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ჷႎᝠငೌƷദ࢘҄ఌਗᛯƷྵˊႎॖ፯

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ჷႎᝠငೌƷദ࢘҄ఌਗᛯƷྵˊႎॖ፯
ㄽ ㄝ
ჷႎᝠငೌƷദ࢘҄ఌਗᛯƷྵˊႎॖ፯
ᒣ ᰿ ᓫ 㑥
ᗎㄽ
➨Ϩ㒊 ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡢṇᙜ໬᰿ᣐࢆࡵࡄࡿ㆟ㄽࡢㅖ┦
➨❶ ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡢ≉ᚩ
➨⠇ ↓య≀ࡢ≉ᚩ
➨⠇ ↓య≀ࡢ≉ᚩ࠿ࡽᑟ࠿ࢀࡿ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡢᛶ㉁
➨⠇ ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡢṇᙜᛶࡢ㠀⮬᫂ᛶ
➨⠇ ᑠᣓ 㸦௨ୖࠊ➨ྕ㸧
➨❶ ⮬↛ᶒ⌮ㄽ
➨⠇ ປാ࡟ᇶ♏ࢆ࠾ࡃࣔࢹࣝ㸦௨ୖࠊ➨㹼ྕ㸧
➨⠇ ே᱁࡟ᇶ♏ࢆ࠾ࡃࣔࢹࣝ
➨Ḱ ࣮࣊ࢤࣝே᱁ᡤ᭷⌮ㄽ࡟ᇶ࡙ࡃṇᙜ໬
➨Ḱ ࣮࣊ࢤࣝே᱁ᡤ᭷⌮ㄽ࡟ᇶ࡙ࡃṇᙜ໬ࡢᢈุⓗ᳨ウ
➨Ḱ ே᱁ᡤ᭷⌮ㄽࡢࡲ࡜ࡵ
➨⠇ ⮬↛ᶒ⌮ㄽࡢࡲ࡜ࡵ㸦௨ୖࠊᮏྕ㸧
➨❶ ຌ฼୺⩏⌮ㄽ
➨❶ ṇ⩏ㄽ
➨❶ ṇᙜ໬᰿ᣐㄽࡢࡲ࡜ࡵ
➨ϩ㒊 ⮬⏤つไ㡿ᇦࡢᣑ኱࡜ࡑࡢせᅉ
➨Ϫ㒊 ṇᙜ໬᰿ᣐㄽࡢ⌧௦ⓗព⩏
⤖ㄒ
ᇹ ራ ʴ఍ƴؕᄽǛƓƘȢȇȫ
➨ ❶ࡢෑ㢌࡛㏙࡭ࡓࡼ࠺࡟ࠊ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡢṇᙜ໬࡟࠾࠸࡚ಶேࡢ฼┈
ࢆ㐨ᚨⓗ࡟㔜どࡍࡿᶒ฼ᇶᗏⓗ࡞⮬↛ᶒ⌮ㄽ࡟ࡣ ࡘࡢࢱ࢖ࣉࡀ࠶ࡿࠋࡑ
ࡢ࠺ࡕ๰స⪅ࡢປാ࡟ᇶ♏ࢆ࠾ࡃࣔࢹࣝ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊ๓⠇࡟࠾࠸࡚ࣟࢵࢡ
▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO ㄽ ㄝ
▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡢṇᙜ໬᰿ᣐㄽࡢ⌧௦ⓗព⩏ᒣ᰿
࣮࣊ࢤࣝࡣࠊᖺ࡟බหࡋࡓࠗἲဴᏛせ⥘䛅࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊᡤ᭷ᶒࡣே᱁
ࡢປാᡤ᭷⌮ㄽࢆྲྀࡾୖࡆ࡞ࡀࡽ᳨ウࢆ⾜ࡗࡓࠋࡇࢀ࡟ᑐࡋࠊᮏ⠇࡛ࡣࠊ
๰స⪅ࡢே᱁࡟ᇶ♏ࢆ࠾ࡃࣔࢹࣝ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚⪃ᐹࢆ⾜࠺ࠋே᱁࡟ᇶ♏ࢆ࠾ࡃ
࡟ᐈほⓗᏑᅾࢆ୚࠼ࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡾࠊಶேࡢே᱁ࡢ⮬⏤ࡸⓎᒎ࡟࡜ࡗ࡚ᚲせ
ࣔࢹࣝ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡋࡤࡋࡤ᥼⏝ࡉࢀࡿࡢࡣࠊࢻ࢖ࢶࡢဴᏛ⪅ࢤ࢜ࣝࢡ࣭ࣦ࢕ࣝ
୙ྍḞ࡞ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ᪨ࢆㄝ࠸࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࡢே᱁ᡤ᭷⌮ㄽࡣ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࢆṇ
࣒࣭࣮࣊ࣝ࣊ࢤࣝ 㻳㻚㼃㻚㻲㻚㻌㻴㼑㼓㼑㼘 ࡢே᱁ᡤ᭷⌮ㄽ࡛࠶ࡿ ࠋ
࣮࣊ࢤࣝࡢே᱁ᡤ᭷ㄽ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊ౛࠼ࡤࠊGöran Lantz, Eigentumsrecht㸫ein Recht
oder ein Unrecht? (1977)㹙ᓥᮏ⨾ᬛ⏨ヂࠗᡤ᭷ᶒㄽྐ̿ᡤ᭷ᶒࡣᶒ฼࡞ࡢ࠿̿࠘
㸦᫭
ὒ᭩ᡣࠊᖺ㸧
㹛㑥ヂ➨❶ANDREW REEVE, PROPERTY (1986)㹙⏕㉺฼᫛㸻➉ୗ
ᙜ໬ࡍࡿ᰿ᣐ࡟ࡣ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ࡔࢁ࠺࠿ࠋ౛࠼ࡤࠊⴭస≀ࡣⴭస⪅ࡢே᱁ࡢ๰
సⓗಶᛶࢆ཯ᫎࡋࡓࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡾࠊࡑࡢⴭస≀ࢆಖㆤࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡣⴭస⪅࡜ࡋ
࡚ࡢே᱁ࡢ೔⌮ⓗⓎᒎ࡟኱ࡁࡃᐤ୚ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࠿ࡽࠊⴭసᶒಖㆤࡀṇᙜ໬ࡉ
ࢀࡿࡢࡔ࡜୺ᙇࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡣጇᙜ࡛࠶ࢁ࠺࠿ࠋே᱁ᡤ᭷⌮ㄽࢆ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒ࡟
㐺⏝ࡍࡿሙྜ࡟ࡣఱ࠿㝈⏺ࡣ࠶ࡿࡢࡔࢁ࠺࠿ࠋࡲࡓࠊ࣮࣊ࢤࣝࠗἲဴᏛせ
බどヂࠗᡤ᭷ㄽ࠘
㸦᫭ὒ᭩ᡣࠊᖺ㸧
㹛㑥ヂ㡫௨ୗALAN RYAN, PROPERTY (1987)
⥘࠘ࡢ୰࡟ࡣࠊ᭩⡠ࡸⱁ⾡సရࠊⓎ᫂ရ࡞࡝ࡢ⢭⚄ⓗ⏘≀ࡢㆡΏᚋ࡟࠾ࡅ
㹙᳃ᮧ㐍㸻ᱜ஭ᚭヂࠗᡤ᭷࠘
㸦᫛࿴ᇽࠊᖺ㸧
㹛㑥ヂ㡫௨ୗJEREMY WALDRON, THE
ࡿⴭస⪅ࡸⓎ᫂⪅ࡢᶒ฼࡟㛵ࡍࡿグ㏙ࡀࡳࡽࢀࡿࠋࡑࡇ࠿ࡽ❚࠼ࡿ࣮࣊ࢤ
RIGHT TO PRIVATE PROPERTY, 343f (1988);-ustin Hughes, The Philosophy of Intellectual
ࣝࡢ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲほ࡜ࡣ୍య࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡞ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࢁ࠺࠿ࠋࡑࢀࡣே᱁ᡤ᭷⌮
Property, 77 GEO. L.J. 287, 331f (1988); PETER DRAHOS, A PHILOSOPHY OF INTELLECTUAL
ㄽ࡟ᇶ࡙ࡃ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡢṇᙜ໬ࡢ㆟ㄽ࡜࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡞㛵ಀ࡟❧ࡘࡶࡢ࡛࠶
PROPERTY, 73-94 (1996); HUW BEVERLEY-SMITH, THE COMMERCIAL APPROPRIATION OF
ࢁ࠺࠿ࠋ
PERSONALITY, 296-298 (2002)ୖጔ⢭㸻ᑠᯘ㟹ᫀ㸻㧗ᰗⰋ἞࣮ࠗ࣊ࢤࣝἲဴᏛ࠘
㸦᭷
ᩫ㛶᪂᭩ࠊᖺ㡫௨ୗࠊຍ⸨ᑦṊ࣮ࠗ࣊ࢤࣝࡢࠕἲࠖဴᏛ࠘㸦㟷ᅵ♫ࠊ
௨ୗ࡛ࡣࠊࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞ၥ㢟ព㆑ࢆࡶ࡜࡟ࠊ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡢṇᙜ໬᰿ᣐ࡜ࡋ
ᖺ㡫௨ୗࠊྜྷ⏣㑥ᙪࠗẸἲゎ㔘࡜ᦂࢀືࡃᡤ᭷ㄽ࠘㸦᭷ᩫ㛶ࠊᖺ 㡫௨
࡚ࡢ࣮࣊ࢤࣝே᱁ᡤ᭷⌮ㄽࡢព⩏࡜㝈⏺࡟ࡘ࠸࡚᥈ồࢆヨࡳࡿࡇ࡜࡟ࡋ
ୗࠊᒣ㎶▱⣖࣮ࠗ࣊ࢤࣝࠕἲࡢဴᏛࠖ࡟Ꮫࡪ̿⮬⏤࡜ᡤ᭷ࠊࡑࡋ࡚ᅜᐙ̿࠘㸦᫛࿴
ࡓ࠸ࠋ
ᇽࠊᖺ 㡫௨ୗࠊ⏣ᮧၿஅࠕ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫࡢヨࡳࠖ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊
✲ྕ 㹼 㡫 ᖺ㸧ࠊ㧗ᶫ୍⾜ࠗᡤ᭷ㄽ࠘㸦ᚚⲔࡢỈ᭩ᡣࠊᖺ 㡫௨ୗ
ࢆཧ↷ࠋࡇࡢ௚ࠊ୰⯋ᐶᶞࠕࠝ⤂௓࣮ࠞ࣌ࢱ࣮࣭ࣛࣥࢲ࣮࢘ࠗ࣊ࢤࣝࡢዎ⣙ἲࡢᇶ
♏࠘ࠖ୕㔜኱Ꮫἲ⤒ㄽྀᕳྕ㸦ᖺ㸧
ࠊ୕ᓥῄ⮧ࠕࠑᢳ㇟ἲࠒ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢ⮬↛ἲ̿
࣮࣊ࢤࣝࠗἲဴᏛ࠘࡟࠾ࡅࡿ⮬↛ἲၥ㢟஧̿ࠖỈἼᮁᩍᤵ㏥ᐁグᛕࠗἲ࡜ᅜᐙࡢ
ࡢᒎ㛤ࢆᡭࡀ࠿ࡾ࡜ࡋ࡚̿ࠖẸၟἲ㞧ㄅᕳ ྕ㡫࣭ᕳ ྕ㡫 ᖺ㸧ࠊ
ᇶ♏࡟ᅾࡿࡶࡢ࠘
㸦๰ᩥ♫ࠊᖺ㡫௨ୗࠊ⟁ὠᏳᜑࠕ࣮࣊ࢤࣝࡢྜពㄽⓗዎ⣙
ᚿ㈡඾அࠕୡ⣖ᮎࢻ࢖ࢶ࡟࠾ࡅࡿࠗⴭస⪅ࡢᶒ฼࠘ࡢ୍᩿㠃̿⩻้ㄽத࡜ࣉ
⌮ㄽࠖ௒஭ᘯ㐨⦅ࠗἲᛮ᝿ྐⓗᆅᖹ࠘㸦᫛࿴ᇽࠊᖺ㡫௨ୗࡶཧ↷ࠋ
ࣟ࢖ࢭ୍ࣥ⯡ࣛࣥࢺἲ̿ࠖ᪩✄⏣኱Ꮫ኱Ꮫ㝔ἲ◊ㄽ㞟ྕ㹼㡫 ᖺ ➼
ࢆཧ↷ࠋ
࣮࣊ࢤࣝࡢே᱁ᡤ᭷⌮ㄽࡣࠊ୍⯡࡟⢭⚄ⓗᡤ᭷ᶒㄽ࡜ࡋ࡚ᩚ⌮ࡉࢀࡿࡇ࡜ࡀከ࠸ࠋ
ࡋ࠿ࡋࠊ᭱⤊ⓗ࡟ἲᢏ⾡ⓗ࡞ᵓᡂ࡜ࡋ࡚ᡤ᭷ᶒࢆ᥼⏝ࡍࡿࡢ࠿࡜࠸࠺ほⅬ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊ
ಖㆤࡢῡ※ࢆࡑࡶࡑࡶ࡝ࡇ࡟ồࡵࡿࡢ࠿࡜࠸࠺ほⅬ࠿ࡽ᳨ウࡍࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࢀࡤࠊ࣮࣊
ṇᩄヂࠗἲࡢဴᏛϨ࣭ϩ࠘
㸦୰ኸබㄽ᪂♫ࠊᖺ㸧
ࠊ㛗㇂ᕝᏹヂࠗἲဴᏛㅮ⩏࠘
㸦స
Georg Wilhelm F. Hegel, Grundlinien der Philosophie des Rechts (1821)㹙⸨㔝΅㸻㉥ἑ
ࢤࣝࡢ㆟ㄽࡣࠊಶேࡢ⮬⏤ពᚿࢆฟⓎⅬ࡜ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿⅬ࡛ࠊಶேࡢ๰సάື࡟ῡ※ࢆ
ရ♫ࠊᖺ㡫௨ୗ㹛ࠋ௨ୗࠊࡇࡢࠗἲဴᏛせ⥘࠘ࢆᘬ⏝ࡍࡿሙྜ࡟ࡣࠊ༢࡟
ồࡵࡿປാᡤ᭷ㄽ࡜ᑐ⨨ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿ࡛࠶ࢁ࠺⏣ᮧ࣭๓ᥖὀ 㹼㡫ὀ
ࠕi㹼ࠖ࡜࠸࠺ᙧ࡛⾲グࡍࡿࠋ࡞࠾ࠊᮏ✏࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠗἲဴᏛせ⥘࠘ࡢᘬ⏝ࡣࠊ⸨㔝
㸧㸧ࠋ⢭⚄ⓗᡤ᭷ᶒㄽࡢᒎ㛤࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ヲࡋࡃࡣࠊ㻴࣭ࣇ࣮ࣉ࣐ࣥࠝஂࠎ‖ఙ୍ヂࠞ
ࠗⴭ
㸻㉥ἑヂ࡜㛗㇂ᕝヂࡢ୧᪉ࢆཧ↷ࡋࡓࠋࡇࡢ௚ࠊ࣮࣊ࢤࣝࡀᖺ࠿ࡽᖺ࡟࠿
సᶒἲࡢ⌮ㄽ̿ⱁ⾡ࡢࡓࡵࡢἲ࡜ဴᏛ̿࠘㸦୰ኸ኱Ꮫฟ∧఍ࠊᖺ㹼㡫ࠊ
ࡅ࡚࣋ࣝࣜࣥ኱Ꮫ࡛⾜ࡗࡓࠗἲဴᏛせ⥘࠘࡟ᇶ࡙ࡃἲဴᏛㅮ⩏ࡢㅮ⩏㘓࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊ
㸦୍⢏♫ࠊᖺ
༙⏣ṇኵࠕⴭసᶒࡢ୍ඖⓗᵓᡂ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࠖྠࠗⴭసᶒἲࡢ◊✲࠘
G.W.F. Hegel, Philosophie des Rechts nach der Vorlesungsnachschrift K.G. v. Griesheims
㹼㡫ࠊᮌᮧ࿴ᡂࠕࢻ࢖ࢶ࡟࠾ࡅࡿே᱁ᶒᴫᛕࡢᙧᡂ̿ே᱁ᶒᴫᛕ࡟௬クࡉࢀ
1824/1825, herausge. v. K.-H. Ilting>㛗㇂ᕝᏹヂ࣭๓ᥖࠗἲဴᏛㅮ⩏࠘㡫௨ୗ@ࡶཧ
ࡓព࿡࣭ᶵ⬟࡟╔┠ࡋ࡚̿ࠖ❧࿨㤋ἲᏛྕ㹼㡫ᖺ㸧ࠊᰩ⏣ᫀ⿱ࠕⴭ
↷ࠋ௨ୗࠊࡇࡢㅮ⩏㘓ࢆᘬ⏝ࡍࡿሙྜ࡟ࡣࠊ
ࠕ㻴㼑㼓㼑㼘࣭๓ᥖὀ㸧
ࠗἲဴᏛㅮ⩏࠘㹼㡫ࠖ
సᶒἲ࡟࠾ࡅࡿᶒ฼ㄽࡢព⩏࡜ᑕ⛬୍஧࣭᏶̿ࢻ࢖ࢶ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ᠇ἲุ౛࡜Ꮫㄝ
࡜࠸࠺ᙧ࡛⾲グࡍࡿࠋ
▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO
▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO ㄽ ㄝ
▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡢṇᙜ໬᰿ᣐㄽࡢ⌧௦ⓗព⩏ᒣ᰿
ᇹ ഘ ȘȸDzȫʴ఍৑ஊྸᛯƴؕƮƘദ࢘҄
ࡑࢀ࡛ࡣࠊ࣮࣊ࢤࣝࡢே᱁ᡤ᭷⌮ㄽ࡜ࡣලయⓗ࡟࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡞ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࢁ
࠺࠿ࠋ࣮࣊ࢤࣝࡢࠗἲဴᏛせ⥘࠘ࡣࠊ༶⮬࠿ࡘᑐ⮬ⓗ࡟⮬⏤࡞ពᚿࢆฟⓎ
㺀ⴭస⪅ࡣⴭస≀ࡢసᡂ࡟ࡼࡾ⮬ᡃࡢᮏ㉁ࢆ᫂ࡽ࠿࡟ࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡾࠊ
Ⅼ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊࡑ࠺ࡋࡓ⮬⏤ពᚿࡀ࠸࠿࡟⮬ᕫࢆᐇ⌧ࡍࡿࡢ࠿ࠊࡲࡓே㛫ࡢ♫
ᙼࡽ࡟⮬ᕫࡢⴭస≀ࢆࢥࣥࢺ࣮ࣟࣝࡍࡿᶒཎࢆ୚࠼ࡿࡇ࡜ࡣࠊᙼࡽࡢ⮬ᡃ
఍⤌⧊ࡢ୰࡛࠸࠿࡟Ⓨᒎࡋ࡚࠸ࡃࡢ࠿࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࢆ㆟ㄽࡋࡓࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
ീ 㼟㼑㼘㼒㻙㼏㼛㼚㼏㼑㼜㼠㼕㼛㼚㼟 ࢆಖㆤࡍࡿࡓࡵ࡟୙ྍḞ࡞ࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡿࠋⴭసᶒἲࡢ
ྠ᭩ࡣࠊࠑᢳ㇟ἲࠒࠑ㐨ᚨᛶࠒࠑே೔ࠒࡢ 㒊࠿ࡽᵓᡂࡉࢀࠊྛ㒊ࡣពᚿࡢ
┠ⓗࡣࠊ⤒῭ⓗሗ㓘ࡢᥦ౪࡟࠶ࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡼࡾࡶࠊࡴࡋࢁⴭస⪅ࡀ࢔࢖ࢹࣥ
ᴫᛕ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚య⣔໬ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ୍⯡࡟ࠊ࣮࣊ࢤࣝࡢே᱁ᡤ᭷⌮ㄽ࡜ࡋ࡚
ࢸ࢕ࢸ࢕ព㆑ 㼍㻌㼟㼑㼚㼟㼑㻌㼛㼒㻌㼕㼐㼑㼚㼠㼕㼠㼥 ࢆ⥔ᣢ࡛ࡁࡿࡼ࠺࡞ᡭẁࢆᥦ౪ࡍࡿⅬ
᳨ウࡢᑐ㇟࡟ࡉࢀࡿࡇ࡜ࡀከ࠸ࡢࡣࠊࠗἲဴᏛせ⥘࠘ࡢ➨ 㒊➨ ❶ࡢ㆟
࡟࠶ࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࠋࠖ
ㄽࠊࡍ࡞ࢃࡕࠑᢳ㇟ἲࠒ࡟࠾ࡅࡿᡤ᭷ᶒࡢ㆟ㄽ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ⡿ᅜἲဴᏛ⪅ࡢ࢘
ࡇࡢ୍⠇ࡣࠊ⡿ᅜ࡟࠾࠸࡚ⴭసᶒಖㆤࡢᣑ኱ࢆồࡵࡿㄽ⪅ࡀࡋࡤࡋࡤ⾜
࢛ࣝࢻࣟࣥ࡟ࡼࢀࡤࠊ࣮࣊ࢤࣝࡀᒎ㛤ࡍࡿ㆟ㄽࡣࠊ୍⯡ⓗᶒ฼ 㼓㼑㼚㼑㼞㼍㼘㻌
࠺୺ᙇ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜࠸ࢃࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ ࠋࡇࡇ࡛ࡣࠊⴭస⪅ࡢே᱁࡜ⴭస≀࡜ࡢ⤖
㼞㼕㼓㼔㼠 ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚⚾ⓗᡤ᭷ᶒࢆᡭẁ࡜ࡋ࡚ṇᙜ໬ࡋࡼ࠺࡜ヨࡳࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡾࠊ
ࡧࡘࡁࢆ๓ᥦ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊⴭసᶒࡢṇᙜ໬ࡀᅗࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞ே᱁ᡤ
ࣟࢵࢡࡢປാᡤ᭷⌮ㄽࡼࡾࡶṇᙜ໬⌮ㄽ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢ㞴Ⅼࡀᑡ࡞࠸ࡶࡢ࡛࠶
᭷⌮ㄽ࡟ᇶ࡙ࡃṇᙜ໬ࡣࠊఏ⤫ⓗ࡟ࡣࢻ࢖ࢶࡸࣇࣛࣥࢫࢆࡣࡌࡵ࡜ࡍࡿ኱
ࠑᢳ㇟ἲࠒ࡟࠾ࡅࡿᡤ᭷ᶒࡢ㆟ㄽ࡟↔
ࡿ࡜ࡉࢀࡿࠋࡑࡇ࡛௨ୗ࡛ࡣࡲࡎࠊ
㝣ἲㅖᅜ࡟࠾࠸࡚᭷ຊ࡞ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋࡇࢀ࡟ᑐࡋ㏆ᖺ࡛ࡣࠊ⡿ᅜ࡟࠾
Ⅼࢆᙜ࡚࡞ࡀࡽࠊ࣮࣊ࢤࣝࡢே᱁ᡤ᭷⌮ㄽࢆᴫほࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡟ࡋࡓ࠸ࠋ
࠸࡚ࡶࠊᖺ௦࡟࣋ࣝࢾ᮲⣙࡬ࡢຍ┕࡟ྥࡅࡓືࡁࡀάⓎ໬ࡋࡓࡇ࡜ࡸࠊ
ᖺ࡟どぬⱁ⾡ࡢⴭస⪅ࡢᶒ฼࡟㛵ࡍࡿἲᚊ 㼂㻭㻾㻭 ࡀไᐃࡉࢀࡓࡇ
㸬
ࠑᢳ㇟ἲࠒ࡟࠾ࡅࡿᡤ᭷ᶒ࣮̿̿࣊ࢤࣝࡢே᱁ᡤ᭷⌮ㄽ
࡜ࢆዎᶵ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊே᱁ᡤ᭷⌮ㄽࠊ୰࡛ࡶ࣮࣊ࢤࣝࡢே᱁ᡤ᭷⌮ㄽ࡟╔┠ࡍ
ࡿ࢔ࣉ࣮ࣟࢳࡀቑ࠼ࡘࡘ࠶ࡿࠋ
࣮࣊ࢤࣝ࡟ࡼࢀࡤࠊࠑᢳ㇟ἲࠒ࡟࠾࠸࡚ᡤ᭷ᶒࡣࠊே᱁ࡀ࠶ࡿ≀࡟ࡑࡢ
Stewart E. Sterk, Rhetoric and Reality in Copyright Law, 94 MICH. L. REV. 1197, 1239
⮬⏤࡞ពᚿࢆᢞධࡋࠊࡑࢀࡀ༨᭷ࠊ౑⏝ࠊㆡΏ࡜࠸࠺ᙧ࡛እ⏺࡟⌧ࢀࡿ࡜
ࡁ࡟ᡂ❧ࡍࡿࠋࡘࡲࡾᡤ᭷ᶒࡀㄆࡵࡽࢀࡿࡓࡵ࡟ࡣࠊே᱁ࡀ≀ࡢᡤ᭷ព
(1996).
PROPERTY, 171-172, 174, 189-192 (Stephen R. Munzer ed., 2001) ཧ↷ࠋே᱁ᡤ᭷⌮ㄽ࢔
࣮࣊ࢤࣝࡸ࢝ࣥࢺࡢே᱁ᡤ᭷⌮ㄽ࡟↔Ⅼࢆᙜ࡚࡞ࡀࡽࠊࡑࢀࡽࡀࢻ࢖ࢶࡸࣇࣛࣥ
ࢫࡢⴭసᶒἲࡢⓎᒎ࡟ཬࡰࡋࡓᙳ㡪࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ศᯒࡍࡿ◊✲࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊNeil W. Netanel,
ࣉ࣮ࣟࢳࢆ≉チἲ࡟㐺⏝ࢆヨࡳࡿ◊✲࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊSteven Cherensky, A Penny for Their
Copyright Alienability Restrictions and the Enhancement of Author Autonomy: A Normative
Thoughts: Employee-Inventors, Preinvention Assignment Agreements, Property, and Per-
Evaluation, 24 RUTGERS L.J. 347, 374-382 (1993)ࢆཧ↷ࠋ࢝ࣥࢺࡢே᱁ᡤ᭷⌮ㄽ࡜ⴭ
sonhood, 81 CALIF. L. REV. 595 (1993) ཧ↷ࠋ࡞࠾ࠊ⡿ᅜ࡟࠾࠸࡚ⴭస⪅ே᱁ᶒࡢᴫせ
సᶒἲࡢ㛵ಀ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡢศᯒ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊἙ୰୍Ꮵࠕⴭస⪅ே᱁ᶒ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚㸫࢝ࣥࢺࡢ
ࡣࠊᖺࡢ࣮ࣟࢲ࣮ࡢඛ㥑ⓗᴗ⦼㸦Martin A. Roeder, The Doctrine of Moral Right: A
ㄽ⪃ࢆ୰ᚰ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠖᡂ⏣㢗᫂ඛ⏕ᶓ὾ᅜ❧኱Ꮫ㏥ᐁグᛕࠗᅜ㝿໬᫬௦ࡢ⾜ᨻ࡜ἲ࠘
Study into the Law of Artists, Authors, and Creators, 53 HARV. L. REV. 554 (1940)㸧࡟ࡼࡗ
㸦Ⰻ᭩ᬑཬ఍ࠊᖺ㹼㡫ࠊᮌᮧ࣭๓ᥖὀ㹼㡫ࠊKim Treiger-Bar-Am,
࡚ໟᣓⓗ࡟⤂௓ࡉࢀࡓࡀࠊࡼࡾᗈࡃ▱ࡽࢀࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡿࡢࡣࠊᖺࡢ࣓࣐ࣜࣥࡢ
Kant on Copyright: Rights of Transformative Authorship, 25 CARDOZO ARTS & ENT. L.J.
ㄽᩥ㸦John H. Merryman, The Refrigerator of Bernard Buffet, 27 HASTINGS L.J. 1023
1059 (2008) ࢆཧ↷ࠋ
(1976)㸧ࡢⓏሙࡲ࡛ᚅࡓ࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞࠿ࡗࡓ࡜ࡉࢀࡿࠋヲࡋࡃࡣࠊἙᓥఙᏊࠕⴭ
స⪅ே᱁ᶒࡢ୙⾜౑≉⣙̿ἲ࡜⤒῭Ꮫ࡟࠾ࡅࡿศᯒࠖ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ྕ
౛࠼ࡤࠊHughes, supra note 1; Tom G. Palmer, Are Patents and Copyrights Morally
Justified? The Philosophy of Property Rights and Ideal Objects, 13 HARV. J.L. & PUB.
㡫 ᖺ㸧
ࠋ
POL'Y 817 (1990); Netanel, supra note 5, at 374-382; Sterk, supra note 4; William Fisher,
WALDRON, supra note 1, at 3-5.
Theories of Intellectual Property, in NEW ESSAYS IN THE LEGAL AND POLITICAL THEORY OF
㺀ே᱁ࡣࠊ⌮ᛕ࡜ࡋ࡚Ꮡᅾࡍࡿࡓࡵ࡟ࡣࠊ⮬⏤ࡢእⓗ㡿ᇦࢆࡶࡓࡡࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ࠋࠖ
▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO
▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO ㄽ ㄝ
▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡢṇᙜ໬᰿ᣐㄽࡢ⌧௦ⓗព⩏ᒣ᰿
ᚿࢆࡑࡢෆ㠃ⓗ࡞⾲㇟࡜ࡋ࡚⾲ࡍࡔࡅ࡛ࡣ୙༑ศ࡛࠶ࡾࠊࡑࡢ⌧ᐇⓗពᚿ
ࡿࠋࡘࡲࡾㆡΏ࡜࠸࠺ᡤ᭷ᙧែࡣࠊ௚⪅ࡀᡤ᭷⪅ࡢពᚿࡘࡲࡾே᱁ᛶࢆ
ࢆఱࡽ࠿ࡢᐈほⓗ࡞ᙧ࡛ල⌧໬ࡍࡿᚲせࡀ࠶ࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࢃࡅ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
ㄆ㆑ࡋࠊࡑࢀࢆ┦஫࡟ᢎㄆࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚ᡂࡾ❧ࡘࡶࡢ࡞ࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡑ
࣮࣊ࢤࣝࡣࡲࡎࠊ༨᭷ྲྀᚓࡢᙧែ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊ୺࡟↓୺≀ࡢཎጞྲྀᚓࢆᛕ㢌
ࡋ࡚ࠊࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡟ࡋ࡚ᡤ᭷ᶒࡣࠊᡤ᭷⪅ࡢே᱁ࡢᐇ⌧࡟ᐤ୚ࡋࠊࡉࡽ࡟ࡣ
࡟࠾ࡁ࡞ࡀࡽࠊ༨᭷ࠊຍᕤࠊ⾲♧ࡢ ࡘࢆᣲࡆ࡚࠸ࡿ i㹼㸧ࠋ༨᭷ࡣ
ࡑࡢே᱁ࡢ㐨ᚨⓗࠊ♫఍ⓗഃ㠃ࡢⓎᒎ࡟ࡶᐤ୚ࡍࡿ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࡢ࡛࠶
᭱ࡶᐈほⓗ࡛┤᥋ⓗ࡞ᡤ᭷ពᚿࡢ⾲ฟ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ౛࠼ࡤࠊ⚾ࡀ࣌ࣥࢆᡭ࡛ᥗ
ࡿࠋ
ࢇ࡛࠸ࡿ࡜ࡁࠊ⚾ࡢពᚿࡣ᫂☜࡟ࡑࡢ୰࡟࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ♧ࡉࢀࡿࠋ୍᪉ࠊ༢
࣮࣊ࢤࣝࡣࠊ⮬ᕫࡢ≀࡜࠸࠼ࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࢀࡤࡍ࡭࡚ᡤ᭷ࡢᑐ㇟࡜࡞ࡿ࡜
࡟࠶ࡿ≀ࢆ⮬ᕫࡢࡶࡢ࡜ࡋ࡚♧ࡍ⾲♧ࡣࠊ᭱ࡶᢳ㇟ⓗ࡞ᡤ᭷ពᚿࡢ⾲ฟ࡛
⪃࠼ࡿࠋ⏕࿨ࡶ㌟యࡶྡ㄃ࡶ㈈⏘ࡶࠊᡤ᭷ࡢᑐ㇟࡜࡞ࡿࠋࡓࡔࡋࠊࡑࡢㆡ
࠶ࡿࠋ୧⪅ࡢ୰㛫࡟఩⨨ࡍࡿຍᕤࡣࠊ୺ほ࡜ᐈほ࡜ࢆෆ㒊࡛⤫୍ࡍࡿࡶࡢ
Ώ࡟㛵ࡋ࡚ࡣࠊࠕ⚾ࡢே᱁ࡢ᰾ᚰࡸࠊ⚾ࡢ⮬ᕫព㆑ࡢᬑ㐢ⓗᮏ㉁ࢆ࡞ࡍࡼ
࡛࠶ࡾࠊ༨᭷ྲྀᚓࡢ⌮ᛕ࡟᭱ࡶ┦ᛂࡋ࠸ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜ࡉࢀࡿ i㸧ࠋࡑ࠺
࠺࡞౯್≀ࠊ࠸ࡸࡴࡋࢁࠊࡑࡢࡼ࠺࡞ᐇయⓗಶᛶࡣࠊㆡΏࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁ
ࡋࡓຍᕤࡢ౛࡜ࡋ࡚࣮࣊ࢤࣝࡣࠊᅵᆅࡢ⪔సࠊ᳜≀ࡢ᱂ᇵࠊື≀ࡢ㣫⫱࡞
࡞࠸ࠖ
㸦i ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊ୍ᐃࡢไ㝈ࢆㄢࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࡇ࡛ࡣࠊ⮬ᕫࡢᡤ᭷≀
࡝ࢆᣲࡆ࡚࠸ࡿ iὀ㸧
ࠋ
ࡀࡑࡢᮏᛶୖࠊእⓗ࡞ࡶࡢ࠿ࠊࡑࢀ࡜ࡶෆⓗ࡞ࡶࡢ࠿࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࡀㆡΏࡢ
ᡤ᭷ࡢᙧែࡀ༨᭷ྲྀᚓ࠿ࡽ≀ࡢ౑⏝ࠊㆡΏ࡬࡜Ⓨᒎࡋ࡚࠸ࡃ࡟ࡘࢀ࡚ࠊ
ྍྰࡢ࣓ࣝࢡ࣐࣮ࣝ࡜ࡉࢀࡿ iࠋࡋࡓࡀࡗ࡚ࠊ౛࠼ࡤ㌟యࡸ⏕࿨ࡣࠊ
ே᱁࡜≀࡜ࡢ㛫ࡢ⤖ྜ㛵ಀࡣࡼࡾ」㞧࡞ࡶࡢ࡜࡞ࡿࠋᡤ᭷⪅ࡢពᚿ࡜≀࡜
ே᱁࡟࡜ࡗ࡚ෆⓗ࡞ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡾࠊࡑࡢㆡΏࡸᨺᲠࡀ⚗Ṇࡉࢀࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ
ࡢ㛵ಀࡢࡳ࡞ࡽࡎࠊᡤ᭷⪅࡜௚ࡢேࠎ࡜ࡢ㛵ಀࡀ௓ᅾࡋ࡚ࡃࡿ࠿ࡽ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
iὀ࣭i㸧ࠋ
౛࠼ࡤࠊ≀ࡢㆡΏࡣࠊ⮬ᕫࡢᡤ᭷࡟࠿࠿ࡿ≀ࢆ┦ᡭ࡟ᡭΏࡋࠊ௚ேࡢᡤ᭷
௨ୖࡢࡼ࠺࡞ࠑᢳ㇟ἲࠒ࡟࠾ࡅࡿᡤ᭷ᶒࡢ㆟ㄽ࠿ࡽ᫂ࡽ࠿࡞ࡼ࠺࡟ࠊ࣊
≀࡜ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡛ࠊࡶ࡜ࡶ࡜ࡣ⮬ᕫࡀࡑࡢ≀ࡢ┿ࡢᡤ᭷⪅࡛࠶ࡗࡓ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ
࣮ࢤࣝ࡟࡜ࡗ࡚ࠊᡤ᭷ᶒࡣࠊಶேࡢ≀㉁ⓗ࡞ḧồࡸ⾪ືࢆ‶ࡓࡍࡓࡵࡢࡶ
࡜ࢆ┦ᡭ࡟ㄆࡵ࡚ࡶࡽ࠸ࠊ࠿ࡘࡑࢀࢆἲⓗ࡟ᢎㄆࡋ࡚ࡶࡽ࠺ࣉࣟࢭࢫ࡛࠶
ࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋࡑࢀࡣே᱁ࡢ⮬⏤ពᚿࡢእ໬࡟࡜ࡗ࡚ᚲせ୙ྍḞ࡞ࡶࡢ࡛࠶
ࡿࠋᡤ᭷ᶒࡣࠊே᱁ࡢᐇ⌧ࡸⓎᒎ࡟ᐤ୚ࡍࡿ࡜ࡇࢁ࡟ࡑࡢ᰾ᚰࡀ࠶ࡿ࡜࠸
㸦㼲㸧
ࠊࡑࢀࡣࠕእⓗ࡞ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡗ࡚ࠊ୙⮬⏤࡛ࠊ㠀ே᱁ⓗ࡛ࠊἲᶒ฼ࢆḞ࠸ࡓ
ࠗ≀࡛࠘࠶ࡿࠖ㸦㼲㸧ࠊࠕே᱁ࡣ࠶ࡽࡺࡿ≀ࡢ࠺ࡕ࡟⮬ศࡢពᚿࢆᢞධࡋࠊࡶࡗ࡚ࠊ
ᙜࡢ≀ࢆ⮬ศࡢࡶࡢ࡜ࡍࡿᶒ฼ࢆࡶࡘࠋࡑࢀࡣே᱁ࡢ᰾ᚰࢆ࡞ࡍᶒ฼࡛࠶ࡿࠖ
㸦㼲㸧ࠊࠕࢃࡓࡋࡀ࡞࡟࠿ࢆእⓗ࡞ຊࡢࡶ࡜࡟࠾ࡉࡵࡿࡇ࡜ࡀࠊᡤ᭷࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡑࡋ
࡚ࠊ࡞࡟࠿ࢆ⮬↛ࡢᚲせࡸ⾪ືࡸࢃࡀࡲࡲ࠿ࡽ⮬ศࡢࡶࡢ࡟ࡍࡿࠊ࡜࠸࠺≉Ṧ㠃ࡀࠊ
࠺ࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࠋ
㸬▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒಖㆤࡢ࣓ࣝࢡ࣐࣮ࣝ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢே᱁ᇶ‽
ࡑࢀ࡛ࡣࠊ࣮࣊ࢤࣝࡀᛕ㢌࡟࠾࠸࡚࠸ࡿᡤ᭷ᶒ࡜ே᱁࡜ࡢ㛵ಀࡣࠊ▱ⓗ
ᡤ᭷࡟ࡲࡘࢃࡿ≉Ṧ࡞㛵ᚰࢆ♧ࡍࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊࢃࡓࡋࡢ⮬⏤ពᚿࡀᡤ᭷ࡢ࠺ࡕ࡟ᑐ㇟
໬ࡉࢀࠊࡇ࠺ࡋ࡚ࢃࡓࡋࡀࡣࡌࡵ࡚⌧ᐇࡢពᚿ࡜࡞ࡿࠊ࡜࠸࠺ഃ㠃ࡇࡑࡀࠊἲ㸦ᶒ
BEVERLEY-SMITH, supra note 1, at 297-298.
㸦㼲㸧ࠊ
ࠕᡤ᭷ࢆពᚿ࡜
฼㸧ࡢ┿⌮ࢆ࠶ࡽࢃࡋࠊ㈈⏘ࡢ࡞ࢇࡓࡿ࠿ࢆ♧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࠖ
ࡓࡔࡋࠊ࣮࣊ࢤࣝࡣูࡢ⟠ᡤ࡛ࠊ▱㆑ࠊᏛၥࠊᡯ⬟࡞࡝ࡢෆⓗ࡞ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡗ࡚ࡶࠊ
≀࡜ࡢ㛵ಀ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡳࡿ࡜ࡁࠊࡑࡇ࡟ࠊ௨ୗࡢࡘࡢ㛵ಀࡀ༊ูࡉࢀࡿࠋȘ┤᥋ࡢ
⢭⚄ࡢ፹௓࡟ࡼࡗ࡚እ໬ࡍࢀࡤㆡΏྍ⬟࡟࡞ࡿ᪨ࢆㄝ࠸࡚࠸ࡿ iὀ㸧ࠋࡇࡇ࡛࠸
ຍ⸨࣭๓ᥖὀ 㹼㡫ࠋ
ᡤ᭷ࠋពᚿࡀ≀࡟✚ᴟⓗ౯್ࢆㄆࡵࠊࡑࢀࢆ⮬ศࡢࡶࡢ࡜ࡳ࡞ࡍሙྜࠋș≀ࡀព
࠺⢭⚄ࡢ፹௓࡜ࡣࠊ᫬௦ࡢᩥ໬ࡸ♫఍ⓗ࡞⩦័ࡢࡇ࡜ࢆᣦࡍ࡜ゎ㔘ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇ
ᚿࡢྰᐃయ࡜ࡋ࡚⌧ࢀࠊពᚿࡀྰᐃࡍ࡭ࡁࡶࡢ࡜ࡋ࡚≀࡟⮬ศࢆᢞᙳࡍࡿሙྜࠋ≀
ࢀࢆ๓ᥦ࡜ࡍࢀࡤࠊ࣮࣊ࢤࣝ࡟࡜ࡗ࡚ㆡΏࡢྍྰࡣࠊㆡΏᑐ㇟ࡢ┤᥋ⓗ࡞ᛶ㉁࡟ࡼ
ࡢ౑⏝ࠋ≀ࢆ౑⏝ࡍࡿࡢࡣ✚ᴟⓗ࡞㛵ಀ࡛ࡣ࠶ࡿࡀࠊ⚾࡟౑⏝ࡉࢀࡿ㝈ࡾ࡛ࠊ≀ࡣ
ࡗ࡚Ỵᐃࡉࢀࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡼࡾࡶࠊ᫬௦ࡢᩥ໬ࡸ♫఍ⓗ࡞⩦័࡟ࡼࡗ࡚Ỵᐃࡉࢀࡿࡶࡢ
ゎయࡋ࡚࠸ࡃࠋȚពᚿࡀ≀ࡢࡶ࡜ࢆཤࡗ࡚⮬ศ࡟㑏ࡗ࡚ࡃࡿሙྜࠋ≀ࡢㆡΏࠋࠖ
࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࡔࢁ࠺ࠋຍ⸨࣭๓ᥖὀ 㹼㡫ࠋ
㸦i㸧
ࠋ
▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO
Hughes, supra note 1, at 330.
▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO ㄽ ㄝ
▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡢṇᙜ໬᰿ᣐㄽࡢ⌧௦ⓗព⩏ᒣ᰿
㈈⏘ᶒࡢᩥ⬦࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡶᙜ࡚ࡣࡲࡿ࡛࠶ࢁ࠺࠿ࠋࡇࡢⅬ࡟㛵ࡋ࡚ࡣࠊᮏḰ
࡜ࡋࡓಶᛶ࡜࠸࠺ࡶࡢࡀᏑᅾࡍࡿࠋࡑࢀࡣἲᚊࡢ᫂ᩥ࡟ไ㝈ࡀ࡞࠸㝈ࡾࠊ
ෑ㢌ࡢ୍⠇࡟ࡶࡳࡽࢀࡿࡼ࠺࡟ࠊࠑᢳ㇟ἲࠒ࡟࠾ࡅࡿᡤ᭷ᶒࡢࣟࢪࢵࢡࡣ
ⴭసᶒࢆྲྀᚓ࡛ࡁࡿࡶࡢ࡞ࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ㹿㺁࡜ㄝ♧ࡋ࡚ࠊཎ࿌࣏ࢫࢱ࣮࡟ࡘ࠸
▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡢṇᙜ໬᰿ᣐ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡶጇᙜࡍࡿ࡜࠸࠺ぢゎࡀ᭷ຊ࡟ၐ࠼ࡽࢀ
࡚ⴭస≀ᛶࢆ⫯ᐃࡋࠊ᥍ッᑂุỴࢆ◚Რࡋࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
࡚࠸ࡿࠋᐇ㝿ࠊᑠㄝࡸ⤮⏬ࡸ㡢ᴦ࡜࠸ࡗࡓⴭస≀ࡣࠊసᐙࡸⱁ⾡ᐙࡢಶᛶ
ୡ⣖ࡢ༙ࡤࡲ࡛ࠊ⡿ᅜࡢⴭసᶒุ౛ࡣࠊⴭసᶒಖㆤࡢせ௳࡜ࡋ࡚ࠕ೧
ࡢ཯ᫎࠊࡘࡲࡾே᱁ࡀእ⏺࡟⾲ฟࡋࡓࡶࡢ࡜ࡋ࡚ᤊ࠼ࡸࡍ࠸ࡇ࡜࠿ࡽࠊࡑ
኱࡞ⱁ⾡ᛶࠖ㼍㻌㼓㼞㼑㼍㼠㻌㼍㼞㼠 ࢆせồࡋ࡚࠸ࡓ࡜࠸ࢃࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊᮏ௳
࠺ࡋࡓே᱁ⓗ⾲⌧࡟ᑐࡍࡿᶒ฼ࢆⴭస⪅࡟ᖐᒓࡉࡏࡿ࡭ࡁ᪨ࢆㄝࡃே᱁
ࡢ 㻮㼘㼑㼕㼟㼠㼑㼕㼚㻌஦௳᭱㧗⿢ุỴࢆ ࡘࡢዎᶵ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊୡ⣖ᮎ௨㝆ࠊⴭస⪅ࡢ
ᡤ᭷⌮ㄽࡣࠊ┤ほⓗ࡞㨩ຊࢆࡶࡘ࡜࠸࠼ࡿ࠿ࡶࡋࢀ࡞࠸ࠋࡑࡇ࡛௨ୗ࡛
ఱࡽ࠿ࡢಶᛶࡢⓎ㟢ࢆⴭసᶒಖㆤࡢ୰ᚰ࡟ᤣ࠼ࡿุ౛ࡀḟ➨࡟᭷ຊ࡟࡞
ࡣࠊ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡢᩥ⬦࡟࠾ࡅࡿே᱁ᡤ᭷⌮ㄽࡢጇᙜᛶ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ㄽࡌࡿぢゎ
ࡗ࡚࠸ࡗࡓ࡜ࡉࢀࡿࠋࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡟ࠊᮏ௳᭱㧗⿢ุỴࡀⴭస≀ᛶࡢุ᩿ᇶ‽
࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࠊᴫほࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡟ࡋࡼ࠺ࠋ
ࢆࠕ೧኱࡞ⱁ⾡ᛶࠖ࠿ࡽࠕ࡯ࢇࡢഹ࠿࡞ⱁ⾡ᛶࠖ࡬࡜ኚ᭦ࡋࡓࡇ࡜ࡣࠊⴭ
ᩥ⊩࡛ࡣࠊⴭసᶒἲࢆࡣࡌࡵ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡢศ㔝ࡢ୰࡟ࡣ๰స⪅
సᶒಖㆤࡢᯟ⤌ࡳࢆࠊⴭస≀ࡢⱁ⾡ⓗࠊᑂ⨾ⓗ౯್ࡢಖㆤ࠿ࡽࠊⴭస≀ࡢ
ࡢಶᛶࡀල⌧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ࠿ྰ࠿ࢆಖㆤࡢ࣓ࣝࢡ࣐࣮ࣝ࡜ࡍࡿࡶࡢࡀ࠶ࡾࠊࡑ
ಶᛶⓗࠊே᱁ⓗ⾲⌧ࡢಖㆤ࡬࡜⛣⾜ࡉࡏࡓࡇ࡜ࢆព࿡ࡍࡿࠋࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞ⴭ
࠺ࡋࡓಖㆤࡢᯟ⤌ࡳࡣே᱁ᡤ᭷⌮ㄽ࡜㐺ྜⓗ࡛࠶ࡿ᪨ࢆㄝࡃぢゎࡀᏑᅾ
స⪅ࡢಶᛶࡢⓎ㟢ࢆᇶ‽࡜ࡍࡿⴭసᶒἲࡢಖㆤᯟ⤌ࡳࡣࠊእⓗୡ⏺࡟ල⌧
ࡍࡿࠋ
ࡉࢀࡓⴭస⪅ࡢ୺ほⓗே᱁ᛶࡢಖㆤ࡟ᐤ୚ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࠿ࡽࠊ࣮࣊ࢤࣝࡢே᱁
౛࠼ࡤࣄ࣮ࣗࢬࡣࠊ㻮㼘㼑㼕㼟㼠㼑㼕㼚㻌㼢㻚㻌㻰㼛㼚㼍㼘㼐㼟㼛㼚㻌㻸㼕㼠㼔㼛㼓㼞㼍㼜㼔㼕㼚㼓㻌㻯㼛㻚㻘㻌㻝㻤㻤㻌㼁㻚㻿㻚㻌㻞㻟㻥
ᡤ᭷⌮ㄽ࡜ᩚྜⓗ࡟ᢕᥱࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿ࡜ࣄ࣮ࣗࢬࡣ୺ᙇࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
࡟࠾࠸࡚࣮࣒࣍ࢬุ஦ࡀ᥇⏝ࡋࡓࠊࠕ࡯ࢇࡢഹ࠿࡞ⱁ⾡ᛶࠖ㼍㻌㼢㼑㼞㼥㻌
ࡉࡽ࡟ࣄ࣮ࣗࢬࡣࠊၟᶆἲࡢศ㔝࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡶே᱁ᡤ᭷⌮ㄽࡀጇᙜࡍࡿవ
㼙㼛㼐㼑㼟㼠㻌㼓㼞㼍㼐㼑㻌㼛㼒㻌㼍㼞㼠 ࡜࠸࠺ⴭస≀ᛶࡢุ᩿ᇶ‽ࡣࠊⴭస⪅ࡀఱࡽ࠿ࡢ୺ほ
ᆅࡀ࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ♧၀ࡍࡿࠋ౛࠼ࡤࠊࢥ࣭࢝ࢥ࣮ࣛࡢࣛ࣋ࣝୖࡢࣘࢽ࣮ࢡ࡞
ⓗே᱁ᛶࢆእ㒊ୡ⏺࡟ࡶࡓࡽࡋࡓ࠿ྰ࠿࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࢆၥ࠺ᇶ‽࡛࠶ࡿ࡜
ἼᙧᩥᏐࡸࠊࢡࣜࢫࢳ࣭ࣕࣥࢹ࢕࣮࢜ࣝࡢࠕ㹂ࠖࢆᙉㄪࡋࡓࣟࢦ࡞࡝ࡣࠊ
ᣦ᦬ࡍࡿࠋ
ே᱁ⓗ⮬ᕫ⾲⌧ࡢ⏘≀࡜ࡋ࡚ࡳ࡞ࡋ࠺ࡿ࠿ࡶࡋࢀ࡞࠸ࠋ⡿ᅜࡢࢥ࣭ࣔࣥࣟ
㻮㼘㼑㼕㼟㼠㼑㼕㼚 ஦௳࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡣࠊࢧ࣮࢝ࢫࡢᐉఏᗈ࿌⏝࣏ࢫࢱ࣮ࡢⴭస≀ᛶࡀ
࣮࠾ࡼࡧ㐃㑥ၟᶆἲࡣࠊᙜึࡑࡢಖㆤᑐ㇟ࢆࠕወᢤ࡞ࠖ㼒㼍㼚㼏㼕㼒㼡㼘 ࣐࣮ࢡ࠾
தࢃࢀࡓࠋᮏ௳ࡢ᥍ッᑂࡣࠊཎ࿌࣏ࢫࢱ࣮ࡣ༢࡞ࡿᗈ࿌⏝ࡢࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡗ࡚ࠊ
ࡼࡧࠕ᜛ពⓗ࡞ࠖ㼍㼞㼎㼕㼠㼞㼍㼞㼥 ࣐࣮ࢡ࡟㝈ᐃࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࡀࠊࡇࢀࡽࡣ࠸ࡎࢀࡶ
ࡑࢀ௨እࡢ⏝㏵ࡸ౯್ࢆഛ࠼ࡿࡶࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࡓࡵࠊ᭷┈࡞ᢏⱁࡢⓎᒎ࡟ఱ
ᮏ᮶ⓗ࡟㆑ูຊࡢ࠶ࡿ࣐࣮ࢡ࡛࠶ࡾࠊ୍ᐃࡢಶᛶࢆ⾲ฟࡍࡿ࣐࣮ࢡ࡛࠶ࡿ
ࡽᐤ୚ࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡜ࡣ࠸࠼ࡎࠊ⡿ᅜ㐃㑥᠇ἲࡀಖㆤࡋࡼ࠺࡜ࡍࡿⴭస≀࡜ࡣ
࡜⪃࠼ࡿࡇ࡜ࡶ࡛ࡁࡿࠋ୍⯡࡟ၟᶆᶒࡣࠊၟရࡢฟᡤ࡟㛵ࡍࡿ┿ᐇࡢ᝟ሗ
ㄆࡵࡽࢀ࡞࠸࡜ุ♧ࡋࡓࠋࡇࢀ࡟ᑐࡋ᭱㧗⿢ࡣࠊసရࡢ〇స┠ⓗࡸ⏝㏵
ࢆཷࡅྲྀࡿᾘ㈝⪅ࡢᶒ฼࡜ࡋ࡚఩⨨࡙ࡅࡽࢀࡿࡇ࡜ࡀከ࠸ࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊࡑࡢ
ࡣⴭసᶒಖㆤࢆ㜼ᐖࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸࡜ࡋࡓ࠺࠼࡛ࠊࠕಶᛶࡣᖖ࡟ఱ࠿ࡋ
ࡼ࠺࡞ᾘ㈝⪅ࡢ฼┈ࡣᗈ࿌つไࡸ୙ᐇ⾲♧ࢆྲྀࡾ⥾ࡲࡿἲ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ಖㆤ
ࡽࣘࢽ࣮ࢡ࡞ࡶࡢࢆྵࢇ࡛࠸ࡿࠋࡓ࡜࠼➹㊧࡜࠸ࡗࡓࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡗ࡚ࡶࠊࡑ
ࡉࢀࡿ࡭ࡁ࡛࠶ࡾࠊၟᶆᶒࡣࡴࡋࢁ஦ᴗ⪅ࡢ♫఍ⓗ࡞⮬ᕫᐇ⌧ࡢ㏣ồࡢࡓ
ࡇ࡟ࡣ≉␗ᛶࡀ⾲⌧ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡋࠊ࡯ࢇࡢഹ࠿࡞ⱁ⾡ᛶ 㼍㻌 㼢㼑㼞㼥㻌 㼙㼛㼐㼑㼟㼠㻌
ࡵࡢᶒ฼࡜ࡋ࡚ᤊ࠼ࡿ࡯࠺ࡀ㐺ษ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜ࣄ࣮ࣗࢬࡣᣦ᦬ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
㼓㼞㼍㼐㼑㻌 㼛㼒㻌 㼍㼞㼠 ࡛࠶ࡗ࡚ࡶࠊࡑࡢ୰࡟ࡣࡑࡢⴭస⪅࡟ࡋ࠿ᖐᒓࡋ࠼࡞࠸☜ᅛ
Bleistein v. Donaldson Lithographing Co., 188 U.S. 239, 250 (1903).
Hughes, supra note 1, at 351-352.
ヂࠗ࢔࣓ࣜ࢝ⴭసᶒἲ࠘
㸦ࣞࢡࢩࢫࢿࢡࢩࢫ࣭ࢪࣕࣃࣥࠊᖺ㸧
㹛㑥ヂ㡫ࠋ
Id., at 352.
Hughes, supra note 1, at 351.
Id., at 353-354. William M. Landes and Richard A. Posnerࠝᣋヂࠞࠕⴭసᶒࡢ⪃࠼᪉ࠖ
Courier Lithographing Co. v. Donaldson Lithographing Co., 104 F. 993, 996 (1903).
▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ྕ㹼㡫ᖺ ࡶཧ↷ࠋࡇࡢ௚ᩥ⊩࡛ࡣࠊࣉࣛ࢖ࣂ
MARSHALL A. LEAFFER, UNDERSTANDING COPYRIGHT LAW (4th ed., 2005)㹙∾㔝࿴ኵ┘
▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO
▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO ㄽ ㄝ
▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡢṇᙜ໬᰿ᣐㄽࡢ⌧௦ⓗព⩏ᒣ᰿
ࡇࡢ௚ࠊබ⾲ᶒࠊẶྡ⾲♧ᶒࠊྠ୍ᛶಖᣢᶒ࡜࠸ࡗࡓⴭస⪅ே᱁ᶒࢆṇ
ⴭసᶒἲࡸၟᶆἲࢆࡣࡌࡵ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡢᩥ⬦࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡶጇᙜࡍࡿ࡜࠸࠺
ᙜ໬ࡍࡿ࠺࠼࡛ࠊே᱁ᡤ᭷⌮ㄽࡣ㐺ྜⓗ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜ࡍࡿぢゎࡶࡳࡽࢀࡿࠋࡍ
ぢゎࡀࡳࡽࢀࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
࡞ࢃࡕࠊⴭస⪅ࡀ๰సάື࡟ࡼࡗ࡚⮬ᕫᐇ⌧ࢆ㐩ᡂࡋࠊ㧗ḟࡢே᱁ⓗⓎᒎ
ࢆ㐙ࡆࡼ࠺࡜ࡍࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࢀࡤࠊ⮬ᕫࡢ๰సࡋࡓⴭస≀࡟ᑐࡍࡿ୍ᐃࡢࢥࣥ
ᇹ ഘ ȘȸDzȫʴ఍৑ஊྸᛯƴؕƮƘദ࢘҄Ʒ৤Йႎ౨᚛
ࢺ࣮ࣟࣝࡀㄆࡵࡽࢀ࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ࠋⴭస≀ࡢබ⾲ࡀⴭస⪅࡟↓᩿࡛⾜
ࢃࢀࡿ࡜ࡍࢀࡤࠊ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣࠊⴭస≀ࡢᥦ౪ࡸᥦ♧࡟㝿ࡋ࡚ࠊⴭస⪅ࡢྠព
ࡋ࠿ࡋࠊே᱁ᡤ᭷⌮ㄽ࡟ᇶ࡙ࡃ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡢṇᙜ໬ࡢ࢔ࣉ࣮ࣟࢳ࡟ᑐࡋ
࡞ࡃⴭస⪅ྡࡢ⾲♧ែᵝ㸦ᐇྡࠊኚྡࠊ↓ྡ࡞࡝㸧ࡀỴᐃࡉࢀࡿ࡜ࡍࢀࡤࠊ
࡚ࡣࠊᢈุⓗ࡞ぢゎࡶᑡ࡞ࡃ࡞࠸ࠋ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡢṇᙜ໬᰿ᣐ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢே᱁
බ⾗ࡣⴭస⪅࡜ࡑࡢே᱁ⓗ⾲⌧࡜ࢆ㐺ษ࡟⤖ࡧࡘࡅ࡚ㄆ㆑ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛
ᡤ᭷⌮ㄽࡢ㝈⏺ࢆ♧၀ࡍࡿᩥ⊩ࡢ୰࡟ࡣࠊே᱁ᡤ᭷⌮ㄽࡀෆᅾⓗ࡟ᢪ࠼ࡿ
ࡁ࡞࠸ࡔࢁ࠺ࠋⴭస≀ࡀ↓᩿࡛ᨵኚࡉࢀࡿሙྜ࡟ࡶࠊⴭస⪅࡟࡜ࡗ࡚⮬ᕫ
ၥ㢟ࢆᣦ᦬ࡍࡿࡶࡢࡶ࠶ࢀࡤࠊ࣮࣊ࢤࣝࡢἲဴᏛ඲యࡢయ⣔࠿ࡽே᱁ᡤ᭷
ࡢ๰సࡋࡓⴭస≀ࡀ⮬ᕫࡢព࡟ἢࢃ࡞࠸⾲⌧ࢆ᭷ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡾࠊබ⾗ࡢ
⌮ㄽ࡟ᇶ࡙ࡃṇᙜ໬ࡢ㝈⏺ࢆᣦ᦬ࡍࡿࡶࡢࡶ࠶ࡿࠋᡤ᭷ᶒ࡜▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡢ
ㄆ㆑ࡣṍ᭤ࡉࢀࡿᜍࢀࡀ࠶ࢁ࠺ࠋࡑࢀࡺ࠼ⴭస⪅ࡣࠊே᱁Ⓨᒎ࡟࡜ࡗ࡚㐺
ᛶ㉁ࡢ┦㐪ࡀ࣮࣊ࢤࣝࡢே᱁ᡤ᭷⌮ㄽ࡟ࡶࡓࡽࡍ࢖ࣥࣉࣜࢣ࣮ࢩࣙࣥ࡟
ษ࡞⮬ᕫࡢⴭస≀ࡢබ⾲᫬ᮇ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚Ỵᐃࡍࡿᶒ฼ࠊ࠸࠿࡞ࡿᙧ࡛ⴭస≀
ࡘ࠸࡚ࡶࠊᨵࡵ᳨࡚ドࡍࡿᚲせࡀ࠶ࢁ࠺ࠋ௨ୗࠊලయⓗ࡟ࡳ࡚࠸ࡇ࠺ࠋ
ࡢⴭస⪅࡜ࡋ࡚ㄆ▱ࡉࢀࡿࡢ࠿ࢆỴᐃࡍࡿᶒ฼ࠊࡉࡽ࡟ࡣࡑࡢྠព࡞ࡃ⮬
ᕫࡢⴭస≀ࡀಟṇࡲࡓࡣษ㝖ࡉࢀࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ⚗Ṇࡍࡿᶒ฼ࢆ᭷ࡋ࡞ࡅࢀࡤ
㸬▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒಖㆤࡢ࣓ࣝࢡ࣐࣮ࣝ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢே᱁ᇶ‽ࡢጇᙜᛶ
࡞ࡽ࡞࠸࡜࠸࠺ࢃࡅ࡛࠶ࡿ ࠋ
ࡲࡎࠊே᱁ᡤ᭷⌮ㄽ࢔ࣉ࣮ࣟࢳ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ࡣࠊ๰స⪅ࡢே᱁ࡢල⌧ᛶ࡜࠸
㸬ᑠᣓ
࠺࣓ࣝࢡ࣐࣮ࣝࡣࠊ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒಖㆤ࡟㛵ࡍࡿໟᣓⓗ࡞ᇶ‽࡜ࡋ࡚ࡣ᭕᫕࡛
࠶ࡾࠊጇᙜᛶ࡟Ḟࡅࡿ࡜࠸࠺ᢈุࡀ࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞ࢱ࢖ࣉࡢᢈุࡣࠊศ
ࡇࡇࡲ࡛ࡢ᳨ウࢆᩚ⌮ࡋࡼ࠺ࠋࠗἲဴᏛせ⥘࠘ࡢࠑᢳ㇟ἲࠒ࡛♧ࡉࢀࡓ
ᯒⓗ࡟ࡳࢀࡤ኱ࡁࡃ ࡘ࡟ศࡅࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࠋ
㆟ㄽ࠿ࡽ᫂ࡽ࠿࡞ࡼ࠺࡟ࠊ࣮࣊ࢤࣝ࡟࡜ࡗ࡚ᡤ᭷ᶒࡣࠊಶேࡢ≀㉁ⓗ࡞ḧ
ồࡸ⾪ືࢆ‶ࡓࡍࡓࡵࡢࡶࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋࡑࢀࡣே᱁ࡢ⮬⏤ពᚿࡢእ⏺࡬ࡢ
㸦㸧㠀ே᱁ⓗ๰స≀ࡢᏑᅾ
⾲ฟ࡟࡜ࡗ࡚ᚲせ୙ྍḞ࡞ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡑࡢ᰾ᚰࡣே᱁ࡢᐇ⌧ࡸⓎᒎ࡟ᐤ
➨ ࡟ࠊಶࠎࡢ๰స⪅ࡢே᱁ࡀ࡯࡜ࢇ࡝཯ᫎࡉࢀ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࡼ࠺࡟ࡳ࠼ࡿ
୚ࡍࡿ࡜ࡇࢁ࡟࠶ࡿࠋࡑࡋ࡚Ꮫㄝ࡛ࡣࠊࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞ே᱁ᡤ᭷⌮ㄽࡢㄽᣐࡣࠊ
୍㒊ࡢ▱ⓗᡂᯝ≀ࡢ࢝ࢸࢦ࣮ࣜ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࠊே᱁࡟ᇶ࡙ࡃṇᙜ໬ࢆ࠺ࡲࡃ㐺
ࢩ࣮ᶒ࠿ࡽὴ⏕ࡋࡓࣃࣈࣜࢩࢸ࢕ᶒ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡶࠊே᱁ᡤ᭷⌮ㄽ࡟ᇶ࡙ࡃṇᙜ໬ࡀヨ
ⓗⴭస≀࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊࡑࡇ࡟ಶᛶࡢⓎ㟢ࢆぢ࠸ࡔࡍࡢࡣᐜ࡛᫆࠶ࡿࡀࠊᆅ
ࡳࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋᢈุⓗ᳨ウ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊ౛࠼ࡤࠊBEVERLEY-SMITH, supra note 1, at 171-189,
319-329; Stacey L. Dogan and Mark A. Lemley, What the Right of Publicity Can Learn
From Trademark Law, 58 STAN. L. REV. 1161, 1180-1184 (2006)ࢆཧ↷ࠋ
Hughes, supra note 1, at 350-351; Dan Rosen, Artists’ Moral Rights: An European Evo-
⏝࡛ࡁ࡞࠸࡜࠸࠺ᢈุࡀ࠶ࡿࠋ౛࠼ࡤࠊᩥᏛࠊ⨾⾡ࠊ㡢ᴦ࡜࠸ࡗࡓྂ඾
ᅗࠊࢥࣥࣆ࣮ࣗࢱ࣭ࣉࣟࢢ࣒ࣛࠊࢹ࣮ࢱ࣮࣋ࢫ࡜࠸ࡗࡓ஦ᐇⓗࠊᶵ⬟ⓗⴭ
స≀࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊࡑࡇ࡟ே᱁ⓗ⾲⌧ࡢᚩ⾲ࢆぢ࠸ࡔࡍࡇ࡜ࡣᅔ㞴࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
ࡑࡢࡓࡵࠊே᱁ᡤ᭷⌮ㄽ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ࡣࠊ౛࠼ࡤⴭసᶒἲࡢಖㆤᑐ㇟ࡢ࠺ࡕࠊ
lution, An American Revolution, 2 CARDOZO ARTS & ENT. L.J. 155, 176-179 (1983).⡿ᅜ
୍㒊ࡢⴭస≀ࡢ࢝ࢸࢦ࣮ࣜ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚㐺ษ࡟ㄝ᫂ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸࡜࠸
࡟࠾ࡅࡿⴭస⪅ே᱁ᶒࢆࡵࡄࡿ㆟ㄽ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊἙᓥ࣭๓ᥖὀ 㹼㡫ࠊᑠ㔝
࠺ࢃࡅ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
ዉ✑Ꮚࠕ⡿ᅜ࡟࠾ࡅࡿⴭస⪅ே᱁ᶒಖㆤ̿࣋ࣝࢾ᮲⣙ຍධ᫬ࡢ㆟ㄽࢆ᣺ࡾ㏉ࡗ࡚̿ࠖ
୍ᶫἲᏛ ᕳ ྕ㡫௨ୗ ᖺ ࡶཧ↷ࠋ
▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO
LEAFFER࣭๓ᥖὀ 㹼㡫ࠋ
▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO ㄽ ㄝ
▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡢṇᙜ໬᰿ᣐㄽࡢ⌧௦ⓗព⩏ᒣ᰿
ࡶࡗ࡜ࡶࠊࡇ࠺ࡋࡓᢈุ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ࡣࣄ࣮ࣗࢬࡀ㐺☜࡞ᛂ⟅ࢆ࡞ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࡀၥࢃࢀࡿࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡿࠋ
ࡍ࡞ࢃࡕࠊ౛࠼ࡤࠊࢥࣥࣆ࣮ࣗࢱ࣭ࣉࣟࢢ࣒ࣛ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊ࠶ࡿ⛬ᗘຠ⋡
౛࠼ࡤࠊ⤮⏬ࡸ㡢ᴦࡢⴭస≀ࡣࠊࢥࣥࣆ࣮ࣗࢱ࣭ࣉࣟࢢ࣒ࣛࡸࢹ࣮ࢱ࣋
ᛶࡢไ⣙ࢆཷࡅࡿ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡶࠊ」ᩘࡢ᪉ἲ࡛᭩ࡃࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿሙྜࡶከ࠸ࠋ
࣮ࢫࡼࡾࡶே᱁ⓗ⾲⌧ࢆ཯ᫎࡍࡿ⛬ᗘࡀᙉ࠸࡜࠸࠼ࡿ࠿ࡶࡋࢀ࡞࠸ࠋࡲࡓࠊ
ࡑࢀࡺ࠼ࠊ」ᩘࡢ㑅ᢥ⫥ࡢ୰࠿ࡽ ࡘࡢ⾲⌧ࢆ㑅ᢥࡍࡿ⾜Ⅽࡀே᱁ⓗ⾲⌧
ఱᖺࡶ࠿ࡅ࡚ᇳ➹ࡋࡓᑠㄝࡣࠊࢪࣕࣥ࣎ࢪ࢙ࢵࢺᶵࢆ᧯సࡍࡿ኱ᆺࢯࣇࢺ
ࡢႠⅭࢆ♧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜⪃࠼ࡿࡇ࡜ࡣ༑ศ࡟ྍ⬟࡛࠶ࡿ࡜ࡍࡿࠋࡶࡕࢁࢇ
࢙࢘࢔࣭ࣉࣟࢢ࣒ࣛࡸ௻ᴗࡢ㢳ᐈྡ⡙ࡼࡾࡶ኱ࡁ࡞ே᱁ⓗ฼┈ࢆ᭷ࡋ࡚࠸
ಶูࡢࣉࣟࢢ࣒ࣛࡢ୰࡟ࡣࠊ๰సࣉࣟࢭࢫ࡟ᑐࡍࡿไ⣙ࡀ኱ࡁࡃࠊ⾲⌧ࡢ
ࡿ࠿ࡶࡋࢀ࡞࠸ࠋࡇࢀࡽࡢ஦౛࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊே᱁ᡤ᭷⌮ㄽࡢㄽ⌮ࢆ᥎ࡋ㐍ࡵ
㑅ᢥ⫥ࡀᴟࡵ࡚㝈ᐃࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡓࡵ࡟ࠊ᭷ព⩏࡞ே᱁ⓗႠⅭࢆ⾲⌧ࡋ࠼࡞
ࢀࡤࠊே᱁ⓗ⾲⌧ࡢᙉࡃ཯ᫎࡉࢀࡓⴭస≀࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ࠊࡼࡾᡭཌ࠸ἲⓗಖㆤ
࠸ࡶࡢࡶᏑᅾࡍࡿ࠿ࡶࡋࢀ࡞࠸ࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊࡑࡢࡇ࡜ࡣಶูࡢ๰స≀࡟ල⌧
ࢆ୚࠼ࡿ࡭ࡁࡔ࡜࠸࠺ᖐ⤖ࡀᑟ࠿ࢀࡿࡢ࠿ࡶࡋࢀ࡞࠸ࠋ
ࡉࢀࡿே᱁ⓗ⾲⌧ࡢ⛬ᗘࡢၥ㢟࡛࠶ࡗ࡚ࠊே᱁ᡤ᭷⌮ㄽ࢔ࣉ࣮ࣟࢳࡢጇᙜ
ࡋ࠿ࡋࠊࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞❧ሙࢆ࡜ࡿሙྜ࡟ࡣࠊே᱁ⓗ⾲⌧࣭฼┈ࡢල⌧໬ࡢ
ᛶࢆ࢝ࢸࢦࣜ࢝ࣝ࡟ྰᐃࡍࡿ⌮⏤࡟ࡣ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸࡜࠸࠺ࢃࡅ࡛࠶ࡿ ࠋ
⛬ᗘࢆ࠸࠿࡟ࡋ࡚ ᐃࡍࡿࡢ࠿࡜࠸࠺ၥ㢟࡟✺ࡁᙜࡓࡿࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡿࠋࡑ࠺
ࡋࡓே᱁ⓗ⾲⌧࣭฼┈ࡢᙉᙅ࡟ᛂࡌ࡚⿢ุᡤࡀⴭసᶒಖㆤࡢᗈ⊃ࢆ㐪࠼ࡿ
㸦㸧ே᱁ⓗ⾲⌧࣭฼┈ࡢᴫᛕⓗࢪ࣐ࣞࣥ
ࡑࡇ࡛➨ ࡟ࠊே᱁ⓗ⾲⌧ࡸே᱁ⓗ฼┈࡜࠸࠺ᴫᛕࡢ୙᫂☜ᛶ࡟ᢈุࡢ
▩ඛࡀྥࡅࡽࢀࡿ ࠋࡍ࡞ࢃࡕࠊே᱁ⓗ⾲⌧ࡢල⌧ᛶࡀࠊၥ㢟࡜࡞ࡿ๰స
ሙྜ࡟ࡣࠊಖㆤࡢண ྍ⬟ᛶࡸἲⓗᏳᐃᛶࢆ㐣ᗘ࡟పୗࡉࡏࡿᜍࢀࡀ࠶ࢁ
࠺ࠋࡲࡓࠊࡑࡢࡼ࠺࡞ྖἲุ᩿ࡣⴭస≀ࡢⱁ⾡ⓗࠊᑂ⨾ⓗ౯್ࡢุ᩿࡜
ᐦ᥋࡟㛵㐃ࡋࡓࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡑࢀࡺ࠼ࠊ㻮㼘㼑㼕㼟㼠㼑㼕㼚 ஦௳᭱㧗⿢ุỴ࡟࠾࠸࡚
≀ࡢ✀㢮࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ࠊࡲࡓᶒ฼⪅ࡀ㈝ࡸࡋࡓ᫬㛫ࡸປຊ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ࠊከᵝ࡟␗
࣮࣒࣍ࢬุ஦ࡀᣦ᦬ࡋࡓࡼ࠺࡟ࠊࠕἲᚊࡢカ⦎ࡋ࠿ཷࡅ࡚࠸࡞࠸⪅ࡀࠊ᭱
࡞ࡾ࠺ࡿ࡜ࡍࢀࡤࠊ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲࡣࠊࡑ࠺ࡋࡓ┦㐪ࢆ⪃៖࡟ධࢀ࡚ࠊල⌧ࡉ
ࡶ⊃ࡃ᫂ⓑ࡞㝈⏺ࢆ㉸࠼࡚ࠊ⤮⏬ⓗ࢖ࣛࢫࢺࡢ౯್࡟ᑐࡍࡿ᭱⤊ⓗ࡞ุ᩿
ࢀࡓே᱁ⓗ฼┈ࡢ⛬ᗘ࡟ᛂࡌ࡚ಖㆤࡢ⛬ᗘࡸ⠊ᅖࢆ㐪࠼ࡿ࡭ࡁ࡞ࡢ࠿࡜
ࢆୗࡍ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࡣࠊ༴㝤࡞௻࡚࡛࠶ࡿ㺁࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࡔࢁ࠺ࠋⴭ
Hughes, supra note 1, at 342.ᡃࡀᅜ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡶࠊⴭసᶒࡢಖㆤせ௳ࡢ ࡘ࡛࠶ࡿ
๰సᛶᴫᛕ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࠊࠕ⾲⌧ࡢ㑅ᢥࡢᖜࡀᗈࡃᏑᅾࡍࡿ≧ែ࡟࠾࠸࡚ⴭస⪅ࡀ≉ᐃ
ࡢ⾲⌧ࢆ㑅ᢥࡍࡿ▱ⓗάືࢆព࿡ࡍࡿࡶࡢࠖ࡜ࡋ࡚ᤊ࠼ࡿࠊ๰సἲⓗ㑅ᢥࡢᖜㄽࡀ
స≀ࡢ♫఍ⓗ࡞౯್ุ᩿ࢆྖἲ࡟඲㠃ⓗ࡟ጤࡡࡿࡇ࡜ࡣࠊྖἲุ᩿ࡢ᳨㜀
ᛶࢆ㧗ࡵࡿዎᶵ࡜࡞ࡾࡸࡍ࠸ࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞ᴫᛕⓗࢪ࣐ࣞࣥࡢၥ㢟
ࡣࠊே᱁ᡤ᭷⌮ㄽࡀᢪ࠼ࡿ ࡘࡢ㝈⏺࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࡔࢁ࠺ࠋ
᭷ຊ࡟ᥦၐࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋୖ㔝㐩ᘯࠕⴭస⪅ࡢㄆᐃࠖ∾㔝฼⛅㸻㣤ᮧᩄ᫂⦅ࠗ᪂࣭⿢
ุᐇົ኱⣔ⴭసᶒ㛵ಀッゴἲ࠘㸦㟷ᯘ᭩㝔ࠊᖺ㹼㡫ࠊྠࠕⴭస≀ᛶ
ࠋ࡞࠾ࠊ๰సἲⓗ㑅ᢥࡢ
⥲ㄽࠖἲᏛᩍᐊྕ㹼㡫࣭㡫ὀᖺ㸧
ERTY IN THE NEW TECHNOLOGICAL AGE, 9-10 (5th
ᖜㄽ࡜ᑐ⨨ࡉࢀࡿࠊ➇தἲⓗ㑅ᢥࡢᖜㄽ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ヲࡋࡃࡣࠊ୰ᒣಙᘯࠕ๰సᛶ࡟ࡘ
Fisher, supra note 6, at 171-172.
࠸࡚ࡢᇶᮏⓗ⪃࠼᪉ࠖⴭసᶒ◊✲ྕ㡫ᖺ㸧
ࠊྠࠗⴭసᶒἲ࠘
㸦᭷ᩫ㛶ࠊ
ே᱁ⓗ฼┈ࡢ⌮ᛕ࡜ᐇᐃἲ࡜ࡢ㛫࡟஋㞳ࡀ⏕ࡌࡸࡍ࠸ࡇ࡜࡟ࡘࡁࠊCherensky,
ᖺ㡫௨ୗࠊᶓᒣஂⰾࠕ⦅㞟ⴭస≀ᴫᛕࡢ⌧௦ⓗព⩏̿ࠗ๰సᛶ࠘ࡢุ᩿ᵓ㐀ࡢ
supra note 6, at 650-651.ࢳ࢙ࣞࣥࢫ࣮࢟ࡣࠊẕぶࡀᏊ౪ࡢ㈤㈚࣐ࣥࢩࣙࣥ࡟ᐃᮇⓗ
ROBERT P. MERGES, PETER S. MENELL, AND MARK A. LEMLEY, INTELLECTUAL PROPed., 2010).
᳨ウࢆ୰ᚰ࡜ࡋ࡚̿ࠖⴭసᶒ◊✲ྕ㡫ᖺࢆཧ↷ࠋᚋ⪅ࡢ➇தἲⓗ㑅ᢥ
࡟ゼၥࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜ࡍࢀࡤࠊẕぶࡣࡑࡢ࣐ࣥࢩࣙࣥ࡟ே᱁ⓗ฼┈ࢆ᭷ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ࠿ࡶࡋ
ࡢᖜㄽࡣࠊ➇த⪅࡟࡜ࡗ࡚ࡢ㑅ᢥࡢᖜࢆၥ㢟࡟ࡍࡿⅬ࡛ࠊ๰సἲⓗ㑅ᢥࡢᖜㄽ࡜❧
ࢀ࡞࠸ࡀࠊࡔ࠿ࡽ࡜࠸ࡗ࡚ࠊࡑ࠺ࡋࡓẕぶࡢே᱁ⓗ฼┈ࢆἲࡀᢎㄆࡍࡿࢃࡅ࡛ࡣ࡞
ሙࢆ␗࡟ࡍࡿࠋࡇࡢぢゎࡢࡶ࡜࡛ࡣࠊ๰సᛶせ௳ࡣࠊ⊂⮬ࡢせ௳࡜ࡋ࡚ᶵ⬟ࡍࡿ࡜
࠸ࠊ࡜࠸࠺౛ࢆᣲࡆ࡚ㄝ᫂ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
࠸࠺ࡼࡾࡶࠊ஦ᐇࡸ࢔࢖ࢹ࢕࢔ࡢ୙ಖㆤ࡜࠸࠺ཎ๎ࢆᐇ㉁ⓗ࡟ᢸಖࡍࡿࡓࡵࡢ⿵᏶
Bleistein v. Donaldson Lithographing Co., 188 U.S. 239, 251 (1903).
ⓗ࡞せ௳࡜ࡋ࡚ᶵ⬟ࡍࡿࠋ
ྠᵝࡢၥ㢟ࡣࠕ▱ⓗປാࠖᴫᛕ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡶጇᙜࡋࠊࡑࢀࡀປാᡤ᭷⌮ㄽ࡟ᑐࡍࡿ
Id., at 342-343.
᭷ຊ࡞ᢈุࡢ ࡘࢆᵓᡂࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜࡟ࡘࡁࠊᣋ✏ࠕ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡢṇᙜ໬᰿ᣐㄽࡢ
,d., at 339; LEAFFER࣭๓ᥖὀ㡫ࠋ
⌧௦ⓗព⩏ ࠖ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ྕ㹼㡫 ᖺ㸧ࠋ࡞࠾ࠊCherensky,
▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO
▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO ㄽ ㄝ
㸦㸧ᶒ฼ࡢ⫧኱໬
▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡢṇᙜ໬᰿ᣐㄽࡢ⌧௦ⓗព⩏ᒣ᰿
㸬࣮࣊ࢤࣝࡢయ⣔࡟࠾ࡅࡿே᱁ᡤ᭷⌮ㄽࡢ఩⨨࡙ࡅ̿̿ᡤ᭷ᶒࡢṇᙜ໬
➨ ࡟ࠊே᱁ᡤ᭷⌮ㄽ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ࡣࠊே᱁࡜㈈⏘ࡢ⤖ࡧࡘࡁ࡟ࡣไ㝈ࡀ࡞
⌮ㄽ㸽
ࡃࠊᡤ᭷ᶒࡢ⫧኱໬ࢆᣍࡁࡸࡍ࠸࡜࠸࠺ᢈุࡀ࠶ࡿࠋ࣮࣊ࢤࣝࡢయ⣔࡟࠾
࠸࡚ࠊ㈈⏘ࡢᑐ㇟࡜࡞ࡾ࠺ࡿࡶࡢ࡜࡞ࡾ࠼࡞࠸ࡶࡢ࡟㛵ࡍࡿ஦๓ࡢྲྀỴࡵ
ḟ࡟ࠊே᱁ᡤ᭷⌮ㄽ࢔ࣉ࣮ࣟࢳ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ࡣࠊே᱁ᡤ᭷⌮ㄽࢆṇᙜ໬᰿ᣐ
ࡣᏑᅾࡋ࡞࠸ࠋࡑࡢࡓࡵ⌮ㄽୖࡣࠊಶேࡢ⮬⏤࡞ពᚿࡣ࠸࠿࡞ࡿ᭷ᙧ≀࡟
ㄽ࡜ࡋ࡚ᤊ࠼ࡿࡇ࡜ࡣ࣮࣊ࢤࣝࡢయ⣔࡟࠾ࡅࡿྠ⌮ㄽࡢ఩⨨࡙ࡅ࡜ᩚྜ
ࡶே᱁ⓗ฼┈ࢆල⌧໬ࡋ࡚ᡤ᭷ᶒࢆ୺ᙇࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࠋࡇࢀࡣே᱁ᡤ
ࡋ࡞࠸࡜࠸࠺ᢈุࡀ࠶ࡿࠋ
᭷⌮ㄽࡀ㈈⏘ᶒࡢ㐣ᗘࡢᣑ኱࡜⤖ࡧࡘࡃഴྥࡀ࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ♧၀ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
࣮࣊ࢤࣝࡢᡤ᭷ᶒ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡢ㆟ㄽࡣࠊࠗἲဴᏛせ⥘࠘ࡢࠑᢳ㇟ἲࠒࡢ㒊
ࡇ࠺ࡋࡓᠱᛕࡣࠊே᱁ᡤ᭷⌮ㄽ࡟ᇶ࡙࠸࡚▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࢆṇᙜ໬ࡍࡿሙྜ࡟
࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡳࡽࢀࡿࡔࡅ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋࠑே೔ࠒࡢ㒊࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡶᡤ᭷ᶒࡢ㆟ㄽࡀ
ࡶྠᵝ࡟ᙜ࡚ࡣࡲࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
ᒎ㛤ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
ඛ࡟ࡳࡓࠑᢳ㇟ἲࠒ࡟࠾ࡅࡿᡤ᭷ᶒࡣࠊࡑࢀࡀ♫఍ⓗ࡞ไ㝈ࢆཷࡅ࡞࠸
supra note 6, at 651 ࡢᣦ᦬ࡶཧ↷ࠋ
Hughes, supra note 1, at 335; DRAHOS, supra note 1, at 78.
ࡇ࠺ࡋࡓ㐣኱࡞㈈⏘ᶒࡀ⮬ᕫᐇ⌧࡟ࡶࡓࡽࡍᝏᙳ㡪࡟↔Ⅼࢆᙜ࡚࡞ࡀࡽࠊே᱁࡜
㈈⏘ࡢ㛵ಀ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ᢈุⓗ࡟᳨ウࡍࡿ㆟ㄽࡶࡳࡽࢀࡿࠋ౛࠼ࡤࠊࣞ࢖ࢹ࢕ࣥࡣࠊ㈈
⏘ࢆࠊᕷሙ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ஺᥮࡟ࡼࡗ࡚㈌ᖯⓗ౯್࡟㑏ඖ࡛ࡁࡿࡶࡢ 㼒㼡㼚㼓㼕㼎㼘㼑㻌 㼜㼞㼛㼜㼑㼞㼠㼥
࡜࠸࠺ព࿡࡛⤯ᑐⓗ࡞ᶒ฼࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊ᪤Ꮡࡢ࠸࠿࡞ࡿ♫఍⛛ᗎ࡟
࠾࠸࡚ࡶᡤ᭷ᶒࡣ⤯ᑐⓗ࡞ࡶࡢ࡛ࡣ࠶ࡾ࠼࡞࠸ࠋࡑࡇ࡟ࡣ௚⪅ࡀᏑᅾࡋ࡚
࠾ࡾࠊ௚⪅ࡶࡲࡓ⮬⏤ពᚿࡢල⌧໬࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ᡤ᭷୺య࡜࡞ࡿ࠿ࡽ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
ࡋࡓࡀࡗ࡚ࠊ⌧ᐇࡢ♫఍ࡸᅜᐙ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡣࠊ⮬ᕫ࡜௚⪅࡜ࡀᡤ᭷ᶒࢆࡵࡄ
࡜ಶேࡢே᱁ᙧᡂ࡟῝ࡃ㛵ࢃࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡶࡢ 㼜㼑㼞㼟㼛㼚㼍㼘㻌㼜㼞㼛㼜㼑㼞㼠㼥 ࡜࡟༊ูࡋࡓ࠺࠼࡛ࠊ
ࡗ࡚㛵ࢃࡾྜ࠸ࠊ࡜ࡶ࡟ᡤ᭷୺య࡜ࡋ࡚┦஫࡟ᢎㄆࡋ࠶࠺ࡇ࡜ࡀせㄳࡉࢀ
㸿࡟࡜ࡗ࡚㈌ᖯⓗ౯್࡟㑏ඖ࡛ࡁࡿ㈈⏘ࢆಖㆤࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀࠊ㹀ࡢே᱁ⓗ㈈⏘ࢆྰᐃ
ࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋಶேࡢ⮬⏤࡛᏶඲࡞ᢳ㇟ⓗᡤ᭷ᶒࡢᐇ⌧ࡣࠊࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡟௚⪅
ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡿࡼ࠺࡞ሙྜࠊ㸿࡟ᑐࡍࡿಖㆤࡣཎ๎࡜ࡋ࡚ྰᐃࡍ࡭ࡁ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜ࡋ࡚
ࡢᡤ᭷ᶒ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚┦ᑐ໬ࡉࢀࠊ୧⪅ࡢㄪᩚࡀᅗࡽࢀࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡑࢀࡀ
࠸ࡿࠋࡑࡋ࡚ࡑ࠺ࡋࡓಶேࡢே᱁ᙧᡂࡸ⮬ᕫᐇ⌧࡟῝ࡃ㛵ࢃࡿ㈈⏘࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊࣞ࢖ࢹ
࢕ࣥࡣࠊ⤖፧ᣦ㍯ࠊ⫝̸ീ⏬ࠊᐙᐆࠊᐙ࡞࡝ࢆᣲࡆ࡚࠸ࡿ Margaret J. Radin, Property
ࠋ
and Personhood, 34 STAN. L. REV. 957 (1982)㸧
ࣞ࢖ࢹ࢕ࣥࡣࡇࡇ࡛ࠊ࣮࣊ࢤࣝࡢ㆟ㄽ࡟౫ᣐࡋ࡞ࡀࡽࠊ㈈⏘ᶒ࡜ே᱁ᛶࡢᮏ㉁ⓗ
ࠑே೔ࠒࡢయ⣔࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
䚾ே೔ࠒ࡟࠾࠸࡚ᡤ᭷ᶒࡣࠊᅜᐙࡸ♫఍࡟࠾ࡅࡿ㧗ḟࡢᶒ฼࠾ࡼࡧ┠ᶆ
࡟ᚑᒓࡍࡿᙧ࡛ᢅࢃࢀࠊࡲࡓࡉࡲࡊࡲ࡞ᙧ࡛ࡢ♫఍ⓗไ㝈ࡀㄢࡏࡽࢀࡿࠋ
࡞⤖ࡧࡘࡁࢆᙉㄪࡋࠊே᱁࡜୙ྍศࡢ㈈⏘࡜ࡑࢀ௨እࡢ㈈⏘ࢆ༊ูࡍࡿࡓࡵࡢࠕᐈ
౛࠼ࡤࠊ⮬ᕫࡢ㈈⏘ࡢ౑⏝⾜Ⅽࡀ௚⪅ࡢ㈈⏘࡜㛵ಀࡋࠊఱࡽ࠿ࡢ୙฼┈ࢆ
ほⓗ㐨ᚨⓗࢥࣥࢭࣥࢧࢫࠖࢆ୺ᙇࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊᚋࡢⴭస࡛ࡣࠊࡇࡢᴫᛕࡣᨺ
ཬࡰࡍሙྜࠊ௚⪅࡬ࡢ㓄៖࡜ࡋ࡚⮬ᕫࡢ㈈⏘౑⏝ࡀ⚗Ṇࡉࢀࡿሙྜࡀ࠶ࡿࠋ
Რࡉࢀࠊே᱁ⓗ㈈⏘࡜ྲྀᘬྍ⬟࡞㈈⏘ࡢ༊ูࡣಶࠎࡢලయⓗ࡞஦᱌࡟༶ࡋࡓࣉࣛࢢ
ࡑࡋ࡚ࠊࡑ࠺ࡋࡓㄪᩚࢆ⾜࠺ࡇ࡜ࡀ♫఍ᨻ⟇ࡢ ࡘࡢ௵ົ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜࣮࣊ࢤ
࣐ࢸ࢕ࢵࢡ࡞᪉ἲ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚࡞ࡉࢀࡿ࡭ࡁ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜࠸࠺୺ᙇ࡟ಟṇࡉࢀࡓࠋMargaret
ࣝࡣㄽࡌ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
Jane Radin, Market Inalienability, 101 Harv. L. Rev. 1849 (1989); MARGARET JANE RADIN,
௨ୖ࠿ࡽ᫂ࡽ࠿࡞ࡼ࠺࡟ࠊ࣮࣊ࢤࣝࡢே᱁ᡤ᭷⌮ㄽࡣࠊே᱁ࡢ⮬⏤ពᚿ
REINTERPRETING PROPERTY (1993)㸦᱇ᮌ㝯ኵ㹙⤂௓㹛࢔࣓ࣜ࢝ἲ>@㡫
MARGARET JANE RADIN, CONTESTED COMMODITIES (1996).ࣞ࢖ࢹ࢕ࣥࡢே᱁ⓗ㈈⏘
ࡀࡇࡢ⌧ᐇࡢ♫఍⛛ᗎ࡟࠾࠸࡚ᐈほⓗ࡟⌧ࢀࠊⓎᒎࡋ࡚࠸ࡃࣉࣟࢭࢫࢆㄝ
ᶒㄽ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊྜྷ⏣࣭๓ᥖὀ 㡫௨ୗࢆཧ↷ࠋࣞ࢖ࢹ࢕ࣥࡢே᱁ᛶ࢔ࣉ࣮ࣟ
