TheNecessityofStructuralReformfortheDevelopmentofBangladesh
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TheNecessityofStructuralReformfortheDevelopmentofBangladesh
B u l l .F a c .A g r .,S a g aU n i v .N o .8 7:2 1~35 ( 2 0 0 2 ) TheN e c e s s i t yo fS t r u c t u r a lReformf o rt h eDevelopmento fB a n g l a d e s h A g r i c u l t u r eWithS p e c i a lR e f e r e n c et oJ a p a n e s eA g r i c u l t u r a lP r o d u c t i v i t y . ShaikhMoksadurRahman*andJunTAKEDA ( L a b o r a t o r yo fE c o l o g i c a lA n t h r o p o l o g ya n dM a r i n eE t h n o b i o l o g y , Depa 枕m e n to fR e s o u r c eManagem 巴n t& S o c i a lS c i e n c e s ) R e c e i v e dS e p t e m b e r1 3 ,2 002 Abstract I nB a n g l a d e s ha b o u t8 0 9 もp e o p l el i v ei nr u r a la r e a sandt h e ydependp r i m a r i l yont h ea g r o b a s e d p r o d u c t i o n .Thec l i m a t i cc o n d i t i o no ft h i sc o u n t r yi sv e r ys u i t a b l巴 f o rt h i ss 巴c t o r .D o m e s t i ca g r i c u l t u r a l p r o d u c t i o ni n c r e a s巴da tar e l a t i v e l ys t e a d yr a t ei nt h ep e r i o df o l l o w i n gi n d e p e n d e n c e,b u tn o tf a s tenough t oc l o s et h eg a pCI巴a t e dbyt h ec o n t i n u e dr a p i dg r o w t hi np o p u l a t i o n .Theg o a lo ff o o dg r a i ns e l f s u f f i c i e n c yby2002wasa s s e r t e da sp a r to ft h eF i f t hF i v e y e a r( 1 9 9 7 2 0 0 2 )p l a n,b u ti tc a nb ea c h i e v e d o n l yu n d e ro p t i m a lc o n d i t i o n s .I nf i s c a ly e a r1 9 9 9 2 0 0 0and20002 0 0 1B a n g l a d e s hi m p o r t e d2 . 1 0 4a n d 1 .5 56m i l l i o nt o n so ff o o dg r a i n( r i c 巴a ndw h e a t )t ome 巴t minimumn e e d sf o rt h es u b s i s t e n c 巴o ft h e p o p u l a t i o n .A l t h o u g ht h ea g r i c u l t u r es e c t o rh a sag r e a tp o t e n t i a li th a sn o tc h a n g e dt h 巴c o n v 巴n t i o n a lp r o d u c t i o ns t r u c t u r es oi th a sn o tb e e na b l 巴t oa c h i e v et h egoa . lI nt h ep e r s p e c t i v eo fB a n g l a d e s h,t h ep o p u l a t i o ni si n c r e a s i n gont h eo n ehanda n dc u l t i v a b l el a n di sd e c r e a s i n gont h eo t h e r .Tomeett h eb a s i cn e e d o ff o o df o rt h ehugep o p u l a t i o nc u l t i v a t i n gt h el i m i t e dnumb 巴r o fl a n d s, o u ra r g u m e n ti st h a tt h ea g r i c u l t u r a lp r o d u c t i v i t y ,巴 s p e c i a l l yl a n dp r o d u c t i v i t y ,m ustb ei n c r e a s e d .T h e r ei snos u i t a b l ei n f r a s t r u c t u r ef o r t h ei m p l e m e n t a t i o no faprogrammet om o n i t o rc r o p sc u l t i v a t i o na n da l s oe f f e c t i v ef a r m e r s 'o r g a n i z a t i o n s a r eh a r d l ye v e rs e e ni nB a n g l a d e s h .R e f e n i n gt oJ a p a n 巴s ea g r i c u l t u r a lp r o d u c ti . e .r i c eandw h e a ty i e l d r a t ea n dc o m p a r a t i v ep r o d u c t i o nc o s t,t h i spap 巴r p o i n t so u tt h en e c e s s i t yo fs t m c t u r a l1r e f o r ma tap r o d u c t i o nl e v e li ni n t r o d u c i n gt h eg r o u pf a r m i n gs y s t e mi nB a n g l a d e s h .Ourr 巴s e a r c ha n dp r o m i n e n tr e s e a r c h e r sr e v e a lt h a tg r o u pf a r m i n gi sc o m p a r a t i v e l ymorea b l et ob ee f f e c t i v 巴f o rp r o d u c t i v eb e t t e r m e n tt h a ni n t h a t0' 1i n d i v i d u a lf a r m i n g . 同 伊 叫 KeyWords:P r o d u c t i o ns t m c t u r ‘ 巴 ,A g r i c u l t u r a li n p u t s,Groupf a r m i n g,Y i巴l dr a t ea n dB a n g l a d e s h . 1 . Introduction Bangladeshi sad e v e l o p i n gcoun 位yo fs o u t hAsia,havingat r o p i c a lc l i m a t ew i t h1 3 1 . 5m i l l i o n e o p l e .Thet o p o l o g yofBangladeshi sa l m o s tf l a t (Annualr e p o r t2000-2001,BangladeshBank)p w i t hnog r e a tmountainso rd e s e r . tThep o p u l a t i o nd e n s i t yofp e rs q u i r ek i l o m e t e ro ft o t a la r e a andp e rs q u a r ek i l o m e t e rofc u l t i v a b l el a n di s981and1480r e s p e c t i v 巴l y ,whichs t a n d st obet h e h i g h e s ti nt h ew o r l d .T o t a lc u l t i v a t e dl a n d sa r e1 7 . 7 7m i l l i o na c r e s, i nwhich8 . 5 9m i l l i o na c r 巴so f • C o r r e s p o n d i n ga d d r e s s :02am1 7 @ e d u . c c . s a g a u . a c . j p Thet e r r n‘ s t r u c t u r e 'i sp r e d o m i n a t e l yu s e dh e r et or e f e rt ot h er e s o u r c e s t h ep r i m a r yf a c t o r so fp r o d u c t i o n : a b o ra n dr 巴: s o u r c e s w h i c hc o m p r i s 巴 t h ep r o d u c t i v eo faf m l l i .A g r i c u l t u r a ls t r u c t u r es o m e t i m e s C a p i t a l,l 巴a n df a r mo r g a n i z a t i o n .Wew o u l da l s ol i k et oe m p h a s i z eo nf a r mo r g a n i z a t i o n . m e a n ss t r u c t u r eo fl a n dt e n u r 2 B a n g l a d e s hB u r e a uo fS t a t Is t i c s . 1 2 2 , . rS a g aU n i v .N o .8 7( 2 0 0 2 ) B u l l .F a c .Ag l a n da r eu n d e ri r r i g a t i o nf a c i l i t i e s( S t a t i s t i c a lY I 巴a rBooko fB a n g l a d e s h,9 8,BBS2). I n1 9 9 7,t h e p e rc a p i t al a n da v a i l a b i l i t yo fB a n g l a d e s hwas0 . 2 7 2a c r e s,d e c l i n i n gfrom0 . 3 9 5a c r e si n1 9 81 . B a n g l a d e s hH o u s e h o l dIncomeandE x p e n d i t u r eS u r v e y2000,p r e p a r e dbyBBS,showst h ei n c i もt o49.8%b e t w e e n1 9 91/92and2 0 0 0 .官 1巴 i n d e n c eo fn a t i o n a lp o v e r t yh a sd e c l i n e dfrom5 8 . 8 9 comep o v e r t yh a st ob eb r o u g h tt o25%i fB a n g l a d e s hw a n t st oa c h i e v eM i l l e n n i u mDevelopment 巴n umbero fp o o rp e o p l eby2 0 1 5 .F o rt h i s,B a n g l a d e s hn e e d st os u s t a i naGDP G o a lo fh a l v i n gt h g r o w t ho fa b o u t7 9 もp 巴r y e a ro v e rt h en e x t1 5y e a r s .1 tmaybem e n t i o n e d仕l a tbya v o i d i n gt h ea g r i c u l t u 陀 s e c t o ra n do n l y巴m p h a s i z i n goni n d u s t r yands e r v i c 巴s e c t o r ,i ti sn o tp o s s i b l et oa t t a i n t h a tgoa l .Atp r e s e n t,a g r i c u l t u r ep l a y sav i t a lr o l ei nt h eg r o w t h& s t a b i l i t yo ft h ec o u n t r y ' se c o 任 omya si si n d i c a t e dbyi t ss h a r ei nGDP25.5%( W o r l dBankR e p o r t,2 0 0 0 ),employment4 8 . 5 9 , も a n de x p o r te 訂 n i n g .Thes t a p l ec r o pi sr i c巴 w i t hpaddyf i e l d sa c c o u n t i n gf o rn e a r l y70%o fa l la g n eo ft h emainf o o dg r a i n si sw h e a t,whichi nn o tat r a d i t i o n a lc r o pi n r i c u l t u r a l l a n d .Nowadays,o ,i twast h eo n l ycommodityf , 町 w hich B a n g l a d e s h .D u r i n gt h e1 9 6 0 sa n de a r l y1 9 7 0 s,however l o c a l∞n s u m p t i o ni n c r e a s e db e c a u s ee x t e r n a lf o o da i dwasmosto f t e np r o v i d e di nt h eformo f wheat .I nt h et i r s th a l fo ft h e1 9 8 0 s,d o m e s t i cwheatp r o d u c t i o nr o s et omoret h a n1m i l l i o nt o n t i l lo n l y7t o9p e r c 芯n to ft o t a lf o o dg r a i np r o d u c t i o n .Recordp r o d u c t i o no f p e ry e a rb u tw品ss b o u th a l ft h ew h e a ti sg 叩 wni ni r r i g a t 吋 n e a r l y2m i l l i o nt o n swasa c h i e v e di nFyl1 9 9 899,a l a n d .R i c ea n dw h e a tp r o d u c t i o nh a si n c r e a s 巴de v e r yy e a ri nt h e] 9 8 0 sa n d1 9 9 0 sb u tt h ea n n u a l a r e l yk e e p i n gp a c ew i t ht h ep o p u l a t i o n .F u r t h e r m o r ep r o i n c r e a s eh a sg e n e r a l l yb e e nmodest,b d u c t i v i t yo ft h 巴s ec r o p si sv e r ylowcomparedw i t hJ a p a n . I ti sw e l lknownt oa l lt h a th i g hy i e l dv a d e t i e so fs e e d,t r a c t o r ,a p p l i c a t i o no ff e r t i l i z e ra n di r r i g a s u a lmanagementp r a c t i c e sa s s o c i a t e dw i t h t i o np l a ya ni m p o r t a n tr o l et oi n c r e a s ey i e l d s .“Theu 4 i n t e n s i f i c a t i o n a r 芯 b e t t e rs e e d,C O I T e c tt i m 巴 i np l a n t i n g,p r o p e rp l a n tp o p u l a t i o n sa n d more 巴db yt h eu s eo fp u r c h a s e di n p u t s, t h r o u g hc u l t i v a t i o no p e r a t i o n s .Thesea r eu s u a l l ycomplement p a r t i c u l a r l yf e r t i l i z e r sandi n s ε c t i c i d e s . "( C o l l i n s o n,M,1 9 8 3 ) .Thea d o p t i o no fmodern回 e d f e r t i l i z e r ilTi g a t i o nt e c h n o l o g yi nr i c ep r o d u c t i o nh a sc l e a r l yb e e nt h emainf a c t o rb e h i n dt h e 9 9 5 :TheWorldBank g r o w t hi nc r o pa g d c u l t u r e( B a n g l a d e s hA g d c u l t u r ei nt h e2 1 "c e n t u r y,1 巴1 ) .I na d d i t i o n,i tc a nbes a i dt h 巴l o g i co ft h eWorldBanki sn o to n 1 ya p p l i c a B a n g l a d e s h0伍 C e g e t a b l e sa n ds oo n .Mosto f出巴 f a r m e r so fB a n g l a d e s h b l ei nr i c ec u l t i v a t i o nb u ta l s oi nwheat,v a r eu n d e rt h ep o v e r t yl e v e l(36%o fp o p u l a t i o na r ebelown a t i o n a lp o v e r t yl i n e )anda l s oi l l i t e r a t e もo ft o t a lp o p u l a t i o n ) .F o rt h e s er e a s o n st h e yh a v en o ta d e q u a t eb u y i n gandu t i l i z i n gc a p a c i t y ( 5 9 9 巴r ni n p u t st ob ed i f f i c u l tf o rs m a l ls u b s i s t e n c ef a r m e rwho m e n t i o n e di n p u t s .A d o p t i o no ft h emod Y u j i r o,1 9 8 1 ) .I nB拍 g l a d 巴s ht h e r ei snos u i t h a v el i t t l ef i n a n c i a lc a p a c i t yt op u r c h a s e(Hayami, a b l ei n f r a s t r u c t u r ef o rt h ei m p l e m e n t a t i o no fprogrammest om o n i t o rα ' o p sc u l t i v a t i o na n da l s o h a r d l ys e e nt oforme f f e c t i v ef a r m e r s 'o r g a n i z a t i o n . 芯n t i a lo ft h e Governmentf o o dp o l i c yw i l lc e r t a i n l ya f f e c ta t t a i n m e n to ft h ef o o dp r o d u c t i o np o t むo nP o l i c yo fB a n g l a d e s hh a st h ef o l l o w i n gmaino b j e c t i v e s : c o u n t r y .Thef o o dp r o d u c l) Tos t a b i l i z ef i o o dp r i c 邸 f o r出 ecusωm 巴お “ 四 3 4 I nB a n g l a d e s h,( F Y )f i s c a ly e a rb e g i n sf r ' OmJ u l ya n d巴n d si nJ u n e . I n t e n s i f i c a t i o ni su s e dh 巴r et od e s c r i b e sm e a s u r e sd e s i g nt ' Oi n c r e a s et h ep r o d u c t i v i t y'Oft h el a n da l r e a d y 伊r a 飽 食 ' Oma ne x t 巴n s i'Ono fs c a l e,w h i c hi m p l i e su s 巴 o fa ni n c r e a s e d u s e db yt h ep e a s a n tf a r m e r .l ti ss e am ' O u n t'Ofl a n d .P'Op u l a t i'Onp r e s s u r eu s u a l l y! e a d st oa g r i c u l t u r a le v'O! u t i o n,f ' O r c i n gf a r m e r st oa d ' O p tm o r 巴 i n t e n s i v em e t h o d s'Ofu s i n gt h e i rl a n d . R a h m a na n dT a k e d a : T h eN e ω s s i t yo fS t r u c t u r a lR e f o r mf o rt h eD e v e l o p m e n to fB a n g l a d e s hA g r i c u l t u r e 2 3 2) Toprovidet h eminimumi n c e n t i v ep r i c ef o rt h 巴p r o d u c e r s . 3) Tomaximizefoodp r o d u c t i o ni no r d e rt oa c h i e v es e l f s u f f i c i e n c ya se a r l ya sp o s s i b l e . 4) Topromotet h edevelopmento fw i n t e rc r o p,whicha r el e s spronet odamagebyn a t u r a l Edison,1 9 9 7 ) . h a z a r d s( D a y a l, Withint h eabovementioned0句e c t i v e swewouldl i k et of o c u sont h ep o i n t3,a d o p t i n ggroup f a r m i n gsystemont h ep u r p o s eo fi n c r e a s i n gp r o d u c t i v i t y . 2 .R e s u l t sandD iscussion ① ProductionStructureo fA g r i c u l t u r ei nBangladesh Bangladeshi son 巴o ft h emostd e n s e l yp o p u l a t e dc o u n t r i e sone a r t h,r a p i dp o p u l a t i o ngrowthand at r a d i t i o no fb e q u e a t h i n gl a n dt oa l lh e i r sh a sl e dt of r a g m e n t a t i o no fh o l d i n g s .Doublec r o p p i n g 巴c r o p say e a r .Riced o m i n a t e st h ec r o p p i n g i st h enormandmanyf a r m e r sgrowa smanya st h r e 6 pattemi nmostp a r t so ft h ec o u n t r yandi sgrowni nt h r e ed i f f e r e n ts e a s o n sa u s5,aman andboro 7• Boror i c , 巴 whichr e q u i r e si n t e n s i v ei r r i g a t i o n,i sgrowna tt h esamet i m ea swheatd u r i n gt h ec o o l d r yw i n t e rs e a s o nc a l l e dr a b i .T h i r t y y e a r s ago a l m o s ta l lo fBangladesh か c e r e a lp r o d u c t i o nwasfromt h emo soonc r o p .I nr e c e n ty e a r sboror i c e h a s g a i n e d i m p o r t a n c e . Because y i e l d so fb o r or i c ea r eh i g h e rt h a n h 巴 c r o p y i e l d so fo t h e rt y p e so fr i c e,t now a c c o u n t sf o rad i s p r o p o r t i o n I n d i a 巴p r o d u c t i o n . a t e l yl a r g es h a r eo fr i c Thea g r i c u l t u r a ly巴a rb e g i n si nl a t e F e b r u a r y ,when t h ew e a t h e ri sd r y andg e t t i n gw a r m e r .Overap e r i o do f s e v e r a l weeks e a c hf i e l di s plowed t h r e eo rf o u rt i m e s ;u s u a l l yu s i n ga e r woodenplowandtwooxen,onep s o nc a n plow 0 . 1 1 h巴c t a r e si n an e i g h tt ot e nhourw o r k d a y .I nadd ト t i o nt oplowing,f i e l dp r e p a r a t i o nf o r i r r i g a t i o ni n v o l v e sc o n s t r u c t i o n and I n d i a n O c e a n o100200km L一 一 一 一L ー_j F i g u r e1 .T h emapo fB a n g l a d e s h,t h ec o u n 汀yh a sa na r e ao f m a i n t e n a n c eo fp l o tb o u n d a r i e s, 出 品 1 4 4, 0 0 0s q u a r ek i l o m e t e r sa n de x t e n d s8 2 0k i l o m e t 巴r sn o r t ht o .B a n g l a d e s hi sb o u n d e do n o u t ha n d6 0 0k i l o m e t e r se a s tt ow e st i n ge ぽt handweedsfromt h ef i e l d . s t h 巴 w e s t,n o r t ha n de a s tb ya2 , 40 0 k i l o m e t e rl a n df r o n t i e rw i t h Theseb o u n d a r i e sa l s os e r v et or e t 創 n l n d i aa n di nt h 巴s o u t h e a s t,b yas h o r tl a n da n dw a t e rf r o n t i e r( J9 3 w a t e ri nt h ep l o t s when t h er a i n s k i l o m e t 巴r s )w i t hM y a n m a r . 5 Sowni nM a r c ho rA p r i l,b e n e f i t sf r o mA p r i la n dMayr a i n s,m a t u r e sd u r i n g出巴 summerr a i n sa n di sh a r s t e dd u r i n gt h 巴s ummer T r a n s p l a n t i n gd u r i n gt h esummerm o n s o o na n di sh a r v e s t 巴d i nNov 巴m b e r / D e c e m b e r . W i t ht h ei n c r e a s i n gu s eo fi lT i g a t i o n,b o r or i c eg r o w i n gs e a s o ne x t e n d e dd u r i n gt h ed r ys e a s o nf r o mO c t o b e r t o乱f 品r c h V巴 6 B u l. lF a c .A g r .,S a g aU n i v .N o .8 7( 2 0 0 2 ) 2 4 comeafewmonthsl a t e r .Moderni r r i g a t i o nm a c h i n e r i e ss u c ha sl i f tpump,d e e pt u b ew e l l,s h a l lowt u b ew e l la r eu s e di ni r r i g a t i o nb u tt h e ya r en o ta d e q u a t ee n o u g h .I nt h o s er u r a la r e a swhere e l e c t r i c i t yi sa v a i l a b l e,t u b ew e l l sw i t he l e c t r i cpumpsa r ebecominga ni m p o r t a n ti r r i g a t i o nd e v i c e .B e s i d 巴s t h e s e,t r a d i t i o n a 18methodso fi r r i g a t i o na r ea l s ob e i n gu s e d . 巴o ft h emostd i f f i c u l tp r o b l e m si nt h ec o u n t r y s i d e Theo w n e r s h i po fa g r i c u l t u r a l l a n dr e m a i n e don i nB a n g l a d e s h .l nmostv i l l a g e s,afewf a m i l i巴sc o n t r o lenoughl a n dt ol i v ec o m f o r t a b l y ,w h i l ea l a r g ep e r c e n t a g 巴o ff a m i l i e shav 巴e i t h e rnol a n do rn o tenought os u p p o r tt h e m .Thed i s p a r i t i 巴s b e t w e e nt h er i c h e s tandp o o r e s tv i l l a g e r sa p p e a r st obew i d e n i n go v e rt i m e .I s l a m i ci n h e r i t a n c e l a wi sb e i n gp r a c t i c e di nBanglad 巴s hwhichc a l l sf o re q u a ld i v i s i o no fa s s巴t samonga l lt h es o n s, t h eg r o w i n gp o p u l a t i o nl e a d i n gt oa ni n c r e a s 巴i nt h ef r a g m e n t a t i o no fl a n d h o l d i n gandf u r t h e ri m p o v e r i s h m e n t .I n h e r i t a n c ep u r c h a s e,ands a l eh a v el e f tt h el a n do fmanyf a m i l i e ss u b d i v i d e di n t o ヲ anumberofs 巴p a r a t ep l o t sl o c a t e di nd i f f e r e n ta r e a so ft h ev i l l a g e s .Ther e a d ya v a i l a b i l i t yo fl a r g e h a r a c t 巴ro fmanyl a n d h o l d i n g sh a sp e r p e t u a t e da numberso fp o o rl a b o r e r sandt h e台 湾mentedc l a b o ri n t e n s i v 巴s t y l eo fa g r i c u l t u r eandun 巴q u a lt e n a n c yr 巴l a t i o n s .Atl e 且s tonet h i r do ft h eh o u s 巴 回 m h o l d si nmostv i l l a g e sa r eu s i n gr e n t e dl a n d .S h a r 巴c r o p p i n gi st h emostcommonf 0n11o ft 巴n a n c y a g r 芯e ment . す1・ a d i t i o n a ls h a r e c r o p p i n ga r r a n g e m e n th e a v i l yf a v o r e dt h el a n d l o r ・ do v e rt h es h a r e 悶 c r o p p e r ,w i t haf i f t y f i f t ys p l i to ft h 巴p r o d u c eandt h et e n a n tp r o v i d i n ga l li n p u t so fs e e d s,l a b o r , f e r t i l i z e r ,a ndi r r i g a t i o n .A f t e rd e c a d e so fr u r a la g i t a t i o n,t h e1984LandReformsO r d i n a n c ef i 陣 n a l l ye s t a b l i s h e dt h er u l eo ft h r e es h a r e s o n e t h i r do ft h ep r o d u c ef o rt h elandown 巴r ,o net h i r df o r 帥 t h 巴s h a r e c r o p p e rando n e t h i r ds p l i ta c c o r d i n gt ot h ec o s t so fc u l t i v a t i o n .Poorp e a s a n t swhoc o u l d n o to b t a i nl a n da st e n a n t sh a v et oworka sa g r i c u l t u r a ll a b o r e r so rf i n dn o n a g r i c u l t u r a lj o b s .The 1 9 8 4A g r i c u l t u r a lLaborO r d i n a n c es e tt h eminimumd a i l ywagef o ra g r i c u l t u r a l l a b o ra t3 . 2 8kg o fr i c eo ri t sc a s he q u i v a l e nt .S t a t i s t i c sr e v e a l e di n1 9 9 5 9 6t h a tshowst h ep e r c e n t a g eo fa g r i .L a 9 b o rf o r c ei s5 1 . 1 2o u to ft o t a l l a b o rf o r c e .D i s g u i s e d unemploym 巴n ti ss e v e r e l yf o u n di nB a n g l a - d e s ha g r i c u l t u r e .Employmentr a t i oo fa g r i c u l t u r a l l a b o rf o r c ebys e xi n1 9 8 9 maleandf e m a l ei s ラ 7 :1 .S i n g l ef a r r n i n gi soneo ft h emosti m p o r t a n tc h a r a c t e r i s t i c so fB a n g l a d 巴s ha g r i c u l t u r e .The t r e n df e a t u r e so ff a r ms t r u c t m ・ eo v e rt h el a s tt h r e eandah a l fd e c a d e sa r ea sf o l l o w s : 1 .Ap r o l i f e r a t i o no fs m a l landm a r g i n a lf a r m s ; 2 .R e l a t i v e l yc o n s o l i d a t i o no ft h em i d d l ec a t 巴g o r y ;and 3 .AnO v e r a l ls h i f tdownse v i d e n ti nt h er e l a t i v ed e c l i n ei nt h el a r g ef a r mc a t e g o r y . ( B a n g l a d e s hA g r i c u l t u r ei nt h e2 1 "c e n t u r y ,1 9 9 5, TheWorldBankB a n g l a d e s h0出 回1 ) ② C h a r a c t e r i s t i c0 1JapaneseA g r i c u l t u r a lS t r u c t u r e M o u n t a i n o u sa r e a sa c c o u n tf o r6 1% o ft h et o t a ln a t i o n a l l a n da n dt h e r ei sl i m i t e df l a tl a n da v a i l 司 a b l ei nJ a p a n .C o n s e q u e n t l y ,c o m p e t i t i o ne x i s t si nl a n du s e .Undert h e s ec i r c u m s t a n c e s,t h er a t i o o ff a r m l a n di sa b o u t13.5%o ft h et o t a ln a t i o n .1 nJ a p a n,r i c ec r o pf a r m i n g(39%o ft o t a lc u l t i v a t e dl a n d )h a sb e e no p e r a t e dn a t i o n w i d 巴a sak e yp l a n t i n gs y s t e ms u i t a b l ef o ri t sh o tandr a i n y 8 9 T r a d i t i o n a lm e t h o do fi n ' i g a t i o ni n c l u d 巴p i t c h e r ,s w i n gb a s k e ta n dah a l l o w e d o u tl o gf i x 巴do nap i v o ta n d f i t t e dw i t hac o u n t e r b a l a n c e . P 巴r s o n se n g a g ei nas p e c i f i cs e c t o rm o r et h a nr 巴q u i r e dn u m b e r sa n d巴n j o ye q l l a lf a c i l i t i e si sc a l l e dd i s g u i s e d . tD i s g u i s e dl l n e m p l o y m e n ti ss e v 巴r e l yf o u n di nB a n g l a d e s ha g r i c u l t u r 巴.A sal a r g en u m b e ro f u n e m p l o y m e n 巴k e m p l o y m e n ti na g r i c l l l t u r ea n dm o r el a b o re n g a g e si np e ru n i to fl a n da r e a,t h ep r o d u c t i v i t yo f w o r k e r ss e l a b o ri sb e i n gr e d u c 巴d a n dt h 巴w a g er a t ei sb e i n gb i dd o w n . R a h m a na n dT a k e d a : T h eN e c e s s i t yo fS t r u c t u r a lR e f o r mf o rt h eD e v e l o p m e n to fB a n g l a d 巴s hA g r i c u l t u r e 2 5 summers e a s o nandw h e a ti sb e i n gc u l t i v a t e dsomep l a c e si nJ a p a na c c o u n t e dt o4%o ft o t a lc u l t i v a t e dl a n d S i n c et h et i m eo fB a s i cA g r i c u l t u r a lLaw1 9 6 1,t h egovernmenth a si n t r o d u c e dm e a s u r e sa sp a r t o fs t r u c t u r ep o l i c yf o rt h er a t i o na 1i z a t i o no ff a r ml a n dandt h em o d e r n i z a t i o no fa g r i c u l t u r a lman 同 agementt oa c h i e v eimprovementi nt h es c a l eo fJ a p a n e s efm 羽 i n g .Mores p 巴c i f i c a l l y ,t h e s ei n 由 c l u d em e a s u r e sf o rt h ec o n s o l i d a t i o no ff a r r n l a n d,i n t r o d u c t i o no fm e c h a n i z a t i o n,impτovementm f a r τ nmanagementp r a c t l c巴sandd i v e r s i f i c a t i o no fa g r i c u l t u r a la c t i v i t i e s . Atp r e s e n t,ad i s t i n c t i v ef e a t u r eo fJ a p a n e s ea g r i c u l t u r ei st h es m a l ls i z eo fl a n d h o l d i n gp e rf a r m Oft h et o t a lf a r m si n1 9 9 7,a r o u n d2 3p e r c e n thadac u l t i v a t 巴da r e ao fl e s st h a n0 . 5h e c t a r , 巴c umul a t i v e l yn e a r l y59p e r c e n to ff a r m swerel e s st h 幻1 1h e c t a r eando n l y1 4p e r c e n twerel a r g e rt h a n2 o m m e r c i a lf a r mh o u s e h o l do n l y ) .A n o t h e rc h a r a c t e r i s t i c h e c t a r e si na r e a( e x c l u d i n gHokkaido,c o fJ a p a n e s ea g r i c u l t u r ei st h ei m p o r t a n c eo fp a r t ぺimef a r m i n g .P a r tt i m ef a r m i n ga c c o u n t sf o ra 司 s u b s t a n t i a lp a r to fJ a p a n e s ea g r i c u l t u r ei n h a r eo fa g r i c u l t e r m so ff a r mnumbers,s T a b l e1 :B r i e fo nJ a p a n e s eA g r i c u l t u r a lS t r u c t u r e S e r i a l P a r t i c u l a r s t u r a lo u t p u t and r e s o u r c eu s e .J 品p a n ' s N u m h e r d e f i n i t i o no fp a r tt i m ef a r mh o u s e h o l d s 4 6 0, 0 0 0 T o t a lf a r mh o u s e h o l dm e m b e r s 1 3, i n c l u d e sv e r ys m a l lf a r m sanda n yf a r mi n 2 . Pro p o r t i o no ff a r mh o u s e h o l dp o p u l a t i o nt ot h et o t a l 1 0 . 6 9 も p o p u l a t i o n whichoneo rmoreh o u s巴h o l dmembers o t a lp l a n t e da r e ao fc r o p s 4 , 5 6 3, 0 0 0h e c t a r e s 3 . T a r e engag 巴di nj o bo t h e rt h a nf a r m i n g . 4 . R i c ep l a n t e da r e a 1 , 7 7 00 0 0h e c t a r e s P a r t t i m ef a r m i n gi nJ a p a ni s1 1 0 ta1 1 e w 5 W h e a tp l a n t e da r e a 1 9 7, 0 0 0h e c t a r e s phenomenon,h o w e v e r .l n2000,8 1 . 8p e r 1 3 . 5 % 6 . R a t i oo ff a r m l a n do ft o t a la r e a 1 0 c e n to ff a r mh o u s巴h o l d s weree s t i m a t e d 2 3 % 7 . F a r m s,l e s st h a n0 . 5h e c t a r e ぺimefarmo p e r a t o r s .Oft h e3. 12 t obep a r t e s st h a n1h e c t a J 官 5 9 % a r m s,l 8 . F 1 4 % m i l l i o nf a r mh o u s e h o l d si ne x i s t e n c ei n o r et h a n2h e c t a r e s 9 . F a r m s,m o m m e r c i a lf a r mh o u s e h o l d ( E x c l u d i n gH o k k a i d o,c 2000,7 4 . 9 0p e r c e n t were c l a s s i f i e da s o n l y ) c o m m e r c i a l11 f a r m sand2 5 . 1 0p e r c 巴n ta s も u l l -t i m ef a r m i n gh o u s e h o l d s 1 8 . 2 0 9 1 0 F n o n c o m m e r c i a l12f a r m s . 