Comments
Description
Transcript
資料3 間接差別について（相澤美智子氏提出）
ᕪู⚗Ṇ㒊 ➨ ᅇ+ ㈨ᩱ 㛫᥋ᕪูࡘ࠸࡚ ┦⃝⨾ᬛᏊẶ ㈨ᩱ ➨ 6 ᅇᕪู⚗Ṇ㒊㸦2011 ᖺ 7 ᭶ 8 ᪥㸧 㛫᥋ᕪู̿ㅖእᅜ࠾ࡅࡿᴫᛕࡢᒎ㛤ࡢ⤒⦋ࡘ࠸࡚ ୍ᶫᏛ ┦⃝⨾ᬛᏊ I ࡣࡌࡵ 1 㛫᥋ᕪู㸦indirect discrimination㸧࠸࠺⏝ㄒ ࢠࣜࢫ࠾ࡼࡧ EU ࡛⏝ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ⏝ㄒ ࡶࡶ࣓ࣜ࢝࠾࠸࡚ᕪูⓗຠᯝ㸦disparate impact㸧࠸࠺⏝ㄒࡀㄌ⏕ Ѝᇶᮏⓗ㛫᥋ᕪู࠸࠺⏝ㄒࢆ⏝㸦ሙྜࡼࡗ࡚ࠊᕪูⓗຠᯝ࠸࠺⏝ㄒࡶ⏝㸧 2 㛫᥋ᕪูࡀⓎ⏕ࡍࡿሙ㠃 㞠⏝ࠊᩍ⫱ࠊ 㸦㐣ཤࡢ࣓ࣜ࢝࠾࠸࡚ࡣ㸧㑅ᣲᶒࡢ࡞ Ѝࡋ࡚㞠⏝࠾ࡅࡿ㛫᥋ᕪูࡘ࠸࡚㏙ࡿ 3 㛫᥋ᕪูࡢ㛵ಀ࡛ၥ㢟࡞ࡿᕪู⏤ ே✀ࠊᛶࠊ㞀ᐖ࡞ Ѝ࣓ࣜ࢝ἲࡘ࠸࡚ࡣே✀࠾ࡼࡧᛶࢆ⌮⏤ࡍࡿᕪูࠊࢠࣜࢫἲ࠾ࡼࡧ EU ἲࡘ ࠸࡚ࡣࡋ࡚ᛶ㸦⿵㊊ⓗே✀㸧ࢆ⌮⏤ࡍࡿᕪูࡘ࠸࡚㏙ࡿ 4 ᮏሗ࿌ࡀᛕ㢌࠾࠸࡚࠸ࡿ㛫᥋ᕪู⚗Ṇつᐃࢆྵࡴไᐃつ๎ Ѝ࣓ࣜ࢝ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣ 1964 ᖺබẸᶒἲ➨ 7 ⦅ࠊࢠࣜࢫࡘ࠸࡚ࡣ 1975 ᖺᛶᕪู⚗ Ṇἲ㸦⿵㊊ⓗ 1976 ᖺே✀㛵ಀἲ㸧 ࠊEU ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣ 2002 ᖺ⏨ዪᆒ➼ᚅ㐝ᣦ௧ᨵṇᣦ ௧㸦⿵㊊ⓗ 2000 ᖺே✀ᆒ➼ᚅ㐝ᣦ௧㸧 5 㛫᥋ᕪูᴫᛕࡢ࣓ࣜ࢝࠾ࡅࡿ⾶㏥ࢆࢠࣜࢫ࠾ࡼࡧ EU ࠾ࡅࡿⓎᒎᑐẚ II ࣓ࣜ࢝࠾ࡅࡿ㛫᥋ᕪูᴫᛕࡢ⏕ᡂ̿1971 ᖺ Griggs ௳㐃㑥᭱㧗ุỴ 1 1964 ᖺබẸᶒἲ➨ 7 ⦅㸦ᙜࡣ㛫᥋ᕪูࢆ᫂ᩥ࡛⚗Ṇࡏࡎ㸧ࢆ᰿ᣐ㛫᥋ᕪูᴫᛕ ࢆᙧᡂЍ㈨ᩱ 1 2 ➨ 7 ⦅ࡢ❧ἲ┠ⓗࡣࠊ ࠕ㞠⏝࠾ࡅࡿேⅭⓗࠊពⓗࠊࡘᚲせ࡞㞀ቨࢆ㝖ཤࡍࡿࠖ ࡇ࠶ࡾࠊྠ⦅ࡣࠕ࠶ࡽࡉࡲ࡞ᕪูࡢࡳ࡞ࡽࡎࠊእᙧୖࡣබᖹ࡛࠶ࡗ࡚ࡶ㐠⏝ୖࡣ ᕪูⓗ࡛࠶ࡿ័⾜ࡶ⚗Ṇࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ㸦㐪ἲᛶ࡞ࡋุ᩿ࡍࡿࡓࡵࡢ㸧ᣦᶆࡣࠊᴗົ ୖࡢᚲせᛶ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ௬㯮ேࢆ㝖ࡍࡿ㞠⏝័⾜⫋ົ㐙⾜⬟ຊࡢ㛵㐃ᛶࡀ࡞࠸࠸ ࠺ࡇࡀ♧ࡉࢀࢀࡤࠊᙜヱ័⾜ࡣ⚗Ṇࡉࢀࡿࠖࠋ Ѝ㯮ேࡗ࡚㞀ቨ࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ㞠⏝័⾜ࡀࠊᴗົୖࡢᚲせᛶ㸦business necessity㸧 ࠊ⫋ ົ㛵㐃ᛶ㸦job relatedness㸧࠸࠺ほⅬ↷ࡽࡋ࡚ᕪูⓗ࠸࠼ࡿྰࢆྫྷࠋ 3 Griggs ௳ุỴࡣ㛫᥋ⓗࡋ㏙࡚࠸࡞࠸ࡀࠊᕪูࡢពᅗ㸦ᨾព㸧ࡢド᫂ࡀせ࡛ ࠶ࡿࡇࢆุ♧ࠋ 4 ⤖ᯝⓗ㐺ᛶヨ㦂ࡢࡶࡓࡽࡍᕪูⓗຠᯝࡢၥ㢟ࡣ┦ᙜゎᾘࡉࢀࡓ III ㅖእᅜ࠾ࡅࡿ㛫᥋ᕪู⚗Ṇつᐃࡢไᐃ⤒⦋ 1957 ᖺ Ḣ㸸EEC㸦࣮࣐ࣟ㸧᮲⣙㸦119 ᮲⏨ዪྠ୍౯್ປാྠ୍㈤㔠ཎ๎㸧 1964 ᖺ ⡿㸸1964 ᖺබẸᶒἲไᐃ㸦㛫᥋ᕪู⚗Ṇつᐃ࡞ࡋ㸧 1971 ᖺ ⡿㸸㐃㑥᭱㧗 Griggs ௳ุỴ 1975 ᖺ ⱥ㸸ᛶᕪู⚗Ṇἲไᐃ㸦㛫᥋ᕪู⚗Ṇつᐃ࠶ࡾ㸧Ѝ㈨ᩱ 2 Ḣ㸸⏨ዪྠ୍㈤㔠ᣦ௧㸦⏨ዪྠ୍౯್ປാྠ୍㈤㔠ཎ๎㸧 1976 ᖺ Ḣ㸸⏨ዪᆒ➼ᚅ㐝ᣦ௧㸦㛫᥋ᕪู⚗Ṇࠊࡓࡔࡋ㛫᥋ᕪูࡢᐃ⩏࡞ࡋ㸧 1991 ᖺ ⡿㸸1991 ᖺබẸᶒἲไᐃ㸦㛫᥋ᕪู⚗Ṇࢆᡂᩥ㸧Ѝ㈨ᩱ 2 1997 ᖺ Ḣ㸸❧ド㈐௵㌿ᣦ௧㸦㛫᥋ᕪูࡢᐃ⩏㸧 2002 ᖺ Ḣ㸸⏨ዪᆒ➼ᚅ㐝ᣦ௧ᨵṇᣦ௧㸦㛫᥋ᕪูࡢᐃ⩏ࢆᨵṇ㸧Ѝ㈨ᩱ 2 2005 ᖺ ⱥ㸸ᛶᕪู⚗Ṇἲᨵṇ㸦2002 ᖺୖグ EU ᣦ௧ᩚྜࡍࡿࡼ࠺㛫᥋ᕪู⚗Ṇつᐃ ࢆᨵṇ㸧Ѝ㈨ᩱ 2 2006 ᖺ Ḣ㸸⏨ዪᆒ➼ᚅ㐝⤫ྜᣦ௧㸦4 ᮲ 1975 ᖺ⏨ዪྠ୍㈤㔠ᣦ௧ࡢ⏨ዪྠ୍౯್ ປാྠ୍㈤㔠ཎ๎ࢆᐃࡵࡿ㸧 IV 㛫᥋ᕪูᴫᛕࡢᒎ㛤㸦࣓ࣜ࢝࠾ࡅࡿ⾶㏥࣮ࣚࣟࢵࣃ࠾ࡅࡿⓎᒎ㸧 1 ࣓ࣜ࢝࠾ࡅࡿ㛫᥋ᕪูᴫᛕࡢⱝᖸࡢᒎ㛤 (1)ฮົᡤࡢ┳Ᏺࡢ⫋ࡢເ㞟㌟㛗࣭య㔜せ௳ࢆタࡅࡿࡢࡣࠊዪᛶᑐࡍࡿ㛫᥋ᕪู࡛ ࠶ࡿ㸦1977 ᖺ Dothard ௳㐃㑥᭱㧗ุỴ㸧ࠋ (2) ᐈほⓗไᗘࡸᇶ‽ࡶ࡙࡞࠸ࠊ㠃᥋ᐁࡢ༳㇟࡞ほࡢࡳࡼࡿேỴᐃ㸦 ほⓗேỴᐃ㸧ࡶࠊ㛫᥋ᕪูࡋ࡚த࠸࠺ࡿ㸦1988 ᖺ Watson ௳㐃㑥᭱㧗ุỴ㸧ࠋ (3) ᾘ㜵ኈ࡞ᕷࡢ⫋ဨࡢᛂເࡘࡁࠊᙜヱᕷࡢఫẸࡋᛂເ㈨᱁ࢆ࠼࡞࠸ ࡋࡓᒃఫᆅせ௳ࡣࠊே✀ᑐࡋᕪูⓗຠᯝࢆ᭷ࡍࡿ㸦1991 ᖺ Town of Harrison ௳ 㐃㑥᥍ッ࣭➨ 3 ᕠᅇ༊ุỴ࡞㸧 ࠋ 2 ࣓ࣜ࢝࠾ࡅࡿ㛫᥋ᕪูᴫᛕࡢ⾶㏥ (1) 㛫᥋ᕪูࡋ࡚த࠸࠺ࡿ㛵ࡋ࡚ (a) ⌧⿕⏝⪅ࡀཱྀࢥ࣑࡛⏝⪅ࡀ᥇⏝ເ㞟ࢆ⾜ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡇࢆබ⾲ࡋࡓࡇࡣࠊ㠀 ⓑேᑐࡋᕪูⓗຠᯝࢆ᭷ࡍࡿ࠸࠺ᙇᑐࡋࠊ⏝⪅ࡣ✚ᴟⓗཱྀࢥ࣑᥇⏝ࢆ ࠾ࡇ࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡓࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊࡺ࠼ࠕ≉ᐃࡢ㞠⏝័⾜ࠖࡣ࠶ࡓࡽ࡞࠸ࡋ࡚ࠊᕪ ูⓗຠᯝࢆྰᐃ㸦1991 ᖺ Chicago Miniature Lamp Works ௳㐃㑥᥍ッ࣭➨ 7 ᕠ ᅇ༊ุỴ㸧 ࠋ (a’) ♫ෆ࠾࠸࡚ⱥㄒࡢࡳ⏝ࢆ⩏ົ࡙ࡅࡿつ๎ࡣࠊ࣓࢟ࢩࢥ⣔࣓ࣜ࢝ேᑐࡋ ᕪูⓗຠᯝࢆ᭷ࡍࡿ࠸࠺ᙇᑐࡋࠊ➨ 7 ⦅ࡣ⿕⏝⪅ᩥⓗࢹࣥࢸࢸ ࢆ⾲⌧ࡉࡏࡿࡇࢆ⏝⪅⩏ົ࡙ࡅࡿࡶࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࡺ࠼ࠊⱥㄒࡢࡳ⏝ࡣࠕ≉ᐃ ࡢ㞠⏝័⾜ࠖࡣ࠶ࡓࡽ࡞࠸ࡋ࡚ࠊᕪูⓗຠᯝࢆྰᐃ㸦1993 ᖺ Garcia ௳㐃㑥 ᥍ッ࣭➨ 9 ᕠᅇ༊ุỴ࡞㸧 ࠋ (a”) ࣃ࣮ࢺࢱ࣒ປാ⪅ࡽゎ㞠ࡍࡿ࠸࠺ᇶ‽ࡣዪᛶ㸦ཎ࿌ࡣฟ⏘ᚋࠊࣃ࣮ࢺࢱ ࣒࡛ࡢᑵປࢆ㛤ጞ㸧ࡗ࡚ᕪูⓗຠᯝࢆ᭷ࡍࡿ࠸࠺ᙇᑐࡋࠊ⏝⪅ࡀᜏ ᖖⓗ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊ࠶ࡿࡁ୍ᗘࡔࡅ㐺⏝ࡋࡓᇶ‽ࡣࠊ703 ᮲(k)(1)(A)ࡢࠕ≉ᐃࡢ㞠⏝ ័⾜ࠖࡣ࠶ࡽࡓ࡞࠸ࡋ࡚ࠊᕪูⓗຠᯝࢆྰᐃ㸦1997 ᖺ Ilhardt ௳㐃㑥᥍ッ࣭ ➨ 7 ᕠᅇ༊ุỴ㸧ࠋ (b) ྠ୍౯್ࡢ⫋ົ㛫㸦୍᪉ࡣ࠸ࢃࡺࡿ⏨ᛶ⫋ࠊ᪉ࡣ࠸ࢃࡺࡿዪᛶ⫋㸧㈤㔠᱁ ᕪࡀ⏕ࡌ࡚࠸ࡿࡢࡣ㛫᥋ᕪู࡛࠶ࡿ࠸࠺ᙇᑐࡋࠊ㈤㔠ࡣᕷሙ࠾ࡅࡿ㈤㔠┦ ሙࡼࡾỴᐃࡉࢀ࡚࠾ࡾࠊ⏝⪅ࡣࡇࢀࢆ↓どࡋ࡚⤖ᯝࡢᖹ➼ࢆᢸಖࡍࡿࡇࡲ࡛ ⩏ົ࡙ࡅࡽࢀࡿࡶࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࡋ࡚ࠊㄳồࢆᲠ༷㸦1977 ᖺ Christensen ௳㐃㑥᥍ ッ࣭➨ 8 ᕠᅇ༊ุỴࠊ1980 ᖺ Lemons ௳㐃㑥᥍ッ࣭➨ 10 ᕠᅇ༊ุỴ㸧ࠋ (b’) ᛶ୰❧ⓗไᗘࡀ୍᪉ࡢᛶࡢ⪅ᑐࡋ᪉ࡢᛶࡢ⪅ࡼࡾࡶప㈤㔠ࢆࡶࡓࡽࡋ࡚࠸ ࡿࡁࡣࠊࡑࢀࡣࠕᛶ௨እࡢせ⣲ࠖࢆ⌮⏤ࡍࡿ㈤㔠᱁ᕪࡣ㐪ἲ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸つᐃ ࡍࡿྠ୍㈤㔠ἲࡼࡾㄆࡉࢀࡿ㸦ࡑࡋ࡚ࠊࡿ㈤㔠᱁ᕪࡣࠊྠ୍㈤㔠ἲࡼࡾ ㄆࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ㈤㔠᱁ᕪࡋ࡚ࠊ➨ 7 ⦅㐪ࢆᵓᡂࡋ࡞࠸㸧 㸦1981 ᖺ Gunther ௳㐃 㑥᭱㧗ุỴ࣭ഐㄽ㸧 ࠋ→㈨ᩱ 3 (b”) ⏨ዪྠ୍౯್ປാྠ୍㈤㔠ཎ๎ࡶ࡙ࡃㄳồᑐࡋࠊ㈤㔠ࢆᕷሙ࠾ࡅࡿ㈤ 㔠┦ሙࡼࡾỴᐃࡍࡿࡇࡣࠊ⏝⪅ࡼࡿ㞠⏝ᨻ⟇࡞࠸ࡋ㞠⏝័⾜࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࡺ࠼ࠊ 㛫᥋ᕪูἲ⌮ࡢᑕ⛬ࡣཬࡤ࡞࠸ࡋ࡚ࠊㄳồࢆᲠ༷㸦1984 ᖺ Spaulding ௳㐃㑥᥍ ッ࣭➨ 9 ᕠᅇ༊ุỴ࡞㸧 ࠋ (2) 㛫᥋ᕪูࢆド᫂ࡍࡿ⤫ィ㈨ᩱ㛵ࡋ࡚ (a) ᕷ㏻ᒁࡢ⫋࣓ࢱࢻࣥ⥔ᣢ⒪ἲ㸦࣊ࣟࣥ➼ࡢ㯞⸆౫Ꮡࡢ⒪ࡢࡓࡵ⾜ࢃࢀࡿࠊ࣓ࢱࢻࣥ ࠸࠺⸆≀ࢆ⏝࠸ࡓ⸆≀௦᭰⒪ἲࠋ㯞⸆౫Ꮡࡶ࡙ࡃ⚗᩿≧ࢆ㍍ῶࡍࡿ┠ⓗ࡛௦᭰⸆ࡀฎ᪉ࡉࢀࠊ་ᖌࡢ ⒪ィ⏬ࡶ࡙ࡁࠊᚎࠎ᭹⏝㔞ࢆῶࡽࡋ࡚࠸ࡃ㸧ࢆཷࡅ࡚࠸ࡿ⪅ࡣ᥇⏝ࡋ࡞࠸ࡍࡿ᥇⏝ᇶ ‽ࡣ㯮ேᑐࡍࡿ㛫᥋ᕪู࡛࠶ࡿ࠸࠺ᙇᑐࡋࠊᕷࡀᐇࡍࡿ࣓ࢱࢻࣥ⥔ᣢ⒪ ἲࢆཷࡅ࡚࠸ࡿ⪅ࡢ 63㸣ࡀ㯮ே࡛࠶ࡿࡇࢆ♧ࡍཎ࿌ᥦฟࡢ⤫ィ㈨ᩱ㸦୍⯡ⓗ⤫ィ ㈨ᩱ㸧ࡣࠊ⿕࿌⮬㌟ࡀ㯮ேᑐࡋ㛫᥋ᕪูࢆ⾜ࡗ࡚࠸ࡓࡇࢆド᫂ࡋ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࡋ ࡚ࠊㄳồࢆᲠ༷㸦1979 ᖺ Beazer ௳㐃㑥᭱㧗ุỴ㸧ࠋ (b) ⨁ワ⫋㸦ప㈤㔠ࡢ⫋㸧࠾࠸࡚᭷Ⰽே✀ࡢྜࡀ㧗ࡃࠊ㠀⨁ワ⫋㸦㧗㈤㔠ࡢ࠸ ࢃࡺࡿⓑே⫋㸧࠾࠸࡚ࡣᙼࡽࡢྜࡀప࠸ࡇࢆ♧ࡋࡓ㈨ᩱࡼࡗ࡚ே✀ᑐࡍ ࡿ㛫᥋ᕪูࢆㄆᐃࡋࡓཎᑂࡢุ᩿ࡣㄗࡾ࡛࠶ࡾࠊ㛫᥋ᕪูࢆド᫂ࡍࡿ⤫ィ㈨ᩱࡋ ࡚ࡣࠊၥ㢟ࡢ⫋✀㸦㠀⨁ワ⫋㸧ࡢே✀ᵓᡂࠊ㛵㐃ࡍࡿປാᕷሙ㸦relevant labor market㸧 ࠊࡍ࡞ࢃࡕࠊ⌧ᐇⓗປാᕷሙ࡞ࡾ࠺ࡿᆅᇦࠊࡢ୰࡛ၥ㢟⫋㸦㠀⨁ワ⫋㸧 ᑵࡃࡢᚲせ࡞⬟ຊ㈨᱁ࢆ᭷ࡍࡿ⪅ࡢ㞟ᅋ㸦qualified population㸧ࡢே✀ᵓᡂ ࢆẚ㍑ࡋ࡚ࠊᆒ⾮ࡀᏑᅾࡍࡿࡇࢆ♧ࡋࡓ㈨ᩱࡀᚲせ࡛࠶ࡿࡋ࡚ࠊㄳồࢆᲠ༷ 㸦1989 ᖺ Wards Cove ௳㐃㑥᭱㧗ุỴ㸧 ࠋ (3) 㛫᥋ᕪูᑐࡍࡿᢠᘚ㛵ࡋ࡚ (a) ุࡣࠊ ࠕᴗົୖࡢᚲせᛶࠖ࠾ࡼࡧࠕ⫋ົ㛵㐃ᛶࠖࡘ࠸୍࡚㈏ࡋࡓุ᩿ࢆ♧ࡋ ࡚࠾ࡽࡎࠊ⏝⪅ࡢᢠᘚࡣࢇࡢሙྜ࠾࠸࡚ᐜ᫆ㄆࡵࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ㸦࡞࠾ࠊࠕᴗ ົୖࡢᚲせᛶࠖࡢ᪉ࡀࠕ⫋ົ㛵㐃ᛶࠖࡼࡾࡶ⤒Ⴀࡢ⮬⏤ᑐࡋไ⣙ⓗ࡛࠶ࡾࠊ⏝⪅ࡾཝࡋ࠸ᇶ‽࡞ࡗ ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ๓ᥦ❧ࡗࡓ࠺࠼࡛ࠊ ࠕ⫋ົ㛵㐃ᛶࠖࡢ᪉ࢆ㔜どࡋࠊ⏝⪅ࡀ⏝࠸ࡿᒓᛶ୰❧ⓗ࡞ᇶ‽ࡣ⫋ົ ࡢ㛵㐃ᛶࡀ࠶ࢀࡤࡼ࠸ࡍࡿഴྥࡀㄆࡵࡽࢀࡿศᯒࡍࡿඛ⾜◊✲ࡀᏑᅾ㸧ࠋ (b) ᕪูⓗຠᯝࡀࡼࡾᑡ࡞࠸ูࡢヨ㦂ࡸ㑅⪃᪉ἲࡀᏑᅾࡋࠊ⏝⪅ࡢྜἲⓗ┈ ㈨ࡍࡿྰࡢุ᩿࠾࠸࡚ࡣࠊᙜヱ᪉ἲࡢࠕࢥࢫࢺ࠾ࡼࡧࡑࡢࡢ㈇ᢸ࠸࠺せ ⣲ࠖࡶ⪃៖ධࢀࡿᚲせࡀ࠶ࡿ㸦1989 ᖺ Wards Cove ௳㐃㑥᭱㧗ุỴ㸧 ࠋ 3 ࢠࣜࢫ࠾ࡼࡧ EU ࠾ࡅࡿ㛫᥋ᕪูᴫᛕࡢⓎᒎ (1) 㛫᥋ᕪูࡋ࡚த࠸࠺ࡿ㛵ࡋ࡚ (a) ₍↛ࡋࡓほⓗ࡞᪼㐍ᑂᰝࡶࠊ㛫᥋ᕪูࡋ࡚த࠸࠺ࡿ㸦1982 ᖺ Savell ௳㞠⏝ୖッᑂุᡤỴᐃ㸧 ࠋ (b) ࣃ࣮ࢺࢱ࣒ປാ⪅ࢆᴗ⫋ᇦᖺ㔠ࡽ㝖ࡍࡿࡇࡣࠊዪᛶᑐࡍࡿ㛫᥋ᕪ ู࠶ࡓࡿ㸦1986 ᖺ Bilka ௳ḢᕞྖἲุᡤุỴ㸧ࠋ (b’) බṇゎ㞠ࡢ⿵ൾ㔠ဨᡭᙜࡢㄳồᶒࡘ࠸࡚つᐃࡍࡿ㞠⏝ಖㆤ㸦⤫ྜ㸧ἲ ࡢつᐃࡣࠊㄳồᶒࢆ⾜ࡍࡿせ௳ࡋ࡚ࠊձ㐌 16 㛫௨ୖാࡃປാ⪅ࡣ 2 ᖺ㛫ࡢ ⥆ࠊ ղ㐌 8㹼16 㛫ാࡃࣃ࣮ࢺࢱ࣒ປാ⪅ࡣ 5 ᖺ㛫ࡢ⥆ࢆ⩏ົ࡙ࡅ࡚࠾ࡾࠊ ࡇࢀࡀ EU ἲ㐪ࡢዪᛶᑐࡍࡿ㛫᥋ᕪูࢆᵓᡂࡍࡿࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸࠸࠺ッ࠼ࡘ ࡁࠊ㞠⏝ಖㆤ⤫ྜἲୖࡢୖグつᐃࡣ࣮࣐ࣟ᮲⣙ 119 ᮲ࠊྠ୍㈤㔠ᣦ௧ࠊ⏨ዪᆒ➼ᚅ 㐝ᣦ௧㐪ࡍࡿุ♧㸦1994 ᖺ EOC ௳㈗᪘㝔ุỴ㸧ࠋ (c) ࢩ࣮ࢡᩍᚐ࡛࠶ࡿཎ࿌ࢩ࣮ࣙࢺ࣊ࢆᙉไࡋࠊࢱ࣮ࣂࣥࡢ╔⏝ࢆ⚗Ṇࡍࡿࡇ ࡣࠊே✀㛵ಀἲ㐪ࡢ㺀Ẹ᪘ⓗฟ㌟㺁ࢆ⌮⏤ࡍࡿ㛫᥋ᕪู࡛࠶ࡿ㸦1983 ᖺ Mandla ௳㈗᪘㝔ุỴ㸧 ࠋ (d) ฟ⏘ᚋࠊࣃ࣮ࢺࢱ࣒࡛ാࡁࡓ࠸⏦ࡋฟࡓዪᛶᑐࡋࠊࣇࣝࢱ࣒ົࢆせ ồࡍࡿࡇࡣ㛫᥋ᕪู࠶ࡓࡿ㸦1984 ᖺ Holmes ௳㞠⏝ୖッᑂุᡤỴᐃ㸧 ࠋ (2) 㛫᥋ᕪูࢆド᫂ࡍࡿ⤫ィ㈨ᩱ㛵ࡋ࡚ (a) ᪩ᮅ࣭῝ኪົࡲࡓࡣ᪥࡛࠶ࡿࡀ㛗㛫ົࢆせồࡍࡿᆅୗ㕲㐠㌿ᡭࡢ᭰ ไົࡢせㄳࡣࠊዪᛶᑐࡍࡿ㛫᥋ᕪู࠶ࡓࡿ࠸࠺ᙇᑐࡋࠊ2023 ேࡢ⏨ᛶ ဨࡀᙜヱ᭰ไᑵປࡍࡿࡇࡀ࡛ࡁࡿ୍᪉࡛ࠊዪᛶࡣ 21 ே୰ 20 ே㸦95.2%㸧 ࡀᑵປ࡛ࡁࡿ࠸࠺ሙྜ࡛ࡶࠊձᑐ㇟࡞ࡿ⏨ᛶࡀ 2023 ேᅽಽⓗከᩘ࡛࠶ࡗࡓ ࡶࢃࡽࡎࠊ ࡑࡢ᮲௳ࡼࡾ┈ࢆ⿕ࡿ⏨ᛶࡀ 1 ேࡶ࠸࡞ࡗࡓ࠸࠺ࡇࠊ ղࡦࡾぶࡋ࡚⫱ඣࢆ⾜࠺ዪᛶ㸦ཎ࿌ࡣࡦࡾぶࡋ࡚⫱ඣࢆ࠾ࡇ࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡓ㸧 ࡣࠊ⏨ᛶࡢ 10 ಸࡶ㐩ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ࠸࠺ᅜⓗ⤫ィࡀᏑᅾࡍࡿࡇࠊճᆅୗ㕲㐠㌿ᡭ ࡋ࡚ാࡃࡇࡀዪᛶࡗ࡚ࡣᅔ㞴ࠊࡶࡋࡃࡣ㨩ຊⓗ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࡇࡶࡋࢀ࡞ ࠸࠸࠺୍⯡ⓗ▱ぢࠊմ95.2%࠸࠺ᩘᏐࡣ್࡛᭱ࡣ࡞ࡃ᭱ప್࡛࠶ࡿࡇࢆ᥎ᐃ ࡍࡿࡇࡀྍ⬟࡛࠶ࡿࡇ➼ࢆ⪃៖ࡍࢀࡤࠊᙜヱ᭰ไࡣዪᛶᑐࡍࡿ㛫᥋ᕪู ࠶ࡓࡿ㸦1998 ᖺ Edwards㸦No.2㸧௳᥍ッ㝔ุỴ㸧ࠋ (b) 㞠⏝ዎ⣙ୖࡢ㌿᮲㡯㸦⏝⪅ࡢ㒔ྜࡼࡾ㌿ࢆࡌࡿࡇࡀ࠶ࡿ᪨ࢆᐃࡵ ࡿ㸧ࡣࠊዪᛶࡀ⏨ᛶࡼࡾࡶ㧗࠸ྜ࡛ḟⓗ࡞⏕ィ⥔ᣢ⪅࡛࠶ࡾࠊࡑࢀࡺ࠼⏨ᛶ ࡼࡾࡶዪᛶࡢ᪉ࡀ㌿ᛂࡌࡃ࠸࠸࠺ᐇࢆ㉳ࡍࢀࡤࠊ⤫ィⓗドᣐࡀ࡞ࡃ ࡶࠊዪᛶᑐࡋᕪูⓗຠᯝࢆ᭷ࡍࡿุ᩿ࡉࢀࡿ㸦1995 ᖺ Meade-Hill ௳᥍ッ㝔 ุỴ㸧 ࠋ (c) ๓⫋ࡽࡢ⫋ᴗᖺ㔠ࢆཷࡅ࡚࠸ࡿேࠎᑐࡋ࡚ࡣ⫋ࢆᥦ౪ࡋ࡞࠸࠸࠺⏝ ⪅࣭㆙ᐹᙜᒁࡢ᪉㔪ࡣࠊ⏨ᛶᑐࡍࡿ㛫᥋ᕪู࠶ࡓࡿ࠸࠺ᙇᑐࡋࠊၥ㢟ࡢ ᕪูࢆド᫂ࡍࡿࡓࡵࡢ⤫ィ㈨ᩱࡢẕᩘࡣࠊཝᐦࠊ 㸦㆙ᐹᙜᒁ࠾࠸࡚㸧ເ㞟ࡢ࠶ࡗ ࡓ⫋ࡘࡁ㈨᱁ࢆ᭷ࡋ࡚࠾ࡾࠊࡘ㛵ᚰࡢ࠶ࡿேࠎࡢ㞟ᅋ࡛࠶ࡿᚲせࡣ࡞࠸ุ♧ 㸦ཎ࿌ࡣᙼ࡞ࡾ㐺ษ࡛࠶ࡿ⪃࠼ࡿ⤫ィ㈨ᩱࢆᥦ♧ࡋࠊ⏝⪅ࡣࡑࢀࡀ㐺ษ࡛ ࠶ࡿ࠸࠺ලయⓗドࢆ⾜ࢃ࡞ࡗࡓ㸧 ࠋ࡞ࡐ࡞ࡽࡤࠊ㛫᥋ᕪูࡢᏑᅾࢆ♧ࡍධᛕ࡞ ⤫ィ㈨ᩱࡀᥦฟࡉࢀࡿࡲ࡛ࡣ㛫᥋ᕪูࡢᏑᅾࢆㄆࡵ࡞࠸ࡍࡿࠊ࣓ࣜ࢝ࡀ┤㠃 ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡼ࠺࡞ࠊ⭾࡞㛫ࢥࢫࢺࡀࡿ࠸࠺ၥ㢟┤㠃ࡍࡿࡽ㸦1990 ᖺ Lea ௳㞠⏝ୖッᑂุᡤỴᐃ㸧 ࠋ (3) 㛫᥋ᕪูᑐࡍࡿᢠᘚ㛵ࡋ࡚ (a) ࢠࣜࢫࡢุ࠾࠸࡚ࡣࠊ㛫᥋ᕪูࢆ⏕ࡌࡉࡏ࡚࠸ࡿᇶ‽ࡸ័⾜➼ࡀࠊձ ྍḞ㸦necessary㸧࡛࠶ࡿࡇࡢド᫂ࡲ࡛せồࡍࡿࠊ࠸࠺௦ࡽࠊղ☜ᐇ᰿ᣐ ࢆ᭷ࡋࠊチᐜࡋ࠺ࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ㸦acceptable㺃㺃㺃as sound and tolerable㸧ࡇࡢド᫂ ࢆせồࡍࡿࠊ࠸࠺௦ࢆ⤒࡚ࠊճᙜヱᇶ‽ࡸ័⾜ࡢᕪูⓗຠᯝ⏝⪅ഃࡢྜ⌮ ⓗᚲせ㸦reasonable needs㸧ࡢẚ㍑⾮㔞ࡼࡾࠊࡑࡢṇᙜᛶࢆุ᩿ࡍࡿ࠸࠺ᯟ⤌ࡳ ࡀᙧᡂࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡗࡓࠋ (b) EU ࡢุ࠾࠸࡚ࡣࠊ1980 ᖺ௦ᚋ༙㡭ࡽࠊ㛫᥋ᕪูࢆ⏕ࡌࡉࡏࡓ⾜Ⅽࡢձ ┠ⓗࡀ㸦♫ᨻ⟇ୖ㸧ྍḞ㸦necessary㸧࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠊղᡭẁࡀ┠ⓗ㐩ᡂࡢࡓࡵ 㐺ษ㸦appropriate㸧ࡘྍḞ㸦necessary㸧࡞ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠊ┠ⓗᡭẁࡢ୧ 㠃ࡽṇᙜᛶࢆุ᩿ࡍࡿ࠸࠺ᯟ⤌ࡳࡀ᫂ࡽࡉࢀࡿࡼ࠺࡞ࡗࡓ㸦ලయⓗ࡞ṇ ᙜᛶุ᩿ࡣࠊຍ┕ᅜᅜෆุᡤࡢᶒ㝈ᒓࡍࡿ㸧 ࠋ (c) (b)ࡢὶࢀἢ࠺ᙧ࡛ 2002 ᖺ⏨ዪᆒ➼ᚅ㐝ᣦ௧ᨵṇᣦ௧ࡀฟࡉࢀࠊࡇࢀᩚ ྜࡍࡿࡼ࠺ࠊࢠࣜࢫ࠾࠸࡚ࡣ 2005 ᖺᛶᕪู⚗Ṇἲࡀᨵṇࡉࢀ࡚⌧ᅾ⮳ࡿࠋ (d) EU ࠾࠸࡚ࠊࢥࢫࢺࢆᢠᘚ⏤ࡋ࡚ㄆࡵࡿࡇࢆไ㝈ࡋࠊࢥࢫࢺࡢቑࡢ ࡳࢆ⌮⏤ṇᙜᛶࢆㄆࡵࡿࡇࡀྰᐃࡉࢀ㸦2000 ᖺ Schröder ௳Ḣᕞྖἲุᡤ ุỴ㸧ࠊ ࡇࢀࡀࢠࣜࢫࡶᙳ㡪ࢆ࠼ࡿ 㸦2005 ᖺ Cross ௳㞠⏝ୖッᑂุᡤỴᐃ㸧 ࠋ V ࡲࡵ 1 㛫᥋ᕪูᴫᛕࡢ≉ᚩ (1) ᙧᘧⓗᖹ➼࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊᐇ㉁ⓗᖹ➼ࢆ㏣ồ㸦ࡓࡔࡋࠊ⤖ᯝࡢᖹ➼ࡀồࡵࡽࢀࡿࢃࡅ ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸㸧 (2) ᕪูࡢពᅗࡢド᫂ࢆせࡍࡿ (3) ⿕ᕪู㞟ᅋయᑐࡋᕪูࡢṇຠᯝࡀཬࡪ㸦ᕪูⓗ≧ែࡢゎᾘ㸧 2 㛫᥋ᕪูᴫᛕࡢᣑ࣭▸ᑠ (1) ᐈほⓗไᗘࡸᇶ‽ࡼࡿ㞠⏝ୖࡢỴᐃ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ほⓗேỴᐃࡶࠊ㛫᥋ᕪูࡋ ࡚த࠸࠺ࡿ (2) 㛫᥋ᕪูࢆច㉳ࡍࡿ♫ᵓ㐀࣓ࢫࢆධࢀࡽࢀࡿྰࡣࠊ┤᥋ⓗ࣭ἲᢏ⾡ⓗ ࡣࠊ㛫᥋ᕪูᴫᛕࢆ࠺ᐃ⩏㸦ᩥゝ㸧ࡍࡿࠊᙜ⪅ࡢ❧ド㈐௵ࢆ࠺ᤊ࠼ࡿ ࠸࠺ࡇ㛵ಀࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ (a) ࣓ࣜ࢝࠾ࡅࡿࠕ≉ᐃࡢ㞠⏝័⾜ࠖ (b) 㛫᥋ᕪูࡢド᫂ࡢࡓࡵせồࡉࢀࡿ⤫ィ㈨ᩱࡢෆᐜࠊཝᐦᛶ㸦ࢠࣜࢫ࠾ࡅ ࡿἲᨵṇ㸧 (c) 㛫᥋ᕪูᑐࡍࡿᢠᘚࡢᇶ‽ࢆࡢࡼ࠺ྜ⌮ࡍࡿ㸦ࢠࣜࢫ࠾ࡅࡿἲ ᨵṇ㸧 (3) 㛫᥋ᕪูࢆច㉳ࡍࡿ♫ᵓ㐀࣓ࢫࢆධࢀࡽࢀࡿྰࡣࠊ㛫᥋ⓗࡣࠊㄡࡀἲ ⓗุ᩿ᦠࢃࡿࡢ࠸࠺ἲࡢᐇ⌧ࡢ࠶ࡾ᪉࠾ࡼࡧࡼࡾᗈ࠸♫ᩥ㛵ಀࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ 㸦ࡇࢀࡀࠊ࣓ࣜ࢝ࢠࣜࢫ࣭EU ࡢᴫᛕࡢᒎ㛤⤒⦋ࡢ㐪࠸ࢆࡶࡓࡽࡋࡓཎᅉ⪃࠼ ࡽࢀࡿ㸧 (a) ㄡࡀἲⓗุ᩿ᦠࢃࡿࡢ ⡿㸸㛫᥋ᕪู㛵ࡍࡿุ᩿㛵ࢃࡿ㐃㑥ุᡤุᐁࠊ⤫㡿ࡢᣦྡୖ㝔ࡢᢎㄆࠋ ⱥ㸸㞠⏝ᑂุᡤ࠾࠸࡚ࡣࠊ⫋ᴗุᐁ㸩ປࡢ௦⾲⤌⧊ࡽ᥎⸀ࡉࢀࡓࣞ㺃࣓ࣥ ࣂ࣮ࡤࢀࡿἲᚊࡢᑓ㛛ᐙ࡛࡞࠸ᑂุဨࡼࡿุ᩿ࠋ Ḣ㸸ྛຍ┕ᅜࡽ 1 ྡࡎࡘ᥎⸀ࠊຍ┕ᅜ࡛┦ᢎㄆࠋ (b) 㛫᥋ᕪูᴫᛕࡢᒎ㛤ࢆᕥྑࡍࡿ♫ᩥ つไᴟࡵ࡚ᾘᴟⓗ࡛ࠊ⤒Ⴀࡢ⮬⏤ࢆ᭱㝈ᑛ㔜ࡋࡼ࠺ࡍࡿ࣓ࣜ࢝ࠊ♫ᅜ ᐙⓗⓎࡢᙉ࠸ EU ࠾ࡼࡧ EU ἲᣊ᮰ࡉࢀࡿࢠࣜࢫ ➨ 6 ᅇᕪู⚗Ṇ㒊 㛫᥋ᕪู࣭㛵㐃㈨ᩱ ㈨ᩱ 1 ࣭1964 ᖺබẸᶒἲ➨ 7 ⦅㸦Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964㸧703 ᮲(a) (1) ே✀ࠊ⓶ࡢⰍࠊ᐀ᩍࠊᛶࠊࡲࡓࡣฟ㌟ᅜࢆ⌮⏤ࡋ࡚ࠊಶேࢆ㞠⏝ࡏ ࡎࠊ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣ㞠⏝ࢆᣄྰࡋࠊࡶࡋࡃࡣಶேࢆゎ㞠ࡍࡿࡇࠊࡲࡓࡣࠊࡑࡢࡢᙧ࡛ࠊ 㞠⏝࠾ࡅࡿሗ㓘ࠊ᮲௳ࠊᶒࡘ࠸࡚ࠊಶேࢆᕪูࡍࡿࡇࠋ (2) ே✀ࠊ⓶ࡢⰍࠊ᐀ᩍࠊᛶࠊࡲࡓࡣฟ㌟ᅜࢆ⌮⏤ࡋ࡚ࠊಶேࡢ㞠⏝ᶵ ࢆዣࡗࡓࡾࠊࡑࡢ⿕⏝⪅ࡋ࡚ࡢᆅ࡞ᙳ㡪ࢆ࠼ࡿࡼ࠺࡞᪉ἲ࡛ࠊ⿕⏝ ⪅ࡲࡓࡣồ⫋⪅ࢆࠊไ㝈ࠊ㝸㞳ࡲࡓࡣศ㞳ࡍࡿࡇࠋ ㈨ᩱ 2 ࣭ᛶᕪู⚗Ṇἲ㸦Sex Discrimination Act㸧 㸦1975 ᖺไᐃᙜึ㸧 1 ᮲(1)(b) せ௳ࡲࡓࡣ᮲௳㸦a requirement or condition㸧ࢆ⏨ᛶ㐺⏝ࡍࡿࡢྠ ᵝዪᛶ㐺⏝ࠊࡲࡓࡣ㐺⏝ࡍࡿ࡛࠶ࢁ࠺ሙྜࠊ (i) ࡑࢀࢆ㊊ࡋ࠺ࡿዪᛶࡢྜࡀ⏨ᛶࡢྜࡼࡾࡶ┦ᙜ⛬ᗘᑠࡉࡃࠊ (ii) ࡑࡢ㐺⏝ࡉࡏࡿࡁ⪅ࡢᛶู㛵ಀ࡞ࡃṇᙜ࡛࠶ࡿࡇࢆ❧ドࡋ࠼ࡎࠊ (iii) ዪᛶࡀࡑࢀࢆ㊊ࡋ࠼࡞࠸ࡀࡺ࠼┈ࢆ⿕ࡿሙྜ ࣭ᛶᕪู⚗Ṇἲ㸦2005 ᖺᨵṇᚋ㸧 1 ᮲(2)(b) つᐃࠊᇶ‽ࠊࡲࡓࡣ័⾜㸦a provision, criterion, or practice㸧ࢆ⏨ᛶ 㐺⏝ࡍࡿࡢྠᵝዪᛶ㐺⏝ࠊࡲࡓࡣ㐺⏝ࡍࡿ࡛࠶ࢁ࠺ሙྜࠊ (i) ࡑࢀࡀ⏨ᛶࡽẚ㍑ࡋ࡚ዪᛶࡽ≉ᐃࡢ┈ࢆ࠼ࠊࡲࡓࡣ࠼ࡿ࡛࠶ࢁ࠺ሙ ྜ࡛࠶ࡗ࡚ࠊࡘ (ii) ⏦❧ேዪᛶࡀ┈ࢆ⿕ࡿሙྜ࡛࠶ࡗ࡚ࠊ (iii) ࡑࢀࡀ㐺ἲ࡞┠ⓗࢆ㐩ᡂࡍࡿࡓࡵࡢ┦ᙜ࡞᪉ἲ࡛࠶ࡿࡇࢆド᫂ࡍࡿࡇࡀ࡛ ࡁ࡞࠸ሙྜ ࣭2002 ᖺ⏨ዪᆒ➼ᚅ㐝ᣦ௧ᨵṇᣦ௧㸦Directive 2002/73/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 September 2002 amending Council Directive 76/207/EEC on the implementation of the principle of equal treatment for men and women as regards access to employment, vocational training and promotion, and working conditions㸧 እぢୖࡣ୰❧ⓗ࡞つᐃࠊᇶ‽ࠊࡲࡓࡣ័⾜㸦a provision, criterion, or practice㸧ࡀࠊ ࠶ࡿᛶᒓࡍࡿ⪅ᑐࡋࡢᛶᒓࡍࡿ⪅ẚ㍑ࡋ࡚ࠊ≉ᐃࡢ┈ࢆ࠼ࡿ࡛࠶ ࢁ࠺ሙྜ࡛࠶ࡾࠊᙜヱつᐃࠊᇶ‽ࡲࡓࡣ័⾜ࡀࠊྜἲⓗ࡞┠ⓗࡼࡾᐈほⓗṇᙜ ࡉࢀࡎࠊࡘࡑࡢ┠ⓗࡢ㐩ᡂᡭẁࡀ㐺ษࡘᚲせ࡛࡞࠸ሙྜࠋ ࣭1964 ᖺබẸᶒἲ➨ 7 ⦅ 703 ᮲(k)(1)(A)㸦1991 ᖺබẸᶒἲࡼࡾ㏣ຍ㸧 ᕪูⓗຠᯝࡶ࡙ࡃ㐪ἲ࡞㞠⏝័⾜ࡣࠊḟࡢ᮲௳ࡢ࠸ࡎࢀࢆ‶ࡓࡍሙྜ㝈ࡾࠊᮏ ➨ 6 ᅇᕪู⚗Ṇ㒊 㛫᥋ᕪู࣭㛵㐃㈨ᩱ ᮲ᇶ࡙࠸࡚ㄆࡵࡽࢀࡿࠋ (i) ⿕࿌ࡀࠊே✀ࠊ⓶ࡢⰍࠊ᐀ᩍࠊᛶูཪࡣฟ㌟ᅜᇶ࡙ࡃᕪูⓗ࡞ຠᯝࡢཎᅉ࡞ࡿ ≉ᐃࡢ㞠⏝័⾜㸦a particular employment practice㸧ࢆᐇࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࡇࢆཎ࿌ࡀド᫂ ࡋࠊࡘၥ㢟ࡉࢀࡿ⾜Ⅽࡀᙜヱ⫋ົࡘ࠸࡚⫋ົୖࡢ㛵㐃ᛶࡀ࠶ࡾ㸦job related for the position in question㸧 ࠊᴗົୖࡢᚲせᛶ୍⮴ࡍࡿ㸦consistent with business necessity㸧 ࡇࡢド᫂⿕࿌ࡀኻᩋࡋࡓࡇࠊࡲࡓࡣ (ii) ཎ࿌ࡀᮏ᮲ C つᐃࡍࡿ௦᭰ⓗ㞠⏝័⾜㛵ࡍࡿド᫂ࢆ⾜࠸ࠊࡘ⿕࿌ࡀᙜヱ௦᭰ ⓗ㞠⏝័⾜ࡢ᥇⏝ࢆᣄྰࡋࡓࡇ (C) (A)(ii)つᐃࡍࡿド᫂ࡣࠊ ࠗ௦᭰ⓗ㞠⏝័⾜࠘ࡢᴫᛕ㛵ࡋ࡚ࡣࠊ1989 ᖺ 6 ᭶ 4 ᪥ᙜࡢἲ୍⮴ ࡍࡿࡶࡢࡍࡿ㸦1989 ᖺ 6 ᭶ 4 ᪥ࡣࠊWards Cove ௳㐃㑥᭱㧗ุỴࡢุỴ᪥㸧 ࠋ ㈨ᩱ 3 ࣭1964 ᖺබẸᶒἲ➨ 7 ⦅ 703 ᮲(h) ⏝⪅ࡀ㈤㔠ࡲࡓࡣሗ㓘ࡢ㢠ࢆỴᐃࡍࡿ㝿ࠊᛶࢆ⌮⏤᱁ᕪࢆタࡅࡿࡇࡣࠊ ࡿ᱁ᕪࡀ 1963 ᖺྠ୍㈤㔠ἲࡼࡾㄆࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿሙྜ࡛࠶ࢀࡤࠊᮏ⦅㸦➨ 7 ⦅㸧 ࡢୗ࡛㐪ἲ࡞㞠⏝័⾜ࡉࢀ࡞࠸ࠋ ࣭1963 ᖺྠ୍㈤㔠ἲ㸦Equal Pay Act of 1963㸧ࡀㄆࡍࡿ㈤㔠᱁ᕪࡣ ձ ඛ௵ᶒไᗘࡶ࡙ࡃࡶࡢ ղ ⬟ຊᡂ⦼ࡼࡿ௵⏝ไᗘࡶ࡙ࡃࡶࡢ ճ ⏕⏘ࡢ㔞ࡸ㉁ࡼࡿฟ᮶㧗ᡶ࠸ไᗘࡶ࡙ࡃࡶࡢ մ ࡑࡢࡢᛶู௨እࡢせ⣲㸦any other factor other than sex㸧ࡶ࡙ࡃࡶࡢ