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ჷႎᝠငೌƷദ࢘҄ఌਗᛯƷྵˊႎॖ፯
ㄽ ㄝ ჷႎᝠငೌƷദ࢘҄ఌਗᛯƷྵˊႎॖ፯ ᒣ ᰿ ᓫ 㑥 ᗎㄽ ➨Ϩ㒊 ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡢṇᙜ᰿ᣐࢆࡵࡄࡿ㆟ㄽࡢㅖ┦ ➨❶ ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡢ≉ᚩ ➨⠇ ↓య≀ࡢ≉ᚩ ➨⠇ ↓య≀ࡢ≉ᚩࡽᑟࢀࡿ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡢᛶ㉁ ➨⠇ ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡢṇᙜᛶࡢ㠀⮬᫂ᛶ ➨⠇ ᑠᣓ 㸦௨ୖࠊ➨ྕ㸧 ➨❶ ⮬↛ᶒ⌮ㄽ ➨⠇ ປാᇶ♏ࢆ࠾ࡃࣔࢹࣝ㸦௨ୖࠊ➨㹼ྕ㸧 ➨⠇ ே᱁ᇶ♏ࢆ࠾ࡃࣔࢹࣝ ➨Ḱ ࣮࣊ࢤࣝே᱁ᡤ᭷⌮ㄽᇶ࡙ࡃṇᙜ ➨Ḱ ࣮࣊ࢤࣝே᱁ᡤ᭷⌮ㄽᇶ࡙ࡃṇᙜࡢᢈุⓗ᳨ウ ➨Ḱ ே᱁ᡤ᭷⌮ㄽࡢࡲࡵ ➨⠇ ⮬↛ᶒ⌮ㄽࡢࡲࡵ㸦௨ୖࠊᮏྕ㸧 ➨❶ ຌ⩏⌮ㄽ ➨❶ ṇ⩏ㄽ ➨❶ ṇᙜ᰿ᣐㄽࡢࡲࡵ ➨ϩ㒊 ⮬⏤つไ㡿ᇦࡢᣑࡑࡢせᅉ ➨Ϫ㒊 ṇᙜ᰿ᣐㄽࡢ⌧௦ⓗព⩏ ⤖ㄒ ᇹ ራ ʴƴؕᄽǛƓƘȢȇȫ ➨ ❶ࡢෑ㢌࡛㏙ࡓࡼ࠺ࠊ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡢṇᙜ࠾࠸࡚ಶேࡢ┈ ࢆ㐨ᚨⓗ㔜どࡍࡿᶒᇶᗏⓗ࡞⮬↛ᶒ⌮ㄽࡣ ࡘࡢࢱࣉࡀ࠶ࡿࠋࡑ ࡢ࠺ࡕస⪅ࡢປാᇶ♏ࢆ࠾ࡃࣔࢹࣝࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊ๓⠇࠾࠸࡚ࣟࢵࢡ ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO ㄽ ㄝ ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡢṇᙜ᰿ᣐㄽࡢ⌧௦ⓗព⩏ᒣ᰿ ࣮࣊ࢤࣝࡣࠊᖺබหࡋࡓࠗἲဴᏛせ⥘䛅࠾࠸࡚ࠊᡤ᭷ᶒࡣே᱁ ࡢປാᡤ᭷⌮ㄽࢆྲྀࡾୖࡆ࡞ࡀࡽ᳨ウࢆ⾜ࡗࡓࠋࡇࢀᑐࡋࠊᮏ⠇࡛ࡣࠊ స⪅ࡢே᱁ᇶ♏ࢆ࠾ࡃࣔࢹࣝࡘ࠸࡚⪃ᐹࢆ⾜࠺ࠋே᱁ᇶ♏ࢆ࠾ࡃ ᐈほⓗᏑᅾࢆ࠼ࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡾࠊಶேࡢே᱁ࡢ⮬⏤ࡸⓎᒎࡗ࡚ᚲせ ࣔࢹࣝࡋ࡚ࡋࡤࡋࡤ⏝ࡉࢀࡿࡢࡣࠊࢻࢶࡢဴᏛ⪅ࢤ࢜ࣝࢡ࣭ࣦࣝ ྍḞ࡞ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ᪨ࢆㄝ࠸࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࡢே᱁ᡤ᭷⌮ㄽࡣ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࢆṇ ࣒࣭࣮࣊ࣝ࣊ࢤࣝ 㻳㻚㼃㻚㻲㻚㻌㻴㼑㼓㼑㼘 ࡢே᱁ᡤ᭷⌮ㄽ࡛࠶ࡿ ࠋ ࣮࣊ࢤࣝࡢே᱁ᡤ᭷ㄽࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊ࠼ࡤࠊGöran Lantz, Eigentumsrecht㸫ein Recht oder ein Unrecht? (1977)㹙ᓥᮏ⨾ᬛ⏨ヂࠗᡤ᭷ᶒㄽྐ̿ᡤ᭷ᶒࡣᶒ࡞ࡢ̿࠘ 㸦 ὒ᭩ᡣࠊᖺ㸧 㹛㑥ヂ➨❶ANDREW REEVE, PROPERTY (1986)㹙⏕㉺㸻➉ୗ ᙜࡍࡿ᰿ᣐࡣ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ࡔࢁ࠺ࠋ࠼ࡤࠊⴭస≀ࡣⴭస⪅ࡢே᱁ࡢ సⓗಶᛶࢆᫎࡋࡓࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡾࠊࡑࡢⴭస≀ࢆಖㆤࡍࡿࡇࡣⴭస⪅ࡋ ࡚ࡢே᱁ࡢ⌮ⓗⓎᒎࡁࡃᐤࡍࡿࡇࡽࠊⴭసᶒಖㆤࡀṇᙜࡉ ࢀࡿࡢࡔᙇࡍࡿࡇࡣጇᙜ࡛࠶ࢁ࠺ࠋே᱁ᡤ᭷⌮ㄽࢆ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒ 㐺⏝ࡍࡿሙྜࡣఱ㝈⏺ࡣ࠶ࡿࡢࡔࢁ࠺ࠋࡲࡓࠊ࣮࣊ࢤࣝࠗἲဴᏛせ බどヂࠗᡤ᭷ㄽ࠘ 㸦ὒ᭩ᡣࠊᖺ㸧 㹛㑥ヂ㡫௨ୗALAN RYAN, PROPERTY (1987) ⥘࠘ࡢ୰ࡣࠊ᭩⡠ࡸⱁ⾡సရࠊⓎ᫂ရ࡞ࡢ⢭⚄ⓗ⏘≀ࡢㆡΏᚋ࠾ࡅ 㹙᳃ᮧ㐍㸻ᱜᚭヂࠗᡤ᭷࠘ 㸦ᇽࠊᖺ㸧 㹛㑥ヂ㡫௨ୗJEREMY WALDRON, THE ࡿⴭస⪅ࡸⓎ᫂⪅ࡢᶒ㛵ࡍࡿグ㏙ࡀࡳࡽࢀࡿࠋࡑࡇࡽ❚࠼ࡿ࣮࣊ࢤ RIGHT TO PRIVATE PROPERTY, 343f (1988);-ustin Hughes, The Philosophy of Intellectual ࣝࡢ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲほࡣ୍యࡢࡼ࠺࡞ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࢁ࠺ࠋࡑࢀࡣே᱁ᡤ᭷⌮ Property, 77 GEO. L.J. 287, 331f (1988); PETER DRAHOS, A PHILOSOPHY OF INTELLECTUAL ㄽᇶ࡙ࡃ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡢṇᙜࡢ㆟ㄽࡢࡼ࠺࡞㛵ಀ❧ࡘࡶࡢ࡛࠶ PROPERTY, 73-94 (1996); HUW BEVERLEY-SMITH, THE COMMERCIAL APPROPRIATION OF ࢁ࠺ࠋ PERSONALITY, 296-298 (2002)ୖጔ⢭㸻ᑠᯘ㟹ᫀ㸻㧗ᰗⰋ࣮ࠗ࣊ࢤࣝἲဴᏛ࠘ 㸦᭷ ᩫ㛶᪂᭩ࠊᖺ㡫௨ୗࠊຍ⸨ᑦṊ࣮ࠗ࣊ࢤࣝࡢࠕἲࠖဴᏛ࠘㸦㟷ᅵ♫ࠊ ௨ୗ࡛ࡣࠊࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞ၥ㢟ព㆑ࢆࡶࠊ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡢṇᙜ᰿ᣐࡋ ᖺ㡫௨ୗࠊྜྷ⏣㑥ᙪࠗẸἲゎ㔘ᦂࢀືࡃᡤ᭷ㄽ࠘㸦᭷ᩫ㛶ࠊᖺ 㡫௨ ࡚ࡢ࣮࣊ࢤࣝே᱁ᡤ᭷⌮ㄽࡢព⩏㝈⏺ࡘ࠸࡚᥈ồࢆヨࡳࡿࡇࡋ ୗࠊᒣ㎶▱⣖࣮ࠗ࣊ࢤࣝࠕἲࡢဴᏛࠖᏛࡪ̿⮬⏤ᡤ᭷ࠊࡑࡋ࡚ᅜᐙ̿࠘㸦 ࡓ࠸ࠋ ᇽࠊᖺ 㡫௨ୗࠊ⏣ᮧၿஅࠕ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫࡢヨࡳࠖ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊ ✲ྕ 㹼 㡫 ᖺ㸧ࠊ㧗ᶫ୍⾜ࠗᡤ᭷ㄽ࠘㸦ᚚⲔࡢỈ᭩ᡣࠊᖺ 㡫௨ୗ ࢆཧ↷ࠋࡇࡢࠊ୰⯋ᐶᶞࠕࠝ⤂࣮ࠞ࣌ࢱ࣮࣭ࣛࣥࢲ࣮࢘ࠗ࣊ࢤࣝࡢዎ⣙ἲࡢᇶ ♏࠘ࠖ୕㔜Ꮫἲ⤒ㄽྀᕳྕ㸦ᖺ㸧 ࠊ୕ᓥῄ⮧ࠕࠑᢳ㇟ἲࠒࡋ࡚ࡢ⮬↛ἲ̿ ࣮࣊ࢤࣝࠗἲဴᏛ࠘࠾ࡅࡿ⮬↛ἲၥ㢟̿ࠖỈἼᮁᩍᤵ㏥ᐁグᛕࠗἲᅜᐙࡢ ࡢᒎ㛤ࢆᡭࡀࡾࡋ࡚̿ࠖẸၟἲ㞧ㄅᕳ ྕ㡫࣭ᕳ ྕ㡫 ᖺ㸧ࠊ ᇶ♏ᅾࡿࡶࡢ࠘ 㸦ᩥ♫ࠊᖺ㡫௨ୗࠊ⟁ὠᏳᜑࠕ࣮࣊ࢤࣝࡢྜពㄽⓗዎ⣙ ᚿ㈡அࠕୡ⣖ᮎࢻࢶ࠾ࡅࡿࠗⴭస⪅ࡢᶒ࠘ࡢ୍᩿㠃̿⩻้ㄽதࣉ ⌮ㄽࠖᘯ㐨⦅ࠗἲᛮྐⓗᆅᖹ࠘㸦ᇽࠊᖺ㡫௨ୗࡶཧ↷ࠋ ࣟࢭ୍ࣥ⯡ࣛࣥࢺἲ̿ࠖ᪩✄⏣ᏛᏛ㝔ἲ◊ㄽ㞟ྕ㹼㡫 ᖺ ➼ ࢆཧ↷ࠋ ࣮࣊ࢤࣝࡢே᱁ᡤ᭷⌮ㄽࡣࠊ୍⯡⢭⚄ⓗᡤ᭷ᶒㄽࡋ࡚ᩚ⌮ࡉࢀࡿࡇࡀከ࠸ࠋ ࡋࡋࠊ᭱⤊ⓗἲᢏ⾡ⓗ࡞ᵓᡂࡋ࡚ᡤ᭷ᶒࢆ⏝ࡍࡿࡢ࠸࠺ほⅬ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊ ಖㆤࡢῡ※ࢆࡑࡶࡑࡶࡇồࡵࡿࡢ࠸࠺ほⅬࡽ᳨ウࡍࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࢀࡤࠊ࣮࣊ ṇᩄヂࠗἲࡢဴᏛϨ࣭ϩ࠘ 㸦୰ኸබㄽ᪂♫ࠊᖺ㸧 ࠊ㛗㇂ᕝᏹヂࠗἲဴᏛㅮ⩏࠘ 㸦స Georg Wilhelm F. Hegel, Grundlinien der Philosophie des Rechts (1821)㹙⸨㔝΅㸻㉥ἑ ࢤࣝࡢ㆟ㄽࡣࠊಶேࡢ⮬⏤ពᚿࢆฟⓎⅬࡋ࡚࠸ࡿⅬ࡛ࠊಶேࡢసάືῡ※ࢆ ရ♫ࠊᖺ㡫௨ୗ㹛ࠋ௨ୗࠊࡇࡢࠗἲဴᏛせ⥘࠘ࢆᘬ⏝ࡍࡿሙྜࡣࠊ༢ ồࡵࡿປാᡤ᭷ㄽᑐ⨨ࡍࡿࡇࡀ࡛ࡁࡿ࡛࠶ࢁ࠺⏣ᮧ࣭๓ᥖὀ 㹼㡫ὀ ࠕi㹼ࠖ࠸࠺ᙧ࡛⾲グࡍࡿࠋ࡞࠾ࠊᮏ✏࠾࠸࡚ࠗἲဴᏛせ⥘࠘ࡢᘬ⏝ࡣࠊ⸨㔝 㸧㸧ࠋ⢭⚄ⓗᡤ᭷ᶒㄽࡢᒎ㛤ࡘ࠸࡚ヲࡋࡃࡣࠊ㻴࣭ࣇ࣮ࣉ࣐ࣥࠝஂࠎ‖ఙ୍ヂࠞ ࠗⴭ 㸻㉥ἑヂ㛗㇂ᕝヂࡢ୧᪉ࢆཧ↷ࡋࡓࠋࡇࡢࠊ࣮࣊ࢤࣝࡀᖺࡽᖺ సᶒἲࡢ⌮ㄽ̿ⱁ⾡ࡢࡓࡵࡢἲဴᏛ̿࠘㸦୰ኸᏛฟ∧ࠊᖺ㹼㡫ࠊ ࡅ࡚࣋ࣝࣜࣥᏛ࡛⾜ࡗࡓࠗἲဴᏛせ⥘࠘ᇶ࡙ࡃἲဴᏛㅮ⩏ࡢㅮ⩏㘓ࡋ࡚ࠊ 㸦୍⢏♫ࠊᖺ ༙⏣ṇኵࠕⴭసᶒࡢ୍ඖⓗᵓᡂࡘ࠸࡚ࠖྠࠗⴭసᶒἲࡢ◊✲࠘ G.W.F. Hegel, Philosophie des Rechts nach der Vorlesungsnachschrift K.G. v. Griesheims 㹼㡫ࠊᮌᮧᡂࠕࢻࢶ࠾ࡅࡿே᱁ᶒᴫᛕࡢᙧᡂ̿ே᱁ᶒᴫᛕ௬クࡉࢀ 1824/1825, herausge. v. K.