaply. Though it inay soirtetimes be tru e, it is not a universal fact.
Moreover, even if sta te monopoly takes over private monopoly, we can
not be sxire th a t th e tendency would d 均 み ppear. For th is we Have
a b itte r example in U.S.S.R,
Preserit-day B ritish isopialists are np longer so strongly attached
tp abolishing privato property. A lthough they th in k desirable to
decrease th e amoxint of jinearned income, tliey realise it impossible to
remove it completely. ；True they still hold some bent on socialistic
measures. B ut th eir motivation is not so m uch economic
ethical.
Thus th ere could be no glaring antagonism between theip socialistic
纪 卬 s 玖尨 cl th e progi，
^$ivgly
日ystexn Qf capitalism.
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Theorie commumsto de Babeuf
v a r A ra ta I lir a i
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Le nom de Babeuf est un des plus popxilaires de notre histoires
soci^listes. L a conspiration des E gaux est un des episodes les plus
(i61油 res. C'est p a r la ten tative babouviste que 1q soejialisme est e n tre
dans Thistoire. O'est aux Eqaux que p a r B uonarroti e t Blanqm les
socialistes d’aujcmrd，
hui peuvent fa ire reinonter leu rsEoi’igine…
Si nous nous placons k wn point de une plus gen^rile, nous pouvons
constater que le commuriisme de B abeuf ne presente aiicune originality.
Babeuf liii-rn^me ne cherche pas revendiq.uer P originalitd Babeuf n ’a
fa it eii somme qrie ressuseiter les vieilles utopies de Rousseau. Morellv
e t Mably.On aui，
a it pu s'attendre a trouver ehez Babeuf des critiques
speciales a F etat iconom ique d’alors. On ne trouve rien. La grande
industrie naissante ne lui sugg^re auoune inflexion， II se borne a des
declamations banales sur la baiss^ des salaires e t la misfere des trav ai• l
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Le b u t de Babeuf en efFet est de faire l^ g a lit^ de fait, dans.
• rin t^ re t de la justice ot en vue du bonheur commun. et pour a rriv e r
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a ee r ^ l t a t , Babeuf suppriyne la p r p p r j^ jndividiielle, socialise les
biens.
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Le moyen d’instaurer un tel regime ? Babeuf n，
en voit pas drautres
que la revolution violente, rapide et decisive. Toute originalite de son
systeme, c’est，comme le dit M. Paul Louis, devoir voulu faire passexr
dans la r^alit^ la construction intellectuelle de quelques periseurs.
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• On the Probloms of “ Joint Consultation?■in Japan
by Kevzo F ujibayashi
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One of these years tiib necessity of cio-op6i，ati6n between employers
and employees for raising' productivity has been demanded strongljr
by some sections in Japan. B u t th e i actual co-operation has not yet
developed fully, partly because th e opinion on and attitu d e tow ards ；
it a re not in uniform, and m ainly because th e question of w h a t fl Joint ：
Consultation ” is has not yet been clear. This is also due to the
characteristics of our industrial relations. There is' a cpntradietory
featu re in our labour relations. W hile all our trad e unions w ith a few
exception a re the company union as th eir form , and th u s they are in
possible danger of becomingv tl Home Unionism ,5V m any trad e unions,
are holding th e principle of Industrial Democracy and are expressing
the stro n g desire for th e Go-decision. Gonseqiiently, in our m dilstrial
relations, th e joint consultation which is clearly distinct froiri th e
collective barg ain in g has not y et been established. I t is th e m aia
purpose of th is article to consider th e possibility of co-operation cor­
responding to our actual indiistrial relations. According to th s w rite r^
opinion, it is im portant either to adm it co-decision to some ex ten t in
th e joint consultation between employers and employees to home union
一 the form of co-decision should be decided in correspondence with
actual conditions in it— or to set up th e joint consultation a t the
* level of in d u stry between Industrial Federation leading home unions
and th e organization of employers. Our employers do not always w an t
to have either, while generally they w ant eagerly to tiave th e co­
operation. I t is also an im p o rtan t problem to consider w hat such art
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intention of employers m eans and it m ay be able to say th a t th e
で ompany imion is expected tacitly here.
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Der Grunderwerb lilbischer Burger im Herzogtums
Sachsen-Lauenburg seit 1370
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von Shohei Takamiira*
Innerhalb vierzig* Ja h re —-von 1370 bis 1407—befand sich die grosste
"Teil des L andgutes des Herzog'tums Sachsen-Lauenburg' in die nachstbenachbarten llibisch-btirg'erlichen Handen. W irtschaftlicher Reichtum
dieses Gebietes w aren der A ckerbau an Getreide und die g'rossen.
Forsten, und die S tadt Lubeck w ar die G rossverbraucher an Lebenspiittel und Holz. Ausserdem hier w ar Durchzugsland der wichtigen
Strassenverbindungen Ltibecks nach W esten und Btiden. M it seinen
territo rialen Erwer^ungen- erreicht Lubeck die Sieherung von Handel
und V erkehr. Das w ar die Grundlagen eines w eiteren Ausbaues der
stadtischen Stellung in der Hanse. Die Trag'er dei* ltibischen Territorialpolitik gegen Lanenburg' w a ren ' die B urger, also Privatpersonen,
u^d der R at als oberste O rgan des stadtischen Gemeinwesens, und sie
, erganzen sich zn einer gegenseitig'en territo rialen Ausdehnung.
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