8 1 .8 0 % 1 1 P a r t-t i m ef a r m i n gh o u s e h 0 1 d s 7 4 . 9 0 9 も Thenumb 巴r o ff a r mh o u s e h o l dp o p u l a t i o 1 1 1 2 C o m m e r c i a lf a r mh o u s e h o l d s 2 5 . 1 0 % N o n c o m m e r c i a l f a r m h o u s e h o l d s 1 3 (f a r m h o u s e h o l d members) was 4 8 . 8 0 % 1 4 M a l ee n g a g e di nf aJ m i n g 1 3, 460, 000i n2000andt h ep r o p o r t i o no f 1 .2 0 % 5 1 5 F e m a l ee n g a g e di nf a n n i n g f a r mh o u s e h o l dp o p u l a t i o nt ot h et o t a l 1 6 P e r s o n so f6 5y e a r so ro v e re n g a g e di nf a r m i n g p o p u l a t i o nwas1 0 . 6p e r c e nt .Thep r o p o r 2 8 . 6 0 % a 1l a b o r S t i o no fmaleandf e m a l ea g r i c u l t u r o u r c e :S u m m a r yr e s u l to f2 0 0 0w o r l dc e n s u so fA g r i c u l t u r e ,3 0 ' "N o v , 2 0 0 0,S t a t i s t i ω a n dI n f o r m a t i o n a n dF o r e s t r y f o r c ei s 48.8% and 51 .2% r 巴s p e c t i v e l y . ,J a p a n .A g g r e g a t eo fP l a n t e dA r e a D e p a r t m e n t,MAFF Thea v e r a g ea g eo ff a r mh o u s e h o l dmemo fC r o p sa n dU t i l i z a t i o nR a t i oo fC u l t i v a t e dL a n d, b巴r se n t 巴r i n ga g r i c u l t u r ei sa l s ow e l l 2 0 0 0,MAFF ,J a p a n . 馴 司 時 H o u s e h o l d st h a tm a n a g ec u l t i v a t e dl a n do f1 0 ao rm o r eo rt h e s et h o s eh a v ec u l t i v a t e dl a n du n d e rm a n a g e m e n to fl e s st h a n1 O ab u th a v 巴a g r i c u l t u r a lp r o d u c t ss a l e so f Y e n1 5 0, 0 0 0o rmor 巴i nay e a r . 1 1 F a n nh o u s e h o l d sw i t hc u l t i v a t e dl a n do f3 0 ao rm o r eo fs a l e so fa g r i c u l t u r a lp r o d u c t so fY e n5 0 0, 0 0 0o r 政l o r e . 1 2F a r mh o u s e h o l d sw i t hc u l t i v a t e dl a n do f3 0 al e s sa n ds a l e so fa g r i c u l t u r a lp r o d u c t so f Y e n5 0 0, 0 0 0o rl e s s . N o t 巴 :1a r e=1 0 0s q u a r em e t e r s . 1 0 B u l l .F a c .A g r .,S a g aU n i v .N o .8 7( 2 0 0 2 ) 2 渇 np a r t,mayr e f l e c tt h er o l eo ft h ee l d e r l yo rr e t i r e e s abovet h o s ei no t h e ri n d u s t r i e s .T h i st r e n d,i ( f o r m e r l yengagedi no f f f a r mworko ra sp a r t t i m 巴f a r m e r s )i nfarmh o u s e h o l d s,whot a k eont h e r e s p o n s i b i l i t yf o rt h ed a i l ymaintenanc巴 o fs m a l lr i c efarms,f o rexample,onaf u l l t i m eb a s i sa f t e r r e t i r e m e n tfromo f f f a r mwork.Thep o p u l a t i o no fe l d e r l yworkersretumingt ot h efarms e c t o rh a s i n c r e a s e ds i n c et h egen 巴r a ls l o w i n gi ngrowthr a t e so ft h eeconomyfromt h 巴l a t e1 9 7 0 s .Observ 輔 i n gt h es 汀u c t u r eo ffarmhouseholdmembersbyage,i ti sc l e a r l yfoundt h a tt h ep r o p o r t i o no ft h e も ) . agedmemberso f65y e a r sande l d e ri st h eh i g h e s t( 2 8 . 6 9 Amongmanyo t h e rfarmings y s t e m s,i nr e c e n t l y , groupf a r m i n gh a sd e v e l o p e di nv a r i o u sf i .e l d so f n t r a f a m i l i a ro ri n t e r f a r m i n g .T h i si sduet ot h ep a r t i a ld i s m p t i o no ft r a d i t i o n a lmutuala i d,i f a m i l i a landa tt h esamet i m et ot h eov 巴r a l ln e c e s s i t yo ft h emodemizationofc a p i t a lequipmen t . Groupf a r m i n gh a sa t t r a c t e da t t e n t i o ni nt h ef i .e l do fa g r i c u l t u r a lp o l i c yi nJapanf o rgroupf a r m i n g h a scomet obec o n s i d e r e da sani m p o r t a n tc o u n t e r m e a s u r et ot h es t m c t u r a lp r o b l e m .1 nf a c t,t h e coop巴r a t i o no ff a r m i n go rgroupfarmingi sexpandingbyv a r i o u so r g a n i z a t i o n sandi nv a r i o u s f i . e l d soff a r m i n g .I tc o u l dbes a i dt h a ti nJapant h e r es h o u l dbea l m o s tnof a m i l yfarmt h a tdoes n o tp a r t i c i p a t ei nsomegroupfarming(Takekazu, OGURA,1981, p p . 6 2 6 ) . ③ Foodg r a i nProductionandRequirementGapI nBangladesh A g r i c u l t u r a lgrowthperformancei soneoft h emostc r i t i c a la s p e c t so fB a n g l a d e s h ' ss t r u g g l et o a c h i e v 巴 e conomicdevelopmen t .Foraboutt h r 巴巴 d e c a d e ss i n c et h ee a r l y 1970s,food g r a i n s, m o s t l yr i c e,havep r e d o m i n a n t l yl e da g r i c u l t u r a lgrowthi nB a n g l a d e s h .Thep o p u l a t i o nofBang 由 l a d e s hi sgrowinga tt h er a t 巴o fabout1 .6%andi se x p e c t e dt or e a c h1 51 .68m i l l i o nby2 0 1 0 .Food s e c u r i t yf o rt h i sl a r g enumbero fp o p u l a t i o nmeanseverybodyh a sa c c e s st of o o d sofd i f f e r e n t 巴l f p r o d u c t i o no rp u r c h a s e .Cur t y p e st h a te n s u r ea d e q u a t ec a l o r i e sandp r o t e i ni n t a k et h r o u g hs 由 r e n t l yBangladeshi safoodde f i . c i tc o u n t r y . I nf i .s c a ly e a r19992000且nd2000-2001Banglad 巴s hi m p o r t 巴d2 .104and1 .556m i l l i o nt o n so f 司 foodg r a i n( r i c eandwheatr e s p e c t i v e l y )t omeetminimumneedsf o rt h es u b s i s t e n c eo ft h epopu 嶋 T a b l e2 :F o o dg r a i np r o d u c t i o na n dR e q u i r e m e n tG a p . N e tP r o d u c t i o n F o o dg r a i n F o o d C o n s u m p t i o n ‘ (O O O ' m T o n s ) R e q u i r e m e n t e q u i r e m e n t A f t e rd e d u c t i n g R G a p 10%f o rS e e d, ‘ (O O O ' m T o n s l ‘ (O O O ' m T o n s ) 16 o z / d a y / c a p ) a s t a g e ( F e e d&W 1 9 9 0 9 1 1 1 1 1 8 8 5 6 1 6 9 7 0 1 8 3 7 8 1 4 0 7 1 9 9 1 9 2 1 1 3 1 9 3 1 7 1 8 7 0 9 1 3 2 3 1 7 3 8 5 1 9 9 2 9 3 1 1 5 1 9 5 1 7 1 9 0 4 0 1 4 7 5 1 7 5 6 5 1 9 9 3 9 4 1 1 7 1 9 1 7 2 1 9 3 7 1 2 1 1 6 1 7 2 5 5 1 9 9 4 9 5 1 8 0 7 8 1 9 7 0 2 3 4 3 2 1 1 9 1 6 2 7 0 1 9 9 5 9 6 2 0 0 3 3 2 8 8 3 1 2 1 1 9 0 5 6 1 7 1 5 0 1 9 9 6 9 7 2 0 3 3 7 2 0 6 1 1 2 3 1 8 3 0 3 2 0 3 6 4 1 9 9 7 9 8 2 0 9 8 1 2 5 2 0 6 6 4 1 8 5 9 8 2 0 6 9 5 1 9 9 8 9 9 2 1 0 2 6 1 3 9 5 1 2 7 2 1 8 1 3 1 9 6 3 2 N o t e :F o o dg r a i nc o n s u m p t i o nr e 司u i r e m e n th a sb e e nc a l c u 1 a t e do nt h eb a s i so fa v e r a g ed a i l yc o n s u m p t i o n( 1 6 (m 'T o n=M e t r i cぬ n ) o u n c e )o ff o o c lo fap e r s o n .‘ S o u r c e :M i n i s t r yo fF o o c l,B a n g 1 a d e s h Y e a r e a r M i dY P o p u l a t i o n 1 li o n ) (Mi 同 D o m e s t i c P r o d u c t i o n ‘ (O O O ' m T o n s ) R i c e + W h e a t R a h m a na n dT a k e d a : T h eN e c e s s i t yo fS t r u c t u r a lR e f o r mf o rt h eD e v e l o p m e n to fB a n g l a d e s hA g r i c u l t u r e 27 2 2 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 1 8 0 0 0 1 6 0 0 0 ∞14000 ロ 312000 喜10000 e . 80∞ 忍 。6000 U ト 司 0. 4 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 1 9 9 ふ9 1 1 9 宮1 9 2 1 9 9 2 9 3 1 9 9 3 9 4 1 9 9 4 9 5 1 9 9 5 9 6 1 9 9 ι 9 7 1 9 9 7 9 8 1 9 98 9 9 Y e a r F i g u r e2 :F o o dP r o d u c t i o na n dR e q u i r e m e n tGap l a t i o n .Att h en a t i o n a l l e v e l,a l lt h en e c e s s a r yf o o d smaybep r o d u c e dd o m e s t i c a l l yo rmadeupby ti saf a c tt h a tB a n g l a d e s hd o e sn o th a v er e a d i l ya v a i l a b l er e n a t i o n a lp r o d u c t i o nandi m p o r t s .I 帥 s o u r c 巴st omakeupt h es h o r t f a l lq u i e t l ybyi m p o r t s .Att h ei n d i v i d u a ll e v e l,t h es i t u a t i o ni sp r e “ c a r i o u sf o rt h em i l l i o n so fpoorp e o p l e, b e c a u s et h e ydon o thavep u r c h a s i n gpow巴rduet ol a c ko f i n c o m e e a r n i n go p p o r t u n i t i e s .A v o i d i n go t h e rs o u r c e so ff o o d,wewouldl i k et od i s c u s sh e r eb o t h r i c eandwheatp r o d u c t i o nandt h er e q u i r e m e n ts i t u a t i o n . Asshowni nt a b l e2b o t ht h ep o p u l a t i o nandf o o dp r o d u c t i o ni n c r e a s e dg r a d u a l l yy e a rbyy e a r .I t 仔i c i e n tt ot h er e q u i r e m e nt . i sc l e a r l yshownh e r et h a tf o o dg r a i n sp r o d u c t i o ni sn o ts u ④ ComparativeStatement0 1Y i e l dBetweenBangladeshandJapan I twasfoundt h a tt h e r ei sas l i g h ts i m i l a r i t ybetweenB a n g l a d e s handJ a p a na g r i c u l t u r ee s p e c i a l l y i nt h eKyushuf l a ta r e a .BothB a n g l a d e s handKyushuh a v ea d e q u a t er a i n f a l lmostf a v o r a b l et o a g r i c u l t u r e .SomeJ a p a n e s ef a r m sc o n s i s to fanumbero fs m a l lands c a t t e r e df i e l d s,whicha r e g l a d e s h .Thr 巴ec r o p say e a ra r ep o s s i b l eonl a n d si nt h ewarmera r e a so fK y u s h u . s i m i l a rt oB註n J a p a nl i e si nt h en o r t h e a s tt i po ft h eA s i a nMonsoonZonet h a tencompassesI n d i a,China,Korea 巴ri sg e n e r a l l ym i l dandhumidw i t hc o n s i d e r a b l e andt h eS o u t h e a s tA s i a nc o u n t r i e s .Theweath v a r i a t i o nfromn o r t ht os o u t h .Thec l i m a t eo fB a n g l a d e s hi st r o p i c a l ;m i l dw i n t e r ;h o t,humid 羽 r a i n ymonsoon.R i c ei st h emainc r o pi nb o t ht h er e g i o n s .I nB a n g l a d e s h,70%o f summer;war nJ a p a n38.92%o f t o t a lc u l t i v a b l el a n d sa r eu s e di nr i c ec u l t i v a t i o n .Ont h eo t h e rhandi n1999,i t o t a lc u l t i v a b l el a n dwasu s e di nr i c ec u l t i v a t i o n . T h e r ea r ea l s omanyd i s s i m i l a r i t i e sbetweenB a n g l a d e s hc r o pp r o d u c t i o nandc r o pp r o d u c t i o no f J a p a n ;t h efarms i z ed i s t r i b u t i o n,t h ev a r i e t yo fp r o d u c t i o nandt h ed e g r e eo fm e c h a n i z a t i o nand 80o n .l nJ a p組 ,i r r i g a t i o n,t e r r a c i n g,f e r t i l i z e r s,h i g hy i e l dv a r i e t ys e e d sando t h e ri n t e n s i v ec u l t i v a t i o nmethodsa r ew i d e l yemployedandp r o v i d e d .Asar e s u l to fongoingimprovemento fi r r i g a 巴l opmento fpaddyf i e l df a r m i n g, t h er a t I oo fi r r i g a t e da r e a s t i o ni n f r a s t r u c t u r e sf o rt h ef u r t h e rd e v B u l l .F a c .A g r .,S a g aU n i v .N o .87 (2002) 28 t oa l la g r i c u l t u r a ll a n di sa tw o r l d 心l a s sl e v e l .P addyf i e l d sa r ee f f e c t i v ei np r e v e n t i n gd a r n a g e h i c kweeds,a n ds o i le r o s i o n,l e a d i n gt os t a b l ea g r i c u l t u r a lp r o c a u s e dbyc o n t i n u o u sc r o p p i n g,t d u c t i o n .R i c , 巴w h e a tando t h e rc r o p sa r 巴 ・h i g h l ys t a b l ei np r o d u c t i o na n dr i c hi nn u t r i t i o n .Bya p p l y i n gt h emodernt o o 1 s& t 巴c h n i q u eJ a p a nr e a c h e st ot h eh i g h e s tc r o py i e l d sp e rc u l t i v a t e da r e a i nt h ew o r l d .C o m p a r a t i v ep r o d u c t i o nd a t ab e t w e e nB a n g l a d e s ha n dJ a p a na r ef i g u r e di nT a b l e3 a n d4r e s p e c t i v e l y .1 nt h et a b l ewef i n dt h a tt h ea v e r a g er i c ea n dw h e a ty i e l do fJ a p a na r e2 . 6 9組 d 1 .6 5t i m e sh i g h e rt h a nB a n g l a d e s hr e s p e c t i v e l y .T h e s ep i c t u r e sshowt h 巴 d e p l o r a b l ey i e l ds i t u 倒 町 a t i o no fB a n g l a d e s ha g r i c u l t u r e . :P r o d u c t i o no f R i c ea n dW h e a ti nB a n g l a d 巴s h T a b l e3 P e r i o d A v e r a g e B o r oR i c e w h e a t A u s R i c e A m a n R i c e i e l d A r 官a P r e a P r o d u c t i o n Y r e a P r o d u c t i o n Y i巴J d A r e a P r o d u c t i o n A r o d u c t i o n A p e ra c r e p e ra c r e m m m m m m m m ( t o n ) ι 0 0 0 ' ‘ 000 ( t o n ) ' 0 0 0 ' ' 0 0 0 ' ' 0 0 0 ' ‘ 0 0 0 ' ‘ 0 0 0 ' ‘ 0 0 0 ' a c r e s t o n s a c r e s t o n s a c r e s t o n s a c r e s t o n s ヲ 1 9 9 2 9 3 1 9 9 394 4288 2075 1 4 4 4 2 6587 0 . 7 3 1574 1 1 7 6 0 . 7 5 1 8 5 0 14029 9680 9419 6423 4076 6378 6772 0 . 7 4 1 5 2 0 1 1 3 1 0 . 7 4 1 9 9 4 9 5 4111 1 7 9 1 1 3 8 2 4 8509 6582 6538 0 . 6 9 1 5 8 0 1 2 4 5 0 . 7 9 1 9 9 5 9 6 3840 1 6 7 6 1 3 9 5 3 8790 6804 7 2 2 1 0 . 7 2 1 7 3 2 1 3 6 9 0 . 7 9 1 9 9 6 9 7 3935 1 8 7 1 1 4 3 9 9 9552 6876 7460 0 . 7 5 1 7 4 9 1 4 5 4 0 . 8 3 1 9 9 7 9 8 3868 1 8 7 5 1 4 3 5 3 8850 7138 8137 0 . 7 4 1 9 8 8 1 8 0 3 0 . 9 1 1 6 1 7 1 2 7 6 2 7736 8715 1 0 5 5 2 0 . 8 0 2180 1 9 8 8 0 . 9 1 】 1 9 9 8 9 9 S o u r c e :B a n g l a d e s hB u r e a uo fS t a t i s t i c s T a b l e4 :P r o d u c t i o no fR i c 巴&羽信 e a ti nJ a p a n( f l a ta r e a ) R i c e i e l dp e ra c r e P r o d u c t i o n Y ( t o n s ) o n s i n'000't A r e a i n W h e a t i e l dp e ra c r e P r o d u c t i o n Y ( t o n s ) I I I‘ 0 0 0 't o n s P e r i o d A r e ai n ‘ 0 0 0 'a c r e 1 9 7 5 6716 1 3 0 8 5 1 .9 5 222 2 4 1 1 .0 9 1 9 8 0 8505 9692 1 .6 7 472 5 8 3 1 .2 4 ‘ 0 0 0 ' a c r e 1 9 8 5 5725 1 1 6 1 3 2 . 0 3 5 7 8 874 1 .5 1 1990 5076 1 0 4 6 3 2 . 0 6 642 952 1 .4 8 1 9 9 6 4858 1 0 3 2 8 2 . 1 3 3 9 3 478 1 .22 1 9 9 7 4802 10004 2 . 0 8 573 1 .4 7 1 9 9 8 4429 8939 2 . 0 2 390 400 570 1 .4 3 S o u r c e :S t a l i s t i c s& I n f o r m a t i o nD e p a r t m e n t,M i n i s t r yo fA g r i c u l t u r e ‘F o r e s t r ya n dF i s h e r i e s,J a p a n ⑤ ComparativeCost0 1ProductionBetweenCooperativeFarmingandI n d i v i d u a l Farmingi nJapan. Reducedp r o d u c t i o nc o s ti sa ni m p o r t a n tmeanso fs t a b i l i z i n gt h ep r i c e so fa g r i c u l t u r a lp r o d u c t s a n di n c r e a s i n gt h eincomeo ft h ef a r m e r s .1 nt h i ss e c t i o n,t h ep r o d u c t i o nc o s t so fc o o p e r a t i v e f a r m sa r ea n a l y z 巴di nc o m p a r i s o nw i t ht h o s eo fi n d i v i d u a lf a r m s .Ther e s u l t sshowt h a ti nJ a p a n t h et o t a lp r o d u c t i o nc o s to fr i c eo fc o o p e r a t i v ef a r m si sc o m p a r a t i v e l yl o w e rfromt h ep r e v i o u s y e a rt h a nt h o s eo fi n d i v i d u a lf a r m s .I nt h ec 品s eo fc o o p e r a t i v ef a r 官1In g,i n1 9 9 9,t o t a lm a t e r i a la n d , 03, 203yena n di n2000,t h e yw e r e1 , 0 0, 1 5 1y e n .H e r em a t e r i a la n dl a b o rc o s t s l a b o rc o s tw e r e1 R a h m a na n dT a k e d a : T h eN e c e s s i t yo fS t 1U c t u r a lR e f o r mf o rt h eD e v e l o p m e n to fB a n g l a d e s hA g r i c u l t u r 巴 2 9 r o d u c t i o nC o s to fR i c e( C o o p 巴r a t i v eF a r m s ) T a b l e5・P S e l f s u p p l i e d I t em 1 0 0 1 5 1 5 5 4 5 4 3 2 5 9 9 3 6 8 7 0 3 1 1 8 4 3 5 3 4 6 1 5 2 4 6 6 3 3 3 1 0 3 2 0 2 5 5 6 3 1 3 4 9 3 6 4 . 0 3 -6. 3 . 9 6 . 8 d M 勺J f o 6 4 7 5 5 、 今ハリ 1 4 2 1 ハリ 3 3 9 7 5 、 今 2 9 2 2 5 勺ん 3 5 3 9 6 ・ 4 2 0 0 0 ( P r o d u c t i o n ) 1 9 9 9 ( P r o d u c t i o n ) D i f f e r e n c et o P r e v i o u sY e a r T a b l e6 :P r o d u c t i o nC o s to f R i c e( I n d i v i d u a lF a r m s ) I t em 5 3 1 0 3 L a b o rC o s t D i r e c t L a b o r C o s t F a m i l 5 1 ] 9 5 5 2 2 9 1 5 4 8 1 0 5 2 8 9 6 5 2 9 6 5 1 8 4 5 8 0 5 2 8 1 3 5 3 3 8 5 6 0 3 4 5 3 6 0 9 3 . 1 3 . 2 3 . 2 -1.8 -], 8 2 . 3 -1.0 3 . 2 T o t a l I 2 0 0 0 ( P r o d u c t i o n ) 1 9 9 9 ( P r o d u c t i o n ) D i f f e r e n c et o P r e v i o u sY e a r T o t a !C o s t Pu r c h a s e S e J f ( P a i d ) s u p p l i e d T n d i r e c t Lめ o r C o s t 1 8 1 2 M a t c r i a l C o s t T o t a l 7 9 1 1 6 1 3 2 2 1 9 5 5 4 6 1 5 1 9 0 0 n i tv a l u er a t i oo fd e c r e a s e :%.Y e nu n i t . N o t e :P r o d u c t i o nc o s tp e r1 0 a,U S o u r c e :P r e l i m i n a r yS t a t i s t i c a lR e p o r to nA g r i, F o r e s ta n dF i s h e r 由民 2 0 0 0, M i n i s t r yo fA g r i c u l t u r e, F o r e s t r ya n dF i s h e r i e s,T .a p a n h eo t h e rhand,i ni n d i v i d u a lfarming,i n1 9 9 9, werereducedfromt h ep r e v i o u sy e a rby3%.Ont t o t a lm a t e r i a landl a b o rc o s twere1 , 3 5, 338yenandi n2000 ,t h o s ec o s t swere1 , 32219Y 巴n .Here, ラ m a t e r i a landl a b o rc o s t swerereducedfromt h ep r e v i o u sy e a rby2 . 3 % .Analyzingbotht h ef i g u r e s, i ti sc l e a r l yfoundt h a tt o t a lc o s tofc o o p e r a t i v efarmsi sa l s olowert h a nt h a tofi n d i v i d u a lf a r m s . ⑥ Meaning0 1GroupFarming Wec o n s i d e rgroupfarminga sano r g a n i z a t i o ni nwhicht h ebulkoft h el a n di sh e l dandfarmedi n commonbyt h eg r o u p .Thet y p eofgroupfarming児島ηedt oh e r ・ ei swhati scommonlyc a l l e da p r o d u c t i o nc o o p e r a t i v ewhoseaimsa r et oworkt o g e t h e r ,t h ej o i n tu s eofmachineso rf a c i l i t i e s, agreementonfarmingworkands oo n .Atanyr a t e, groupfarmingi sano r g a n i z a t i o nofs o l i d a r i t y , economyandhumanity ,aiminga tab e t t e rl e v e lo ffarming(Takekazu,OGURA,1 9 8 2 ) .Group farmingi so r g a n i z e dbyf a r m e r si no r d e rt og e tt h ea d v a n t a g e sofal a r g eo p e r a t i o n,lowerc o s tof f f e c t i v eu s eo fl a n d,manpower ,c a p i t a landc o n s e q u e n t l yh i g h e reconomicr e p r o d u c t i o n,moree 鋤 t u r n s .Forc e r t a i nt y p e sofh i g hc o s ti n d i v i s i b l et e c h n o l o g i e s,i ti smuchmoreeconomicalt oadopt t h e s eonal a r g efarmt h a nonas m a l lf a r m .T h e r e f o r e, f a r m e r sj o i nt h e i rr e s o u r c e sofc a p i t a l, l a n d andmanpoweri no r d e rt oproducemorec h e a p l y .Sometimesi n d i v i d u a lfarmingmaybec a p a b l e ofa d o p t i n gnewt e c h n o l o g ysucha st h eh i g hy i e l dy i e l d i n gv a r i e t i e sofs e e dandt h er e l a t e di n 皿 p u t sp r o v i d e dt h e yhavea c c e s st osuchs t r a t e g i cv a r i a b l e sa sc r 巴d i tandw a t e r .Butah i g h l yp r o d u c t i v 巴i n d i v i d u a lfarmingsystemr e q u i r e sane l a b o r a t es e r v i c es t r u c t u r e,whichi sb o t he x p e n s i v e 巴t oadopt andtime-consumingt od e v e l o p .I nagroupfarmingsystema l lp a r t i c i p a t i n gf a r m e r shav 3 0 B u l l .F a c .A g r .,S a g aU u i v .N o .8 7(2002) t h esamev a r i e t ya n dt r a n s p l a n ta tt h esamet i m e,w i t h o u tt h i st i m i n g,社l ea d j u s t m e n to fi r r i g a t i o n w a t e rc a nn o tbec a r r i e do u tc o o p e r a t i v e l yb e c a u s ew a t e rd e p t hmustd i f f e rbyg r o w t hs t a g ea n d c o n d i t i o n .Thesamei st r u ef o rd i s e a s eandi n s e c tc o n t r o. lT hust h es i m p l 巴s tformo fg r o u pf a r m ,t ot r a n s p l a n ta n da p p l yf 巴 ,r t i l i z e ra ta n i n go p e r a t i o ni sa g r e e m e n tt oa d o p tt h esamev a r i e t y 巴r u s ea n dd i s e a s ea n di n s e c tc o n t r o lc o o p e r a t i v e l y .U s u a l l y a g r e e d u p o nt i m ea n dt omanagewat t h eo p e r a t i o n su n d e rt h ea g r e 巴m enta r ec a r r i e do u ti n d i v i d u a l l yone a c hf a n l le x c e p tf o rc o o p e r a t i v ew a t e rmanagem 巴n tandi n s e c tc o n t r ol .Gr ・ oupf a r m i n gi ss o m e t i m e sc a l l e dj o i n tf a r m i n g ; 聞 however ,a g r e e m e n tamongt h em巴mbersi si t sb a s i cf o u n d a t i o n . ⑦ S i z e0 1Operation I ti sv e r yd i f f i c u l tt os a ya n y t h i n gs p 巴c i f i ca b o u tt h eo p t i m a ls i z eo fag r o u pf a r m i n g .Y e to fu n i t w i l lh a v ea ni m p o r t a n ti m p a c tonmanyi n t e r n a li s s u e sr e l a t e dt ot h er a t i o n a la n de f f i c i e n to p e r a t i o no ft h ef a r mfroma neconomic,a d m i n i s t r a t i v ea sw e l la st h es o c i a !p o i n to fv i e w . O t t oS c h i l l e rn o t e st h a te c o n o m i c / m a n a g e r i a lc o n s i d e r a t i o n sont h eo n ehanda n ds o c i a lc o n s i d e r a t i o nont h eo t h e ri n v o l v ed i f f e r e n tf a c t o r st h a tmayn o ta l w a y sc o i n c i d ew i t hr e g a r dt oa n yr a t i o n a landm a n a g e a b l ea g r i c u l t u r a lo p e r a t i o n,S c h i l l e rp o i n t so u tt h a tt h e r ei sal o w e rl i m i td e t e r ,a n da nu p p e rl i m i td e t e r m i n e dbym a n a g e l i a l minedbyt h en a t u r eo ft h ew o r k i n gp r o c e s si t s e l f r e q u i r e m 巴n t s( R e e d,EdwardP . 1 9 7 7 ) .l no t h e rw o r d s ;a c c o r d i n gt ot h ep e c u l i a r i t i e so fe a c hk i n d o fo p e r a t i o n,t h ed i s e c o n o m i e so fs m a l la sw e l la sl a r g es c a l es h o u l db ea v o i d e d .I nag r o u pf a r m i n gs i t u a t i o ns o c i a lc o n s i d e r a t i o n ss u c ha st h en e e df o rc o o p e r a t i v ew o r k i n ga r r a n g e m e n ta n dp a r t i c i p a t o r yd e c i s i o n m a k i n gwiUa f f e c tt h eoptimumnumbero ff a m i l i e st h eg r o u pc a ni n c l u d e .The f a c t o r sd e t e r m i n i n gt h eo p t i m a lnumberw i l lbes u c ht h i n g sa st h eh o m o g e n e i t yo ft h eg r o u pa n d t h es i z eo fi m p o r t a n tcommunali n s t i t u t i o n . ⑧ ManagementandDecisionMaking 1 a r m e rp a r t i c i p a n t sa sc o o w n e r s Groupf a r m i n go ft h et y p ewea r ed i s c u s s i n gp r e s u m e st h a tt h e' s h a r ei nb o t hl a b o randmanagementr e s p o n s i b i l i t i e s .I d 巴a l l y ,t h e n,memberss h o u l dp a r t i c i p a t et o 1 u n c t i o n .Ane f f e c t i v 巴p a r t i c i p必o r yd e c i s i o n t h ew i d e s te x t e n tp o s s i b l ei nt h ed e c i s i o n m a k i n g' makingp r o c e s si so fc e n t r a li m p o r t a n c ei ' 1a“w e t h e y ,,13 g a pb e t w e e nmembersa n dm a n a g e r si s t obea v o i d e da n dmemberm o r a l es u s t a i n e d . ' 1c o u r s e,t h a tt h eg r o u pf a r mh a sas u f f i c i e n td e g r e e0 ' 1 Suchad e c i s i o nmakingp r o c e s sa s s u m e s,0 autonomyi nt h ea r e ao fp r o d u c t i o n,d i s t r i b u t i o na n di n v e s t m e n tt op r o v i d ear a n g ei nwhich m e a n i n g f u ld e c i s i o n sc a nbet a k e na tt h ef a r ml e v el .However ,i ti sa l s oo b v i o u st h a tmakings u c h 巴a g r i c u l t u r a lo p e r a t i o na n dr e l a t i n gt h e d e c i s i o n sa f f e c t i n gt h eo v e r a l lf u n c t i o n i n go fal a r g e s c a l ' 1 armt oe x t e r n a li n s t i t u t i o n sa n deconomicb o d i e s, r e q u i r e sah i g hd e g r 巴巴 o fs k i l la n ds o p h i s t i c a t i o na sw e l la st i m e .Toc o n d u c tt h ecomplexj o b0 ' 1g r o u pf a r m i n gs o m e t i m e so u t s i d eap r o f e s s i o n a lmanagermaybea p p o i n t e d .I nt h i sc a s e,i ti sv e r yi m p o r t a n tt h a tt h ef a r m e r sh a v eaprom ト n e n tr o l ei nt h es e l e c t i o np r o c e s sandh a v et h er i g h ta n da u t h o r i t yt oremovet h emanagera ta n y t i m e .Fromt h ev e r ys t a r t,p r e p a r a t i o na n dt r a i n i n go fp e a s a n tmembersf o rp a r t i c i p a t i o ni nt h e p l a n n i n gandmanagement0 ' 1t h e' 1 armo p e r a t i o ns h o u l db ee m p h a s i z e d .P a r a l l e lw i t ht h i ss h o u l d 陪 1 3 C o m m u n i c a t i o ng a pa n dm i s l e a d i n gt h em e m b e r sb ym a n a g 巴r ss o m 巴t i m e sc r e a t e‘w e t h e y 'e n v i r o n m e n ti n 巴o r g a n i z a t i o n . t h R a h m a na n dT a k e d a :TheN e c e s s i t yo fS t r u c t u r a lR e f o r mf o rt h eD e v e l o p m e n to fB a n g l a d e s hA g r i c u l t u r e 3 1 beas t e p b y ω s t e ps c h e d u l 巴di n c r e a s 巴i na c t i v ep a r t i c i p a t i o n,a ss k i l l sa n de x p e r i e n c巴 a r eg a i n e d . Governmenta d v i c ea n da s s i s t a n c ec a nb em a i n t a i n e dt h r o u g he x t e n s i o r トt y p es e r v i c e s,b u tw i t h i n ar e l a t i o n s h i pb a s e doni n c r e a s i n gg r o u pf a r ma u t o n o m y . ⑨ RemunerationandI n c e n t i v e s n f o r c et h ec o l I na n yg r o u pf a r m i n gs i t u a t i o ni ti si m p o r t a n tt h a tt h es y s t e mo fr e m u n e r a t i o nぉ i l e c t i v ef u n c t i o n i n go ft h ei n s t i t u t i o n,o t h e r w i s et h e r ei sac o n s t a n tt e n s i o nb e t w e e nt h ei d e a l so f 巴i n d i v i d u a lm e m b e r s .I nt h ec o n t e x to ft h emostd e v e l o p t h eo r g a n i z a t i o na n dt h ei n t e r e s t so ft h i n gc o u n t r i e s,ho wever ,t h i sr e q u i r e m e n ti so fs p e c i a la n dc r i t i c a li m p o r t a n c e .Thoughsome配置 g r e eo fi d e o l o g i c a lcommitmento rs i m p l ye n t h u s i a s mf o rt h eg r o u pe n d e a v o rmanye x i s tamong t h ep e a s a n t s,i ti sc l e a r l yi n d i c a t e dt h a tt h i sm o t i v a t i o ni sn o ts u f f i c i e n tt oh o l dag r o u pt o g e t h e r . Thes y s t e mo fr e w a r dandt h ed i s t r i b u t i o no fo u t p u tmustb ed e s i g n e dt op r o v i d er a t i o n a le c o nomici n t e n s i v e sf o rt h 巴c o l l 巴c t i v ep r o d u c t i o no ft h eb u l ko ff a r mo u t p ut .O b v i o u s l y , t h e nt h es y s ロn a n c eo fl a b o r . temo fr e m u n e r a t i o nmustbec l o s e l yc o o r d i n a t e dw i t ht h eo r g a n i z a t i o na n dp e r f o P a y m e n t st op紅 t i c i p a n t so f t e na r ei nt h 巴f ormo fa d v a n c e sp e rd a yworked( w i t hd i f f e r e n tr a t e so f 巴n tf o rd i f f e r e n tt y p e so fw o r k ),p l u sd i s t r i b u t i o nn e te a r n i n g sa ty e a r ' se n da f t 巴r d e d u c t i o n paym o fa l le x p e n s e s .However ,g u i d e l i n e sr e g a r d i n gt h i sm a t t e rmustb ed e t e r m i n e dbym u t u a lu n d e r s t a n d i n g . 相 同 但 ⑩ GroupA c t i v i t i e si nJapan 巴 f a r m i n gi sq u i t ei m p o s s i b l eb e c a u s eo ft h e As i m p l ed e f i n i t i o no fg r o u pa c t i v i t i e si nJ a p a n e s g r e a to r g a n i z a t i o n a ld i v e r s i t yo ft h e s ea c t i v i t i e s .T h e r ea r emanyr e a s o n sf o rt h ea p p e a r a n c eo f s u c hav a r i巴t yo fg r o u pa c t i v i t i e sr e c e n t l y ;f o re x a m p l e,t h er a p i do u t f l o wo fl a b o rfromr u r a lt o e m a r k a b l ei n c r e a s ei nt h enumbero fp a r t t i m ef a r m e r s,t h ei n t r o d u c t i o no fl a r g e u r b a na r e a s,ar m a c h i n e r yandf a c i l i t i e sa c c o m p a n y i n gl a n di m p r o v e m e n ta n dt h ep r o v i s i o no fg o v e r n m e n t a ls u b ,g o v e r n m e n tp o l i c yf o r" a g r i c u l t u r a ls t r u c t u r ei m p r o v e m e n t "h a sp l a y e da s i d i e s .l np a r t i c u l a r ,t h ef o l l o w i n gc l a s s i f i c a t i o n so fg r o u p v e r yi m p o r t a n tr o l ei np r o m o t i n gg r o u pa c t i v i t i e s .However a c t i v i t i e sa r 巴f o u n di nJ a p a n 巴s 巴a g r i c u l t u r e . a .F a r m e r s 'P r o d u c t i o nO r g a n i z a t i o n : r a ct 1c e s (i )J o i n to p e r a t i o no ff a r m i昭 p (i i )J o i n tu s eo ff a r mm a c h i n e r ya n df a c i l i t i e s (i i i ) Groupf a r m i n go r g a n i z a t i o n ( i v )C o n t r a c tf a r m i n g . b .C o o p e r a t i v eManagemen : t (i )C o o p e r a t i v emanagemento fas i n g l ee n t e r p r i s e (i i )C o o p e r a t i v emanagemento fa l le n t e r p r i s e . Groupf a r 立l i n go r g a n i z a t i o na( 1 1 1 )r e q u i r e st h a tf a r m e r sc 紅r yo u tt h e i rf a r m i n gp r 且c t i c e sa c c o r d i n gt oc e r t a i nm u t u a la g r e e m e n t s .Eachmembero ft h eg r o u po p e r a t e sh i sownf a r m , b u ta l lmem b e r sa g r e et ou s et h es 釘n ev a r i e t i 巴s ,t h esamea p p l i c a t i o no ff e r t i l i z e ri nb o t hamounta n di nt i m e o fa p p l i c a t i o n,t h esamet r e a t m e n to fa g r i c u l t u r a lc h e m i c a l se t c .l nJ a p a n,g r o u pf a r m i n gi sd i 巴di n t ot h r e es u b t y p e s : v i d 司 噌 B u l l .F a c .A g r .,S a g aU n i v .N o .8 7( 2 0 0 2 ) 3 2 1 T e c h n o l o g i c a la g r 巴 巴m ento n l y ; 立 T e c h n o l o g i c a 1a g r e e m e n tp l u sj o i n to p e r a t i o no ff a r m i n gp r a c t i c e s ;a n d m T e c h n o l o g i c a 1a g r 巴e mentp l u sj o i n tu s eo fm a c h i n e r y . Thet h i r dt y p ei sv e r yp o p u 1 a ri nJ a p a n .Groupf a r m i n go r g a n i z a t i o n si nJ a p a nh a v eb e e nd e v e l 副 知e o u s l ybyf a r m e r st h e m s e l v e sr a t h e rt h a nbygovemment .Asar e s u l t, t h e s eo r g a n i z a t i o n sa r 巴v e r yf l e x i b l e .Theyc a na d a p te a s i l yt oc h a n g e si nt h eeconomice n v i r o r ト ment,ont h eo n ehand,a n dc a nr e a d i l yd i s a p p e a rwhennol o n g e ra p p r o p r i a t e,ont h eo t h e r .I ti s n o t e dt h a tmosto ft h 巴 g r o u po r g a n i z a t i o n sa r ec o m b i n a t i o n so ftwoo rt h r e eo ft h et y p e sment i o n e da b o v e . 。 pedandp r o m o t e ds p o 問 3 .C o n c l u s i o n WhenB a n g 1 a d e s hbecamei n d e p e n d e n t( 1 9 7 1 ),a b o u t80p e r c e n to fi t sp o p u l a t i o nwasi n a d e q u a t 巴l yf e d .Nowt h el e v e li smuch1 0 w e rb e c a u s et h ee r a d i c a t i o no fh u n g e ra n dp o v e r t yh a sr 巴 c e i v e dah i g hp r i o r i t yi nt h ed e v 巴1 0 p m e n tp l a n n i n gi ni n d e p e n d e n tB a n g 1 a d e s h .U n t i lr e c e n t l y , h i g hp o p u 1 a t i o nd e n s i t i e sa n dg r o w t hwerer e g a r d e da st h emainc a u s e so fp o v e r t ya n dh u n g e r .I t wasassumedt h a tmorep e o p l 巴c onsumemorea n dp r o d u c er e 1 a t i v e 1 y1 e s s .Butt h i si d e ab e g a nt o 巴dc o u n t r i e sb巴g a nt or e c o r denormousi n c r e a s e 1 0 s 8al i t t l es u p p o r twhens e v e r a ld e n s e l yp o p u 1 a t i t h50t i m e smorea g r i c u l t u r a lw o r k e r sona g r i c u l t u r a 1 i nf o o dp r o d u c t i o n .F o rexampleJ a p a n,w r o d u c emOl芯 foodp 巴r h e c t a r et h a nt h 巴U SA.P r o p e rm a i n t e n a n c eo ft h el a n d 1 a n dt h a nt h eUSA,p i so n eo ft h ei m p o r t a n tf a c t o r sf o1 't h ei n c r e a s eo fp r o d u c t i v i t y 向 ω Sometimesg r o u pf a r m i n gi sc a l l e dc o l l e c t i v ef a r m i n g ." C o l l e c t i v ef a r m so r g a n i z e dbyF a r m e r si n o 1 ' d e rt og e tt h ea d v a n t a g e so fal a r g e ro p e r a t i o n--lowerc o s to fp r o d u c t i o n,more巴f f e c t i v 巴u s巴 o fl a n d,manpow巴ra n dc a p i t a le t c .--a n dc o n s e q u e n t l yh i g h e reconomicr e t u r n s . "( G a l e s k i,Bo,1 9 7 8 ) . g u s l a w 1 ng r o u pf a r m i n ga sw e l la si ni n d i v i d u a lf a r r n i n g,f o u rf a c t o r sa r ev e r yi m p o r t a n t,namelyl a n d, c a p i t a l,l a b o ra n dmanagemen t .l nt h ec a s 巴o fg r o u pf a r m i n g出巴 f a c t o ro fmanagementi se s p e t .Fromt h ev i e wp o i n to fmanag 巴m ent,t h r e ek i n d so fg r o u pf a r m i n gc o u l db ed i s c i a l l yi m p o r t a n 1 ' g a n i z a t i o ni swheremanagementh a smorei m p o r t a n c et h a nc a p i t a l,1 a n da n d t i n g u i s h e d .Oneo l a b o r .A n o t h e ronei swherel a n da nd/o rc a p i t a l, namelym a c h i n e so rf a c i l i t i e sa r 巴t h 巴m ostimpor t 組t.Thet h i r don 巴 i swher 巴 l a n d,c a p i t a Ja n dl a b o ra r ea si m p o r t a n ta smanagemen . tThef i r s t h es e c o n da no r g a n i z a t i o no fh a r d w a r eandt h et h i r da n c o u 1 db ec a l l e das o f t w a r eo r g a n i z a t i o n,t o r g a n i z a t i o no fb o t hh a r d w a r ea n ds o f t w a r e .Themainf u n c t i o n so ft h e s ea r et oa c c u m u l a t e knowledge,t oi m p r o v et e c h n o l o g yo rt oc o l l e c ti n f o r m a t i o na n dt om北 ep1 ' o g r a m s .I nt h ec o n t e x t o fB a n g l a d e s hg r o u pf a r m i n gi sh a r d 1 yf o u n ds ot h a tt h eq u e s t i o no fb o t hh a r d w a r ea n ds o f t w a r e o r g a n i z a t i o nc a nn o tb er a i s e d . 叩 ,弘行n e r ss p e n dmanyh o u r sc a r r y i n go u tt h ec r u c i a 1o p e r a t i o no f Toa s s u r eah i g hy i e l do fpaddy t i m e l yt r a n s p l a n t i n gandi r r i g a t i o n .T h i sh i g hy i e 1 dr e q u i r e sc a r e f u l l ya d j u s t e dd e p t ho fi r r i g a t i o n R a h m a na n dT a k e d a : T h eN e c e s s i t yo fS t m c t u r a lR e f o r mf o rt h eD e v e l o p m e n to fB a n g l a d e s hA g r i c u l t u r e 3 3 , h i g hr a t e soff e r t i l i z a t i o nandd i s 巴a s eandi n s e c tc o n t r ol .Thesea r ec e r t a i ns c a l eeconomies w a t e r t ober e a l i z e di ft h e s ea c t i v i t i e sa r eperform 巴dj o i n t l yandonl a r g e ra r 巴a so fl a n dt h a nt h a tunder c o n t r o lo fani n d i v i d u a lf a m i l y .Thep a t htowardp r o g r e s sdoesn o talwaysmovei nas t r a i g h tl i n e (KanazawaN a t s u k i,1977,p p . 3 2 1 ) .Sot h e r ea r esomec r i t i c i s m sa r efoundongroupf a r m i n g mentionedb e l o w : 伍c u l tandt h e r e f o r ei n e 伍c i e n t ; a )Managemento fgroupfarmingo r g a n i z a t i o ni sd i b )Therei sani n e q u a l i t yofburdeno rr e s p o n s i b i l i t yandb e n e f i tamongp a r t i c i p a t i n gf a r m e r s ; and c )Groupfarmingr e d u c e s白ep o t e n t i a lf o rd e v e l o p i n gr e l a t i v e l yl a r g efarmunderi n d i v i d ua 1 management . Then e g a t i v ee v a l u a t i o n smention 巴da bovedon o talwayso c c u r .Whateverc r i t i c i s mt h e r emaybe g e n e r a l l y ,g roupf a r m i n gcana c h i e v eah i g hl e v e lo fbothl a n dandl a b o rp r o d u c t i v i t y . I nt h ed i s c u s s i o ne a r l i e rwef i n dt h a tt h ey i e l dr a t eo fBangladesha g r i c u l t u r ei slowert h a nt h a to f Japananda l s of i n dt h a tt h ep r o d u c t i o nc o s to fa g r i c u l t u r eo fc o o p e r a t i v ef a r m i n gi nJapani s h eoptimumnumbero ff a r m e r scane a s lowert h a nt h a to fi n d i v i d u a lf a r m i n g .I ngroupf a r m i n g,t i l yc r e a t efundbyt h e i rowns u b s c r i p t i o nandspendt h a tf o rbuyingadvanc巴di n p u t s .C e r t a i n l y ,a l o to fc a p i t a li sn e c e s s a r yt oi n t r o d u c et h en巴wt 巴c hnologyi nBangladeshb巴c a u s et e c h n o l o g yi s n o to n l yknowledgeb u ti sa l s oi nmat 巴r i a lforma sc h e m i c a l s,machineryandf a c i l i t i e s .Th 巴s ea r e nowsomemeasurest op r o v i d es u c hn巴巴dedc a p i t a lbyr a i s i n gfund, c r e d i to rs u b s i d yb u tt h 巴c e n t r a li s s u el i e si nt h ef a r m i n go r g a n i z a t i o no rt h es c a l eo rfarmingr a t h e rt h a ni nt e c h n o l o g yo r 1 .Ast h 巴c h a r a c t e r i s t i c so fBangladesha g r i c u l t u r ea r ei n d i v i d u a l i s m, lowr a t eo ff a r m e r ' sl i t c a p i ta e r a c y( li t e r a c y , 41% o ft o t a lp o p u l a t i o n )andt h e i rd e p l o r a b l eeconomicc o n d i t i o n(36%o fpopula 町 t i o nbelown a t i o n a lp o v e r t yl i n e,a v e r a g ep e rc a p i t aincome380USd o l l a r ), t h ef a r m i n ge f f i c i e n c y andsoundmanag 巴m entp r a c t i c e sa r eh a r d l yf o u n d .Fora p p l y i n gmoderni n p u t s,r 巴d u c i n gc o s t andenhancingp r o d u c t i v i t yo fa g r i c u l t u r e,t h es t r u c t u r a lreformo fa g r i c u l t u r ea tp r o d u c t i o nl e v e l 巴g roupfarmingsystemandf o rt h i sB a n g l a i st h ec r y i n gneedo fBangladeshbyi n t r o d u c i n gt h deshcano b v i o u s l yt 北 esomel e s s o n sfromJ a p a n e s ea g r i c u l t u r e . References 1 .B a n g l a d e s hB a n k,AnnualReport,2000-2001,D h a k a 2 .C o l l i n s o n,M i c h a e l( 19 8 3 ),FarmManagementi nP e a s a n tA g r i c u l t u r e ,U n i t e dS t a t e so fA m e r i c a,W e s t v i e wp r e s s, C o l o r a d o,USA . ,p p . 6 3 3 .D a y o l,E d i s o n( 19 9 7 ),民地d,NutritionandHungeri nB a n g l a d e s h ,A n t o n yRoweL t d ,C h i p p e n h a m ,W i l t s h i r e,U.K p p . 9 3 4 .D o n e r ,P e t e ra n dK a n e l,Don( 19 7 7 ),η!emodels0 1CollectiveFarmingI nDomer ,P( E d )U n i v e r s i t yo fW i s c o n s i n M a d i s o n,USA,p p3 1 1 5 .F a r mE c o n o m yS u r v e y(2000)a n dO r g a n i z e dF a r mM a n a g e m e n tB o d i e sE c o n o m yS u r v e y(2000),J a p a n . 6 .F u j i k i,H i r o s h i( 1 9 9 3 )TheStructureofRiceProductioni nJapanandT a i w a n,P h . D .T h e s i s,K y o t oU n i v e r s i t y , J a p a n 7 .G a l e s k i,B o g u s l a w( J9 7 7 ),TheModelsofC o l l e c t i νeF arming ,I nD o n e rP( E d ),U n v e r s i t yo f W i s c o n s i n M a d i s o n,p p 司 咽 ヲ 1 7 8 .H a y a m i,Y u j i r o( 1 9 8 1 ),AsianV zl l a g eEconomya tt h eC r o s s r o αd s ,U n i v e r s i t yo fT o k y oP r e s s,J a p a n . 9 .K a n a z a w a,N a t s u k i( 1 9 7 7 ),ProhlemsandDirectionofAgriculturalGroupA c t i v i t i e si nJ a p 仰 , I n :D o n e r ,P( E d ), 3 4 B u l l .F a c .A g r .,S a g aU n i v .No.87 ( 2 0 0 2 ) U n i v e r s i t yo f W i s c o n s i n M a d i s o n, pp3 1 1 3 2 5 . ,( 1 9 9 0 ), A g r i c u l t u r a lC o o p e r a t i ν e si nJapan,TheD y n a r n i c so ft h e i rDevelopment,I n t e r n a t i o n a lCo1 0 . Madane,M..V R e g i o n a lO f f i c ef o rA s i aa n dt h eP a c i t i c, NewD e l h i, I n d i a o p e r a t i v eA l l i a n c e, .M i n i s t r yo fA g r i c u l t u r e,F o r e s t r yandF i s h e r i e s,J a p a n :AnnualR e p o r tonFood ,A g r i c u l t u陀 &R u r a lAreai nJapan, 11 FY1999(Summary) 1 2 .M i n i s t r yo f P l a n n i n g, B a n g l a d 出 h :TheF i f t hF i v e}切rP l α ,n1 9 9 7 2 0 0 2 ,D haka, B a n g l a d e s h . t :A g r i c u l t u r a lP o l i c y ReformandA d j u s t m e n ti nJapan , 1 3 .O r g a n i z a t i o nf o rEconomicC o o p e r a t i o na n dDevelopmen ( 1 9 9 5 ) ,P a r i s, F r a n ∞ . 1 4 . Reed,EdwardP .( 19 7 7 )I n t r o d u c i n gGroupFarmingi nLe s sD e v e l o p e dC o u n t r i e s ;SomeI s s u e s ,I nDoner ,P( E d ), U n i v e r s i t yo f W i s c o n s i n M a d i s o n, p p . 3 5 9 3 7 9 . 1 5 . Takek 位 u ,OGURA( 1 9 8 2 ),C αnJ a pαn e s eA g r i c u l t u r eS u r v i v e ?AH i s t o r I G a lAndC o m p a r a t i v eAppro αc h ,A g r i c u l t e r , Tokyo, J a p a n, pp6 2 3 6 2 6 t u r a lP o l i c yR e s e a r c hC巴n g l a d 田h gov.org/moalmm 也回lMinistryo fA g r i c u l t u r e, B a n g l a d e s h 1 6 . Webp a g e,担凶盟的自n 喝 c e s1 , B a n g l a d e s hA g r i c u l t u r ei nt h e2 1“ C e n t u r y( 1 9 9 5 ) , Dhaka, B a n g l a d e s h . 1 7 . WorldBankB a n g l a d e s h0ぽi Rahm 組 a n dT a k e d a : T h eN e c e s s i t yo fS t r u c t u r a lReformf o rt h eD e v e l o p m e n to fB a n g l a d e s hA g r i c u l t u r e 35 バングラデシュにおける農業基盤改善の必要性 一日本農業の生産性を参考に ラーマンモクサドウールシャイク・武田 (地域資源学研究室) 平成 1 4年 9月1 3日 受理 描 嬰 バングラデシュでは、 80%の人々が主に農産物の生産に基盤をおく農村部に住んでいる。気 象条件がまさに農産物の生産のために適合している。 1 9 7 1年の独立以降、農産物の生産に依存 する割合が徐々に増してはいるが、それでも人口増加の割合に比べて十分なものではない。 2 0 0 2 年までに食糧自給率の 1 0 0 %達成は、バングラデシュの五ヶ年計画の第 5番目の目標に なっているが、その目標達成は最適な条件にうまく合致したときにのみ可能な数値である。 1 9 9 9 2 0 0 0 年度と 2 0 0 0 2 0 0 1年度のパングラデシュでは、 2 1 0 万 4千トンの米と 1 5 5万 6千トンの小 麦を輸入して、国民が必要とする最低限の食糧を満たしたに過ぎない。 このように、農業セクターには非常に大きい可能性があるものの、伝統的な農業生産基盤の 改善を国らなくては目標値を達成することが出来ない状況にある。バングラデシュの場合、一 方では人口が増加の一途をたどっているのに、他方では耕地が減少している。そのために少な い耕地で栽培して、碁本的食糧の需要をより満たすために農業生産性の向上が不可欠なものに なる。さらに作物の栽培活動をモニターするために何も適当な基盤がないばかりか、農業生産 者の効果的な組織もない状況にある。 そこで本論文は、日本の農産物、特に米と小麦の生産性を参考に比較し、生産コストを指標 にして考察したところ、バングラデシュの農業の生産基盤を改善し、グループ農業システムの 導入を進めるのがもっとも優れていると指摘できた。 また本研究と先行研究から、時に共同的農業(Collective farrning) と呼ばれるグループ農業 : :o の方が個人的な農業より生産効率をより効果的に発揮できることが、明らかになっ t