Micropterus salmoides

International Workshop - Session 2
Development of integrated control
methods and systems for invasive
alien animals
International Workshop on Eco-city and Biodiversity
Session 2: Biodiversity
November 13, 2014; Kawasaki, Japan
Development of integrated control methods and systems for invasive alien
animals
*Koichi GOKA 1)
1) Center for Environmental Biology and Ecosystem Studies, NIES, Japan
*Corresponding author ([email protected])
Keywords: Invasive alien species, Eradication, Network, Chemical control, Suppression of
reproductive activity, Low density population, Effective control strategy, Mathematical model
We have performed intensive studies of alien species that caused serious ecological and
environmental impacts were performed to ensure their eradication, cooperated by Forestry and
Forest Products Research Institute, Hokkaido University, University of the Ryukyus, Yokohama
National University, Okayama University of Science, Lake Biwa Museum, and Japan Wildlife
Research Center. Effectiveness of the eradication methods was assessed, and efficient eradication
strategies were designed for each target species. Eradication methods in Japan were enhanced by
creating an eradication network.
Fig. 1 Project of development of invasive species control method in NIES
Chemical control for the invasive insects
Chemical eradication methods were developed for the Argentine ant Linepithema humile, and
European bumblebee Bombus terrestris. The number of Argentine ants was reduced drastically by
fipronil treatment (Fig. 2), and it has been eradicated at a site (Fig. 3). Effects of the insecticide on
nontarget species were also evaluated. For the European bumblebee, we developed a chemical
treatment using IGR (Insect Growth Regulator) insecticide for adult workers that disturbed larval
growth, and the effectiveness was confirmed using indoor and semi-outdoor experiments.
Fig. 2 Concept of chemical control of Argentine ant
using Fipronil bait
Fig. 3 Population dynamics of the alien and native ant species
in the control area
Artificial spawning devices for the large mouth bass
For the largemouth bass, Micropterus salmoides, the structure and setting methods for artificial
spawning devices (Fig. 4) and the effective method to suspend the devices from facilities were
developed and improved. In small-sized water bodies, systematic setting and periodical observation
of devices can sufficiently suppress the reproductive activity of the largemouth bass. In larger water
bodies, installation of the devices can be effective if combined with other measures.
Control of green anole in the Bonin Island
Chemical control techniques for local eradication of the green
anole Anolis carolinensis, which is a significant invasive alien
species on Ogasawara Islands, were developed. Fumigation with
permethrin and metoxadiazone is useful for controlling anoles in
confined spaces, for example, as a part of quarantine measures.
To further accelerate mongoose eradication measures,
immunocontraceptive vaccines, a simple fence that prevents
intrusion, attractants and repellents, DNA identification technology
for remains, and bycatch prevention were studied. The simple
fence, DNA identification technique, and bycatch prevention
technique were used.
We developed efficient and effective devices to control raccoons, even under low-density
conditions. Dogs that detect raccoons could sniff out only raccoon odor; therefore, a nest-box trap,
based on a raccoon’s cavity-nesting habit, provided an effective way to catch raccoons without bait.
We also created an information-sharing network with local government officers across Japan.
A project management cycle was applied to various eradication projects in Japan. A consistent
interview approach to grasp the status of an eradication project (objective of the project, target
ecosystem, and measures for control) was developed and applied to eradication projects for insects,
fish, reptiles, and mammals. DMAIC (define the system, measure, analyze, improve, control the
process) management process was applied to eradication projects, and necessary mathematical
analyses were proposed.
Buildup of central control system against
Invasive Alien Species in JAPAN
侵入生物に対する集中管理方法とシステムの開発
Koichi GOKA
National Institute for Environmental Studies, Japan
Invasive Alien Species
環境省
The Ministry of Environment
「特定外来生物による生態系等に係る
被害の防止に関する法律」
“Invasive Alien Species Act”
The system of “Alien Species Act”
Introduced species
Considerable
ecological risk
Invasive Alien Species
No
ecological risk
Unknown
Un-decided Alien Species
Prohibition of
introduction,
breeding and release
Restriction of
introduction
Control and eradication
Judgment
Investigation
No mark
Control free
セアカゴケグモ
Red-back widow spider
カミツキガメ
Snapping turtle
オオクチバス
Large Mouse Bass
ブルーギル
Bluegill
サソリ
Scorpion
マングース
Mongoose
アライグマ
Raccoon
ソウシチョウ
Pekin Robin
Objectives of IAS control in Japan
Oversea invasion
特定外来生物の越国境侵入
International
barrier
国際的防波堤
Expansion
分布拡大
Interior barrier
国内防波堤
Exclusion from
conservation area
自然保護エリアからの排除
Eradication within
barrier
防波堤内根絶
European bumblebee
IAS control program in NIES
Fire ant species
Argentine ant
Invaded in Shiretoko Pen
the world heritage
High risk of
invasion
Un-invaded
→Try of insect growth regulator
→Quarantine system
Beefed-up
Continental Vespa
Expansion on
going
invaded in
various region
Large mouth bass
→Chemical control expansion
Invaded in the ancient lakes
Invaded in
Tsushima Island
Beefed-up security of isolated islands
Green anole
→Meat bait
Okinawa Islands
Mongoose
→Spawning nursery trap
→Pheromone attractant
→Toxic bait
→Sterile vaccine
Eradication
needed
Conservation of
the world
heritage area
Bonin Islands, the world heritage
→Trap & toxic bait
Build-up of early detection system against IAS
In the international ports
Pheromone Trap
Bait trap
Methyl bromide will be banned by the Montreal Protocol
We need to develop quick acting, highly safe, and easy chemical control for quarantine
Screening of effective pesticides
Fumigating, smoking, and spraying
Effectiveness test
Argentine ant
国内（国立環境研）
Fire ant
アメリカ・フロリダ
Tropical fire ant
硫黄島
Development of method for the alien bumblebee control
K. GOKA
The European bumblebee
セイヨウオオマルハナバチ
Bombus terrestris
原産地：ヨーロッパ
The natural habitats：Europe
○1980年代から大量増殖法が開発され農業用花粉媒介昆虫として商品化
Commercialization has been started since 1980s as pollinator for agricultural crops.
○我が国でも1992年よりハウストマトの授粉用として本格導入開始
Japan started introducing the bee since 1992 for pollination of tomato plants.
○全世界での年間推定40万コロニー、日本で約6万コロニーが流通
Annual number of transported colonies is more than 400,000 in the world,
and is more than 60,000 in Japan, now.
European
Bombus terrestris
ヨーロッパ産
セイヨウオオマルハナバチ
Bombus diversus
トラマルハナバチ
Bombus hypocrita
オオマルハナバチ
在来マルハナバチ
に対する悪影響
Negative impact
against native species
Life cycle of bumblebee and Conventional capture method
越冬女王巣穴探し Over-winter queens
女王単独越冬
compete for nest sites
Queens enter in diapause
春
Spring
ハチの巣コロリ
Bee nest knock-down
女王単独営巣
Queen construct nest
夏
Summer
ワーカー訪花・採餌
A lot of workers forage
and collect foods
薬剤散布！
新女王死滅！
New queens exterminated !
Insecticide
apply
Colony toxicity test
Etoxazole
Insect growth regulator insecticide
Spraying etoxazole to
one of workers
Inhibition of
emergence of nymph
Agreement for chemical control
Cooperative system
Notsuke Nature Center
Hokkaido Prefectural Office
●Settlement of control area
●Grasp of distribution
●Cooperation of control with citizen
●Dynamics monitoring
Asahikawa City
Control of the Argentine ant
Distribution of the Argentine ant in Japan
Hyogo Kyoto
Tokyo
2009
1999
Hiroshima
Gifu 2010
1993
2007 Kanagawa
2007
Yamaguchi
Osaka
2001
2007
Aichi Shizuoka
2006 2009
Colony toxicity of Fipronil
Worker finds the bait !
They share the bait
Workers bring the bait into their nest
Nest members are exterminated….
Field test area
Tokyo Bay
Jonanjima area
Block II
Block III
Block I
100m
Control of Argentine Ant at Ohi Wharf Area in Tokyo Bay
Bait
Monitoring Trap
Liquid Pesticide Spraying
Pesticide Dose Settlement
Low dose block
High dose block
Bait 5m interval
Technical product 6mg / ha/Month
Bait 10m interval
Technical product 3mg / ha/month
Control block
Technical product 0mg / ha/month
100m
① 粘着トラップ設置点
ベイト剤設置
液剤散布
Ant community dynamics
700
Capture number／Trap
Pachycondyla chinensis
オオハリアリ
500
トビイロシワアリ
Tetramorium tsushimae
70
2013
Eradication
achieved！
60
Pristomyrmex punctatus 50
アミメアリ
400
サクラアリ
Paratrechina sakurae
300
100
40
80
アルゼンチンアリ
Linepithema humile 30
200
60
20
100
0
1 YEAR
140
Increasing rate
suppression
120
99.75%
80
Others
その他
600
Mitigation of the native ant
community
st160
40
10
4 6 8 10 12 2 4 6 8 10 12 2 4 6
2011
Bait applied
period
2012
Block I
2013
0
20
4 6 8 10 12 2 4 6 8 10 12 2 4 6
2011
2012
Block II
2013
0
4 6 8 10 12 2 4 6 8 10 12 2 4 6
2011
2012
2013
Block III
Argentine ant decreased and native ant species increased
23
OUTCOME
試験研究成果に基づき防除マニュアルを作成
Control manual based on the test result
全国の防除事業への適用開始
Apply to other invasion area
Okayama
Kyoto
Shizuoka
2012年5月に新たに確認
近畿地方環境事務所
関東地方環境事務所
中国・四国
地方環境事務所
ツマアカスズメバチの対馬侵入
Asian black hornet invasion into the Tsushima Island
Vespa velutina
The naturalization of the alien hornet in Tsushima was discovered in 2013
●Accidentally introduced attaching with tourist ships from Korea
●Serious damages on the native honey-bee
●We need emergency control
Chemical control of the Asian black hornet
Development of meat bait
Efficacy
testing
Estimation of
distribution
Control strategy
Ecological risk
assessment
オオクチバス
Large Mouse Bass
Micropterus salmoides
1925年 食用目的で芦ノ湖限定で導入
Introduced as food resource
（At first, only Ashinoko Lake）
戦後、スポーツフィッシングの
流行により、全国に拡大
After the World War II, increasing sport-fishing
has made them released all over Japan
メダカ
オイカワ
Zacco platypus
ヨシノボリ
Rhinogobius. sp
Oryzias latipes
人工産卵装置
Reproductive
property of the large
mouse bass
Spawning nursery trap
Attractant for male’s
nursery making
Adult male
Eggs on the nursery
・Male make the spawning nursery
・Then, attract female to lay eggs
Catch the whole eggs
マングース
Mongoose Herpestes javanicus
1910年 沖縄島に導入 introduced in Okinawa Island
1979年 奄美大島に導入 introduced in Amami Island
As the predator against the native viper, Habu
わずか16匹の導入個体から、1万匹以上に増加
Beginning from only 16 individuals introduced,
population increased to more than 10,000.
Road-map for eradication of mongoose
1993
Technique necessary
Monitoring
・Where and how many mongoose
・Likelihood of eradication
2000
2005
Development of new methods
・Toxic bait
・Sterile vaccine
Capturing trap
Conservation of
habitat
2010
Segregating
fence
Killing trap
Searching dog
2014
31
根絶
確認
Toxic bait and sterile vaccine
マングース特異
的処方の検討
Mongoose
specific
treatment
Formulation
在来種に対する
リスク評価・管理
Ecological risk
control for the
native species
Green anole has recently invaded
in the desert island of the world heritage
Ogasawara
islands
Third defense line
(barrier)
Protected area
Ani-jima Island
Second defense line
(barrier)
First defense line
(barrier)
Chichi-jima Island
Naturalized area
第2防衛ラインまで完成
Total trap number 38,789！
Introduction of chemical control!
●Anole is very sensitive to pyrethroid pesticides: LC50=1〜10mg/individua
●No repellent effect
Aerial spraying!?
Ecological risk
will be too high
Toxic bait!?
But they eat
only living
animals
Live toxic
bait !!
Stochastic Estimation of control efficacy and construction of control strategies
Argentine ant
European bumblebee
Asian black hornet
Mongoose
Field and
experimental data
NIES, Invasive Species Team
●Estimation of distribution
●Estimation of population density
●Calculation of efficacy and cost
●Eradication probability in each strategy
Green anole
Large mouth bass
Ecological
information
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
2100
2080
2060
2040
4
3
2
1
0
2020
NIES Invasive Alien Species Data Base
Argentine ant
Little fire ant
Red fire ant
Fire ant
2011 〜
北海道庁
Buildup the cooperation between NIES,
and government, autonomies, NPO and citizen
2013〜
対馬
2013〜
旭川市
2012〜
京都市
2011〜
野付半島ネイチャーセンター
NIES
2011〜
那覇市
2013〜
廿日市市
対面型情報交流の促進・情報ネットワークの構築
2014 〜
自然保護官研修
2011 〜
小笠原