-H. Ilting>㛗㇂ᕝᏹヂ࣭๓ᥖࠗἲဴᏛㅮ⩏࠘㡫௨ୗ@ࡶཧ ࡓព࣭ᶵ⬟╔┠ࡋ࡚̿ࠖ❧㤋ἲᏛྕ㹼㡫ᖺ㸧ࠊᰩ⏣ᫀ⿱ࠕⴭ ↷ࠋ௨ୗࠊࡇࡢㅮ⩏㘓ࢆᘬ⏝ࡍࡿሙྜࡣࠊ ࠕ㻴㼑㼓㼑㼘࣭๓ᥖὀ㸧 ࠗἲဴᏛㅮ⩏࠘㹼㡫ࠖ సᶒἲ࠾ࡅࡿᶒㄽࡢព⩏ᑕ⛬୍࣭̿ࢻࢶ࠾ࡅࡿ᠇ἲุᏛㄝ ࠸࠺ᙧ࡛⾲グࡍࡿࠋ ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO ㄽ ㄝ ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡢṇᙜ᰿ᣐㄽࡢ⌧௦ⓗព⩏ᒣ᰿ ᇹ ഘ ȘȸDzȫʴஊྸᛯƴؕƮƘദ࢘҄ ࡑࢀ࡛ࡣࠊ࣮࣊ࢤࣝࡢே᱁ᡤ᭷⌮ㄽࡣලయⓗࡢࡼ࠺࡞ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࢁ ࠺ࠋ࣮࣊ࢤࣝࡢࠗἲဴᏛせ⥘࠘ࡣࠊ༶⮬ࡘᑐ⮬ⓗ⮬⏤࡞ពᚿࢆฟⓎ 㺀ⴭస⪅ࡣⴭస≀ࡢసᡂࡼࡾ⮬ᡃࡢᮏ㉁ࢆ᫂ࡽࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡾࠊ Ⅼࡋ࡚ࠊࡑ࠺ࡋࡓ⮬⏤ពᚿࡀ࠸⮬ᕫࢆᐇ⌧ࡍࡿࡢࠊࡲࡓே㛫ࡢ♫ ᙼࡽ⮬ᕫࡢⴭస≀ࢆࢥࣥࢺ࣮ࣟࣝࡍࡿᶒཎࢆ࠼ࡿࡇࡣࠊᙼࡽࡢ⮬ᡃ ⤌⧊ࡢ୰࡛࠸Ⓨᒎࡋ࡚࠸ࡃࡢ࠸࠺ࡇࢆ㆟ㄽࡋࡓࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ ീ 㼟㼑㼘㼒㻙㼏㼛㼚㼏㼑㼜㼠㼕㼛㼚㼟 ࢆಖㆤࡍࡿࡓࡵྍḞ࡞ࡇ࡛࠶ࡿࠋⴭసᶒἲࡢ ྠ᭩ࡣࠊࠑᢳ㇟ἲࠒࠑ㐨ᚨᛶࠒࠑேࠒࡢ 㒊ࡽᵓᡂࡉࢀࠊྛ㒊ࡣពᚿࡢ ┠ⓗࡣࠊ⤒῭ⓗሗ㓘ࡢᥦ౪࠶ࡿ࠸࠺ࡼࡾࡶࠊࡴࡋࢁⴭస⪅ࡀࢹࣥ ᴫᛕࡼࡗ࡚య⣔ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ୍⯡ࠊ࣮࣊ࢤࣝࡢே᱁ᡤ᭷⌮ㄽࡋ࡚ ࢸࢸព㆑ 㼍㻌㼟㼑㼚㼟㼑㻌㼛㼒㻌㼕㼐㼑㼚㼠㼕㼠㼥 ࢆ⥔ᣢ࡛ࡁࡿࡼ࠺࡞ᡭẁࢆᥦ౪ࡍࡿⅬ ᳨ウࡢᑐ㇟ࡉࢀࡿࡇࡀከ࠸ࡢࡣࠊࠗἲဴᏛせ⥘࠘ࡢ➨ 㒊➨ ❶ࡢ㆟ ࠶ࡿ࠸࠺ࡇࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࠋࠖ ㄽࠊࡍ࡞ࢃࡕࠑᢳ㇟ἲࠒ࠾ࡅࡿᡤ᭷ᶒࡢ㆟ㄽ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ⡿ᅜἲဴᏛ⪅ࡢ࢘ ࡇࡢ୍⠇ࡣࠊ⡿ᅜ࠾࠸࡚ⴭసᶒಖㆤࡢᣑࢆồࡵࡿㄽ⪅ࡀࡋࡤࡋࡤ⾜ ࢛ࣝࢻࣟࣥࡼࢀࡤࠊ࣮࣊ࢤࣝࡀᒎ㛤ࡍࡿ㆟ㄽࡣࠊ୍⯡ⓗᶒ 㼓㼑㼚㼑㼞㼍㼘㻌 ࠺ᙇ࡛࠶ࡿ࠸ࢃࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ ࠋࡇࡇ࡛ࡣࠊⴭస⪅ࡢே᱁ⴭస≀ࡢ⤖ 㼞㼕㼓㼔㼠 ࡼࡗ࡚⚾ⓗᡤ᭷ᶒࢆᡭẁࡋ࡚ṇᙜࡋࡼ࠺ヨࡳࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡾࠊ ࡧࡘࡁࢆ๓ᥦࡋ࡚ࠊⴭసᶒࡢṇᙜࡀᅗࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞ே᱁ᡤ ࣟࢵࢡࡢປാᡤ᭷⌮ㄽࡼࡾࡶṇᙜ⌮ㄽࡋ࡚ࡢ㞴Ⅼࡀᑡ࡞࠸ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ ᭷⌮ㄽᇶ࡙ࡃṇᙜࡣࠊఏ⤫ⓗࡣࢻࢶࡸࣇࣛࣥࢫࢆࡣࡌࡵࡍࡿ ࠑᢳ㇟ἲࠒ࠾ࡅࡿᡤ᭷ᶒࡢ㆟ㄽ↔ ࡿࡉࢀࡿࠋࡑࡇ࡛௨ୗ࡛ࡣࡲࡎࠊ 㝣ἲㅖᅜ࠾࠸࡚᭷ຊ࡞ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋࡇࢀᑐࡋ㏆ᖺ࡛ࡣࠊ⡿ᅜ࠾ Ⅼࢆᙜ࡚࡞ࡀࡽࠊ࣮࣊ࢤࣝࡢே᱁ᡤ᭷⌮ㄽࢆᴫほࡍࡿࡇࡋࡓ࠸ࠋ ࠸࡚ࡶࠊᖺ௦࣋ࣝࢾ᮲⣙ࡢຍ┕ྥࡅࡓືࡁࡀάⓎࡋࡓࡇࡸࠊ ᖺどぬⱁ⾡ࡢⴭస⪅ࡢᶒ㛵ࡍࡿἲᚊ 㼂㻭㻾㻭 ࡀไᐃࡉࢀࡓࡇ 㸬 ࠑᢳ㇟ἲࠒ࠾ࡅࡿᡤ᭷ᶒ࣮̿̿࣊ࢤࣝࡢே᱁ᡤ᭷⌮ㄽ ࢆዎᶵࡋ࡚ࠊே᱁ᡤ᭷⌮ㄽࠊ୰࡛ࡶ࣮࣊ࢤࣝࡢே᱁ᡤ᭷⌮ㄽ╔┠ࡍ ࡿࣉ࣮ࣟࢳࡀቑ࠼ࡘࡘ࠶ࡿࠋ ࣮࣊ࢤࣝࡼࢀࡤࠊࠑᢳ㇟ἲࠒ࠾࠸࡚ᡤ᭷ᶒࡣࠊே᱁ࡀ࠶ࡿ≀ࡑࡢ Stewart E. Sterk, Rhetoric and Reality in Copyright Law, 94 MICH. L. REV. 1197, 1239 ⮬⏤࡞ពᚿࢆᢞධࡋࠊࡑࢀࡀ༨᭷ࠊ⏝ࠊㆡΏ࠸࠺ᙧ࡛እ⏺⌧ࢀࡿ ࡁᡂ❧ࡍࡿࠋࡘࡲࡾᡤ᭷ᶒࡀㄆࡵࡽࢀࡿࡓࡵࡣࠊே᱁ࡀ≀ࡢᡤ᭷ព (1996). PROPERTY, 171-172, 174, 189-192 (Stephen R. Munzer ed., 2001) ཧ↷ࠋே᱁ᡤ᭷⌮ㄽ ࣮࣊ࢤࣝࡸ࢝ࣥࢺࡢே᱁ᡤ᭷⌮ㄽ↔Ⅼࢆᙜ࡚࡞ࡀࡽࠊࡑࢀࡽࡀࢻࢶࡸࣇࣛࣥ ࢫࡢⴭసᶒἲࡢⓎᒎཬࡰࡋࡓᙳ㡪ࡘ࠸࡚ศᯒࡍࡿ◊✲ࡋ࡚ࠊNeil W. Netanel, ࣉ࣮ࣟࢳࢆ≉チἲ㐺⏝ࢆヨࡳࡿ◊✲ࡋ࡚ࠊSteven Cherensky, A Penny for Their Copyright Alienability Restrictions and the Enhancement of Author Autonomy: A Normative Thoughts: Employee-Inventors, Preinvention Assignment Agreements, Property, and Per- Evaluation, 24 RUTGERS L.J. 347, 374-382 (1993)ࢆཧ↷ࠋ࢝ࣥࢺࡢே᱁ᡤ᭷⌮ㄽⴭ sonhood, 81 CALIF. L. REV. 595 (1993) ཧ↷ࠋ࡞࠾ࠊ⡿ᅜ࠾࠸࡚ⴭస⪅ே᱁ᶒࡢᴫせ సᶒἲࡢ㛵ಀࡘ࠸࡚ࡢศᯒࡋ࡚ࠊἙ୰୍Ꮵࠕⴭస⪅ே᱁ᶒࡘ࠸࡚㸫࢝ࣥࢺࡢ ࡣࠊᖺࡢ࣮ࣟࢲ࣮ࡢඛ㥑ⓗᴗ⦼㸦Martin A. Roeder, The Doctrine of Moral Right: A ㄽ⪃ࢆ୰ᚰࡋ࡚ࠖᡂ⏣㢗᫂ඛ⏕ᶓᅜ❧Ꮫ㏥ᐁグᛕࠗᅜ㝿௦ࡢ⾜ᨻἲ࠘ Study into the Law of Artists, Authors, and Creators, 53 HARV. L. REV. 554 (1940)㸧ࡼࡗ 㸦Ⰻ᭩ᬑཬࠊᖺ㹼㡫ࠊᮌᮧ࣭๓ᥖὀ㹼㡫ࠊKim Treiger-Bar-Am, ࡚ໟᣓⓗ⤂ࡉࢀࡓࡀࠊࡼࡾᗈࡃ▱ࡽࢀࡿࡼ࠺࡞ࡿࡢࡣࠊᖺࡢ࣓࣐ࣜࣥࡢ Kant on Copyright: Rights of Transformative Authorship, 25 CARDOZO ARTS & ENT. L.J. ㄽᩥ㸦John H. Merryman, The Refrigerator of Bernard Buffet, 27 HASTINGS L.J. 1023 1059 (2008) ࢆཧ↷ࠋ (1976)㸧ࡢⓏሙࡲ࡛ᚅࡓ࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞ࡗࡓࡉࢀࡿࠋヲࡋࡃࡣࠊἙᓥఙᏊࠕⴭ స⪅ே᱁ᶒࡢ⾜≉⣙̿ἲ⤒῭Ꮫ࠾ࡅࡿศᯒࠖ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ྕ ࠼ࡤࠊHughes, supra note 1; Tom G. Palmer, Are Patents and Copyrights Morally Justified? The Philosophy of Property Rights and Ideal Objects, 13 HARV. J.L. & PUB. 㡫 ᖺ㸧 ࠋ POL'Y 817 (1990); Netanel, supra note 5, at 374-382; Sterk, supra note 4; William Fisher, WALDRON, supra note 1, at 3-5. Theories of Intellectual Property, in NEW ESSAYS IN THE LEGAL AND POLITICAL THEORY OF 㺀ே᱁ࡣࠊ⌮ᛕࡋ࡚Ꮡᅾࡍࡿࡓࡵࡣࠊ⮬⏤ࡢእⓗ㡿ᇦࢆࡶࡓࡡࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ࠋࠖ ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO ㄽ ㄝ ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡢṇᙜ᰿ᣐㄽࡢ⌧௦ⓗព⩏ᒣ᰿ ᚿࢆࡑࡢෆ㠃ⓗ࡞⾲㇟ࡋ࡚⾲ࡍࡔࡅ࡛ࡣ༑ศ࡛࠶ࡾࠊࡑࡢ⌧ᐇⓗពᚿ ࡿࠋࡘࡲࡾㆡΏ࠸࠺ᡤ᭷ᙧែࡣࠊ⪅ࡀᡤ᭷⪅ࡢពᚿࡘࡲࡾே᱁ᛶࢆ ࢆఱࡽࡢᐈほⓗ࡞ᙧ࡛ල⌧ࡍࡿᚲせࡀ࠶ࡿ࠸࠺ࢃࡅ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ ㄆ㆑ࡋࠊࡑࢀࢆ┦ᢎㄆࡍࡿࡇࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚ᡂࡾ❧ࡘࡶࡢ࡞ࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡑ ࣮࣊ࢤࣝࡣࡲࡎࠊ༨᭷ྲྀᚓࡢᙧែࡋ࡚ࠊ↓≀ࡢཎጞྲྀᚓࢆᛕ㢌 ࡋ࡚ࠊࡇࡢࡼ࠺ࡋ࡚ᡤ᭷ᶒࡣࠊᡤ᭷⪅ࡢே᱁ࡢᐇ⌧ᐤࡋࠊࡉࡽࡣ ࠾ࡁ࡞ࡀࡽࠊ༨᭷ࠊຍᕤࠊ⾲♧ࡢ ࡘࢆᣲࡆ࡚࠸ࡿ i㹼㸧ࠋ༨᭷ࡣ ࡑࡢே᱁ࡢ㐨ᚨⓗࠊ♫ⓗഃ㠃ࡢⓎᒎࡶᐤࡍࡿ⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࡢ࡛࠶ ᭱ࡶᐈほⓗ࡛┤᥋ⓗ࡞ᡤ᭷ពᚿࡢ⾲ฟ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ࠼ࡤࠊ⚾ࡀ࣌ࣥࢆᡭ࡛ᥗ ࡿࠋ ࢇ࡛࠸ࡿࡁࠊ⚾ࡢពᚿࡣ᫂☜ࡑࡢ୰࠶ࡿࡇࡀ♧ࡉࢀࡿࠋ୍᪉ࠊ༢ ࣮࣊ࢤࣝࡣࠊ⮬ᕫࡢ≀࠸࠼ࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࢀࡤࡍ࡚ᡤ᭷ࡢᑐ㇟࡞ࡿ ࠶ࡿ≀ࢆ⮬ᕫࡢࡶࡢࡋ࡚♧ࡍ⾲♧ࡣࠊ᭱ࡶᢳ㇟ⓗ࡞ᡤ᭷ពᚿࡢ⾲ฟ࡛ ⪃࠼ࡿࠋ⏕ࡶ㌟యࡶྡࡶ㈈⏘ࡶࠊᡤ᭷ࡢᑐ㇟࡞ࡿࠋࡓࡔࡋࠊࡑࡢㆡ ࠶ࡿࠋ୧⪅ࡢ୰㛫⨨ࡍࡿຍᕤࡣࠊほᐈほࢆෆ㒊࡛⤫୍ࡍࡿࡶࡢ Ώ㛵ࡋ࡚ࡣࠊࠕ⚾ࡢே᱁ࡢ᰾ᚰࡸࠊ⚾ࡢ⮬ᕫព㆑ࡢᬑ㐢ⓗᮏ㉁ࢆ࡞ࡍࡼ ࡛࠶ࡾࠊ༨᭷ྲྀᚓࡢ⌮ᛕ᭱ࡶ┦ᛂࡋ࠸ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࡉࢀࡿ i㸧ࠋࡑ࠺ ࠺࡞౯್≀ࠊ࠸ࡸࡴࡋࢁࠊࡑࡢࡼ࠺࡞ᐇయⓗಶᛶࡣࠊㆡΏࡍࡿࡇࡀ࡛ࡁ ࡋࡓຍᕤࡢࡋ࡚࣮࣊ࢤࣝࡣࠊᅵᆅࡢ⪔సࠊ᳜≀ࡢ᱂ᇵࠊື≀ࡢ㣫⫱࡞ ࡞࠸ࠖ 㸦i ࡋ࡚ࠊ୍ᐃࡢไ㝈ࢆㄢࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࡇ࡛ࡣࠊ⮬ᕫࡢᡤ᭷≀ ࢆᣲࡆ࡚࠸ࡿ iὀ㸧 ࠋ ࡀࡑࡢᮏᛶୖࠊእⓗ࡞ࡶࡢࠊࡑࢀࡶෆⓗ࡞ࡶࡢ࠸࠺ࡇࡀㆡΏࡢ ᡤ᭷ࡢᙧែࡀ༨᭷ྲྀᚓࡽ≀ࡢ⏝ࠊㆡΏⓎᒎࡋ࡚࠸ࡃࡘࢀ࡚ࠊ ྍྰࡢ࣓ࣝࢡ࣐࣮ࣝࡉࢀࡿ iࠋࡋࡓࡀࡗ࡚ࠊ࠼ࡤ㌟యࡸ⏕ࡣࠊ ே᱁≀ࡢ㛫ࡢ⤖ྜ㛵ಀࡣࡼࡾ」㞧࡞ࡶࡢ࡞ࡿࠋᡤ᭷⪅ࡢពᚿ≀ ே᱁ࡗ࡚ෆⓗ࡞ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡾࠊࡑࡢㆡΏࡸᨺᲠࡀ⚗Ṇࡉࢀࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ ࡢ㛵ಀࡢࡳ࡞ࡽࡎࠊᡤ᭷⪅ࡢேࠎࡢ㛵ಀࡀᅾࡋ࡚ࡃࡿࡽ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ iὀ࣭i㸧ࠋ ࠼ࡤࠊ≀ࡢㆡΏࡣࠊ⮬ᕫࡢᡤ᭷ࡿ≀ࢆ┦ᡭᡭΏࡋࠊேࡢᡤ᭷ ௨ୖࡢࡼ࠺࡞ࠑᢳ㇟ἲࠒ࠾ࡅࡿᡤ᭷ᶒࡢ㆟ㄽࡽ᫂ࡽ࡞ࡼ࠺ࠊ࣊ ≀ࡍࡿࡇ࡛ࠊࡶࡶࡣ⮬ᕫࡀࡑࡢ≀ࡢ┿ࡢᡤ᭷⪅࡛࠶ࡗࡓ࠸࠺ࡇ ࣮ࢤࣝࡗ࡚ࠊᡤ᭷ᶒࡣࠊಶேࡢ≀㉁ⓗ࡞ḧồࡸ⾪ືࢆ‶ࡓࡍࡓࡵࡢࡶ ࢆ┦ᡭㄆࡵ࡚ࡶࡽ࠸ࠊࡘࡑࢀࢆἲⓗᢎㄆࡋ࡚ࡶࡽ࠺ࣉࣟࢭࢫ࡛࠶ ࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋࡑࢀࡣே᱁ࡢ⮬⏤ពᚿࡢእࡗ࡚ᚲせྍḞ࡞ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ ࡿࠋᡤ᭷ᶒࡣࠊே᱁ࡢᐇ⌧ࡸⓎᒎᐤࡍࡿࡇࢁࡑࡢ᰾ᚰࡀ࠶ࡿ࠸ 㸦㼲㸧 ࠊࡑࢀࡣࠕእⓗ࡞ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡗ࡚ࠊ⮬⏤࡛ࠊ㠀ே᱁ⓗ࡛ࠊἲᶒࢆḞ࠸ࡓ ࠗ≀࡛࠘࠶ࡿࠖ㸦㼲㸧ࠊࠕே᱁ࡣ࠶ࡽࡺࡿ≀ࡢ࠺ࡕ⮬ศࡢពᚿࢆᢞධࡋࠊࡶࡗ࡚ࠊ ᙜࡢ≀ࢆ⮬ศࡢࡶࡢࡍࡿᶒࢆࡶࡘࠋࡑࢀࡣே᱁ࡢ᰾ᚰࢆ࡞ࡍᶒ࡛࠶ࡿࠖ 㸦㼲㸧ࠊࠕࢃࡓࡋࡀ࡞ࢆእⓗ࡞ຊࡢࡶ࠾ࡉࡵࡿࡇࡀࠊᡤ᭷࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡑࡋ ࡚ࠊ࡞ࢆ⮬↛ࡢᚲせࡸ⾪ືࡸࢃࡀࡲࡲࡽ⮬ศࡢࡶࡢࡍࡿࠊ࠸࠺≉Ṧ㠃ࡀࠊ ࠺ࡇࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࠋ 㸬▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒಖㆤࡢ࣓ࣝࢡ࣐࣮ࣝࡋ࡚ࡢே᱁ᇶ‽ ࡑࢀ࡛ࡣࠊ࣮࣊ࢤࣝࡀᛕ㢌࠾࠸࡚࠸ࡿᡤ᭷ᶒே᱁ࡢ㛵ಀࡣࠊ▱ⓗ ᡤ᭷ࡲࡘࢃࡿ≉Ṧ࡞㛵ᚰࢆ♧ࡍࠋࡋࡋࠊࢃࡓࡋࡢ⮬⏤ពᚿࡀᡤ᭷ࡢ࠺ࡕᑐ㇟ ࡉࢀࠊࡇ࠺ࡋ࡚ࢃࡓࡋࡀࡣࡌࡵ࡚⌧ᐇࡢពᚿ࡞ࡿࠊ࠸࠺ഃ㠃ࡇࡑࡀࠊἲ㸦ᶒ BEVERLEY-SMITH, supra note 1, at 297-298. 㸦㼲㸧ࠊ ࠕᡤ᭷ࢆពᚿ 㸧ࡢ┿⌮ࢆ࠶ࡽࢃࡋࠊ㈈⏘ࡢ࡞ࢇࡓࡿࢆ♧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࠖ ࡓࡔࡋࠊ࣮࣊ࢤࣝࡣูࡢ⟠ᡤ࡛ࠊ▱㆑ࠊᏛၥࠊᡯ⬟࡞ࡢෆⓗ࡞ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡗ࡚ࡶࠊ ≀ࡢ㛵ಀࡋ࡚ࡳࡿࡁࠊࡑࡇࠊ௨ୗࡢࡘࡢ㛵ಀࡀ༊ูࡉࢀࡿࠋȘ┤᥋ࡢ ⢭⚄ࡢ፹ࡼࡗ࡚እࡍࢀࡤㆡΏྍ⬟࡞ࡿ᪨ࢆㄝ࠸࡚࠸ࡿ iὀ㸧ࠋࡇࡇ࡛࠸ ຍ⸨࣭๓ᥖὀ 㹼㡫ࠋ ᡤ᭷ࠋពᚿࡀ≀✚ᴟⓗ౯್ࢆㄆࡵࠊࡑࢀࢆ⮬ศࡢࡶࡢࡳ࡞ࡍሙྜࠋș≀ࡀព ࠺⢭⚄ࡢ፹ࡣࠊ௦ࡢᩥࡸ♫ⓗ࡞⩦័ࡢࡇࢆᣦࡍゎ㔘ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇ ᚿࡢྰᐃయࡋ࡚⌧ࢀࠊពᚿࡀྰᐃࡍࡁࡶࡢࡋ࡚≀⮬ศࢆᢞᙳࡍࡿሙྜࠋ≀ ࢀࢆ๓ᥦࡍࢀࡤࠊ࣮࣊ࢤࣝࡗ࡚ㆡΏࡢྍྰࡣࠊㆡΏᑐ㇟ࡢ┤᥋ⓗ࡞ᛶ㉁ࡼ ࡢ⏝ࠋ≀ࢆ⏝ࡍࡿࡢࡣ✚ᴟⓗ࡞㛵ಀ࡛ࡣ࠶ࡿࡀࠊ⚾⏝ࡉࢀࡿ㝈ࡾ࡛ࠊ≀ࡣ ࡗ࡚Ỵᐃࡉࢀࡿ࠸࠺ࡼࡾࡶࠊ௦ࡢᩥࡸ♫ⓗ࡞⩦័ࡼࡗ࡚Ỵᐃࡉࢀࡿࡶࡢ ゎయࡋ࡚࠸ࡃࠋȚពᚿࡀ≀ࡢࡶࢆཤࡗ࡚⮬ศ㑏ࡗ࡚ࡃࡿሙྜࠋ≀ࡢㆡΏࠋࠖ ࠸࠺ࡇࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࡔࢁ࠺ࠋຍ⸨࣭๓ᥖὀ 㹼㡫ࠋ 㸦i㸧 ࠋ ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO Hughes, supra note 1, at 330. ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO ㄽ ㄝ ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡢṇᙜ᰿ᣐㄽࡢ⌧௦ⓗព⩏ᒣ᰿ ㈈⏘ᶒࡢᩥ⬦࠾࠸࡚ࡶᙜ࡚ࡣࡲࡿ࡛࠶ࢁ࠺ࠋࡇࡢⅬ㛵ࡋ࡚ࡣࠊᮏḰ ࡋࡓಶᛶ࠸࠺ࡶࡢࡀᏑᅾࡍࡿࠋࡑࢀࡣἲᚊࡢ᫂ᩥไ㝈ࡀ࡞࠸㝈ࡾࠊ ෑ㢌ࡢ୍⠇ࡶࡳࡽࢀࡿࡼ࠺ࠊࠑᢳ㇟ἲࠒ࠾ࡅࡿᡤ᭷ᶒࡢࣟࢪࢵࢡࡣ ⴭసᶒࢆྲྀᚓ࡛ࡁࡿࡶࡢ࡞ࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ㹿㺁ㄝ♧ࡋ࡚ࠊཎ࿌࣏ࢫࢱ࣮ࡘ࠸ ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡢṇᙜ᰿ᣐࡋ࡚ࡶጇᙜࡍࡿ࠸࠺ぢゎࡀ᭷ຊၐ࠼ࡽࢀ ࡚ⴭస≀ᛶࢆ⫯ᐃࡋࠊ᥍ッᑂุỴࢆ◚Რࡋࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ ࡚࠸ࡿࠋᐇ㝿ࠊᑠㄝࡸ⤮⏬ࡸ㡢ᴦ࠸ࡗࡓⴭస≀ࡣࠊసᐙࡸⱁ⾡ᐙࡢಶᛶ ୡ⣖ࡢ༙ࡤࡲ࡛ࠊ⡿ᅜࡢⴭసᶒุࡣࠊⴭసᶒಖㆤࡢせ௳ࡋ࡚ࠕ೧ ࡢᫎࠊࡘࡲࡾே᱁ࡀእ⏺⾲ฟࡋࡓࡶࡢࡋ࡚ᤊ࠼ࡸࡍ࠸ࡇࡽࠊࡑ ࡞ⱁ⾡ᛶࠖ㼍㻌㼓㼞㼑㼍㼠㻌㼍㼞㼠 ࢆせồࡋ࡚࠸ࡓ࠸ࢃࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡋࡋࠊᮏ௳ ࠺ࡋࡓே᱁ⓗ⾲⌧ᑐࡍࡿᶒࢆⴭస⪅ᖐᒓࡉࡏࡿࡁ᪨ࢆㄝࡃே᱁ ࡢ 㻮㼘㼑㼕㼟㼠㼑㼕㼚㻌௳᭱㧗ุỴࢆ ࡘࡢዎᶵࡋ࡚ࠊୡ⣖ᮎ௨㝆ࠊⴭస⪅ࡢ ᡤ᭷⌮ㄽࡣࠊ┤ほⓗ࡞㨩ຊࢆࡶࡘ࠸࠼ࡿࡶࡋࢀ࡞࠸ࠋࡑࡇ࡛௨ୗ࡛ ఱࡽࡢಶᛶࡢⓎ㟢ࢆⴭసᶒಖㆤࡢ୰ᚰᤣ࠼ࡿุࡀḟ➨᭷ຊ࡞ ࡣࠊ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡢᩥ⬦࠾ࡅࡿே᱁ᡤ᭷⌮ㄽࡢጇᙜᛶࡘ࠸࡚ㄽࡌࡿぢゎ ࡗ࡚࠸ࡗࡓࡉࢀࡿࠋࡇࡢࡼ࠺ࠊᮏ௳᭱㧗ุỴࡀⴭస≀ᛶࡢุ᩿ᇶ‽ ࡘ࠸࡚ࠊᴫほࡍࡿࡇࡋࡼ࠺ࠋ ࢆࠕ೧࡞ⱁ⾡ᛶࠖࡽࠕࢇࡢഹ࡞ⱁ⾡ᛶࠖኚ᭦ࡋࡓࡇࡣࠊⴭ ᩥ⊩࡛ࡣࠊⴭసᶒἲࢆࡣࡌࡵࡋ࡚ࠊ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡢศ㔝ࡢ୰ࡣస⪅ సᶒಖㆤࡢᯟ⤌ࡳࢆࠊⴭస≀ࡢⱁ⾡ⓗࠊᑂ⨾ⓗ౯್ࡢಖㆤࡽࠊⴭస≀ࡢ ࡢಶᛶࡀල⌧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿྰࢆಖㆤࡢ࣓ࣝࢡ࣐࣮ࣝࡍࡿࡶࡢࡀ࠶ࡾࠊࡑ ಶᛶⓗࠊே᱁ⓗ⾲⌧ࡢಖㆤ⛣⾜ࡉࡏࡓࡇࢆពࡍࡿࠋࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞ⴭ ࠺ࡋࡓಖㆤࡢᯟ⤌ࡳࡣே᱁ᡤ᭷⌮ㄽ㐺ྜⓗ࡛࠶ࡿ᪨ࢆㄝࡃぢゎࡀᏑᅾ స⪅ࡢಶᛶࡢⓎ㟢ࢆᇶ‽ࡍࡿⴭసᶒἲࡢಖㆤᯟ⤌ࡳࡣࠊእⓗୡ⏺ල⌧ ࡍࡿࠋ ࡉࢀࡓⴭస⪅ࡢほⓗே᱁ᛶࡢಖㆤᐤࡍࡿࡇࡽࠊ࣮࣊ࢤࣝࡢே᱁ ࠼ࡤࣄ࣮ࣗࢬࡣࠊ㻮㼘㼑㼕㼟㼠㼑㼕㼚㻌㼢㻚㻌㻰㼛㼚㼍㼘㼐㼟㼛㼚㻌㻸㼕㼠㼔㼛㼓㼞㼍㼜㼔㼕㼚㼓㻌㻯㼛㻚㻘㻌㻝㻤㻤㻌㼁㻚㻿㻚㻌㻞㻟㻥 ᡤ᭷⌮ㄽᩚྜⓗᢕᥱࡍࡿࡇࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࣄ࣮ࣗࢬࡣᙇࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ ࠾࠸࡚࣮࣒࣍ࢬุࡀ᥇⏝ࡋࡓࠊࠕࢇࡢഹ࡞ⱁ⾡ᛶࠖ㼍㻌㼢㼑㼞㼥㻌 ࡉࡽࣄ࣮ࣗࢬࡣࠊၟᶆἲࡢศ㔝ࡘ࠸࡚ࡶே᱁ᡤ᭷⌮ㄽࡀጇᙜࡍࡿవ 㼙㼛㼐㼑㼟㼠㻌㼓㼞㼍㼐㼑㻌㼛㼒㻌㼍㼞㼠 ࠸࠺ⴭస≀ᛶࡢุ᩿ᇶ‽ࡣࠊⴭస⪅ࡀఱࡽࡢほ ᆅࡀ࠶ࡿࡇࢆ♧၀ࡍࡿࠋ࠼ࡤࠊࢥ࣭࢝ࢥ࣮ࣛࡢࣛ࣋ࣝୖࡢࣘࢽ࣮ࢡ࡞ ⓗே᱁ᛶࢆእ㒊ୡ⏺ࡶࡓࡽࡋࡓྰ࠸࠺ࡇࢆၥ࠺ᇶ‽࡛࠶ࡿ ἼᙧᩥᏐࡸࠊࢡࣜࢫࢳ࣭ࣕࣥࢹ࣮࢜ࣝࡢࠕ㹂ࠖࢆᙉㄪࡋࡓࣟࢦ࡞ࡣࠊ ᣦࡍࡿࠋ ே᱁ⓗ⮬ᕫ⾲⌧ࡢ⏘≀ࡋ࡚ࡳ࡞ࡋ࠺ࡿࡶࡋࢀ࡞࠸ࠋ⡿ᅜࡢࢥ࣭ࣔࣥࣟ 㻮㼘㼑㼕㼟㼠㼑㼕㼚 ௳࠾࠸࡚ࡣࠊࢧ࣮࢝ࢫࡢᐉఏᗈ࿌⏝࣏ࢫࢱ࣮ࡢⴭస≀ᛶࡀ ࣮࠾ࡼࡧ㐃㑥ၟᶆἲࡣࠊᙜึࡑࡢಖㆤᑐ㇟ࢆࠕወᢤ࡞ࠖ㼒㼍㼚㼏㼕㼒㼡㼘 ࣐࣮ࢡ࠾ தࢃࢀࡓࠋᮏ௳ࡢ᥍ッᑂࡣࠊཎ࿌࣏ࢫࢱ࣮ࡣ༢࡞ࡿᗈ࿌⏝ࡢࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡗ࡚ࠊ ࡼࡧࠕពⓗ࡞ࠖ㼍㼞㼎㼕㼠㼞㼍㼞㼥 ࣐࣮ࢡ㝈ᐃࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࡀࠊࡇࢀࡽࡣ࠸ࡎࢀࡶ ࡑࢀ௨እࡢ⏝㏵ࡸ౯್ࢆഛ࠼ࡿࡶࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࡓࡵࠊ᭷┈࡞ᢏⱁࡢⓎᒎఱ ᮏ᮶ⓗ㆑ูຊࡢ࠶ࡿ࣐࣮ࢡ࡛࠶ࡾࠊ୍ᐃࡢಶᛶࢆ⾲ฟࡍࡿ࣐࣮ࢡ࡛࠶ࡿ ࡽᐤࡍࡿࡶࡢࡣ࠸࠼ࡎࠊ⡿ᅜ㐃㑥᠇ἲࡀಖㆤࡋࡼ࠺ࡍࡿⴭస≀ࡣ ⪃࠼ࡿࡇࡶ࡛ࡁࡿࠋ୍⯡ၟᶆᶒࡣࠊၟရࡢฟᡤ㛵ࡍࡿ┿ᐇࡢሗ ㄆࡵࡽࢀ࡞࠸ุ♧ࡋࡓࠋࡇࢀᑐࡋ᭱㧗ࡣࠊసရࡢ〇స┠ⓗࡸ⏝㏵ ࢆཷࡅྲྀࡿᾘ㈝⪅ࡢᶒࡋ࡚⨨࡙ࡅࡽࢀࡿࡇࡀከ࠸ࠋࡋࡋࠊࡑࡢ ࡣⴭసᶒಖㆤࢆ㜼ᐖࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࡋࡓ࠺࠼࡛ࠊࠕಶᛶࡣᖖఱࡋ ࡼ࠺࡞ᾘ㈝⪅ࡢ┈ࡣᗈ࿌つไࡸᐇ⾲♧ࢆྲྀࡾ⥾ࡲࡿἲࡼࡗ࡚ಖㆤ ࡽࣘࢽ࣮ࢡ࡞ࡶࡢࢆྵࢇ࡛࠸ࡿࠋࡓ࠼➹㊧࠸ࡗࡓࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡗ࡚ࡶࠊࡑ ࡉࢀࡿࡁ࡛࠶ࡾࠊၟᶆᶒࡣࡴࡋࢁᴗ⪅ࡢ♫ⓗ࡞⮬ᕫᐇ⌧ࡢ㏣ồࡢࡓ ࡇࡣ≉␗ᛶࡀ⾲⌧ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡋࠊࢇࡢഹ࡞ⱁ⾡ᛶ 㼍㻌 㼢㼑㼞㼥㻌 㼙㼛㼐㼑㼟㼠㻌 ࡵࡢᶒࡋ࡚ᤊ࠼ࡿ࠺ࡀ㐺ษ࡛࠶ࡿࣄ࣮ࣗࢬࡣᣦࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ 㼓㼞㼍㼐㼑㻌 㼛㼒㻌 㼍㼞㼠 ࡛࠶ࡗ࡚ࡶࠊࡑࡢ୰ࡣࡑࡢⴭస⪅ࡋᖐᒓࡋ࠼࡞࠸☜ᅛ Bleistein v. Donaldson Lithographing Co., 188 U.S. 239, 250 (1903). Hughes, supra note 1, at 351-352. ヂ࣓ࠗࣜ࢝ⴭసᶒἲ࠘ 㸦ࣞࢡࢩࢫࢿࢡࢩࢫ࣭ࢪࣕࣃࣥࠊᖺ㸧 㹛㑥ヂ㡫ࠋ Id., at 352. Hughes, supra note 1, at 351. Id., at 353-354. William M. Landes and Richard A. Posnerࠝᣋヂࠞࠕⴭసᶒࡢ⪃࠼᪉ࠖ Courier Lithographing Co. v. Donaldson Lithographing Co., 104 F. 993, 996 (1903). ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ྕ㹼㡫ᖺ ࡶཧ↷ࠋࡇࡢᩥ⊩࡛ࡣࠊࣉࣛࣂ MARSHALL A. LEAFFER, UNDERSTANDING COPYRIGHT LAW (4th ed., 2005)㹙∾㔝ኵ┘ ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO ㄽ ㄝ ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡢṇᙜ᰿ᣐㄽࡢ⌧௦ⓗព⩏ᒣ᰿ ࡇࡢࠊබ⾲ᶒࠊẶྡ⾲♧ᶒࠊྠ୍ᛶಖᣢᶒ࠸ࡗࡓⴭస⪅ே᱁ᶒࢆṇ ⴭసᶒἲࡸၟᶆἲࢆࡣࡌࡵ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡢᩥ⬦࠾࠸࡚ࡶጇᙜࡍࡿ࠸࠺ ᙜࡍࡿ࠺࠼࡛ࠊே᱁ᡤ᭷⌮ㄽࡣ㐺ྜⓗ࡛࠶ࡿࡍࡿぢゎࡶࡳࡽࢀࡿࠋࡍ ぢゎࡀࡳࡽࢀࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ ࡞ࢃࡕࠊⴭస⪅ࡀసάືࡼࡗ࡚⮬ᕫᐇ⌧ࢆ㐩ᡂࡋࠊ㧗ḟࡢே᱁ⓗⓎᒎ ࢆ㐙ࡆࡼ࠺ࡍࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࢀࡤࠊ⮬ᕫࡢసࡋࡓⴭస≀ᑐࡍࡿ୍ᐃࡢࢥࣥ ᇹ ഘ ȘȸDzȫʴஊྸᛯƴؕƮƘദ࢘҄ƷЙႎ౨᚛ ࢺ࣮ࣟࣝࡀㄆࡵࡽࢀ࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ࠋⴭస≀ࡢබ⾲ࡀⴭస⪅↓᩿࡛⾜ ࢃࢀࡿࡍࢀࡤࠊ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣࠊⴭస≀ࡢᥦ౪ࡸᥦ♧㝿ࡋ࡚ࠊⴭస⪅ࡢྠព ࡋࡋࠊே᱁ᡤ᭷⌮ㄽᇶ࡙ࡃ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡢṇᙜࡢࣉ࣮ࣟࢳᑐࡋ ࡞ࡃⴭస⪅ྡࡢ⾲♧ែᵝ㸦ᐇྡࠊኚྡࠊ↓ྡ࡞㸧ࡀỴᐃࡉࢀࡿࡍࢀࡤࠊ ࡚ࡣࠊᢈุⓗ࡞ぢゎࡶᑡ࡞ࡃ࡞࠸ࠋ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡢṇᙜ᰿ᣐࡋ࡚ࡢே᱁ බ⾗ࡣⴭస⪅ࡑࡢே᱁ⓗ⾲⌧ࢆ㐺ษ⤖ࡧࡘࡅ࡚ㄆ㆑ࡍࡿࡇࡀ࡛ ᡤ᭷⌮ㄽࡢ㝈⏺ࢆ♧၀ࡍࡿᩥ⊩ࡢ୰ࡣࠊே᱁ᡤ᭷⌮ㄽࡀෆᅾⓗᢪ࠼ࡿ ࡁ࡞࠸ࡔࢁ࠺ࠋⴭస≀ࡀ↓᩿࡛ᨵኚࡉࢀࡿሙྜࡶࠊⴭస⪅ࡗ࡚⮬ᕫ ၥ㢟ࢆᣦࡍࡿࡶࡢࡶ࠶ࢀࡤࠊ࣮࣊ࢤࣝࡢἲဴᏛయࡢయ⣔ࡽே᱁ᡤ᭷ ࡢసࡋࡓⴭస≀ࡀ⮬ᕫࡢពἢࢃ࡞࠸⾲⌧ࢆ᭷ࡍࡿࡇ࡞ࡾࠊබ⾗ࡢ ⌮ㄽᇶ࡙ࡃṇᙜࡢ㝈⏺ࢆᣦࡍࡿࡶࡢࡶ࠶ࡿࠋᡤ᭷ᶒ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡢ ㄆ㆑ࡣṍ᭤ࡉࢀࡿᜍࢀࡀ࠶ࢁ࠺ࠋࡑࢀࡺ࠼ⴭస⪅ࡣࠊே᱁Ⓨᒎࡗ࡚㐺 ᛶ㉁ࡢ┦㐪ࡀ࣮࣊ࢤࣝࡢே᱁ᡤ᭷⌮ㄽࡶࡓࡽࡍࣥࣉࣜࢣ࣮ࢩࣙࣥ ษ࡞⮬ᕫࡢⴭస≀ࡢබ⾲ᮇࡘ࠸࡚Ỵᐃࡍࡿᶒࠊ࠸࡞ࡿᙧ࡛ⴭస≀ ࡘ࠸࡚ࡶࠊᨵࡵ᳨࡚ドࡍࡿᚲせࡀ࠶ࢁ࠺ࠋ௨ୗࠊලయⓗࡳ࡚࠸ࡇ࠺ࠋ ࡢⴭస⪅ࡋ࡚ㄆ▱ࡉࢀࡿࡢࢆỴᐃࡍࡿᶒࠊࡉࡽࡣࡑࡢྠព࡞ࡃ⮬ ᕫࡢⴭస≀ࡀಟṇࡲࡓࡣษ㝖ࡉࢀࡿࡇࢆ⚗Ṇࡍࡿᶒࢆ᭷ࡋ࡞ࡅࢀࡤ 㸬▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒಖㆤࡢ࣓ࣝࢡ࣐࣮ࣝࡋ࡚ࡢே᱁ᇶ‽ࡢጇᙜᛶ ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸࠸࠺ࢃࡅ࡛࠶ࡿ ࠋ ࡲࡎࠊே᱁ᡤ᭷⌮ㄽࣉ࣮ࣟࢳᑐࡋ࡚ࡣࠊస⪅ࡢே᱁ࡢල⌧ᛶ࠸ 㸬ᑠᣓ ࠺࣓ࣝࢡ࣐࣮ࣝࡣࠊ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒಖㆤ㛵ࡍࡿໟᣓⓗ࡞ᇶ‽ࡋ࡚ࡣ᭕࡛ ࠶ࡾࠊጇᙜᛶḞࡅࡿ࠸࠺ᢈุࡀ࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞ࢱࣉࡢᢈุࡣࠊศ ࡇࡇࡲ࡛ࡢ᳨ウࢆᩚ⌮ࡋࡼ࠺ࠋࠗἲဴᏛせ⥘࠘ࡢࠑᢳ㇟ἲࠒ࡛♧ࡉࢀࡓ ᯒⓗࡳࢀࡤࡁࡃ ࡘศࡅࡿࡇࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࠋ ㆟ㄽࡽ᫂ࡽ࡞ࡼ࠺ࠊ࣮࣊ࢤࣝࡗ࡚ᡤ᭷ᶒࡣࠊಶேࡢ≀㉁ⓗ࡞ḧ ồࡸ⾪ືࢆ‶ࡓࡍࡓࡵࡢࡶࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋࡑࢀࡣே᱁ࡢ⮬⏤ពᚿࡢእ⏺ࡢ 㸦㸧㠀ே᱁ⓗస≀ࡢᏑᅾ ⾲ฟࡗ࡚ᚲせྍḞ࡞ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡑࡢ᰾ᚰࡣே᱁ࡢᐇ⌧ࡸⓎᒎᐤ ➨ ࠊಶࠎࡢస⪅ࡢே᱁ࡀࢇᫎࡉࢀ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࡼ࠺ࡳ࠼ࡿ ࡍࡿࡇࢁ࠶ࡿࠋࡑࡋ࡚Ꮫㄝ࡛ࡣࠊࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞ே᱁ᡤ᭷⌮ㄽࡢㄽᣐࡣࠊ ୍㒊ࡢ▱ⓗᡂᯝ≀ࡢ࢝ࢸࢦ࣮ࣜࡘ࠸࡚ࠊே᱁ᇶ࡙ࡃṇᙜࢆ࠺ࡲࡃ㐺 ࢩ࣮ᶒࡽὴ⏕ࡋࡓࣃࣈࣜࢩࢸᶒࡘ࠸࡚ࡶࠊே᱁ᡤ᭷⌮ㄽᇶ࡙ࡃṇᙜࡀヨ ⓗⴭస≀ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊࡑࡇಶᛶࡢⓎ㟢ࢆぢ࠸ࡔࡍࡢࡣᐜ࡛᫆࠶ࡿࡀࠊᆅ ࡳࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋᢈุⓗ᳨ウࡋ࡚ࠊ࠼ࡤࠊBEVERLEY-SMITH, supra note 1, at 171-189, 319-329; Stacey L. Dogan and Mark A. Lemley, What the Right of Publicity Can Learn From Trademark Law, 58 STAN. L. REV. 1161, 1180-1184 (2006)ࢆཧ↷ࠋ Hughes, supra note 1, at 350-351; Dan Rosen, Artists’ Moral Rights: An European Evo- ⏝࡛ࡁ࡞࠸࠸࠺ᢈุࡀ࠶ࡿࠋ࠼ࡤࠊᩥᏛࠊ⨾⾡ࠊ㡢ᴦ࠸ࡗࡓྂ ᅗࠊࢥࣥࣆ࣮ࣗࢱ࣭ࣉࣟࢢ࣒ࣛࠊࢹ࣮ࢱ࣮࣋ࢫ࠸ࡗࡓᐇⓗࠊᶵ⬟ⓗⴭ స≀ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊࡑࡇே᱁ⓗ⾲⌧ࡢᚩ⾲ࢆぢ࠸ࡔࡍࡇࡣᅔ㞴࡛࠶ࡿࠋ ࡑࡢࡓࡵࠊே᱁ᡤ᭷⌮ㄽࡼࡗ࡚ࡣࠊ࠼ࡤⴭసᶒἲࡢಖㆤᑐ㇟ࡢ࠺ࡕࠊ lution, An American Revolution, 2 CARDOZO ARTS & ENT. L.J. 155, 176-179 (1983).⡿ᅜ ୍㒊ࡢⴭస≀ࡢ࢝ࢸࢦ࣮ࣜࡘ࠸࡚㐺ษㄝ᫂ࡍࡿࡇࡀ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸࠸ ࠾ࡅࡿⴭస⪅ே᱁ᶒࢆࡵࡄࡿ㆟ㄽࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊἙᓥ࣭๓ᥖὀ 㹼㡫ࠊᑠ㔝 ࠺ࢃࡅ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ ዉ✑Ꮚࠕ⡿ᅜ࠾ࡅࡿⴭస⪅ே᱁ᶒಖㆤ̿࣋ࣝࢾ᮲⣙ຍධࡢ㆟ㄽࢆࡾ㏉ࡗ࡚̿ࠖ ୍ᶫἲᏛ ᕳ ྕ㡫௨ୗ ᖺ ࡶཧ↷ࠋ ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO LEAFFER࣭๓ᥖὀ 㹼㡫ࠋ ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO ㄽ ㄝ ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡢṇᙜ᰿ᣐㄽࡢ⌧௦ⓗព⩏ᒣ᰿ ࡶࡗࡶࠊࡇ࠺ࡋࡓᢈุᑐࡋ࡚ࡣࣄ࣮ࣗࢬࡀ㐺☜࡞ᛂ⟅ࢆ࡞ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ ࠸࠺ࡇࡀၥࢃࢀࡿࡇ࡞ࡿࠋ ࡍ࡞ࢃࡕࠊ࠼ࡤࠊࢥࣥࣆ࣮ࣗࢱ࣭ࣉࣟࢢ࣒ࣛࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊ࠶ࡿ⛬ᗘຠ⋡ ࠼ࡤࠊ⤮⏬ࡸ㡢ᴦࡢⴭస≀ࡣࠊࢥࣥࣆ࣮ࣗࢱ࣭ࣉࣟࢢ࣒ࣛࡸࢹ࣮ࢱ࣋ ᛶࡢไ⣙ࢆཷࡅࡿࡋ࡚ࡶࠊ」ᩘࡢ᪉ἲ࡛᭩ࡃࡇࡀ࡛ࡁࡿሙྜࡶከ࠸ࠋ ࣮ࢫࡼࡾࡶே᱁ⓗ⾲⌧ࢆᫎࡍࡿ⛬ᗘࡀᙉ࠸࠸࠼ࡿࡶࡋࢀ࡞࠸ࠋࡲࡓࠊ ࡑࢀࡺ࠼ࠊ」ᩘࡢ㑅ᢥ⫥ࡢ୰ࡽ ࡘࡢ⾲⌧ࢆ㑅ᢥࡍࡿ⾜Ⅽࡀே᱁ⓗ⾲⌧ ఱᖺࡶࡅ࡚ᇳ➹ࡋࡓᑠㄝࡣࠊࢪࣕࣥ࣎ࢪ࢙ࢵࢺᶵࢆ᧯సࡍࡿᆺࢯࣇࢺ ࡢႠⅭࢆ♧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ⪃࠼ࡿࡇࡣ༑ศྍ⬟࡛࠶ࡿࡍࡿࠋࡶࡕࢁࢇ ࢙࣭࢘ࣉࣟࢢ࣒ࣛࡸᴗࡢ㢳ᐈྡ⡙ࡼࡾࡶࡁ࡞ே᱁ⓗ┈ࢆ᭷ࡋ࡚࠸ ಶูࡢࣉࣟࢢ࣒ࣛࡢ୰ࡣࠊసࣉࣟࢭࢫᑐࡍࡿไ⣙ࡀࡁࡃࠊ⾲⌧ࡢ ࡿࡶࡋࢀ࡞࠸ࠋࡇࢀࡽࡢ࠾࠸࡚ࠊே᱁ᡤ᭷⌮ㄽࡢㄽ⌮ࢆ᥎ࡋ㐍ࡵ 㑅ᢥ⫥ࡀᴟࡵ࡚㝈ᐃࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡓࡵࠊ᭷ព⩏࡞ே᱁ⓗႠⅭࢆ⾲⌧ࡋ࠼࡞ ࢀࡤࠊே᱁ⓗ⾲⌧ࡢᙉࡃᫎࡉࢀࡓⴭస≀ᑐࡋ࡚ࠊࡼࡾᡭཌ࠸ἲⓗಖㆤ ࠸ࡶࡢࡶᏑᅾࡍࡿࡶࡋࢀ࡞࠸ࠋࡋࡋࠊࡑࡢࡇࡣಶูࡢస≀ල⌧ ࢆ࠼ࡿࡁࡔ࠸࠺ᖐ⤖ࡀᑟࢀࡿࡢࡶࡋࢀ࡞࠸ࠋ ࡉࢀࡿே᱁ⓗ⾲⌧ࡢ⛬ᗘࡢၥ㢟࡛࠶ࡗ࡚ࠊே᱁ᡤ᭷⌮ㄽࣉ࣮ࣟࢳࡢጇᙜ ࡋࡋࠊࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞❧ሙࢆࡿሙྜࡣࠊே᱁ⓗ⾲⌧࣭┈ࡢල⌧ࡢ ᛶࢆ࢝ࢸࢦࣜ࢝ࣝྰᐃࡍࡿ⌮⏤ࡣ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸࠸࠺ࢃࡅ࡛࠶ࡿ ࠋ ⛬ᗘࢆ࠸ࡋ࡚ ᐃࡍࡿࡢ࠸࠺ၥ㢟✺ࡁᙜࡓࡿࡇ࡞ࡿࠋࡑ࠺ ࡋࡓே᱁ⓗ⾲⌧࣭┈ࡢᙉᙅᛂࡌุ࡚ᡤࡀⴭసᶒಖㆤࡢᗈ⊃ࢆ㐪࠼ࡿ 㸦㸧ே᱁ⓗ⾲⌧࣭┈ࡢᴫᛕⓗࢪ࣐ࣞࣥ ࡑࡇ࡛➨ ࠊே᱁ⓗ⾲⌧ࡸே᱁ⓗ┈࠸࠺ᴫᛕࡢ᫂☜ᛶᢈุࡢ ▩ඛࡀྥࡅࡽࢀࡿ ࠋࡍ࡞ࢃࡕࠊே᱁ⓗ⾲⌧ࡢල⌧ᛶࡀࠊၥ㢟࡞ࡿస ሙྜࡣࠊಖㆤࡢண ྍ⬟ᛶࡸἲⓗᏳᐃᛶࢆ㐣ᗘపୗࡉࡏࡿᜍࢀࡀ࠶ࢁ ࠺ࠋࡲࡓࠊࡑࡢࡼ࠺࡞ྖἲุ᩿ࡣⴭస≀ࡢⱁ⾡ⓗࠊᑂ⨾ⓗ౯್ࡢุ᩿ ᐦ᥋㛵㐃ࡋࡓࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡑࢀࡺ࠼ࠊ㻮㼘㼑㼕㼟㼠㼑㼕㼚 ௳᭱㧗ุỴ࠾࠸࡚ ≀ࡢ✀㢮ࡼࡗ࡚ࠊࡲࡓᶒ⪅ࡀ㈝ࡸࡋࡓ㛫ࡸປຊࡼࡗ࡚ࠊከᵝ␗ ࣮࣒࣍ࢬุࡀᣦࡋࡓࡼ࠺ࠊࠕἲᚊࡢカ⦎ࡋཷࡅ࡚࠸࡞࠸⪅ࡀࠊ᭱ ࡞ࡾ࠺ࡿࡍࢀࡤࠊ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲࡣࠊࡑ࠺ࡋࡓ┦㐪ࢆ⪃៖ධࢀ࡚ࠊල⌧ࡉ ࡶ⊃ࡃ᫂ⓑ࡞㝈⏺ࢆ㉸࠼࡚ࠊ⤮⏬ⓗࣛࢫࢺࡢ౯್ᑐࡍࡿ᭱⤊ⓗ࡞ุ᩿ ࢀࡓே᱁ⓗ┈ࡢ⛬ᗘᛂࡌ࡚ಖㆤࡢ⛬ᗘࡸ⠊ᅖࢆ㐪࠼ࡿࡁ࡞ࡢ ࢆୗࡍ࠸࠺ࡇࡣࠊ༴㝤࡞࡚࡛࠶ࡿ㺁࠸࠺ࡇࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࡔࢁ࠺ࠋⴭ Hughes, supra note 1, at 342.ᡃࡀᅜ࠾࠸࡚ࡶࠊⴭసᶒࡢಖㆤせ௳ࡢ ࡘ࡛࠶ࡿ సᛶᴫᛕࡘ࠸࡚ࠊࠕ⾲⌧ࡢ㑅ᢥࡢᖜࡀᗈࡃᏑᅾࡍࡿ≧ែ࠾࠸࡚ⴭస⪅ࡀ≉ᐃ ࡢ⾲⌧ࢆ㑅ᢥࡍࡿ▱ⓗάືࢆពࡍࡿࡶࡢࠖࡋ࡚ᤊ࠼ࡿࠊసἲⓗ㑅ᢥࡢᖜㄽࡀ స≀ࡢ♫ⓗ࡞౯್ุ᩿ࢆྖἲ㠃ⓗጤࡡࡿࡇࡣࠊྖἲุ᩿ࡢ᳨㜀 ᛶࢆ㧗ࡵࡿዎᶵ࡞ࡾࡸࡍ࠸ࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞ᴫᛕⓗࢪ࣐ࣞࣥࡢၥ㢟 ࡣࠊே᱁ᡤ᭷⌮ㄽࡀᢪ࠼ࡿ ࡘࡢ㝈⏺࠸࠺ࡇࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࡔࢁ࠺ࠋ ᭷ຊᥦၐࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋୖ㔝㐩ᘯࠕⴭస⪅ࡢㄆᐃࠖ∾㔝⛅㸻㣤ᮧᩄ᫂⦅ࠗ᪂࣭ ุᐇົ⣔ⴭసᶒ㛵ಀッゴἲ࠘㸦㟷ᯘ᭩㝔ࠊᖺ㹼㡫ࠊྠࠕⴭస≀ᛶ ࠋ࡞࠾ࠊసἲⓗ㑅ᢥࡢ ⥲ㄽࠖἲᏛᩍᐊྕ㹼㡫࣭㡫ὀᖺ㸧 ERTY IN THE NEW TECHNOLOGICAL AGE, 9-10 (5th ᖜㄽᑐ⨨ࡉࢀࡿࠊ➇தἲⓗ㑅ᢥࡢᖜㄽࡘ࠸࡚ヲࡋࡃࡣࠊ୰ᒣಙᘯࠕసᛶࡘ Fisher, supra note 6, at 171-172. ࠸࡚ࡢᇶᮏⓗ⪃࠼᪉ࠖⴭసᶒ◊✲ྕ㡫ᖺ㸧 ࠊྠࠗⴭసᶒἲ࠘ 㸦᭷ᩫ㛶ࠊ ே᱁ⓗ┈ࡢ⌮ᛕᐇᐃἲࡢ㛫㞳ࡀ⏕ࡌࡸࡍ࠸ࡇࡘࡁࠊCherensky, ᖺ㡫௨ୗࠊᶓᒣஂⰾࠕ⦅㞟ⴭస≀ᴫᛕࡢ⌧௦ⓗព⩏̿ࠗసᛶ࠘ࡢุ᩿ᵓ㐀ࡢ supra note 6, at 650-651.ࢳ࢙ࣞࣥࢫ࣮࢟ࡣࠊẕぶࡀᏊ౪ࡢ㈤㈚࣐ࣥࢩࣙࣥᐃᮇⓗ ROBERT P. MERGES, PETER S. MENELL, AND MARK A. LEMLEY, INTELLECTUAL PROPed., 2010). ᳨ウࢆ୰ᚰࡋ࡚̿ࠖⴭసᶒ◊✲ྕ㡫ᖺࢆཧ↷ࠋᚋ⪅ࡢ➇தἲⓗ㑅ᢥ ゼၥࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡍࢀࡤࠊẕぶࡣࡑࡢ࣐ࣥࢩࣙࣥே᱁ⓗ┈ࢆ᭷ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡶࡋ ࡢᖜㄽࡣࠊ➇த⪅ࡗ࡚ࡢ㑅ᢥࡢᖜࢆၥ㢟ࡍࡿⅬ࡛ࠊసἲⓗ㑅ᢥࡢᖜㄽ❧ ࢀ࡞࠸ࡀࠊࡔࡽ࠸ࡗ࡚ࠊࡑ࠺ࡋࡓẕぶࡢே᱁ⓗ┈ࢆἲࡀᢎㄆࡍࡿࢃࡅ࡛ࡣ࡞ ሙࢆ␗ࡍࡿࠋࡇࡢぢゎࡢࡶ࡛ࡣࠊసᛶせ௳ࡣࠊ⊂⮬ࡢせ௳ࡋ࡚ᶵ⬟ࡍࡿ ࠸ࠊ࠸࠺ࢆᣲࡆ࡚ㄝ᫂ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ ࠸࠺ࡼࡾࡶࠊᐇࡸࢹࡢಖㆤ࠸࠺ཎ๎ࢆᐇ㉁ⓗᢸಖࡍࡿࡓࡵࡢ⿵ Bleistein v. Donaldson Lithographing Co., 188 U.S. 239, 251 (1903). ⓗ࡞せ௳ࡋ࡚ᶵ⬟ࡍࡿࠋ ྠᵝࡢၥ㢟ࡣࠕ▱ⓗປാࠖᴫᛕࡘ࠸࡚ࡶጇᙜࡋࠊࡑࢀࡀປാᡤ᭷⌮ㄽᑐࡍࡿ Id., at 342-343. ᭷ຊ࡞ᢈุࡢ ࡘࢆᵓᡂࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡇࡘࡁࠊᣋ✏ࠕ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡢṇᙜ᰿ᣐㄽࡢ ,d., at 339; LEAFFER࣭๓ᥖὀ㡫ࠋ ⌧௦ⓗព⩏ ࠖ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ྕ㹼㡫 ᖺ㸧ࠋ࡞࠾ࠊCherensky, ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO ㄽ ㄝ 㸦㸧ᶒࡢ⫧ ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡢṇᙜ᰿ᣐㄽࡢ⌧௦ⓗព⩏ᒣ᰿ 㸬࣮࣊ࢤࣝࡢయ⣔࠾ࡅࡿே᱁ᡤ᭷⌮ㄽࡢ⨨࡙ࡅ̿̿ᡤ᭷ᶒࡢṇᙜ ➨ ࠊே᱁ᡤ᭷⌮ㄽᑐࡋ࡚ࡣࠊே᱁㈈⏘ࡢ⤖ࡧࡘࡁࡣไ㝈ࡀ࡞ ⌮ㄽ㸽 ࡃࠊᡤ᭷ᶒࡢ⫧ࢆᣍࡁࡸࡍ࠸࠸࠺ᢈุࡀ࠶ࡿࠋ࣮࣊ࢤࣝࡢయ⣔࠾ ࠸࡚ࠊ㈈⏘ࡢᑐ㇟࡞ࡾ࠺ࡿࡶࡢ࡞ࡾ࠼࡞࠸ࡶࡢ㛵ࡍࡿ๓ࡢྲྀỴࡵ ḟࠊே᱁ᡤ᭷⌮ㄽࣉ࣮ࣟࢳᑐࡋ࡚ࡣࠊே᱁ᡤ᭷⌮ㄽࢆṇᙜ᰿ᣐ ࡣᏑᅾࡋ࡞࠸ࠋࡑࡢࡓࡵ⌮ㄽୖࡣࠊಶேࡢ⮬⏤࡞ពᚿࡣ࠸࡞ࡿ᭷ᙧ≀ ㄽࡋ࡚ᤊ࠼ࡿࡇࡣ࣮࣊ࢤࣝࡢయ⣔࠾ࡅࡿྠ⌮ㄽࡢ⨨࡙ࡅᩚྜ ࡶே᱁ⓗ┈ࢆල⌧ࡋ࡚ᡤ᭷ᶒࢆᙇࡍࡿࡇࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࠋࡇࢀࡣே᱁ᡤ ࡋ࡞࠸࠸࠺ᢈุࡀ࠶ࡿࠋ ᭷⌮ㄽࡀ㈈⏘ᶒࡢ㐣ᗘࡢᣑ⤖ࡧࡘࡃഴྥࡀ࠶ࡿࡇࢆ♧၀ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ ࣮࣊ࢤࣝࡢᡤ᭷ᶒࡘ࠸࡚ࡢ㆟ㄽࡣࠊࠗἲဴᏛせ⥘࠘ࡢࠑᢳ㇟ἲࠒࡢ㒊 ࡇ࠺ࡋࡓᠱᛕࡣࠊே᱁ᡤ᭷⌮ㄽᇶ࡙࠸࡚▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࢆṇᙜࡍࡿሙྜ ࠾࠸࡚ࡳࡽࢀࡿࡔࡅ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋࠑேࠒࡢ㒊࠾࠸࡚ࡶᡤ᭷ᶒࡢ㆟ㄽࡀ ࡶྠᵝᙜ࡚ࡣࡲࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ ᒎ㛤ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ ඛࡳࡓࠑᢳ㇟ἲࠒ࠾ࡅࡿᡤ᭷ᶒࡣࠊࡑࢀࡀ♫ⓗ࡞ไ㝈ࢆཷࡅ࡞࠸ supra note 6, at 651 ࡢᣦࡶཧ↷ࠋ Hughes, supra note 1, at 335; DRAHOS, supra note 1, at 78. ࡇ࠺ࡋࡓ㐣࡞㈈⏘ᶒࡀ⮬ᕫᐇ⌧ࡶࡓࡽࡍᝏᙳ㡪↔Ⅼࢆᙜ࡚࡞ࡀࡽࠊே᱁ ㈈⏘ࡢ㛵ಀࡘ࠸࡚ᢈุⓗ᳨ウࡍࡿ㆟ㄽࡶࡳࡽࢀࡿࠋ࠼ࡤࠊࣞࢹࣥࡣࠊ㈈ ⏘ࢆࠊᕷሙ࠾ࡅࡿࡼࡗ࡚㈌ᖯⓗ౯್㑏ඖ࡛ࡁࡿࡶࡢ 㼒㼡㼚㼓㼕㼎㼘㼑㻌 㼜㼞㼛㼜㼑㼞㼠㼥 ࠸࠺ព࡛⤯ᑐⓗ࡞ᶒ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋࡋࡋࠊ᪤Ꮡࡢ࠸࡞ࡿ♫⛛ᗎ ࠾࠸࡚ࡶᡤ᭷ᶒࡣ⤯ᑐⓗ࡞ࡶࡢ࡛ࡣ࠶ࡾ࠼࡞࠸ࠋࡑࡇࡣ⪅ࡀᏑᅾࡋ࡚ ࠾ࡾࠊ⪅ࡶࡲࡓ⮬⏤ពᚿࡢල⌧ࡼࡗ࡚ᡤ᭷య࡞ࡿࡽ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ ࡋࡓࡀࡗ࡚ࠊ⌧ᐇࡢ♫ࡸᅜᐙ࠾࠸࡚ࡣࠊ⮬ᕫ⪅ࡀᡤ᭷ᶒࢆࡵࡄ ಶேࡢே᱁ᙧᡂ῝ࡃ㛵ࢃࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡶࡢ 㼜㼑㼞㼟㼛㼚㼍㼘㻌㼜㼞㼛㼜㼑㼞㼠㼥 ༊ูࡋࡓ࠺࠼࡛ࠊ ࡗ࡚㛵ࢃࡾྜ࠸ࠊࡶᡤ᭷యࡋ࡚┦ᢎㄆࡋ࠶࠺ࡇࡀせㄳࡉࢀ 㸿ࡗ࡚㈌ᖯⓗ౯್㑏ඖ࡛ࡁࡿ㈈⏘ࢆಖㆤࡍࡿࡇࡀࠊ㹀ࡢே᱁ⓗ㈈⏘ࢆྰᐃ ࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋಶேࡢ⮬⏤࡛࡞ᢳ㇟ⓗᡤ᭷ᶒࡢᐇ⌧ࡣࠊࡇࡢࡼ࠺⪅ ࡍࡿࡇ࡞ࡿࡼ࠺࡞ሙྜࠊ㸿ᑐࡍࡿಖㆤࡣཎ๎ࡋ࡚ྰᐃࡍࡁ࡛࠶ࡿࡋ࡚ ࡢᡤ᭷ᶒᑐࡋ࡚┦ᑐࡉࢀࠊ୧⪅ࡢㄪᩚࡀᅗࡽࢀࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡑࢀࡀ ࠸ࡿࠋࡑࡋ࡚ࡑ࠺ࡋࡓಶேࡢே᱁ᙧᡂࡸ⮬ᕫᐇ⌧῝ࡃ㛵ࢃࡿ㈈⏘ࡋ࡚ࠊࣞࢹ ࣥࡣࠊ⤖፧ᣦ㍯ࠊ⫝̸ീ⏬ࠊᐙᐆࠊᐙ࡞ࢆᣲࡆ࡚࠸ࡿ Margaret J. Radin, Property ࠋ and Personhood, 34 STAN. L. REV. 957 (1982)㸧 ࣞࢹࣥࡣࡇࡇ࡛ࠊ࣮࣊ࢤࣝࡢ㆟ㄽ౫ᣐࡋ࡞ࡀࡽࠊ㈈⏘ᶒே᱁ᛶࡢᮏ㉁ⓗ ࠑேࠒࡢయ⣔࡛࠶ࡿࠋ 䚾ேࠒ࠾࠸࡚ᡤ᭷ᶒࡣࠊᅜᐙࡸ♫࠾ࡅࡿ㧗ḟࡢᶒ࠾ࡼࡧ┠ᶆ ᚑᒓࡍࡿᙧ࡛ᢅࢃࢀࠊࡲࡓࡉࡲࡊࡲ࡞ᙧ࡛ࡢ♫ⓗไ㝈ࡀㄢࡏࡽࢀࡿࠋ ࡞⤖ࡧࡘࡁࢆᙉㄪࡋࠊே᱁ྍศࡢ㈈⏘ࡑࢀ௨እࡢ㈈⏘ࢆ༊ูࡍࡿࡓࡵࡢࠕᐈ ࠼ࡤࠊ⮬ᕫࡢ㈈⏘ࡢ⏝⾜Ⅽࡀ⪅ࡢ㈈⏘㛵ಀࡋࠊఱࡽࡢ┈ࢆ ほⓗ㐨ᚨⓗࢥࣥࢭࣥࢧࢫࠖࢆᙇࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡋࡋࠊᚋࡢⴭస࡛ࡣࠊࡇࡢᴫᛕࡣᨺ ཬࡰࡍሙྜࠊ⪅ࡢ㓄៖ࡋ࡚⮬ᕫࡢ㈈⏘⏝ࡀ⚗Ṇࡉࢀࡿሙྜࡀ࠶ࡿࠋ Რࡉࢀࠊே᱁ⓗ㈈⏘ྲྀᘬྍ⬟࡞㈈⏘ࡢ༊ูࡣಶࠎࡢලయⓗ࡞༶ࡋࡓࣉࣛࢢ ࡑࡋ࡚ࠊࡑ࠺ࡋࡓㄪᩚࢆ⾜࠺ࡇࡀ♫ᨻ⟇ࡢ ࡘࡢ௵ົ࡛࠶ࡿ࣮࣊ࢤ ࣐ࢸࢵࢡ࡞᪉ἲࡼࡗ࡚࡞ࡉࢀࡿࡁ࡛࠶ࡿ࠸࠺ᙇಟṇࡉࢀࡓࠋMargaret ࣝࡣㄽࡌ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ Jane Radin, Market Inalienability, 101 Harv. L. Rev. 1849 (1989); MARGARET JANE RADIN, ௨ୖࡽ᫂ࡽ࡞ࡼ࠺ࠊ࣮࣊ࢤࣝࡢே᱁ᡤ᭷⌮ㄽࡣࠊே᱁ࡢ⮬⏤ពᚿ REINTERPRETING PROPERTY (1993)㸦᱇ᮌ㝯ኵ㹙⤂㹛࣓ࣜ࢝ἲ>@㡫 MARGARET JANE RADIN, CONTESTED COMMODITIES (1996).ࣞࢹࣥࡢே᱁ⓗ㈈⏘ ࡀࡇࡢ⌧ᐇࡢ♫⛛ᗎ࠾࠸࡚ᐈほⓗ⌧ࢀࠊⓎᒎࡋ࡚࠸ࡃࣉࣟࢭࢫࢆㄝ ᶒㄽࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊྜྷ⏣࣭๓ᥖὀ 㡫௨ୗࢆཧ↷ࠋࣞࢹࣥࡢே᱁ᛶࣉ࣮ࣟ ࢳࢆ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡢᩥ⬦㐺⏝ࢆヨࡳࡿᩥ⊩ࡋ࡚ࠊNetanel, supra note 5 ཧ↷ࠋࡇࡢ ࠊCherensky, supra note 6 ࡣࠊே᱁ᛶࡢ⌮ㄽࡸࡑࢀ㛵㐃ࡋࡓᕷሙ࠾ࡅࡿㆡΏ ⪅ࡢ㐨ᚨⓗᶒࡢ㛵ಀ࡛ࡶ┦ᑐࡉࢀࡿࠋࡇࢀࡣࠑ㐨ᚨᛶࠒ࠾࠸࡚ㄽࡌࡽࢀ 㻸㼍㼚㼠㼦࣭๓ᥖὀ㡫ࠊ⏣ᮧ࣭๓ᥖὀ 㹼 㡫ࠋ࡞࠾ࠊ࠶ࡿಶேࡢᡤ᭷ᶒࡣࠊ ྍ⬟ᛶ 㼙㼍㼞㼗㼑㼠㻙㼕㼚㼍㼘㼕㼑㼚㼍㼎㼕㼘㼕㼠㼥 ࡢᴫᛕࢆ⏝ࡋ࡞ࡀࡽࠊᚑᴗဨⓎ᫂⪅ࡣࠊ㏻ᖖࡢ㞠⏝ ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ ዎ⣙ࡢࡶ࡛ಖ᭷ࡍࡿሙྜࡼࡾࡶࡁ࡞㈈⏘ⓗ┈ࢆ⮬ᕫࡢⓎ᫂ᑐࡋ࡚ಖ᭷ࡍ 㻸㼍㼚㼠㼦࣭๓ᥖὀ㡫ࠋ ࡿࡁ࡛࠶ࡿᙇࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ 㻴㼑㼓㼑㼘࣭๓ᥖὀ㸧ࠗἲဴᏛㅮ⩏࠘㹼㡫ࠋ ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO ㄽ ㄝ ᫂ࡍࡿ⌮ㄽᯟ⤌ࡳࢆᥦ♧ࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡋࡓࡀࡗ࡚ࠊே᱁ᡤ᭷⌮ㄽࡢព ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡢṇᙜ᰿ᣐㄽࡢ⌧௦ⓗព⩏ᒣ᰿ ࡀせㄳࡉࢀࡿࡶࡢ࡛ࡶ࠶ࡿࠋࡋࡋ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡣࠊࡑࡢᛶ㉁ୖࠊ▱㆑ࡸ ⩏ࡶࠊࠑᢳ㇟ἲࠒࡽࠑேࠒⓎᒎࡋ࡚࠸ࡃయ⣔ࡢ୰ࠊࡍ࡞ࢃࡕಶ ᢏ⬟ࡢ⮬⏤࡞ࢡࢭࢫࢆไ㝈ࡋࠊ⪅ࡢ⮬⏤ࡢࡁ࡞ᖸ΅ࣃࢱ࣮ࣥࢆ ேࡢ⮬⏤࡞ពᚿࡀྜ⌮ᛶࠊ」㞧ᛶࠊ⌧ᐇᛶࡢࡼࡾ㧗࠸ẁ㝵Ⓨᒎࡋ࡚࠸ ⏕ࡳࡔࡍࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࡓࡵࠊ࠼ࡗ࡚⪅ࡢே᱁ࡢᐇ⌧ࡸⓎᒎࢆ⬣ࡍᜍࢀ ࡃ୰⨨࡙ࡅ࡚ᢕᥱࡍࡿᚲせࡀ࠶ࡿࠋࡑࡢࡇࡀ♧၀ࡍࡿࡢࡣࠊ࣮࣊ ࡀ࠶ࡿࠋ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡢᛶ㉁ࡣே᱁ᡤ᭷⌮ㄽࡢ⌮ᛕゐࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࡼ ࢤࣝே᱁ᡤ᭷⌮ㄽࢆᡤ᭷ᶒࡢṇᙜ⌮ㄽࡋ࡚ᢕᥱࡍࡿࡇᑐࡍࡿ ࠺ᛮࢃࢀࡿࠋ ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞࣮࣊ࢤࣝࡢయ⣔ࢆ๓ᥦࡍࢀࡤࠊ࣮࣊ࢤࣝࡢே᱁ ᡤ᭷⌮ㄽ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡢṇᙜࡢ௵ົࢆᢸࢃࡏࡿࡇࡣᅔ㞴࡛ࡣ࡞ࢁ 㸬࣮࣊ࢤࣝࡢ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲほ ࠺ ࠋ ࡾࠊṇᙜࡢᙺࢆᢸࢃࡏࡿࡋ࡚ࡶࠊ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡢᛶ㉁ࡀၥ㢟 ௨ୖࡢࡼ࠺ࠊே᱁ᡤ᭷⌮ㄽᇶ࡙ࡃ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡢṇᙜᑐࡋ࡚ࡣࠊ ࡞ࡿࠋ᪤ࡳࡓࡼ࠺ࠊ࣮࣊ࢤࣝࡀᡤ᭷ᶒࢆㄆࡵࡿ⌮⏤ࡣࠊಶேࡢḧồࡸ ⌮ㄽⓗࠊయ⣔ⓗ࡞ほⅬࡽᢈุࡀᥦ♧ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࢀࡽࡢᢈุࡗ࡚ ⾪ືࢆ‶ࡓࡍࡓࡵ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋࡑࢀࡣே㛫ࡀே᱁ࡋ࡚♫ⓗ⏕Ꮡࠊ⦾ᰤ ⿵ᙉドᣐ࡞ࡾ࠺ࡿࡢࡀࠊࠗἲဴᏛせ⥘࠘ࡸྠ᭩ࢆ⏝࠸ࡓἲဴᏛㅮ⩏ࡢ୰ ࡍࡿ࠺࠼࡛ᚲせྍḞ࡛࠶ࡿⅬồࡵࡽࢀࡿࠋ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡢᑐ㇟ࡣ▱㆑ ࡛♧ࡉࢀࡓ࣮࣊ࢤࣝ⮬㌟ࡢ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲほ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ ࡸᢏ⬟ࡀྵࡲࢀࡿࡀࠊࡇࢀࡽࡣ⛉Ꮫⓗ࣭⤒῭ⓗ࣭ᩥⓗⓎᒎࡢᇶ┙ࢆᙧᡂ ࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡾࠊᩍ⫱࣭Ꮫ⩦࣭カ⦎➼ࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚ࡑࡢ✚ࢆቑࡉࡏࡿࡇ 㸦㸧 ࠗἲဴᏛせ⥘࠘࠾ࡅࡿグ㏙ ࣮࣊ࢤࣝࡢࠗἲဴᏛせ⥘࠘ࡣࠊᩥⱁసရࡸⓎ᫂⨨࠸ࡗࡓ⢭⚄ⓗ⏘ ࠼ࡤࠊ㻸㼍㼚㼠㼦࣭๓ᥖὀ 㹼㡫ࡣḟࡢࡼ࠺㏙ࡿࠋࠕᡤ᭷ᶒࡢྜ⌮ᛶࡢ ≀ࡢㆡΏᚋ࠾ࡅࡿⴭస⪅ࡸⓎ᫂⪅ࡢᶒࡘ࠸࡚ㄽࡌࡓグ㏙ࡀ࠶ࡿࠋ ᇶ♏࡙ࡅࡣࠊ࣮࣊ࢤࣝࡢဴᏛయ⣔ࡢ࡞ồࡵࡿࡇࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࠋࡍ࡞ࢃࡕࠊಶே ࣮࣊ࢤࣝࡼࢀࡤࠊ▱㆑ࠊᏛၥࠊᡯ⬟࡞ࡣࠊ⮬⏤࡞⢭⚄ᅛ᭷ࡢࡶࡢ ࡢ⮬⏤࡞ពᚿࡀྜ⌮ᛶࠊ」㞧ᛶࠊ⌧ᐇᛶࡢࡼࡾ㧗࠸ẁ㝵Ⓨᒎࡋ࡚࠸ࡃ࠸࠺ࡇ ࡛ࠊࡑࡢ⢭⚄ࡢෆⓗ࡞ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡗ࡚ࠊእⓗ࡞ࡶࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋࡋࡋࠊࠕ⢭ ࡛࠶ࡿࠋᢳ㇟ⓗᶒࡋ࡚ࡢᡤ᭷ᶒࡣࠊ࣮࣊ࢤࣝࡢయ⣔ࡢ࡞࡛ࡣࠊྜ⌮ⓗ࡞♫ ⛛ᗎ⦅ධࡉࢀࡓᡤ᭷ࡼࡾࡶୗ᪉⨨ࡍࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡢయ⣔ࢆཷࡅᐜࢀ࡞࠸ ࡞ࡽࡤࠊࢃࢀࢃࢀࡣࠊ࣮࣊ࢤࣝࡀᡤ᭷ᶒࡣྜ⌮ⓗ࡛ᚲ↛ⓗ࡛࠶ࡿᙇࡍࡿࡁࠊ ࡑࢀࡣㄝᚓຊࡢஈࡋ࠸ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ⪃࠼ࡊࡿࢆ࠼࡞࠸ࠋ ࠖ ⚄ࡣࡑࢀࡽࡢࡶࡢእࡼࡗ࡚እⓗ࡞⌧Ꮡᅾࢆ࠼ࡿࡇࡶ࡛ࡁࠊࡑࢀ ࡽࡀ≀࠸࠺つᐃ⨨ࢀࡿࡇ࡞ࡿࡢ࡛ࠊࡑࢀࡽࢆㆡΏࡍࡿࡇࡶ࡛ ࡁࡿࠖ 㸦iὀ㸧ࠋࡋࡓࡀࡗ࡚ࠊⴭస⪅ࡸⓎ᫂⪅ࡀࡑࡢ▱㆑ࡸᡯ⬟ࠊᢏ⾡➼ ࠼ࡤࠊ㻾㻱㻱㼂㻱࣭๓ᥖὀ 㡫ࡣḟࡢࡼ࠺ᣦࡍࡿࠋ࣮࣊ࢤࣝࡣࠊᡤ᭷ࡑࢀ ࢆάࡋ࡚ࠊ᭩⡠ࡢᇳ➹ࡸᶵᲔ⨨ࡢⓎ᫂࡞ࢆ⾜࠺ࡁࠊᙼࡽࡢ⢭⚄ⓗ ⮬యࡢṇᙜࢆၥ㢟ࡋࡓࢃࡅ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋࡴࡋࢁࠊእⓗୡ⏺┤㠃ࡋࠊ⮬ᕫࡢᣐࡾ ⬟ຊࡀእⓗ⾲⌧ࡉࢀࡓࡶࡢࡋ࡚ࠊᙜヱ᭩⡠ࡸ⨨ᑐࡍࡿᡤ᭷ࡀㄆࡵ ᡤࢆ⌮ᛶᅜᐙࡢ୍ᕷẸぢ࠸ࡔࡍࡼ࠺࡞ᢳ㇟ⓗಶேࢆ๓ᥦࡍࡿᗈ࠸ᩥ⬦ࡢ࡞ ࡽࢀࡿࡇ࡞ࡿࠋ ࡛ࠊᡤ᭷ไᗘࢆ⌮ゎྍ⬟࡞ࡶࡢࡍࡿࡓࡵࠊᡤ᭷ࢆㄝ᫂ࡍࡿࡇྲྀࡾ⤌ࢇࡔࡢ ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ DRAHOS, supra note 1, at 80.࣮࣊ࢤࣝࡢே᱁ᡤ᭷⌮ㄽࢆṇᙜ┠ⓗ࡛⏝ࡋࡼ࠺ ࡍࡿ㆟ㄽ࠾࠸࡚ࡣࠊࣟࢵࢡࡢປാᡤ᭷⌮ㄽᑐẚࡉࢀࡿഴྥࡀ࠶ࡿࡀࠊࠕປാ ࡋࡋ᪉࡛ࠊ⢭⚄ⓗ⏘≀ࡢㆡΏᛶࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊⴭస⪅ࡸⓎ᫂⪅ࡢほ ᛶࡀእ⏺⾲⌧ࡉࢀࡓࡶࡢ࡛ࡣ࠶ࡿࡀࠊࡑࢀࡽࡣእⓗ࡞≀ࡲ࡛ࡣ ࠸࠸㞴࠸ࡍࡿࠋࡘࡲࡾ୍㠃࠾࠸࡚ࠊⴭస⪅ࡸⓎ᫂⪅ࡢほⓗ࡞⢭⚄ ᑐே᱁ࠖ࠸࠺ほⅬࡽࡢᑐẚࡀࡣࡓࡋ࡚㐺ษ࠸࠺ၥ㢟ࡶ࠶ࡿࠋࣟࢵࢡ ࡗ࡚㈈⏘ࡣே᱁࠼ࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡾࠊ࣮࣊ࢤࣝࡗ࡚㈈⏘ࡣே᱁ࡀල⌧ࡉࢀࡓ Id., at 179-180. ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡑࢀࡺ࠼ࢻࣛ࣍ࢫࡼࢀࡤࠊ୧⪅ࡢ⌮ㄽࡢ┦㐪ࡣࠊ㈈⏘ᶒ㛵ࡍࡿྛࠎ ⏣ᮧ࣭๓ᥖὀ 㡫ࠋ⏣ᮧၿஅࠝẚⰋె⌮ヂࠞࠕࢹࢪࢱࣝ௦ࡢⴭసᶒไᗘ ࡢㄝ᫂ࡢヲ⣽ࡣࡑࢀ࡞ࡃࠊࡴࡋࢁ㈈⏘ᶒࡀዊࡍࡿ␗࡞ࡗࡓᙧ⪋ୖᏛࡢయ⣔ ࡢ᳨ウ࣓ࠖࣜ࢝ἲ>@㏆หࡶཧ↷ࠋ Ꮡᅾࡍࡿ࠸࠺ࡇ࡞ࡿࠋId., at 75. ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO 㻴㼑㼓㼑㼘࣭๓ᥖὀ㸧ࠗἲဴᏛㅮ⩏࠘㡫ࠋ ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO ㄽ ㄝ ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡢṇᙜ᰿ᣐㄽࡢ⌧௦ⓗព⩏ᒣ᰿ ࡀࡑࢀࡽࡢ᭩⡠ࡸ⨨ࡘ࡞ࡀࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ࣮࣊ࢤࣝࡣ࠸࠺ࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡢ ࡿࠋྠㅮ⩏ࡣᐇ㉁ⓗ࣮࣊ࢤࣝࡢἲဴᏛ㛵ࡍࡿ᭱⤊ㅮ⩏࡞ࡗࡓࡶࡢ࡛ ࡼ࠺࡞⢭⚄ⓗ⏘≀ࡘ࠸࡚ࡑࡢ࡞ㆡΏࢆㄆࡵࡿࡇࡣࠊே᱁ࡢᬑ㐢ⓗ ࠶ࡿ㸦௨ୗࠊ༢ࠕἲဴᏛㅮ⩏ࠖ࠸࠺ࠋἲဴᏛㅮ⩏ࡢෆᐜࡣࠊㅮ⩏ࡢ ࡞ഃ㠃ࡢᘬΏࡋ࡛࠶ࡾࠊያ㞔ࡸ⮬ẅྠᵝチࡉࢀ࡞࠸ࡶࡢゎࡉࢀࡿࠋ ⫈ㅮ⏕ࢢ࣮ࣜࢫࣁ࣒ 㻷㻚㻳㻚㼢㻚㻌 㻳㼞㼕㼑㼟㼔㼑㼕㼙㼟 ࡀసᡂࡋࡓヲ⣽ࡘᑀ࡞ㅮ ࡑࢀࡺ࠼ࠊᙜヱ᭩⡠ࡸ⨨ࡢㆡΏᚋ࠾࠸࡚ࡶࠊࠕࡑ࠺ࡋࡓ⢭⚄ⓗ⏘≀ࢆ ⩏㘓ࡽ❚࠸▱ࡿࡇࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࠋ ಶูࡢ≀ࡋ࡚ᡭධࢀࡓேࡣࠊࡑࡢࡶࡢࡢ㠃ⓗ࡞⏝ᶒ౯್ࢆᡤ᭷ ⯆῝࠸ࡇࠊ ࠗἲဴᏛせ⥘࠘ࢆ⏝࠸ࡓἲဴᏛㅮ⩏ࡢ୰࡛࣮࣊ࢤࣝࡣࠊ ࡋࠊಶูࡢ≀ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣ࡛⮬⏤࡞ᡤ᭷⪅࠸࠼ࡿࡀࠊࡣ࠸࠼ࠊ᭩⡠ ⴭసᶒࡘ࠸࡚ࠊᚲࡎࡋࡶே᱁ⓗࣉ࣮ࣟࢳᇶ࡙ࡃㄝ᫂ࢆ⾜ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࢃ ࡢⴭస⪅ࡸᢏ⾡⨨ࡢⓎ᫂⪅ࡣࠊࡑ࠺ࡋࡓ⏘≀ࢆ」〇ࡍࡿ୍⯡ⓗ࡞᪉ᘧ ࡅ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋ࠼ࡤ࣮࣊ࢤࣝࡣࠊ⮬ᕫࡢసရࡢ」〇ࢆ⚗Ṇࡍࡿᶒࡀⴭస ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊ࠶ࡃࡲ࡛ࡑࡢ༨᭷⪅࡛࠶ࡗ࡚ࠊࡑࡢ୍⯡ⓗ࡞᪉ᘧࡣ༷ࡋࡓࡢ ⪅ㄆࡵࡽࢀࡿࡁ⌮⏤ࡋ࡚ࠊḟࡢࡼ࠺㏙ࡿࠋࡍ࡞ࢃࡕࠊࠕᏛၥࡸ ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊ⮬ศ⊂⮬ࡢ⾲⌧ἲࡋ࡚⮬ศࡢࡶಖ᭷ࡋ࠺ࡿࠖ 㸦i ࣊ ⱁ⾡ࢆಁ㐍ࡍࡿ➨୍᮲௳ࡣࠊᾘᴟⓗ࡛ࡣ࠶ࡿࡀࠊࡑࢀࡓࡎࡉࢃࡿேࡧ ࣮ࢤࣝࡣᙇࡍࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ ࢆ┐㞴ࡽᏲࡾࠊᙼࡽࡢᡤ᭷≀ಖㆤࢆ࠼ࡿࡇ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡑࢀࡣࡕࡻ࠺ ࡇࡢࡼ࠺ࠊⴭస⪅ࡸⓎ᫂⪅ࡣ᭷య≀ࡋ࡚ࡢ᭩⡠ࡸⓎ᫂⨨ࡢㆡΏᚋ ࠊၟᴗࢆಁ㐍ࡍࡿ➨୍ࡢ㔜せ᮲௳ࡀࠊ ᮶࡛ࡢ␎ዣࡽၟᴗࢆᏲࡿࡇ ࡶࠊࡑࡢほⓗ࡞⢭⚄ࡘ࡞ࡀࡿ㝈ᗘ࡛ࠊ↓య≀ࡋ࡚ࡢᙜヱ᭩⡠ࡸ⨨ ࠶ࡿࡢఝ࡚࠸ࡿ㹿㺁ࠕᏛၥࡢ┒ࢇ࡞ᅜ࡛」〇ࡀチࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡍࢀࡤࠊ ࡢ」〇ᑐࡍࡿᶒࢆಖ᭷ࡍࡿ࠸࠺ࡢࡀ࣮࣊ࢤࣝࡢぢゎ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ ᅜᐙࡀ࡞ࡍࡁࡇࢆࡋ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࡢ࡛ࡍ㹿㺁ࠋࡇࡇ♧ࡉࢀࡓࠊᏛ⾡ࡢ ⯆ࢆᐇ⌧ࡍࡿࡓࡵᅜᐙࡀ」〇ࢆ⚗Ṇࡍࡿἲ㸦ⴭసᶒἲ㸧ࢆไᐃࡍࡁ࡛ 㸦㸧ἲဴᏛㅮ⩏࠾ࡅࡿ࣮࣊ࢤࣝࡢⴭసᶒἲほ ࠶ࡿ࠸࠺࣮࣊ࢤࣝࡢㄝ᫂ࡣࠊᴟࡵ࡚ຌ⩏ⓗ࡞Ⰽᙬࢆᖏࡧࡓࡶࡢ࡛࠶ ௨ୖࡢࠗἲဴᏛせ⥘࠘࠾ࡅࡿグ㏙ࡽࠊ࣮࣊ࢤࣝࡗ࡚Ⓨ᫂ࡸⴭస ࡿࠋࡇࢀࡣ ࡘࡣࠊୡ⣖ᚋ༙௨㝆ࠊၨⵚᛮࡢᬑཬ༳ๅᢏ⾡ࡢⓎ㐩 ≀࠸ࡗࡓ⢭⚄άືࡢᡤ⏘ࡣࠊእⓗ࡞ᑐ㇟࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊࡑࡢస⪅ࡢ ࡀ┦ࡲࡗ࡚ᾏ㈫∧ࡢ㔞ὶ㏻ࡀⓎ⏕ࡋࠊ῝้࡞⤒῭ⓗᡴᧁࢆཷࡅࡓฟ∧⪅ ⥅⥆ⓗ࡞ே᱁ⓗ⾲⌧ᙧែ࡛࠶ࡿ࠸࠺ࡇࡀ᫂ࡽ࡞ࡗࡓࠋࡋࡋࠊ ࡽࡢಖㆤࡀせㄳࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡓ࠸࠺ࠊᙜࡢࢻࢶࡢ♫≧ἣࡀ㛵ಀࡋ࡚࠸ ࡞ࡐ㌟యάືࡢᡤ⏘⢭⚄άືࡢᡤ⏘࡛ࡑࡢㆡΏࡢྲྀᢅ࠸ࢆ㐪࠼ࡿ ࡿࡶࡢ⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋࡑࡋ࡚ࠊฟ∧⪅ࢆಖㆤࡍࡿࡇ࡛ࡶࡓࡽࡉࢀࡿ ࡁ࡞ࡢࠊ࡞ࡐⴭస⪅ࡸⓎ᫂⪅ࡢᡭඖ⢭⚄ⓗ⏘≀ࡢ」〇⚗Ṇᶒࡀṧࡿ ⪃࠼ࡿࡁ࡞ࡢ࠸࠺Ⅼࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊᚲࡎࡋࡶ᫂☜࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋࡲࡓࠊࡑ ࠺ࡋࡓ」〇⚗Ṇᶒࡢෆᐜࡘ࠸࡚ࡶ᫂☜࡞ࡇࢁࡀከ࠸ࠋࡇࢀࡽࡢⅬ 㛗㇂ᕝᏹࠕヂ⪅࠶ࡀࡁࠖ㻴㼑㼓㼑㼘࣭๓ᥖὀ 㸧ࠗἲဴᏛㅮ⩏࠘㡫ࠋ ࡇࡢㅮ⩏㘓ࡢヂࡋ࡚ࠊ㻴㼑㼓㼑㼘࣭๓ᥖὀ 㸧ࠗἲဴᏛㅮ⩏࠘ࠋࡑࡢᴫせࡢ⤂ 㛵ࡍࡿ࣮࣊ࢤࣝ⮬㌟ࡢ⪃࠼᪉ࢆ▱ࡿ࠺࠼࡛᭷┈࡞㈨ᩱࡀࠊࠗἲဴᏛせ⥘࠘ ࡋ࡚ࠊ᪩℩࣭๓ᥖὀ 㹼㡫ࠋ ࢆ⏝࠸ࡓἲဴᏛࡢㅮ⩏ࡢෆᐜ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ iὀࠋ 㻴㼑㼓㼑㼘࣭๓ᥖὀ㸧ࠗἲဴᏛㅮ⩏࠘㡫ࠋ ୡ⣖௨㝆ࡢࢻࢶࡢᅜෆ≧ἣࡘ࠸࡚ヲࡋࡃࡣࠊᮌᮧ࣭๓ᥖὀ㹼㡫ࠊ ࣮࣊ࢤࣝࡣ⏕๓ࠊᡤᒓඛࡢࣁࢹࣝ࣋ࣝࢡᏛࡸ࣋ࣝࣜࣥᏛ࠾࠸࡚ࠊ ἲဴᏛࡢㅮ⩏ࢆ㒊࡛ ᅇ⾜ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡀࠊ୰࡛ࡶᖺࡽᖺ ࡅ࡚࣋ࣝࣜࣥᏛ࡛⾜ࡗࡓㅮ⩏ࡣࠊ࣮࣊ࢤࣝ⇍ࡢㅮ⩏࠸ࢃࢀ࡚࠸ ᚿ㈡࣭๓ᥖὀ㹼㡫ࠊ㼃࣭㻴࣭ࣈࣜࣗࣇ࢛࣮ࢻࠝୖすᕝཎ❶ヂࠞࠗ༑ඵୡ⣖ ࡢࢻࢶ➨∧㸧࠘㸦୕ಟ♫ࠊᖺ㡫௨ୗࠊ࣐ࢵࢡࢫ࣭ࣇ࢛࣭࣮ࣥ࣋ࣥࠝ㣤 ሯಙ㞝ヂࠞࠗࢻࢶ༑ඵୡ⣖ࡢᩥ♫➨∧㸧࠘㸦୕ಟ♫ࠊᖺ㡫௨ୗ Hughes, supra note 1, at 348. ࢆཧ↷ࠋࡲࡓࠊୡ⣖ࡽୡ⣖ࡅ࡚ࡢ≉チไᗘࡢṇᙜ㆟ㄽ࠾࠸࡚ࡶࠊ⮬ ヲࡋࡃࡣࠊ᪩℩᫂ࠕࣁࢹࣝ࣋ࣝࢡ࡞ࡽࡧ࣋ࣝࣜࣥ௦ࡢἲဴᏛㅮ⩏⫈ㅮࣀ࣮ ↛ᶒㄽࡢᥦၐ⪅ࡣࠊ≉チᶒࡀ⤒῭ⓗࡶᮃࡲࡋ࠸࠸࠺ᙇࡼࡗ࡚⮬ㄝࢆ⿵ᙉࡏ ࢺࠖຍ⸨ᑦṊ⦅࣮ࠗ࣊ࢤࣝࢆᏛࡪேࡢࡓࡵ࠘㸦ୡ⏺ᛮ♫ࠊᖺ 㡫௨ୗࢆ ࡊࡿࢆ࠼࡞ࡗࡓ࠸࠺ᣦࡀ࡞ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ㻱㼐㼕㼠㼔㻌 㼀㼕㼘㼠㼛㼚㻌 㻼㼑㼚㼞㼛㼟㼑ࠝ㯮⏣㱟ஂ㸻୰ ཧ↷ࠋ ᰘṊ㞝㸻ྜྷᮧᏕヂࠞࠗᅜ㝿≉チไᗘ⤒῭ㄽ࠘㸦ⱥᩥἲ௧♫ࠊᖺ 㡫ࠋࡇࢀ㛵 ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO ㄽ ㄝ ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡢṇᙜ᰿ᣐㄽࡢ⌧௦ⓗព⩏ᒣ᰿ ┈ࢆⴭస⪅㐺ษ㑏ඖࡍࡁ࡛࠶ࡿ࣮࣊ࢤࣝࡣᙇࡍࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ ࣮࣊ࢤࣝࡣࡲࡓࠊⴭసᶒࡢෆᐜࡘ࠸࡚ࠊⴭస≀ࡢ⏝⪅ഃࡢ⮬⏤㓄 ៖ࡍࡿጼໃࢆ♧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ࠼ࡤ࣮࣊ࢤࣝࡣࠊࠕⴭసࢆࡲࡿࡈ」〇ࡍࡿ ࡋ࡚ᮏࡢᡤ᭷⪅࡛࠶ࡾࠊᡤ᭷ᶒࡣỌஂ┦⥆࡛ࡁࡿ͐͐ࡑࡋ࡚ࠊฟ∧⪅ ࡶࡑࢀ‽ࡎࡿࠖ࠸ࡗࡓぢゎࡣࠊ ࠕ᰿ᣐࡢ࡞࠸㆟ㄽ࡛ࠖ࠶ࡿࠋ࡞ࡐ࡞ࡽࠊ ࠕ⫢ᚰ࡞Ⅼࡣࠊⴭ⪅ࡑࡢసရࡢ⏕ࡁࡓࡘ࡞ࡀࡾ࡛࠶ࡗ࡚ࠊⴭ⪅ࡀṚࡡ ࡇࡣ⚗Ṇࡉࢀࡿࡁ࡛ࡍࡀࠊⴭసࡢෆᐜࢆேࡀ⏝ࡍࡿࡇࡣࠊࡑࢀ ࡤࡘ࡞ࡀࡾࡣ࡞ࡃ࡞ࡾࠊసရࡣ࠸ࢃࡤᡤ᭷⪅࡞ࡁࡶࡢ࡞ࡿࡽ࡛ࠖ࠶ࡿࠋ ࡣูࡢࡇ࡛ࡍࠋࠖ࠸࠺ࠋࡇࡇ࡛࠸࠺ࠕⴭసࡢෆᐜࠖࡀఱࢆពࡍࡿ ࡔࡽࡇࡑࠊⴭసᶒἲࡣಖㆤᮇ㛫ࢆⴭ⪅ࡢ⏕Ꮡ୰ࠊṚᚋ༑ᖺ㝈ᐃࡋ ࡢᚲࡎࡋࡶ᫂☜࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࡀࠊබ⾗ࡀ᪤Ꮡࡢⴭస≀♧ࡉࢀࡓࢹ ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡑࡋ࡚࠸ࡗࡓࢇⴭసᶒࡢಖㆤᮇ㛫ࡀ‶ࡍࢀࡤࠊࠕࡑࡢ ࢆ⏝ࡍࡿࡇࡸⴭస≀ࡢ⾲⌧ࡢ୍㒊ࢆᘬ⏝ࡋ࡚⏝ࡍࡿࡇࡣࠊⴭసᶒ ᮏࡣㄞ⪅ࡢࠊᅜẸࡢࠊୡ⏺ࡢࠊ㈈⏘࡞ࡾࠊேࡧࡢᩍࡸ႐ࡧࡢᡭẁ ἲୖチᐜࡉࢀࡿࡁࡔ࠸࠺ࡇ࡞ࡢ࡛࠶ࢁ࠺ࠋࡲࡓ࣮࣊ࢤࣝࡼࢀࡤࠊ ࡞ࡿࠖࡢ࡛࠶ࡗ࡚ࠊᙜ↛ࠊⴭస≀ࡢ⮬⏤࡞」〇ࡀㄆࡵࡽࢀࡿࡁ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ ࠕෆᐜࡀඹ᭷㈈⏘࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡁࡣࠊேࡀࡑࡢෆᐜࢆ⮬ࡽ⾲⌧ࡋࠊ ࠕࡇࢀࡣษ࡞ࡇ࡛ࡍ࣮ࠖ࣊ࢤࣝࡣຊㄝࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ࣮࣊ࢤࣝࡣࡇࡢࡼ ෆᐜูࡢᙧᘧࢆ࠼ࡓ࡞ࡽࠊࡑࢀࢆࡶࡗ࡚ே࡞ࡽࡠ⮬ศࡢⴭస̿̿ ࠺ࡋ࡚ⴭసᶒࡢಖㆤᮇ㛫ࡢ᭷㝈ᛶࢆṇᙜࡋࠊⴭస⪅ࡢṚᚋ࠾ࡅࡿⴭ ᪤ᡂࡢࡶࡢࡣ༊ูࡉࢀࡿ⮬ศࡢసရ̿̿ࡔ࠸࠺ࡇࡀ࡛ࡁࡿ㹿㺁 ࣃ స≀ࡢ⮬⏤⏝ࡢ♫ⓗព⩏ࢆᙉㄪࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ ࣈࣜࢵࢡ࣭ࢻ࣓ࣥᒓࡍࡿⴭస≀ࡢෆᐜࢆ⏝ࡍࡿ⪅ࡀ⮬ᕫࡢ⾲⌧ࢆ⏝ ௨ୖࡢࡼ࠺ࠊἲဴᏛㅮ⩏࠾࠸࡚࣮࣊ࢤࣝࡣࠊⴭసᶒ㛵ࡋ࡚ࠊᡤ᭷ ࠸࡚᪂ࡓ࡞ⴭస≀ࢆసᡂࡍࢀࡤࠊࡑࡢ⪅ࡣᙜヱⴭస≀ᑐࡍࡿⴭసᶒࢆྲྀ ᶒࡢࢼࣟࢪ࣮ᅛᇳࡍࡿࡇ࡞ࡃࠊຌ⩏ⓗ࡞ㄽ⌮ࡸ⏝⪅ࡢ⮬⏤ ᚓࡍࡿ࠸࠺ࢃࡅ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ ࡢ㓄៖ࠊಖㆤᮇ㛫ࡢ᭷㝈ᛶࡢព⩏࡞ࢆໟᣓࡋࡓࠊᰂ㌾࡞ㄝ᫂ࢆ⾜ࡗ࡚࠸ ࡉࡽ࣮࣊ࢤࣝࡣࠊಖㆤᮇ㛫ࡢ᭷㝈ᛶࡸࣃࣈࣜࢵࢡ࣭ࢻ࣓ࣥࡢ㔜せᛶ ࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡇࡽᾋࡧୖࡀࡿ࣮࣊ࢤࣝࡢⴭసᶒἲほࡣࠊ୍᪉࡛ ࡘ࠸࡚ࡶᣦࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ࣮࣊ࢤࣝࡼࢀࡤࠊࠕⴭ⪅ࡀ୍ࡢᮏࢆୡฟ ⴭస≀ࡢ↓᩿⏝ࢆ⚗Ṇࡋ࡚ⴭస⪅ࡢ┈㑏ὶࡢࢆᅗࡾࡘࡘࠊ ࡋࡓࡁࠊࢀࡣ⮬ศࡢᛮ࠸ࡢࡲࡲ༷ศࢆタᐃ࡛ࡁࡿࡋࠊࡲࡓࠊ౫↛ ᪉࡛㐣ᗘᗈ⠊ࡘ㛗ᮇࢃࡓࡗ࡚ⴭస≀ࡢ⮬⏤⏝ࢆ⚗Ṇࡍࡿࡇࡀ 㐃ࡋ࡚ࠊࣛࣥࡣḟࡢࡼ࠺ᣦࡍࡿࠋே᱁ᡤ᭷⌮ㄽࡢ᭱ࡢ㞴Ⅼࡣࠊே᱁⩏ ⓗᙇࡣࠊࡑࢀ⮬య☜ᅛࡓࡿ❧ሙ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊࡢ࠸ࡃࡘࡢ❧ሙᐤࡾࡗ࡚࠸ ࡿⅬ࠶ࡿࠋ㐨ᚨⓗయࡋ࡚ࡢಶேⓗே᱁ಶேⓗᐇ⌧ࢆᙉㄪࡍࡿࡇࡣࠊṇ ࡶࡓࡽࡍ♫ⓗࠊබඹⓗ࡞┈ࡘ࠸࡚㓄៖ࡍࡿ࠸࠺ࠊ୧⪅ࡢ┈ࣂ ࣛࣥࢫࡢ♫ⓗ࡞ㄪᩚࢆᣦྥࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡘࡲࡾࡑࢀࡣⴭసᶒᑐࡍ ࡿ♫ᨻ⟇ⓗ࡞ࣉ࣮ࣟࢳ࠸࠺ࡇࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࡔࢁ࠺ࠋࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞࣮࣊ࢤ ࣝࡢࣉ࣮ࣟࢳࡣࠊᑡ࡞ࡃࡶࠊⴭస⪅ࡢṚᚋ㛗ᮇࢃࡓࡿⴭసᶒಖㆤᮇ ⩏ࡢㅖ⌮ᛕࡸࠊ⚟ࡸ⤒῭ᡂ㛗࡞ࡢຌ⩏ⓗせ⣲ࡀ୍ᐃࡢ㔜せ࡞⌮ㄽⓗᙺࢆ 㛫ࢆṇᙜࡍࡿ┠ⓗࡸࠊὴ⏕ⓗⴭస≀ᑐࡍࡿᗈ⠊࡞ಖㆤࢆṇᙜࡍࡿ┠ ᯝࡓࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ࠸࠺ࡇࢆそ࠸㞃ࡍࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋே᱁ᡤ᭷⌮ㄽࡣࠊຌ⩏ⓗ㆟ㄽ ⓗ࡛࣮࣊ࢤࣝࢆ⏝ࡍࡿࡇᑐࡋ࡚ࠊࡑࡢ㝈⏺ࢆ᫂☜ᣦࡋ♧ࡍࡶࡢ ⮬↛ᶒㄽࡢ㛫࡛ẚ㍑⾮㔞ࢆ⾜ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡍࡂ࡞࠸ࠋ㻾㼅㻭㻺࣭๓ᥖὀ㹼 ࠸࠼ࡿࡔࢁ࠺ࠋࡑࡶࡑࡶ࣮࣊ࢤࣝࡣࠊᐇᐃἲࡢᐇ㊶ⓗၥ㢟ᑐࡋ࡚ဴᏛ 㡫ࠋ ࡣ᫂☜࡞ゎࢆᥦ౪ࡍࡿࡇࡣ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸⪃࠼࡚࠸ࡓᣦࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡀࠊ 㻴㼑㼓㼑㼘࣭๓ᥖὀ㸧ࠗἲဴᏛㅮ⩏࠘㡫ࠋ 㻴㼑㼓㼑㼘࣭๓ᥖὀ㸧ࠗἲဴᏛㅮ⩏࠘㡫ࠋ 㻴㼑㼓㼑㼘࣭๓ᥖὀ㸧 ࠗἲဴᏛㅮ⩏࠘㡫ࠋࡓࡔࡋࠊຍࡉࢀࡓᙧᘧࡀࠊᮏ㉁ⓗ࡞ࡶ ௨ୖࡘࡁࠊ㻴㼑㼓㼑㼘࣭๓ᥖὀ㸧 ࠗἲဴᏛㅮ⩏࠘㹼㡫ࠋ ࡢ㸻᪂ࡓ࡞ⴭస≀㸧ࠊࡑࢀࡶ⾲㠃ⓗ࡞ࡶࡢ㸻✼ࢆุูࡍࡿࡇࡣ㞴ࡋ DRAHOS, supra note 1, at 82;⏣ᮧၿஅࠗⴭసᶒἲᴫㄝ ➨ ∧㸧࠘ 㸦᭷ᩫ㛶ࠊᖺ ࠸ࡋࡓ࠺࠼࡛ࠊࡇࢀࡣྡ㛵ࡍࡿၥ㢟࡛࠶ࡾࠊྛᅜࡢᩥⓗẼ㉁ࡼࡗุ࡚᩿ 㡫ὀ 㸧 ࠊྠ࣭๓ᥖὀ 㡫ࠋ ࡣ␗࡞ࡾ࠺ࡿࡍࡿࠋ࠼ࡤࠊྡࢆ㔜ࢇࡌࡿࣇࣛࣥࢫ࡛ࡣ✼ᑐࡋ࡚ཝ᱁࡛࠶ Sterk, supra note 4, at 1241-42. ࡿࡢᑐࡋࠊྡࢆࡑࢀ㔜どࡋ࡞࠸ࢻࢶ࡛ࡣ✼⾜Ⅽᑐࡋ࡚ἲᚊࢆࡶࡗ࡚ ࠼ࡤࠊJeanne L. Schroeder, Virgin Territory: Margaret Radin's Imagery of Personal ⚗Ṇࡍࡿࡢࡀᅔ㞴࡛࠶ࡿ㏙࡚࠸ࡿࠋྠ㹼㡫ࠋ Property as the Inviolate Feminine Body, 79 MINN. L. REV. 55, 131 n 287 (1994)ࡣࠊ࣮࣊ ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO ㄽ ㄝ ࡑࡢࡇࢆูࡋ࡚ࡶࠊே᱁ᡤ᭷⌮ㄽᇶ࡙࠸࡚▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࢆṇᙜࡍࡿ ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡢṇᙜ᰿ᣐㄽࡢ⌧௦ⓗព⩏ᒣ᰿ ⴭసᶒἲほࡣࠊே᱁ᡤ᭷⌮ㄽ㑏ඖ࡛ࡁࡿࡶࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊຌ⩏ ࡣࠊࡾ㉺࠼ࡿࡁከᩘࡢ㞀ቨࡀ࠶ࡿࡼ࠺ᛮࢃࢀࡿࠋ ⓗ࡞Ⰽᙬࢆᖏࡧࡓከඖⓗ࡞ࣉ࣮ࣟࢳ࡛࠶ࡾࠊ⏝⪅ࡢ⮬⏤ࡸࣃࣈࣜࢵ ࢡ࣭ࢻ࣓ࣥࡢ㔜せᛶࡶ㓄៖ࡋࡓ♫ᨻ⟇ⓗ࡞ࣉ࣮ࣟࢳ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋᑡ ᇹ ഘ ʴஊྸᛯƷLJƱNJ ࡞ࡃࡶ࣮࣊ࢤࣝ⮬㌟ࡢⴭసᶒἲほࢆ๓ᥦࡍࡿ㝈ࡾࠊ⌧ᅾࡢⴭసᶒಖㆤ ᮇ㛫ࡢᘏ㛗ࢆṇᙜࡍࡿ┠ⓗࡸࠊⴭసᶒࡢᶒไ㝈⠊ᅖࢆ⊃ࡵࡿ┠ⓗ࡛࣊ ᮏ⠇࡛ࡣࠊ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡢṇᙜ᰿ᣐࡋ࡚ࡢ࣮࣊ࢤࣝே᱁ᡤ᭷⌮ㄽࡢጇ ࣮ࢤࣝࡢே᱁ᡤ᭷⌮ㄽࢆᣢࡕࡔࡍࡇࡣࠊᅔ㞴࠸ࢃࡊࡿࢆ࠼࡞࠸ࠋ ᙜᛶࡘ࠸᳨࡚ウࡋ࡚ࡁࡓࠋࡇࡇࡲ࡛ࡢ᳨ウࡽ᫂ࡽ࡞ࡗࡓࡇࢆࡲ ࡵࢀࡤࠊḟࡢࡼ࠺࡞ࡿࠋ ᇹ ራ ᐯೌྸᛯƷLJƱNJ ➨ ࠊே᱁ᡤ᭷⌮ㄽࡣࠊࡾࢃࡅⴭసᶒἲୖࡢಖㆤࢆṇᙜࡍࡿሙྜ ࡣ᭷┈࡛࠶ࡿࡼ࠺ࡳ࠼ࡿࠋᐇ㝿⡿ᅜ࡛ࡣࠊⴭస⪅ࡢಶᛶࡀᫎࡉࢀࡓ ᮏ❶࡛ࡣࠊᮏ᮶ㄡ࡛ࡶࡇ࡛ࡶྠ⏝ྍ⬟࡞ሗᑐࡋ࡚ࠊ࡞ࡐ ⴭస≀ࡣⴭస⪅ࡢே᱁ࡀእⓗ⾲⌧ࡉࢀࡓࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࡽࠊࡑࡢⴭస≀ࢆ ேࠎࡢሗ⏝ࡢ⮬⏤ࢆไ⣙ࡋ࡚ࡲ࡛ேⅭⓗ࡞⛥ᑡ≧ែࢆసࡾࡔࡍᚲせ ಖㆤࡍࡿࡇࡣⴭస⪅ࡢே᱁ࡢ♫ⓗⓎᒎᐤࡍࡿ࠸࠺ぢゎࡀࡳࡽ ࡀ࠶ࡿࡢ࠸࠺どゅࡽࠊ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡢṇᙜ᰿ᣐࡘ࠸࡚⮬↛ᶒㄽࡢ ࢀࡿࠋ ⪃ᐹࢆ⾜ࡗࡓࠋ ➨ ࠊࡋࡋࠊே᱁ᡤ᭷⌮ㄽᇶ࡙ࡃ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡢṇᙜᑐࡋ࡚ࡣࠊ స⪅ಶேࡢປാࠊຌ⦼ࠊ౯್㐀ࠊ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣே᱁ࡢⓎ㟢࡞ࡢせ⣲ࢆ ᩘከࡃࡢᢈุࡀᐤࡏࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ ᰿ᣐࡍࡿ⮬↛ᶒ⌮ㄽࡣࠊస⪅ಶேࡢ┈╔┠ࡍࡿࡓࡵࠊබ⾗ࡢ⾜ ࠼ࡤࠊே᱁ᡤ᭷⌮ㄽࡣෆᅾⓗ࡞ၥ㢟ࢆᢪ࠼࡚࠸ࡿࡢᢈุࡀ࠶ࡿࠋே ືࡢ⮬⏤ࢆไ⣙ࡍࡿࡇࡽ⏕ࡌࡿၥ㢟࠺ࡲࡃ⟅࠼ࡽࢀ࡞࠸Ⅼ࡛ࠊ▱ⓗ ᱁ࡢල⌧ᛶ࠸࠺ᇶ‽ࡣࠊ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒಖㆤࡢ࣓ࣝࢡ࣐࣮ࣝࡋ࡚ࡣ㠀ᖖ ㈈⏘ᶒࡢṇᙜ᰿ᣐࡋ࡚ࡣ༑ศ࡛࠶ࡿࡼ࠺ᛮࢃࢀࡓࠋ ᭕࡛࠶ࡾࠊస⪅ᑐࡋ࡚ࡍࡁᶒཎෆᐜࡘ࠸୍࡚㈏ࡋࡓᣦ㔪ࢆ ලయⓗࡣࠊᮏ❶➨ ⠇࡛ࡣࠊ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡢ≉ᚩࡢ࠺ࡕࠊேⅭⓗ࡞⛥ᑡ ᥦ౪ࡋ࠼࡞࠸ࠋ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣࠊࡑࡢᣦ㔪ࡣἲⓗᏳᐃᛶḞࡅࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࡾࠊ ᛶࡍ࡞ࢃࡕ⪅ࡢ⮬⏤ࡢᖸ΅ࣃࢱ࣮ࣥࢆฟࡍࡿ࠸ࡗࡓᛶ㉁ࡀࠊࣟࢵ ᳨㜀ࡢၥ㢟ࢆ⏕ࡌࡉࡏࡓࡾࠊ῝้࡞ࢪ࣐ࣞࣥᝎࡲࡉࢀࡿࠋே᱁ࡢල⌧ ࢡປാᡤ᭷⌮ㄽࡢᇶᗏࢆ࡞ࡍㅖᴫᛕ⥭ᙇ㛵ಀ࠶ࡿࡇࢆ᫂ࡽࡋ ᑐ㇟≀⌮ⓗ࡞㝈⏺ࡣ࡞࠸ࡓࡵࠊᶒࡢ⫧ࢆᣍࡁࡸࡍ࠸࠸࠺㠃ࡶ ࡓࠋࣟࢵࢡࡀ๓ᥦࡋࡓ⮬ᕫᡤ᭷ᶒᛮࡸཎጞⓗඹ᭷⌮ᛕ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡢ ࠶ࡿࠋ ᛶ㉁ࡢゐࡣࠊࣟࢵࢡ⌮ㄽ౫ᣐࡋࡓ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡢつ⠊ⓗ㆟ㄽࢆᒎ㛤ࡍ ࡲࡓࠊே᱁ᡤ᭷⌮ㄽࡣ࣮࣊ࢤࣝࡢయ⣔ࡢ㛵ಀ࡛ࡶၥ㢟ࢆᢪ࠼࡚࠸ࡿࠋ ࡿ࠺࠼࡛ࠊ῝้࡞ၥ㢟ࡋ࡚❧ࡕࡣࡔࡿࡼ࠺ᛮࢃࢀࡿࠋࡇࡢࡇࢆ㋃ ࠗἲဴᏛせ⥘࠘ࡢయࢆぢΏࡏࡤࠊே᱁ᡤ᭷⌮ㄽࢆᡤ᭷ᶒࡢṇᙜ⌮ㄽ ࡋ࡚ᤊ࠼ࡿࡇࡣጇᙜࡣ࠸࠸㞴࠸ࠋ ➨ ࠊ࣮࣊ࢤࣝ⮬㌟ࡀࠗἲဴᏛせ⥘࠘ᇶ࡙ࡃㅮ⩏࠾࠸࡚ᥦ♧ࡋࡓ ࡲ࠼ࢀࡤࠊປാᡤ᭷⌮ㄽᇶ࡙࠸࡚▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࢆṇᙜࡍࡿࡇࡣᅔ㞴࡛ ࠶ࡿ࠸ࢃࡊࡿࢆ࠼࡞࠸ࡔࢁ࠺ࠋ ࡲࡓ➨ ⠇࡛ࡣࠊୖ㏙ࡋࡓ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡢ≉ᚩࡣࠊ⪅ࡢ⮬⏤ពᚿࡢ⾲ฟ ࡛࠶ࡿ㈈⏘ᶒࡢ⾜⾪✺ࡍࡿࡓࡵࠊస⪅ࡢ⮬⏤ពᚿࡢ⾲ฟ࡛࠶ࡿ࠸ ࢤࣝࡀᐇᐃἲୖࡢ⌧ᐇⓗ࡞ၥ㢟ᑐࡋ࡚ဴᏛࡣ᫂☜࡞ゎࢆᥦ౪ࡋ࠼࡞࠸⪃࠼࡚ ࠺ࡇࡢࡳࢆ᰿ᣐࠊ࣮࣊ࢤࣝே᱁ᡤ᭷⌮ㄽᇶ࡙࠸࡚▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࢆṇᙜ ࠾ࡾࠊࡋࡓࡀࡗ࡚ඹ᭷㈈⏘⚾᭷㈈⏘ࡢṇᙜ࡞⠊ᅖࡢ☜ᐃࡢၥ㢟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣྲྀࡾ ࡍࡿࡇࡣᅔ㞴࡛࠶ࡿࡇࢆ᫂ࡽࡋࡓࠋ࣮࣊ࢤࣝࡢἲဴᏛࡢయ⣔ୖࠊ ⤌ࡲ࡞ࡗࡓࡇࢆᣦࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡓࡔࡋࠊ࣮࣊ࢤࣝࡣࠊ㈈⏘ࡢㆡΏᑐࡍࡿไ㝈 ⢭⚄ୡ⏺࠾࠸࡚⤯ᑐⓗ࡞⮬⏤ពᚿࢆ᭷ࡍࡿே᱁ࡀࠊ⪅ࡢ┦ᢎㄆࢆ ࡢࡼ࠺ࠊㄽ⌮ⓗ࡞ࣉࣟࢭࢫࡽᡤ᭷ᶒᑐࡍࡿ୍ᐃࡢไ㝈ࢆᑟࡃࡇࡣ࡛ࡁࡿ ᇶ┙ࡍࡿእⓗ࡞≀㉁ୡ⏺࠾࠸࡚Ⓨᒎࡋ࡚࠸ࡃࡓࡵࠊ⪅ࡢ⮬⏤ࢆไ ⪃࠼࡚࠸ࡓࡍࡿࠋ ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO ⣙ࡍࡿ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡀᚲせྍḞ࡛࠶ࡿ࠸࠺⤖ㄽࢆᑟࡃࡇࡣࠊᅔ㞴࡛࠶ ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO ㄽ ㄝ ࡿ࠸ࢃࡊࡿࢆ࠼࡞࠸ࡔࢁ࠺ࠋࡴࡋࢁ࣮࣊ࢤࣝ⮬㌟ࡀ♧၀ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࡼ࠺ࠊ ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡣ⏘ᴗࡸᩥࡢⓎᒎࢆዡບࡍࡿࡓࡵㄆࡵࡽࢀࡿᶒ࡛࠶ࡿ ࠸࠺ᙧ࡛ࠊຌ⩏ⓗ࡞ㄽ⌮ᇶ࡙࠸࡚ṇᙜࡍࡿ࠺ࡀ✜ᙜ࡛࠶ࡿࡼ ࠺ᛮࢃࢀࡿࠋ ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO