54-SSR MAP construct..

RESEARCH ARTICLE
SABRAO Journal
of Breeding and Genetics
44(1)71-86,2012
TRAIT
LOCI (QTL) IDENTIFICATION OF MAJOR AGRONOMIC
TRAITS IN MUNGBEAN (Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek)
SSR MAP CONSTRUCTION AND QUANTITATIVE
TANAPORN KAJONPHOLI, CHONTIRA SANGSIRI2, PRAKIT
SOMTA3, THEERAYUT TOOJINDA4, ANd PEERASAK
SRINIVES3T
'Program in Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture at Kamphaeng Saen, Kasetsart University,
Kamphaeng Saen, Nakhon Pathom 73140, Thailand
2Agricurturarsciencet.*'i*.f*;o$,Yl,JrT:+I5,*Tanaburicampus,SaiYok,
3Department
oRice
of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture at Kamphaeng Saen, Kasetsart University,
Kamphaeng Saen, Nakhon Pathom 73 140, Thailand
Gene Discovery Unit, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology,
Kasetsart University, Kamphaeng Saen, Nakhon Pathom 73 140, Thailand
'Corresponding author email: [email protected]
:
SUMMARY
Mungbean (Vigna radiata) (2n 2x: 22) is an important annual legume in Asia' It is
widely grown in South and Southeast Asia, as well as China. The aim of this research
was to use SSR markers to construct a linkage map and identiff chromosome regions
controlling some agronomic traits in mungbean. The mapping population comprised
186 F2 plants derived from a cross between an annual cultivated mungbean line
'KUML29-I-3' (Vigna radiata var. radiata) and an Australian wild perennial
mungbean accession 'W021' (Vigna radiata var. sublobqta). A total of 150 SSR
primers were composed into I I linkage groups, each containing at least 5 markers. The
map spans 1,174.2 cM with the average distance between the adjacent markers of 7.8
cM. Comparing the mungbean map with azuki bean (Vigna angularis) and blackgram
(Vigna mungo) linkage maps revealed extensive genome conservation between the
three species. Twenty QTLs controlling major agronomic characters includingdays to
fust flower (FLD), days to first pod maturity (PDDM), days to harvest (PDDH), 100
seed weight (SDl00WT), number of seeds per pod (SDNPPD) and pod length (PDL)
were located on to the linkage map. Most of the QTLs were located on linkage groups
7 and 5.
Keywords: mungbean, Vigna radiata, comparative genome mapping,
agronomic traits, simple sequence repeat, quantitative trait loci
Manuscript received: December 14,2011; Decision on manuscript: January 14,2012;
Manuscript accepted in revised form: January 28,2012.
Communicating Editor: Bertrand Coltard
71
Kajonphol et al. (2012)
Difference
INTRODUCTION
in
number
of
dates
specifoing to each growth stage can
Mungbean (Vigna radiata (L.)
Wilczek: 2n : 2x: 22) is one of
the most important annual
legumes. It is native to India and
an economic crop in
many countries in Asia, Africa and
South America. Mungbean seed is
consumed as a protein source for
becomes
human and animals. Mungbean
plants can be made into hay and
green manure. It is usually
cultivated in cropping systems. The
production of mungbean grain in
the world is around 3.5 to 4 M tons
per year
(Weinberger, 2003).
Products from mungbean seed are
rich in vitamins, minerals and
easily digested proteins. However,
the average yield of mungbean is
still low due to susceptibility to
pests and diseases, its
affect seed yield. Khattak et al.
(1995) found that number of days
to flowering is negatively
correlated with number of pods per
plant and total seed weight with
especially strong direct effect on
total seed weight.
To
perform
a
breeding
process effectively, inheritance of
dates specif,ing different growth
stages should be investigated in
order to manipulate developmental
stages of mungbean through
setection. In addition, molecular
markers associated with the traits
should be determined in order to
save time used in selection cycles
through marker-assisted selection.
Mungbean has a very small
genome with the size of 579
Mbp/lC (Arumganathan and Earle,
l99l). Thus one would expect
indeterminate growth habit and
photoperiod sensitivity (Fernandez
short chromosomes in each linkage
and Shanmugasundaram, I 988).
All mungbean cultivars are
annual crop with two broad growth
RFLP markers by
stages, vegetative
reproductive (R).
(V)
and
et
al.
Pookpakdi
(1992) proposed
a
system that
further classifies both stages based
on soybean growth
stages
published by Fehr et al. (1971). Y
stages are determined by counting
the number of developed nodes on
the main stem, beginning with the
unifoliolate nodes as the first nodes
(stage V1) and the final node is the
node which has fully
develoPed
trifoliate leaf (stage Vn) when the
leaf at the node above is unrolled
sufficiently. R stages are
determined from Rr (beginning
bloom), R2 (beginning pod), R3
(beginning seed), & (full seed), R5
(beginning maturity), & (first
harvest), and Rz (second harvest)'
group. The first linkage map of
mungbean was constructed from
MenancioHautea et al. (1992). Then Young
et al. (1992 and 1993) located a
major bruchid insect resistance and
powdery mildew disease resistance
genes onto this map. However, the
RFLP marker map has not
been
further used due to limitation that it
a large amount of good
quality DNA for analysis. The
technique is time-consuming and
requires
expensive, making it less suitable
for large-score screening programs
in plant breeding. Moreover, the
RFLP markers are not distributed
throughout the genome. Although,
Lambrides et al. (2000) added
RAPD markers into the map, there
was no report of its further use.
The main reason is that the RAPD
markers are dominant markers and
72
SABMO J. Breed. Genet. a4Q):71-86
thus cannot distinguish between
homozygous and heterozygous
genotypes. Yet, RAPD technique is
not always repeatable. This made a
specific PCR-based marker,
especially Simple Sequence Repeat
or
SSR marker the marker of
choice.
SSR is the variable in short
tandem repeat
of DNA bases,
giving co-dominant markers which
can
distinguish between
homozygote and heterorygote.
Nowadays, there are research
reports using SSR makers for
mapping the mungbean genome
and locating QTLs. Kasettranan el
al. (2010) located QTLs conferring
resistance to powdery mildew
disease on a SSR partial linkage
map of mungbean. Chankaew et
al. (2011) reported a QTL mapping
for Cercospora leaf spot (CLS)
resistance in mungbean. Recently,
Zhao et al. (2010)
reported
construction of a mungbean genetic
linkage map by combining 76
RFLP markers from Humphry et
al. (2002) and 103 new loci
consisting of 97 SSR, 4 RAPD and
2 STS markers. The number of
PCR-based markers in their map
was too low to make use of the
map.
were:
The objectives of this study
to estimate heritability of
(l)
yield
components
and
dates
specifring growth stages in
mungbean; (2) to construct a SSR
linkage map of mungbean; and (3)
to map QTLs controlling the traits.
MATERIALS AIID METHODS
Mapping population and DNA
extraction
The population used in this study
F2 population of 186 plants
developed from an inter-subspecies
cross between cultivated mungbean
was an
line 'KUML29-l-3' (V. radiata
var. radiata) (hereafter called
KUML) and a wild mungbean
accession 'W021' (V. radiata var.
sublobata). KUML29-l-3 was
developed from the Project on
Genetics and Breeding of Field
Legumes for Thailand, Kasetsaft
University, Kamphaeng Saen
Campus. The line has high and
stable seed yield. W02l was
obtained from the National
Institute of
Agrobiological
(NIAS),
Sciences
Tsukuba, Japan.
It is a small-seeded wild perennial
mungbean with long vegetative and
reproductive growth stages.
Young leaves of 7 days old
from parental lines and F2 plants
were extracted for DNA using a
CTAB method (Lodhi et a|.,1994).
The DNA concentration was
estimated by comparing with l,
DNA standard on agarose gel
electrophoresis. The DNA
concentration was adjusted to
lng/pl for PCR amplification.
Phenotyping and data analysis
Twenty plants each of KUML,
W021, Fr (KUML x W02l) and F1,
(W021 x KUML), and all 186 F2
plants were individually grown in
l2-inch pots each filled with 5 kg
of soil. All plants were placed in a
net house during February to
October 2010 at Kasetsart
University, Kamphaeng Saen,
Thailand (14' 0l' N, 99o 59' E,
7.5m ASL). Data were recorded
from individual plants on days to
first flower (FLD), days to first pod
maturity (PDDM), days to harvest
(PDDH), pod width (PDW) in mm,
73
Kajonphol et al. (2012)
pod length (PDL) in cm, number of
seeds per pod (SDNPPD), total
number of pods per plant (PDTN),
(2008). The DNA product was
100 seed weight (SD100WT) in g,
and total seed weight (SDTWT) in
on 4.5%
polyacrylamine gel with 0.5x TE
buffer for l-2 h. The DNA bands
were visuali zed by silver staining.
g. The data were analyzed bY an
analysis of variance (ANOVA) of a
completely randomized statistical
Linkage map construction and
QTL analysis
design (CRD). Difference between
trait means is declared by Duncan's
Multiple Range Test (DMRT\ at P
< 0.05. Variance of each trait was
calculated in KUML, W021, Fr, Fr,
and F2 populations and used to
estimate broad-sense heritability
(h2) based on the equation h2 =
c'Jo'r.
Where o2, is the genotypic
uuiiun". component and o2o is the
phenotypic variance component. In
this experiment, o2, was estimated
from Vp2 - (Vpr+VP2+Ve1+V e1,)/4;
where Vrz, Vpr, Vpz, Vrt and Vp;,
are the variation between Plants
within the specified genotYPes, and
o'o was estimated from Vrz (Fehr,
1987). Phenotypic correlation
coefficients between traits were
calculated from 186 F2 plants using
software R-program
v.
2.8.1
electrophoresed
A
linkage map was developed by
JoinMap 3.0 program (van Ooijen,
2009). A minimum LOD score of
3.0 was used as a threshold value
for grouping the markers. Genetic
distance between markers was
calculated using Kosambi maP
function (Kosambi, 1944). Linkage
groups were named after azuki
bean linkage groups (Han et al.,
2005). QTL analysis for each
character was performed using
composite interval mapping (CIM)
by
WinQTL CartograPher 2.5
program (Wang et al., 2007). A
perrnutation test (Churchill and
Doerge, 1994) was run for 2,500
times at the significance level of P
= 0.01 to determine a LOD score
threshold for declaring a significant
QTL.
(http://www.r-proj ect.org/).
RESULTS
SSR analysis
Nine hundred and fortY-five SSR
markers were screened to detect
polymorphism between the parents.
Of these, 628
markers
were
developed from mungbean (Kumar
et ol., 2002a and 2002b; Gwag et
al., 2006; Somta et al., 2008 and
2009; Seehalak et al., 2009 and
Tangphatsornruang et al., 2009\,
l9l were from azuki bean (Wang
et al., 2004), 119 were from
common bean (Blair et al., 2003
and Buso et al., 2006) and 7 were
from cowpea(Li et a/., 2001). PCR
reaction and amplification were the
same as described by Somta et al.
Phenotypic data and broad-sense
heritability
Mean and standard deviation of the
parents and F2 population were
presented in Table l. All traits
were different among the parents
but not different between F1 and
F11, reve&ling no maternal effect
conditioning these traits. KUML
showed determination, while W02l
showed indetermination in growth
habit. Days to first flower (FLD) of
KUML was only 3l while that of
W02l was 65. The
same
relationship was also found in days
74
SABRAO J. Breed. Genet. 44(1):71-86
Broad-sense heritabilities
to first pod maturity (PDDM)
(47
(PDDH)
harvest
vs 82), and days to
(76 vs 140). Pod length (PDL) of
KUML was longer than W02l (8.2
vs 4 cm), and pod width (PDW)
was also wider (4.7 vs 3.1 mm)'
Total number of pods per Plant
(PDTN) of KUML was lower than
W02l (25 vs 109), while number
of seeds per pod were not different.
The Fz population can be classified
into different classes according to
days to first flower, daYs to first
pod maturity, days to harvest, 100
seed weight, number of seeds Per
pod, total number of pods Per
plant, pod length, pod width and
total seed weight (Figure 1). All
traits, except 100 seed weight
showed transgressive segregation.
Days to first flower, Pod maturitY
and harvest of the F2 PoPulation
ranged respectively from 29-76,
44-96 and 79-178
daYs,
demonstrated skewing
KUML. The progenies showed
toward
positive segregation when
compared with W02l (Figure la,
1b and lc). Yield components such
as number of seeds per Pod, total
seed weight and pod length showed
transgressive segregation, while
100 seed weight fell between the
parents. The F2 plants had 100 seed
weight of 1.0 g to 3.0 g whereas
W02l and KUML had 0.6 and 4.2
g per 100 seeds, respectively (Fig.
ld). When compared with KUML,
total seed weight and Pod width
showed positive transgressive
segregation but number of seeds
per pod showed negative
(h2) as calculated from the Fz data
of each trait were presented in
Table l. The broad-sense
heritability of flowering dates, viz.
FLD, PDDM and PDDH were
88.6Yo, 91.2% and 86.80 ,
respectively, which
were
considered highly heritable. The
heritabilities of yield components
were high in PDL (92.4%), PDW
(97.5%), SDNPPD (91.2%) and
SDI00WT (90%), and mediumhigh in PDTN (77.0%), SDTWT
(6s.1%).
Correlation between agronomic
characters
The phenotypic
correlation
coefficients among 9 quantitative
traits are given in Table 2. FLD
showed positive correlation with
PDDM (r = 0.966'-) and PDDH (r
= 0.693"). These traits tended to
correlate negatively with yield
components and total seed weight.
100 seed weight had positive
correlation with SDTWT
(0.535**), PDL (0.574*+)
PDW (0.376**).
and
Correlation
between yield components were
high in number of seeds per Pod
with pod length (0.781**), and 100
seed weight with pod length
(0.574*+). This result indicated
that yield depended on seed size
and pod size (pod length and Pod
width), number of seeds per pod,
and 100 seed weight. In this
experiment, pod length, pod width
and 100 seed weight
were
segregation.
positively correlated to total seed
weight, while days to flower was
negatively correlated with seed
segregation in total number of pods
weight. Thus an optimum number
The progenies also
transgressive
positive
showed
per plant when compared with
w021.
of
days
to
flower should
be
considered as a selection criterion
together with yield components.
75
Kaionph01 θ′αノ(2012)
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SABMO J. Breed. Genet. 4aQ):
7
l-86
fotal number ofpods per plAnt
Pod!
Figure 1. Frequency distribution of the F2 population derived from the cross
'KUML29-I-3 x W02l': (a) days to first flower, (b) days to first pod maruriry, (c) days
to harvest, (d) 100 seed weight, (e) number of seeds per pod, (f) total seed weight, (g)
pod length, (h) pod width, (i) total number of pods per plant'
Linkage map construction
Nine hundred and forty-five SSR
markers were screened between the
two
parents
and 152
markers
(16.08%) were found polymorPhic.
One hundred and fifty markers
could be assigned into l l linkage
groups of mungbean chromosomes
number of QTLs per trait range
between 2 and 6 loci. QTLs for
different traits were co-located on
the map (Figure 2). These include
Fld2, Pddm2 and Pddh2 on LG2
and Fld4.1, Pddm4.l and Pddh4.1
on LG4, to name a few
plus a small linkage grouP
Comparative linkage
(CEDGI44 and CEDGI49) with
the total coverage of 1,174.2 cM,
giving the average chromosome
length of 97.9 cM. The average
distance between SSR loci on the
map is 7.8 cM (Figure 2). Each
chromosome was tagged with five
or more markers. Of these 150
markers, 75 are mungbean loci, 6l
2006). Sixty-two and 2l SSR
markers were common between
azuki bean and mungbean, and
are azuki bean loci, 13 are common
bean loci and one is cowpea locus.
QTL analysis
Twenty putative QTLs of
agronomic traits were detected bY
CIM with WinQTL
CartograPher
2.5 (Figure 2;Table 3). Four, 3, 3,
6, 2 and 2 QTLs were detected for
FLD, PDDM, PDDH, SDIOOWT,
SDNPPD and PDL, resPectivelY
(Table
3). The amount of
phenotypic variation in each trait
explained by its respective QTLs
ranges from 6.3 to 28.60/o. The
map
between mungbean, azuki bean
and black gram
The mungbean linkage map was
compared with azuki bean linkage
map (Han et al., 2005), and black
gram linkage map (Chaitieng et al.,
between black gram and mungbean,
respectively. Most of the common
markers were mapped on the same
linkage groups and orders, with a
few exceptions (Fig. 3). Marker
order in our study was 42 out of 62
loci (68%) colinear with azuki bean,
and 19 out of 21 loci (90%) colinear
with black gram. Reverse regions
were identified between mungbean
map and azuki bean map on LGl,2
and 5. One inversion region between
mungbean map and black gram maP
was tagged by 8W212 and
CEDG056 on LG9.
77
Kajonphol et al. (2012)
Table 1. Mean and standard deviation of major agronomic traits observed from parents
and progenies from the cross between an annual cultivated mungbean line 'KUML29l-3'and a wild perennial mungbean accession'W021', with their variances and
corresponding heritabilities.
Gcncrations/
FLD
PDDM
PDDH
pararneters
Pl(29‐ 1‐ 3)
P2(W021)
31.2c
± 16
65.5a
PDTN
250c
Ｆ
︱
764b
47a
120a
± 1.1
±05
8.2a
±01
±0.2
4.Ob
3 1c
±01
4 0ab
±0.1
±0.4
9 7ab
±09
8.8b
±3.0
474c
Ｆ
ｒ ｌ
818a
139.6a
±6.5
±65
42.5b
57 0bc
5.3ab
±0.3
53ab
■02
Ｆ
２
±22
±15
±19.2
124.Oa
±60
478b
62.7b
±2.1
±20
123.5a
47.7b
642b
±120
±54
123.4a
±286
5.7ab
±27
121
281
±110
LSD。 5
PDL PDW SDN‐
(Cm) (mm) PPD
11.1
色)_
42a
96a
±27
±65
±01
0.6c
14.8
±004
1496a
19b
151.4a
TWT
(g)
109 5ab±
±212
SD‐
WT
14b
±02
12.Oa
±01
±4.1
20b
121a
±61
4.Ob
±01
3 9bc
±07
±10
10.lab
±26
±29.1
■0.2
61 2bc
1 8b
±41.2
±0.4
3.0
07
2.9
529
04
8.1
1.1
0.4
68
06
912
16959
02
438
002
90.0
15.3
651
±04
VF2
120.3
1436
818.2
VE
137
886
126
912
1083
01
001
868
92.4
97.5
h2(%)
84b
SD 100
3901
770
7.7ab
±66
Means of each trait followed by the same letter are not different as compared by DMRT at P <
0.05
FLD = days to first flower, PDDM: days to first pod maturity, PDDH: days to harvest, PDL =
:
pod length (cm), PDW = pod width (mm), SDNPPD = number of seeds per pod, PDTN total
number of pods per plant, SDI0OWT = 100 seed weight (g) and SDTWT: total seed weight (g)
Table 2. Correlation between number of days in each growth stage and yield
components of the F2 Plants.
PDDM
FLD
PDDM
PDDH
PDW
PDL
SDNPPD
PDTN
SD100W
T
0966+*
PDDH
PDW
PDL
SDNPPD
PDTN
SD100WT
SDTWT
0693+*
‐
0.152+
0700**
-0162中
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‐
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0.278+ホ
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0.319**
‐
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‐
0373+*
‐
0.395*キ
‐
0.312■ *
0.328**
0190中
0134*
0232**
0376中
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0293+*
‐
0.347+十
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0 118ns
O.212中 キ
‐
0.146+
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0 781Ⅲ Ⅲ
0235キ *
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0574**
0226**
0.522**
0.472+*
0822ホ *
0.295**
0535■ ホ
;s,--
sigrtfrcart and significant at 0.01 level of probability (dts184), respectively.
days to first flower, PDDM: days to first pod maturity, PDDH = days to harvest, PDL
FLD ="on
: pod lenglh (cm), PDW = pod width (mm), SDNPPD = number of seeds per pod, PDTN =
toial number of pods per plant, SDl00WT = 100 seed weight (g), SDTWT: total seed weight
G)
78
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Figure 2. SSR linkage map of mungbean constructed from the F2 population.
Cumulative distances in centiMorgans (Kosambi's) and marker names are shown on
the left and right sides of the linkage group, respectively. QTL intervals detected at
LOD > 2.0 are presented as boxes on the left of the linkage groups'
79
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Figure 3. A comparative linkage map between mungbean from this study Vs azuki bean (left)
(Uan et aI.2005) and black gram (right) (Chaitieng et aI.2006), based on azuki common markers.
80
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Kajonphol et al. (2012)
heritabilities of days to first flower
(FLD), days to first pod maturity
correlation with days to maturity
but showed positive correlation
with 100 seed weight and total seed
weight. Rajan e/ al. (2000) worked
in mungbean and found similar
(PDDM) and days
results
DISCUSSION
In this study, broad-sense
to
harvest
(PDDH) were high (88.6, 91.2 and
86.8yo, respectively). Sriphadet e/
al. (2007) studied inheritance of
agronomic traits and their
interrelationship in RIL mungbean
lines obtained from the
cross
between wild mungbean'ACC 4l'
and the cultivated 'Berken'. They
found that flowering date skewed
towards ACC 41, but the narrowsense heritability was high at 88.0
o/o. They also reported an abnormal
distribution in FLD, PDDM and
PDDH data. Similar results were
also reported by Siddique er a/.
(2006) that there were high
heritabilities in days to first flower
and days to harvest. Rohman el a/.
(2003) reported that days to first
flower, days to harvest, 100 seed
weight and plant height had high
heritability, while total number of
pods per plant and number of seeds
per pod were low in heritability.
Correlation analysis in this
study revealed that days to flower
showed positive correlation with
days to first pod maturity and days
to harvest. Days to flowering and
days to maturity showed negative
correlation with yield components
such as 100 seed weight.
According to Khattak et al. (1995),
days to flowering was positively
correlated with days to maturity,
but negatively correlated with total
number of pods per plant and total
seed weight, while days to maturity
was negatively correlated with total
seed weight. In contrast, Rohman
et al. (2003) found that days to
flowering showed
negative
to ours that total seed
weight had positive genotypic
correlation with pods per plant,
seeds per pod and one hundred
seed weight. Thus the genetic of
total seed weight can be improved
by indirectly selecting characters
showing positive
correlation
(PDTN, SDl00WT, PDL and
SDNPPD), as well as negative
correlation (FLD and PDDM).
Our research can assign
150 SSR markers into 11 linkage
groups, corresponding to the
haploid number of mungbean
chromosomes. In the previous
research, Menancio-Hautea et al.
(1992) used l7l RFLP markers to
construct a map grouping into 14
linkage groups that span a total of
1,570 cM with an average distance
of 9 cM. Humphry et al. (2002),
clustered 255 RFLP probes into 13
linkage groups, with a total length
of the map spanned 737.9 cM at an
average distance between markers
of 3.0 cM and a maximum distance
between linked markers of 15.4
cM. While our SSR map has
covered 1,174.2 cM, with the
average distance between adjacent
loci of 7.8 cM. Han et al. (2005)
analyzed azuki bean genetic
linkage map from a backcross
population of (V. nepalensis x V.
angularis) x lt. angularis. TheY
used 486 markers comprising 205
SSR, 187 AFLP and 94 RFLP to
saturate the map. Their map covers
altogether I I linkage groups as our
results, but spanned 832.1 cM with
an average marker distance of 1.85
cM. Our result showed longer
82
SABRAO J. Breed. Genet. 44(l):71-86
genome coverage than both maps,
with the longer average marker
distance. Recently, Zhao et al.
(2010) constructed a mungbean
integrated map including9T SSRs,
76 RFLPs, 4 RAPDs and 2 STSs.
Their prime objective was to locate
the bruchid-resistance .Br1 gene.
Among the SSR markers located
on the map, 91 were from azuki
bean, blackgram, common bean
and cowpea. The linkage map
spans 1,831.8 cM with the average
marker distance of 10.2 cM.
However, their marker names were
presented as codes and thus were
not available to the public.
Considering the low polymorphism
found in mungbean germplasm, our
work is the most successful in
developing an SSR linkage map
resolving 11 mungbean linkage
groups.
Azuki bean SSR
markers
were used for constructing a black
gram linkage map (Chaitieng et al.
2006), and mungbean linkage map
in this study. Our map construction
capitalized the co-l inearity between
genomes of the Asian Vigna, viz.
mungbean, black gram and azuki
bean. Although many azuki bean
markers can
be
assigned into
mungbean genome, the number
common markers were
more
between
mungbean and azuki bean. This
result supported the propose of
Tomooka
et al. (2002\
that
mungbean and black gram are in
the same section Ceratotropis,
while azuki bean
is in
among Vigna species.
Our results showed internal
insertion/deletion on LGl, 2 and 5
between mungbean and azuki bean
maps, and
on LGg
between
mungbean and black gram maps.
These results indicated that
genomes in the subgenus
Ceratotropis have accumulated
of
number
small
a
insertions/deletions.
The
chromosome aberrations detected
between mungbean, black gram
and azuki bean linkage maps may
play important roles in evolution
among these species.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This research was supported by
the
Commission on Higher Education under
the Strategic Scholarships for Frontier
Research Networks for Thai Doctoral
Degree Program, Ministry of Education,
Thailand and the National Science and
Technology Development
Agency,
Thailand. We also thank the Center for
Agricultural Biotechnology,
University, Kamphaeng Saen
Kasetsart
Campus,
Thailand for lab facilities.
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