ࢳࢆ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡢᩥ⬦࡟㐺⏝ࢆヨࡳࡿᩥ⊩࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊNetanel, supra note 5 ཧ↷ࠋࡇࡢ
௚ࠊCherensky, supra note 6 ࡣࠊே᱁ᛶࡢ⌮ㄽࡸࡑࢀ࡟㛵㐃ࡋࡓᕷሙ࡟࠾ࡅࡿㆡΏ୙
௚⪅ࡢ㐨ᚨⓗᶒ฼࡜ࡢ㛵ಀ࡛ࡶ┦ᑐ໬ࡉࢀࡿࠋࡇࢀࡣࠑ㐨ᚨᛶࠒ࡟࠾࠸࡚ㄽࡌࡽࢀ
㻸㼍㼚㼠㼦࣭๓ᥖὀ㡫ࠊ⏣ᮧ࣭๓ᥖὀ 㹼 㡫ࠋ࡞࠾ࠊ࠶ࡿಶேࡢᡤ᭷ᶒࡣࠊ
ྍ⬟ᛶ 㼙㼍㼞㼗㼑㼠㻙㼕㼚㼍㼘㼕㼑㼚㼍㼎㼕㼘㼕㼠㼥 ࡢᴫᛕࢆ฼⏝ࡋ࡞ࡀࡽࠊᚑᴗဨⓎ᫂⪅ࡣࠊ㏻ᖖࡢ㞠⏝
࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
ዎ⣙ࡢࡶ࡜࡛ಖ᭷ࡍࡿሙྜࡼࡾࡶ኱ࡁ࡞㈈⏘ⓗ฼┈ࢆ⮬ᕫࡢⓎ᫂࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ಖ᭷ࡍ
㻸㼍㼚㼠㼦࣭๓ᥖὀ㡫ࠋ
ࡿ࡭ࡁ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜୺ᙇࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
㻴㼑㼓㼑㼘࣭๓ᥖὀ㸧ࠗἲဴᏛㅮ⩏࠘㹼㡫ࠋ
▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO
▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO ㄽ ㄝ
᫂ࡍࡿ⌮ㄽᯟ⤌ࡳࢆᥦ♧ࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡋࡓࡀࡗ࡚ࠊே᱁ᡤ᭷⌮ㄽࡢព
▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡢṇᙜ໬᰿ᣐㄽࡢ⌧௦ⓗព⩏ᒣ᰿
ࡀせㄳࡉࢀࡿࡶࡢ࡛ࡶ࠶ࡿࠋࡋ࠿ࡋ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡣࠊࡑࡢᛶ㉁ୖࠊ▱㆑ࡸ
⩏ࡶࠊࠑᢳ㇟ἲࠒ࠿ࡽࠑே೔ࠒ࡬࡜Ⓨᒎࡋ࡚࠸ࡃయ⣔ࡢ୰࡟ࠊࡍ࡞ࢃࡕಶ
ᢏ⬟࡬ࡢ⮬⏤࡞࢔ࢡࢭࢫࢆไ㝈ࡋࠊ௚⪅ࡢ⮬⏤࡬ࡢ኱ࡁ࡞ᖸ΅ࣃࢱ࣮ࣥࢆ
ேࡢ⮬⏤࡞ពᚿࡀྜ⌮ᛶࠊ」㞧ᛶࠊ⌧ᐇᛶࡢࡼࡾ㧗࠸ẁ㝵࡬࡜Ⓨᒎࡋ࡚࠸
⏕ࡳࡔࡍࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࡓࡵࠊ࠿࠼ࡗ࡚௚⪅ࡢே᱁ࡢᐇ⌧ࡸⓎᒎࢆ⬣࠿ࡍᜍࢀ
ࡃ୰࡟఩⨨࡙ࡅ࡚ᢕᥱࡍࡿᚲせࡀ࠶ࡿࠋࡑࡢࡇ࡜ࡀ♧၀ࡍࡿࡢࡣࠊ࣮࣊
ࡀ࠶ࡿࠋ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡢᛶ㉁ࡣே᱁ᡤ᭷⌮ㄽࡢ⌮ᛕ࡜᢬ゐࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࡼ
ࢤࣝே᱁ᡤ᭷⌮ㄽࢆᡤ᭷ᶒࡢṇᙜ໬⌮ㄽ࡜ࡋ࡚ᢕᥱࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡟ᑐࡍࡿ᠜
࠺࡟ᛮࢃࢀࡿࠋ
␲࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞࣮࣊ࢤࣝࡢయ⣔ࢆ๓ᥦ࡜ࡍࢀࡤࠊ࣮࣊ࢤࣝࡢே᱁
ᡤ᭷⌮ㄽ࡟▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡢṇᙜ໬ࡢ௵ົࢆᢸࢃࡏࡿࡇ࡜ࡣᅔ㞴࡛ࡣ࡞࠿ࢁ
㸬࣮࣊ࢤࣝࡢ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲほ
࠺࠿ ࠋ
࠿ࡾ࡟ࠊṇᙜ໬ࡢᙺ๭ࢆᢸࢃࡏࡿ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡶࠊ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡢᛶ㉁ࡀၥ㢟࡜
௨ୖࡢࡼ࠺࡟ࠊே᱁ᡤ᭷⌮ㄽ࡟ᇶ࡙ࡃ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡢṇᙜ໬࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ࡣࠊ
࡞ࡿࠋ᪤࡟ࡳࡓࡼ࠺࡟ࠊ࣮࣊ࢤࣝࡀᡤ᭷ᶒࢆㄆࡵࡿ⌮⏤ࡣࠊಶேࡢḧồࡸ
⌮ㄽⓗࠊయ⣔ⓗ࡞ほⅬ࠿ࡽᢈุࡀᥦ♧ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࢀࡽࡢᢈุ࡟࡜ࡗ࡚
⾪ືࢆ‶ࡓࡍࡓࡵ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋࡑࢀࡣே㛫ࡀே᱁࡜ࡋ࡚♫఍ⓗ࡟⏕Ꮡࠊ⦾ᰤ
⿵ᙉドᣐ࡜࡞ࡾ࠺ࡿࡢࡀࠊࠗἲဴᏛせ⥘࠘ࡸྠ᭩ࢆ⏝࠸ࡓἲဴᏛㅮ⩏ࡢ୰
ࡍࡿ࠺࠼࡛ᚲせ୙ྍḞ࡛࠶ࡿⅬ࡟ồࡵࡽࢀࡿࠋ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡢᑐ㇟࡟ࡣ▱㆑
࡛♧ࡉࢀࡓ࣮࣊ࢤࣝ⮬㌟ࡢ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲほ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
ࡸᢏ⬟ࡀྵࡲࢀࡿࡀࠊࡇࢀࡽࡣ⛉Ꮫⓗ࣭⤒῭ⓗ࣭ᩥ໬ⓗⓎᒎࡢᇶ┙ࢆᙧᡂ
ࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡾࠊᩍ⫱࣭Ꮫ⩦࣭カ⦎➼ࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚ࡑࡢ⵳✚ࢆቑ኱ࡉࡏࡿࡇ࡜
㸦㸧
ࠗἲဴᏛせ⥘࠘࡟࠾ࡅࡿグ㏙
࣮࣊ࢤࣝࡢࠗἲဴᏛせ⥘࠘࡟ࡣࠊᩥⱁసရࡸⓎ᫂⿦⨨࡜࠸ࡗࡓ⢭⚄ⓗ⏘
౛࠼ࡤࠊ㻸㼍㼚㼠㼦࣭๓ᥖὀ 㹼㡫ࡣḟࡢࡼ࠺࡟㏙࡭ࡿࠋࠕᡤ᭷ᶒࡢྜ⌮ᛶࡢ
≀ࡢㆡΏᚋ࡟࠾ࡅࡿⴭస⪅ࡸⓎ᫂⪅ࡢᶒ฼࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ㄽࡌࡓグ㏙ࡀ࠶ࡿࠋ
ᇶ♏࡙ࡅࡣࠊ࣮࣊ࢤࣝࡢ඲ဴᏛయ⣔ࡢ࡞࠿࡟ồࡵࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࠋࡍ࡞ࢃࡕࠊಶே
࣮࣊ࢤࣝ࡟ࡼࢀࡤࠊ▱㆑ࠊᏛၥࠊᡯ⬟࡞࡝ࡣࠊ⮬⏤࡞⢭⚄࡟ᅛ᭷ࡢࡶࡢ
ࡢ⮬⏤࡞ពᚿࡀྜ⌮ᛶࠊ」㞧ᛶࠊ⌧ᐇᛶࡢࡼࡾ㧗࠸ẁ㝵࡬࡜Ⓨᒎࡋ࡚࠸ࡃ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ
࡛ࠊࡑࡢ⢭⚄ࡢෆⓗ࡞ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡗ࡚ࠊእⓗ࡞ࡶࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊࠕ⢭
࡜࡛࠶ࡿࠋᢳ㇟ⓗᶒ฼࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢᡤ᭷ᶒࡣࠊ࣮࣊ࢤࣝࡢయ⣔ࡢ࡞࠿࡛ࡣࠊྜ⌮ⓗ࡞♫
఍⛛ᗎ࡟⦅ධࡉࢀࡓᡤ᭷ࡼࡾࡶୗ᪉࡟఩⨨ࡍࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡢయ⣔ࢆཷࡅᐜࢀ࡞࠸
࡞ࡽࡤࠊࢃࢀࢃࢀࡣࠊ࣮࣊ࢤࣝࡀᡤ᭷ᶒࡣྜ⌮ⓗ࡛ᚲ↛ⓗ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜୺ᙇࡍࡿ࡜ࡁࠊ
ࡑࢀࡣㄝᚓຊࡢஈࡋ࠸ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜⪃࠼ࡊࡿࢆ࠼࡞࠸ࠋ
ࠖ
⚄ࡣࡑࢀࡽࡢࡶࡢ࡟እ໬࡟ࡼࡗ࡚እⓗ࡞⌧Ꮡᅾࢆ୚࠼ࡿࡇ࡜ࡶ࡛ࡁࠊࡑࢀ
ࡽࡀ≀࡜࠸࠺つᐃ࡟⨨࠿ࢀࡿࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡿࡢ࡛ࠊࡑࢀࡽࢆㆡΏࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡶ࡛
ࡁࡿࠖ
㸦iὀ㸧ࠋࡋࡓࡀࡗ࡚ࠊⴭస⪅ࡸⓎ᫂⪅ࡀࡑࡢ▱㆑ࡸᡯ⬟ࠊᢏ⾡➼
౛࠼ࡤࠊ㻾㻱㻱㼂㻱࣭๓ᥖὀ 㡫ࡣḟࡢࡼ࠺࡟ᣦ᦬ࡍࡿࠋ࣮࣊ࢤࣝࡣࠊᡤ᭷ࡑࢀ
ࢆά࠿ࡋ࡚ࠊ᭩⡠ࡢᇳ➹ࡸᶵᲔ⿦⨨ࡢⓎ᫂࡞࡝ࢆ⾜࠺࡜ࡁࠊᙼࡽࡢ⢭⚄ⓗ
⮬యࡢṇᙜ໬ࢆၥ㢟࡟ࡋࡓࢃࡅ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋࡴࡋࢁࠊእⓗୡ⏺࡟┤㠃ࡋࠊ⮬ᕫࡢᣐࡾ
⬟ຊࡀእⓗ࡟⾲⌧ࡉࢀࡓࡶࡢ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊᙜヱ᭩⡠ࡸ⿦⨨࡟ᑐࡍࡿᡤ᭷ࡀㄆࡵ
ᡤࢆ⌮ᛶᅜᐙࡢ୍ᕷẸ࡟ぢ࠸ࡔࡍࡼ࠺࡞ᢳ㇟ⓗಶேࢆ๓ᥦ࡜ࡍࡿᗈ࠸ᩥ⬦ࡢ࡞࠿
ࡽࢀࡿࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡿࠋ
࡛ࠊᡤ᭷ไᗘࢆ⌮ゎྍ⬟࡞ࡶࡢ࡟ࡍࡿࡓࡵ࡟ࠊᡤ᭷ࢆㄝ᫂ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡟ྲྀࡾ⤌ࢇࡔࡢ
࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
DRAHOS, supra note 1, at 80.࣮࣊ࢤࣝࡢே᱁ᡤ᭷⌮ㄽࢆṇᙜ໬┠ⓗ࡛᥼⏝ࡋࡼ࠺
࡜ࡍࡿ㆟ㄽ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡣࠊࣟࢵࢡࡢປാᡤ᭷⌮ㄽ࡜ᑐẚࡉࢀࡿഴྥࡀ࠶ࡿࡀࠊࠕປാ
ࡋ࠿ࡋ௚᪉࡛ࠊ⢭⚄ⓗ⏘≀ࡢㆡΏᛶ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊⴭస⪅ࡸⓎ᫂⪅ࡢ୺ほ
ᛶࡀእ⏺࡟⾲⌧ࡉࢀࡓࡶࡢ࡛ࡣ࠶ࡿࡀࠊࡑࢀࡽࡣ᏶඲࡟እⓗ࡞≀࡜ࡲ࡛ࡣ
࠸࠸㞴࠸࡜ࡍࡿࠋࡘࡲࡾ୍㠃࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊⴭస⪅ࡸⓎ᫂⪅ࡢ୺ほⓗ࡞⢭⚄
ᑐே᱁ࠖ࡜࠸࠺ほⅬ࠿ࡽࡢᑐẚࡀࡣࡓࡋ࡚㐺ษ࠿࡜࠸࠺ၥ㢟ࡶ࠶ࡿࠋࣟࢵࢡ࡟࡜
ࡗ࡚㈈⏘ࡣே᱁࡟௙࠼ࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡾࠊ࣮࣊ࢤࣝ࡟࡜ࡗ࡚㈈⏘ࡣே᱁ࡀල⌧໬ࡉࢀࡓ
Id., at 179-180.
ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡑࢀࡺ࠼ࢻࣛ࣍ࢫ࡟ࡼࢀࡤࠊ୧⪅ࡢ⌮ㄽࡢ┦㐪ࡣࠊ㈈⏘ᶒ࡟㛵ࡍࡿྛࠎ
⏣ᮧ࣭๓ᥖὀ 㡫ࠋ⏣ᮧၿஅࠝẚⰋ཭ె⌮ヂࠞࠕࢹࢪࢱࣝ໬᫬௦ࡢⴭసᶒไᗘ
ࡢㄝ᫂ࡢヲ⣽࡟ࡣࡑࢀ࡯࡝࡞ࡃࠊࡴࡋࢁ㈈⏘ᶒࡀዊ௙ࡍࡿ␗࡞ࡗࡓᙧ⪋ୖᏛࡢయ⣔
ࡢ෌᳨ウࠖ࢔࣓ࣜ࢝ἲ>@㏆หࡶཧ↷ࠋ
࡟Ꮡᅾࡍࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡿࠋId., at 75.
▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO
㻴㼑㼓㼑㼘࣭๓ᥖὀ㸧ࠗἲဴᏛㅮ⩏࠘㡫ࠋ
▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO ㄽ ㄝ
▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡢṇᙜ໬᰿ᣐㄽࡢ⌧௦ⓗព⩏ᒣ᰿
ࡀࡑࢀࡽࡢ᭩⡠ࡸ⿦⨨࡜ࡘ࡞ࡀࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜࣮࣊ࢤࣝࡣ࠸࠺ࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡢ
ࡿࠋྠㅮ⩏ࡣᐇ㉁ⓗ࡟࣮࣊ࢤࣝࡢἲဴᏛ࡟㛵ࡍࡿ᭱⤊ㅮ⩏࡜࡞ࡗࡓࡶࡢ࡛
ࡼ࠺࡞⢭⚄ⓗ⏘≀࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡑࡢ᏶඲࡞ㆡΏࢆㄆࡵࡿࡇ࡜ࡣࠊே᱁ࡢᬑ㐢ⓗ
࠶ࡿ㸦௨ୗࠊ༢࡟ࠕἲဴᏛㅮ⩏ࠖ࡜࠸࠺ࠋἲဴᏛㅮ⩏ࡢෆᐜࡣࠊㅮ⩏ࡢ
࡞ഃ㠃ࡢᘬΏࡋ࡛࠶ࡾࠊያ㞔ࡸ⮬ẅ࡜ྠᵝ࡟チࡉࢀ࡞࠸ࡶࡢ࡜ゎࡉࢀࡿࠋ
⫈ㅮ⏕ࢢ࣮ࣜࢫࣁ࢖࣒ 㻷㻚㻳㻚㼢㻚㻌 㻳㼞㼕㼑㼟㼔㼑㼕㼙㼟 ࡀసᡂࡋࡓヲ⣽࠿ࡘ୎ᑀ࡞ㅮ
ࡑࢀࡺ࠼ࠊᙜヱ᭩⡠ࡸ⿦⨨ࡢㆡΏᚋ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡶࠊࠕࡑ࠺ࡋࡓ⢭⚄ⓗ⏘≀ࢆ
⩏㘓࠿ࡽ❚࠸▱ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࠋ
ಶูࡢ≀࡜ࡋ࡚ᡭ࡟ධࢀࡓேࡣࠊࡑࡢࡶࡢࡢ඲㠃ⓗ࡞౑⏝ᶒ࡜౯್ࢆᡤ᭷
⯆࿡῝࠸ࡇ࡜࡟ࠊ
ࠗἲဴᏛせ⥘࠘ࢆ⏝࠸ࡓἲဴᏛㅮ⩏ࡢ୰࡛࣮࣊ࢤࣝࡣࠊ
ࡋࠊಶูࡢ≀࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣ᏶඲࡛⮬⏤࡞ᡤ᭷⪅࡜࠸࠼ࡿࡀࠊ࡜ࡣ࠸࠼ࠊ᭩⡠
ⴭసᶒ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࠊᚲࡎࡋࡶே᱁ⓗ࢔ࣉ࣮ࣟࢳ࡟ᇶ࡙ࡃㄝ᫂ࢆ⾜ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࢃ
ࡢⴭస⪅ࡸᢏ⾡⿦⨨ࡢⓎ᫂⪅ࡣࠊࡑ࠺ࡋࡓ⏘≀ࢆ」〇ࡍࡿ୍⯡ⓗ࡞᪉ᘧ࡟
ࡅ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋ౛࠼ࡤ࣮࣊ࢤࣝࡣࠊ⮬ᕫࡢసရࡢ」〇ࢆ⚗Ṇࡍࡿᶒ฼ࡀⴭస
ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊ࠶ࡃࡲ࡛ࡑࡢ༨᭷⪅࡛࠶ࡗ࡚ࠊࡑࡢ୍⯡ⓗ࡞᪉ᘧࡣ኎༷ࡋࡓࡢ
⪅࡟ㄆࡵࡽࢀࡿ࡭ࡁ⌮⏤࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊḟࡢࡼ࠺࡟㏙࡭ࡿࠋࡍ࡞ࢃࡕࠊࠕᏛၥࡸ
࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊ⮬ศ⊂⮬ࡢ⾲⌧ἲ࡜ࡋ࡚⮬ศࡢࡶ࡜࡟ಖ᭷ࡋ࠺ࡿࠖ
㸦i ࡜࣊
ⱁ⾡ࢆಁ㐍ࡍࡿ➨୍᮲௳ࡣࠊᾘᴟⓗ࡛ࡣ࠶ࡿࡀࠊࡑࢀ࡟ࡓࡎࡉࢃࡿேࡧ࡜
࣮ࢤࣝࡣ୺ᙇࡍࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
ࢆ┐㞴࠿ࡽᏲࡾࠊᙼࡽࡢᡤ᭷≀࡟ಖㆤࢆ୚࠼ࡿࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡑࢀࡣࡕࡻ࠺
ࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡟ࠊⴭస⪅ࡸⓎ᫂⪅ࡣ᭷య≀࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢ᭩⡠ࡸⓎ᫂⿦⨨ࡢㆡΏᚋ
࡝ࠊၟᴗࢆಁ㐍ࡍࡿ➨୍ࡢ㔜せ᮲௳ࡀࠊ ᮶࡛ࡢ␎ዣ࠿ࡽၟᴗࢆᏲࡿࡇ࡜
ࡶࠊࡑࡢ୺ほⓗ࡞⢭⚄࡜ࡘ࡞ࡀࡿ㝈ᗘ࡛ࠊ↓య≀࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢᙜヱ᭩⡠ࡸ⿦⨨
࡟࠶ࡿࡢ࡜ఝ࡚࠸ࡿ㹿㺁ࠕᏛၥࡢ┒ࢇ࡞ᅜ࡛」〇ࡀチࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜ࡍࢀࡤࠊ
ࡢ」〇࡟ᑐࡍࡿᶒ฼ࢆಖ᭷ࡍࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡢࡀ࣮࣊ࢤࣝࡢぢゎ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
ᅜᐙࡀ࡞ࡍ࡭ࡁࡇ࡜ࢆࡋ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࡢ࡛ࡍ㹿㺁ࠋࡇࡇ࡟♧ࡉࢀࡓࠊᏛ⾡ࡢ᣺
⯆ࢆᐇ⌧ࡍࡿࡓࡵ࡟ᅜᐙࡀ」〇ࢆ⚗Ṇࡍࡿἲ㸦ⴭసᶒἲ㸧ࢆไᐃࡍ࡭ࡁ࡛
㸦㸧ἲဴᏛㅮ⩏࡟࠾ࡅࡿ࣮࣊ࢤࣝࡢⴭసᶒἲほ
࠶ࡿ࡜࠸࠺࣮࣊ࢤࣝࡢㄝ᫂ࡣࠊᴟࡵ࡚ຌ฼୺⩏ⓗ࡞Ⰽᙬࢆᖏࡧࡓࡶࡢ࡛࠶
௨ୖࡢࠗἲဴᏛせ⥘࠘࡟࠾ࡅࡿグ㏙࠿ࡽࠊ࣮࣊ࢤࣝ࡟࡜ࡗ࡚Ⓨ᫂ࡸⴭస
ࡿࠋࡇࢀࡣ ࡘ࡟ࡣࠊୡ⣖ᚋ༙௨㝆ࠊၨⵚᛮ᝿ࡢᬑཬ࡜༳ๅᢏ⾡ࡢⓎ㐩
≀࡜࠸ࡗࡓ⢭⚄άືࡢᡤ⏘ࡣࠊ᏶඲࡟እⓗ࡞ᑐ㇟࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊࡑࡢ๰స⪅ࡢ
ࡀ┦ࡲࡗ࡚ᾏ㈫∧ࡢ኱㔞ὶ㏻ࡀⓎ⏕ࡋࠊ῝้࡞⤒῭ⓗᡴᧁࢆཷࡅࡓฟ∧⪅
⥅⥆ⓗ࡞ே᱁ⓗ⾲⌧ᙧែ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࡀ᫂ࡽ࠿࡜࡞ࡗࡓࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊ
ࡽࡢಖㆤࡀせㄳࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡓ࡜࠸࠺ࠊᙜ᫬ࡢࢻ࢖ࢶࡢ♫఍≧ἣࡀ㛵ಀࡋ࡚࠸
࡞ࡐ㌟యάືࡢᡤ⏘࡜⢭⚄άືࡢᡤ⏘࡜࡛ࡑࡢㆡΏࡢྲྀᢅ࠸ࢆ㐪࠼ࡿ࡭
ࡿࡶࡢ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋࡑࡋ࡚ࠊฟ∧⪅ࢆಖㆤࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡛ࡶࡓࡽࡉࢀࡿ฼
ࡁ࡞ࡢ࠿ࠊ࡞ࡐⴭస⪅ࡸⓎ᫂⪅ࡢᡭඖ࡟⢭⚄ⓗ⏘≀ࡢ」〇⚗Ṇᶒࡀṧࡿ࡜
⪃࠼ࡿ࡭ࡁ࡞ࡢ࠿࡜࠸࠺Ⅼ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊᚲࡎࡋࡶ᫂☜࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋࡲࡓࠊࡑ
࠺ࡋࡓ」〇⚗Ṇᶒࡢෆᐜ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡶ୙᫂☜࡞࡜ࡇࢁࡀከ࠸ࠋࡇࢀࡽࡢⅬ࡟
㛗㇂ᕝᏹࠕヂ⪅࠶࡜ࡀࡁࠖ㻴㼑㼓㼑㼘࣭๓ᥖὀ 㸧ࠗἲဴᏛㅮ⩏࠘㡫ࠋ
ࡇࡢㅮ⩏㘓ࡢ඲ヂ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊ㻴㼑㼓㼑㼘࣭๓ᥖὀ 㸧ࠗἲဴᏛㅮ⩏࠘ࠋࡑࡢᴫせࡢ⤂௓࡜
㛵ࡍࡿ࣮࣊ࢤࣝ⮬㌟ࡢ⪃࠼᪉ࢆ▱ࡿ࠺࠼࡛᭷┈࡞㈨ᩱࡀࠊࠗἲဴᏛせ⥘࠘
ࡋ࡚ࠊ᪩℩࣭๓ᥖὀ 㹼㡫ࠋ
ࢆ⏝࠸ࡓἲဴᏛࡢㅮ⩏ࡢෆᐜ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
iὀࠋ
㻴㼑㼓㼑㼘࣭๓ᥖὀ㸧ࠗἲဴᏛㅮ⩏࠘㡫ࠋ
ୡ⣖௨㝆ࡢࢻ࢖ࢶࡢᅜෆ≧ἣ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ヲࡋࡃࡣࠊᮌᮧ࣭๓ᥖὀ㹼㡫ࠊ
࣮࣊ࢤࣝࡣ⏕๓ࠊᡤᒓඛࡢࣁ࢖ࢹࣝ࣋ࣝࢡ኱Ꮫࡸ࣋ࣝࣜࣥ኱Ꮫ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊ
ἲဴᏛࡢㅮ⩏ࢆ඲㒊࡛ ᅇ࡯࡝⾜ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡀࠊ୰࡛ࡶᖺ࠿ࡽᖺ
࡟࠿ࡅ࡚࣋ࣝࣜࣥ኱Ꮫ࡛⾜ࡗࡓㅮ⩏ࡣࠊ࣮࣊ࢤࣝ෇⇍ࡢㅮ⩏࡜࠸ࢃࢀ࡚࠸
ᚿ㈡࣭๓ᥖὀ㹼㡫ࠊ㼃࣭㻴࣭ࣈࣜࣗࣇ࢛࣮ࢻࠝୖすᕝཎ❶ヂࠞࠗ༑ඵୡ⣖
ࡢࢻ࢖ࢶ➨∧㸧࠘㸦୕ಟ♫ࠊᖺ㡫௨ୗࠊ࣐ࢵࢡࢫ࣭ࣇ࢛࣭࣮ࣥ࣋ࣥࠝ㣤
ሯಙ㞝௚ヂࠞࠗࢻ࢖ࢶ༑ඵୡ⣖ࡢᩥ໬࡜♫఍➨∧㸧࠘㸦୕ಟ♫ࠊᖺ㡫௨ୗ
Hughes, supra note 1, at 348.
ࢆཧ↷ࠋࡲࡓࠊୡ⣖࠿ࡽୡ⣖࡟࠿ࡅ࡚ࡢ≉チไᗘࡢṇᙜ໬㆟ㄽ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡶࠊ⮬
ヲࡋࡃࡣࠊ᪩℩᫂ࠕࣁ࢖ࢹࣝ࣋ࣝࢡ࡞ࡽࡧ࡟࣋ࣝࣜࣥ᫬௦ࡢἲဴᏛㅮ⩏⫈ㅮࣀ࣮
↛ᶒㄽࡢᥦၐ⪅ࡣࠊ≉チᶒࡀ⤒῭ⓗ࡟ࡶᮃࡲࡋ࠸࡜࠸࠺୺ᙇ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚⮬ㄝࢆ⿵ᙉࡏ
ࢺࠖຍ⸨ᑦṊ⦅࣮ࠗ࣊ࢤࣝࢆᏛࡪேࡢࡓࡵ࡟࠘㸦ୡ⏺ᛮ᝿♫ࠊᖺ 㡫௨ୗࢆ
ࡊࡿࢆ࠼࡞࠿ࡗࡓ࡜࠸࠺ᣦ᦬ࡀ࡞ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ㻱㼐㼕㼠㼔㻌 㼀㼕㼘㼠㼛㼚㻌 㻼㼑㼚㼞㼛㼟㼑ࠝ㯮⏣㱟ஂ㸻୰
ཧ↷ࠋ
ᰘṊ㞝㸻ྜྷᮧᏕヂࠞࠗᅜ㝿≉チไᗘ⤒῭ㄽ࠘㸦ⱥᩥἲ௧♫ࠊᖺ 㡫ࠋࡇࢀ࡟㛵
▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO
▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO ㄽ ㄝ
▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡢṇᙜ໬᰿ᣐㄽࡢ⌧௦ⓗព⩏ᒣ᰿
┈ࢆⴭస⪅࡟㐺ษ࡟㑏ඖࡍ࡭ࡁ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜࣮࣊ࢤࣝࡣ୺ᙇࡍࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
࣮࣊ࢤࣝࡣࡲࡓࠊⴭసᶒࡢෆᐜ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࠊⴭస≀ࡢ฼⏝⪅ഃࡢ⮬⏤࡟㓄
៖ࡍࡿጼໃࢆ♧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ౛࠼ࡤ࣮࣊ࢤࣝࡣࠊࠕⴭసࢆࡲࡿࡈ࡜」〇ࡍࡿ
࡜ࡋ࡚ᮏࡢᡤ᭷⪅࡛࠶ࡾࠊᡤ᭷ᶒࡣỌஂ࡟┦⥆࡛ࡁࡿ͐͐ࡑࡋ࡚ࠊฟ∧⪅
ࡶࡑࢀ࡟‽ࡎࡿࠖ࡜࠸ࡗࡓぢゎࡣࠊ
ࠕ᰿ᣐࡢ࡞࠸㆟ㄽ࡛ࠖ࠶ࡿࠋ࡞ࡐ࡞ࡽࠊ
ࠕ⫢ᚰ࡞Ⅼࡣࠊⴭ⪅࡜ࡑࡢసရ࡜ࡢ⏕ࡁࡓࡘ࡞ࡀࡾ࡛࠶ࡗ࡚ࠊⴭ⪅ࡀṚࡡ
ࡇ࡜ࡣ⚗Ṇࡉࢀࡿ࡭ࡁ࡛ࡍࡀࠊⴭసࡢෆᐜࢆ௚ேࡀ೉⏝ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡣࠊࡑࢀ
ࡤࡘ࡞ࡀࡾࡣ࡞ࡃ࡞ࡾࠊసရࡣ࠸ࢃࡤᡤ᭷⪅࡞ࡁࡶࡢ࡟࡞ࡿ࠿ࡽ࡛ࠖ࠶ࡿࠋ
࡜ࡣูࡢࡇ࡜࡛ࡍࠋࠖ࡜࠸࠺ࠋࡇࡇ࡛࠸࠺ࠕⴭసࡢෆᐜࠖࡀఱࢆព࿡ࡍࡿ
ࡔ࠿ࡽࡇࡑࠊⴭసᶒἲࡣಖㆤᮇ㛫ࢆⴭ⪅ࡢ⏕Ꮡ୰࠿ࠊṚᚋ༑ᖺ࠿࡟㝈ᐃࡋ
ࡢ࠿ᚲࡎࡋࡶ᫂☜࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࡀࠊබ⾗ࡀ᪤Ꮡࡢⴭస≀࡟♧ࡉࢀࡓ࢔࢖ࢹ࢕࢔
࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡑࡋ࡚࠸ࡗࡓࢇⴭసᶒࡢಖㆤᮇ㛫ࡀ‶஢ࡍࢀࡤࠊࠕࡑࡢ
ࢆ฼⏝ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡸⴭస≀ࡢ⾲⌧ࡢ୍㒊ࢆᘬ⏝ࡋ࡚฼⏝ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡣࠊⴭసᶒ
ᮏࡣㄞ⪅ࡢࠊᅜẸࡢࠊୡ⏺ࡢࠊ㈈⏘࡜࡞ࡾࠊேࡧ࡜ࡢᩍ໬ࡸ႐ࡧࡢᡭẁ࡜
ἲୖチᐜࡉࢀࡿ࡭ࡁࡔ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜࡞ࡢ࡛࠶ࢁ࠺ࠋࡲࡓ࣮࣊ࢤࣝ࡟ࡼࢀࡤࠊ
࡞ࡿࠖࡢ࡛࠶ࡗ࡚ࠊᙜ↛ࠊⴭస≀ࡢ⮬⏤࡞」〇ࡀㄆࡵࡽࢀࡿ࡭ࡁ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
ࠕෆᐜࡀඹ᭷㈈⏘࡜࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜ࡁ࡟ࡣࠊ௚ேࡀࡑࡢෆᐜࢆ⮬ࡽ⾲⌧ࡋࠊ
ࠕࡇࢀࡣ኱ษ࡞ࡇ࡜࡛ࡍࠖ࡜࣮࣊ࢤࣝࡣຊㄝࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ࣮࣊ࢤࣝࡣࡇࡢࡼ
ෆᐜ࡟ูࡢᙧᘧࢆ୚࠼ࡓ࡞ࡽࠊࡑࢀࢆࡶࡗ࡚௚ே࡞ࡽࡠ⮬ศࡢⴭస̿̿
࠺࡟ࡋ࡚ⴭసᶒࡢಖㆤᮇ㛫ࡢ᭷㝈ᛶࢆṇᙜ໬ࡋࠊⴭస⪅ࡢṚᚋ࡟࠾ࡅࡿⴭ
᪤ᡂࡢࡶࡢ࡜ࡣ༊ูࡉࢀࡿ⮬ศࡢసရ̿̿ࡔ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿ㹿㺁 ࣃ
స≀ࡢ⮬⏤฼⏝ࡢ♫఍ⓗព⩏ࢆᙉㄪࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
ࣈࣜࢵࢡ࣭ࢻ࣓࢖ࣥ࡟ᒓࡍࡿⴭస≀ࡢෆᐜࢆ฼⏝ࡍࡿ⪅ࡀ⮬ᕫࡢ⾲⌧ࢆ⏝
௨ୖࡢࡼ࠺࡟ࠊἲဴᏛㅮ⩏࡟࠾࠸࡚࣮࣊ࢤࣝࡣࠊⴭసᶒ࡟㛵ࡋ࡚ࠊᡤ᭷
࠸࡚᪂ࡓ࡞ⴭస≀ࢆసᡂࡍࢀࡤࠊࡑࡢ⪅ࡣᙜヱⴭస≀࡟ᑐࡍࡿⴭసᶒࢆྲྀ
ᶒࡢ࢔ࢼࣟࢪ࣮࡟ᅛᇳࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡞ࡃࠊຌ฼୺⩏ⓗ࡞ㄽ⌮ࡸ฼⏝⪅ࡢ⮬⏤࡬
ᚓࡍࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࢃࡅ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
ࡢ㓄៖ࠊಖㆤᮇ㛫ࡢ᭷㝈ᛶࡢព⩏࡞࡝ࢆໟᣓࡋࡓࠊᰂ㌾࡞ㄝ᫂ࢆ⾜ࡗ࡚࠸
ࡉࡽ࡟࣮࣊ࢤࣝࡣࠊಖㆤᮇ㛫ࡢ᭷㝈ᛶࡸࣃࣈࣜࢵࢡ࣭ࢻ࣓࢖ࣥࡢ㔜せᛶ
ࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡇ࠿ࡽᾋ࠿ࡧୖࡀࡿ࣮࣊ࢤࣝࡢⴭసᶒἲほ࡜ࡣࠊ୍᪉࡛
࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡶᣦ᦬ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ࣮࣊ࢤࣝ࡟ࡼࢀࡤࠊࠕⴭ⪅ࡀ୍෉ࡢᮏࢆୡ࡟ฟ
ⴭస≀ࡢ↓᩿฼⏝ࢆ⚗Ṇࡋ࡚ⴭస⪅࡬ࡢ฼┈㑏ὶࡢ෇⁥໬ࢆᅗࡾࡘࡘࠊ௚
ࡋࡓ࡜ࡁࠊ࠿ࢀࡣ⮬ศࡢᛮ࠸ࡢࡲࡲ࡟኎༷ศࢆタᐃ࡛ࡁࡿࡋࠊࡲࡓࠊ౫↛
᪉࡛㐣ᗘ࡟ᗈ⠊࠿ࡘ㛗ᮇ࡟ࢃࡓࡗ࡚ⴭస≀ࡢ⮬⏤฼⏝ࢆ⚗Ṇࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ
㐃ࡋ࡚ࠊࣛ࢖࢔ࣥࡣḟࡢࡼ࠺࡟ᣦ᦬ࡍࡿࠋே᱁ᡤ᭷⌮ㄽࡢ᭱኱ࡢ㞴Ⅼࡣࠊே᱁୺⩏
ⓗ୺ᙇࡣࠊࡑࢀ⮬య☜ᅛࡓࡿ❧ሙ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊ௚ࡢ࠸ࡃࡘ࠿ࡢ❧ሙ࡟ᐤࡾ࠿࠿ࡗ࡚࠸
ࡿⅬ࡟࠶ࡿࠋ㐨ᚨⓗ୺య࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢಶேⓗே᱁࡜ಶேⓗᐇ⌧࡜ࢆᙉㄪࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡣࠊṇ
ࡶࡓࡽࡍ♫఍ⓗࠊබඹⓗ࡞୙฼┈࡟ࡘ࠸࡚㓄៖ࡍࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࠊ୧⪅ࡢ฼┈ࣂ
ࣛࣥࢫࡢ♫఍ⓗ࡞ㄪᩚࢆᣦྥࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡘࡲࡾࡑࢀࡣⴭసᶒ࡟ᑐࡍ
ࡿ♫఍ᨻ⟇ⓗ࡞࢔ࣉ࣮ࣟࢳ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࡔࢁ࠺ࠋࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞࣮࣊ࢤ
ࣝࡢ࢔ࣉ࣮ࣟࢳࡣࠊᑡ࡞ࡃ࡜ࡶࠊⴭస⪅ࡢṚᚋ㛗ᮇ࡟ࢃࡓࡿⴭసᶒಖㆤᮇ
⩏ࡢㅖ⌮ᛕࡸࠊ⚟฼ࡸ⤒῭ᡂ㛗࡞࡝ࡢຌ฼୺⩏ⓗせ⣲ࡀ୍ᐃࡢ㔜せ࡞⌮ㄽⓗᙺ๭ࢆ
㛫ࢆṇᙜ໬ࡍࡿ┠ⓗࡸࠊὴ⏕ⓗⴭస≀࡟ᑐࡍࡿᗈ⠊࡞ಖㆤࢆṇᙜ໬ࡍࡿ┠
ᯝࡓࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࢆそ࠸㞃ࡍࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋே᱁ᡤ᭷⌮ㄽࡣࠊຌ฼୺⩏ⓗ㆟ㄽ
ⓗ࡛࣮࣊ࢤࣝࢆ᥼⏝ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ࠊࡑࡢ㝈⏺ࢆ᫂☜࡟ᣦࡋ♧ࡍࡶࡢ࡜
࡜⮬↛ᶒㄽ࡜ࡢ㛫࡛ẚ㍑⾮㔞ࢆ⾜ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ࡟ࡍࡂ࡞࠸ࠋ㻾㼅㻭㻺࣭๓ᥖὀ㹼
࠸࠼ࡿࡔࢁ࠺ࠋࡑࡶࡑࡶ࣮࣊ࢤࣝࡣࠊᐇᐃἲࡢᐇ㊶ⓗၥ㢟࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ဴᏛ
㡫ࠋ
ࡣ᫂☜࡞ゎࢆᥦ౪ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡣ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸࡜⪃࠼࡚࠸ࡓ࡜ᣦ᦬ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡀࠊ
㻴㼑㼓㼑㼘࣭๓ᥖὀ㸧ࠗἲဴᏛㅮ⩏࠘㡫ࠋ
㻴㼑㼓㼑㼘࣭๓ᥖὀ㸧ࠗἲဴᏛㅮ⩏࠘㡫ࠋ
㻴㼑㼓㼑㼘࣭๓ᥖὀ㸧
ࠗἲဴᏛㅮ⩏࠘㡫ࠋࡓࡔࡋࠊ௜ຍࡉࢀࡓᙧᘧࡀࠊᮏ㉁ⓗ࡞ࡶ
௨ୖ࡟ࡘࡁࠊ㻴㼑㼓㼑㼘࣭๓ᥖὀ㸧
ࠗἲဴᏛㅮ⩏࠘㹼㡫ࠋ
ࡢ࠿㸻᪂ࡓ࡞ⴭస≀㸧ࠊࡑࢀ࡜ࡶ⾲㠃ⓗ࡞ࡶࡢ࠿㸻๴✼ࢆุูࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡣ㞴ࡋ
DRAHOS, supra note 1, at 82;⏣ᮧၿஅࠗⴭసᶒἲᴫㄝ ➨ ∧㸧࠘
㸦᭷ᩫ㛶ࠊᖺ
࠸࡜ࡋࡓ࠺࠼࡛ࠊࡇࢀࡣྡ㄃࡟㛵ࡍࡿၥ㢟࡛࠶ࡾࠊྛᅜࡢᩥ໬ⓗẼ㉁࡟ࡼࡗุ࡚᩿
㡫ὀ 㸧
ࠊྠ࣭๓ᥖὀ 㡫ࠋ
ࡣ␗࡞ࡾ࠺ࡿ࡜ࡍࡿࠋ౛࠼ࡤࠊྡ㄃ࢆ㔜ࢇࡌࡿࣇࣛࣥࢫ࡛ࡣ๴✼࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ཝ᱁࡛࠶
Sterk, supra note 4, at 1241-42.
ࡿࡢ࡟ᑐࡋࠊྡ㄃ࢆࡑࢀ࡯࡝㔜どࡋ࡞࠸ࢻ࢖ࢶ࡛ࡣ๴✼⾜Ⅽ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ἲᚊࢆࡶࡗ࡚
౛࠼ࡤࠊJeanne L. Schroeder, Virgin Territory: Margaret Radin's Imagery of Personal
⚗Ṇࡍࡿࡢࡀᅔ㞴࡛࠶ࡿ࡜㏙࡭࡚࠸ࡿࠋྠ㹼㡫ࠋ
Property as the Inviolate Feminine Body, 79 MINN. L. REV. 55, 131 n 287 (1994)ࡣࠊ࣮࣊
▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO
▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO ㄽ ㄝ
ࡑࡢࡇ࡜ࢆู࡜ࡋ࡚ࡶࠊே᱁ᡤ᭷⌮ㄽ࡟ᇶ࡙࠸࡚▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࢆṇᙜ໬ࡍࡿ
▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡢṇᙜ໬᰿ᣐㄽࡢ⌧௦ⓗព⩏ᒣ᰿
ⴭసᶒἲほࡣࠊே᱁ᡤ᭷⌮ㄽ࡟᏶඲࡟㑏ඖ࡛ࡁࡿࡶࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊຌ฼୺⩏
࡟ࡣࠊ஌ࡾ㉺࠼ࡿ࡭ࡁከᩘࡢ㞀ቨࡀ࠶ࡿࡼ࠺࡟ᛮࢃࢀࡿࠋ
ⓗ࡞Ⰽᙬࢆᖏࡧࡓከඖⓗ࡞࢔ࣉ࣮ࣟࢳ࡛࠶ࡾࠊ฼⏝⪅ࡢ⮬⏤ࡸࣃࣈࣜࢵ
ࢡ࣭ࢻ࣓࢖ࣥࡢ㔜せᛶ࡟ࡶ㓄៖ࡋࡓ♫఍ᨻ⟇ⓗ࡞࢔ࣉ࣮ࣟࢳ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋᑡ
ᇹ ഘ ʴ఍৑ஊྸᛯƷLJƱNJ
࡞ࡃ࡜ࡶ࣮࣊ࢤࣝ⮬㌟ࡢⴭసᶒἲほࢆ๓ᥦ࡜ࡍࡿ㝈ࡾࠊ⌧ᅾࡢⴭసᶒಖㆤ
ᮇ㛫ࡢᘏ㛗ࢆṇᙜ໬ࡍࡿ┠ⓗࡸࠊⴭసᶒࡢᶒ฼ไ㝈⠊ᅖࢆ⊃ࡵࡿ┠ⓗ࡛࣊
ᮏ⠇࡛ࡣࠊ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡢṇᙜ໬᰿ᣐ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢ࣮࣊ࢤࣝே᱁ᡤ᭷⌮ㄽࡢጇ
࣮ࢤࣝࡢே᱁ᡤ᭷⌮ㄽࢆᣢࡕࡔࡍࡇ࡜ࡣࠊᅔ㞴࡜࠸ࢃࡊࡿࢆ࠼࡞࠸ࠋ
ᙜᛶ࡟ࡘ࠸᳨࡚ウࡋ࡚ࡁࡓࠋࡇࡇࡲ࡛ࡢ᳨ウ࠿ࡽ᫂ࡽ࠿࡟࡞ࡗࡓࡇ࡜ࢆࡲ
࡜ࡵࢀࡤࠊḟࡢࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡿࠋ
ᇹ ራ ᐯ໱ೌྸᛯƷLJƱNJ
➨ ࡟ࠊே᱁ᡤ᭷⌮ㄽࡣࠊ࡜ࡾࢃࡅⴭసᶒἲୖࡢಖㆤࢆṇᙜ໬ࡍࡿሙྜ
࡟ࡣ᭷┈࡛࠶ࡿࡼ࠺࡟ࡳ࠼ࡿࠋᐇ㝿⡿ᅜ࡛ࡣࠊⴭస⪅ࡢಶᛶࡀ཯ᫎࡉࢀࡓ
ᮏ❶࡛ࡣࠊᮏ᮶ㄡ࡛ࡶ࡝ࡇ࡛ࡶྠ᫬࡟฼⏝ྍ⬟࡞᝟ሗ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ࠊ࡞ࡐ
ⴭస≀ࡣⴭస⪅ࡢே᱁ࡀእⓗ࡟⾲⌧ࡉࢀࡓࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ࠿ࡽࠊࡑࡢⴭస≀ࢆ
ேࠎࡢ᝟ሗ฼⏝ࡢ⮬⏤ࢆไ⣙ࡋ࡚ࡲ࡛ேⅭⓗ࡞⛥ᑡ≧ែࢆసࡾࡔࡍᚲせ
ಖㆤࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡣⴭస⪅ࡢே᱁ࡢ♫఍ⓗⓎᒎ࡟ᐤ୚ࡍࡿ࡜࠸࠺ぢゎࡀࡳࡽ
ࡀ࠶ࡿࡢ࠿࡜࠸࠺どゅ࠿ࡽࠊ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡢṇᙜ໬᰿ᣐ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚⮬↛ᶒㄽࡢ
ࢀࡿࠋ
⪃ᐹࢆ⾜ࡗࡓࠋ
➨ ࡟ࠊࡋ࠿ࡋࠊே᱁ᡤ᭷⌮ㄽ࡟ᇶ࡙ࡃ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡢṇᙜ໬࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ࡣࠊ
๰స⪅ಶேࡢປാࠊຌ⦼ࠊ౯್๰㐀ࠊ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣே᱁ࡢⓎ㟢࡞࡝ࡢせ⣲ࢆ
ᩘከࡃࡢᢈุࡀᐤࡏࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
᰿ᣐ࡜ࡍࡿ⮬↛ᶒ⌮ㄽࡣࠊ๰స⪅ಶேࡢ฼┈࡟╔┠ࡍࡿࡓࡵ࡟ࠊබ⾗ࡢ⾜
౛࠼ࡤࠊே᱁ᡤ᭷⌮ㄽࡣෆᅾⓗ࡞ၥ㢟ࢆᢪ࠼࡚࠸ࡿ࡜ࡢᢈุࡀ࠶ࡿࠋே
ືࡢ⮬⏤ࢆไ⣙ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࠿ࡽ⏕ࡌࡿၥ㢟࡟࠺ࡲࡃ⟅࠼ࡽࢀ࡞࠸Ⅼ࡛ࠊ▱ⓗ
᱁ࡢල⌧ᛶ࡜࠸࠺ᇶ‽ࡣࠊ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒಖㆤࡢ࣓ࣝࢡ࣐࣮ࣝ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡣ㠀ᖖ࡟
㈈⏘ᶒࡢṇᙜ໬᰿ᣐ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡣ୙༑ศ࡛࠶ࡿࡼ࠺࡟ᛮࢃࢀࡓࠋ
᭕᫕࡛࠶ࡾࠊ๰స⪅࡟ᑐࡋ࡚௜୚ࡍ࡭ࡁᶒཎෆᐜ࡟ࡘ࠸୍࡚㈏ࡋࡓᣦ㔪ࢆ
ලయⓗ࡟ࡣࠊᮏ❶➨ ⠇࡛ࡣࠊ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡢ≉ᚩࡢ࠺ࡕࠊேⅭⓗ࡞⛥ᑡ
ᥦ౪ࡋ࠼࡞࠸ࠋ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣࠊࡑࡢᣦ㔪ࡣἲⓗᏳᐃᛶ࡟Ḟࡅࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࡾࠊ
ᛶࡍ࡞ࢃࡕ௚⪅ࡢ⮬⏤࡬ࡢᖸ΅ࣃࢱ࣮ࣥࢆ๰ฟࡍࡿ࡜࠸ࡗࡓᛶ㉁ࡀࠊࣟࢵ
᳨㜀ࡢၥ㢟ࢆ⏕ࡌࡉࡏࡓࡾ࡜ࠊ῝้࡞ࢪ࣐ࣞࣥ࡟ᝎࡲࡉࢀࡿࠋே᱁ࡢල⌧
ࢡປാᡤ᭷⌮ㄽࡢᇶᗏࢆ࡞ࡍㅖᴫᛕ࡜⥭ᙇ㛵ಀ࡟࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ᫂ࡽ࠿࡟ࡋ
໬ᑐ㇟࡟≀⌮ⓗ࡞㝈⏺ࡣ࡞࠸ࡓࡵࠊᶒ฼ࡢ⫧኱໬ࢆᣍࡁࡸࡍ࠸࡜࠸࠺㠃ࡶ
ࡓࠋࣟࢵࢡࡀ๓ᥦ࡜ࡋࡓ⮬ᕫᡤ᭷ᶒᛮ᝿ࡸཎጞⓗඹ᭷⌮ᛕ࡜▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡢ
࠶ࡿࠋ
ᛶ㉁࡜ࡢ᢬ゐࡣࠊࣟࢵࢡ⌮ㄽ࡟౫ᣐࡋࡓ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡢつ⠊ⓗ㆟ㄽࢆᒎ㛤ࡍ
ࡲࡓࠊே᱁ᡤ᭷⌮ㄽࡣ࣮࣊ࢤࣝࡢయ⣔࡜ࡢ㛵ಀ࡛ࡶၥ㢟ࢆᢪ࠼࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
ࡿ࠺࠼࡛ࠊ῝้࡞ၥ㢟࡜ࡋ࡚❧ࡕࡣࡔ࠿ࡿࡼ࠺࡟ᛮࢃࢀࡿࠋࡇࡢࡇ࡜ࢆ㋃
ࠗἲဴᏛせ⥘࠘ࡢ඲యࢆぢΏࡏࡤࠊே᱁ᡤ᭷⌮ㄽࢆᡤ᭷ᶒࡢṇᙜ໬⌮ㄽ࡜
ࡋ࡚ᤊ࠼ࡿࡇ࡜ࡣጇᙜ࡜ࡣ࠸࠸㞴࠸ࠋ
➨ ࡟ࠊ࣮࣊ࢤࣝ⮬㌟ࡀࠗἲဴᏛせ⥘࠘࡟ᇶ࡙ࡃㅮ⩏࡟࠾࠸࡚ᥦ♧ࡋࡓ
ࡲ࠼ࢀࡤࠊປാᡤ᭷⌮ㄽ࡟ᇶ࡙࠸࡚▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࢆṇᙜ໬ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡣᅔ㞴࡛
࠶ࡿ࡜࠸ࢃࡊࡿࢆ࠼࡞࠸ࡔࢁ࠺ࠋ
ࡲࡓ➨ ⠇࡛ࡣࠊୖ㏙ࡋࡓ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡢ≉ᚩࡣࠊ௚⪅ࡢ⮬⏤ពᚿࡢ⾲ฟ
࡛࠶ࡿ㈈⏘ᶒࡢ⾜౑࡜⾪✺ࡍࡿࡓࡵࠊ๰స⪅ࡢ⮬⏤ពᚿࡢ⾲ฟ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜࠸
ࢤࣝࡀᐇᐃἲୖࡢ⌧ᐇⓗ࡞ၥ㢟࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ဴᏛࡣ᫂☜࡞ゎࢆᥦ౪ࡋ࠼࡞࠸࡜⪃࠼࡚
࠺ࡇ࡜ࡢࡳࢆ᰿ᣐ࡟ࠊ࣮࣊ࢤࣝே᱁ᡤ᭷⌮ㄽ࡟ᇶ࡙࠸࡚▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࢆṇᙜ
࠾ࡾࠊࡋࡓࡀࡗ࡚ඹ᭷㈈⏘࡜⚾᭷㈈⏘࡜ࡢṇᙜ࡞⠊ᅖࡢ☜ᐃࡢၥ㢟࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣྲྀࡾ
໬ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡣᅔ㞴࡛࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ᫂ࡽ࠿࡟ࡋࡓࠋ࣮࣊ࢤࣝࡢἲဴᏛࡢయ⣔ୖࠊ
⤌ࡲ࡞࠿ࡗࡓࡇ࡜ࢆᣦ᦬ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡓࡔࡋࠊ࣮࣊ࢤࣝࡣࠊ㈈⏘ࡢㆡΏ࡟ᑐࡍࡿไ㝈
⢭⚄ୡ⏺࡟࠾࠸࡚⤯ᑐⓗ࡞⮬⏤ពᚿࢆ᭷ࡍࡿே᱁ࡀࠊ௚⪅࡜ࡢ┦஫ᢎㄆࢆ
ࡢࡼ࠺࡟ࠊㄽ⌮ⓗ࡞ࣉࣟࢭࢫ࠿ࡽᡤ᭷ᶒ࡟ᑐࡍࡿ୍ᐃࡢไ㝈ࢆᑟࡃࡇ࡜ࡣ࡛ࡁࡿ࡜
ᇶ┙࡜ࡍࡿእⓗ࡞≀㉁ୡ⏺࡟࠾࠸࡚Ⓨᒎࡋ࡚࠸ࡃࡓࡵ࡟ࠊ௚⪅ࡢ⮬⏤ࢆไ
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▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO
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▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO ㄽ ㄝ
ࡿ࡜࠸ࢃࡊࡿࢆ࠼࡞࠸ࡔࢁ࠺ࠋࡴࡋࢁ࣮࣊ࢤࣝ⮬㌟ࡀ♧၀ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࡼ࠺࡟ࠊ
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࡜࠸࠺ᙧ࡛ࠊຌ฼୺⩏ⓗ࡞ㄽ⌮࡟ᇶ࡙࠸࡚ṇᙜ໬ࡍࡿ࡯࠺ࡀ✜ᙜ࡛࠶ࡿࡼ
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▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO
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