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㐃⥆⏬㸸ⴭసᶒἲࡢࣜࣇ࢛࣮࣒ㄽ ࡑࡢ㸯 ჇƷᓸ˺ೌȪȕǩȸȠ Jessica LITMAN ẚⰋె⌮ヂ ࠙せ⣙ࠚ ⴭసᶒไᗘࡣⴭస≀ࡢసࠊᬑཬࠊࡑࡋ࡚⏝ࢆ⫱ࡴ࢚ࢥࣟࢪ࣮ࢆ⏕ࡳฟࡍࡓ ࡵタィࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋⴭసᶒไᗘࡀ࠺ࡲࡃᶵ⬟ࡋ࡚࠸ࢀࡤࠊࡑࢀࡣࢡ࢚ࣜࢱ࣮ ࡀ᪂ࡓ࡞ⴭస≀ࢆ⏕ࡳฟࡍࡢࢆಁࡋࠊ፹ᴗ⪅ intermediaries ࡀᗈࡃᬑཬࡉࡏࡿ ࡢࢆᨭ࠼ࠊㄞ⪅ࡸど⫈⪅ࡀࡑࢀࡽࢆாཷࡍࡿࡢࢆຓࡅࡿࠋࡶࡋไᗘࡀࢡ࢚ࣜࢱ ࣮ࡢཧධ㞀ቨࢆ㧗ࡵࡓࡾࠊ፹ᴗ⪅ࡁࡘ࠸㞀ᐖࢆㄢࡋࡓࡾࠊ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣ࣮ࣘࢨ࣮ གྷ࡞᮲௳ࡸࣁ࣮ࢻࣝࢆᢲࡋࡅࡿ࡞ࡽࡤࠊࡑ࠺ࡋࡓไᗘࡣᑡ࡞ࡃࡶ୍㒊ࡢ ┠ⓗࡢ㐩ᡂኻᩋࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ࠸࠼ࡿࠋ⌧ᅾࡢ⡿ᅜⴭసᶒࡢไᐃἲࡣࡇࢀࡽ Ⅼ ࠾࠸࡚࡞ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋᮏ✏࡛ࡣࠊ⌧ᅾࡢⴭసᶒไᗘࡀ࠸ᮏ᮶ពᅗࡋ࡚ ࠸ࡓཷ┈⪅ࡢᙺ❧ࡗ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࡶࡢࢆ᫂ࡽࡍࡿࠋ⚾ぢࡼࢀࡤࠊⴭసᶒἲࡢ ṇ⤫ᛶࡢᅵྎ࠸࠺ࡢࡣࠊࢡ࢚ࣜࢱ࣮࣮ࣘࢨ࣮ࡶࡓࡽࡉࢀࡿ᫂ⓑ࡞౽┈ ồࡵࡽࢀࡿࠋࡋࡋࡇ࠺ࡋࡓᅵྎࡣ⌧ᅾࡁ࡞டࡀධࡗ࡚ࡋࡲࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ⪃ ࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋࡑࡢ⌮⏤ࡢ༙ࡣ⌧௦ࡢⴭసᶒἲࡀ≉ࢡ࢚ࣜࢱ࣮ࡸ࣮ࣘࢨ࣮ࡢࡓ ࡵ࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡣ࠸࠼࡞࠸࠸࠺ㄆ㆑ࡀᗈࡀࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡇᖐࡏࡽࢀࡿࠋⴭస ᶒἲࡣࡑࡢ௦ࢃࡾࡋ࡚ࠊࢡ࢚ࣜࢱ࣮࣮ࣘࢨ࣮ࡢ㛫ࡢᑟ⟶ࢆྖࡿ፹ᴗ⪅ࡢ John F. Nickoll Professor of Law and Professor of Information, University of Michigan. ึᮇࡢⲡ✏ࢥ࣓ࣥࢺࢆୗࡉࡗࡓ Jon Weinberg, Seana Shiffrin, Jane Ginsburg, Rebecca Tushnet, Tom Cotter, Kurt Hunt ྛឤㅰ⏦ࡋୖࡆࡿࠋࡲࡓࠊⴭసᶒࣜࣇ࢛࣮࣒ ࠸࠺ㄽ㢟ࢆ❧࡚ࠊࣜࣇ࢛࣮࣒ࡢᙧసࡾࡘ࠸࡚⌧ᅾ⾜ࢃࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ㆟ㄽࢆࡲࡵ࡚ୗ ࡉࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ Pamela Samuelson ࡣከ࡞ᜠ⩏ࢆឤࡌ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ⚾ࡢ⪃࠼ࡣከࡃࡢே ࡢᑐヰᙳ㡪ࢆཷࡅ࡚࠸ࡿࡀࠊ≉ Jon Baumgarten, Mike Carroll, Julie Cohen, Troy Dow, Laura Gasaway, Daniel Gervais, Terry Illardi, Lydia Loren, Tyler Ochoa, Tony Reese, Jule Sigall, Kate Spelman, Chris Sprigman, Jeremy Williams ᚚ♩⏦ࡋୖࡆࡿࠋࡇࢀࡽ ࡢ᪉ࠎࡣ⚾ࡢ⤖ㄽࡢ㒊ศ㈶ྠࡋ࡞࠸ࡔࢁ࠺ࡇࡣ☜ಙࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡀࠊᑐヰࡢ࠾㝜 ࡛⚾⮬㌟ࡀᮏᙜࡣఱࢆ⪃࠼࡚࠸ࡿࡢࢆࢃࡿࡇࡀ࡛ࡁࡓࠋ ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO 㐃⥆⏬ ┿ࡢⴭసᶒࣜࣇ࢛࣮࣒㻸㼕㼠㼙㼍㼚 ᡭඖຊࢆ㞟୰ࡉࡏ࡚ࡋࡲࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇ࠺ࡋࡓ፹ᴗ⪅ࡽࡣ㏆ࠊࡑࡢᙳ㡪ຊࡸ ไᐃⴭసᶒἲࡣྂࡃࠊ௦㐜ࢀ࡛ࠊᰂ㌾ᛶࢆḞࡁࠊᵝࠎ࡞ไᗘࡢḞ㝗 ⴭస≀㛵ࡍࡿᶒࢆ⏝࠸࡚ࠊ࠸ⴭస≀ࡢ⏝ࢆጉᐖࡋྜࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ፹ᴗ ࢆ㟢࿊ࡍࡿࡼ࠺࡞ࡗ࡚ࡁ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ㆟ࡀ⌧ᅾࡢⴭసᶒἲࢆไᐃࡋࡓࡢ ⪅ࡢᶒࡢ㞟୰ࡣࠊ௨๓ࡣ⤒῭ⓗ⌮㐺ࡗ࡚࠸ࡓࡀࠊ᪥࡛ࡣࡑ࠺ࡣ࠸࠼ ࡞ࡃ࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞ࢁ࠺ࠋ┿ࡢⴭసᶒࣜࣇ࢛࣮࣒ࢆ⾜࠺ୖ࡛㘽࡞ࡿࡢ ࡣࠊࢡ࢚ࣜࢱ࣮ࡶࡗᶒࢆ࠼ࠊ࣮ࣘࢨ࣮ࡶࡗ⮬⏤ࢆ࠼ࠊⴭసᶒࡢ ፹ᴗ⪅ࡢࢥࣥࢺ࣮ࣟࣝࢆῶࡽࡍࡇ࡛ࠊⴭసᶒࡀࡶࡓࡽࡍ౽┈ࢆ㓄ศࡍࡿࡇ ࡣᖺ௨ୖ๓ࡢࡇ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡑࡢ୰࡛ࡶ㔜せ࡞᮲㡯ࡢࢇࡣࠊࡑࢀ ࡼࡾ๓ᩘᖺࢆࡅ࡚㉳ⲡࡉࢀ࡚ࡁࡓࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ㛗ᮇⓗࡘ」ᒙࡋ ࡓ΅㐣⛬ࡢ୰࡛ࠊⴭసᶒࡢࣟࣅࢫࢺࡀᖺⴭసᶒἲࢆ᭩ࡁ⾲ࡋࡓࠋ ࡛࠶ࡿᥦࡍࡿࠋ ไᐃἲࡣ㞴ゎ࡞ㄽதࢆゎỴࡍࡿࡓࡵヲ⣽ࢆグ㏙ࡋࡓ㔞ࡢつᐃࢆྵࢇ ࡛࠸ࡿࠋࡇࢀࡣ๓㌟ࡢไᐃἲ࠾ࡅࡿ୍⯡ⓗ࡞ཎ๎ࢆࠊᖺ௦ࡽ ᖺ௦ึᮇࡢᢏ⾡ᕷሙ᰿ࡊࡋࡓ≉ᐃࡢᩥゝྲྀࡗ࡚௦࠼ࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡗ ┠ ḟ Ϩ㸬⌧ᅾࡢⴭసᶒไᗘࡢḞⅬ 㸿㸬ࢡ࢚ࣜࢱ࣮ࡢⴭసᶒ 㹀㸬࣮ࣘࢨ࣮ࡢⴭసᶒ 㹁㸬፹ᴗ⪅ࡢⴭసᶒ ࡓࠋࡋࡋไᐃἲࡣኚᑐᛂࡍࡿࡼ࠺ࡣ࠺ࡲࡃタィࡉࢀ࡚࠾ࡽࡎࠊ ࡢ⤒㐣ࡶ⥢ࡧࡀ┠❧ࡘࡼ࠺࡞ࡗࡓࠋලయⓗ᭩ࡁ㎸ࡲࢀࡓ≉ ᐃࡢゎỴ᪉ἲࡣࠊ♫ⓗࠊᩥⓗࠊᢏ⾡ⓗኚࢆ┠ࡢ๓ࠊ㐺ษ࡛ ௦㐜ࢀࡢࡶࡢ࡞ࡗ࡚ࡋࡲࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋⴭసᶒ㞟⣙ⓗ࡞ࣅࢪࢿࢫࡣ㆟ 㸯㸬ศ㓄ᴗ⪅ ᑐࡋࠊ᪂ࡓ࡞ၥ㢟ࢆゎỴࡍࡿࡓࡵࡢ᪂ࡋ࠸ヲ⣽࡞グ㏙ࢆせồࡍࡿࡼ࠺ 㸰㸬࣓࣮࣮࢝ ࡞ࡗࡓࠋ⥆࠸࡚⏘ᴗ⏺ෆ࡛⾜ࢃࢀࡓ΅ࡢ㐣⛬࡛ࡣࠊไᐃἲࡢᥦࢆ୍ 㹂㸬ࡲࡵ ϩ㸬ⴭసᶒࣜࣇ࢛࣮࣒ࡢᐇ㝿㸦௨ୖࠊᮏྕ㸧 Ϫ㸬ⴭసᶒࣜࣇ࢛࣮࣒ࡢ┠ⓗ 㸿㸬ᢤᮏⓗ࡞⡆⣲ 㹀㸬ࢡ࢚ࣜࢱ࣮ࡢᶒཎࡢᙉ 㹁㸬࣮ࣘࢨ࣮ࡢᶒཎࡢᙉ 㹂㸬௰ࡢ㝖㸦Disintermediation㸧 㹃㸬ࡲࡵ ϫ㸬┿ࡢⴭసᶒᨵ㠉ྥࡅ࡚ 㸿㸬ⴭసᶒࡢಖㆤ⠊ᅖࡢぢ┤ࡋ 㸯㸬ၟᴗⓗ⏝ᶒࡢ୍ඖ㸽 㸰㸬ᐇຠᛶࡢ᳨ド 㸱㸬ࡼࡾៅ㔜࡞௦᭰ 㹀㸬ࢡ࢚ࣜࢱ࣮ⴭసᶒࡢ⤖ྜ 㹁㸬࣮ࣘࢨ࣮ࡢᶒࡢㄆ㆑ 㹂㸬ሀᅛ࡞௰ᴗ⪅ࡢ㝖ཤ 㹃㸬ࡲࡵ Ϭ㸬ࡇࡇࡽࡑࡇྥ࠺ࡣ ϭ㸬⤖ㄒ ✀⊂≉࡛Ẽࡲࡄࢀ࡞ᐖ㛵ಀྜࢃࡏࡿࡼ࠺ㄪᩚࡀヨࡳࡽࢀࠊࡑࡢ⤖ᯝ ヲ⣽࡞グ㏙ࡣ୍㐃ࡢไ㝈つᐃࡸణࡋ᭩ࠊไ⣙ࠊ᮲௳࡞ࡗ࡚ࠊᚑ㡰࡞㆟ ࡢᡭ࡛ἲࡢ୰⤌ࡳ㎸ࡲࢀࡿ⮳ࡗࡓ ࠋ᪥ࠊྜ⾗ᅜἲᚊ㞟United Copyright Act of 1976, Pub. L. No. 94-553, 90 Stat. 2541 (codified as amended at 17 U.S.C. §§ 101–1205 (2006)). See JESSICA LITMAN, DIGITAL COPYRIGHT 22–34, 54–63, 122–45 (2d ed. 2006). Com- pare, e.g., Copyright Act of 1909, ch. 320, § 1(e), 35 Stat. 1075Ⴀ┠ⓗࡢබ࡛ࡢ㡢ᴦ సရࡢ₇ዌࡘࡁࠊ⠊ᅖእࢆᐃࡵ࡚࠸ࡿ, with Copyright Act of 1976 § 110 බࡢ ⏝ᶒᑐࡍࡿእࢆิᣲࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ. LITMAN, supra note 2, at 57–63, 197–202. See, e.g., Performance Rights Act of 2009, H.R. 848, 111th Cong. (2009); Fair Copyright in Research Works Act of 2009, H.R. 801, 111th Cong. (2009); Shawn Bentley Orphan Works Act of 2008, S. 2913, 110th Cong. (2008); Intellectual Property Enforcement Act of 2007, S. 2317, 110th Cong. (2007); Inducing Infringement of Copyrights Act of 2004, S. 2560, 108th Cong. (2004). See, e.g., Prioritizing Resources and Organization for Intellectual Property Act of 2008, Pub. L. No. 110-403, 122 Stat. 4256 (codified as amended in scattered sections of 15 U.S.C., 18 U.S.C., and 42 U.S.C.); Family Entertainment and Copyright Act of 2005, Pub. L. ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO 㐃⥆⏬ ┿ࡢⴭసᶒࣜࣇ࢛࣮࣒㻸㼕㼠㼙㼍㼚 States Code➨⦅ࡣ⭾ࢀୖࡀࡾࠊࡘࡓ࡛そࢃࢀࡓࠊ⌮ゎ⬟࡞ᩥ❶ࡢ㞟 ࡲࡾ࡞ࡗ࡚ࡋࡲࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ ࠋ グ᠈ຊࡢⰋ࠸Ṕྐᐙࡸⴭసᶒἲ㛵ࢃࡿἲ᭪࡛࠶ࢀࡤࡇ࠺ࡋࡓၥ㢟 ࡀࠊࡑࡢሙࡋࡢࡂࡢゎỴ⟇ࢆࡢᐖ㛵ಀ⪅΅ࡋ࡚ࡁࡓ࠸࠺ࡶࡢ ࡛࠶ࡾࠊࡑࡇ࡛ࡣ⮬ศࡓࡕࡀᮃࡴࡼ࠺࡞ෆᐜࡀไᐃἲࡢ᮲ᩥ᭩ࢀ࡚ ࠸ࡿࡢࡼ࠺ࡿ⯙࠺ࡇ࡛ྜពࡀ࡞ࡉࢀࡓࠋ➨୕ࠊᙼࡽࡣ࠸ ᡃࠎࡀ௨๓ࡶ┤㠃ࡋࡓࡇࡀ࠶ࡿࡢࢆࡼࡃぬ࠼࡚࠸ࡿࡶࡋࢀ࡞࠸ࠋⴭ ྲྀỴࡵࢆ⾜࠸ࠊࡑࢀࡒࢀࡢࡺ࠸ࡇࢁࢆᥙࡅࡿࡼ࠺࡞ⴭసᶒἲᨵ సᶒἲࡀⓎᒎࡍࡿᢏ⾡❧ࡕྥ࠺࠸࠺Ⅼࡣࠊ㆟ࡀ᭱ึࡢⴭసᶒἲ ṇࡍࡿࡼ࠺ᥦࡋࡓࠋࡇ࠺ࡋࡓࣉࣟࢭࢫࡣᙼࡽࡀീࡍࡿ௨ୖ㛫ࡀ ࢆᖺไᐃࡋ࡚௨᮶ࡰ㏵⤯࠼ࡿࡇ࡞ࡃࢸ࣮࣐࡛࠶ࡾ⥆ࡅ࡚ࡁࡓࠋ ࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࡀࠊ᭱⤊ⓗࡣ㆟ࡀ༠ຊⓗไᐃࡋ࡚ࡃࢀࡓࡇ ࡇࢀࡲ࡛ࡶఱᗘࡶࠊⴭసᶒ⏘ᴗࡀࡑࡢᨻⓗᙳ㡪ຊࢆ㥑ࡋ࡚㆟ᑐ ࡶ࠶ࡾࠊⴭసᶒࡢࣟࣅࢫࢺࡓࡕࡀไᐃἲࡢᩥゝࢆ⏕ࡳฟࡋࡓࢃࡅ࡛࠶ ࡋ᪂ࡋ࠸ἲࢆไᐃࡍࡿࡼ࠺㏕ࡗ࡚ࡁࡓࡢᢲࡉࢀࡿᙧ࡛ࠊⴭసᶒἲࡣࡦ ࡿࠋࡇࡢ⤖ᯝࠊᙜ↛࡞ࡀࡽ࡛ࡁ࠶ࡀࡗࡓไᐃἲࡣ௨๓ࡢࡶࡢẚࡼࡾ ࡃ௦㐜ࢀ࡞ࡿࡼ࠺ᡂ㛗ࡋ࡚ࡁࡓࠋ⌧ᅾࡢἲࡣ㐣ཤẚࠊࡼࡾᴟ 㛗ࡃࠊࡼࡾᰂ㌾ᛶࢆḞࡁࠊḞ㝗ࡢከ࠸ࡶࡢ㏥ࡋࡓࡶࡢ࡞ࡗࡓࡢ ➃ኻᩋࡋ࡚࠸ࡿྍ⬟ᛶࡀ࠶ࡾࠊ᮲ᩥࡢᩥゝࡣఱಸࡶ㛗ࡃࠊࡎࡗ⣽ ࡃࠊ᫇ẚ⌮ゎࡍࡿࡢࡀ㞴ࡋࡃ࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡶࡋࢀ࡞࠸ࠋࡣ࠸࠼ ࡇࡢ✀ࡢགྷ⅏ࡣⴭసᶒࡢṔྐࢆ⧞ࡾ㏉ࡋᝎࡲࡏ࡚ࡁࡓࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋୡ ⣖ࡸୡ⣖ࡇ࠺ࡋࡓၥ㢟┤㠃ࡋࡓ㝿ࡣࠊⴭసᶒᙉὴࡢἲ᭪ࡣἲ ᚊࢆᙉࡍࡿࡃ࠸ࡃࡘࡢᡓ␎ࢆ᥎ࡋ㐍ࡵ࡚ࡁࡓࠋ୍ࡘࡣไᐃἲ࠶ ᐖࡢᙇࡼࡗ࡚ಖㆤࢆồࡵ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ 䛄publication࠘ヱᙜࡍࡿࡓࡵࡣࠊ㡺 ᕸ distribution ࡣᴟࡵ࡚つᶍࡢࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࡇࡀᚲせࡉࢀࡿࠊࡑࢀࡶཎ࿌ ࡀⴭసᶒࡢไᐃἲᇶ࡙࠸࡚ㄳồࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ ࡑࡢሙྜ publication ࡢせ௳ࡣᴟࡵ ࡿ㒔ྜࡢᝏ࠸ᩥゝࢆᅇ㑊ࡍࡿ࠸࠺ࡶࡢ࡛ࠊࡑࡢࡓࡵุᡤᑐࡋࠊไᐃ ࡚㝈ᐃⓗ࡞ࡶࡢ࡛㊊ࡾࡿࡼࡗ࡚ࠊ␗࡞ࡿᇶ‽ࢆ㐺⏝ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ㹿㺁. Compare Cont’l ἲࡢᩥゝࢆ࠶ࡿሙ㠃࡛ࡣ࠶ࡿពࢆᣦࡍࡶࡢࡋࠊูࡢሙ㠃࡛ࡣࡃ㐪 Cas. Co. v. Beardsley, 253 F.2d 702 (2d Cir. 1958)⾲♧࡞ࡋ࡛ᑡேᩘ㒊ࡢࢥࣆ࣮ ࠺ෆᐜࢆᣦࡍࡼ࠺ゎ㔘ࡍࡿࡼ࠺່ࡵ࡚ࡁࡓࠋ➨ࡣࠊࡑ࠺ࡋࡓἲ᭪ ࢆ㡺ᕸࡍࡿࡇࡣ୍⯡ⓗ࡞ publication ྵࡲࢀࠊⴭసᶒࡀዣࡉࢀࡿุ♧, and White v. Kimmell, 193 F.2d 744 (9th Cir. 1952)ཷࡅྲྀࡗࡓ⪅ᑐࡋࠊேᅇࡍࡼ࠺່ ࡵࡿῧࡢㄝ᫂᭩ඹࢥࣆ࣮㒊ࢆ㡺ᕸࡍࡿ⾜Ⅽࡣࠊⴭసᶒࢆዣࡋ࠺ࡿ୍⯡ⓗ No. 109-9, 119 Stat. 218 (codified as amended in scattered sections of 17 U.S.C. and 18 ࡞ publication ヱᙜࡍࡿุ♧, with King v. Mister Maestro, Inc., 224 F. Supp. 101 U.S.C.); Satellite Home Viewing Extension and Reauthorization Act of 2004, Pub. L. (S.D.N.Y. 1963)ࣉࣞࢫ࣭ࢸࣥࢺࡽሗ㐨㝕ࡢ」ᩘࡢࢥࣆ࣮ࡢ㡺ᕸࡣ㝈ᐃⓗ࡞ No. 108-447, 118 Stat. 3393 (codified as amended in scattered sections of 17 U.S.C. and 47 publication 㐣ࡂࡎࠊⴭసᶒࢆ႙ኻࡋ࡞࠸ุ♧.᪥ࠊྠᵝࡢၥ㢟ࡣࢥࣥࣆ࣮ࣗ U.S.C.). ࢱࢆ፹ࡍࡿ⏝࠾࠸࡚ぢࡽࢀࡿࠋⴭసᶒ⪅ࡣุᡤᑐࡋࠊⴭస≀ࡀࢥࣥࣆ See, e.g., 17 U.S.C. §§ 110(2), 114. ࣮ࣗࢱࡢࣛࣥࢲ࣒࣭ࢡࢭࢫ࣭࣓ࣔࣜ RAM ⾲♧ࡉࢀࢀࡤ┤ࡕࠊᐖ」〇≀ See, e.g., LIBRARY OF CONG., REPORT OF THE LIBRARIAN OF CONGRESS FOR THE FISCAL ࡢస┠ⓗ࡛ᅛᐃࡉࢀࡓࡇ࡞ࡿࡢࡔᙇࡋ࡚ࡁࡓࡀࠊRAM ࡛⾲♧ࡉࢀࢀࡤ YEAR ENDING JUNE 30, 1902, S. DOC. NO. 57-6, at 64 (2d Sess. 1902), available at ⴭసᶒࡢ┠ⓗࡢᅛᐃࢆ‶ࡓࡍࡣᙇࡋ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࠋAaron Perzanowski, Fixing http://www.copyright.gov/reports/annual/archive/ar-1902.pdf; Zechariah Chafee, Jr., Re- RAM Copies, 104 NW. U. L. REV. (forthcoming 2010).ྠᵝࠊⴭసᶒ⪅ࡣࠊࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ flections on the Law of Copyright: I, 45 COLUM. L. REV. 503, 515–16 (1945). ࢡࢆࡋ୍࡚ࡘࡢࢥࣆ࣮ࢆ㏦ಙࡍࡿ⾜Ⅽࡀᐖࡢᑐ㇟࡞ࡿ publication ࡳ࡞ࡉ Act of May 31, 1790, ch. 15, 1 Stat. 124. ࢀࡿࡁ࡛࠶ࡿᙇࡋ࡚ࡁࡓࡀࠊ୍ࡘࡢࢥࣆ࣮ࡢ㏦ಙࡀࠊⴭస≀ࡢ᭱ึࡢ pub- Jessica Litman, Copyright Legislation and Technological Change, 68 OR. L. REV. 275 lication క࠺ᅜᅗ᭩㤋ࡢᐤク⩏ົࡢ➃⥴࡞ࡿ࠸࠺ࡇࡘ࠸࡚ࡣྰᐃࡋ (1989). ࡚ࡁࡓࠋSee generally 17 U.S.C. § 407. ࠾ࡑࡽࡃ᭱ࡶࡼࡃ▱ࡽࢀࡓࡣࠊᖺⴭసᶒἲࡢ᮲ཬࡧ᮲࠾ࡅࡿ ࠕpublicationࠖࡢㄒࡢព࡛࠶ࢁ࠺ࠋSee Am. Visuals Corp. v. Holland, 239 F.2d 740, 744 (2d Cir. 1956)㺀ุᡤࡣࠊཎ࿌ࡀබ⾲ࢆ⾜ࡗ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࡓࡵࢥ࣭࣮ࣔࣥࣟᇶ࡙ࡃ See LITMAN, supra note 2, at 47–50. For a current analogue, see, for example, Principles for User Generated Content Services, UGCPRINCIPLES, http://www.ugcprinciples.com/ (last visited Sept. 16, 2010). ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO 㐃⥆⏬ ┿ࡢⴭసᶒࣜࣇ࢛࣮࣒㻸㼕㼠㼙㼍㼚 ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ ᪂ࡋ࠸ⴭసᶒࡢᩚഛࢆ㛤ጞࡍࡿࡣᅔ㞴ࡀక࠺ࠋⴭసᶒࡢ⦅ࡣࠊࡓ ᙜึࡢ᭷࡞ഴྥࡀḟ➨㢼ྥࡁࢆኚ࠼࡚࠸ࡃࡢࢆほᐹࡋ࡚࠸ࡓ ࠶ࡿ ࠼࣋ࢫࢺ࡞≧ἣୗ࡛࠶ࡗ࡚ࡶ㛫㈝⏝ࡀࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋⴭసᶒ ࠸ࡣࡑࢀ㛵ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓ ⴭసᶒࡢࣥࢧࢲ࣮ࡣࠊไᐃἲࡢᩚഛࢆ᪂ࡓ ࡼࡗ࡚ᙳ㡪ࢆཷࡅࡿᐖ㛵ಀࡢᩘࡣ⭾࡛࠶ࡾࠊࡑ࠺ࡋࡓᐖ㛵ಀࡀ ጞࡵࡿࡁࡔ㦁ࡂ❧࡚ࡿࡼ࠺࡞ࡗࡓࠋⴭసᶒἲࡀ┤㠃ࡍࡿၥ㢟 ⌧ᅾࡢไᗘᑐࡋ࡚ᢪࡃ‶࠸࠺ࡢࡶከ✀ከᵝ࡛࠶ࡿࠋไᐃἲࡢᩚഛ ᑐࡋᮃࡲࡋ࠸ゎỴἲࢆ⦅ࡳฟࡍࡃࠊᵝࠎ࡞ࢢ࣮ࣝࣉࡀಶูⓗ࣑࣮ࢸ ࡣࠊ๓ᅇ㆟ࡀᣮᡓࡋࡓ㝿ࡣᖺ௨ୖࢆせࡋ࡚࠾ࡾࠊᗘࡣࡶࡗ᪩ ࣥࢢࢆ⾜ࡗࡓࠋᴗࡣᚓពඛࡢ㆟ဨᑐࡋࠊไᐃἲࢆᨵṇࡍࡁࡔ ࡃ῭ࡲࡏࡽࢀࡿ⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿ᰿ᣐ࡞ࡣᏑᅾࡋ࡞࠸ࠋࡉࡽࠊ᪥ࡀ࣋ ࡍࡿࢻࣂ࣮ࣝࣥࢆᥖࡆࡿࡼ࠺㢗ࢇࡔࠋᵝࠎ࡞ྲྀᘬᅋయࡣࠊ⮬ศࡀᕼ ࢫࢺࡢ≧ἣ࠶ࡿࡶ࠸࠼࡞࠸ࠋⴭసᶒࡢἲ᭪ࡽࡣࠊࡘ࡚ࡣཎ࿌ഃ ᮃࡍࡿ㡯┠ࡀࠊ᪤⌧⾜ἲࡢୗ࡛ࡶ☜❧ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡢࡔᙇ࡛ࡁࡿࡼ࠺ ࡃᘚㆤኈࡋ࡚௰ࡢⰋ࠸௰㛫ࡔࡗࡓࡅࢀࡶࠊᖺ㛫௨ୖࢆ⤒࡚⃭ࡋࡃ ࡞❧ሙࢆ☜ಖࡋࡼ࠺ດࡵࡓࠋ ከᴟࡋࠊⴭసᶒࢆྲྀࡾᕳࡃㄽதࡣᚎࠎ႖ࡋ࠸ࡶࡢ࡞ࡗ࡚ࡁ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ ࡇ࠺ࡋࡓⅬࡀࠊᙉ࠸ಙឤໟࡲࢀࡓ㞺ᅖẼࢆ㔊ᡂࡋ࡚ࡁࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡗ࡚ࠊ ௰Ⰻࡃྜព⮳ࡿࡢࡣᅔ㞴࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ See LITMAN, supra note 2, at 48–63, 122–45.ⴭసᶒࡀᣑࡋ⥆ࡅ࡚ࡁࡓ࠸࠺ࡇ ࡣඹ㏻⌮ゎ࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ⡿ᅜⴭసᶒࡢไᐃἲࡣࡉࡽࡦࡃࠊࡑࡢ㛗ᩥࡢᗘྜ ࠸ࡣ་⒪㈝ࡸᤵᴗᩱ࠸ࡗࡓࡶࡢࡼࡾࡶ㏿ࡃಸቑࡋࡓ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ See, e.g., Pamela Samuelson et al., The Copyright Principles Project: Directions for Reform, 25 BERKELEY TECH. L.J. (forthcoming 2010), available at http://btlj.org/data/ ᐖ㛵ಀ⪅ࡽࡀࠊᙼࡽࡗ࡚≧ἣࡀᝏࡍࡿࡶࡋࢀ࡞࠸ᚰ㓄ࡍ ࡿࡢࡣࡶࡗࡶ࡞⌮⏤ࡀ࠶ࡿࠋⴭసᶒ❧ἲࡢከࡃࡣᆺⓗࠊᑟධ ࡽ⾜⮳ࡿࡲ࡛ࠊከࡃࡢ㛗࠸ᖺ᭶ࢆせࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡾࠊከࡃ articles/25_3/cpp.pdfྡࡢⴭసᶒᑓ㛛ᐙࢆᣍࡁࠊ ࠕ⌧ᅾࡢⴭసᶒἲࡀ࠺ᨵၿࡋ࠺ࡿ ࡢⴭసᶒࡢἲ᭪ࡣᑡ࡞ࡃࡶ࠶ࡿ⛬ᗘࠊⴭసᶒ❧ἲࡢṔྐࡢᑓ㛛ᐙ࡛ࡶ ࡢࠊࡑࡋ࡚ἲࡀ⌧ᅾᢪ࠼ࡿၥ㢟ࢆ࠺㍍ῶࡋ࠺ࡿࢆ᥈ồࠖࡋࡓ ᖺ㛫ࡢࣉࣟࢪ࢙ ࠶ࡿ࠸࠼ࡿࠋࡇࢀࡲ࡛ࡢ❧ἲࢆᏛࢇࡔ⪅࡞ࡽࡤࠊⴭసᶒࡢせ࡞ᨵṇ ࢡࢺࡢ⤖ㄽࢆሗ࿌ࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ; A Special Conversation with Marybeth Peters, AUDIO ࡢ㐣⛬࠾࠸࡚ࡣࠊⴭసᶒᙳ㡪ࢆཷࡅࡿ᪂ࡓ࡞ࣉ࣮ࣞࣖࡀⓏሙࡋࠊ ARCHIVE (Sept. 17, 2007), http://www.archive.org/details/FMCsummit07.petersconversation ⮬ศࡓࡕࡢࢽ࣮ࢬྜࢃࡏ࡚ἲࢆᨵṇࡍࡁࡔᙇࡍࡿࡢࡀ࠸ࡘࡶࡢ (17 U.S.C. § 115 ࡢࣜࣇ࢛࣮࣒ࢆᕠࡿ㡢ᴦࠊࣞࢥ࣮ࢹࣥࢢᴗ⏺ࡢᐖ㛵ಀ⪅㛫࡛ࡢ ΅ࡀᡂຌ⤊ࢃࡗࡓࡇ㛵ࡍࡿグ㏙. See, e.g., Ted Johnson, Pols OK Bill on Royalties, VARIETY, May 14, 2009, 2009 WLNR ࣃࢱ࣮ࣥࡔ࠸࠺ࡇࢆࡼࡃ▱ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡔࢁ࠺ࠋᖺⴭసᶒἲࡢไᐃ ᭱㧗₻㐩ࡋࡓᨵṇࡢࣉࣟࢭࢫࢆࡗ࡚ࡶࠊࣞࢥ࣮ࢻࣉࣞࣖ 9209693 ࣛࢪ࢜ᨺ㏦ᑐࡋබࡢ⏝ࡢࣟࣖࣝࢸࢆ㡢ᴦⴭసᶒ⪅ᨭᡶ࠺ࡼ࠺ ࣮〇స⪅ࣞࢥ࣮ࢻ〇స⪅ࡀࠊไᐃἲ࠾ࡅࡿ⮬ศࡓࡕࡢᢅ࠸ࡀ‶㊊࠸ ồࡵࡿἲ㛵ࡍࡿࣟࣅࣥࢢάືࢆグ㏙; Wendy Davis, Entertainment Industry Pushes for Law Requiring Colleges To Filter Networks, MEDIAPOST (March 24, 2008), (LLS), 2010 WL 2532404 (S.D.N.Y. June 23, 2010)17 U.S.C. § 512 ࠾ࡅࡿࠊࣥࢱ http://publications.mediapost.com/index.cfm?fuseaction=Articles.san&s=79058&Nid=4072 ࣮ࢿࢵࢺ࣭ࢧ࣮ࣅࢫ࣭ࣉࣟࣂࢲࡢࢭ࣮ࣇ࣭ࣁ࣮ࣂ࣮ࡢ⠊ᅖࢆ㝈ᐃⓗ࡞ࡶࡢゎ㔘 5&p=918739Ꮫ⏕ࡢ P2P ࣇࣝࢩ࢙ࣜࣥࢢࢆ㐽᩿ࡍࡿࡼ࠺Ꮫồࡵࡿἲ ࡋࡼ࠺ヨࡳ࡚࠸ࡿ; Brief for Motion Picture Ass’n of Am. as Amici Curiae at 14–20, 㛵ࡍࡿࣟࣅࣥࢢάືࢆグ㏙. Capitol Records, Inc. v. Thomas, 579 F. Supp. 2d 1210 (D. Minn. 2008) (No. 06-1497)㡺 ᕸ┠ⓗ࡛ࣇࣝࢆධᡭྍ⬟࡞≧ែ⨨ࡃࡇࡀ㐪ࡍࡿᙇ; see See, e.g., Capitol Records, Inc. v. Bertelsmann, 377 F. Supp. 2d 796 (N.D. Cal. 2005) ⴭసᶒᐖࡢḟⓗ㈐௵ secondary liability ࡢ⠊ᅖࢆᣑᙇࡋࡼ࠺ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ; generally LITMAN, supra note 2, at 24. Brief for Americans for Tax Reform as Amici Curiae Supporting Appellees at 15–17, Car- toon Network LP, LLLP v. CSC Holdings, Inc., 536 F.3d 121 (2d Cir. 2008) (Nos. REPUBLISHED (AND WITH CONTRIBUTIONS FROM FRIENDS), at WEIN-1, WEIN-1 (Iris C. Geik See Lloyd L. Weinreb, Copyright Unbound, in AN UNHURRIED VIEW OF COPYRIGHT, 07-1480-cv (L), 07-1511-cv (CON))ࢥࣥࣆ࣮ࣗࢱࡢ RAM ෆ࡛ࡢ୍ⓗ࡞」〇ࡣ et al. eds., 2005). § ࢆᐖࡍࡿㄽࡎࡿ; Brief for ASCAP et al. as Amici Curiae Supporting Plaintiffs at 17–19, Viacom Int’l v. YouTube, Inc., Nos. 07 Civ. 2103 (LLS), 07 Civ. 3582 COPYRIGHT SOC’Y U.S.A. 1 (2006). See Jessica Litman, War and Peace: The 34th Annual Donald C. Brace Lecture, 53 J. ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO 㐃⥆⏬ ┿ࡢⴭసᶒࣜࣇ࢛࣮࣒㻸㼕㼠㼙㼍㼚 ࡃࡶࡢ࡞ࡿࡲ࡛ࠊᨵṇࡢヨࡳయࢆࢇ㡻ࡉࡏࡼ࠺ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࠋ ࡲࡔᡂຌࡋ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࡀࠊᙼࡽࡢከᩘࡣṓ௨ୖ࡛࠶ࡗ࡚ࠊከࡃࡢ⪅ࡣ ᖺ௦ࡽᖺ௦ࡅ࡚ࠊⴭసᶒἲࢆ⌧௦ࡋࡼ࠺ከᵝ࡞ヨࡳ ᢞ⚊⾜ࡃࠋఱᖺࡢ࠺ࡕࠊⴭసᶒࣜࣇ࢛࣮࣒ࡢヨࡳࡀ㧗ᗘබඹ ࡀ⾜ࢃࢀࡓࡀኻᩋࡋࡓ⫼ᬒࡣࠊASCAPࡸࣛࢪ࢜ᨺ㏦ᒁ࠸ࡗࡓ᪂ࡓ࡞ ࡍࡿࡇ࡛ࠊ୍⯡ࡢ᭷ᶒ⪅ࡢ┈ࡀつ⠊ⓗ࡞ᙺ௨ୖࡢࡶࡢࢆᯝࡓࡋ࠺ ࣉ࣮ࣞࣖࡀ࠶ࡽࡺࡿⅬ୍࡛ษྠពࡋࡼ࠺ࡋ࡞ࡗࡓ࠸࠺ࡀᏑ ࡿࡼ࠺࡞ࡿྍ⬟ᛶࡀ࠶ࡿࠋ᭷ᶒ⪅ࡀⴭసᶒ㛵ᚰࢆᐤࡏ࡚࠸ࡿ࠸࠺ ᅾࡍࡿ ࠋᖺἲ⧅ࡀࡿᨵṇࣉࣟࢭࢫ࠾࠸࡚ࡶࠊࢸࣞࣅᨺ㏦ᒁࡸࢣ ࡇࢆ㆟ഃࡀㄆ㆑ࡍࡿࡼ࠺࡞≧ἣ࡞ࢀࡤࠊ⌧ᅾࡢᐖ㛵ಀ⪅ࡓࡕࡀ ࣮ࣈࣝࢸࣞࣅᴗ⪅ࡀḟࠎⓏሙࡋࠊ≉ูࡢᢅ࠸ࢆせồࡋࡓࠋࡑࡢ⤖ᯝ ┠ᣦࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡶࡢࡣࡃ㐪ࡗࡓࡶࡢἲࢆືࡍࡇࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࡔࢁ ࡑࢀࡀᚓࡽࢀࡿࡲ࡛ࠊⴭసᶒࡢᨵṇసᴗࡣṆࡋࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࢹࢪࢱࣝ ࠺ࠋ ࣑ࣞࢽ࣒ⴭసᶒἲไᐃ⮳ࡿࡲ࡛ࡢ ᖺ㛫࠾࠸࡚ࡶࠊ㟁ヰ♫ ⚾ࡢ⌮ゎࡀṇࡋࡅࢀࡤࠊⴭసᶒᨵṇࡢ᪂ࡓ࡞ࢧࢡࣝࡀጞࡲࡾࡘࡘ࠶ ࣥࢱ࣮ࢿࢵࢺ࣭ࢧ࣮ࣅࢫ࣭ࣉࣟࣂࢲࡽࡣࠊISP ࡢ㈐௵㛵ࡍࡿࢭ࣮ࣇࣁ ࡿࡀࠊࡑࢀࡣࡸࡗጞࡲࡾฟࡋࡓ㐣ࡂ࡞࠸ࠋᡃࠎࡣ⌧ᅾᨵṇࡢヨࡳࡢ ࣮ࣂ࣮᮲㡯ࡀἲ⤌ࡳධࢀࡽࢀࡿࡲ࡛ࠊ࢚ࣥࢱ࣮ࢸ࣓ࣥࣥࢺᴗ⏺ࡸ ࢫࢸ࣮ࢪࡢᴟࡵ࡚ึᮇࡢࠊ๓ྐẁ㝵࠸ࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋᡃࠎࡣࡲࡔࣟࢵࢡ ࢯࣇࢺ࢙࢘ᴗ⏺ࡀồࡵࡓ᮲㡯ࡢไᐃࢆጉᐖ࡛ࡁࡓ ࠋ ᭱㏆࡞ࡗ࡚ฟ⌧ࡋࡓࠊ᪂ࡋ࠸ⴭసᶒࡢᐖ㛵ಀேࡀᢪࡃᮇᚅࡣࠊ ࣥࡉࢀ࡚ࡣ࠸࡞࠸ࠋᡃࠎࡣࡲࡔḟࡢᨵṇࡢ࣮࣋ࢫࢆᙧసࡿᅵྎࡸᇶ♏ ࡞ࡿ๓ᥦࢆ㑅ᢥࡍࡿࡇࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࡣࡎ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ ⚾ࡢࡇࢀࡲ࡛ࡢ◊✲࡛ࡣⴭసᶒ❧ἲࡢẼࡀ⁛ධࡿࡼ࠺࡞Ṕྐࢆᴫほࡋࠊ ᪥࡛ࡣ≉ ࠾ ࡑࢁࡋ࠸ ࡶࡢ ࡞ࡗ࡚ ࠸ࡿ ྍ⬟ᛶࡀ࠶ࡿࠋ࠸࠺ࡢࡶ YouTube ࡸ P2P ࡢࣇࣝࢩ࢙ࣜࣥࢢ࣭ࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡࢆ⏝ࡍࡿఱ൨ ⴭసᶒࣟࣅࢫࢺࡓࡕࡀ΅ࢆᘬࡁఙࡤࡍࡢἐ㢌ࡋࠊ⤖ᯝࡋ࡚ࠊ᪤ ேࡶࡢ୍⯡ேࡀࠊⴭసᶒᑐࡋ┤᥋ⓗࡘಶேⓗ࡞ᐖ㛵ಀࢆ᭷ࡋ࡚࠸ ☜❧ࡋࡓⴭసᶒ⏘ᴗࢆ㇏ࡍࡿⴭసᶒἲࡀ࡛ࡁ࠶ࡀࡗࡓ࠸࠺Ⅼࠊࡑࡋ ࡿࡽ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇ࠺ࡋࡓ୍⯡ேࢆ᭷ព࡞ᨻᶒຊࡢ୰⤌ࡳ㎸ࡴࡇࡣ ࠕேࠎࡣ YouTube ୍࡛᪥൨௳ࡢື⏬ࢆど⫈ࡋࠊẖ᪥ఱ༑ࡶࡢື⏬ࢆࢵࣉࣟ See LITMAN, supra note 2, at 39–40 and sources there cited. ࣮ࢻࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋᐇ㝿ࠊẖศࠊYouTube ࡣ㛫ศࡢື⏬ࡀࢵࣉ࣮ࣟࢻࡉࢀ࡚࠸ See id. at 42–45. ࡿࠖ࠸࠺ࠋYouTube Fact Sheet, YOUTUBE, http://www.youtube.com/t/fact_sheet (last See Litman, supra note 9, at 326–32 and sources there cited. visited Sept. 17, 2010).࢛࣮࣭࢘ࣝࢫࢺ࣮ࣜࢺ࣭ࢪ࣮ࣕࢼࣝࡣᖺ ᭶ࠕYouTube Digital Millennium Copyright Act, Pub. L. No. 105-304, 112 Stat. 2860, 2887 (1998) ࡣつᶍ࡞ࢡࢭࢫඛᡂ㛗ࡋࡓࠋ ᭶ࡣࠊ ᭶ࡔࡅ࡛ ൨ ༓ ⓒேࡢ (codified at 17 U.S.C. §§ 101, 108, 109, 112, 114, 512, 1301). ⏝⪅ࡀゼࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠖሗ㐨ࡋࡓࠋJessica E. Vascellaro, YouTube Pumps More Ads into Lineup, WALL ST. J., Aug. 20, 2009, at B1. See LITMAN, supra note 2, at 127–45 and sources there cited.ࡇࡢྠࡌ ᖺ㛫ࡢ㛫ࠊ స᭤ᐙࠊ㡢ᴦฟ∧♫ࠊᫎ⏬ࢫࢱࢪ࢜ࡣⴭసᶒಖㆤᮇ㛫ࢆᖺ ࡶࡋࡃࡣṚᚋᖺ ࡽᖺ ࡶࡋࡃࡣṚᚋᖺ ᘏ㛗ࡍࡿࡼ࠺ồࡵࡓࠋࣂ࣮ࡸࣞࢫࢺࣛࣥࡢ࣮࢜ࢼ࣮ ࡣࠊᖺ ᭶ࠊḢᕞ㆟୍㆟ᖍࢆ⋓ᚓࡍࡿࡢ༑ศ࡞⚊ࢆ㞟ࡵࡓࠋSee Mats ࡣබࡢ⏝ᶒࡢࣛࢭࣥࢫᩱࡢ㈇ᢸᛣࡾࠊୖグࡢᥦ⪅ࡽࡀಖㆤᮇ㛫ᘏ㛗ἲ Lewan, Ahoy! Pirate Party Gets Berth in European Parliament, CNET (June 8, 2009), ᖺ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ࣜࣇ࢛࣮࣒ࢆ⩏ᥖࡆ࡚タ❧ࡉࢀࡓࢫ࢙࣮࢘ࢹࣥࡢᾏ㈫ඪ ࣂ࣮ࣞࢫࢺࣛࣥ㛵ࡍࡿච㝖つᐃࢆධࢀ࡞࠸㝈ࡾࠊಖㆤᮇ㛫ᘏ㛗ᑐࡍࡿࡋ http://news.cnet.com/8301-13578_3-10259048-38.html.࢝ࢼࢲ࡛ࡣࠊ࢜ࢱ࣡Ꮫᩍᤵࡢ ࡓࠋ Michael Geist ࡀ Facebook ಶேࣈࣟࢢࢆ⏝࠸࡚ࠊ࢝ࢼࢲࡢⴭసᶒࣜࣇ࢛࣮࣒ࢆᥦ See, e.g., Daniel Gervais, The Tangled Web of UGC: Making Copyright Sense of Us- ࡍࡿᑐໃຊࢆ⤌⧊ࡍࡿࡢᡂຌࡋࡓࠋSee MICHAEL GEIST BLOG, http://www. er-Generated Content, 11 VAND. J. ENT. & TECH. L. 841, 845–46 (2009)㺀ఱ༑࠸࠺ michaelgeist.ca/; Government Retreats on Copyright Reform, Dec. 13, 2007, CBC NEWS, ࣥࢱ࣮ࢿࢵࢺ࣭࣮ࣘࢨ࣮ࡀ㡢ᴦࠊື⏬ࠊࢸ࢟ࢫࢺࡢࢥࣥࢸࣥࢶࢆࢲ࣮࢘ࣥࣟࢻࡋࠊ http://www.cbc.ca/technology/story/2007/12/13/tech-copyright-delay.html. ᨵኚࡋࠊ࣑࢟ࢩࣥࢢࡋࠊࢵࣉ࣮ࣟࢻࡋࠊಶேࡢ࢙࢘ࣈ࣮࣌ࢪࡸࢯ࣮ࢩ࣭ࣕࣝࢧ ࢺୖ࡛ࠊ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣ⪅ࡀࡑࢀࡒࢀࡢࢥࣥࣆ࣮ࣗࢱୖ࡛ࢥࣥࢸࣥࢶࢡࢭࢫ࡛ࡁࡿ Politics of Intellectual Property, 117 YALE L.J. 804 (2008); Pamela Samuelson, Preliminary ࡼ࠺ࡍࡿ P2P ᢏ⾡ࢆ⏝࠸࡚⏝ྍ⬟࡞≧ែࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ㹿㺁. YouTube ࡼࡿࠊ Thoughts on Copyright Reform, 3 UTAH L. REV. 551 (2007). See generally Amy Kapczynski, The Access to Knowledge Mobilization and the New ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO 㐃⥆⏬ ┿ࡢⴭసᶒࣜࣇ࢛࣮࣒㻸㼕㼠㼙㼍㼚 ࡚ࡑࢀࡣࢡ࢚ࣜࢱ୍࣮⯡⾗ࡢ≛≅ࡢࡶᡂࡾ❧ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿⅬࢆ᫂ ࡿࡇࢆ┠ᣦࡋ࡚タィࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋไᗘࡀ࠺ࡲࡃᶵ⬟ࡋ࡚࠸ࢀࡤࠊࢡࣜ ࡽࡋ࡚ࡁࡓࠋḟࡢᨵṇ࡛ࡶྠࡌࡼ࠺࡞ὶࢀ࡛ྠࡌࡼ࠺࡞⤖ᯝ࡞ࡾ ࢚ࢱ࣮ࡼࡿ᪂ࡋ࠸ⴭస≀ࡢసࢆಁ㐍ࡋࠊ፹ᴗ⪅ࡼࡿᗈ⠊ᅖࡢ ࡡ࡞࠸ணࡍࡿࡔࡅࡢ⌮⏤ࡶᏑᅾࡍࡿࠋࡋࡋࠊࡑ࠺࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ࡋ ᬑཬࢆ⿵ຓࡋࠊㄞ⪅ࡸど⫈⪅ࡢ⏝ࢆಁࡍࡔࢁ࠺ࠋࡋࡋไᗘࡀࢡ࢚ࣜ ࡓࡽ㸽⚾ࡓࡕࡢⴭసᶒไᗘࢆ⪃࠼┤ࡍᶵࡀ࠶ࡿࡋࡓࡽ࠺ࡔࢁ࠺㸽 ࢱ࣮ᑐࡍࡿཧධ㞀ቨࢆᵓ࠼ࠊ፹ᴗ⪅ᑐࡍࡿ㞀ᐖࢆ⏕ࡳࠊㄞ⪅ࡸど ⚾ࡓࡕࡣࡑࡢ௦ࢃࡾࢇ࡞ⴭసᶒἲࢆసࢀࡿࡔࢁ࠺㸽 ⫈⪅ᑐࡋ↹ࢃࡋ࠸᮲௳ࡸࣁ࣮ࢻࣝࢆㄢࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࡞ࡽࡤࠊࡑࡢไᗘࡣᑡ ᮏ✏ࡢ➨Ϩ㒊࡛ࡣࠊ⌧ᅾࡢⴭసᶒἲࡀࢡ࢚ࣜࢱ࣮ࠊ፹ᴗ⪅ࠊㄞ⪅ࠊ ࡞ࡃࡶࡑࡢ࠸ࡃࡘࡢ┠ⓗࢆ㐩ᡂࡋᦆࡡ࡚࠸ࡿ࠸࠺ࡇ࡞ࡿࠋࡑࡋ ど⫈⪅ᑐࡋ࡚ࡶࡓࡽࡋ࡚࠸ࡿၥ㢟ࢆᥥࡃࠋ➨ϩ㒊࡛ࡣ࠸ὀ┠ࢆ㞟 ࡚⌧ᅾࡢ⡿ᅜⴭసᶒࡢไᐃἲࡣࡇࢀࡽ Ⅼ࡚࠾࠸࡚Ḟ㝗ࢆ᭷ࡋ࡚࠸ ࡵ࡚࠸ࡿⴭసᶒࣜࣇ࢛࣮࣒ࡢᥦࢆᴫほࡋࠊࡑࢀࡽࡀ➨Ϩ㒊࡛♧ࡋࡓၥ ࡿࠋ 㢟ᑐฎࡋᦆࡡ࡚࠸ࡿ࠸࠺ࡇࢆ᫂ࡽࡍࡿࠋࡑࡋ࡚ࠊ➨Ϫ㒊࡛ࡣⴭ సᶒไᗘࡢຠ⋡ᛶṇ⤫ᛶࢆ㧗ࡵࡿࡇࢆ┠ⓗࡋࡓⴭసᶒࣜࣇ࢛࣮࣒ 㸿㸬ࢡ࢚ࣜࢱ࣮ࡢⴭసᶒ ࠾ࡅࡿࠊ௦᭰ⓗ࡞ࢦ࣮ࣝࢆᥦ♧ࡍࡿࠋᛮ࠺ࠊ㈼᫂࡞ⴭసᶒࣜࣇ࢛࣮࣒ ⴭసᶒἲࡣᑡ࡞ࡃࡶ⌮ㄽୖࡣ᪂ࡋ࠸సάືࢆಁ㐍ࡍࡃࠊࢡ࢚ࣜ ࢆ⾜࠺ୖ࡛ࡣἲᚊࢆ⡆⣲ࡍࡁ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡍ࡞ࢃࡕࠊⴭసᶒไᗘࢆࢡ࢚ࣜ ࢱ࣮ᑐࡋ⚗Ṇᶒ࠸࠺ᙧ࡛ࣥࢭࣥࢸࣦࢆࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇ࠺ࡋ ࢱ࣮ࡸㄞ⪅ࡸど⫈⪅ࡗ࡚ᙺ❧ࡘࡶࡢࡍࡁࡔ࠸࠺ࡇ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ ࡓࣥࢭࣥࢸࣦࡣ᪂ࡋ࠸ⴭస≀ࡢసࢆಁ㐍ࡋࠊࡉࡽࡑࢀࢆබ⾗ ࡲࡓࠊ፹ᴗ⪅ࡽ㐣࡞ຊࡸࢥࣥࢺ࣮ࣟࣝࢆྲྀࡾୖࡆࡿࡁ࡛࠶ࡿࠋἲ ⏝࡛ࡁࡿᙧࡋࠊస≀ࢆᬑཬࡉࡏࡿࡇ࡛ࢡ࢚ࣜࢱ࣮ࡀ┈ࢆᚓ ࡢṇ⤫ᛶࢆ㧗ࡵࡿୖ࡛ࡣࡇ࠺ࡋࡓኚ᭦ࡀᚲせྍḞ࡛࠶ࡿ⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋ ࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞ほⅬࡽࡍࡿࠊ⌧ᅾᥦࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿⴭసᶒࣜࣇ࢛࣮࣒ࡣ ⏝ㄒἲ㛵ࡍࡿὀពࡘ࠸࡚ࠋᮏ✏࡛ࡣࠊ≉ᐃࡢไᐃἲୖࡢ࢝ࢸࢦ࣮ࣜゝཬࡍ ࢀࡶ㈼᫂࡞ᨵṇࡣ࠸࠼࡞࠸ࡔࢁ࠺ࠋ➨ϫ㒊࡛ࡣࠊࢡ࢚ࣜࢱ࣮ࣘ ࡿሙྜࢆ㝖ࡁࠊ ࠕⴭస⪅ authorࠖࡼࡾࡶࠕࢡ࢚ࣜࢱ࣮ creatorࠖࠊ ࠕศ㓄㸭㡺ᕸ distributeࠖ ࣮ࢨ࣮ࡗ࡚ࡢⴭసᶒไᗘࡢ౯್ࢆ㧗ࡵࡿࡔࢁ࠺ኚ᭦㛵ࡍࡿ࠸ࡃࡘ ࡼࡾࡶࠕᬑཬ㸭ὶ㏻ disseminateࠖࠊ ࠕ⏝ useࠖࡼࡾࡶࠕ⏝ enjoyࠖࡢㄒࢆ⏝࠸࡚࠸ ࡢໟᣓⓗ࡞ᥦࢆࡲ♧ࡍࠋࡑࡋ࡚᭱ᚋ➨Ϭ㒊࡛ࡣࠊ➹⪅ࡀ♧ ࡋࡓⴭసᶒࣜࣇ࢛࣮࣒ࡀ⌧ᐇⓗ࡞ྍ⬟ᛶࢆ᭷ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿྰࡘ࠸᳨࡚ ウࡍࡿࠋࡇ࠺ࡋࡓኚ᭦ࢆ㏆࠸࠺ࡕ᮲ᩥࡍࡿࡢ༑ศ࡞ࠊⴭసᶒࡢ㆟ ㄽࡢ๓ᥦࢆኚ࠼ࡿ᪉ἲࡣࠊ⌧ᅾࡢࡇࢁࡲࡔᵓ࡛ࡁ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࠋࡋࡋ ࡿࠋࡇࢀࡣࡋ࡚ࠊ㐣ཤᩘᖺࡢ㛫ᙧᡂࡉࢀࡓࠕⴭస⪅ࠖࡸࠕศ㓄ࠖࠊ ࠕ⏝ࠖ ࠸ࡗࡓㄒࡀ࠼ࡿྵពࢆ㑊ࡅࡿࡓࡵ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࠕࢡ࢚ࣜࢱ࣮ࠖ࠸࠺ㄒࢆ⏝࠸ࡿ ࡇ࡛ࠊ➹⪅ࡣⴭస≀ࢆసࡋࡓಶேࢆᣦࡋࠊⴭస≀ࡢ㈨㔠ࢆ⼥㏻ࡋࡓ⪅ࡸ⏝⪅ ࢆ㝖ࡃࡇࢆពᅗࡋ࡚࠾ࡾࠊࡑࢀࡽಶேࡀ⌧ᅾ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣ㐣ཤࡢⴭసᶒἲୖ࡛ࠕⴭస ⪅ࠖࡤࢀ࡚࠸ࡓྰࡣࡇࡇ࡛ࡣ↓㛵ಀ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࠕᬑཬ㸭ὶ㏻ࠖ࠸࠺ㄒࢆ⏝ ࡞ࡀࡽⴭసᶒࡢၥ㢟ᑐࡋ࡚ࠊᆺࡣࡲࡽ࡞࠸ゎỴᡭẁࢆീࡋ࡚ࡳࡿ ࠸ࡿࡇ࡛ࠊ➹⪅ࡣⴭస≀ࢆேࠎ⏝ྍ⬟ࡍࡿ࠶ࡽࡺࡿᡭẁࢆໟྵࡍࡿࡇࢆ ࡢࢆམࢃ࡞࠸ࡼ࠺࡞ࠊⴭసᶒἲ㛵ࡍࡿᗈ࠸㆟ㄽࢆႏ㉳࡛ࡁࢀࡤࠊ࠸ࡃ ពᅗࡋ࡚࠾ࡾࠊᙜヱ⾜Ⅽࡀⴭసᶒἲୖࡢᶒࡢᑐ㇟࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿྰࡣࡇࡇ࡛ ࡘࡢኚ᭦ࡀᛮࡗ࡚࠸ࡿྍ⬟࡞ࡶࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࢃࡿࡔࢁ࠺ࠋ Ϩ㸬⌧ᅾࡢⴭసᶒไᗘࡢḞⅬ㻌 ࡣ↓㛵ಀ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࠕ⏝ࠖ࠸࠺ㄒࢆ⏝࠸ࡿࡇ࡛ࠊ➹⪅ࡣㄞࡴࠊ⫈ࡃࠊほࡿࠊ₇ ࡌࡿࠊᏛࡪࠊࡑࡢᵝࠎ࡞✀㢮ࡢၟᴗⓗά⏝㐩ࡋ࡞࠸⏝ࢆᣦࡍࡇࢆពᅗࡋ࡚ ࠾ࡾࠊ⌧⾜ἲୖࠊᙜヱ⾜Ⅽࡀࣛࢭࣥࢫࢆせࡍࡿࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿྰࡣࡇࡇ࡛ࡣ↓ 㛵ಀ࡛࠶ࡿࠋSee also infra note 54. ⴭసᶒἲไᗘࡣⴭస≀ࡢసࠊᬑཬࠊ⏝ࢆ⫱ࡴ࢚ࢥࣟࢪ࣮ࢆసฟࡍ See L. Ray Patterson & Stanley F. Birch, Jr., A Unified Theory of Copyright, 46 HOUS. L. REV. 215, 383 (2009)ⴭసᶒࡣࠕసࠊఏ㐩ࠊ▱㆑ࡢ⏝㛵ࢃࡿேࠎࡢ┈ࠖ ㈨ࡍࡿࡁ࡛࠶ࡿ. Patterson and Birch ࡣࠊᚑ᮶ࡢⴭసᶒ⌮ㄽࡣⴭస⪅࣮ࣘࢨ࣮㛫 ࡢ⪅ࡢ㛵ಀࢆᐃࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࡀࠊࡑ࠺࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃⴭస⪅ࠊⓎ⾜⪅ࠊ࣮ࣘࢨ࣮ࡢ୕⪅ ࡽ࡞ࡿ㛵ಀࢆᇶ♏ࡍࡁ࡛࠶ࡿᙇࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋId. See, e.g., LITMAN, supra note 2. ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO 㐃⥆⏬ ┿ࡢⴭసᶒࣜࣇ࢛࣮࣒㻸㼕㼠㼙㼍㼚 ࡿࡇࢆྍ⬟ࡍࡿࡶࡢࡔ࠸ࢃࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋⴭసᶒἲࢆࡇࡢࡼ࠺ㄝ᫂ ࡞ࡾࡓ࠸ษᮃࡍࡿேࢆ↔ࡽࡏࡿࠊ࠶ࡿ✀ࡢ〔⨾ኚࡋ࡚࠾ࡾࠊࡑ࠺ ࡍࡿࡇࡣࠊᑡ࡞ࡃࡶከࡃࡢసศ㔝࡛ࡣࠊ༢࡞ࡿᕼᮃࡢ⾲࡛᫂ࡋ࡞ ࡋࡓேࠎࡣᘵᏊධࡾඛࡸࣃࢺࣟࣥࠊⴭస≀ࢆసࡍࡿධ㛛ࣞ࣋ࣝࡢ ࡃࠊ⌧ᐇࡣྜ⮴ࡋ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࠋ ࢆᡭධࢀࡓ࠸ᮃࡳ࡞ࡀࡽࠊࣜࣜࢸ␒⤌࡛ࡢ෭㐝ᛌࡃ⪏࠼࡚࠸ࡿࠋ ࢡ࢚ࣜࢱ࣮ࡣேࠎぢࡓࡾ⫈࠸ࡓࡾࡋ࡚ࡶࡽ࠺సရࢆ᭩ࡁࠊᥥࡁࠊ₇ ࡉࡽࠊࡓ࠼ࢡ࢚ࣜࢱ࣮ࡀ᭩⡠ࡢฟ∧ࡸࣝࣂ࣒ࡢ࣮ࣜࣜࢫࠊグࡢ ࡌࠊᫎ⏬ࢆไసࡍࡿ࠸ࡗࡓᶵࢆᚓࡿୖ࡛ࠊࡑࡢពḧࢆኻࢃࡏࡿ㞀ᐖ Ⓨ⾲ࠊࢩࢼࣜ࢜ࡢዎ⣙࠸ࡗࡓࡶࡢ₈ࡂ╔ࡅ࡚ࡶࠊࡑࡇࡽഹࡋ ┤㠃ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ ࠋ࣮ࣘࢨ࣮ࡢࡇࢁࡲ࡛฿㐩ࡍࡿࢳࣕࣥࢫ࠸࠺ࡶࡢࡣࠊ ┈ࢆᚓࡿࡇࡀ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ࡢࡀ㏻ᖖ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࢇࡢసศ㔝࠾࠸࡚ ࣑࣮ࣗࢪࢩࣕࣥࡸᫎ⏬〇స⪅ࠊತඃࠊ⏬ᐙࠊ᙮้ᐙࠊ┿ᐙ➼ ࡣࠊⴭస≀ᑐࡋⴭస⪅ࡣ▷ᮇ㛫ࡋࢥࣥࢺ࣮ࣟࣝࢆཬࡰࡏࡎࠊࡑࡇࡽ ✌ࡄࡇࡢ࡛ࡁࡿ㢠ࡣࡁࡃ࡞࠸ࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋⴭసᶒࢆ⟶⌮ࡋࡑࡇࡽ✌ See, e.g., PAUL GOLDSTEIN, COPYRIGHT’S HIGHWAY: FROM GUTENBERG TO THE CELES- TIAL JUKEBOX 7 (1994); Jane C. Ginsburg, Copyright and Control over New Technologies ࡄ࠸࠺ࡢࡣᙼࡽࡢ௦ࢃࡾⴭసᶒ⪅ࡀ⾜ࡗ࡚࠾ࡾࠊᙼࡽࡣ፹ᴗ⪅ ࡋ࡚ࠊⴭస⪅࣮ࣘࢨ࣮ࡢ㛫ࢆ፹ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ of Dissemination, 101 COLUM. L. REV. 1613, 1613 (2001). Diane Zimmerman ࡀ᭱㏆ᛮ࠸ ㉳ࡇࡉࡏ࡚ࡃࢀࡓࡼ࠺ࠊⴭసᶒࡢࣥࢭࣥࢸࣦㄽࡼࡿᇶ♏ࡅࡢྜ⌮ᛶࡣᮍ ࡔ⌮ㄽୖࡢࡶࡢ㐣ࡂ࡞࠸ࠋSee Diane Leenheer Zimmerman, Copyrights as Incentives: Did We Just Imagine That?, 12 THEORETICAL INQUIRIES L. (forthcoming 2011), available at http://ssrn.com/abstract=1515964. ⴭసᶒࡢࣟࣖࣝࢸ࡛ᐩࢆ⠏ࡃࢡ࢚ࣜࢱ࣮ࡣࡈࡃഹ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ࠸ ࡃࡽࡢ⪅ࡣⴭస≀ࡢస࡛⏕ィࢆ❧࡚ࡿࡇࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࡔࢁ࠺ࡀࠊ ࢇࡢ⪅ࡣධࢆ⿵࠺ࡓࡵ⏕ά㈝ࡔࡅࡢࡓࡵࡢูࡢࢆᚲせࡋ࡚ ࠸ࡿࠋᏛၥࡢୡ⏺ࡣᩍቭ❧ࡕ࡞ࡀࡽࠊリேࡸᑠㄝᐙࠊ⏬ᐙࠊస᭤ᐙࠊ See WILLIAM PATRY, MORAL PANICS AND THE COPYRIGHT WARS 117–19 (2009). See, e.g., TODD LONDON ET AL., OUTRAGEOUS FORTUNE: THE LIFE AND TIMES OF THE Musical: Get in the Picture (ABC 2008); Legally Blond the Musical: The Search for Elle NEW AMERICAN PLAY 2 (2009)Theatre Development Fund ࡢ◊✲ࡼࡿࠊ ࠕтȗȭ Woods (MTV television series 2008). ȀǯǷȧȳƷǷǹȆȠ ࡣᚎࠎಶேࡢ࣮ࢸࢫࢺࢆእࡍࡿࡼ࠺࡞ࡾࠊ⯙ྎ⏝ ࡢ᪂ࡋ࠸సရࢆ㛤ᣅࡍࡿࡇࡶᾘᴟⓗ࡞ࡗ࡚ࡁ࡚࠸ࡿࠖ࠸࠺; Michael Cieply, TIMES, July 20, 2009, at C1↓ྡࡢどぬⱁ⾡ᐙࢆⓎ᥀ࡍࡿࡓࡵఱⓒேࡶࡢ⏬ᐙࢆ࣮࢜ See Randy Kennedy, When Art Meets TV, Realism Might Not Make It to Reality, N.Y. Films Finding a Tougher Market in Toronto, N.Y. TIMES, Sept. 14, 2009, at C1 ᖺࡢ ࢹࢩࣙࣥࡍࡿ᪂ࡋ࠸ࣜࣜࢸ␒⤌. ࢺࣟࣥࢺᫎ⏬⚍࡛ୖᫎࡉࢀࡓࣥࢹ࣌ࣥࢹࣥࢺᫎ⏬ࡢከᩘࡣࠊ⡿ᅜ࡛ࡢ㓄⤥ See Work of Art: The Next Great Artist (BRAVO television series 2010). ♫ࢆぢࡅࡿࡇࡀ࡛ࡁ࡞ࡗࡓ; Jon Pareles, 1,700 Bands, Rocking as the CD In- See The Shot (VHI television series 2007)㺀ࢻࣝࡢ㈹㔠㞧ㄅ Marie Claire ⏝ࡢ dustry Reels, N.Y. TIMES, Mar. 15, 2008, at A1㺀࣑࣮ࣗࢪࢩࣕࣥᚿᮃ⪅ࡀ㊊㝗ࡗ ࣇࢵࢩࣙࣥᙳࢆ⾜࠺ࢳࣕࣥࢫࠊࡑࡋ࡚ᙳࡋࡓ┿ࡀ Victoria Secret ࡢ࢝ࢱࣟ ࡓࡇࡣ୍ᗘࡶ࡞࠸ࠋࡓࡃࡉࢇࡢࣂࣥࢻࡀࣂࣥࢆ㐠㌿ࡋ࡚ᅜࢆᶓ᩿ࡋࡓࡾࠊᾏࢆ㉺ ࢢࡢ⾲⣬᥇⏝ࡉࢀࡿࡇࠖࢆࡅ࡚த࠺ࠊࢫࢳ࣮ࣝ┿ࡢ┿ᐙࡢࢥࣥࢸࢫࢺࢆ ࠼࡚ᅜ㝿㡢ᴦぢᮏᕷࡢ South By Southwest ࡛ࠊ↓ൾࡢࢩࣙ࢘ࢣ࣮ࢫ࡛ࡢ₇ዌࢆ⾜ࡗ ᢅࡗࡓࣜࣜࢸ␒⤌. ࡓࡾࡍࡿࠋࡑࡋ࡚᭱ࡶ᩿ᅛࡋࡓࣂࣥࢻࡣࠊࣇ࢙ࢫࢸࣂ࡛ࣝ࠼ࡽࢀࡓ୍ᯟࡔࡅ ࡛࡞ࡃࠊ࿘㎶࡛⾜ࢃࢀࡿ ࠊ ⟠ᡤࡢࣃ࣮ࢸ࣮࡛ࡶ₇ዌࡋ࡚ࠊὀ┠ࡉࢀࡓ࠸ᮃ 68–98, 386–91, 398–404 (5th ed. 2003); Herman Finkelstein, The Copyright Law—A Re- See, e.g., DONALD S. PASSMAN, ALL YOU NEED TO KNOW ABOUT THE MUSIC BUSINESS ࢇ࡛࠸ࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ㹿㺁; BEFORE THE MUSIC DIES (B-Side Entertainment 2006) 㡢ᴦ࣭ࣞ appraisal, 104 U. PA. L. REV. 1025, 1051 (1956); BEFORE THE MUSIC DIES, supra note 31. ࢥ࣮ࢻ⏘ᴗ㛵ࡍࡿࢻ࣓࢟ࣗࣥࢱ࣮ࣜᫎ⏬. See, e.g., American Idol (FOX television series 2002–2010); see also Pareles, supra note See BENJAMIN KAPLAN, AN UNHURRIED VIEW OF COPYRIGHT 75 (1967); PATRY, supra note 30, at 117; Graeme W. Austin, Keynote Address, 28 COLUM. J.L. & ARTS 397 (2004). 31. ࡛⏕ィࢆ❧࡚ࡿࡇࡀ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ఏ࠼࡚࠸ࡿ; U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS, See, e.g., On the Lot (FOX television series 2007); Project Greenlight (HBO See LONDON ET AL., supra note 31, at 50–80ᡂຌࡋࡓసᐙ࡛ࡍࡽࠊᡭࡀࡅࡓ₇ 2001–2005). Musicians, Singers and Related Workers, OCCUPATIONAL OUTLOOK HANDBOOK, 2010-11 EDITION, See, e.g., Grease: You’re the One that I Want (NBC television series 2007); High School ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO http://www.bls.gov/oco/pdf/ocos095.pdf㺀ᆺⓗࡣኪࡸ㐌ᮎാࡁࠊ࣮࢜ ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO 㐃⥆⏬ ┿ࡢⴭసᶒࣜࣇ࢛࣮࣒㻸㼕㼠㼙㼍㼚 ᐇ₇ᐙࡋ࡚άືࡍࡿேࡀከࡃ࠸ࡿࠋNY ࡸ LA ࡛㣗ࢆࡋࡓ㝿࠶࡞ࡓ 㛵ࡋ࡚ࡶࠊࢡ࢚ࣜࢱ࣮ࡀࡲࡎⴭస⪅࡞ࡾⴭసᶒࢆᣢࡘࡉࢀࡿࡀࠊⴭ ᩱ⌮ࢆ㐠ࢇ࡛ࡁ࡚ࡃࢀࡓ࢙࢘ࢱ࣮ࡣࠊḟࡢ࣮࢜ࢹࢩࣙࣥࢆᚅࡕ࡞ࡀ సᶒไᗘࡣࠊⴭస≀ࢆά⏝ࡉࡏࡿࡇᘬ࠼ศ㓄ᴗ⪅ distributor ࡽാ࠸࡚࠸ࡿࡇࡀࢇ࡞ࡢࡔࠋ ⴭసᶒࢆጤクࡍࡿࡇࢆዡບࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋⴭస⪅ࡀ୍᪦ⴭసᶒࢆㆡΏࡍࡿ ࡞ࡐⴭసᴗࡣࡇ࠺ࡶྜࢃ࡞࠸ࡶࡢ࡞ࡢࡔࢁ࠺㸽ேࠎࡀ༑ศ࡞࠾㔠 ࠊἲᚊୖࡑࢀࢆྲྀࡾᡠࡍࡢࡣᐜ࡛᫆ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋไᐃἲࡣᖺࠊᖺࠊ ࢆᡶࡗ࡚ࡶⰋ࠸࠸࠺ࡢ౯್ࢆⴭస≀ぢฟࡋ࡚࠸࡞࠸࠸࠺ࢃࡅ ᖺࠊ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣᖺ⤒㐣ᚋࠊⴭస⪅ࡀᗘⴭసᶒࢆᙇ࡛ࡁࡿࡼ࠺ࡍࡿ ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋⴭసᶒ⏘ᴗࡀ࣓ࣜ࢝⤒῭ᑐࡋࢀ⤒῭ⓗ㈉⊩ࢆࡋ࡚ ࣓࢝ࢽࢬ࣒ࡀᏑᅾࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡀࠊᐇ⾜ࡍࡿࡢࡀᴟࡵ࡚㞴ࡋ࠸ࡼ࠺タィࡉ ࠸ࡿ㛵ࡍࡿㄪᰝࡼࡿࠊⴭసᶒ⏘ᴗࡣᖺ㛫 ࢻࣝ௨ୖࡢ┈ࢆ⏕ ࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋྠࠊᐇ㝿ၥ㢟ࡋ࡚ࠊ୍㒊ࡢⴭస≀ࡢࢡ࢚ࣜࢱ࣮ࡣࠊ ࡳฟࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ࠸࠺ ࠋࡋࡋ࡞ࡀࡽࡇࢀࡽࡢ࠾㔠ࡢ࠺ࡕ᭱⤊ⓗࢡ࢚ࣜ ಶேࡋ࡚ไᗘࢆ⏝ࡍࡿࡇࡀ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ࠋ࠼ࡤไᐃἲୖࡢᙉไチㅙไ ࢱ࣮ࡢᡭඖΏࡿ㢠ࡣࢇࡢഹ࡛࠶ࡿࠋⴭసᶒࡢไᐃἲࡣ፹ᴗ⪅ ᗘࡣࠊἲᐃチㅙᩱࡢศ㓄ㄳồ⪅ࡀࠊᴗࡶࡋࡃࡣᴗඹྠయ collective ࡗ࡚᭷࡞ࡿࠊつᐃࡢࣂࢫࢆ⤌ࡳධࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࡢࣂࢫࡣ entities ࡼࡗ࡚௦⾲ࡉࢀࡿ࠸࠺ࡇࢆᐃࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡍ࡞ࢃࡕࠊࡇࢀ ఱࡼࡾࡶࡲࡎࠊࢡ࢚ࣜࢱ࣮ࢆ≛≅ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ⡿ᅜⴭసᶒἲࡣⴭసᶒࢆ ࡽࡢ⪅ࡀศ㓄ㄳồࢆ⾜࠺ࡢࡣⴭసᶒࡀศ㓄ᴗ⪅࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣ፹ᴗ⪅ጤク ᭱ึⴭస⪅࠼ࡿࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡶࡢࡢࠊࢡ࢚ࣜࢱ࣮ࡣᚲࡎࡋࡶἲⓗ ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡇࡀ๓ᥦ࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ ព࡛ࡢⴭస⪅࡛࠶ࡿࡣ㝈ࡽ࡞࠸ࠋᚑᴗ⪅ࡀ⫋ົࡢ⠊ᅖෆ࡛సࡋࡓ ⴭస⪅ࡣฟ∧♫ẚᑡࡋࡋ΅ຊࢆᣢࡗ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࡢᣦࡶ࠶ࡿ ⴭస≀ࡢ࡚ࠊཬࡧ⊂❧ዎ⣙⪅ࡀసࡋࡓⴭస≀ࡢከࡃࡣࠊἲⓗ⏝⪅ ࡀࠊࡑࢀࡣ⮬↛ࡢἲ⌮ࡋ࡚ᮏ᮶ⓗ࠸࠼ࡿࡇ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋࡴࡋࢁࡑࢀ ࡸࢥ࣑ࢵࢩࣙࢼ࣮ࡀⴭసࡋࡓࡶࡢࡳ࡞ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡑࡢࡢⴭస≀ ୍ࡘ࡛࠶ࡾࠊࡉࡽ୍ᐃࡢⴭస≀ࡘࡁ⏝⪅ࢆⴭస⪅ࡳ࡞ࡍᅜࡢ୰࡛ࡶࠊ⡿ᅜ ࢹࢩࣙࣥࢆཷࡅࡿࡣࢆ୰᩿ࡋࠊ⤖ᒁࠊ᥇ᢥ࡞ࡿࠊ࠸ࡗࡓ㠀ᖖࡢ ࡢཎ๎ࡢཬࡪ⠊ᅖࡣᴟ➃ᗈ࠸ࠋ ࢫࢣࢪ࣮ࣗࣝࡀ୍⯡ⓗ࡛࠶ࡿࠋከࡃࡢ࣑࣮ࣗࢪࢩࣕࣥࡸḷᡭࡣࡢࡇࢁ࡛✌࠸ࡔ ᡤᚓࡼࡗ࡚ධࢆ⿵ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ㹿㺁; U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS, Artists and ᪂ࡋ࠸ⴭసᶒ⪅ࡣඖࠎࡢⴭస⪅ࡢᆅ❧ࡕࠊࢇ࡚ࡢⴭసᶒࢆ⾜ࡍࡿᶒ ἲࡣⴭసᶒࢆㆡΏࡋࡸࡍࡃࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋSee id. § 204.୍᪦ⴭసᶒࡀጤクࡉࢀࡿࠊ Related Workers, OCCUPATIONAL OUTLOOK HANDBOOK, 2010-11 EDITION, http://www.bls. ࢆᣢࡘࡼ࠺࡞ࡿࠋࡑࡢ୰ࡣඖࡢࢡ࢚ࣜࢱ࣮ࢆⴭసᶒᐖ࡛ッ࠼ࡿᶒࡶྵ gov/oco/ocos092.htm 㺀ತඃࡣ㛗ᮇ㛫ࡢኻᴗࡸࠊᙺࢆᕠࡿ⇚Ⅿ࡞➇தࠊ࣮࢜ࢹࢩࣙ ࡲࢀࡿࠋSee, e.g., Fantasy, Inc. v. Fogerty, 510 U.S. 517 (1994). ࡛ࣥࡢ㢖⦾࡞᥇ᢥ⪏࠼࡚࠸ࡿ͐ᡤᚓࡀ୍ᐃࡋ࡞࠸ࡢ࡛ࠊከࡃࡢತඃࡸࣉࣟࢹࣗ ࣮ࢧ࣮ࠊࢹࣞࢡࢱ࣮ࡣࡢศ㔝ࡢᑵࡃࡇ࡛ධࢆ⿵ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ㹿㺁. For ᶒࡀ᭱ึྲྀᚓࡉࢀ࡚ࡽᖺ; id. § 304(d)(2)§ 304(c) ᐃࡵࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ⤊ࡢ See 17 U.S.C. § 203(a)(3)ᶒࡽᖺࡶࡋࡃࡣᖺᚋ; id. § 304(c)(3) ⴭస other examples, see Zimmerman, supra note 29, at 9–10. ᶵࡀ⾜ࡉࢀ࡞ࡗࡓሙྜ㝈ࡾࠊⴭసᶒࡀ᭱ึྲྀᚓࡉࢀ࡚ࡽᖺᚋ. See, e.g., THOMAS ROGERS & ANDREW SZAMOSSZEGI, FAIR USE IN THE U.S. ECONOMY: ECONOMIC CONTRIBUTION OF INDUSTRIES RELYING ON FAIR USE 8 (2010), http://www. See generally Howard Abrams, Who’s Sorry Now? Termination Rights and the Deriva- tive Work Exception, 62 U. DET. L. REV. 181 (1985); Allison M. Scott, Note, Oh Bother: ccianet.org/CCIA/files/ccLibraryFiles/Filename/000000000354/fair-use-study-final.pdf Milne, Steinbeck, and an Emerging Circuit Split over the Alienability of Copyright Termi- 㺀ᖺࠊࣇ࢙࣭࣮ࣘࢫ⏘ᴗࡣ ༓൨ࢻࣝࡢṓධࢆ⏕ࡳฟࡋࡓࠋࡇࢀࡣ nation Rights, 14 J. INTELL. PROP. L. 357 (2007). See infra notes 163–73 and accompany- ᖺࡢ ༓൨ࢻࣝࡽẚ࡚㸣ࡢቑຍ࡛࠶ࡿ㹿㺁; STEPHEN E. SIWEK, COP- ing text. YRIGHT INDUSTRIES IN THE U.S. ECONOMY: THE 2003–2007 REPORT 3 (June 2009), http://www.iipa. com/pdf/IIPASiwekReport2003-07.pdf㺀ᖺࡲ࡛͐ⴭసᶒ⏘ᴗ ࠕయࠖࡀ⡿ᅜࡢ GDP ຍࡋࡓ౯್ࡣ༓ⓒ൨ࢻࣝୖࡿ͐ࡇࢀࡣ⡿ᅜࡢ See COPYRIGHT ROYALTY BD., LIBRARY OF CONG., http://www.loc.gov/crb/ (last visited Sept. 17, 2010); SOUNDEXCHANGE, http://www.soundexchange.com (last visited Sept. 17, 2010). GDP ࡢ㸣ࢆ༨ࡵࡿ㹿㺁. Media, 20 BERKELEY TECH. L.J. 647 (2005).୍㒊ࡢ⏘ᴗࡢࢡ࢚ࣜࢱ࣮ࡣປാ⤌ྜ See 17 U.S.C. §§ 101, 201 (2006).⡿ᅜࡣ⫋ົⴭసࡢཎ๎ࢆ᭷ࡍࡿᩘᑡ࡞࠸ᅜᐙࡢ ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO See, e.g., Gabe Bloch, Note, Transformation in Publishing: Modeling the Effect of New ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO 㐃⥆⏬ ┿ࡢⴭసᶒࣜࣇ࢛࣮࣒㻸㼕㼠㼙㼍㼚 ࡣ⡿ᅜⴭసᶒἲࡀศ㓄ᴗ⪅᭷࡞᪉ྥࠊ᫇ࡶࡶഴᩳࡋ⥆ࡅ࡚࠸ࡿ ⪅ࡀⴭస≀ࡽᚓࡽࢀࡿ┈ࡢ࠺ࡕ㒊ศࢆཷࡅྲྀࡿࡇࢆᙜ࡚ࡍࡿ ࠸࠺ᐇࢆᫎࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ΅ຊࡢᆒ⾮ࡢᑡ࡞ࡃࡶ୍㒊ࡣࠊⴭసᶒἲ ࡇࡀ࡛ࡁ࡚ึࡵ࡚ࠊつᶍ࡞ὶ㏻ࣅࢪࢿࢫࡀᙼࡽࡢᢞ㈨ぢྜࡗࡓሗ㓘 ࡢാࡁࡼࡗ࡚ேᕤⓗ⏕ࡳฟࡉࢀࡓࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋไᐃⴭసᶒἲࡣฟ∧ ࢆᚓࡿࡇࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࡔࢁ࠺ࠊᐃࡍࡿࡇྜ⌮ᛶࡀ࠶ࡿ࠸࠼ࡓࠋ ♫ࠊࣞࢥ࣮ࢻ♫ࠊᫎ⏬ࢫࢱࢪ࢜ࡑࡢᵝࠎ࡞ศ㓄ᴗ⪅ࢆ᭷ᢅࡗ࡚ ࡋࡋ⌧ᅾ࡛ࡣᙜ↛࡞ࡀࡽࠊࢇ࠾㔠ࢆ㈝ࡸࡉ࡞ࡃ࡚ࡶࠊୡ⏺୰ࡢ ࡁࡓࠋࡑࢀࡣฟ∧♫ࡸࣞࢥ࣮ࢻ♫ࠊᫎ⏬ࢫࢱࢪ࢜ࡸࡑࡢศ㓄ᴗ⪅ࡽ ேⴭస≀ࢆὶ㏻ࡉࡏࡿᡭẁࡀ࠸ࡃࡽ࡛ࡶ࠶ࡿࠋࡇࢀࡣࠊಶே࡛࠶ࡗ࡚ࡶ ࡗ࡚᭷ᶵ⬟ࡍࡿἲᚊࢆࠊᙼࡽᐤࡾࡢἲᚊᐙࡀసᡂࡍࡿࡢࢆ㆟ࡀ㐣 ഹࡢ㈝⏝࡛ⴭస≀ࡢࢥࣆ࣮ࢆ㏦ಙࡋྜ࠺ࡇࡀ࡛ࡁࡿ࠸࠺ࡇࢆྵ ཤ୍ୡ⣖ࢃࡓࡗ࡚ዡບࡋ࡚ࡁࡓࡽ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ᭷ᶵ⬟ࡍࡿ࠸࠺ࡢ ពࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋⴭసᶒ⪅ࡀ↓チㅙࡢὶ㏻ࣃࢽࢵࢡࢆ㉳ࡇࡍࡘࢀࠊࡇ࠺ࡋ ࡣࠊⴭసᶒ⪅ຊࢆ࠼ࠊ᭱⤊ⓗࡣศ㓄ᴗ⪅ࡀⴭసᶒࢆಖ᭷ࡋࡸࡍ࠸ࡼ ࡓࡇࡣከࡃࡢὀពࢆᘬࡃࡼ࠺࡞ࡗࡓࠋࡇࢀࡀྵពࡍࡿࡶ࠺୍ࡘࡢⅬ ࠺ࡍࡿࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࡢࡇ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ ࡣࡶࡗ⯆῝࠸ࠋࡑࢀࡣࢹࢪࢱࣝὶ㏻ᡭẁࡀࡶࡓࡽࡋࡓ᪂ࡋ࠸⤒῭ࡼ ἲࡀࢡ࢚ࣜࢱ࣮ࢆ≛≅ࡋ࡚ศ㓄ᴗ⪅ࢆ㉡ᒍࡍࡿࡇࡣࠊୡ⣖ ࡗ࡚ࠊᡃࠎࡣࢡ࢚ࣜࢱ࣮ࢆศ㓄ᴗ⪅ࡢ㛵ಀ࡛ᢅ࠺ࡼ࠺࡞ⴭసᶒ ẚୡ⣖ࡸୡ⣖ࡢ᪉ࡀࡲࡔᐇ㉁ⓗ࡞ពࢆ࡞ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࠋ᭱㏆ࡲ࡛ࠊ ἲࢆᙧᡂࡍࡿᚲせࡀ࡞ࡃ࡞ࡗࡓ࠸࠺ࡇ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡶࡕࢁࢇࠊࡑ࠺ࡋࡓ࠸ ⴭస≀ࡢ」〇≀ࢆつᶍὶ㏻ࡉࡏࡿࡣつᶍ࡞㈨㔠ᢞ㈨ࡀᚲせ࡛࠶ ࡗࡓࠋ⣬ࠊ༳ๅᶵࠊᨺ㏦⏝㟁Ἴሪࠊᫎ⏬⏝࣓࢝ࣛࡸࣅࢹ࣓࢜࢝ࣛࠊᗑ⯒ࠊ ࢺࣛࢵࢡࠊࡑࡢᵝࠎ࡞つᶍὶ㏻ࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡせࡍࡿせ⣲ࡣࢀࡶ See, e.g., KAPLAN, supra note 39, at 5–9, 75–78. 㠀ᖖ㧗㢠࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋࢹࢪࢱ࣭ࣝࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡࡀ⏕ࡲࢀࡿ௨๓ࡣࠊศ㓄ᴗ See, e.g., An Update: Piracy on University Networks: Hearing Before the Subcomm. on Courts, the Internet, and Intellectual Prop. of the H. Comm. on the Judiciary, 110th Cong. 6–8 (2007) [hereinafter An Update: Piracy on University Networks], available at ࡢຍධࡸᅋయ΅ࡢ⤖ᯝࠊ㏣ຍⓗ࡞ᙳ㡪ຊࢆ᭷ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡀࠊ㏻ᖖࡢሙྜࠊᑵᴗࡢ᮲ http://judiciary.house.gov/hearings/printers/110th/33812.pdf (testimony of Cary Sherman, ௳ࡋ࡚ⴭసᶒࢆㆡࡽ࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ࠋ President, Recording Industry Association of America (“RIAA”))㺀ᾏ㈫⾜Ⅽࡀ᭱ࡶࡣࡧ See, e.g., Olufunmilayo B. Arewa, Blues Lives: Promise and Perils of Musical Copyright, ࡇࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠖᏛࡀࠊࡑࡢ㜼Ṇኻᩋࡋࡓࡇࡘ࠸࡚‶ࢆ㏙࡚࠸ࡿ; id. at 75–77 27 CARDOZO ARTS & ENT. L.J. 573 (2010).㏆ࡢุᡤࡢุỴࡣࠊⴭస≀ࡢ⾲⌧ࡢഹ (letter from Dan Glickman, Chairman and Chief Executive Officer, Motion Picture Associ- ᑡ࡞⏝㛵ࡋ࡚ࡶⴭసᶒ⪅ࡢチㅙࢆồࡵࡿࡼ࠺ⴭసᶒࡢไᐃἲࢆゎ㔘ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ ation of America (“MPAA”))ᫎ⏬⏘ᴗࡢᅜෆᦆኻࡢ㸣ࢆᏛ⏕ࡢ㈐ࡵᖐࡋ࡚࠸ ࠼ࡤࠊBridgeport Music, Inc. v. Dimension Films, 383 F.3d 390 (6th Cir. 2004) ࡣࠊࡇࡢ ࡿ; Protecting Copyright and Innovation in a Post-Grokster World: Hearing Before the S. ၥ㢟ࢆᝏࡉࡏ࡚ࡋࡲࡗࡓࠋ௬ࢡ࢚ࣜࢱ࣮ࡀⴭస≀ࢆබබ㛤ࡍࡿ㝿ከᩘࡢ Comm. on the Judiciary, 109th Cong. 16–17 (2005), available at http://frwebgate.access. ࡇࢁࡽ↓ᩘࡢࣛࢭࣥࢫࢆồࡵ࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸࡞ࡿࠊࢡ࢚ࣜࢱ࣮ࡣ gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=109_senate_hearings&docid=f:34113.pdf (testimony of ᡭࡢศ㓄ᴗ⪅ࡢࣛࢭࣥࢫ㢗ࡿᚲせࡀ⏕ࡌࡿࡔࢁ࠺ࠋSee Copyright Criminals: This Marty Roe, Recording Artist, Arista Records)P2P ࣅࢪࢿࢫࡀస᭤ᐙࡸసモᐙࡀᗫᴗࡍ Is a Sampling Sport (PBS television broadcast Jan. 19, 2010), available at http://www. ࡿཎᅉ࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ㏙࡚࠸ࡿ; id. at 18 (testimony of Cary Sherman)P2P ࡣࠕ㡢 copyrightcriminals.com/.ࡇࡢᆒ⾮㛵ࡍࡿ㏣ຍⓗ࡞せ⣲ࡋ࡚ࠊⴭస≀ࡢつᶍ ᴦࠊᫎ⏬ࠊࡑࡢ࢚ࣥࢱ࣮ࢸ࣓ࣥࣥࢺ⏘ᴗᚑࡍࡿఱ༓ேࡶࡢಶேࡀࠊ⮬ศࡓ ࡞㡺ᕸࢆ⾜࠺࡞ࡿᚲせ࡞ࡿࠊつᶍ࡞㈨ᮏᢞ㈨ࡀᣲࡆࡽࢀࡿࠋSee infra text ࡕࡢࡀᾘ⁛ࡋ࡚࠸ࡃࡢࢆ㟼ほࡏࡊࡿࢆᚓ࡞࠸ࠖཎᅉ࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ㏙ࡿ; accompanying note 49. INT’L INTELLECTUAL PROP. ALLIANCE, COPYRIGHT INDUSTRIES’ GLOBAL CHALLENGES See generally LITMAN, supra note 2.ࡇࢀࡣ᭱㏆ࡢ⌧㇟࠸࠺ࢃࡅ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋⱥ⡿ࡢ FOR 2009, http://www.iipa.com/pdf/IIPA2009GlobalChallenges.pdf㺀ᐖࢆ⾜࠺࢚࢘ࣈ ⴭసᶒἲࡣ༳ๅᴗ⪅ฟ∧♫ࡼࡗ࡚ࠊᙼࡽࡢࡓࡵసࡽࢀࡓἲ➃ࢆⓎࡍࡿࡶࡢ ࢧࢺࡽ࣮ࣜࣜࢫ๓ࡢⴭస≀ࢆࢵࣉࡍࡿࢺࢵࣉࢧࢺࠊ↓᩿ࡢ >P2P@ ࣇࣝ ࡛࠶ࡾࠊᖖศ㓄ᴗ⪅୰ᚰ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋSee KAPLAN, supra note 39, at 1–37; LYMAN RAY ࢩ࢙ࣜࣥࢢ⮳ࡿࡲ࡛ࠊࣥࢱ࣮ࢿࢵࢺୖࡢᾏ㈫⾜Ⅽࡣᛴ⃭࡞ᡂ㛗ࢆ㐙ࡆ࡚ࡁࡓ PATTERSON, COPYRIGHT IN HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE 42–178 (1968); MARK ROSE, AU- ࡢ࡛࠶ࡗ࡚ࠊࡑࡢ㛫㐺ἲ࡞㟁Ꮚၟྲྀᘬࡢᶵࢆጉᐖࡋࠊ㡢ᴦࠊᫎ⏬ࠊࣅࢹ࢜ࢤ࣮࣒ࠊ THORS AND OWNERS: THE INVENTION OF COPYRIGHT 10–66 ࣅࢪࢿࢫ࣭ࢯࣇࢺ࢙࢘ࠊฟ∧⏘ᴗࡢᦆኻࡢቑຍࡢཎᅉ࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ㹿㺁. ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO (1993). ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO 㐃⥆⏬ ┿ࡢⴭసᶒࣜࣇ࢛࣮࣒㻸㼕㼠㼙㼍㼚 ࠸࠺ࡢ࡛࠶ࢀࡤヰࡣู࡛࠶ࡿࡀࠋ ࠸ࡓࠋⴭసᶒἲࡢṔྐࡢࢇ࠾࠸࡚ࠊἲࡣ⊃࠸⠊ᅖᑐࡋ࡚㐺⏝ ࡉࢀ࡚ࡁࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡾࠊⴭసᶒἲࡀ୰ᚰⓗ࡞㛵ᚰ࡛࠶ࡿ࠸࠺ಶேࡸἲ 㹀㸬࣮ࣘࢨ࣮ࡢⴭసᶒ ேᑐࡋ࡚ࡢࡳ┤᥋ᙳ㡪ࢆ࠼࡚࠸ࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋⴭసᶒ⪅ࡣල ࢡ࢚ࣜࢱ࣮ࡀⴭసᶒἲࡢᮏ᮶ⓗ࡞ᑐ㇟࡛࠶ࡿࡍࢀࡤࠊㄞ⪅ࡸど⫈ యⓗิᣲࡉࢀᐃ⩏ࡉࢀࡓ⏝⾜Ⅽᑐࡍࡿࢥࣥࢺ࣮ࣟࣝᶒࢆ࠼ࠊࡑ ⪅ࡣࡑࡢ┠ⓗ࡛࠶ࡿ࠸࠼ࡿࠋࢡ࢚ࣜࢱ࣮ࡼࡿⴭస≀ࡢసศ㓄 ࡢࡢ⏝⾜Ⅽࡘ࠸࡚ࡣไ㝈ࡋ࡞࠸ࡇࡼࡗ࡚ࠊⴭసᶒἲࡣㄞ⪅ࡸ ᴗ⪅ࡼࡿὶ㏻ࢆಁ㐍ࡍࡿ᭱ࡶ㔜せ࡞⌮⏤ࡣࠊேࠎࡀᮏࢆㄞࡳࠊ㡢ᴦࢆ ど⫈⪅ⴭస≀ࢆ⏝ࡍࡿ⮬⏤ࢆ࡞ࡾㄆࡵ࡚࠸ࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋⴭసᶒἲ ⫈ࡁࠊⱁ⾡ရࢆぢ࡚ࠊᫎ⏬ࢆᴦࡋࡴࡇࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࡼ࠺ࡍࡿࡓࡵ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ ࡣࡈࡃഹ࡞ᩘࡢⴭస≀ࡔࡅࢆಖㆤࡋࠊ⊃࠸ᶒࢆ┦ᑐⓗ▷ᮇ㛫ࡔࡅ ㄞ⪅ࡸど⫈⪅ࡣసရࢆாཷࡋࠊࡑࡇࡽᏛࡧࠊసရ┦స⏝ࡋྜ࠸ࠊ ࠼࡚࠸ࡓࠋⴭసᶒࡢ⠊ᅖࡀ㝈ᐃⓗࡔࡗࡓࡇ࡛ࠊㄞ⪅ࡸど⫈⪅ࡀⴭస సရࡘ࠸࡚࣮ࣘࢨ࣮ྠኈ࡛ࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢣ࣮ࢩࣙࣥࢆࡗ࡚ࡶࡽ࠸ࡓ࠸ࠋⴭ ᶒἲࢆẼࡏࡎࠊᛮ࠺ࡼ࠺ⴭస≀ࢆ⏝ࡍࡿవᆅࡀከࡃṧࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡓࡢ సᶒࡣࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞ᙧ࡛▱㆑ࡢⓎᒎ the Progress of Science ࢆಁ㐍ࡋ࡚࠸ ࡛࠶ࡿࠋไᐃἲࡣ᫂♧ⓗ࡞࣮ࣘࢨ࣮ࡢᶒࡣ࠶ࡲࡾぢᙜࡓࡽ࡞࠸ࡀࠊࡑ ࡿ ࠋࡇࢀࡣᑓ㛛ⓗ࡞ゝ࠸᪉ࢆࡍࢀࡤࠊἲᚊ༑ศ࡞⮬⏤ࢆ⤌ࡳ㎸ࢇ࡛ࠊ ࢀࡣ᫂♧ࡍࡿᚲせࡀ࡞ࡗࡓࡽ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ㆟ࡸุᡤࡣ᫂♧ⓗ࡞࣮ࣘࢨ ⴭసᶒࡀㄞࢇࡔࡾど⫈ࡋࡓࡾࡍࡿࡇࡢጉࡆ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ࡼ࠺ὀពࢆᡶ ࣮ࡢᶒࢆຍ࠼ࡼ࠺㋃ࡳฟࡍࡇࡀ࠶ࡗࡓࡀࠊࡑࢀࡣⴭసᶒ⪅ࡀ୍ぢ ࠺ᚲせࡀ࠶ࡿ࠸࠺ࡇ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ ࡋ࡚ྜ⌮ⓗᛮࢃࢀࡿ័ࢆ㉸࠼ࡿッゴࢆᥦ㉳ࡋࠊ⮬ศࡓࡕࡢᶒࡢቃ⏺ ㄞ⪅ࡸど⫈⪅ࡽࡣ᭱㏆ࡲ࡛ࡣἲࡢཷ┈⪅࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋࡑࡇ࡛ࡣἲࡣࠊ ⥺ࢆ㐣ᗘᗈࡆࡼ࠺ࡋࡓࡼ࠺࡞ሙྜ㝈ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡓࠋไᗘࡢᇶᮏⓗ࡞ ࢇࡢேࡀⴭసᶒࡢࡇࢆẼࡏࡎⴭస≀ࢆᴦࡋࡵࡿࡼ࠺タィࡉࢀ࡚ ᵓ㐀ࡣࠊ᫂♧ⓗ࡞ᩥゝࡼࡗ࡚࣮ࣘࢨ࣮ಶேࡢ┈ࡢ⠊ᅖࢆ☜❧ࡍࡿ ࠸࠺ࡼࡾࡶࠊࡴࡋࢁⴭసᶒࡢཬࡪ⠊ᅖࢆ㝈ᐃࡍࡿࡇࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚ࠊㄞ⪅ࡸど ⫈⪅ࡢᶒࢆᑛ㔜ࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋ See KAPLAN, supra note 39, at 75–76; L. Ray Patterson, Fair Use for Teaching and Research: The Folly of Kinko’s and Texaco, in GROWING PAINS: ADAPTING COPYRIGHT FOR LIBRARIES, EDUCATION, AND SOCIETY 351, 356–63 (Laura N. Gasaway ed., 1997). E.g., United States v. Paramount Pictures, Inc., 334 U.S. 131, 158 (1948). See generally See KAPLAN, supra note 39, at 25–36; Jessica Litman, Lawful Personal Use, 85 TEX. L. REV. 1871 (2007). Lloyd L. Weinreb, Copyright for Functional Expression, 111 HARV. L. REV. 1149 (1998). ※ࡣ╔⮬యၥ㢟ࡢ࠶ࡿッゴ➃ࢆⓎࡍࡿࠋCompare, e.g., 17 U.S.C. § 109(a) ⴭసᶒ㛵ࡍࡿேࠎࡢ┈ࢆㄽࡌࡿㄽᩥࡣࠊⴭస≀ࡘ࠸࡚ㄞࡴࠊ⫈ࡃࠊぢࡿࠊ ࣮ࣘࢨ࣮ࢆ᫂♧ⓗච㝖ࡍࡿไᐃἲࡢ᮲㡯ࡣ≉␗ⓗ࡞ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡾࠊࡑࡢከࡃࡢ㉳ ほࡿࠊ₇ࡌࡿࠊసືࡍࡿࠊࢥࣥࣃࣝࡍࡿ࠸ࡗࡓ⾜Ⅽࢆ⾜࠺ேࠎࢆࠊ࠺ࡪ (2006)㐺ἲసࡽࢀࡓ」〇≀ࡢ∧ࢆㄆࡵࡿ, id. § 109(c)බࡢሙᡤ࡛ࡢࣅࢹ࢜ࢤ ࡁ࡛࠶ࡿ࠸࠺ၥ㢟ྲྀࡾ⤌ࢇ࡛࠸ࡿࠋࡼࡃ⏝࠸ࡽࢀࡿㄒࡋ࡚ࡣࠕusersࠖࡀ࠶ ࣮࣒ࡢࣉࣞࢆㄆࡵࡿ, id. § 110(5)(A)බࡢሙᡤ࡛ࡢࣛࢪ࢜ࢸࣞࣅᨺ㏦ࡢ⏕ࢆ ࡾࠊࡇࢀࡘ࠸࡚ࡣ see Julie Cohen, The Place of the User in Copyright Law, 74 ㄆࡵࡿ, and id. § 110(11)DVD ࡛㈍ࡉࢀࡓᫎ⏬࠶ࡿᛶⓗࢩ࣮ࣥࡸᭀຊⓗ࡞ࢩ FORDHAM L. REV. 347 (2005); Patterson & Birch, supra note 28,ࠕconsumersࠖ࠸࠺ࡧ ࣮ࣥࢆど⫈ྍ⬟ࡍࡿ᳨㜀ࣉࣟࢢ࣒ࣛࡢᐙᗞෆ⏝ࢆㄆࡵࡿ, with Twentieth ᪉ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣsee Niva Elkin-Koren, Making Room for Consumers Under the DMCA, 22 Century Music Corp. v. Aiken, 422 U.S. 151 (1975)ᑠࡉ࡞ࣞࢫࢺࣛࣥෆ࡛ࣛࢪ࢜ࢆὶ BERKELEY TECH. L.J. 1119 (2007); Joseph Liu, Copyright Law’s Theory of the Consumer, ࡍࡇࡀⴭసᶒᐖᙜࡓࡿࡍࡿᙇࢆ㏥ࡅࡓ, Bobbs-Merrill Co. v. Straus, 210 44 B.C. L. REV. 397 (2003). ࡑࡋ࡚ࠕfansࠖ࠸࠺ࡧ᪉ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊsee Fred Von U.S. 339 (1908)᭩⡠ࡢᗮ౯ࡢྂ᭩㈍ࡀⴭసᶒᐖヱᙜࡍࡿࡍࡿᙇࢆ㏥ࡅ Lohmann, Is Suing Your Customers a Good Idea?, LAW.COM (Sept. 29, 2004), http://www. ࡓ, Red Baron-Franklin Park Inc. v. Taito Corp., 883 F.2d 275 (4th Cir. 1989)ࣅࢹ࢜ࢤ law.com/jsp/article.jsp?id=1095434496352. See also Justin Hughes, “Recoding” Intellec- ࣮࣒ࢆබ࡛⏝ࡋࡓࡇࡘࡁࢤ࣮࣒ࢭࣥࢱ࣮ࡢ㈐௵ࢆ⫯ᐃ, and Cleanflicks of tual Property and Overlooked Audience Interests, 77 TEX. L. REV. 923 (1999) Colo., LLC v. Soderbergh, 433 F. Supp. 2d 1236 (D. Colo. 2006) ᴗ⪅ᑐࡋࠊၟᴗⓗ (“non-owners”). ᮏ✏࡛ࡣࠊⴭస≀ࢆ⏝ࡍࡿಶேࢆᣦࡋ࡚ࠕ࣮ࣘࢨ࣮ userࠖ࡞࠸ࡋ ࠕㄞ⪅ࡸど⫈⪅ readers, listeners, and viewersࠖ࠸࠺ㄒࢆ⏝࠸ࡿࠋ ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO ㈍ࡉࢀࡿ DVD ࡽᛶⓗ࡞࠸ࡋᭀຊⓗ࡞ࢥࣥࢸࣥࢶࢆ㝖እࡋ࡚⦅㞟ࡍࡿ⾜Ⅽࢆ ⚗Ṇࡋࡓ. ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO 㐃⥆⏬ ┿ࡢⴭసᶒࣜࣇ࢛࣮࣒㻸㼕㼠㼙㼍㼚 ୡ⣖ࠊୡ⣖ࢆ㏻ࡋ࡚ࠊⴭసᶒἲࡀ࠸ㄞ᭩ࡸ㡢ᴦࡢ⫈ࡁ᪉ࠊ࠶ࡿ ࡑࡢᮍ᮶ࡶᛶࡢ࡞࠸ࣇ࢛࣮࣐ࢵࢺࢆḟࡽḟ≬Ẽࡢࡼ࠺Ⓩሙ ࠸ࡣࢸࣞࣅ␒⤌ࡢど⫈᪉ἲࢆไ⣙ࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ࠸࠺ぢゎࡣࠊ㐣⃭࡞ ࡉࡏࡿࣅࢪࢿࢫྲྀࡾᅖࡲࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡑࡢ㛫ࠊⴭసᶒ⪅ࡢࢥࣥࢺ࣮ࣟࣝ ᣑᙇ࡛࠶ࡿ⪃࠼ࡽࢀ࡚ࡁࡓ ࠋࡋࡋ࡞ࡀࡽᢏ⾡ࡢ࠾㝜࡛ಶேࡀ᪂ࡋ࠸ ࡀᣑࡋࡓࡇࡼࡾࠊㄞ⪅ࡸど⫈⪅ࡀⴭసᶒ⪅ࡢ⏝ពࡋࡓ࣓ࢽ࣮ࣗࢆ㉸ ែᵝ࡛ⴭస≀ࢆ⏝࡛ࡁࡿࡼ࠺࡞ࡿࡘࢀࠊⴭసᶒ⪅ࡣⴭస≀㛵ࡋ ࠼࡚ⴭస≀ࢆ⏝ࡍࡿ⮬⏤ࡀᅽ㏕ࡉࢀ࡚ࡋࡲࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋⴭసᶒἲࡢ㔜せ࡞ ࡚㠀ᖖᣑᙇࡋࡓࢥࣥࢺ࣮ࣟࣝࢆồࡵࡿࡼ࠺࡞ࡗࡓࠋⴭసᶒ⪅ࡣ㆟ ┠ⓗࡀㄞࡳࠊ⫈ࡁࠊほࡿ࠸࠺⾜Ⅽࡢಁ㐍࡛࠶ࡿࡍࡿ࡞ࡽࡤࠊࡇ࠺ࡋࡓ ุᡤᑐࡋࠊⴭసᶒ࠸࠺ࡢࡣ⮬ศࡓࡕࡢ㈈⏘ᶒ property ࡞ࡢࡔ ⾜Ⅽࢆ⾜࠸࡙ࡽࡃࡍࡿࡼ࠺࡞ἲᚊࡣᮏ᮶ࡢពᅗࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ࠸ ࡽ࠸࠺⌮⏤ᇶ࡙࠸࡚ࠊⴭసᶒ⪅ᩱ㔠ࢆᨭᡶࢃࡎⴭస≀ࡢ౯್ ࠼ࡿࠋ௬ⴭసᶒไᗘࡀᐇ㉁ⓗⴭస≀ࢆㄞࡳࠊ⫈ࡁࠊほࡿ࠸࠺⾜Ⅽ ࠶ࡿ⏝ࡀ⾜ࢃࢀࡿࡁ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ᙇࡋ࡚ࡁࡓࠋࡇ࠺ࡋࡓ㆟ㄽࡣไᐃ ࢆ↓ࡋ࡚ࡋࡲ࠺ࡼ࠺࡞ᙧ࡛タィࡉࢀ࡚ࡋࡲ࠺ࠊⴭసᶒἲࡢ᰾࡞ࡿ ἲୖ㠀ไᐃἲୖࡢⴭసᶒಖㆤࡢᣑࢆዡບࡋ࡚ࡁࡓࠋ↓チㅙࡢࢡࢭ ࢦ࣮ࣝࡢ୍㒊ࢆ㐩ᡂࡋᦆࡡ࡚ࡋࡲ࠺ࡔࢁ࠺ࠋ ࢫࡸ⏝ࢆ㜵ࡄᢏ⾡ⓗಖㆤᡭẁࢆ㎽ᅇࡍࡿ⾜Ⅽࢆ⚗ࡌࡿἲᚊࢆ❧ἲࡍࡿ ㄞࡴࠊ⫈ࡃࠊほࡿ࠸ࡗࡓ⾜Ⅽࢆᅔ㞴ࡍࡿⴭసᶒἲၥ㢟ࡀ࠶ࡿ⌮⏤ ࡼ࠺㆟ᑐࡋㄝᚓࡍࡿ ࠊⴭసᶒ⪅ࡣḟࠊᛶࡢ࡞࠸ࣇ࢛࣮࣐ࢵ ࢺ࡛ⴭస≀ࡢ」〇≀ࢆὶ㏻ࡉࡏࡓୖ࡛ࠊ㉎ධ⪅ࡣࡇࢀࡽࡢᢏ⾡ⓗ࡞ࣟࢵ ࢡࡢゎ㝖ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿἲⓗ㈨᱁ࢆ᭷ࡋ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࡋࠊ᭷ࡍࡿࡁ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠊ ᙇࡋࡓࠋ᪥ࠊㄞ⪅ࡸど⫈⪅ࡣࠊ౽ࡉ㧗㢠࡞ᩱ㔠┤㠃ࡋ࡚࠾ࡾࠊ copyright.gov/1201/2008/responses/mpaa-46.pdf; Software & Info. Indus. Ass’n, RM 2008-8, Reply Comments (Feb. 2, 2009), available at http://www.copyright.gov/1201/ 2008/responses/software-information-industry-assoc-17.pdf. CULTURE 267–81 (2007); Nate Anderson, DRM Still Sucks: Yahoo Music Going Dark, See Jessica Litman, The Sony Paradox, 55 CASE W. RES. L. REV. 917, 932–42 (2005); L. See, e.g., TARLETON GILLESPIE, WIRED SHUT: COPYRIGHT AND THE SHAPE OF DIGITAL Ray Patterson, Copyright Overextended: A Preliminary Inquiry into a Need for a Federal Taking Keys with It, ARS TECHNICA (July 24, 2008, 3:00 PM) http://arstechnica.com/news. Statute of Unfair Competition, 17 U. DAYTON L. REV. 385 (1992). ars/post/20080724-drm-still-sucks-yahoo-music-going-dark-taking-keys-with-it.html; Cory Doctorow, How To Destroy the Book, Speech Before the National Reading Summit (Nov. See, e.g., The Performance Rights Act and Parity Among Music Delivery Platforms: Hearing Before the S. Comm. on the Judiciary, 111th Cong. 9–11 (2009) [hereinafter The 13, 2009), in THE VARSITY, Dec. 14, 2009, available at http://thevarsity.ca/articles/23855. Performance Rights Act], available at http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi? ⌧ᅾࡢ DRM ࡢ⟶⌮యไࡣࡶၥ㢟ࡀ࠶ࡿࠋDRM ࡢ୰ࡣࠊ㉎ධࡋࡓࢥࣥࢸࣥ dbname=111_senate_hearings&docid=f:54557.pdf (testimony of Marian Leighton-Levy, ࢶᑐࡋ࡚ࠊᾘ㈝⪅ࡀྜ⌮ⓗண ࡋ࠺ࡿ⠊ᅖࢆ㉸࠼ࡓࢥࣥࢺ࣮ࣟࣝࢆฟ∧♫ Founder and Owner, Rounder Records); see also id. at 14 (testimony of Ralph Oman, Lec- ࠼ࡿࡶࡢࡀ࠶ࡿࠋ࠼ࡤᖺ ᭶ࠊAmazon.com ࡣࢪ࣮ࣙࢪ࣭࣮࢙࢜࢘ࣝࡢࠗື turer, George Washington University, and former Register of Copyrights)㺀௨ୖࡢ᳨ウ ≀㎰ሙ࠘ࠗ࠘ࡢฟ∧♫ࡢ㛫࡛ࡢⴭసᶒ㛵ࡍࡿ⣮த㛵ࡋ࡚ࠊ㉎ධ῭ࡳࡢ ࡽᖐ⤖ࡉࢀࡿࡇࡣࠊ͐㈈⏘ᶒࡢၥ㢟࡛࠶ࡿ௨ୖࠊⴭస≀ࢆసࡋᡤ᭷ࡍࡿ⪅ࡣࠊ 㟁Ꮚ᭩⡠ࡢ」〇≀ࢆ㉎ධ⪅ࡢ Kindle 㟁Ꮚ᭩⡠࣮ࣜࢲ࣮ࡽ⮬ືⓗᾘཤࡍࡿ ⴭస≀ࢆ⏝ࡋࡓேࡽ௦㔠ࢆᨭᡶࢃࢀࡿᶒࢆ᭷ࡍࡿࡁ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡑࢀࡀⴭసᶒ ࡶࠊ㢳ᐈࡢཱྀᗙࡢィฎ⌮ࢆࠕ㏉ရࠖᢅ࠸ࡍࡿࡇ࡛Ỵ╔ࢆࡅࡓࠋSee David ಖㆤࡢᇶᮏⓗ࡞๓ᥦ࡛࠶ࡿ㹿㺁. Pogue, Pogue’s Posts: Some E-Books Are More Equal than Others, N.Y. TIMES (July 17, Jessica Litman, Billowing White Goo, 31 COLUM. J.L. & ARTS 587, 593–96 (2008). 2009, 12:57 PM), http://pogue.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/07/17/some-e-books-are-more- See Digital Millennium Copyright Act, Pub. L. No. 105-304, 112 Stat. 2860, 2887 (codi- equal-than-others/. See generally Updated and Corrected: E-Books Buyer’s Guide to Pri- fied as amended at 17 U.S.C. §§ 1201–1204); RealNetworks, Inc. v. DVD Copy Control vacy, ELEC. FRONTIER FOUND. (Jan. 6, 2010), http://www.eff.org/deeplinks/2010/01/ Ass’n, 641 F. Supp. 2d 913 (N.D. Cal. 2009). updated-and-corrected-e-book-buyers-guide-privacyேẼࡢ㟁Ꮚ᭩⡠࣮ࣜࢲ࣮ࡢࣉࣛ See, e.g., DVD Copy Control Ass’n, RM 2008-8, Reply Comments (Feb. 2, 2009), ࣂࢩ࣮㛵㐃࣏ࣜࢩ࣮ࢆࡲࡵ࡚࠸ࡿ. available at http://www.copyright.gov/1201/2008/responses/dvd-cca-inc-38.pdf; Motion Picture Ass’n of Am., RM 2008-8, Comments (Feb. 2, 2009), available at http://www. nological Protection Measures, 34 FLA. ST. U. L. REV. 1181, 1198–1205 (2007). See GILLESPIE, supra note 62, at 273–79; John A. Rothchild, The Social Costs of Tech- ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO 㐃⥆⏬ ࡣࡶ࠶ࡿࠋࡇ࠺ࡋࡓไ㝈ࡢ୰ࡢ୍㒊ࡃྜ⌮ᛶࢆḞࡃࡶࡢࡀ࠶ࡿ ┿ࡢⴭసᶒࣜࣇ࢛࣮࣒㻸㼕㼠㼙㼍㼚 ࢺୖ࡛ࡣࠊⴭసᶒἲࡀసࡽࢀࡿ๓ࡽㄞ⪅ࡸど⫈⪅ࡀ⾲⌧ࡋ࡚ࡁࡓࡢྠ ࡓࡵࠊ୍⯡ࡢ⡿ᅜⴭసᶒไᗘࡢṇ⤫ᛶᑐࡍࡿㄆ㆑ࡀᐖࡉࢀ࡚ࡋࡲࡗ ࡌࡃࡽ࠸ࡢࢡ࢚ࣜࢸࣈ࡞⾪ືࢆࢹࢪࢱࣝࡸ࢜ࣥࣛࣥල㇟ࡋࡓ ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋⴭసᶒἲࡢṇ⤫ᛶࡣබ⾗ࡢどⅬࡽぢࡿ᫂ࡽ⭉ ࡶࡢࡀࠊὥỈࡢࡈࡃ⁄ࢀ࡚ࡁ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇ࠺ࡋࡓࢡ࢚ࣜࢸࣈ࡞άື 㣗ࡀ㐍ࢇ࡛࠸ࡿࠋࡇ࠺ࡋࡓᦆᐖࡣࡑࢀ⮬యࠊⴭసᶒไᗘࡢᛶࢆ⬣ ࡢࢇࡣᦢྲྀⓗ࡛࡞ࡅࢀࡤၟᴗⓗ࡛ࡶ࡞࠸ࠋࡑࢀࡣⴭసᶒࡢᑐ㇟ ࡍࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ ࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡶࡢࡢᡂຌࢆᦆ࡞࠺ࡼࡾࡶࡴࡋࢁ㧗ࡵࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࡼ࠺ᛮ ࡋࡋ࡞ࡀࡽࠊ⌧ᅾࡢⴭసᶒไᗘࡀㄞ⪅ࡸど⫈⪅࠼ࡿᐖࡣࠊⴭసᶒ ࢃࢀࡿࠋᐇ㝿ࠊࣇ࣭ࣥࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢸ↔Ⅼࢆᙜ࡚࡚ࡳࡿࠊࡑࢀࡣ㟂せ ⪅ࢆࡋ࡚⏝⾜Ⅽࢆ㏣㊧ࡋࠊ✺ࡁṆࡵࠊィ ࡋࠊ㔠ࡋࠊไ㝈ࡍࡿ࠸࠺ ࢆࡁࡓ࡚ࡿഴྥࡀ࠶ࡿࡇࡀࢃࡿࠋࡑࡢࡓࡵⴭసᶒ⪅ࡢከࡃࡣࠊࡑ ↹ࢃࡋ࠸࣓࢝ࢽࢬ࣒ࢆᒎ㛤ࡉࡏࡿࡇࡼࡾࠊ༢ⴭస≀ࡢ⏝ࢆጉࡆࡿ ␃ࡲࡽ࡞࠸ࡶࡢ࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡼࡾ᰿ᮏⓗ࠸࠼ࡤࠊࡑ࠺ࡋࡓไᗘࡣࣘ ࣮ࢨ࣮ࡀసရࡶࡓࡽࡍࢡ࢚ࣜࢸࣅࢸࢆ↓どࠊࡶࡋࡃࡣ㍍どࡋ࡚ ࠺ࡋࡓ⏝ࢆࡵࡿࡢᾘᴟⓗ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋࡋࡋࡇ࠺ࡋࡓάືࡣࠊ㏻ᖖࠊ ࠕᐶᐜࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ toleratedࠖࡶࡢ࡛ࡣ࠶ࡿࡀࠊⴭసᶒไᗘࡣࡇࢀࢆ㐪ἲ ࡢࡶࡢ᥎ᐃࡍࡿࠋࡑ࠺ࡋࡓάືࢆእࡸච㝖࠸ࡗࡓᙧ࡛ಖㆤࡋࡓࡾࠊ ࡋࡲࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋㄞࡴࠊ⫈ࡃࠊほࡿ࠸࠺⏝⾜ⅭࡣỴࡋ࡚ࠊ༢ཷືⓗ 㐺ἲ㐪ἲࡢቃ⏺⥺ࢆὀព῝ࡃᘬ࠸ࡓࡾࡍࡿࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊἲࡣ࠶ࡓࡶ ྾ࡍࡿࡔࡅࡢࡶࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋࡑࢀࡣᖖࠊ᭷ព⩏࡞ࢡ࢚ࣜࢸࣅࢸ ࡑ࠺ࡋࡓάືࡀᏑᅾࡋ࡞࠸ࡢࡼ࠺⯙ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࡶࡕࢁࢇࠊ ീຊࢆక࠺ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࢹࢪࢱࣝᢏ⾡ࡀᗈ⠊ᅖࢃࡓࡗ࡚ᗈࡲࡗࡓ ࡑ࠺ࡋࡓάືࡀᾘ⁛ࡍࡿᚲせࡀ࠶ࡿሙྜࠊⴭసᶒ⪅ࡀࡓࡌࡅ࡞ ࡇࡼࡾࠊㄞ⪅ࡸど⫈⪅ࡣࡸࠊ⮬ศࡢࢡ࢚ࣜࢸࣈ࡞⏝⾜Ⅽࢆᅛ ࡃࡶ࠶࠼࡚ᑐࡍࡿẼ࡞ࡗࡓࡣูㄽ࡛࠶ࡿࡀࠋㄞ⪅ࡸど⫈⪅ࡀᚑ ᐃࡋࡓᙧᘧୖ⾲⌧ࡋࠊୡ⏺୰ඹ᭷࡛ࡁࡿࡼ࠺࡞ࡗࡓࠋࣥࢱ࣮ࢿࢵ ࡍࡿࢡ࢚ࣜࢸࣈ࡞άືࢆࠕtolerated useࠖࡋ࡚ࠊಁ㐍࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣチྍࡍ ࡿࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃ↓どࡉࢀࡿࡶࡢࡋ࡚ᢅ࠺ไᗘࡣࠊⴭస≀ࡢ⏝ࢆಁ㐍ࡍ See, e.g., PATRY, supra note 30, at 161–70 ⴭసᶒ⏘ᴗࡼࡿ DMCA ࡢ㎽ᅇ⚗Ṇ᮲ ࡿࡓࡵタィࡉࢀࡓࡶࡢࡣ࠸࠼࡞࠸ࠋࡶࡋㄞ⪅ࡸど⫈⪅ࡀࡇ࠺ࡋࡓἲ 㡯ࡢ℃⏝ࢆᢈุࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ; Jane C. Ginsburg, The Right To Claim Authorship in U.S. ࢆ㈼᫂ࡔࡶྜ⌮ⓗࡔࡶᛮࢃ࡞࠸ࡋ࡚ࡶࠊ୍యㄡࡀࡑࡢࡇࢆ㠀㞴 Copyright and Trademarks Law, 41 HOUS. L. REV. 263, 264 (2004)㺀ࡶࡋ࠶࡞ࡓࡀ୍⯡ ࡛ࡁࡼ࠺㸽 ࡢேࠎࠗ⡿ᅜⴭసᶒἲࡣఱࢆಖㆤࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ࡛ࡋࡻ࠺㸽࠘ᑜࡡࡿࠊከࡃࡢே ࡣⴭసᶒἲࡀ㈎ḧ࡞ࣞࢥ࣮ࢻ♫ࢆ㐣ಖㆤࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ‶ࢆ₃ࡽࡋጞࡵࡿ ⌧ᅾࡢⴭసᶒไᗘࢆ㠀ṇᙜ࡞ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿᤊ࠼ࡿぢ᪉ࡀᗈࡲࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ ࡶࡋࢀ࡞࠸㹿㺁; John Tehranian, Infringement Nation: Copyright Reform and the Law/ ࡇࡣ㦫ࡃࡁࡇ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࡔࢁ࠺ࠋ࡞ࡾࡢ㒊ศ࠾࠸࡚ࠊࡑ࠺ࡋࡓ Norm Gap, 2007 UTAH L. REV. 537, 548–49ࡼࡾ㧗ᗘⴭసᶒࡀ⾜ࡉࢀࡿࡇ࡛ࠊ ᡃࠎࡣࠕⴭసᶒἲࡀ⚗Ṇࡍࡿ⾜Ⅽࠊᖹᆒⓗ࡞࣓ࣜ࢝ேࡀබṇ࡞࠸ࡋṇᙜࡔ⪃ See Sara K. Stadler, Performance Values, 83 NOTRE DAME L. REV. 697, 727–28 (2008). ࠼ࡿࡶࡢࡢ㛫ࡢࡁ࡞┦㐪ࠖ❧ࡕྥࢃࡊࡿࢆ࠼࡞ࡃ࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿㄽࡌ࡚࠸ See generally, e.g., Rebecca Tushnet, Payment in Credit: Copyright Law and Subcultural ࡿ. Creativity, LAW & CONTEMP. PROBS., Spring 2007, at 135. Accord PATRY, supra note 30, at xx–xxiv; Paul Edward Gellar, Beyond the Copyright See Litman, supra note 66, at 175–80. Crisis: Principles for Change, 55 J. COPYRIGHT SOC’Y U.S.A. 165, 175 (2008); Jane C. See Tim Wu, Tolerated Use, 31 COLUM. J.L. & ARTS 617, 619 (2008)㺀tolerated useࠖ Ginsburg, How Copyright Got a Bad Name for Itself, 26 COLUM. J.L. & ARTS 61, 63–67 ࢆࠕᐖヱᙜࡍࡿⴭస≀ࡢ⏝ࡢ࠺ࡕࠊⴭసᶒ⪅ࡣẼ࠸࡚࠸ࡿࡶࡋࢀ࡞࠸ࡀࠊ (2002); see also MARK HELPRIN, DIGITAL BARBARISM, at xiii (2009)㺀▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡣࡶ ࡑࢀࡘ࠸࡚ఱࡶ⾜ືࢆ㉳ࡇࡋ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࡶࡢࠖᐃ⩏ࡍࡿ. ࡣࡸࠊṇᙜࡋ࠺ࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠊᚋࡶࡇࡢࡲࡲࡢᙧ࡛ᣢ⥆ࡋ࡚࠸ࡃࡔࢁ࠺ ࠸ࡗࡓ๓ᥦࢆாཷࡍࡿࡇࡣ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸㹿㺁. Ȫȸȷȝȃǿȸᠴχ ࡢฟ∧ࢆ⚗Ṇࡋࡓ; Cease and Desist Notices: Fan Fiction, See Jessica Litman, Creative Reading, LAW & CONTEMP. PROBS., Spring 2007, at 175, 175–80. ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO See Warner Bros. Entm’t, Inc. v. RDR Books, 575 F. Supp. 2d 513 (S.D.N.Y. 2008)ȏ CHILLING EFFECTS CLEARINGHOUSE, http://www.chillingeffects.org/fanfic/notice.cgi (last visited Sept. 17, 2010)ࣇ࣭ࣥࢧࢺᑐࡍࡿ㆙࿌≧ࡢ࣮࢝ࣈ. ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO 㐃⥆⏬ ┿ࡢⴭసᶒࣜࣇ࢛࣮࣒㻸㼕㼠㼙㼍㼚 ぢ᪉ࡣࠊ☜❧ࡉࢀࡓⴭసᶒࣉ࣮ࣞࣖࡋ࡚ࠊ⮬ศࡓࡕࡇࡑࡀ᪂つཧධ⪅ ࢆཷࡅ࡚࠸ࡓึᮇࡢ≧ែࡼࡾࡶࠊࡼࡾ῝้࡛࠶ࡿࡶࡋࢀ࡞࠸ࠋ࡞ࡐ࡞ࡽ 㛵ࡍࡿ࣮ࣝࣝࢆタᐃࡍࡿᶒࢆᣢࡘࡁࡔࠊࡢⴭసᶒ⪅ࡢᙇ➃ࢆ ⴭసᶒἲࡢṇ⤫ᛶࢆ࠺୍⯡ᕷẸࡀࠊࡶࡣࡸไᗘࢆᨭᣢࡋ࡞࠸࠸࠺ᙧ࡛ Ⓨࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋⴭసᶒࡢṔྐࢆ㏻ࡋ࡚ࠊ◓Ᏺࡽࢀࡓࣉ࣮ࣞࣖࡣ⮬ศࡓ ᛂ⟅ࡍࡿࡶࡋࢀ࡞࠸ࡽࡔࠋ୍⯡ᕷẸࡣ⤖ᒁࡢࡇࢁࠊⴭసᶒἲࢆไ ࡕࡼࡿ⮬ศࡓࡕࡢࡓࡵࡢⴭసᶒࡢ࣮࡛ࣝࣝࠊ᪂つཧධ⪅ࢆᣊ᮰ࡋࡼ࠺ ᐃࡍࡿࡇ࡛ⴭసᶒࢆⴭసᶒ⪅࠼ࡿ࠸࠺ࡇࠊ㆟ࡀ❧ἲࡋࡓ ┠ᣦࡋ⥆ࡅ࡚ࡁࡓࠋ᪂つཧධ⪅ࡣࡑ࠺ࡋࡓືࡁࡢṇᙜᛶࢆத࠸ࠊ⮬ศࡓࡕ ἲࢆ㑂Ᏺࡍࡿࡇࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚ࠊⴭసᶒไᗘᢞ㈨ࢆ⾜ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡶࡋேࠎ ࡢࢽ࣮ࢬྜࡗࡓ᪂ࡋ࠸࣮ࣝࣝࢆ❧ἲࡍࡿࡼ࠺㆟ാࡁࡅࠊᴫࡋ࡚ᡂ ࡀⴭసᶒἲࡘ࠸࡚ࠊᢞ㈨ࡢぢ㏉ࡾࡀᑡ࡞࠸ឤࡌࡿࡼ࠺࡞ࡗࡓ ຌࡋ࡚ࡁࡓࠋୡ⣖ึ㢌ࠊ㡢ᴦฟ∧♫ࡣࣆࣀ࣮࣭࣓࣮࣮ࣟࣝ࢝ࢆࠊᴦ ࡽࠊᢞࡆࡾࡍࡿ࠸࠺ᙧ࡛ᛂࢆ㉳ࡇࡍࡶࡋࢀ࡞࠸̿㑅ᣲ࡛㑅ࡤࢀ ㆕ฟ∧♫⏝సࡗ࡚࠸ࡓ࣮ࣝࣝᚑࢃࡏࡼ࠺ヨࡳࡓࠋసᐙᑠㄝᐙ ࡓ௦⾲⪅ᑐࡋ᪂ࡓไ㝈つᐃࡸእࢆ❧ἲࡍࡿࡼ࠺ồࡵࡓࡾࠊ࠶ࡿ࠸ ࡣᫎ⏬〇స⪅ᑐࡋࠊ₇ไస⪅⏝సࡗ࡚࠸ࡓࡶࡢྠࡌ࣮ࣝࣝᚑ ࡣ༢⣧ࠊࡶࡣࡸṇᙜᛶࡀឤࡌࡽࢀ࡞࠸ἲࢆ㑂Ᏺࡋ࡞ࡃ࡞ࡗࡓࡾࠋࡓ ࢃࡏࡼ࠺ࡋࡓࠋᖺ௦ࡣࠊస᭤ᐙࡀࣛࢪ࢜ᴗࡢ⤌⧊ᑐࡋࠊ࠶ࡓ ࠼ッ࠼ࡽࢀ࡚ఱ༑ࢻࣝࡶㄳồࡉࢀࡿࣜࢫࢡࡀ࠶ࡿࡇࡀᗈࡃ▱ࡽࢀ࡚ ࡶࣛࣈ₇ዌࡢࢫࢸ࣮ࢪୖࡀࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡢྠࡌࡼ࠺ࣛࢭࣥࢫࢆ ࠸࡚ࡶࠊఱⓒேࡶࡢᕷẸࡀ P2P ࣇࣝࢩ࢙ࣜࣥࢢࢯࣇࢺࢆ⏝࠸࡚㡢 ཷࡅࡿࡼ࠺ồࡵࡓࠋᖺ௦ࡣࠊస᭤ᐙ㡢ᴦฟ∧♫ࡀྠᵝࡢせồࢆࠊ ᴦࢆ↓チㅙ࡛ඹ᭷ࡋ࡚ࡁࡓࠋᙼࡽࡢከࡃࠊ࠾ࡑࡽࡃࢇࡣࠊఱࡶᝏ࠸ ࢺ࣮࣮࢟ᫎ⏬ࢆୖᫎࡍࡿᫎ⏬㤋ᑐࡋ࡚ồࡵࡓࠋᖺ௦ࡣࠊⴭసᶒ⪅ ࡇࢆࡋ࡚࠸࡞࠸ಙࡌ࡚࠸ࡿࢃࡅ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋேࠎࡀἲࡢṇ⤫ᛶࡘ࠸࡚ ࢸࣞࣅᨺ㏦ᒁࡀࠊࢣ࣮ࣈࣝࢸࣞࣅࡢ⤒Ⴀ⪅ࡣࢸࣞࣅᨺ㏦ྠࡌ᮲௳࡛ࠊ ෭ࡸࡸ࡞ែᗘࢆࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡼ࠺࡞≧ἣୗ࡛ⴭసᶒἲࢆᇳ⾜ࡋ࡚࠸ࡃࡢ ᨺ㏦ࡍࡿಙྕ࡚ࡘ࠸࡚ࣛࢭࣥࢫࢆཷࡅࡿᚲせࡀ࠶ࡿࡁࡔᙇ ࡣ㞴ࡋ࠸సᴗ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ༢ⴭసᶒࡢྲྀ⥾ࡾࡀᛧ࠸ࡽ࠸࠺⌮⏤ࡔࡅ࡛ ࡋࡓࠋࡑࡋ࡚ᖺ௦ࡣྠࡌᙇࢆ⾨ᫍࢸࣞࣅᒁせồࡋࡓࠋᖺ௦ ⴭసᶒἲࢆ㑂Ᏺࡍࡿேࡣࠊ࠸ࡎࢀⴭసᶒࡢྲྀ⥾ࡾࡽ㏨ࢀࡿࠊ᩿ᛕࡉࡏ ࡣࠊⴭసᶒ⪅ࡀࣥࢱ࣮ࢿࢵࢺ࣭ࢧ࣮ࣅࢫ࣭ࣉࣟࣂࢲᑐࡋࠊฟ∧♫ ࡿ᪉ἲࢆぢࡅࡿࡔࢁ࠺ࠋࡋࡓࡀࡗ࡚ࠊⴭసᶒไᗘࡀ㛗ᮇࢃࡓࡗ࡚ ࡸࣞࢥ࣮ࢻ♫ࡀ᭩⡠ࡸࣞࢥ࣮ࢻࢆไసࡍࡿ㝿ồࡵࡽࢀࡿࣛࢭࣥࢫ ࡛࠶ࡾ⥆ࡅࡿࡓࡵࡣࠊேࠎࡀࠊ⮬ศࡽࡀⴭసᶒᢞࡌࡓᢞ㈨ࡀࡁࡕࢇ ྠࡌᙧ࡛ࠊࢥࣥࣆ࣮ࣗࢱ࠾ࡅࡿⴭస≀ࡢ」〇࡚ࡘ࠸࡚チㅙࡀồࡵ ࢃࢀ࡚࠸ࡿಙࡌࡿࡇࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࡼ࠺ࡍࡿᚲせࡀ࠶ࡿࠋ ࡽࢀࡿࡁ࡛࠶ࡿᙇࡋࡓࠋࡇࢀࡽ࠸ࡎࢀࡢࢣ࣮ࢫ࠾࠸࡚ࡶࠊ᪂ࡓ࡞ ࣓ࢹࡽ┈ࢆ⋓ᚓࡍࡿࡇᡂຌࡋࡓࣅࢪࢿࢫࡣࠊ᪂ࡓ࡞ᢏ⾡ 㹁㸬፹ᴗ⪅ࡢⴭసᶒ ࡣ࣓ࢹ༶ࡋࡓ᪂ࡓ࡞࣮ࣝࣝࡀᚲせ࡛࠶ࡿᙇࡋ⥆ࡅ࡚ࡁࡓ ࠋ ⴭసᶒไᗘࡣఏ⤫ⓗ✀㢮ࡢ፹ᴗ⪅౫Ꮡࡋ࡚ࡁࡓࡀࠊࡑࢀࡽ፹ ᪥࡛ࡶࠊฟ∧♫ࡸࣞࢥ࣮ࢻ♫ࠊᫎ⏬ࢫࢱࢪ࢜ࡣࠊ࠸ࡢ㛵ಀࢆつᚊࡍࡿ ᴗ⪅ࡀⴭసᶒࡢࢦ࣮ࣝࢆ᥎ࡋ㐍ࡵࡼ࠺ࡍࡿࣔࢳ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥࡣ⤒῭ ࡓࡵࡑࢀࡽࡢ⪅ྠኈ࡛ྜពࡋࡓἲᚊࡀࠊㄞ⪅ࡸど⫈⪅࠸ࡗࡓ୍⯡ࡢࣘ ⓗ࡞ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋศ㓄ᴗ⪅ࡣ୍⯡ⓗⴭస≀ࡢ」〇≀ࢆ〇సࡋ㡺ᕸࡋࠊ ࣮ࢨ࣮ࡶ㐺⏝ࡉࢀࡿࡁ࣮࡛ࣝࣝ࠶ࡿᙇࡋ⥆ࡅ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇ࠺ࡋࡓ ࡢ⏝ࢆチㅙࡍࡿࡶࡢࢆᣦࡍࠋᡃࠎࡀཷࡅ⥅࠸࡛ࡁࡓ㐣ཤࡢ㑇≀࡛ ࣮ࣝࣝࡀබṇ࡛࠶ࡿྜ⌮ⓗ࡛࠶ࡿ࠸࠺ࡇࠊேࠎࡀྠពࡋ࡞ࡅࢀ ࡶ࠸࠺ࡁไᗘࡢୗ࡛ࡣࠊศ㓄ᴗ⪅ࡀⴭసᶒࢆಖ᭷ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࠋᙼࡽࡀ」 ࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸⌮⏤ࡀࡇ࠶ࡿ࠸࠺ࡢࡔࢁ࠺㸽 〇ࠊ⩻ࠊබࡢ㡺ᕸࠊබࡢ⏝ࠊᒎ♧࠸ࡗࡓ⏝ࢆࣛࢭࣥࢫࡋ࡚ࡁ ᐇ㝿ࠊࡇ࠺ࡋࡓ≉ᐃࡢṇ⤫ᛶࡢ༴ᶵࡣࠊ࢘ࢺࢧࢲ࣮ࡢ㞟ᅋࡽᨷᧁ ࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡶ࠺୍ࡘࡢ፹ᴗ⪅ࢆࡇࡇ࡛ࡣ࣓࣮࣮࢝ maker ᐃ⩏ࡍ See LITMAN, supra note 2, at 39–41, 47–48, 58–62, 122–45. See id. at 39–47, 58–60, 127–36. 44 HOUS. L. REV. 1073, 1076–79 (2008). Reidenberg ࡣࡇࡢぢ㆑ࢆᒎ㛤ࡋ࡚ࠊⴭసᶒ See id. at 114–17. ᭹ࡉ࡞࠸ࡇࡣἲࡢᨭ㓄ᑐࡍࡿṇ㠃ࡽࡢᣮᡓ࡛࠶ࡿㄽࡌ࡚࠸ࡿࠋId. ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO See Joel R. Reidenberg, The Rule of Intellectual Property Law in the Internet Economy, ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO 㐃⥆⏬ ┿ࡢⴭసᶒࣜࣇ࢛࣮࣒㻸㼕㼠㼙㼍㼚 ࡿࡀࠊࡇࢀࡣ⮬ศ࡛ࡣࣛࢭࣥࢫࢆཷࡅࡓ⏝ࢆࡍࡿࢃࡅ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࡀࠊⴭ ↛ࠊศ㓄ᴗ⪅ࡣ▱㆑ࡢⓎᒎࢆಁ㐍ࡍࡿࡓࡵࡔࡅⴭసᶒᕷሙཧධࡍࡿ స≀ࢆ⏝ࡍࡿࡓࡵࡢ⨨ࡸࢧ࣮ࣅࢫࢆ㛤Ⓨࡋࡾฟࡍ⪅ࢆᣦࡍࠋศ㓄 ࢃࡅ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊᙼࡽࡀⴭసᶒไᗘཧຍࡍࡿࡢࡣ⮬ᕫ┈㏣ồࡢࡓࡵ ᴗ⪅࣓࣮࣮࢝ࡢ㛵ಀࡣⴭసᶒࡢṔྐࡢከࡃࡢሙ㠃࡛ᖖㄽத࡞ࡗ࡚ ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ ࡁࡓࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ ศ㓄ᴗ⪅ࡣ⌧ᅾࡢⴭసᶒไᗘ࠾ࡅࡿ⮬ศࡓࡕࡢᆅከࡃࡢ‶ࢆ ᢪ࠸࡚࠸ࡿࠋศ㓄ᴗ⪅ࡣ⌧ᅾࡢไᐃἲࡢタィ୍␒㈐௵ࢆ㈇ࡗ࡚࠸ࡓ ࡶࢃࡽࡎࠊࢹࢪࢱ࣭ࣝࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡ⎔ቃࡀࡶࡓࡽࡋࡓᵓ㐀ࡼࡗ࡚⏕ ᲫᲨЎᣐಅᎍ ఏ⤫ⓗ࡞ἲ⤒῭ᏛࡢどⅬࡼࡿࠊศ㓄ᴗ⪅ࡣᚲせྍḞ࡛࠶ࡿ ࡌࡓၥ㢟ࡢከࡃࢆண ࡋゎỴࡍࡿࡇኻᩋࡋࡓࡇẼ࠸࡚࠸ࡿࡢ ࠸࠺ ࠋⴭస≀ࡢᕷሙࢆసࡿࡇ࡛ࠊศ㓄ᴗ⪅ࡣࢡ࢚ࣜࢱ࣮ᑐࡋ᪂ࡋ ࡛࠶ࡿࠋศ㓄ᴗ⪅ࡀ┤㠃ࡍࡿᅔ㞴̿ࡇࢀࡣ᭱ࡶ㛵ᚰࢆ㞟ࡵࡿ㒊ศ࡛࠶ࡿ ࠸సရࢆసࡍࡿࣥࢭࣥࢸࣦ࡞ࡿ㈨㔠ࢆᥦ౪ࡍࡿඹࠊㄞ⪅ࡸ ࡀ̿ࡣࠊࢹࢪࢱࣝ㡺ᕸࡀࡶࡓࡽࡋࡓㄢ㢟㉳ᅉࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ↓チㅙ࡛ ど⫈⪅ࡀ⏝࡛ࡁࡿࡼ࠺ࠊᙼࡽࡢᡭඖⴭస≀ࡢ」〇≀ࡸᐇ₇ࢆᒆࡅࡿࠋ ࢹࢪࢱࣝ㡺ᕸࡍࡿࡇࡢᐜ᫆ᛶࡣࠊከࡃࡢศ㓄ᴗ⪅ࡢࣅࢪࢿࢫࣔࢹࣝࡢ ⴭసᶒࢆࢡ࢚ࣜࢱ࣮ࡽ㈙࠸ྲྀࡿ⪅ࡋ࡚ࡣࠊ፹ᴗ⪅ࡣⴭస≀ࡢ࣮ࣘ ᇶ┙ࡗ࡚⬣ጾ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ ࢨ࣮ࡢ❧ሙ㌟ࢆ⨨࠸࡚࠸ࡿᙇࡍࡿ ࠋ᪉ࠊ」〇≀ࡸᐇ₇ࢆಶேࡢ ูࡢࠊࡋࡋྠᵝ㔜࡞ၥ㢟ࡋ࡚ࠊⴭస≀ࡢࣛࢭࣥࢫ㝶ࡋ࡚ ㄞ⪅ࡸど⫈⪅ࡿ࠸࠺ᐖ㛵ಀ⪅ࡋ࡚ࡣࠊศ㓄ᴗ⪅ࡣࢡ࢚ࣜࢱ࣮ ⤡ࡳྜࡗࡓࡶࡘࢀ㉳ᅉࡍࡿࡶࡢࡀ࠶ࡿࠋつᶍ࡛☜❧ࡋࡓࣉ࣮ࣞࣖ ࡢ❧ሙ㌟ࢆ⨨࠸࡚࠸ࡿᙇࡋࠊ⮬ᕫࡢࡓࡵࣞࣥࢺࢆཷࡅྲྀࡿ ࠋᙜ ࡀఏ⤫ⓗ࡞ࣅࢪࢿࢫࣔࢹࣝࢆ⥔ᣢࡋࡼ࠺ࡍࡿࡇἲࡣᐶᐜ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ See, e.g., 1 PAUL GOLDSTEIN, COPYRIGHT: PRINCIPLES, LAW AND PRACTICE 4–20 U.S. CONST. art. I, § 8, cl. 8㺀㐃㑥㆟ࡣḟࡢ㡯ࡘ࠸࡚ᶒ㝈ࢆ᭷ࡍࡿ͐▱㆑ཬ (1989); Jane C. Ginsburg, Creation and Commercial Value: Copyright Protection of Works ࡧ᭷⏝࡞ᢏⱁࡢⓎᒎࡢಁ㐍͐㺁. of Information, 90 COLUM. L. REV. 1865, 1907–16 (1990); see also Am. Geophysical Un- ion v. Texaco Inc., 802 F. Supp. 1, 16 (S.D.N.Y. 1992)ࡓ࠼ⴭస⪅ࡀᑐ౯ࢆᚓࡽࢀ࡞ velopment of an Access Right in U.S. Copyright Law, 50 J. COPYRIGHT SOC’Y U.S.A. 113 See, e.g., Jane Ginsburg, Essay: From Having Copies to Experiencing Works: The De- ࡃ࡚ࡶࠊ⛉Ꮫㄽᩥࡢ㡺ᕸࢆ⾜࠺ࠕฟ∧ࡢ㈨㔠ㄪ㐩ࡗ࡚ࠊⴭసᶒࡢಖㆤࡣᚲせ (2003). ྍḞ࡛࠶ࡿࠖㄝࡃ, aff’d, 60 F.3d 913 (2d Cir. 1994). dent and Chief Executive Officer, Concord Music Group); id. at 75–78 (testimony of Rob See, e.g., Paul Goldstein, Derivative Rights and Derivative Works in Copyright, 30 J. See Music Licensing Reform, supra note 78, at 41–48 (testimony of Glen Barros, Presi- COPYRIGHT SOC’Y U.S.A. 209 (1983); Wendy J. Gordon, Fair Use as Market Failure: A Glaser). Structural and Economic Analysis of the Betamax Case and its Predecessors, 82 COLUM. L. REV. 1600, 1602 (1982). ⪅ࡾᙜ࡚ࠊᙉຊ࡞౽┈ࢆ᪤Ꮡࡢᴗ⪅⤌ࡳධࢀࡿⴭసᶒἲࢆ❧ἲࡍࡿࡼ࠺ㄝ ᚓࡍࡿࡢᡂຌࡋ࡚ࡁࡓࠋࡇ࠺ࡋࡓࢻࣂࣥࢸ࣮ࢪࡣࡘࡢᇶᮏⓗ࡞≉Ⰽ࡞ࡗ࡚ See, e.g., Music Licensing Reform: Hearing Before the Subcomm. on Intellectual Prop. ⴭసᶒ⟶⌮ࣅࢪࢿࢫࡢࣟࣅࢫࢺࡽࡣ㆟ᑐࡋࠊⴭసᶒࡢ౽┈ࡢከࡃࢆ፹ᴗ of the S. Comm. on the Judiciary, 109th Cong. 75–88 (2005) [hereinafter Music Licensing ᙧ࡞ࡗࡓࠋ୍ࡘࡣࠊ᪂ࡓ࡞ᶒࡸࣛࢭࣥࢫࠊእ㛵ࡍࡿ࣮ࣝࣝࢆ㆟ࡀ❧ἲ Reform], available at http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=109_ ࡍࡿ㝿ࡣࠊไᐃἲࡢ᮲㡯ࢆ᪤Ꮡࡢᴗ⪅ࡀ⌧㐙⾜ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ័⾜ྜ⮴ࡍࡿࡶࡢ senate_hearings&docid=f:22919.pdf (testimony of Rob Glaser, Chairman and Chief Execu- ࡍࡿ㠃ࠊእ㒊ࡢ⪅ࡗ࡚᭷⏝࡞ࡶࡢ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ࡼ࠺࡞㝈ᐃⓗ࡞ᩥゝ࡛ᐃ⩏ࡍ tive Officer, RealNetworks, Inc., for Digital Media Association); id. at 63–74 (testimony of ࡿࠊ࠸࠺Ⅼ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ§ 117(c) ࡀᐃࡵࡿእࡣࠊࢥࣥࣆ࣮ࣗࢱࡢಖᏲ࣭ಟ⌮ࢧ࣮ࣅ Ismael Cuebas, Director of Merchandising Operations, TransWorld Entertainment Corp., ࢫࡀಖᏲ࣭ಟ⌮┠ⓗࡢࡳ࡛ࢥࣥࣆ࣮ࣗࢱࢆసືࡉࡏࡿࡇࢆチᐜࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࡀࠊ for National Association of Recording Merchandisers). ࡇࢀࡣࡢ┠ⓗ࡛ࢥࣥࣆ࣮ࣗࢱࢆసືࡉࡏࡼ࠺ࡍࡿ⪅ࡀྠ᮲ᩥࢆ⏝࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ ࡼ࠺ࡍࡿࡢ㊊ࡿࡼ࠺㝈ᐃⓗ㉳ⲡࡉࢀࡓࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋSee 17 U.S.C. § 117(c) See, e.g., id. at 145–48 (testimony of Irwin Z. Robinson, Chairman and Chief Exececu- tive Officer, Famous Music Publishing, for National Music Publishers Association). (2006).➨ࠊ㆟ࡣ୍⯡ⴭసᶒࡢ࠺ࡲࢆࠊࡑࢀࢆồࡵࡿ᪤Ꮡᴗ⪅࠼ ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO 㐃⥆⏬ ┿ࡢⴭసᶒࣜࣇ࢛࣮࣒㻸㼕㼠㼙㼍㼚 ศ㓄ᴗ⪅ࡀࠊ☜❧ࡉࢀࡓつᶍ࡞ⴭసᶒࣉ࣮࡛ࣞࣖ࠶ࡗ࡚ࠊ㐣ཤࡢᡂຌ ࡣࠊⰋ࠸ࢹࡢࡼ࠺ࡶᛮ࠼ࡓࡀࠊⴭస≀ࡢࣛࢭࣥࢫࢆ㠀ᖖ ࡋࡀࡳࡇ࠺ࡍࡿ㝈ࡾࡣࠊ⌧ᅾࡢ⡿ᅜⴭసᶒἲࡣࡑࡢ࡛࠶ࡾ⥆ࡅ 」㞧࡞ࡶࡢࡋࠊ₯ᅾⓗ࡞ࣛࢭࣥࢩ࣮ࢆከඖⓗ࡛ࠊࡋ࡚࠸▩┪ ࡿࠋᵝࠎ࡞✀㢮ࡢⴭస≀ᑐࡍࡿࢥࣥࢺ࣮ࣟࣝࡸࠊつᶍࡢ⤒῭ࢆࣛࢭ ࡍࡿせồࡋ࡚ࡁࡓࠋᑠつᶍ࡞ࣅࢪࢿࢫࡀ᪂ࡋ࠸ᕷሙ࡛ⴭస≀ࢆ⏝ ࣥࢫྲྀᘬ⤖ࡧࡅࡿࠊつᶍ࡞࣓ࢹࡢ㈍㊰ᑐࡍࡿࢥࣥࢺ࣮ࣟࣝࡀ ࡍࡿᶵᑐࡋྜ⌮ⓗ࡞ࣟࣖࣝࢸࢆᡶ࠾࠺⪃࠼ࡓࡋ࡚ࡶࠊ࡞ ࡛ࡁࡿ࠾㝜࡛ࠊఏ⤫ⓗ࡞⏝ᑐࡋ࡚ࠊ☜❧ࡋࡓࣉ࣮ࣞࣖࡀࣛࢭࣥࢫ ࡞ࡑࢀࢆ࠺ࡲࡃᐇ⾜࡛ࡁ࡞࠸࠸࠺ᅔ㞴┤㠃ࡍࡿྍ⬟ᛶࡀ࠶ࡿࡢ࡛ ࡍࡿࡇࡣࡉᅔ㞴ࢆకࢃ࡞࠸ࠋࢡ࢚ࣜࢱ࣮ࡸศ㓄ᴗ⪅ࡣ᪂ࡋ࠸࣓ࢹ ࠶ࡿࠋ࠸ࡃࡽᘚㆤኈᡭఏࡗ࡚ࡶࡽࡗ࡚࠸࡚ࡶࠊல⣽࡞ዎ⣙ୖࡢ࣑ࢫ ࡛ⴭస≀ࢆά⏝ࡋࡼ࠺ࡋ࡚ࡶࠊࡑࡢ⏝ࡘ࠸࡚ࣛࢭࣥࢫࢆ⾜࠺ ࡼࡾࠊᴗࡣࡓࡕࡲࡕッ࠼ࡽࢀ࡚◚⏘㏣࠸㎸ࡲࢀ࡚ࡋࡲ࠺ࡢࡔࠋ ᶒ㝈ࢆ᭷ࡍࡿᶒ⪅ࢆぢࡅฟࡋࠊࣛࢭࣥࢫ᮲௳ࢆ΅ࡍࡿୖ࡛ࡢၥ ⴭసᶒ࠾ࡅࡿศ㓄ᴗ⪅ࡢᆅࡀከᑡ㣗ࡉࢀࡿࡇࡣࠊ࠾ࡑࡽࡃ⮬↛ 㢟┤㠃ࡋ࡚Ẽຊࢆࡃࡌࢀ࡚ࡋࡲࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ☜❧ࡋࡓ⏘ᴗᅋయ࡛ࡍࡽࠊ ࡛࠶ࡾᮃࡲࡋ࠸ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࡔࢁ࠺ࠋ㧗౯࡞㡺ᕸ᪉ἲࡀᏳ౯࡞௦᭰ᡭẁྲྀ ⌧ᅾࡢἲᚊᇶ࡙ࡃࣛࢭࣥࢫ᮲㡯ࡀ᪂ࡋ࠸⏝㛵ࡋ࡚༢ᶵ⬟ࡋ࡚ ࡗ࡚௦ࢃࡿࡘࢀ࡚ࠊศ㓄ᴗ⪅ⴭసᶒࡢ୍␒ࡁ࡞ศࡅ๓ࢆ࠼ࡿṇ ࠸࡞࠸‶ࢆ㏙࡚࠸ࡿ ࠋⴭసᶒࢆศࡍࡿ࠸ࡗࡓࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥ ᙜࡣⷧࢀ࡚࠸ࡃࠋไᐃἲࡢタィࡀࠊᚲせ࡞☜ᐇᛶࡸᾉ㈝ࠊ㞀ᐖࢆ ࡿ࠸࠺Ⅼ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡑࢀࡺ࠼ࠊᖺ㆟ࡀⴭసᶒࡢಖㆤᮇ㛫ࢆᖺᘏ㛗ࡋࡓ㝿ࠊ ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ17 U.S.C. § 201(d)(2).ἲࡣⴭసᶒ⪅ࡸ୍㒊ࡢⴭసᶒࢆಖ᭷ࡍࡿ⪅ᑐ ㆟ࡣᘏ㛗ࡉࢀࡓᮇ㛫ࡢ౽┈ࢆࠊⴭస⪅࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃ⌧ᅾⴭసᶒࢆ᭷ࡍࡿ⪅ᤵࡅࡿࡓ ࡋᶒࡢⓏ㘓ࢆồࡵ࡚࠾ࡽࡎࠊⴭసᶒࡢ୍㒊ࡢ⛣㌿ࡢⓏ㘓ࡣࢇ࡞ࡉࢀ࡚࠸࡞ ࡵࠊ๓ࡶࡗ࡚ⴭసᶒࢆྲྀࡾᡠࡑ࠺ࡋ࡚࠸࡞ࡗࡓⴭస⪅ࡢ୍㒊ࠊ㝈ᐃⓗࡘ ࠸ࠋࡇࢀࡼࡾࠊࣛࢭࣥࢫ΅ࢆ⾜࠾࠺ࡍࡿ⪅ࡀࣛࢭࣥࢧ࣮ࡋ࡚ࡢᶒ㝈ࢆ ⾜ࡀᅔ㞴࡞⤊ᶒࢆ࠼ࡿṆࡵࡓࠋSee Sonny Bono Copyright Term Extension Act ᭷ࡍࡿ⪅࡛࠶ࡿࡢドࢆぢᐃࡵࡿࡢࡀᅔ㞴࡞ࡗ࡚ࡋࡲࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ of 1998, Pub. L. No. 105-298, 112 Stat. 2827 (codified as amended in scattered sections of 17 U.S.C.).⤊ᶒ᮲㡯ࡣࠊᖺࡢⴭసᶒᘏ㛗㛵ࡍࡿ⤊ᶒ᮲㡯ྠᵝࠊ⤊ ࡀồࡵ࡚ࡁࡓࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡾࠊ͐ࡢࢢ࣮ࣝࣉࡽࡶᗈ࠸ᨭᣢࢆᚓ࡚ࡁࡓࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ See H.R. REP. NO. 94-1476, at 123 (1976)㺀>ྍศᛶࡣ@㛗ᖺⴭస⪅ࡸᙼࡽࡢ௦⾲⪅ ᶒࢆ⾜ࡉࢀࡓᶒࢆࠊ᭱ึࡢㆡཷே௨እࡢ⪅ㆡΏࡍࡿሙྜࡣㆡΏࡀࡼࡾᅔ ͐㺁. 㞴࡞ࡶࡢࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋSee 17 U.S.C. § 304(c)(6)(C)–(D). See Music Licensing Reform, supra note 78; Editorial, Orphan Works, D-LIB MAGAZINE, 2d 438 (S.D.N.Y. 2007); Mark A. Lemley, Dealing with Overlapping Copyrights on the June 2006, available at http://www.dlib.org/dlib/june06/06editorial.html; Anonymous, Internet, 22 U. DAYTON L. REV. 547, 565–74 (1997); Jessica Litman, Sharing & Stealing, See, e.g., United States v. Am. Soc’y of Composers, Authors & Publishers, 485 F. Supp. Showstopper, QUESTIONCOPYRIGHT.ORG (Jan. 5, 2010, 23:49), http://questioncopyright. 27 HASTINGS COMM. & ENT. L.J. 1, 18–23 (2005); Lydia Pallas Loren, Untangling the Web org/showstopper. of Music Copyrights, 53 CASE W. RES. L. REV. 673, 689–702 (2003); Stadler, supra note, 67, See, e.g., Section 115 of the Copyright Act: In Need of an Update?: Hearing Before the at 732. Subcomm. on Courts, the Internet and Intellectual Prop. of the H. Comm. on the Judiciary, 108th Cong. (2004) [hereinafter Section 115 of the Copyright Act]; Internet Streaming of 2003); Twentieth Century Fox Film Corp. v. iCraveTV, 53 U.S.P.Q.2d (BNA) 1831 (W.D. See, e.g., Country Rd. Music, Inc. v. MP3.com, Inc., 279 F. Supp. 2d 325 (S.D.N.Y. Radio Broadcasts: Balancing the Interests of Sound Recording Copyright Owners with Pa. 2000); Non-waiver of Rights, SOUNDEXCHANGE (Nov. 5, 2009), http://soundexchange. Those of Broadcasters: Hearing Before the Subcomm. on Courts, the Internet and Intellec- com/?s=non+waiver+of+rights. tual Prop. of the H. Comm. on the Judiciary, 108th Cong. 22–37 (2004) (testimony of Dan Halyburton, Senior Vice President/General Manager of Group Operations, Susquehanna yright.net Music Publ’g LLC v. MP3.com, 256 F. Supp. 2d 214 (S.D.N.Y. 2003); John See Paramount Pictures Corp. v. RePlayTV, 298 F. Supp. 2d 921 (C.D. Cal. 2004); Cop- Radio Corp., on behalf of the National Association of Broadcasters) [hereinafter Internet Borland, iCraveTV.com’s Exec Discusses His Start-up’s Short Life, CNET (Feb. 29, 2000), Streaming of Radio Broadcasts]. http://news.cnet.com/2100-1033-237450.html. 17 U.S.C. § 201(d)(2) ࡼࡿࠊⴭసᶒࡢᨭศᶒࡣู࡚ࠎ⛣㌿ࠊಖ᭷࡛ࡁࡿ ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO ࡇࡢぢ㆑ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣ Michael Carroll ᜠࢆཷࡅ࡚࠸ࡿࠋSee Michael W. Carroll, ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO 㐃⥆⏬ ┿ࡢⴭసᶒࣜࣇ࢛࣮࣒㻸㼕㼠㼙㼍㼚 㡺ᕸࡶࡓࡽࡍࡢ࡛࠶ࢀࡤࠊࡑࢀࡣ༢⣧↓㥏࠸࠺࡞࠸ࠋ ࢀࡓ㡢ᴦฟ∧♫ࡣࠊ㆟ࢆㄝᚓࡋࠊᖺⴭసᶒἲࢆࠕ㡢ᴦⴭస≀ࢆᶵᲔ ⓗ」〇ࡍࡿࡢ⏝࠸ࡽࢀࡿ⨨ࡢ㒊ศ㺁ᑐࡍࡿࢥࣥࢺ࣮ࣟࣝࡶໟᣓ ᲬᲨȡȸǫȸ ࡍࡿࡶࡢᣑࡉࡏࡓࠋ ፹ᴗ⪅ࡢࡘ┠ࡢ㢮ᆺ࡛࠶ࡿ࣓࣮࣮࢝ࡢ┈ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࡲࡔ⤂ࡋ ࣛࢪ࢜ᨺ㏦ࡀ୍⯡ⓗ࡞ࡿࠊⴭసᶒ⪅ࡣࠊᨺ㏦ᒁࡀⴭస≀ࢆ↓᩿࡛ᨺ ࡚࠸࡞ࡗࡓࡀࠊࡇࢀࡣṔྐⓗࠊⴭసᶒἲ㔜࡞ၥ㢟ࢆᘬࡁ㉳ࡇࡋ࡚ ㏦ࡍࡿ⾜Ⅽࡸࠊࡑࢀࡽࡢᴗ⪅ࡀ↓チㅙ࡛ࣛࢪ࢜ࢆ⏝ࡍࡿ⾜Ⅽࢆ⚗Ṇࡍ ࡁࡓࠋ࣓࣮࣮࢝ࡣࠊⴭస≀ࢆாཷࡍࡿࡓࡵࡢ⨨ࡸ㐨ලࠊࢧ࣮ࣅࢫࢆస ࡿࡼ࠺ồࡵࡓࠋࡑ࠺ࡋࡓッゴࡼࡗ࡚ࠊ୍㐃ࡢᑐ❧ࡋࡓุỴ⩌ࡀ⏕ࡲࢀࠊ ࡿேࡸࣅࢪࢿࢫࢆᣦࡍࠋࡇࡢ࢝ࢸࢦ࣮ࣜࡣࢺࣛࣥ࣌ࢵࢺࡸࣆࣀࠊࣂ ΰࢆᘬࡁ㉳ࡇࡍࡇ࡞ࡗࡓࠋุᡤࡣࣛࢪ࢜ᨺ㏦ࡸၟᴗ࣮࣋ࢫࡢࣛ ࢜ࣜࣥࠊࣛࢪ࢜ࠊࢸࣞࣅࠊࢸ࣮ࣉࣞࢥ࣮ࢲ࣮ࠊࢥࣥࣆ࣮ࣗࢱࠊDVD ࣉࣞ ࢪ࢜ࡢ⏝ࢆ㡢ᴦࡢࣛࣈ₇ዌࡳ࡞ࡋࡓሙྜࡣࠊ㡢ᴦฟ∧♫ッࡢุ ࣮ࣖࠊ㟁Ꮚ᭩⡠࣮ࣜࢲ࣮ࠊiPod ࡀྵࡲࢀࡿࠋࢺࣛࣥ࣌ࢵࢺࢆ〇㐀ࡍࡿ⪅ Ỵࢆฟࡋࡓࡀࠊᑐࠊࡑ࠺ࡋࡓࣛࢪ࢜ᨺ㏦➼ࢆࣜࢫࢼ࣮ࢆຓࡅࡿ⨨ ࡣࠊேࡀస᭤ࡋࡓ㡢ᴦࡽ࠾㔠ࢆ✌ࡂࠊࡑࢀࡶࡋ࡚ከ㢠ࡢ࠾㔠ࢆ✌ ࡸࢧ࣮ࣅࢫࡋ࡚⨨ࡅࡓሙྜࡣࠊ㠀ᐖࡢุ᩿ࢆୗࡋࡓࡢ࡛࠶ ࡄࡇࡀ࠶ࡿࠋᐇ㝿ࠊࡇ࠺ࡋࡓ⪅ࡓࡕࡢࣅࢪࢿࢫࣔࢹࣝࡣேࡢ㡢ᴦࡢၟ ࡿࠋ ᴗⓗ࡞ά⏝౫Ꮡࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ୍⯡ⓗ࠸ࡗ࡚ࠊᴦჾᕷሙࡣࠊㄞ⪅ࡸ ⨨࣓࣮࣮࢝ࡣⴭస≀ᐤ⏕ࡋ࡚┈ࢆᡭࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡢࡔࡽἲⓗ㈐ ど⫈⪅ࠊ₇ዌ⪅ࡀேࡢసࡗࡓⴭస≀ࢆ⏝ࡋࡓ࠸࠸࠺㢪࠸ࢆ⏝ࡋ࡚ ௵ࢆ㈇࠺ࡁࡔ࠸࠺⪃࠼᪉ࡣࠊୡ⣖୰㡭ࠊࢪ࣮ࣗࢡ࣎ࢵࢡࢫࡀᬑཬࡋ ၟᴗⓗ࡞┈ࢆᚓࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ ࡓࡇᘬࡗᙇࡽࢀࡿᙧ࡛ࠊໃ࠸ࢆᚓࡿࡼ࠺࡞ࡗࡓࠋᖺⴭసᶒἲ ࡇࢀࡲ࡛ࡢṔྐ࡛ࠊⴭసᶒἲࡣ⨨࣓࣮࣮࢝ࢆ↓どࡋ⥆ࡅ࡚ࡁࡓࠋ⤖ ࡢୗ࡛ࡣࠊチㅙࢆᚓࡎࢪ࣮ࣗࢡ࣎ࢵࢡࢫࢆ⏝࠸࡚㡢ᴦࢆබ࡛⏝ࡍࡿ⾜ ᒁࠊࢺࣛࣥ࣌ࢵࢺࡸࣛࢪ࢜ࠊࢹࢪࢱࣝࣅࢹ࢜ࣞࢥ࣮ࢲ࣮ࢆ〇㐀ࡋ࡚㈍ࡍ Ⅽࡀࠊⴭసᶒᐖࡢ㈐௵ࢆචࢀ࡚࠸ࡓࠋⴭసᶒ⪅ࡣࡇ࠺ࡋࡓච㈐ࡀࠕࢪ ࡿ⾜Ⅽࡣࠊⴭస≀ࡢ」〇ࡸ⩻ࠊබࡢ⏝ࠊබࡢ㡺ᕸᚲࡎࡋࡶ㛵ಀࡋ ࡞࠸ᢅࢃࢀ࡚ࡁࡓࠋࡋࡋ⨨ࢆ〇㐀࣭㈍ࡍࡿၟ࠸࠺ࡶࡢࡣࠊⴭ స≀ࡢࢡ࢚ࣜࢱ࣮ࡼࡗ࡚సฟࡉࢀࡓ㟂せࡼࡗ࡚࠾㔠ࢆඈࡅ࡚࠸ࡿ U.S.C. §§ 101–1205 (2006)). ࠸࠼ࡿࡢࡶࡋࢀ࡞࠸ࠋࡑࡋ࡚ࠊࡑ࠺ࡋࡓ࠾㔠ࡣⴭసᶒ⪅ࡢ㛵ᚰࢆᘬ࠸ ࡓࠋ㛵ᚰࢆᘬࡃࡇࢁッゴ࠶ࡾࠋⴭసᶒἲࡢṔྐࡣࠊⴭసᶒ⪅ࡀⴭస≀ ࢆ⏝ࡍࡿ⨨ࡢ〇㐀⪅ࢧ࣮ࣅࢫࡢ㈍⪅ᑐࡋ࡚ࢥࣥࢺ࣮ࣟࣝࢆཬ See Act of Mar. 4, 1909, ch. 320, § 1(e), 35 Stat. 1075, 1075–76 (current version at 17 See Buck v. Debaum, 40 F.2d 734 (S.D. Cal. 1929); Jerome H. Remick & Co. v. Gen. Elec. Co., 16 F.2d 829 (S.D.N.Y. 1926); Jerome H. Remick & Co. v. Am. Auto. Accessories Co., 298 F. 628 (S.D. Ohio 1924), rev’d, 5 F.2d 411 (6th Cir. 1925); M. Witmark & Sons v. Bamberger Co., 291 F. 776 (D.N.J. 1923).⿕࿌࡞ࡗࡓึᮇࡢࣛࢪ࢜ᨺ㏦ᒁࡣࡋࡤࡋ ࡰࡑ࠺ࡍࡿヨࡳࡢ⧞ࡾ㏉ࡋࢆᫎࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇ࠺ࡋࡓヨࡳࡣᡂຌࡋࡓ ࡤࣛࢪ࢜ཷಙᶵࢭࢵࢺࡢ〇㐀࡞࠸ࡋ㈍ᴗ⪅࡛࠶ࡾࠊࣛࢪ࢜ࡢ㈍ࢆಁ㐍ࡍࡿࡓࡵ ࡶࡢࡶ࠶ࢀࡤኻᩋࡋࡓࡶࡢࡶ࠶ࡿࠋ ᨺ㏦ᒁࢆႠᴗࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࠋSee, e.g., Am. Auto. Accessories Co., 298 F. at 629. ୡ⣖ᮎࡅ࡚ࠊ㡢ᴦฟ∧♫ࡣ⮬ືࣆࣀ₇ዌ⨨ࣆࣀ࣮ࣟࣝ ࡢ〇㐀⪅ᑐࡋⴭసᶒᐖッゴࢆᥦ㉳ࡋࡓࡀᩋッࡋࡓࠋุᡤᣄ⤯ࡉ Buck v. Jewell-La Salle Realty Co., 283 U.S. 191 (1931); Gen. Elec. Co., 16 F.2d 829. Debaum, 40 F.2d 734; Buck v. Duncan, 32 F.2d 366 (W.D. Mo. 1929), rev’d sub nom. Jewell-La Salle Realty Co., 283 U.S. 191; see also Twentieth Century Music Corp. v. Aiken, 422 U.S. 151 (1975); Teleprompter Corp. v. Columbia Broad. Sys., Inc., 415 U.S. 394 Whose Music Is It Anyway?: How We Came To View Musical Expression as a Form of (1974); Fortnightly Corp. v. United Artists Television, Inc., 392 U.S. 390 (1968). Property, 72 U. CIN. L. REV. 1405, 1494–95 (2003). chines: Hearing on H.R. 5921 Before Subcomm. No. 3 of the H. Comm. on the Judiciary, See White-Smith Music Publ’g Co. v. Apollo Co., 209 U.S. 1 (1908); Kennedy v. See generally Authorizing Royalties for Musical Compositions on Coin-Operated Ma- McTammany, 33 F. 584 (D. Mass. 1888); see also Stern v. Rosey, 17 App. D.C. 562 (1901) 86th Cong. (1959) [hereinafter Authorizing Royalties]. 㡢ᶵ⏝⟶ࡢ〇㐀࣭㈍ࡣⴭసᶒᐖヱᙜࡋ࡞࠸ุ♧. See Act of Mar. 4, § 1(e). See generally Jessica Litman, War Stories, 20 CARDOZO ARTS ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO 㐃⥆⏬ ┿ࡢⴭసᶒࣜࣇ࢛࣮࣒㻸㼕㼠㼙㼍㼚 ࣮ࣗࢡ࣎ࢵࢡࢫࡼࡿ㡢ᴦࡢྜἲⓗᾏ㈫⾜Ⅽࠖࢆຓ㛗ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿᙇࡋࠊ ほࡿࡓࡵ␒⤌ࢆ」〇ࡍࡿ⾜Ⅽࢆ㐪ἲỴࡵࡓᙧ㊧ࠊࡶࡋࡃࡣࡑ࠺ࡋࡓ」 ㆟ᑐࡋ࡚ᢤࡅ✰ࢆሰࡄࡼ࠺せồࡋࡓࠋไᐃἲୖࡢࢪ࣮ࣗࢡ࣎ࢵࢡࢫ 〇ࢆྍ⬟ࡍࡿᶵჾࡢ㈍ࢆ᩿ᅛࡋ࡚⚗Ṇࡍࡿ❧ἲࢆ⾜ࡗࡓᙧ㊧ࢆࠊⴭ 㛵ࡍࡿච㈐ࢆᗫṆࡋࡼ࠺ࡋࡓᖺἲࡣไᐃࡲ࡛⮳ࡽ࡞ࡗࡓࡀࠊ సᶒἲ᥈ࡋồࡵࡿࡇࡣ↓㥏࡞సᴗ࡛ࡋ࡞࠸㹿 ࡑࡢ㉳ⲡ⪅ࡣ௨ୗࡢࡼ࠺㏙࡚࠸ࡿࠋࠕࡇࡢἲᚊࡢ⫼ᚋ࠶ࡿᇶᮏⓗ⌮ ㄽࡣࠊ㡢ᴦⓗࡶࡋࡃࡣᩥᏛⓗ㈈⏘ࡢ⏝ࡽ┈ࢆᚓࡿ⪅ࡣఱேࡶࠊබ ࡑࢀ࡛ࡶᖺࠊⴭసᶒ⪅ࡣྠᵝࡢ⌮ㄽࢆ⏝࠸࡚ࢹࢪࢱ࣭࣮ࣝ࢜ࢹ ṇ࡞ศᢸࢆᨭᡶ࠺ࡁ࡛࠶ࡿ࠸࠺ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ㺁ࠋⴭసᶒᒁࡢᨭᣢࡶ ࣭࢜ࢸ࣮ࣉ࣭ࣞࢥ࣮ࢲ࣮ࡢ㈍ࢆ⚗Ṇࡍࡿࡼ࠺ッゴࢆᥦ㉳ࡋࡓࠋッゴ ࢃࡽࡎࠊࡇࡢࢪ࣮ࣗࢡ࣎ࢵࢡࢫἲࡸࡑࡢࡢྠᵝࡢἲࡣࠊᨻⓗ ࡽᡭࢆᘬࡃࡼ࠺ཎ࿌ࢆㄝᚓࡍࡿࡓࡵࠊ㟁〇ရ〇㐀ᴗ⪅ࡣࠊࢹࢪࢱ࣭ࣝ࢜ ࡞Ⓨᡴࡕࡘࡇࡀ࡛ࡁ࡞ࡗࡓ ࠋ ࣮ࢹ࢜㘓㡢⨨࣓ࢹࢆ〇㐀࣭㈍ࡍࡿ⪅ᑐࡋࠊࢥࣆ࣮࣭ࣉࣟࢸ ᖺࡣࠊᫎ⏬ࢫࢱࢪ࢜ࡀࡇࢀྠࡌᇶᮏⓗ⌮ㄽᇶ࡙ࡁࠊBetamax ࢡࢩࣙࣥᢏ⾡ࡢᐇࠊୖࡢῶ㏥ศࡘ࠸࡚ⴭసᶒ⪅⿵ൾࡍࡿࣟࣖ ᐙᗞ⏝ࣅࢹ࢜ࣞࢥ࣮ࢲ࣮ࢆ㈍ࡍࡿࡇᑐࡋ࡚ࠊSony ࢆ┦ᡭྲྀࡾッゴ ࣝࢸࢆᨭᡶ࠺ࡇࢆ⩏ົࡅࡿἲᚊ㈶ᡂࡍࡿࡇྜពࡋࡓࠋ ࢆᥦ㉳ࡋࡓࠋᫎ⏬ࢫࢱࢪ࢜ഃࡣ Sony ࡢ Betamax ᶵჾࡼࡗ࡚ࠊࢫࢱࢪ ᖺࡢᐙᗞෆ㘓㡢ἲ The 1992 Audio Home Recording Act ࡣࡇ࠺ࡋࡓጇ༠ࡢ ࢜ࡀไసࡋࡓ TV ␒⤌ࢆࠊಶேࡢᾘ㈝⪅ࡀࢫࢱࢪ࢜ࡢྠពࢆᚓࡿࡇ࡞ࡋ ල⌧≀࡞ࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ 」〇ࡍࡿࡇࡀྍ⬟࡞ࡗࡓᙇࡋࡓࠋᙼࡽࡼࡿࠊ↓チㅙࡢ」〇 ࡑࡢᚋࠊᩘᖺ㛫ࢃࡓࡗ࡚ࠊ࣓࣮࣮࢝ࢆつไࡍࡿไᐃἲࡸࠊ࣓࣮࣮࢝ ࡣ࡚ᙼࡽࡢⴭసᶒࢆᐖࡍࡿࡶࡢࡔ࠸࠺ࠋࡑࡋ࡚ࠊࡇ࠺ࡋࡓ」〇ࢆ⾜ 㛫᥋ᐖ⪅ࡋ࡚ࡢ㈐௵ࢆ㈇ࢃࡏࡿッゴࡀ୍⯡ⓗ࡞ࡶࡢ࡞ࡗࡓࠋᖺ ࠺ࡓࡵࡢᶵჾࢆ〇㐀ࡋ㈍ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡢࡔࡽࠊSony ࡀ㈐௵ࢆ㈇࠺ࡁ࡛ ࡣ࣓ࣜ࢝ࣞࢥ࣮ࢻ༠ RIAA ࡀ᭱ึࡢ࣏࣮ࢱࣈࣝ MP3 ࣉ࣮ࣞࣖ ࠶ࡿ࠸࠺ࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋྜ⾗ᅜ᭱㧗ุᡤࡣ௨ୗࡢࡼ࠺㏙࡚ࡇࡢ⌮ㄽ ࢆ⚗Ṇࡍࡿⴭసᶒᐖッゴࢆᥦ㉳ࡋࡓࡀࠊᩋッ⤊ࢃࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋᖺ ࢆ㏥ࡅࡓࠋ ࡢࢹࢪࢱ࣭࣑ࣝࣞࢽ࣒ⴭసᶒἲ The 1998 Digital Millennium Copyright Act ࡣࠊ⨨࣓࣮࣮࢝ᑐࡋࢥࣆ࣮࣭ࣉࣟࢸࢡࢩࣙࣥᢏ⾡ࢆᐇࡍࡿࡼ ࢸࣞࣅࢆẖ᪥ぢࡿఱⓒேࡶࡢேࠎࡽ㑅ฟࡉࢀࡓ㆟ဨࡀࠊᐙ࡛ᚋࡽ ࠺ồࡵࡿ㝈ᐃⓗ࡞つᐃࠊࢥࣆ࣮࣭ࣉࣟࢸࢡࢩࣙࣥᢏ⾡ࢆ✺◚ࡋ࡚ᐖ⾜ & ENT. L.J. 337, 350–54 (2002). Ⅽࢆᐜ᫆ࡍࡿྍ⬟ᛶࡢ࠶ࡿ⨨ࡢ〇㐀ࠊ㈍ࠊ㐪ἲ㈙ࠊᥦ౪ࢆ⚗Ṇࡍ ࡿᗈ⠊࡞つᐃࡀ⤌ࡳ㎸ࡲࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࣥࢱ࣮ࢿࢵࢺ࣭ࢧ࣮ࣅࢫ࣭ࣉࣟࣂ Authorizing Royalties, supra note 97, at 3. Id. at 6 (remarks of Rep. Emanuel Celler). Sony Corp. of Am. v. Universal City Studios, Inc., 464 U.S. 417, 456 (1984). See HOUSE COMM. ON THE JUDICIARY, 87TH CONG., COPYRIGHT LAW REVISION PART 6: Cahn v. Sony Corp., No. 90-CIV-4537 (S.D.N.Y. filed Jul. 9, 1990). SUPPLEMENTARY REPORT OF THE REGISTER OF COPYRIGHTS ON THE GENERAL REVISION OF See H.R. REP. NO. 102-873, pt. 1 (1992). THE U.S. COPYRIGHT LAW: 1965 REVISION BILL Audio Home Recording Act of 1992, Pub. L. No. 102-563, 106 Stat. 4237 (1992) (codi- 59–61 (1965).ࢪ࣮ࣗࢡ࣎ࢵࢡࢫࡢච㝖 ࡣᖺࡲ࡛ἲṧࡗ࡚࠸ࡓࡀࠊࡑࢀ௨㝆ࡣᖺ㛫 ࢻࣝ࠸࠺ྡ┠ࡔࡅࡢᙉไチㅙ fied as amended at 17 U.S.C. §§ 1001–1010 (2006)). ࡇࡢἲࡢ᮲ᩥࡢ࠺ࡕࡢ୍ࡘࡀࠊ㡢 ྲྀࡗ࡚௦ࢃࡿࡇ࡞ࡗࡓࠋࡑࡋ࡚ᖺ࣋ࣝࢾ᮲⣙ࢆᢈࡋࡓ㝿ࠊ㆟ࡣ ᴦⴭస≀ࡢ㠀ၟᴗⓗ」〇ࢆ⾜ࡗࡓᾘ㈝⪅ᑐࡍࡿⴭసᶒᐖッゴࢆ⚗Ṇࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ ᙉไチㅙ௦ࢃࡗ࡚௵ពࡢໟᣓチㅙࡋࡓࠋSee 17 U.S.C. § 116 (2006). ࡋࡋᙜヱ᮲ᩥࡀཬࡪ⠊ᅖࡣ㆟ㄽࡢవᆅࡀṧࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ See generally JAMES LARDNER, FAST FORWARD: A MACHINE AND THE COMMOTION IT CAUSED (2002). See Universal City Studios, Inc. v. Sony Corp. of Am., 480 F. Supp. 429, 432 (C.D. Cal. 1979), rev’d, 659 F.2d 963 (9th Cir. 1981), rev’d, 464 U.S. 417 (1984). See Recording Indus. Ass’n of Am., Inc. v. Diamond Multimedia Sys., Inc., 29 F. Supp. 2d 624 (C.D. Cal. 1998), aff’d, 180 F.3d 1072 (9th Cir. 1999). The court refused to enter the injunction. 180 F.3d at 1081. Digital Millennium Copyright Act, Pub. L. No. 105-304, 112 Stat. 2680 (1998) (codi- ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO 㐃⥆⏬ ┿ࡢⴭసᶒࣜࣇ࢛࣮࣒㻸㼕㼠㼙㼍㼚 ࢲࡣᐖࢆ㜵Ṇࡍࡿᢏ⾡ࢆ⤌ࡳ㎸ࡴࡃࠊࡑࡢᵓ㐀ࢆタィࡋ┤ࡍ⩏ົࢆ ྍ⬟ࡍࡿ᪂ࡓ࡞⨨ࡸࢧ࣮ࣅࢫࡽ┈ࢆཷࡅࡿࡇࡢ㞼⾜ࡁࡀἲⓗ ㈇࠺ࡁ࡛࠶ࡿᙇࡍࡿᶒ⪅ࡶ࠸ࡿ ࠋࡇ࠺ࡋࡓⴭసᶒࡢ⠊ᅖࡢᣑ ࡋࡃ࡞ࡿࠊసရࢆாཷࡍࡿ࣮ࣘࢨ࣮ࢆቑࡸࡋࡓࡾࠊ⏝ࡢ౯್ࢆ ࡼࡗ࡚ࠊⴭసᶒ⪅ࡣࠊᙜヱᴗࡀࠊᐇ㝿ⴭస≀ࢆ」〇ࠊබ㡺ᕸࠊ࠶ 㧗ࡵࡓࡾࡋ࡚ⴭసᶒࡢ᰾࡞ࡿࢦ࣮ࣝࢆ᥎ࡋ㐍ࡵ࡚ࡃࢀࡿྍ⬟ᛶࡢ࠶ࡿ ࡿ࠸ࡣබ࡛⏝ࡍࡿ࠸࠺ⴭసᶒ⪅ㄆࡵࡽࢀࡓไᐃἲୖࡢ≉ᶒࢆᐖ ࣅࢪࢿࢫᑐࡍࡿᢞ㈨ࡀᢚṆࡉࢀ࡚ࡋࡲ࠺ࡶࡋࢀ࡞࠸ࠋࡇ࠺ࡋࡓ᪂ ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡢྰ࠸࠺ࡇࡣ↓㛵ಀࠊⴭస≀ࡽ┈ࢆ✌ࡄ⾜Ⅽࢆ ࡓ࡞ᶵࡣ⌧ᅾⴭస≀ࡢὶ㏻ᕷሙ࠾࠸࡚ᨭ㓄ⓗ࡞ᆅ࠶ࡿࣅࢪࢿࢫ ⴭసᶒᐖࡢᑐ㇟ࡍࡁࡔᙇࡍࡿࡼ࠺࡞ࡗࡓࠋ ࡢ࣐࣮ࢣࢵࢺࢩ࢙ࢆ㣗ࡍࡿࡶࡢࡶࡋࢀ࡞࠸ࡀࠊ⌧ᅾ࠶ࡿⴭస≀ࡢ ࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞ᒁᆅⓗὶ⾜ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ⪃࠼᪉ࡣࠊᵝࠎ࡞ᥣࡵࢆᘬࡁ㉳ࡇࡋ ὶ㏻ࡑࡢ⏝ࢆቑࡉࡏࠊࡉࡽ᪂ࡋ࠸ⴭస≀ࡢసࡶಁ㐍ࡍࡿྍ⬟ᛶ ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ➨୍ࠊⴭస≀ࡢ↓チㅙ࡛ࡢ⏝ࢆᐜ᫆ࡋࡓࡇࢆ⌮⏤ࠊ࣓ ࡀ࠶ࡿࠋࡑࢀࡺ࠼ࠊ⌧ᅾⴭస≀ࡢᕷሙ࡛ᨭ㓄ⓗ࡞ᆅ࠶ࡿᴗࠊ᪂ࡓ ࣮࣮࢝ᐤᐖ⪅ࡋ࡚ࡢ㈐௵ࢆ㈇ࢃࡏࡼ࠺ヨࡳࡿሙྜࡣࠊⴭసᶒ ࡞⨨ࡢ㛤Ⓨࢆ⚗Ṇࡍࡿᶒࢆㄆࡵࡿࡇࠊᨻ⟇ⓗ࡞ྜ⌮ᛶࢆぢฟࡍ ⪅ࡣࠊ᪂ࡋ࠸⨨ࡸᡭẁࢆ⏝ࡍࡿㄞ⪅ࡸど⫈⪅ࡀ┤᥋ᐖ⪅ヱᙜࡍࡿ ࡇࡣᅔ㞴࡛࠶ࡿࠋᑡ࡞ࡃࡶࠊ⌧ᅾࡢᶒࡢ㓄ศࡢୗ࡛ࡣࠊ࣓࣮࣮࢝ࡢ ᙇࡍࡿࡇࡀせồࡉࢀࡿࠋࡇࡇ࡛ᙇࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ┤᥋ᐖ⪅ࡣἲᘐ ✭ࡀ㐣࡛࠶ࡾࠊࢡ࢚ࣜࢱ࣮ࡸศ㓄ᴗ⪅ࡢศ㓄ࡀ㐣ᑠ࡛࠶ࡿࡓࡵࠊ ⌧ࢀࡿࡇࡣ࡞ࡃࠊ⮬ศࡓࡕࡢ⏝⾜Ⅽࡀἲ㐺ࡗࡓࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿᙇ ༢⣧࡞ᐩࡢ⛣㌿ࡀไᗘࡢᛶࢆᨵၿࡍࡿࡇ⧅ࡀࡿ࠸࠺ࡇࡀㄝ ࡍࡿࡇࡀ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ୖࠊ⿕࿌࡞ࡿ࣓࣮࣮࢝ࡣ࣮ࣘࢨ࣮ࡢ❧ሙ❧ࡗ࡚ ᚓⓗ♧ࡉࢀࡿᚲせࡀ࠶ࢁ࠺ࠋ㖄➹ࡸࢡࣞࣚࣥࠊ⣬ࠊࡣࡉࡳࠊࡢࡾ➼ࡢ㈍ ᙇࡍࡿࣥࢭࣥࢸࣦࢆࢇ᭷ࡋ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࠋࡇ࠺ࡋࡓ≧ἣࡢ⤖ᯝࠊ ࠊ㉎ධࠊ⏝ࡣࠊࡰ☜ᐇᐖ⾜Ⅽ⏝࠸ࡽࢀࡿぢ㎸ࡳࡀ࠶ࡗࡓࡶ ᶒࡀไṆࡉࢀࡿࡇ࡞ࡃቑṪࢆ⥆ࡅ࡚࠾ࡾࠊࡑࡢ㛫ࠊุᡤࡣᵝࠎ࡞ಶ ࢃࡽࡎࠊࡇࢀࡲ࡛ࡑࢀࢆࢥࣥࢺ࣮ࣟࣝࡍࡿᶒࡀⴭసᶒ⪅ㄆࡵࡽࢀ ேⓗ⏝⾜Ⅽࢆⴭసᶒἲ㐪ࡍࡿุ᩿ࡍࡿࡇ࡞ࡋࡑࢀࢆ๓ᥦ ࡓࡇࡣ࡞࠸ࠋྠᵝࡢཎ⌮ࡣࣉࣜࣥࢺᇶᯈࡸࢺࣛࣥࢪࢫࢱࠊ㟁Ꮚࡶᙜ࡚ ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠊࡼࡃࡑࡢᖐ⤖ࢆ⪃࠼ࡿࡇࡢ࡞࠸ࡲࡲࡑࡢࡼ࠺ุ᩿ࡋ࡚ ࡣࡲࡿࡣࡎ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ ࠸ࡿࡢࡕࡽࡔ࠸࠺≧ែࡀ⥆࠸࡚࠸ࡿࠋ᪉࡛ࠊⴭస≀ࡢ⏝ࢆ fied as amended at 17 U.S.C. §§ 1201–1332). See Saul Hansell, Bits Debate: Should Internet Service Providers Block Copyrighted 㹂㸬ࡲࡵ ⌧⾜ࡢไᐃⴭసᶒἲࡣ㛗ࡃࠊ」㞧࡛ࠊ⌮ゎࡍࡿࡢࡀ㞴ࡋ࠸ࠋࡑࢀࡣⴭ స≀ࢆసࡋࠊ࣮ࣘࢨ࣮ᒆࡅࡼ࠺ࡍࡿࢡ࢚ࣜࢱ࣮ࡢẼຊࢆࡃࡌࡃ㞀 Works, N.Y. TIMES (Jan. 15, 2008, 11:41 AM), http://bits.blogs.nytimes.com/2008/01/15/ ᐖࢆ୪ࡿⴭసᶒไᗘࡢ┿ᐇࢆドࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ㔞ࡢᨵṇ bits-debateshould-internet-providers-block-copyrighted-works; Jef ࡸⓎᒎⓗ࡞ุᡤࡢุỴࡼࡗ࡚ࠊㄞ⪅ࡸど⫈⪅ࡀⴭస≀ࢆ⮬⏤⏝࡛ Pearlman, Robb Topolski, Michael Weinberg & Sherwin Siy, Forcing the Net Through a ࡁࡿ⮬⏤ࡢ㡿ᇦࡀࡔࢇࡔࢇ⦰ࡵࡽࢀ࡚ࡁࡓࠋศ㓄ᴗ⪅ࡣࠊᏳ౯࡛⡆༢࡞ Sieve: Why Copyright Filtering Is Not a Viable Solution for U.S. ISPs, PUBLIC KNOWLEDGE ࢹࢪࢱࣝࢥࣆ࣮ࡀ⮬ศࡓࡕࡢࣅࢪࢿࢫࣔࢹࣝࢆ⼃ࡴࡔࢁ࠺࠸࠺⬣ጾ (2009), http://www.publicknowledge.org/pdf/pk-filtering-whitepaper-200907.pdf. ┤㠃ࡋ࡚࠾ࡾࠊࡲࡓྠࠊࣛࢭࣥࢫࡀ」㞧࡛㧗㢠࡞ࡗ࡚ࡋࡲࡗࡓ Mehan Jayasuriya, ⴭసᶒ⪅ᩆ῭ࢆࡃ࠼࡞࠸࠸࠺ែࢆุᡤࡣ㑊ࡅࡿࡶࡋࢀ࡞࠸༴ ࡍࡿ⿕࿌ࡣࠊッゴࡢᙜ⪅࡛ࡣ࡞࠸⿕┤᥋ᐖ⪅⨥ࢆ࡞ࡍࡾࡅࡿ᪉ࡀࠊ ឤࡌ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡲࡓࠊⴭస≀ࢆ⏝ࡍࡿ᪂ࡋ࠸⨨ࡸࢧ࣮ࣅࢫࡢ࣓࣮࣮࢝ࡣࠊ ᐖࡀ⏕ࡌ࡚࠸࡞࠸ᙇࡍࡿࡼࡾࡶⰋ࠸ᡓ␎࡛࠶ࡿ⪃࠼ࡿྍ⬟ᛶࡀ࠶ࡿࠋSee, e.g., Cartoon Network LP, LLLP v. CSC Holdings, Inc., 536 F.3d 121, 130–33 (2d Cir. 2008); ster, Inc., 239 F.3d 1004, 1014–19 (9th Cir. 2001); Intellectual Reserve, Inc. v. Utah Light- Perfect 10, Inc. v. Amazon.com, Inc., 508 F.3d 1146, 1160–63 (9th Cir. 2007); UMG Re- house Ministry, Inc., 75 F. Supp. 2d 1290, 1294 (D. Utah 1999). cordings, Inc. v. Veoh Networks Inc., 665 F. Supp. 2d 1099 (C.D. Cal. 2009). (2008). E.g., MGM v. Grokster, Ltd., 545 U.S. 913, 925–27 (2005); A&M Records, Inc. v. Nap- See Fred von Lohmann, Fair Use as Innovation Policy, 23 BERKELEY TECH. L.J. 829 ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO 㐃⥆⏬ ┿ࡢⴭసᶒࣜࣇ࢛࣮࣒㻸㼕㼠㼙㼍㼚 ◚⁛ࢆࡁࡓࡍࡼ࠺࡞ッゴࡢ⬣ጾࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ⤖ᯝࡋ࡚ࠊ᪥ᖖ⏕ά ࡾ㏉ࡍᶵぢ࡚࠸ࡿࡼ࠺࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡶࡗᏳ౯࡛ຠ⋡ⓗ࡞ࠊⴭస≀ࡢࡼࡾ ࡛⌧ᅾࡢⴭసᶒࡢ࣮ࣝࣝᚑ࠺ࡼ࠺ồࡵࡽࢀࡿேࠎࡢከࡃࡣࠊ࣮ࣝࣝࡀ Ⰻ࠸㡺ᕸࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࢆᵓ⠏ࡍࡿࡇࡣࠊࢡ࢚ࣜࢱ࣮ᶒࢆࡋࡓୖ࡛ බṇ࡞࠸ࡋྜ⌮ࡔ⪃࠼ࡿࡼ࠺࡞ࡗࡓࡾࠊồࡵࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡇࢆᐇ ዣࡍࡿ࠸࠺ᙧ࡛፹ᴗ⪅ࢆ㈙ࡋ࡞ࡃࡶ㐩ᡂ࡛ࡁࡿࡶࡋࢀ࡞࠸ 㝿ࡣ⾜ࢃ࡞࠸ࡼ࠺ࡋࡼ࠺⪃࠼ࡓࡾࡍࡿࡼ࠺࡞ࡗࡓࠋⴭసᶒࡢṇ⤫ ࠸࠺⪃࠼ࡣࠊࡃ࠸ࡗ࡚Ⰻ࠸┿ᦸ࡞ὀ┠ࢆ㞟ࡵ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࠋࢹࢪࢱ ᛶࡢ㣗ࡣࡑࢀ⮬యࠊⴭసᶒไᗘࡢᛶࡗ࡚ၥ㢟ࢆᏎࢇ࡛࠸ࡿࡢ ࣭ࣝࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡᢏ⾡ᑐᛂࡋࡓⴭసᶒἲࣜࣇ࢛࣮࣒㛵ࡍࡿ⏘ᴗ⏺ࡽ ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ ࡢᥦࡢከࡃࡣࠊࡃ㏫ࡢࣉ࣮ࣟࢳࢆࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋᙼࡽࡣ፹ᴗ⪅ࡢᶒ ࢆᣑࡋࠊ፹ᴗ⪅ࡢᨭ㓄ࢆᙉࡍࡿࡇ࡛ࠊᏳ౯࡛㔞⾜ࢃࢀࡿ ϩ㸬ⴭసᶒࣜࣇ࢛࣮࣒ࡢᐇ㝿㻌 㐪ἲࢥࣆ࣮ࡢ⬣ጾࡼࡗ࡚ῶᑡࡋ࡚࠸ࡿᛮࢃࢀࡿⴭసᶒ⪅ࡢࣥࢭࣥ ࢸࣦࢆᇙࡵྜࢃࡏࡿࡇࢆ┠ᣦࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ ࡇࡇࡲ࡛㏙࡚ࡁࡓၥ㢟ࡣࠊᑗ᮶ࡢⴭసᶒࣜࣇ࢛࣮࣒ྥࡅ࡚⌧ᅾᵝࠎ ⌧ᅾᅇぴࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿᥦࡢ༙ࡣࠊࡑࡢ㦵Ꮚࢆࠊ☜❧ࡋࡓศ㓄ᴗ⪅ࡢᙅ ࡞❧ሙࡽᙇࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿヨࡳ࠾࠸࡚ࠊ࠶ࡲࡾ↔Ⅼࢆᙜ࡚ࡽࢀ࡚࠸࡞ ࡲࡗ࡚ࡋࡲࡗ࡚࠸ࡿᆅࢆᙉࡋࠊ࣓࣮࣮࢝ࡸࡢ፹ᴗ⪅ࠊㄞ⪅ࡸど ࠸ ࠋࡑࡢ௦ࢃࡾࠊせ࡞ⴭసᶒࣉ࣮ࣞࣖࢆ௦⾲ࡍࡿ⪅ࡣ⌧ᅾࠊไ ⫈⪅ᑐࡋ࡚ㄳồ࡛ࡁࡿᶒࢆᙉࡵࡿ࠸࠺ࡇࢁ⨨ࡃࠋ࠼ࡤࠊⴭ ᐃἲࡢࣜࣇ࢛࣮࣒ࢆࠊᙼࡽࡢ᭱ࡶⱥ㞝ⓗ࡞ ➹⪅࠸ࢃࡏࢀࡤ᭱ࡶྜ⌮ᛶ సᶒ⪅ࡢ୰ࡣ」㞧࡛௦㐜ࢀ࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿἲᐃチㅙ᮲㡯ࢆᗫṆࡋ࡚ࠊ⮬ ࡢ࡞࠸ ࢆ☜ᅛࡓࡿࡶࡢࡍࡿྠࠊணᮇࡏࡠᩋࢆࡦࡗࡃ ศࡀࣛࢭࣥࢫࢆ⾜࠺㝿ࡣ⡆⣲ࡋࡓࣛࢭࣥࢫࡢᩥゝ⨨ࡁ࠼ࡘ ࡘࠊ᪉࡛ேࡀᙼࡽࡽࣛࢭࣥࢫࢆཷࡅࡿ㝿ࡣᙼࡽࡢチㅙࢆᚲせ ᐇ㝿ࠊⴭసᶒἲᏛ⪅ࡣࡼࡾከࡃࡢ౽┈ࢆⴭస⪅ࡸබ⾗ࡶࡓࡽࡍⴭసᶒἲࡢぢ ┤ࡋ㛵ࡋ࡚ࠊ⪃࠼ᢤࢀࡓᥦࢆ࠸ࡃࡘࡶ࡞ࡋ࡚ࡁࡓࠋSee, e.g., WILLIAM W. ࡍࡿࠊ࠸࠺⪃࠼ࢆᨭᣢࡍࡿ⪅ࡀ࠸ࡿࠋࡲࡓࠊⴭస≀ࡢ⏝ᑐࡍࡿⴭ FISHER III, PROMISES TO KEEP: TECHNOLOGY, LAW, AND THE FUTURE OF ENTERTAINMENT ࣝࡢࢲ࣮࢘ࣥࣟࢻࡣࡑࢀࢆୖ₇ࡋࡓࡇࡣ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ุ♧.㏻ᖖࡣࠊ୧ᙜ⪅ (2004); Ginsburg, supra note 64, at 286–88; Neil Weinstock Netanel, Impose a Noncom- ࡀࠊⱥ㞝ⓗ࡛ࡣ࠶ࡿࡀྜ⌮ᛶࢆḞࡃࡢ⫼ᬒ࠶ࡿ୍⯡ཎ๎ࢆཷࡅධࢀࡘࡘࠊ mercial Use Levy To Allow Free Peer-to-Peer File Sharing, 17 HARV. J.L. & TECH. 1 ᪉࡛ᙜヱッゴఝࡓᑐࡍࡿ㐺⏝ࡣᣄࡴ࠸࠺ᙧࡢ❧ἲྠពࡍࡿ࠸࠺ᖐ (2003); Jerome H. Reichman, Graeme B. Dinwoodie & Pamela Samuelson, A Reverse ⤖⤊ࢃࡿࡇࡀከ࠸ࠋSee Litman, supra note 59, at 592–93.ࡋࡓࡀࡗ࡚ࠊMAI Notice and Takedown Regime To Enable Public Interest Uses of Technically Protected Systems Corp., 991 F.2d 511 ࡣࢥࣥࣆ࣮ࣗࢱಖᏲࢧ࣮ࣅࢫࡀࠊࢧ࣮ࣅࢫࢆ⾜࠺ୖ࡛ࢥ Copyrighted Works, 22 BERKELEY TECH. L.J. 981 (2007); Pamela Samuelson, Preliminary ࣥࣆ࣮ࣗࢱࢆసືࡉࡏࡿ㝿ᐖヱᙜࡍࡿ」〇ࢆ⾜࠺ࡇ࡞ࡿุ♧ࡋࡓࠋࡇ Thoughts on Copyright Reform, 2007 UTAH L. REV. 551. ⟶ぢࡢ㝈ࡾࠊࡇࢀࡽࡢᥦࡣ࠸ ࡢุỴࡣࠊ᮲ᩥࡢᩥゝࡢㄞࡳ᪉ࡋ࡚࠸ࡉࡉ㦫វ್ࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡾࠊ㆟ㄽࢆᣍ ࡎࢀࡶ❧ἲࡢ┿ᦸ࡞ὀ┠ࢆ㞟ࡵ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࡼ࠺ᛮࢃࢀࡿࠋ ᮶ࡋࡓࠋSee, e.g., Pamela Samuelson, Legally Speaking: The NII Intellectual Property E.g., Hotaling v. Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints, 118 F.3d 199 (4th Cir. Report, COMMS. OF THE ACM, Dec. 1994, at 21. ࢹࢪࢱ࣭࣑ࣝࣞࢽ࣒ⴭసᶒἲࡢ୍㒊 1997)㏻ᖖࡢᅗ᭩㤋࡛ࠊ」〇≀ࢆ⏝ᐈ⏝ྍ⬟࡞≧ែࡍࡿࡇࡣ㡺ᕸᶒᐖ ࡋ࡚ࠊ㆟ࡣࢥࣥࣆ࣮ࣗࢱಖᏲࢧ࣮ࣅࢫࡀࢧ࣮ࣅࢫࢆ⾜࠺㝿ࢥࣥࣆ࣮ࣗࢱࢆస ヱᙜࡍࡿุ♧; Am. Geophysical Union v. Texaco, Inc., 60 F.3d 913 (2d Cir. 1994) ືࡉࡏࡿ⾜Ⅽ㛵ࡍࡿእࢆ᫂♧ⓗ❧ἲࡋࡓࡀࠊ⏘ᴗ⏺ࡽࡢᅽຊᒅ᭹ࡋࠊࢥ ⛉Ꮫ◊✲┠ⓗ࡛ㄽᩥࢆࢥࣆ࣮ࡍࡿ⾜Ⅽࡣࣇ࢙࣭࣮ࣘࢫヱᙜࡋ࡞࠸ุ♧; ࣥࣆ࣮ࣗࢱࡢసືࡀࢥࣥࣆ࣮ࣗࢱࡢ OS ࢯࣇࢺࡢⴭసᶒᐖヱᙜࡋ࠺ࡿ࠸࠺㦫 MAI Sys. Corp. v. Peak Computer, Inc., 991 F.2d 511 (9th Cir. 1993)ࢥࣥࣆ࣮ࣗࢱࡢస វ್ࡍࡿ୍⯡ㄽࢆᣄ⤯ࡋ࡞ࡗࡓࠋSee 17 U.S.C. § 117 (2006). ືࡣ OS ࢯࣇࢺࡢⴭసᶒࢆ᭷ࡍࡿேࡢ」〇ᶒࢆᐖࡍࡿุ♧; United States v. Am. Soc’y of Composers, Authors & Publishers, 485 F. Supp. 2d 438 (S.D.N.Y. 2007)ᴦ᭤ࣇ 2008), http://www.australianit.news.com.au/story/0,24897,24202770-5013044,00.html. ࣝࡢࢲ࣮࢘ࣥࣟࢻࡣࡑࢀࢆୖ₇ࡋࡓࡇࡣ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ุ♧. Radio Broadcasts, supra note 85.ࡇࡢጼໃࡼࡾࠊ㡢ᴦⴭస≀ཬࡧ㘓㡢ⴭస≀ࡢࣛ E.g., Am. Soc’y of Composers, Authors & Publishers, 485 F. Supp. 2d at 441ᴦ᭤ࣇ ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO See, e.g., Karen Dearne, Secrecy Claims on Copyright Treaty, AUSTRALIAN IT (Aug. 19, See generally Section 115 of the Copyright Act, supra note 85; Internet Streaming of ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO 㐃⥆⏬ ┿ࡢⴭసᶒࣜࣇ࢛࣮࣒㻸㼕㼠㼙㼍㼚 సᶒ⪅ࡢࢥࣥࢺ࣮ࣟࣝࢆᣑࡋ࡚ࠊ౯್ࡢ࠶ࡿ࠶ࡽࡺࡿ⏝ࢆࠊ㔠ࡍࡿ ⴭస⪅ࡣ᪂ࡋ࠸సရࢆసࡿពḧࢆኻࡗ࡚ࡋࡲ࠺ࡋࠊฟ∧♫ࡸᫎ⏬♫ࠊࣞ ࠊᑡ࡞ࡃࡶ┘どࡍࡿࡇࢆྍ⬟ࡍࡁ࡛࠶ࡿᙇࡍࡿ⪅ࡶ࠸ࡿ ࠋ ࢥ࣮ࢻ♫ࡶⴭస≀ࡢὶ㏻ᑐࡍࡿᢞ㈨ࢆࡍࡿពḧࢆኻࡗ࡚ࡋࡲ࠺ࠊ ࡇ࠺ࡋࡓ⪃࠼ࡣⴭసᶒࡑࡢ⾜ࢆࠊ↓ᩘࡢಶேⓗ࡞⏝ཬࡰࡍࡶࡋ ⴭసᶒ⪅ࡢ୍㒊ࡣᙇࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡔࡽࡇࡑࠊⴭసᶒ⪅ࠊⴭస≀ࡢ」 ࢀ࡞࠸ࡀࠊࡑࢀࡽࡢ⏝ࡣ㠀ၟᴗⓗ࡞⏝ࡸබ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸⏝ࡀྵࡲࢀ 〇≀ࡢసᡂࠊ㡺ᕸࢆࢥࣥࢺ࣮ࣟࣝࡍࡿࡓࡵࡢᐇຠⓗ࡞ἲⓗ㐨ලࢆ࠼ࡿࡇ ࡿࠋࡑࡋ࡚ࡑࢀࡽࡢᙇࡣࠕⴭసᶒࡣⴭస≀ࡢ౯್࠶ࡿ⏝࡚ࡽ ࡀᚲせྍḞ࡛࠶ࡾࠊࡉࡽᙼࡽࡼࢀࡤࠊᐇ㝿ᡃࠎࡀ㈠᫆ࣃ࣮ࢺࢼ ┈ࢆᚓࠊ⟶⌮ࡍࡿࡇࢆྍ⬟ࡍࡿࡁࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠖ࠸࠺⌮ᒅᇶ࡙࠸ ࣮▱ⓗ㈈⏘᮲⣙ࢆ⥾⤖ࡋࡓࡇ࡛ࠊࡲࡉࡑࡢࡼ࠺ࡍࡿ⩏ົࢆ㈇ࡗ࡚ ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ ࠸ࡿࡢࡔ࠸࠺ࠋࡲࡓᙼࡽࡣࠊࢹࢪࢱ࣭ࣝࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡᢏ⾡ࡀࡶࡓࡽࡋ ࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞ヨࡳࢆ⫼ᬒ࡛ᨭ࠼ࡿㄝ᫂ࡼࢀࡤࠊࢹࢪࢱ࣭ࣝࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡ ࡓ᪂ࡋ࠸⏝ᙧែࡽ┈ࢆᚓࡿᶒࢆⴭసᶒ⪅ࡀ᭷ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡶᙇ ᢏ⾡ࡣⴭసᶒไᗘ᰿ᮏⓗ࡞⬣ጾࢆࡶࡓࡽࡋ࡚࠾ࡾࠊಶேࡀࢹࢪࢱࣝᙧᘧ ࡋࠊⴭసᶒࡢไᐃἲࡣࡇ࠺ࡋࡓ᪂ࡋ࠸⏝ᑐࡍࡿࢥࣥࢺ࣮ࣟࣝࡀⴭస ࡛ከᩘࡢ⎍࡞ⴭస≀ࡢ」〇ࢆ⡆༢ࡘᏳ౯࡛⾜࠸ࠊࡑࢀࢆୡ⏺୰ὶ㏻ ᶒࡢᶒ⪅ᖐᒓࡋࠊᖐᒓࡍࡿࡁࡔ࠸࠺ࡇࢆ᫂ࡽࡍࡁ࡛࠶ࡿ ࡉࡏࡿࡇࢆྍ⬟ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠊ࠸࠺ ࠋ↓᩿࡛⾜ࢃࢀࡿᏳ౯࡛⡆༢࡞ ᙇࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ 」〇ࡣࠊⴭస≀ࡢ㔞㡺ᕸᑐࡋ࡚ⴭసᶒ⪅ࡀࢥࣥࢺ࣮ࣟࣝࢆཬࡰࡏ࡞ࡃ ➹⪅ࡀ๓㏙ࡋࡓࠕⴭసᶒࡢఏ⤫ⓗ࡞ἲ⤒῭ᏛⓗほⅬ㺁ࢆල⌧ࡍࡿࠊ ࡍࡿࡇࡼࡾࠊⴭసᶒࡢࣥࢭࣥࢸࣦࢆ㔜㜼ᐖࡍࡿࡶࡢ࠸ࢃࢀ ࡇ࠺ࡋࡓㄝ᫂ࡢ๓ᥦࡣࠊࡗ࡚ࡿࡁࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࢁ࠺ࠋࡇࡢ⪃࠼ࡼࡿ ࡚࠸ࡿࠋⴭసᶒ࠸࠺ྡࡢሐ㜵࠶ࡿࡇ࠺ࡋࡓ₃ࢀࢆಟࡋ࡞࠸㝈ࡾࠊ ࠊ፹ᴗ⪅ࡀᚲせྍḞ࡞ⴭసᶒࢡࢱ࣮࡛࠶ࡗ࡚ࠊᙼࡽࡢ┈ࡣࢡࣜ ࢚ࢱ࣮ࡸㄞ⪅ࡸど⫈⪅ࡢ┈㐃ືࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ࠸࠺ࠋ፹ᴗ⪅ᙉ࠸ ࢭࣥࢫ᮲㡯࡛࠶ࡿ § 114 §115 ࡢពᅗࡀ᫂☜࡞ࡶࡢ࡞ࡗࡓࠋ ᶒࢆㄆࡵࡿࡇࡀࢡ࢚ࣜࢱ࣮ࡸ࣮ࣘࢨ࣮ࢆࡍࡿࡇ⧅ࡀࡿࡢ ྰࡘ࠸࡚ࡣᐇドⓗ࡞ၥ㢟࡛࠶ࡿࡶࢃࡽࡎࠊᮍࡔᐇド◊✲ࡢᑐ See, e.g., Ensuring Artists Fair Compensation: Updating the Performance Right and Platform Parity for the 21st Century: Hearing Before the Subcomm. on Courts, the Internet, and Intellectual Prop. of the H. Comm. on the Judiciary, 108th Cong. 1–3 (2007) (state- ment of Rep. Berman); id. at 31–33 (testimony of Judy Collins, recording artist); An Up- date: Piracy on University Networks, supra note 51, at 1–3 (statement of Rep. Berman); id. Siege: Reflections of an In-House Counsel, 53 J. COPYRIGHT SOC’Y U.S.A. 387 (2006). at 6–8 (testimony of Cary Sherman); Content Protection in the Digital Age: The Broadcast Flag, High-Definition Radio, and the Analog Hole: Hearing Before the Subcomm. on Copyright Office and the Nat’l Telecomms. & Info. Admin. (2000), available at http://www. Courts, the Internet, and Intellectual Prop. of the H. Comm. on the Judiciary, 109th Cong. copyright.gov/reports/studies/dmca/testimony/transcript.pdf (testimony of Steven Metalitz, 6–8 (2005) [hereinafter Content Protection in the Digital Age] (testimony of Dan Glick- representing American Film Marketing Association and six other trade groups); Brief of man); id. at 11–13 (testimony of Mitch Bainwol, RIAA). Americans for Tax Reform as Amicus Curiae in Support of Appellees Urging Affirmance at See Litman, supra note 59, at 595–99. 15–20, Cartoon Network LP, LLLP v. CSC Holdings, Inc., 536 F.3d 121 (2d Cir. 2008) See Ginsburg, supra note 81; see also, e.g., Piracy Deterrence and Education Act of (Nos. 07-1480-cv(L), 07-1511-cv(CON)), 2007 WL 6101600. 2003: Hearing on H.R. 2517 Before the Subcomm. on Courts, the Internet and Intellectual See, e.g., HELPRIN, supra note 65, at 81–86; Henry Horbaczewski, Copyright Under 6ee, e.g., Joint Study on 17 U.S.C. Sections 109 and 117: Public Hearing Before the U.S. See, e.g., Internet Streaming of Radio Broadcasts, supra note 85, at 37–39 (testimony of Prop. of the H. Comm. on the Judiciary, 108th Cong. 61–66 (2003) (testimony of Maren Steven M. Marks, General Counsel, RIAA). See generally Julie E. Cohen, Lochner in Cy- Christensen, Vice President, Intellectual Property Counsel, Universal Studios). berspace: The New Economic Orthodoxy of “Rights Management,” 97 MICH. L. REV. 462 See, e.g., Stephen Manes, Full Disclosure: Copyright Law—Ignore at Your Own Peril, (1998)㆟ㄽࢆᢈุ. PCWORLD (July 30, 2003, 3:00 AM), http://www.pcworld.com/article/111657/full_disclosure _copyright_lawignore_at_your_own_peril.html. supra text accompanying notes 76–80. ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO See PATRY, supra note 30, at 62; Cohen, supra note 125; Zimmerman, supra note 29; ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO 㐃⥆⏬ ┿ࡢⴭసᶒࣜࣇ࢛࣮࣒㻸㼕㼠㼙㼍㼚 ㇟ࡉࢀࡓࡇࡀ࡞࠸ࠋࡴࡋࢁ┤ឤッ࠼ࡿࡶࡢࡋ࡚ᙇࡉࢀ࡚࠸ ࡼ࠺࡞ၥࡀ⏕ࡲࢀࡿࡔࢁ࠺ࠋ୰㛫ࡢࡇࢁⴠࡉࢀࡿ࠾㔠ࡣ୍యࢇ ࡿࠋ፹ᴗ⪅ഃࡢࣟࣅࢫࢺ࡞ࡗ࡚ࡋࡲࡗࡓேࡗ࡚ࡣᨻⓗ㒔 ࡞ᙺࢆᯝࡍࡢࡔࢁ࠺㸽࠾ࡑࡽࡃ⌧ᅾࡢⴭసᶒไᗘࡀⴭస≀ࡢస࣭㡺 ྜࡢⰋ࠸ࡶࡢ࡞ࡢࡔࢁ࠺ࠋࡇࡢᴫᛕࡣ፹ᴗ⪅ࡢᶒࡢつᶍ࡞ᣑࢆ ᕸྥࡅࡓᢞ㈨ࡢࡓࡵࡋ࡚፹ᴗ⪅࠼ࡿࣥࢭࣥࢸࣦࡣࠊࢹࢪࢱ 㐣ཤᖺࢃࡓࡗ࡚ṇᙜࡋ࡚ࡁࡓࠋࡑࡢ௦ࠊⴭసᶒࡢಖㆤ⠊ᅖࡣ ࣝࡢୡ⏺࡛ࡣࡓࡔ༢㐣࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿྍ⬟ᛶࡀ࠶ࡿ ࠋᙉ࡞⊂༨ࡢ ᱁ẁᗈࡀࡗࡓ ࠋࡇ࠺ࡋࡓᣑࡢ㒊ศࡣࠊࢡ࢚ࣜࢱ࣮ࡸ࣮ࣘࢨ࣮ࡼ ࣞࣥࢺࡀ࠶ࡿࡓࡵࠊศ㓄ᴗ⪅ࡣ⮬ࡎᩛᑐࡍࡿⴭస≀ᕷሙࡸࠊᩛᑐࡍࡿ ࡾࡶ፹ᴗ⪅ࢆ㇏ࡋࡓ ࠋࢡ࢚ࣜࢱ࣮ࡸ࣮ࣘࢨ࣮ࡀ፹ᴗ⪅ࡢⴭ 㡺ᕸ࣮ࣝࢺࢆつไࡍࡿࡇ⢭ຊࢆὀࡈ࠺ࡍࡿࡶࡋࢀ࡞࠸ࠋ፹ᴗ సᶒࡢᣑࡽࠊ㛫᥋ⓗ┈ࢆாཷࡍࡿࡢࡔࡍࡿ፹ᴗ⪅ࡢ᧦ㆤ⪅ࡢ ⪅ࡢࣥࢭࣥࢸࣦࢆࡁࡃࡋ㐣ࡂࡿࠊࡼࡾ┈ࢆ⏕ࡳฟࡏࡿⴭస≀ ᙇࡀ௬ṇࡋࡅࢀࡤࠊ፹ᴗ⪅ࡢⴭసᶒࢆࡉࡽᣑࡍࢀࡤ⮬ືⓗ ࢆࡉࡽࡾ㎸ࡴᶵࢆᣑࡍࡃࠊ࠶ࡲࡾࢀ࡞࠸ⴭస≀ࢆேࠎࡽ㐲 ᡃࠎဨࡀ㇏࡞ࡿࡣࡎ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡋࡋⴭసᶒไᗘࡢᐇ㝿ࡢጼࡀࠊ༢⣧ ࡊࡅࡼ࠺ࡍࡿ⾪ື㥑ࡽࢀࡿࡔࢁ࠺ࠋࡇ࠺ࡋࡓไᗘࡣࢹࢪࢱࣝⴭసᶒ ࡞ἲ⤒῭Ꮫࣔࢹࣝࡣఝ࡚ࡶఝࡘ࡞࠸ࡶࡢ࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡍࢀࡤࠊ ⟶⌮ᢏ⾡ᑐࡍࡿ↓㥏࡞ᢞ㈨ࢆಁ㐍ࡍࡿࡶࡋࢀ࡞࠸ࠋᐇ㝿ࠊ፹ᴗ⪅ ࡑ࠺ࡋࡓ᪉ྥᣑࡍࡿࡇࡣ⤒῭Ꮫ⪅ࡀ࠸࠺ࡇࢁࡢࠕṚⲴ㔜ࠖࢆᣍ᮶ 㐣ᗘࡢࣥࢭࣥࢸࣦࢆ࠼࡚ࡋࡲ࠺ࠊⴭసᶒࡢ᮲ᩥࢆࠊ➇ྜࡍࡿ࣓ࢹ ࡍࡿ⤊ࢃࡿṆࡲࡿࠋⴭసᶒไᗘࡢཷ┈⪅࡛࠶ࡿࡣࡎࡢࢡ࢚ࣜࢱ ᑐࡍࡿཧධ㞀ቨࡋ࡚ᶵ⬟ࡍࡿࡼ࠺࡞ᙧᨵṇࡍࡿࡓࡵ⾜ࢃࢀ ࣮ࡸ࣮ࣘࢨ࣮ࡽぢࡓሙྜࡢไᗘࡢḞⅬࡢཎᅉࡣࠊ๓㏙ࡋࡓࡼ࠺ࠊ፹ ࡿࠊ㠀ᖖ㈝⏝ࡢࡿࣟࣅࣥࢢάືࢆಁ㐍ࡋ࡚ࡋࡲ࠺ࡇ࡞ࡾࡡ ᴗ⪅ⴭస≀ࡢ㡺ᕸ⏝㛵ࡍࡿࢥࣥࢺ࣮ࣟࣝᶒࢆࢹࢪࢱ࣭ࣝࢿࢵࢺ࣡ ࡞࠸ࠋࡇࢀࡣࠊ࠸ࢃࡺࡿⴭసᶒࣜࣇ࢛࣮࣒࡞ࡿࡶࡢ㛵ࡍࡿ⌧ᅾࡢືྥࡢ ࣮ࢡࡢୡ⏺࠾࠸࡚ྜ⌮ᛶࢆ᭷ࡍࡿ㔞ࢆ㉸࠼࡚࠼ࡿ࠸࠺ࠊⴭసᶒࡢ౽ ᐇែࢆࡼࡃㄝ᫂ࡍࡿླྀ㏙࠸࠼ࡿࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞ࢁ࠺ࠋࡇ࠺ࡋࡓవศ࡞ࣥ ┈ࡢ㓄ศࡢㄗࡾ㉳ᅉࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ ࢭࣥࢸࣦࢆྲྀࡾ㝖ࡅࡤࠊⴭసᶒไᗘࡣࡶࡗ࡞࢚ࢥࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࡋ ௬⌧ᅾࡢࠊࢡ࢚ࣜࢱ࣮ࡀཷࡅྲྀࡿⴭసᶒࡢഹ࡞ศࡅ๓ࡀసάື ࡚ᶵ⬟ࡍࡿࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࡔࢁ࠺㸽 ࢆ⥅⥆ࡉࡏࡿࡢ༑ศ࡛ࠊㄞ⪅ࡸど⫈⪅ࡼࡿࠊࢡ࢚ࣜࢱ࣮ࡢసࡋࡓ ⴭసᶒࡢᨭศᶒࡢ⸭ࡀ᪤ᮏ᮶࠶ࡿࡁࡼࡾࡶᐦ࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ࠸࠺ ⴭస≀㛵ࡍࡿ⌧ᅾࡢഹ࡞⏝ࢆಁ㐍ࡍࡿࡢ༑ศ࡛࠶ࡿ࡞ࡽࡤࠊḟࡢ ぢゎᑐࡋ࡚ࡣࠊࣥࢭࣥࢸࣦᇶ࡙࠸࡚ⴭసᶒࡢ⠊ᅖࡸ῝ࡉࠊᙉࡉࠊ See PATRY, supra note 30, at 62; David McGowan, Copyright Nonconsequentialism, 69 MO. L. REV. 1, 2–7 (2004); Zimmerman, supra note 29. 㛗ࡉࡢ⦰ᑠᑐࡍࡿᑐពぢࡀၐ࠼ࡽࢀࡿࡇࡀከ࠸ࠋⴭసᶒࢆ⦰ᑠࡍࡿ ࠊࢡ࢚ࣜࢱ࣮ࡀ᪂ࡋ࠸ⴭస≀ࢆసࡋ㡺ᕸࡉࡏࡿࣥࢭࣥࢸࣦࡀῶ ࡾࠊㄞ⪅ࡸど⫈⪅ࡢⴭస≀ࡢ⏝ࡶῶࡗ࡚ࡋࡲ࠺ࠊ࠸ࢃࢀ࡚ࡁࡓࠋⴭ See, e.g., NEIL WEINSTOCK NETANEL, COPYRIGHT’S PARADOX 54–80 (2008).ࠕึᮇࡢ సᶒࡢࣥࢭࣥࢸࣦㄽࡣࠊࡑࡢᨭᣢ⪅ࡀ⮬ㄆࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ௨ୖࡑࡢ᰿ᣐ ⡿ᅜࡢⴭసᶒ⪅ẚ㍑ࡍࡿࠊ⌧ᅾࡢⴭసᶒ⪅ࡣࡼࡾከࡃࡢ✀㢮ࡢබ⾲ࡉࢀࡓⴭస ࡀࢃࡋ࠸ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋDavid McGowan ࡢ♧၀ⓗ࡞ㄽᩥࡼࢀࡤࠊ⤒῭ ≀ࢆໟᣓࡍࡿᐜ⬟ຊࡢࡁ࠸ᶒࡢ᮰ࢆாཷࡋ࡚࠾ࡾࠊࡑࡢಖㆤᮇ㛫ࡣࡣࡿ 㛗ࡃࠊ᪉࡛ࠊᚲせࡉࢀࡿ᮲௳ࡣࡼࡾᑡ࡞࠸ࡶࡢࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ ࠖId. at 55. ࢹࢪࢱࣝ㡺ᕸࡀࠊᕤሙࡸᗑ㢌ࠊࢺࣛࢵࢡࢆ⏝࠸ࡿࣁ࣮ࢻࢥࣆ࣮ࡢศ㓄ྲྀࡗ࡚ ⓗ࡞ほⅬࡽⴭసᶒἲࡢಶูࡢ࣮ࣝࣝࢆṇᙜࡋࡼ࠺ࡍࡿヨࡳࡣࠊእ ࡞ࡃࠊ᭱⤊ⓗࡣ┤ឤࡸ᥎ ౫Ꮡࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋⴭసᶒࡢ⤒῭ⓗほⅬࡽ ௦ࢃࡿ⊂❧ࡋࡓ௦᭰ᡭẁࡋ࡚ࡢࡋୖࡀࡗࡓᖺࡽᖺࡢ㛫ࠊⴭసᶒ⪅ࡀⴭస ≀ࡢ₯ᅾⓗ࡞⏝ᑐࡋཬࡰࡍἲⓗࢥࣥࢺ࣮ࣟࣝࡣ⾶㏥ࡍࡿࡇ࡞ࡃࠊࡴࡋࢁࠊ ࡋ࡚ไᐃἲࡼࡽ࡞࠸ᙧ࡛ࠊⴭసᶒࡢᶒ⠊ᅖࡀつᶍᣑࡋࡓࡇࡼࡾⓎ and the Digital Millennium Copyright Act, 87 VA. L. REV. 813, 870–93 (2001). 㐩ࡋࡓࠋSee id. at 60–80; Litman, supra note 59, at 593–96. ture: Humpty Dumpty in Copyrightland, 51 J. COPYRIGHT SOC’Y U.S.A. 677, 689 (2004). See, e.g., Julie E. Cohen, Copyright and the Perfect Curve, 53 VAND. L. REV. 1799, 1801–04 (2000). ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO See Glynn S. Lunney, Jr., The Death of Copyright: Digital Technology, Private Copying, See, e.g., I. Fred Koenigsberg, The Fifth Annual Christopher A. Meyer Memorial LecMcGowan, supra note 127; accord Cohen, supra note 125. ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO 㐃⥆⏬ ┿ࡢⴭసᶒࣜࣇ࢛࣮࣒㻸㼕㼠㼙㼍㼚 ࡢṇᙜࡣࠊࡑࢀࢆࡅࡿᐇドࢆḞ࠸ࡓࡲࡲࠊಙ௮ࡉࢀࡿ≧ែࡲ࡛㧗 ⴭసᶒ⪅ࡢࢥࣥࢺ࣮ࣟࣝࢆ࠺ࡸࡗ࡚ᣑࡍࡿࢆ⪃࠼ࡿࡼࡾࠊ࡞ࡐ ࡵࡽࢀࡓࡶࡢ࡛ࡋ࡞࠸ࠋᖺࡢไᐃἲࡀ࡚ࡢⴭసᶒࡢಖㆤᮇ㛫ࢆ ᣑࡍࡁ࡞ࡢ࠸࠺Ⅼࢆၥ࠺ࡁ࡛࠶ࡿ➹⪅ࡣᥦࡍࡿࠋᥦ ᖺᘏ㛗ࡋࡓ⤖ᯝ ࠊฟ∧♫ࡣⴭస⪅ᨭᡶ࠺๓㔠ࢆ್ୖࡆࡋࠊᫎ⏬ࢫࢱࢪ ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿⴭసᶒ⪅ࡢ≉ᶒࡢᣑࡣࠊࢡ࢚ࣜࢱ࣮ࡢᶵࢆᣑࡋࡓࡾࠊ ࢜ࡶ⬮ᮏᐙࡢሗ㓘ࢆ್ୖࡆࡋࡓࠊ࠸ࡗ࡚࠸࠼࡞࠸ࡇࡣ࡞࠸ࡶࡋࢀ ㄞ⪅ࡸど⫈⪅ࡢⴭస≀ࡢ⏝ࢆᨵၿࡋࡓࡾࡍࡿࡢࡔࢁ࠺㸽ⴭసᶒไᗘ ࡞࠸ࠋᖺࡢ㘓㡢≀ࡢࢹࢪࢱࣝᐇ₇ᶒ㛵ࡍࡿἲᚊ the 1995 Digital ࢆࡶࡗ⡆⣲࡛ࠊຠ⋡ⓗ࡛ࠊࡼࡾ㏱᫂࡞ࡶࡢࡍࡿࡢࡔࢁ࠺㸽ⴭసᶒἲ Performance Right in Sound Recordings Act ᑐࡍࡿᛂࡋ࡚ࠊ࣑࣮ࣗ ࡣࠊ⾲ぢⓗ࡞ṇ⤫ᛶࢆቑᙉࡍࡿ᪉ྥタィࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡼ࠺ᛮࢃࢀࡿࡔࢁ ࢪࢩࣕࣥࡣ㡢ᴦࣞࢥ࣮ࢹࣥࢢࡢ㉁ࢆᖜྥୖࡉࡏࡓࠊ࠸ࡗ࡚࠸࠼࡞ ࠺㸽ࡶࡋࡇࢀࡽࡢၥᑐࡍࡿ⟅࠼ࡀྰ࠸࠺ࡇ࡛࠶ࢀࡤࠊᙜヱᥦࡣ ࠸ࡇࡣ࡞࠸ࡶࡋࢀ࡞࠸ࠋMcGowan ᩍᤵࡀᙇࡍࡿࡼ࠺ࠕᡃࠎࡣఱ ⌧ᅾࡢΰࢆⰋࡃࡍࡿࡇࡣ࡞ࡃࠊ࠼ࡗ࡚ᝏࡉࡏࡿ㐪࠸࡞࠸ࠋ ࡶࢹ࣮ࢱࢆᣢࡗ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࡢࡔࡽࠊィ⟬ࡍࡿࡇࡶ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ࡋࠊࡣࡗࡁ ࡾ࠸࠺ࡇࡶ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ㺁 ࠋ ⴭసᶒᨵṇࡢ㈼᫂࡞ࣉ࣮ࣟࢳࡣࡇࡢࣔࢹࣝࢆ⪃࠼┤ࡍࡇࡶࡋࢀ ࡞࠸ࠋࢡ࢚ࣜࢱ࣮࣮ࣘࢨ࣮ࡢ୧᪉ࡀࠊศ㓄ᴗ⪅୰ᚰࡢⴭసᶒἲࡼ ⴭసᶒไᗘࡀⴭస≀ࡢసࠊὶ㏻ࠊ⏝ࡢಁ㐍ࢆ┠ⓗࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ࡞ࡽࠊ ⌧ᅾࡢἲࡀసࠊὶ㏻ࠊ⏝ㄢࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ㈇Ⲵࢆῶࡽࡍࡓࡵࣛࣥࢆᘬ ࡁ┤ࡍࡇࡣព⩏ࡀ࠶ࡿࡶࡋࢀ࡞࠸ࠋ⌧ᅾࡢⴭసᶒࡢ⌧≧῝ࡃᰁ ࡲࡗ࡚࠸ࡿேࡗ࡚ࡣࠊࡇ࠺ࡋࡓ⪃࠼ࡀ༴㝤࡞ࡶࡢឤࡌࡽࢀࡿࡔࢁ࠺ࠋ ࡗ࡚ࡆࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࢀࡤࠊࡑࡋ࡚ࢹࢪࢱࣝ㡺ᕸᢏ⾡ࡼࡗ࡚ከ ࡞ࡐ࡞ࡽసࠊὶ㏻ࠊ⏝ᑐࡍࡿ㈇Ⲵࡣࠊⴭసᶒࡀࠕ▱㆑ࡢⓎᒎࠖࢆࡍ ࡞ᢞ㈨ࢆࡋ࡞ࡃ࡚ࡶつᶍ࡞㡺ᕸࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࡼ࠺࡞ࡗࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ࡞ࡽࡤࠊ ࡿୖ࡛ࡢ㔜せ࡞ᡭẁࡔࡽ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡢࣉ࣮ࣟࢳࢆ㐍ࡵࡿୖ࡛ࡣࠊሀ ࠾ࡑࡽࡃⴭసᶒไᗘࡢ౽┈ࢆ㓄ศࡍࡿࡁࡀ᮶ࡓ࠸࠺ࡇ࡞ࡢࡔ ㄪ࡞⏝ robust use ࡀⴭసᶒἲࡢࢦ࣮ࣝ┦ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࡾࠊࢦ࣮ࣝࢆᦆ ࢁ࠺ࠋศ㓄ᴗ⪅ࡢࢥࣥࢺ࣮ࣟࣝࢆᙉࡋ࡚ࡶࠊࢡ࢚ࣜࢱ࣮ࡢ⏕άࢆᴦ ࡞࠺ࡶࡢࡔ࠸࠺⪃࠼ࢆᤞ࡚ཤࡽ࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ࠋⴭసᶒࡢሀㄪ࡞ ࡋࡓࡾࠊࢡ࢚ࣜࢱ࣮ࡼࡾሗ࠸ࡿࡇ࡞ࡗࡓࡾࡍࡿࢃࡅ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࡼ ⏝ࡣࡑࢀ⮬యࠊⴭసᶒࡢ᰾࡞ࡿࢦ࣮ࣝ࡞ࡢ࡛࠶ࡗ࡚ࠊࡇࢀࡲ࡛ศ㓄ᴗ⪅ ࠺ᛮࢃࢀࡿࠋⴭసᶒࣟࣅࢫࢺࡣ㏆ᖺࡢⴭసᶒࡢᣑࡼࡗ࡚ㄞ⪅ࡸ ࡇࢀࡢࢥࣥࢺ࣮ࣟࣝࢆㄆࡵ࡚ࡁࡓࡢࡣࠊ⏝ࢆಁ㐍ࡍࡿࡓࡵ࡞ࡢ࡛ ど⫈⪅ࡢⴭస≀ࡢ⏝⾜Ⅽࡀ౽ࠊ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣ᭷┈࡞ࡗࡓ࠸࠺ࡇࢆ ࠶ࡿࠋᐇ㝿ࠊ௬ⴭస≀ᑐࡍࡿศ㓄ᴗ⪅ࡢࢥࣥࢺ࣮ࣟࣝࡀࢡ࢚ࣜࢱ࣮ ♧ࡋ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࠋ࠾ࡑࡽࡃⴭసᶒࡢྂⓗ࡞࣓࣮ࢪࡣࠊ㐣ᗘ⌧ᐇᛶࢆኻ ࣮ࣘࢨ࣮ࡢ┈ࢆ㧗ࡵ࡚࠸ࡿࡇࡀ᫂ࡽ࡛࡞࠸ࡢ࡞ࡽࡤࠊไᗘࡀᐇ㝿 ࢃࡉࢀ࡚ࡋࡲࡗࡓ⤖ᯝࠊࡶࡣࡸ᭷┈࡞ࡶࡢࡣ࠸࠼࡞ࡃ࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡢࡔࢁ ࠺ᶵ⬟ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ㛵ࡍࡿᡃࠎࡢ⪃࠼᪉ࢆ⪃࠼┤ࡍᚲせࡀ࠶ࡿࡼ࠺ ࠺ࠋࡑࢀࢆ౽ࡍࡿࡓࡵࠊࡇ㐲ࡃ㏣࠸ࡸࡽࢀ࡚ࡋࡲࡗࡓࡢࡔࢁ ᛮࢃࢀࡿࠋ ࠺ࠋ >ヂ⪅グ@ Sonny Bono Copyright Term Extension Act of 1998, Pub. L. No. 105-298, § 102, 112 Stat. 2827, 2827–29 (17 U.S.C. §§ 302–304 (1994) ࢆᨵṇࡋࠊࢇࡢⴭస≀ࡢⴭస ᮏ✏ࡢ⩻ヂࡣࠊ᫂Ꮫᩥ㒊⛉Ꮫ┬⚾❧Ꮫᡓ␎ⓗ◊✲ᇶ┙ᙧᡂᨭᴗ㸦ᖹᡂ ᶒಖㆤᮇ㛫ࢆⴭస⪅ࡢṚᚋᖺࡲ࡛ᘏ㛗ࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ. ᖺᗘ㹼ᖹᡂᖺᗘ㸧ࠕሗ㈈ࡢከඖⓗ౯್ࠊస࣭⏝యࡢᙺࢆ⪃៖ࡋࡓ ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲయ⣔ࡢᵓ⠏ࠖࡢᡂᯝࡢ୍㒊࡛࠶ࡿࠋ Digital Performance Right in Sound Recordings Act of 1995, Pub. L. No. 104-39, 109 Stat. 336 (codified as amended at 17 U.S.C. §§ 114–115 (2006)). McGowan, supra note 127, at 26.௬ⴭసᶒࡢࣟࣅࣥࢢ࣭ࣅࢪࢿࢫᚑࡍࡿ ேࡀࠊࡑ࠺ࡋࡓຠᯝࡀド᫂ྍ⬟ࡔಙࡌ࡚࠸ࡿࡍࡿࠊᙜ↛ࠊࡑࡢࡼ࠺࡞ࢹ࣮ࢱ ࢆ㞟ࡵࡿࡣࡎ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ࠾ࡑࡽࡃࠊᙼࡽࡣࡇࡢⅬ㛵ࡋ࡚ࠊ㆟ࢆㄝᚓࡍࡿᚲせࡍࡽ (2006); Sara K. Stadler, Incentive and Expectation in Copyright, 58 HASTINGS L.J. 433 ࡞࠸ᛮࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡢࡔࢁ࠺ࠋ (2007). ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO See Sara K. Stadler, Forging a Truly Utilitarian Copyright, 91 IOWA L. REV. 609, 664 ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO