...

Ze ョフ虻ァ ユ}ツィソ ユZナ テ{ツe ヨシフ仰W チ ユδキチ fa ½Y ヒY [ 」

by user

on
Category: Documents
16

views

Report

Comments

Transcript

Ze ョフ虻ァ ユ}ツィソ ユZナ テ{ツe ヨシフ仰W チ ユδキチ fa ½Y ヒY [ 」
30/15 cZv¨ ,1394 ZÆ] ,¹Â‡ Á ʇ ÃZ¼‹ ,ºÆ¿ µZ‡ ,½Y€ËY ʇZÀ‹¾Ì» Ä»ZÀ¸§
Ze ®Ìˆ¸§ Õ}¨¿ ÕZÅÃ{Âe ּ̋ÂWƒ Á Ճ·Á€fa
½Y€ËY [€£ - \uZ Ĭ˜À» ®Ì§Z»
(*Á2)
Հ´ÀÅM Ļ » Á 1ևZÌ·Y ºÌÅY€]Y
ÄÌ»ÁY |uYÁ ֻԇY {YM ÃZ´Œ¿Y{ ,ևZÀ‹¾Ì» ÃÁ€³ ZË{Zf‡Y .1
ÄÌ»ÁY ÃZ´Œ¿Y{ ,¹Â¸Ÿ Ã|°Œ¿Y{ ,ևZÀ‹¾Ì» ÃÁ€³ ZË{Zf‡Y .2
92/2/11 :d§ZË{ xËZe
93/1/24 :‰€Ë~a xËZe
Ã|Ì°q
,dËÂË{ÂÀ̇ ,dÌ·Z¿Âe ,dÌ¿Y€³ \̯€e Z] Õ{| f» Õ}¨¿ ÕZÅÃ{Âe ,½ZyŠaZË - \uZ Ĭ˜À» {
ÕZÅÃ{Âe Ã|¼Ÿ ºnu .|¿Y{ ½Â¼Ày Á€]Z³ €f¼¯ Y|¬» Ä] Á dËÂË{ ,dËÂË{‚eY¯ ,dËÂË{Á‚¿Â»
–Ìv» { ZÅÃ{Âe ¾ËY ÖfyZ‡¾Ì» ÃZ´ËZm €œ¿ Y .d‡Y ÖfÌ¿Y€³ \̯€e ÕYY{ ,Ä ·Z˜» {» Ĭ˜À» Õ}¨¿
[Á} Y Á Ã{Â] ÄÌ·ÁY ZŲÀ‡ ¾ËY |·Â» ÕZ¼³Z» .|¿YÃ|‹ ¶Ì°Œe (ÕYÃZ« µZ § Ä̋Zu) և« €ËY‚m
dÌ·Á€· dÌa³¸§ -d¿Z³ -¶ÀÌb‡Y \̯€e Z] ÂÌeZ»Â‡Zf» Äf‹Â³ (%5 Y €f¼¯) ¾ÌËZa Äm{ Z] ֌z]
Ã|¿ÁÁ€§ և¿ZÌ«Y Äf‡Âa/cZ]‡ Հ̳[M Y ֋Z¿ cÓŻ {ÁÁ €iY { ÕYÄf‹Â³ PŒÀ» .|¿YÄf§€³ PŒÀ»
և€] .d‡Y Äf‹Y{ ÄÌ·ÁY ÕZ¼³Z» \̯€e €Ì̤e { Ö¯|¿Y €ÌiPe ‚Ì¿ ÕYÄf‡Âa ŠËÓM .d‡Y Ã|‹ ÂÌeZ»Â‡Zf»
Á ®Ì§Z» ÕZÅՀ‡) Ö°Ìf¿ƒÁ€fa |¿Á Á{ ,Ä ·Z˜» {» ¾Ë}M ÕZŲÀ‡ ÖËZeÁ{ cY€Ì̤e ÕZÅY{¼¿
Y Öy€] ŠËY|m Á ֬ˀ¨e ¸^e į |‡Ö» €œ¿Ä] .|Å{Ö» ½ZŒ¿ ZŲÀ‡ ¾ËY ¶»Z°e { Y (®Ìˆ¸§
.d‡Y Ã{Â] Ã|‹ {ZË |¿Á Á{ ¾Ë°e { Ã|¼Ÿ ¶»ZŸ Ô¯Â˃Ôa Á µÂ^̨»M ÄËÁÄ] ,ZÅÖ¿Z¯
.֬ˀ¨e ¸^e ,և« €ËY‚m ,ÕYÄf‹Â³ ºˆÌeZ»Â‡Zf» ,֌z] [Á} :Õ|̸¯ ÕZÅÃYÁ
Ä»|¬»
Y ¦¸fz» ÕZÅ\̯€e Z] ¾Ë}M ÕZŲÀ‡ ÕZÅÖ·YÂe ¶Ì°Œe
Á \·Zm cZŸÂ“» Y Ö°Ë |uYÁ ÕZ¼³Z» ®Ë Y ®ËZ] Ze Õ|̇Y
Ã|‹ ÄWYY ÕZÅÄˀœ¿ Y Ö°Ë .d‡Y ¾Ë}M Ճ·Á€fa { hv] {»
Leake, 1974; Taylor,) d‡Y ÖËZ¼³Z» ªË€¨e Äˀœ¿ ,ÄÀÌ» ¾ËY {
d‡{Ä] ÕZÅZ¼³Z» \̯€e Äˀœ¿ ¾ËY { .(1976; Brophy, 1991
©Â‡ ®Ìˆ¸§ ÕZÅZ¼³Z» d¼‡Ä] ֬ˀ¨e ¸^e ŠËY‚§Y Z] Ã|»M
Õ¸] dˆŒ¿Äe Z] ÃY€¼Å d‡Y ¾°¼» ֬ˀ¨e ¸^e .|ÀÀ¯Ö» Y|Ìa
{ .|‹Z] ÃY€¼Å ‚¯€» d¼‡Ä] ÃYÂË{ Y ¸^e ZË (Shaw, 1965)
€eÕ|̇Y ‚¯€» Ä] Ä̋Zu Y Õ}¨¿ ÕZÅÃ{Âe \̯€e ¹Á{ d·Zu
.(Presnall and Bateman, 1973; Sawka et al., 1990) {‹ֻ
²À‡ Z] ŠËÓM –‡Âe {  ¾Ìu { d‡Y ¾°¼» Z¼³Z» \̯€e
Hamilton and) {{€³ €Ì̤e Zq{ Ã{€¯ •Â¬‡ cZ ˜« ZË Á ½Z]‚Ì»
֌z] [Á} €Ì¤f» cZm{ .(Myers, 1967; Barker et al., 1975
½|»M {ÂmÁÄ] { Ö¸»ZŸ |¿YÂeÖ» ‚Ì¿ PŒÀ» ²À‡ (֬ˀ¨e [Á})
Hall, 1966; Tepper) {‹ cÁZ¨f» \̯€e Z] PŒÀ»ºÅ ÕZÅZ¼³Z»
.(et al., 1993
Y €Ì¤f» \̯€e Z] ÖËZŲÀ‡ |Ì·Âe ÕY€] į Հ´Ë{ ÕZŵ|»
ÕZÅdÌ·ÂeÁ€a ֌z] [Á} ¶»Z‹ d‡Y Ã|‹ ÄWYY |uYÁ PŒÀ»
Michard-Vitrac et al., 1980;) ¾´¼ÅZ¿ PŒÀ» ®Ë Y ¦¸fz»
|Ì·Âe ÕZÅZ¼³Z» ¾Ì] •ÔfyY Á (Silver and Chappell, 1988
Gribble et al., 1990; DePaolo et al.,) Äf‡Âa Á Äf‹Â³ Y Ã|‹
.|ÀfˆÅ (1992
ÖËZ̼̋ÂWƒ Á ְ˃·Á€fa cZ̏y և€] Ä] €“Zu Ä·Z¬»
,ZŲÀ‡ ¾ËY ¶Ì°Œe ÃÂv¿ ,\uZ Ĭ˜À» Õ}¨¿ ÕZÅÃ{Âe
ZŲÀ‡ ¾ËY Ã|¿ÁM {ÂmÁÄ] ÕZ¼³Z» Á PŒÀ» ²À‡ ÕZÅÖ³„ËÁ
.d‡Y ÄfyY{€a
[email protected] –^e€» Ã|ÀˆË¿ *
15
...Ze ®Ìˆ¸§ Õ}¨¿ ÕZÅÃ{Âe ּ̋ÂWƒ Á Ճ·Á€fa
ֻ¼Ÿ ևZÀ‹¾Ì»
½Zf‡Y ,‚¬‡ ½Zf‡€Æ‹ Ö«€‹[ÂÀm { Ä ·Z˜» {» Ã{Á|v»
46° 43' Ze 46° 30'ÖËZ̧Y€¤m cZfz» ¾Ì] { Á ½Zf‡{€¯
Y .d‡Y ž«YÁ Ö·Z¼‹ ‘€Ÿ 36° 28' Ze 36° 14' Á Ö«€‹ µÂ—
½Á Ö]€£µZ¼‹ Ä̋Zu { Ä ·Z˜» {» Ã{Á|v» ,ÕZfyZ‡ ÃZ´¿
½Á ¾ËY Ö«Ôe ¶v» { d¬Ì¬u { Á ½Zm€Ì‡ - k|ÀÀ‡ ֿ³€³{
Ã|‹ ž«YÁ ½ZnËZ]}M - €^·Y Á {Z]ZÆ» - ÕÂy ÕZfyZ‡ ÕZŽÁ Z]
Á Ĭ˜À» ¾ËY { {Âm» Ö´À‡ ¦¸fz» ÕZÅ|uYÁ Á¾ËY Y .d‡Y
½Zm€Ì‡ - k|ÀÀ‡ ½Á cZ̏y {Y» ֔ ] { ÁZn» ª—ZÀ»
½ZŒ¿ {Ây Y Y (ÁZn» ª—ZÀ» { ¾Ë€^»Z¯€a ֿ³€³{ ÕZŲÀ‡)
- €^·Y ½Á Z] ÖfyZÀ‹²À‡ cZÆ]ZŒe ‚Ì¿ {Y» Öy€] { Á Ã{Y{
,¾Ë€Ë ¾Ë€^»Z¯ -¾Ë€^»Z¯€a ÕYÁM ÄeZÀ]€¯ ÕZÅ|uYÁ) ½ZnËZ]}M
.(1382 ,Ö¿ZyZ]Z]) |¿Y{ Y (®ÌWÁÁ‚» Á ®ÌWÁÂX·Za
Z] Õ}¨¿ ÕZÅÃ{Âe –‡Âe Ä ·Z˜» {» Ĭ˜À» ºœŸY Šz]
Ã|‹ Ã|̋Âa dËÂË{ - Á€]Z³ Õ{Y» { Á Õ|ÌWÂfÌ¿Y€³ \̯€e
d^ˆ¿ ÖËÓZ] ćZe€¯ Ä] ‚¬‡ 1 :100,000 Ȭ¿ { Ã{Âe ¾ËY .d‡Y
Y ֌z] [Z°e 1 :250,000 Ȭ¿ { Ä°Ì·Zu { .d‡Y Ã|‹ Ã{Y{
¯~» Ã{Âe Ä»Y{Y Á Հ̋€e Ä] ½M €´Ë{ Šz] Á ¾Ë€^»Z¯€a Ä] ½M
Ã|‹ [ˆÀ» (¾‡ÂX·Za 0ÓZ¼fuY) ćZe€¯ Y | ] Ä] {Z]ZÆ» Ȭ¿ {
,dËÂË{¿Y€³ ,dÌ·Z¿Âe Y Ã{Âe ¾ËY ևZÀ‹²À‡ \̯€e .d‡Y
€Ì̤e { dÌ¿Y€³Á‚¿Â» Á dÌÀ̇ ,dÌ¿Á‚¿Â»‚eY¯ ,dËÂË{‚eY¯
Z0 e|¼Ÿ ‚Ì¿ dËÂË{ -Á€]Z³ \̯€e Z] ®ËZ] ÕZŲÀ‡ .|‹Z]Ö»
ÖËZŊz] { .|¿YÃ|‹ ¶Ì°Œe Õ|ÌWÂfÌ¿Y€³ ÕZÅÃ{Âe Ä̋Zu {
¾ÌˆaM) ÖÀÌËZa ćZe€¯ cZ]‡ Ã{Âe ¾ËY Ä ·Z˜» {» Ĭ˜À» Y
Õ{Y» { Á Öf̻·Á{ ÕZÅ®ÅM²À‡ Á ®ÅM²À‡ ,¾Ì^·M (Ö°Ì¿Z°·Á ÕZŲÀ‡ ÃY€¼Å Ä] Ŀ³ ŠÌ¸Ì§ ÕZŶ̋ Á ²À‡Ä‡Z»
¾ËY ÕÁ €] į Ö¨¸fz» ÕZÅÖnÀ‡¾‡ …Z‡Y €] Á d‡Y Ã|ˀ] Y
Ö°Ì¿Âf°e {Y|y Ä] Ã{Âe ¾ËY ¶Ì°Œe ,d‡Y Äf§€³ c Ã{Âe
¾Ì] Ę]Y .(1378 ,Ö«€ˆyÖ¬¸y) d‡Y Ã|‹ Ã{Y{ d^ˆ¿ ¾Ë€f‡M
½ZŒ¿ 1 ¶°‹ { Ä ·Z˜» {» Ĭ˜À» { {Âm» ¦¸fz» ÕZÅ|uYÁ
½|‹ Ã|ˀ]) Ĭ˜À» { ÖËY€v |ÅY‹ Ä] ÄmÂe Z] .d‡Y Ã|‹ Ã{Y{
¶]Z« ¾Ìˆa ćZe€¯ ¾‡ (|uYÁ ¾ËY –‡Âe Ö¿Zfve ćZe€¯ cZ]‡
.|‹Z]Ö» €eµÂ^«
½Á{ Ä] ÖfËÂË{ Á ÖfËÂË{¿Y€³ ,ÖfÌ¿Y€³ ÕZÅÃ{Âe }¨¿
ÕZf‡Á ¥Y€—Y { ž«YÁ ¾Ì»€a Öf̻·Á{ ÕZÅ®ÅM²À‡
€Ë{Z¬» ÃY€¼ÅÄ] ¾ÅM ÖËYÄ¿Z¯ Á ÖËY½Z°‡Y Ä] €nÀ» ½ZyŠaZË
.d‡Y Ã|‹ dËÁM Á d̯ÓZ» ½Âr¼Å †» ÕZÅÄ¿Z¯ Y Ö¼¯
Ä˂ne ‰Á
ÕZŲÀ‡ ÕÁ €] ְ˃·Á€fa cZ ·Z˜» ¹Zn¿Y œÀ»Ä]
,dÌ¿Y€³ ÕZÅĿ¼¿ Y Õ{Y| e ,½ZyŠaZË -\uZ Ĭ˜À» Õ}¨¿
¾ÌÌ e dÆm Á [Zzf¿Y Á€]Z³ Á dËÂË{ÂÀ̇ ,dËÂË{Á‚¿Â»
d¯€‹ –‡Âe ¶¯ ²À‡ Ö¯Zy {Z¿ Á ֟€§ ,Ö¸Y €ZÀŸ Ö¿YÁY€§
.|¿|‹ Ä˂ne ICP-MS ‰Á Ä] Á Y{Z¿Z¯ Œ¯ { ACME Labs
½ZŒ¿ 2 Á 1 ÕZŵÁ|m { ¦¸fz» €ZÀŸ Ä˂ne Y ¶Zu lËZf¿
.d‡Y Ã|‹ Ã{Y{
.(1378 ,Ö«€ˆyÖ¬¸y Y Äf§€³€]) Ä ·Z˜» {» Ĭ˜À» ևZÀ‹¾Ì» Ȭ¿ .1 ¶°‹
16
Հ´ÀÅM Ļ » Á ևZÌ·Y ºÌÅY€]Y
ևZÀ‹²À‡
- \uZ Ĭ˜À» Õ}¨¿ ÕZÅÃ{Âe ,|‹ €¯} įĿ³½Z¼Å
.|ÀfˆÅ dËÂË{¿Y€³ Ze dÌ¿Y€³ \̯€e ÕYY{ Z0 e|¼Ÿ ½ZyŠaZË
Y Õ{Zˁ Y|¬» ÕÁZu į dÌ¿Y€³Ö·Z°·M Y Ö¼¯ €Ë{Z¬» ¾ÌÀr¼Å
€j¯Y { \·Z£ d§Z] .|¿|‹ ÖËZ‡ZÀ‹ ‚Ì¿ |ÀfˆÅ Zb‡|¸§Ö·Z°·M
cÁZ¨f» {Z ]Y Z] ÖËZÅÖ¿Z¯ Z] Õ|ÌWÁ€Ì§Âa ,Õ|ÌWÂfÌ¿Y€³ ÕZÅĿ¼¿
Ã|‹ Ã|ÅZŒ» ‚Ì¿ Ó¿Y€³ d§Z] Z] ÖËZÅĿ¼¿ Ö·Á (a-2 ¶°‹) d‡Y
,(|À¸^¿ÂÅ) µÂ^̨»M ,Ô¯Â˃Ôa ,Zb‡|¸§Ö·Z°·M ,‚eY¯ .d‡Y
ÕZÅÖ¿Z¯ Á dÌeZaM ,dÌ¿ZfÌe Á Ö¸Y ÕZÅÖ¿Z¯ ½YÂÀŸÄ] dÌeÂÌ]
Õ|ÌWÂfÌ¿Y€³ ÕZŲÀ‡ Ã|ÀÅ{¶Ì°Œe ֟€§ ÕZÅÖ¿Z¯ ½YÂÀŸÄ] |¯
|ÌWÁ€Ì§Âa d§Z] ÕYY{ į ÖËZÅĿ¼¿ { Zb‡|¸§Ö·Z°·M .|ÀfˆÅ
Ã{Â] Y{¶°‹Ä¼Ì¿ Ze ¶°‹Ö] dˆË€¯ÂÀ§ cÄ] ,|À‹Z]Ö»
‚Ì¿ Ô¯Â˃Ôa .d‡Y Ö^̯€e Õ|À]Ĭ˜À» ÕYY{ Ã|¼Ÿ —Ä] Á
Ze ‚Ë ÕZŸ] cÄ] ‚eY¯ .d‡Y Y{¶°‹ Ze Y{¶°‹Ä¼Ì¿
Ã|ÅZŒ» ¶]Z« ÖfÌ¿Y€³ ÕZŲÀ‡ Öa°‡Á€°Ì» ž—Z¬» { –‡Âf»
‚eY¯ Y{¶°‹ Á d‹{ ÕZŸ] ,ZÅĿ¼¿ Y Öy€] { .|‹Z]Ö»
Ö ¼ne ,ZŸ] ¾ËY Ä̋Zu { į d‡Y Ã|ÅZŒ» ¶]Z« ²À‡ ¾f» {
ÕZÅÁY|¿Y { (‚eY¯ Á Zb‡|¸§ Z0 e|¼Ÿ) ¦¸fz» ÕZÅÖ¿Z¯ Y
ÕZłeY¯ Ä̋Zu { €e‚Ë ÕZÅÖ¿Z¯ d§Z] .|¿YÄf§€³ Y€« €e‚Ë
.(c-2 ¶°‹) d‡Y ֌À¯YÁ ÕZÅÄ̋Zu d§Z] Z] Ä]ZŒ» Y{¶°‹
µZ¼fuY Ä] Á Ã|‹ Ã|ÅZŒ» Õ}¨¿ Ã{Âe Ä̋Zu { ÖËZÅd§Z] ¾ÌÀq
d¿Z³ .d‡Y Ã|‹ ¶Ì°Œe {Âm» cÓŻ Z] ŠÀ¯YÁ Y {Zˁ
cZ ˜« Á ZÅÖ¿Z¯ cÄ] ‚Ì¿ ÄeZÀ]€¯ ÕZÅÖ¿Z¯ Y ÖeZ ˜« Á
¶°‹) d‡Y Ã|‹ Ã|ÅZŒ» ZÅĿ¼¿ Y Öy€] \̯€e { Ä¿Z´Ì]
¸]‚Ë À̼y { ¶°‹{Ây Ö¿Z¯ cÄ] Z0 e|¼Ÿ d¿Z³ .(b-2
,dˀ¸¯ .d‡Y Ã|‹ ½Z‡€³{ dˀ¸¯ Ä] Õ{Y» { Á Ã|‹ Ã|ÅZŒ»
Ö¿Z‡€³{ ¶Zu Á Ã{Â] ÄË¿Zi ÕZÅÖ¿Z¯ ,cÁ|ÌaY Á d̈ˀ‡
d̈ˀ‡) Zb‡|¸§ Á (cÁ|ÌaY Á dˀ¸¯) µÂ^̨»M ÄÌ·ÁY ÕZÅÖ¿Z¯
.|ÀfˆÅ (cÁ|ÌaY Õ{Y» { Á
Y Õ|ÌWÂfÌ¿Y€³ ÕZÅÃ{Âe Ä̋Zu Y Ö°q¯ Šz] ZÅÁ€]Z³
Õ|ÌWÂfÌ¿Y€³ ÕZÅÃ{Âe ‚Ì¿ ՁZ]ZË{ ÕZÅ®ËY{ .|¿YÃ{Y{ ¶Ì°Œe
Ze Á€]Z³|À¸^¿ÂÅ Y ZŲÀ‡ ¾ËY \̯€e .d‡Y Ã{¼¿ ž˜« Y
,Ó¿Y€³Á€°Ì» ÕZÅd§Z] ÕYY{ Á Ã{Â] €Ì̤e { dËÂË{|À¸^¿ÂÅ
ÕZÅÖ¿Z¯ .|ÀfˆÅ (e-2 ¶°‹) Öfˀ·{ Á (d-2 ¶°‹) Ó¿Y€³€fÀËY
ÕZÅÖ¿Z¯ Á dÌeÂÌ] ,µÂ^̨»M ,‚eY¯ ,Zb‡|¸§Ö·Z°·M ,Ô¯Â˃Ôa
Ä] d¿Z³ .|À‹Z]Ö» ZŲÀ‡ ¾ËY Ã|ÀÅ{¶Ì°Œe ÕZÅÖ¿Z¯ ,|¯
ļ̿ Ze ºœÀ» ¾Ë¸] ¶°‹ ÕYY{ į d‡Y Ã|ÅZŒ» ¶]Z« ,º¯ ½Y‚Ì»
Á ¶°‹{Ây ÕZŸ] cÄ] Ô¯Â˃Ôa .(d-2 ¶°‹) |¿YºœÀ»
.|À‹Z]Ö» ®ËZ] ÕZÅĿ¼¿ Y f Ze d €ËÁZe Á Õ|ÌWÂfÌ¿Y€³ ÕZÅĿ¼¿ Y c Ze a €ËÁZe .½ZyŠaZË -\uZ Ĭ˜À» ÕZŲÀ‡ Y Öa°‡Á€°Ì» €ËÁZe .2 ¶°‹
ÕZÅÖ¿Z¯ Y ¸] ‚Ë ÄÀÌ» ®Ë { į µÂ^̨»M Á Zb‡|¸§Ö·Z°·M ,Ô¯Â˃Ôa ¸] d‹{ ÕZÅÖ¿Z¯ ÃY€¼Å Ä] ZÅdÌ¿Y€³ \̯€e { {Âm» ¸] ‚Ë d¿Z³ (a
ÕZŲÀ‡ \̯€e { ÖeZÀ]€¯ Ä¿Z´Ì] ÕZÅÖ¿Z¯ Y ÖeZ ˜« (b ,|ÀÅ{Ö» ½ZŒ¿ Ä̋Zu Y Y dˀ¸¯ Ä] Ö³|‹Ä˂ne µÂ^̨»M ÕZŸ] .|¿YÄf§€³ Y€« Zb‡|¸§ Á ‚eY¯
¶Ì°Œe ‚eY¯ ¸] d‹{ ¥Y€—Y { ֟Z ‹ cÄ] į Zb‡|¸§ Á ‚eY¯ ÕZÅÖ¿Z¯ Y Ö¨Ì “ ֌À¯YÁ Ä̋Zu ½M ¥Y€—Y { į ¶°‹{Ây ‚eY¯(c ,ÖfÌ¿Y€³
Öfˀ·{ d§Z] (e ,|‹Z]Ö» Ã|ÅZŒ» ¶]Z« ²À‡ \̯€e { ‚Ì¿ ÄË¿Zi ÕZÅdˀ¸¯ .µÂ^̨»M Á Ô¯Â˃Ôa ÕZÅÖ¿Z¯ ÃY€¼Å Ä] ²¿ ÕYÃÂÆ« d¿Z³ ÕZŸ] (d |¿YÃ|‹
:Grt) .|Å{Ö» ½ZŒ¿ {Ây Y Ö^̯€e Õ|À]Ĭ˜À» į Ô¯Â˃Ôa ¸] (f ,d‡Y Y{Ây€] ՀfŒÌ] Ö¿YÁY€§ Y µÂ^̨»M Ö¿Z¯ Ŀ¼¿ ¾ËY { .ՁZ]ZË{ ÕZÅ®ËY{ {
.|¿YÃ|‹ ÄÌÆe XPL ¿ { €ËÁZe Ä̬] Á PPL ¿ { f Á d €ËÁZe .(Zb‡|¸§ :Fsp ,‚eY¯ :Qtz ,Ô¯Â˃Ôa :Plg ,dˀ¸¯ :Chl ,µÂ^̨»M :amph ,d¿Z³
17
...Ze ®Ìˆ¸§ Õ}¨¿ ÕZÅÃ{Âe ּ̋ÂWƒ Á Ճ·Á€fa
¥Ôy€] |̈¯Y ¾ËY ÕY€] Ã|‹ Ã|ÅZŒ» ֌ÅZ¯ |¿Á .(a-3 ¶°‹)
ÖfÌ¿Y€³ Á ÖfËÂË{Á‚¿Â» ,ÖfËÂË{ÂÀ̇ ÕZÅĿ¼¿ { ZÅÁ€]Z³
ÕY€] MnO Á CaO, Fe2O3, TiO2 ÕZÅ|̈¯Y .d‡Y ÖnË|e
֌ÅZ¯ |¿Á ZÅĿ¼¿ €´Ë{ ÕY€] Á ֌ËY‚§Y |¿Á ,®ËZ] ÕZÅĿ¼¿
|¿YÂeÖ» Õ|u Ze ĸXˆ» ¾ËY .(h Á cˬ dˬ g -3 ¶°‹) |Å{Ö» ½ZŒ¿
ÕÁZu ÕZÅÖ¿Z¯ Á Ô¯Â˃Ôa ÕZÅÖ¿Z¯ ¸^e Á ªË€¨e Z] •Z^eY {
{ dÌÀ¼¸ËY Á dÌfÀ´»Â¿ZfÌe ,¾ˆ¯Á€Ìa ,¾ËÂÌ·Y |À¿Z» ºË‚ÌÀ» Á ¾ÅM
,Ö]€ne Á ְ̧Y€³Á€fa |ÅY‹ …Z‡Y€] .|‹Z] Z¼³Z» {  €Ìˆ»
ÕZŁZ§ ¾Ì·ÁY ,¾ˆ¯Á€Ìa Á ¾ËÂÌ·Y ½Âr¼Å ¾Ë‚ÌÀ»Á€§ ÕZÅÖ¿Z¯
ÕZÅÖ¿Z¯ ֌z] ¸^e .|ÀfˆÅ ®Ì§Z» ÕZ¼³Z» Y Ã|‹ ¸^f»
Á FeO Á MgO ½Âr¼Å ՀZÀŸ ŠÅZ¯ Ä] €nÀ» ,¾Ë‚ÌÀ»Á€§
Z¼³Z» \̯€e { SiO2 Á Na2Oˬ K2O ½Âq ՀZÀŸ ŠËY‚§Y
,¸^e µZu { ÕZ¼³Z» Y Ô¯Â˃Ôa ¸^e Z] ¾ÌÀr¼Å .|‹ |ÅYÂy
.|]ZËÖ» ŠÅZ¯ Z¼³Z» \̯€e { Al2O3 Á CaO €ZÀŸ ½Y‚Ì»
ÕY€] SiO2 Y|¬» ŠËY‚§Y Z] CaO |̈¯Y ÕY€] Ã|‹ Ã|ÅZŒ» Ę]Y
֌ÅZ¯ ZŲÀ‡ €´Ë{ ÕY€] Á ֌ËY‚§Y Ę]Y ,ÖËÁ€]Z³ ÕZŲÀ‡
€ÀŸ ÕY€] Ã|‹ Ã|ÅZŒ» Ę]Y įÖe { .(g-3 ¶°‹) d‡Y
Ã{Â] ֌ËY‚§Y c Ä] Y|f]Y SiO2 Y|¬» ŠËY‚§Y Z] ,Al2O3
Á ÖfËÂË{ÂÀ̇ –‡YÁ|u ÕZÅĿ¼¿ Ze ÖËÁ€]Z³ ÕZÅĿ¼¿ Y)
€»Y ¾ËY ¶Ì·{ .(b-3 ¶°‹) |]ZËÖ» ŠÅZ¯ †b‡ Á (ÖfËÂË{Á‚¿Â»
¹ÂÌÀ̻·M |«Z§ Á ºË‚ÌÀ» Á ¾ÅM ÕÁZu ÕZÅÖ¿Z¯ ¸^e Ä] ½YÂeÖ» Y
½Y‚Ì» ŠËY‚§Y hŸZ] €»Y ¾ËY .{Y{ d^ˆ¿ ¸^e |ÀËM€§ Á€‹ {
.{‹ֻ Ã|¿Z¼Ì«Z] ÕZ¼³Z» \̯€e { ºÌˆ¸¯ Á ¹ÂÌÀ̻·M €ÀŸ
ÕZÅd¼ˆ« .d‡Y Ö^̯€e Õ|À]Ĭ˜À» ÕYY{ Á Ã{Â] Y{¶°‹Ä¼Ì¿
Õ{Y» { Á և ÕZÅÖ¿Z¯ Ä] Ö¿Z‡€³{ |ÀËM€§ €iY { ½M Ղ¯€»
Y|¬» Ä] Zb‡|¸§Ö·Z°·M .(f-2 ¶°‹) d‡Y Ã|‹ ½Z‡€³{ d̈ˀ‡
Y{¶°‹Ä¼Ì¿ ¹€§ Ä] \¸£Y Á Ã{Â] Ã|À¯Y€a ²À‡ t˜‡ { º¯ Z̈]
Y|¬» Ä] Zb‡|¸§Ö·Z°·M ½Âr¼Å ‚Ì¿ ‚eY¯ .d‡Y Ã|‹ €ÅZ›
¾ËY .d‡Y Ã|‹ ¶Ì°Œe ®ËZ] ÕZŲÀ‡ \̯€e { º¯ Z̈]
.d‡Y ¶°‹Ö] Á Ã{Â] Õ¸]¾Ì] ÕZÅZ”§ Ã|ÀÀ¯€a cÄ] Ö¿Z¯
Ã|‹ €ÅZ› Ã|̌¯ Á Ö¿Â‡ ÕZŸ] cÄ] Z0 e|¼Ÿ µÂ^̨»M
ÕZÅÖ¿Z¯ ÕY€] dˀ¸¯ Ä] Ö³|‹Ä˂ne .d‡Y |À¸^¿ÂÅ Â¿ Y Á
Y) dˀ¸¯ ÕZÅÖ¿Z¯ .d‡Y žËZ‹ ÕYÃ|Ë|a µÂ^̨»M Á dÌeÂÌ]
Ö¿Z‡€³{ ¶Zu) և ÕZÅÖ¿Z¯ Á d̈ˀ‡ ,(µÂ^̨»M Ö¿Z‡€³{
ÕZŲÀ‡ \̯€e { {Âm» ÄÌ·ÁY ÕZÅÖ¿Z¯ Ö¿Z‡€³{ Y (Zb‡|¸§
.|¿YÃ|‹ ¶Ì°Œe ®ËZ]
¶¯ ²À‡ ּ̋ÂWƒ
Y ®Ë €Å Ö¸Y €ZÀŸ ּ̋ ,ZÅĿ¼¿ \̯€e { ÂÀe ¶Ì·{Ä]
Z] ևZ‡Y ÕZÅcÁZ¨e ÕYY{ Ĭ˜À» ¾ËY { {Âm» Õ}¨¿ ÕZŲÀ‡
ÃÂv¿ ,Ö¸Y €ZÀŸ ּ̋ և€] œÀ»Ä] .|‹Z]Ö» ZŲÀ‡ €´Ë{
Ã|‹ Ã{Y{ ½ZŒ¿ 3 ¶°‹ { ,SiO2 €]Y€] { Ö¸Y ÕZÅ|̈¯Y €Ì̤e
†Ì¸Ì‡ Y|¬» ŠËY‚§Y Z] ,ÖËZeÁ{ cY€Ì̤e ÕZÅY{¼¿ { .d‡Y
,ÖfÌ¿Y€³ Á ÖfËÂË{Á‚¿Â» ,ÖfËÂË{ÂÀ̇ ,ÖËÁ€]Z³ ÕZŲÀ‡ {
{ MgO .|ÀÅ{Ö» ½ZŒ¿ {Ây Y Y ÖeÁZ¨f» ÕZÅZf§ ZÅ|̈¯Y
|Å{Ö» ½ZŒ¿ {Ây Y ֌ÅZ¯ |¿Á SiO2 ŠËY‚§Y Z] ZÅĿ¼¿ Ö»Z¼e
.ICP-MS ‰Á Ä] ½ZyŠaZË - \uZ Ĭ˜À» { Äf§ZË ½Â¼Ày ¦¸fz» ÕZÅĿ¼¿ ¶¯ ²À‡ Ä˂ne Y ¶Zu lËZf¿ .1 µÁ|m
®ËZ] ÕZŲÀ‡
dËÂË{ÂÀ̇
dÌ¿Y€³
dËÂË{Á‚¿Â»
E-1
E-2
E-3
E-4
E-5
E-6
E-7
E-8
FE
FE-3
FE-6
FE-31
FE-32
FE-35
FE-5
SiO2
45.25
45.41
44.89
45.40
46.21
45.49
45.67
46.07
60.81
65.18
76.06
77.29
55.02
58.06
55.31
Al2O3
14.18
13.67
13.29
13.66
14.20
14.04
14.54
14.24
16.12
16.58
13.04
12.01
15.56
16.71
16.62
Fe2O3
9.03
8.99
8.79
8.93
9.20
8.92
9.25
9.23
4.45
2.87
1.10
1.93
5.39
5.32
4.92
MgO
9.67
10.30
11.09
10.79
9.83
10.39
9.08
9.94
3.09
1.86
0.13
0.41
4.45
3.69
3.77
CaO
11.21
11.34
11.23
11.19
11.44
11.24
11.26
11.64
4.65
1.87
0.47
1.17
7.57
5.52
7.85
Na2O
3.46
3.22
3.12
3.45
3.55
3.30
3.65
3.58
5.11
5.65
3.34
4.34
4.65
5.85
5.34
K2O
1.31
1.53
1.53
1.54
1.74
1.63
1.76
1.73
3.13
3.35
5.34
1.67
3.00
2.14
1.74
TiO2
1.38
1.39
1.35
1.36
1.46
1.44
1.49
1.48
0.86
0.55
0.13
0.17
1.96
0.98
2.08
P2O5
0.75
0.75
0.71
0.75
0.75
0.74
0.84
0.76
0.54
0.37
0.02
0.11
1.04
0.62
0.99
MnO
0.14
0.14
0.14
0.14
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.06
0.02
<0.01
0.04
0.10
0.08
0.09
Cr2O3
0.096
0.101
0.103
0.105
0.088
0.091
0.041
0.087
0.011
0.007
0.007
<0.002
0.007
0.014
0.008
LOI
3.0
2.7
3.3
2.2
0.9
2.1
1.8
0.6
0.8
1.5
0.3
0.8
0.8
0.6
0.9
Sum
99.54
99.57
99.55
99.56
99.56
99.55
99.54
99.57
99.61
99.78
99.93
99.97
99.55
99.55
99.59
18
Հ´ÀÅM Ļ » Á ևZÌ·Y ºÌÅY€]Y
{ Ö¸Y Ö°Ìf¿ƒÁ€fa |¿Á Á{ .SiO2 €]Y€] { Ä ·Z˜» {» Ĭ˜À» Õ}¨¿ ÕZŲÀ‡ \̯€e { {Âm» Ö¸Y ÕZÅ|̈¯Y ÖËZeÁ{ cY€Ì̤e ÕZÅY{¼¿ .3 ¶°‹
.d‡Y Ã|‹ Ã{Y{ ½ZŒ¿ ½Z°Ìa –‡Âe ¶°‹ { ZÅ|¿Á ¾ËY .|‹Z]Ö» Ã|ÅZŒ» ¶]Z« Õ|̇Y Ze –‡YÁ|u Á ®Ì§Z» ÕZŲÀ‡
Haschke) ZÅÖ¿Z¯ ªË€¨e ÄnÌf¿ { |¿YÂeÖ» ZŲÀ‡ { LREE
¸^e Ä] ÄmÂe Z] Õ|̇Y Á –‡YÁ|u ÕZŲÀ‡ { €ZÀŸ ¾ËY ½Y‚Ì»
Á ¹ÂÌÀ̻·M €ZÀŸ Y Z‹€‡ į Ô¯Â˃Ôa Á Zb‡|¸§ ÕZÅÖ¿Z¯
.|]ZËÖ» ŠÅZ¯ |ÀfˆÅ ºÌˆ¸¯
0
\̯€e { Ã|ÌrÌa Zf^ˆ¿ ÕYĘ]Y K2O Á Na2O ÕZÅ|̈¯Y
½ZŒ¿ {Ây Y Ä ·Z˜» {» Ĭ˜À» { Äf§ZË ½Â¼Ày ÕZŲÀ‡
Z] ĈËZ¬» { ÖËÁ€]Z³ ÕZŲÀ‡ { €ZÀŸ ¾ËY Y|¬» .|ÀÅ{Ö»
ŠËY‚§Y Ö Ë€‡ |¿Á Z] SiO2 ŠËY‚§Y Z] Á Ã{Â] ¾ÌËZa ZŲÀ‡ €´Ë{
€´Ë{ \̯€e { €ZÀŸ ¾ËY ½Y‚Ì» .(f Á e-3 ¶°‹) |ÀÅ{Ö» ½ZŒ¿
|¿Á Z] SiO2 ŠËY‚§Y Z] Ä ·Z˜» {» Ĭ˜À» { {Âm» ÕZŲÀ‡
ÕZÅÖ¿Z¯ ¸^e ¶Ì·{Ä] |¿YÂeÖ» €»Y ¾ËY .|]ZËÖ» ŠËY‚§Y ՀeÄfˆÅM
{ ÖËZ̸« ÕZÅZb‡|¸§ ½Âr¼Å ºÌ‡Zfa Á ºË|‡ €ZÀŸ ÕÁZu
.|‹Z] Ä ·Z˜» {» Ĭ˜À» Õ|̇Y Á –‡YÁ|u ÕZŲÀ‡ \̯€e
Õ´·Y .|‹Z] €ZÀŸ ¾ËY Y ÖÀ£ ÄÌ·ÁY ž^À» ZË Á (et al., 2002
Ö¯Zy {Z¿ €ZÀŸ ÕZÅY{¼¿ { LREE ÕY€] Ã|‹ Ã|ÅZŒ»
Tb Ze La Y Ö¼ËÔ» Z0 f^ˆ¿ \̋ ÕYY{ dË|À¯ Ä] Ã|‹‚Ì·Z»€¿
Z0 f^ˆ¿ €Ë{Z¬» ÕÁZu Ä ·Z˜» {» Ĭ˜À» ÕZŲÀ‡ .|À‹Z]Ö»
ÕZÅ´·Y { Á Ã{Â] (HREE) ¾Ì´À‡ Ö¯Zy {Z¿ €ZÀŸ Y ÖËÓZ]
ÕYY{ Lu Ze Dy Y dË|À¯ Ä] Ã|‹‚Ì·Z»€¿ Ö¯Zy {Z¿ €ZÀŸ
DyN/ d^ˆ¿ .(c Á aˬ b-4 ¶°‹) |À‹Z]Ö» t˜ˆ» Z0 ^ˀ¬e ÖË´·Y
ÕY€] ,1/39 – 1/45 c Ä] ÖËÁ€]Z³ ÕZÅĿ¼¿ ÕY€] YbN
ÕZÅĿ¼¿ ÕY€] ,1/52 – 1/67 cÄ] ÖfËÂË{ÂÀ̇ ÕZÅĿ¼¿
ÖfÌ¿Y€³ ÕZÅĿ¼¿ ÕY€] Á 1/46 – 1/88 Z] €]Y€] ÖfËÂË{Á‚¿Â»
ÕY{ÖÀ » Ö³|‹ÖÀ£ Á Ö³|‹ÖÆe .|‹Z]Ö» 0/77 Z] €]Y€] Z0 ^ˀ¬e
ÕY€] Ã|‹ ºÌ‡€e ÕZÅ´·Y { Ö¯Zy {Z¿ €ZÀŸ Y ¹Y|°rÌÅ ÕY€]
.d‡Y Ã|Œ¿ Ã|ÅZŒ» €ZÀŸ ¾ËY
,ÄÌ·ÁY Äf‹Â³ €Ë{Z¬» Z] Â̷Z»€¿ ՀÀŸ |Àq ÕZÅY{¼¿ {
\e€» d‡Y Ä] `q Y ÕZ³Z‡Z¿ ŠÅZ¯ …Z‡Y€] €ZÀŸ
ÕY€] ,ZÅY{¼¿ ¾ËY ÕY€] Ã|‹ Ã|ÅZŒ» Õ´·Y .(5 ¶°‹) |¿YÃ|‹
cÁZ¨e .d‡Y ½Zˆ°Ë ŠÌ] Á º¯ ,Ã|‹Ä ·Z˜» ÕZÅĿ¼¿ Ö»Z¼e
,¦¸fz» ÕZŲÀ‡ ÕY€] Ã|‹ ºÌ‡€e ÕZÅ´·Y { Ã|‹Ã|ÅZŒ»
Y ZŽM Ö¿YÁY€§ Á d‡Y €ZÀŸ ¾ËY dœ¸£ Ä] •Â]€» Z0 §€
.|]ZËÖ» ŠÅZ¯ Õ|̇Y ÕZŲÀ‡ d¼‡ Ä] ®ËZ] ÕZŲÀ‡
€ZÀŸ ½ZÌ» Y Rb Á Cs €ZÀŸ ,ՀÀŸ|Àq ÕZÅY{¼¿ {
,€]Y€] { .|ÀÅ{Ö» ½ZŒ¿ Ö³|‹ÖÆe ZÅĿ¼¿ Ö»Z¼e { LILE
Á Nb, Ta €ZÀŸ .|ÀfˆÅ Ö³|‹ÖÀ£ ÕYY{ Th Á Ba €ZÀŸ
,ÖËÁ€]Z³ ÕZÅĿ¼¿ { .|ÀÅ{Ö» ½ZŒ¿ {Ây Y Ö³|‹ÖÆe ‚Ì¿ Ti
ZÅĿ¼¿ €´Ë{ { Ö³|‹ÖÆe ¾ËY .|Å{Ö» ½ZŒ¿ Ö³|‹ÖÆe Pb
–^e€» ÕZŲÀ‡ { Ti Á Taˬ Nb Ö³|‹ÖÆe .d‡Y Ã|Œ¿ Ã|ÅZŒ»
Ã|ÅZŒ» (և¿ZÌ«Y ZË ÕYÃZ«) µZ § ÕZÅÄ̋Zu Š¿YÁ€§ ª—ZÀ» Z]
Gill, 1981; Kelemen et al., 1993; Pearce and) d‡Y Ã|‹
.(Peate, 1995
[Z̼¯ Á Ö¯Zy {Z¿ €ZÀŸ ÕZÅ´·Y
Mc-) dË|À¯ €Ë{Z¬» Z] Â̷Z»€¿ Ö¯Zy {Z¿ €ZÀŸ ÕZÅ´·Y
ÕZŲÀ‡ Ö»Z¼e ÕY€] (4 ¶°‹) (Donough and Sun, 1995
.|ÀfˆÅ Ö¿Zˆ°Ë |¿Á ÕYY{ (ZÅdÌ¿Y€³ ÕZÀjf‡Y Ä]) Ä ·Z˜» {»
.d‡Y cÁZ¨f» ¦¸fz» ÕZÅĿ¼¿ { €ZÀŸ ¾ËY dœ¸£ Ö·Á
Ze 10 ,ÖËÁ€]Z³ ÕZŲÀ‡ { €ZÀŸ ¾ËY Ö¿YÁY€§ įÕ—-Ä]
Á dË|À¯ €]Y€] 300 Ze 5 ,ZÅdËÂË{ÂÀ̇ ,dË|À¯ €]Y€] 400
€ZÀŸ Ö¿YÁY€§ .d‡Y dË|À¯ €]Y€] 800 Ze 10 ,ZÅdËÂË{Á‚¿Â»
|¿Á ¾ÌÀr¼Å Á Ã{Â] €Ì¤f» ÖfÌ¿Y€³ ÕZŲÀ‡ { Ö¯Zy {Z¿
¶°‹) d‡Y cÁZ¨f» ‚Ì¿ ÖfÌ¿Y€³ ÕZÅĿ¼¿ ÕY€] Ã|‹ Ã|ÅZŒ»
\̯€e €] ÄË¿Zi ÕZÅ|ÀËM€§ €ÌiPe |¿YÂeÖ» €»Y ¾ËY d¸Ÿ .(d-4
{» Ĭ˜À» { Õ}¨¿ ÕZŲÀ‡ .|‹Z] ÖfÌ¿Y€³ ÕZÅ-²À‡
{Ây Y (LREE) ®^‡ Ö¯Zy {Z¿ €ZÀŸ { Ö³|‹ÖÀ£ ,Ä ·Z˜»
ÕZŲÀ‡ ÕY€] LaN/YbN d^ˆ¿ įÕ—Ä] .|ÀÅ{Ö» ½ZŒ¿
Ze 52/315 Y dËÂË{ÂÀ̇ ÕY€] ,19/01 Ze 17/26 Y ÖËÁ€]Z³
ÕZÅĿ¼¿ ÕY€] Á 57/56 Ze 47/67 Y dËÂË{Á‚¿Â» ÕY€] ,75/76
€ZÀŸ Ö³|‹ÖÀ£ .d‡Y €Ì̤e { 72/37 Ze 1/60 Y ÖfÌ¿Y€³
19
...Ze ®Ìˆ¸§ Õ}¨¿ ÕZÅÃ{Âe ּ̋ÂWƒ Á Ճ·Á€fa
McDonough Y dË|À¯ ÕZÅÃ{Y{ .Ä ·Z˜» {» Ĭ˜À» { Äf§Z˽¼Ày Õ}¨¿ ÕZŲÀ‡ ÕY€] dË|À¯ €Ë{Z¬» Z] Â̷Z»€¿ Ö¯Zy {Z¿ €ZÀŸ Y{¼¿ .4 ¶°‹
.and Sun (1995)
.Ä ·Z˜» {» Ĭ˜À» { Äf§Z˽¼Ày Õ}¨¿ ÕZŲÀ‡ ÕY€] ÄÌ·ÁY Äf‹Â³ €Ë{Z¬» Z] Â̷Z»€¿ ՀÀŸ |Àq ÕZÅY{¼¿ .5 ¶°‹
20
Հ´ÀÅM Ļ » Á ևZÌ·Y ºÌÅY€]Y
.(ppm) Ä ·Z˜» {» ÕZŲÀ‡ ¶¯ ²À‡ \̯€e { {Âm» [Z̼¯ €ZÀŸ Ä˂ne Y ¶Zu lËZf¿ .2 µÁ|m
®ËZ] ÕZŲÀ‡
dËÂË{ÂÀ̇
dÌ¿Y€³
dËÂË{Á‚¿Â»
E-1
E-2
E-3
E-4
E-5
E-6
E-7
E-8
FE
FE-3
FE-6
FE-31
FE-32
FE-35
FE-5
Sc
24
24
24
24
24
24
23
25
7
5
2
6
11
9
10
V
206
198
189
189
203
206
215
204
81
47
15
12
130
107
129
Ni
216
235
266
250
201
211
141
199
57
25
<20
<20
88
68
83
Cu
47.0
56.6
55.4
56.1
47.8
62.1
58.1
48.1
7.0
3.1
8.2
1.5
64.3
20.5
66.4
Zn
59
58
60
57
51
63
71
47
14
22
8
22
22
15
19
Co
42.5
41.4
43.4
42.1
40.2
43.0
41.6
41.7
14.6
7.7
1.4
2.1
26.0
17.3
27.2
Ga
14.0
14.6
13.8
13.7
14.8
14.1
15.6
15.2
19.7
18.8
18.5
11.0
17.7
20.3
19.7
Cs
1.1
1.0
0.9
1.0
1.1
1.0
1.1
1.1
0.6
1.3
1.2
0.3
1.2
0.7
1.3
Rb
36.3
38.7
37.8
44.5
43.7
40.5
42.6
43.2
60.2
96.9
210.1
29.5
75.7
37.6
43.7
Sr
997.7 907.5 891.4
901.5
886.6
925.2 1029.7 899.4 1500.9
654.6
189.6
67.7
1359.0
1707.6
1552.1
Y
24.0
22.3
22.8
23.0
23.5
25.4
23.3
9.0
5.7
3.4
32.3
15.2
11.5
15.6
Zr
166.5 150.4 143.4
149.5
151.6
160.2
168.6
153.2
219.2
162.6
120.5
106.5
129.4
174.5
126.1
Nb
27.6
26.3
24.6
25.1
26.4
27.4
29.4
26.7
35.4
20.1
69.4
4.5
42.4
28.2
45.7
Sn
1
1
2
2
1
2
1
2
1
<1
<1
<1
2
1
2
Ba
785
725
693
717
757
750
844
740
1022
837
270
272
1118
1194
542
La
51.9
48.6
47.5
49.1
50.7
51.0
58.3
50.6
54.7
50.7
45.4
9.1
97.9
56.5
106.4
Ce
101.7
96.3
95.7
97.8
100.6
103.3
115.9
101.8
104.8
83.2
61.1
20.9
173.7
114.4
183.0
Pr
11.32 10.98 10.38
10.72
10.94
11.35
12.78
11.08
10.93
7.68
4.34
2.64
16.12
11.83
16.88
Nd
42.3
40.6
38.4
39.9
40.2
42.2
47.3
41.9
38.3
24.2
10.7
11.4
56.1
42.8
54.5
Sm
6.77
6.42
6.34
6.43
6.71
6.88
7.62
6.73
5.19
3.07
0.91
3.09
7.56
6.28
7.18
Eu
1.83
1.79
1.69
1.73
1.79
1.84
1.98
1.82
1.42
0.91
0.23
0.57
2.11
1.81
2.18
Gd
5.17
5.21
5.12
5.23
5.44
5.55
6.00
5.47
3.09
1.76
0.87
3.77
5.01
3.90
5.82
Tb
0.81
0.78
0.76
0.78
0.80
0.83
0.87
0.82
0.41
0.25
0.10
0.72
0.67
0.52
0.65
Dy
4.35
4.18
4.11
4.19
4.26
4.44
4.69
4.38
1.87
1.09
0.52
4.72
3.05
2.39
3.06
Ho
0.84
0.80
0.77
0.79
0.82
0.84
0.88
0.83
0.31
0.18
0.10
1.08
0.53
0.39
0.54
Er
2.26
2.14
2.09
2.13
2.21
2.26
2.46
2.24
0.79
0.53
0.31
3.40
1.35
1.00
1.45
Tm
0.33
0.31
0.29
0.31
0.33
0.33
0.34
0.32
0.11
0.08
0.06
0.57
0.20
0.14
0.21
Yb
2.10
2.00
1.93
1.94
2.05
2.12
2.20
2.04
0.75
0.48
0.45
4.09
1.22
0.85
1.40
Lu
0.31
0.29
0.29
0.30
0.30
0.31
0.32
0.30
0.11
0.07
0.09
0.65
0.19
0.12
0.22
Hf
4.1
3.6
3.5
3.6
3.8
3.8
4.1
3.7
4.9
3.9
4.9
3.6
3.8
3.9
3.9
Ta
1.5
1.5
1.3
1.3
1.5
1.4
1.6
1.4
1.8
1.3
6.2
0.5
2.3
1.6
3.0
Pb
4.4
4.2
3.7
2.5
2.7
4.7
5.1
2.4
5.2
5.4
4.0
2.8
14.0
3.7
14.3
Th
9.4
8.8
8.4
9.3
9.1
9.7
11.3
9.5
14.9
11.3
44.7
4.2
27.1
7.5
31.0
U
2.2
2.1
2.0
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.7
2.2
2.1
3.7
15.9
1.3
10.6
2.1
12.9
22.5
21
...Ze ®Ìˆ¸§ Õ}¨¿ ÕZÅÃ{Âe ּ̋ÂWƒ Á Ճ·Á€fa
Ä ·Z˜» {» Ĭ˜À» Õ}¨¿ ÕZÅÃ{Âe Ö°Ì¿Âf°e ÃZ´ËZm
ÖËZ¼³Z» ÕZÅՀ‡ Ö»Z¼e ÖËZ̼̋ÂWƒ ÕZÅÖ³„ËÁ և€]
Z] •Z^eY { ZŲÀ‡ ¾ËY į |Å{Ö» ½ZŒ¿ Ä ·Z˜» {» Ĭ˜À»
Nbˬ Ö¨À» Ö·Z»Â¿M .|¿YÃ|‹ ¶Ì°Œe Š¿YÁ€§ Z] –^e€» ºˆÌeZ¼³Z»
ÕZÅÖ³„ËÁ ĸ¼m Y Al2O3 Y|¬» ½{Â] ÓZ] ,Zr Õ|u Ze Á Taˬ Ti
dÅZ^‹ į |‹Z]Ö» Ä ·Z˜» {» Ĭ˜À» ÕZŲÀ‡ { Ã|‹Ã|ÅZŒ»
{Y{ ÖËZ¼³Z» ÕZŅ« { Ã|‹¶Ì°Œe ÕZŲÀ‡ Z] Õ{Zˁ
Z] •Z^eY { į ÖËZ¼³Z» ÕZÅÃZ´ËZm €j¯Y { .(Green, 2006)
‚Ì¿ LILE €ZÀŸ Ö³|‹ÖÀ£ Z0 e|¼Ÿ ,|ÀfˆÅ ÖËZ¼³Z» ÕZŅ«
Z] €ZÀŸ Y Ö³|‹ÖÀ£ ¾ËY įÕ—Ä] .|‹Z]Ö» Ã|ÅZŒ» ¶]Z«
€ÌiPe Á Š¿YÁ€§ Ã|Ë|a Z] •Z^eY { \¸£Y Y ±‚] Ö¿ÂË Z ‹
ÕZŲÀ‡ { Äq€³ .|À¿Y{Ö» Ö¿Z«Â§ Äf‹Â³ ó ÕÁ €] ½M
Ã|‹ ‚Ì·Z»€¿ ՀÀŸ |Àq ÕZÅY{¼¿ { ,Ä ·Z˜» {» Ĭ˜À»
LILE €ZÀŸ ÖvÌm€e Ö³|‹ÖÆe Á Ö³|‹ÖÀ£ ,dË|À¯ Ä]
PŒÀ» ²À‡ cZ̏y Ä] €»Y ¾ËY .(5 ¶°‹) {‹ֻ Ã|ÅZŒ»
[Z̼¯ €ZÀŸ ½Y‚Ì» Y ,Ã|‹ €¯} {Y» €]ÃÁԟ .d‡Y Äfˆ]YÁ
Ö°Ì¿Âf°e –Ìv» Ã|ÀÀ¯ ‚ËZ¼f» ÕZÅY{¼¿ { ZŽM ÕZÅd^ˆ¿ Á
¶Ì°Œe Ö°Ì¿Âf°e ÃZ´ËZm ¾ÌÌ e { ‚Ì¿ ®ËZ] ÕZŲÀ‡ ÕY€]
{ Y Y{¼¿ { .(6 ¶°‹) d‡Y Ã|‹ Ã{Z¨f‡Y ZŲÀ‡ ¾ËY
ÖËÁ€]Z³ ÕZŲÀ‡ ,(Muller and Groves, 1991) Zr €]Y€]
ÖËZ¼³Z» ÕZŅ« Ä] •Â]€» ÕZÅÃZ´ËZm { Ä ·Z˜» {» Ĭ˜À»
Y ÕYÃZ« ÕZŅ« ®Ì°¨e dÆm .(a-6 ¶°‹) |¿YÄf§€³ Y€«
Pearce,) Nb/Yb €]Y€] { Th/Yb Y{¼¿ Y և¿ZÌ«Y ÕZŅ«
ÕZÅÁ€]Z³ Y{¼¿ ¾ËY { .(b-6 ¶°‹) d‡Y Ã|‹ Ã{Z¨f‡Y (1983
Nb/ Á Th/Yb ÕÓZ] ÕZÅd^ˆ¿ Z] ½ZyŠaZË -\uZ Ĭ˜À»
.|¿YÄf§€³ Y€« ÕYÃZ« ÕZŅ« Ã{Á|v» { Á Ã|‹ ŽzŒ» Yb
\̯€e ,(Floyd, 1991) Zr €]Y€] { Ba Y{¼¿ Y Ã{Z¨f‡Y Z]
ÕZÅd·YZ] Ã{Á|v» { Ä ·Z˜» {» Ĭ˜À» ÖËÁ€]Z³ ÕZŲÀ‡
Th/Ta Y{¼¿{ .(c-6 ¶°‹) d‡Y Ã|»M d‡{Ä] և« €ËY‚m
Ã{Á|v» { Ä ·Z˜» {» Ĭ˜À» ÕZÅÁ€]Z³ \̯€e Yb €]Y€] {
.(d-6¶°‹) d‡Y Äf§€³ Y€« ÕYÃZ« µZ § ֋YÂu
ÕZŲÀ‡ Ã|¿ÁM {ÂmÁÄ] ÕZ¼³Z» PŒÀ» ²À‡ cZ̏y
{ ZÅĿ¼¿ ,Zr €]Y€] { Y Y{¼¿ ,(a .Ä ·Z˜» {» Ĭ˜À» { ÖËÁ€]Z³ ÕZŲÀ‡ \̯€e Y Ã{Z¨f‡Y Z] Ö°Ì¿Âf°e –Ìv» ¾ÌÌ e dÆm ¦¸fz» ÕZÅY{¼¿ .6 ¶°‹
ÖËÁ€]Z³ ÕZŲÀ‡ Y{¼¿ ¾ËY { ,Nb/Yb €]Y€] { Th/Yb Y{¼¿ (b , (Muller and Groves, 1991) |¿YÃ|‹ ž«YÁ …« Ä] Äfˆ]YÁ ÕZŲÀ‡ Ã{Á|v»
ÕZŲÀ‡ \̯€e Y{¼¿ ¾ËY { ,(Floyd, 1991) Zr €]Y€] { Ba Y{¼¿ (Pearce, 1983), c) |¿YÄf§€³ Y€« ÕYÃZ« ÕZŅ« Ã{Á|v» { Ä ·Z˜» {» Ĭ˜À»
Ã{Á|v» { ZÅĿ¼¿ ,(Pearce, 1983) Yb €]Y€] { Th/Ta Y{¼¿ (d ,d‡Y Äf§€³ Y€« և« €ËY‚m ÕZÅd·YZ] Ã{Á|v» { Ä ·Z˜» {» Ĭ˜À» ÖËÁ€]Z³
.|¿YÃ|‹ ž«YÁ ÕYÃZ« µZ § ÕZŅ«
22
Հ´ÀÅM Ļ » Á ևZÌ·Y ºÌÅY€]Y
MgO (wt% d]Zi Z0 f^ˆ¿ Á ÓZ] €Ë{Z¬» Ä ·Z˜» {» Ĭ˜À» { ¾Ë}M
Cr (ppm 5/718-5/280) Á Ni (ppm 266-141) ˬ(09/11-08/9
į d‡Y ¾ËY €³½ZŒ¿ ®ËZ] ÕZŲÀ‡ Âz] Ä ·Z˜» {»
¾ËY Z] .|‹Z]Ö¼¿ ÄmÂe¶]Z« ½Y|Àq ÕYÄf‡Âa ŠËÓM Â«Á ½Y‚Ì»
[Z̼¯ Á Ö¯Zy {Z¿ €ZÀŸ ÕZÅ´·Y ÕZÅY{¼¿ և€] {ÂmÁ
{ Õ|̇Y ÕZŲÀ‡ \̯€e į |‹Z]Ö» ¾ËY €³½ZÌ] Â̷Z»€¿
Ä̬] Y ŠÌ] Ĭ˜À» { Äf§ZË ½Â¼Ày ÕZŲÀ‡ €´Ë{ Z] ĈËZ¬»
Ã|»M d‡{Ä] ÕZÅ´·Y įÕÂv¿Ä] ,d‡Y Ã|‹ €Ì̤e Zq{ ZŲÀ‡
dÌ ^e ½Y|Àq ZŲÀ‡ €´Ë{ Õ´·Y Y ÖfÌ¿Y€³ ÕZŲÀ‡ ÕY€]
.(4 ¶°‹) |À¯Ö¼¿
Ti Y Á Ã{Â] ÖÀ£ LILE Á Kˬ Pbˬ Th €ZÀŸ Y ÕYÄf‡Âa {Y»
ÄÌ·ÁY Äf‹Â³ €Ë{Z¬» Z] Â̷Z»€¿ ÕZÅ´·Y և€] .|ÀfˆÅ €Ì¬§ P Á
Y Ä ·Z˜» {» Ĭ˜À» Õ}¨¿ ÕZÅÃ{Âe į |‹Z]Ö» ¾ËY Y Ö¯Zu
Ö³|‹ÖÆe {Ây ÁZn» €ZÀŸ Z] ĈËZ¬» { Rb Á Cs €ZÀŸ
Ti Á Nbˬ Hf €ZÀŸ { Ö³|‹ÖÆe ¾ÌÀr¼Å .|ÀÅ{Ö» ½ZŒ¿ |Ë|‹
.|‹Z]-Ö» Ã|ÅZŒ» ¶]Z« ZÅY{¼¿ ¾ËY { ‚Ì¿ Hf Á Zr Õ|u Ze Á
½ZŒ¿ {Ây Y Ö³|‹ÖÆe ,ÖfÌ¿Y€³ ÕZŲÀ‡ { ZÆÀe P €ÀŸ
€ÌiPe Y ½ZŒ¿ |¿YÂeÖ» ZÅdÌ¿Y€³ { €ÀŸ ¾ËY Ö³|‹ÖÆe .|Å{Ö»
.|‹Z] ZŲÀ‡ ¾ËY ÕÁ €] –¬§ ŠËÓM
Â«Á ŽÌzŒe ÕY€] 0Ó¼ » ,Nb/U Á Ce/Pb ÕZÅd^ˆ¿
ÕYÃZ« Äf‡Âa Y€Ë .|¿€Ì³Ö» Y€« Ã{Z¨f‡Y {» ÕYÄf‡Âa ŠËÓM
€Ë{Z¬» ÕYY{ Äf‹Â³ Y Ã|‹ ªfŒ» ÕZÅZ¼³Z» Z] ĈËZ¬» {
¾ÌÀr¼Å .|À‹Z]Ö» Nb/U Á Ce/Pb ÕZÅd^ˆ¿ Y Հe¾ÌËZa
€] Ö¼¯ Z̈] €ÌiPe ,֬ˀ¨e ¸^e Á ֌z] [Á} €Ìœ¿ ÖËZÅ|ÀËM€§
Äq€³ .(Hofmann et al., 1986) |¿Y{ ¯~» ÕZÅd^ˆ¿ ÕÁ
Ce/Pb ÕZÅd^ˆ¿ ½|¿Z» Ö«Z] €Ì̤e ½Á|] Ã|ËY ,€ÌyY ÕZŵZ‡ {
Sims and DePaolo,) ZÅdˆËƒÂ·Á€fa Y Öy€] ¥€— Y Nb/U Á
ÕZÅY{¼¿ { .d‡Y Äf§€³ Y€« և€] Á hv] {» (1997
Y Y ՀfŒÌ] Ö³|À¯Y€a Õ|̇Y ÕZÅĿ¼¿ ,Ce €]Y€] { Ce/Pb
Á Ã{Y{ ½ZŒ¿ Y d‡Y Ã|‹ ªfŒ» Äf‹Â³ į ÄÌ·ÁY ÕZ¼³Z» \̯€e
½ZŒ¿ {Ây Y ÕYÄf‡Âa ŠËÓM į ÖËZÅĿ¼¿ \̯€e cÁZn» {
ÂyÄ] ,ZÅĿ¼¿ €´Ë{ { įַZu { .|¿YÄf§€³ Y€« ,|ÀÅ{Ö»
Ã|‹ ªfŒ» ÕZÅZ¼³Z» Z] Ä]ZŒ» Ce/Pb d^ˆ¿ ,®ËZ] ÕZÅĿ¼¿
ÕZÅZ¼³Z» ÕY€] Ce/Pb d^ˆ¿ .(a-7 ¶°‹) |‹Z]Ö» Äf‹Â³ Y
Hofmann et al.,) |‹Z]Ö» 25 ± 5 Z] €]Y€] Äf‹Â³ Y Ã|‹ªfŒ»
ÕZŲÀ‡ ÕY€] ½ZyŠaZË -\uZ Ĭ˜À» { d^ˆ¿ ¾ËY .(1986
c Ä] ZÅdËÂË{ÂÀ̇ ÕY€] ,21/98 – 42/42 Z] €]Y€] ÖËÁ€]Z³
7/46-30/92 c Ä] ZÅdËÂË{Á‚¿Â» ÕY€] ,15/41-20/15
Y|¬» .d‡Y 12/80-15/28 Z] €]Y€] ÖfÌ¿Y€³ ÕZŲÀ‡ ÕY€] Á
¾ËY Y|¬» Z] ĈËZ¬» { Ã|‹ Ä ·Z˜» ÕZÅĿ¼¿ { Nb/U d^ˆ¿
Hofmann et) ,47±10 Äf‹Â³ Y Ã|‹ªfŒ» ÕZÅZ¼³Z» { d^ˆ¿
,ÖËÁ€]Z³ ÕZŲÀ‡ { d^ˆ¿ ¾ËY .|‹Z]Ö» €e¾ÌËZa (al., 1986
-12/55 Z] €]Y€] \Ìe€eÄ] ÖfÌ¿Y€³ Á ÖfËÂË{Á‚¿Â» ,ÖfËÂË{ÂÀ̇
Y|¬» .d‡Y 3/54-4/36 Á 3/46-13/43 ,5/43-16/86 ,10/89
|¿YÂeÖ» Ä ·Z˜» {» Ĭ˜À» ÕZŲÀ‡ { Nb/U d^ˆ¿ ¾ÌËZa
¶°‹) |‹Z] ZŲÀ‡ ¾ËY ÕÁ €] ÕYÄf‡Âa ŠËÓM €ÌiPe Ã|ÀÅ{½ZŒ¿
.(-7b
Ã|¿ÁM {ÂmÁÄ] ÕZ¼³Z» į |Å{Ö» ½ZŒ¿ ®ËZ] ÕZŲÀ‡ {
ªfŒ» Äf‹Â³ Y Ä ·Z˜» {» Ĭ˜À» { ÖËZ¼³Z» ¦¸fz» ÕZÅՀ‡
\̯€e { Ni €ÀŸ ½Y‚Ì» Äq€³ .(Hess, 1989) d‡Y Ã|‹
ÕY€] Ã|‹ÄWYY –‡Âf» ½Y‚Ì» Y ,Ä ·Z˜» {» Ĭ˜À» ÕZŲÀ‡
¾ÌËZa ,Äf‹Â³ Y Ã|‹ªfŒ» ÄÌ·ÁY ÕZÅZ¼³Z» \̯€e { €ÀŸ ¾ËY
Z§ ”u Ä] Äfˆ]YÁ |¿YÂeÖ» Ni €ÀŸ ½Y‚Ì» ½{Â] ¾ÌËZa .|‹Z]Ö»
.|‹Z] Ã|¿Z¼Ì«Z] Z§ ½YÂÀŸÄ] PŒÀ» ²À‡ { ¾ËÂÌ·Y ‚m Ä] Հ´Ë{
®ËZ] Z0 f^ˆ¿ Ã{Á|v» ®Ë { Ni Á MgO d]Zi Z0 f^ˆ¿ Á ÓZ] €Ë{Z¬»
į |Å{Ö» ½ZŒ¿ ®ËZ] ÕZŲÀ‡ { SiO2 (wt% 47-44) ÕY€]
Ã|‹ €§Z] PŒÀ» { ¾ËÂÌ·Y Ö¿Z¯ ”u –‡Âe ֌z] [Á} |ÀËM€§
ÕZŲÀ‡ { ¹Á€¯ ÕÓZ] €Ë{Z¬» .(Chang et al., 2009) d‡Y
¾ˆ¯Á€ÌaÂÀ̸¯ Y ž^À» ½{Â] ÖÀ£ Ä] ½YÂeÖ» Y Ä ·Z˜» {» Ĭ˜À»
|¿YÂeÖ» CaO Á MgO ¾Ì] Ã|‹Ã|ÅZŒ» [Ây ª]Z˜e .{Y{ d^ˆ¿
Ã|¿ÁM {ÂmÁÄ] ÕZ¼³Z» µÂve { ¾ˆ¯Á€ÌaÂÀ̸¯ ŠËY|m €] ̷ָ{
.|‹Z] Ä ·Z˜» {» Ĭ˜À» ÕZŲÀ‡
PŒÀ» { d¿Z³ ”u ÕY€] {Âm» |ÅY‹ (¦·Y
Ö¯Zu dË|À¯ €Ë{Z¬» Z] Â̷Z»€¿ Ö¯Zy {Z¿ €ZÀŸ ÕZÅ´·Y
{» Ĭ˜À» ÕZŲÀ‡ \̯€e { LREE ÕÓZ] ½Y‚Ì» ”u Y
ÖËÓZ] Ö³|‹ÖÀ£ HREE €ZÀŸ Z] ĈËZ¬» { Á Ã{Â] Ä ·Z˜»
|¿YÂeÖ» HREE €]Y€] { LREE |Ë|‹ ªË€¨e .|ÀÅ{Ö» ½ZŒ¿ Y
Blundy et al.,) |‹Z] PŒÀ» \̯€e { d¿Z³ ”u ʇYÁÄ]
ÕZŲÀ‡ ÕY€] dË|À¯ Ä] Ã|‹‚Ì·Z»€¿ La/Yb d^ˆ¿ .(1998
ŠËY‚§Y Z] d^ˆ¿ ¾ËY .d‡Y €Ì̤e { 19/01 Ze 17/26 Y ®ËZ]
Á Äf§ZË ŠËY‚§Y (ªË€¨e ŠËY‚§Y) ²À‡ \̯€e { SiO2 ½Y‚Ì»
ÖfÌ¿Y€³ Á ÖfËÂË{Á‚¿Â» ,ÖfËÂË{ÂÀ̇ ÕZŲÀ‡ ÕY€] \Ìe€e Ä]
.|‹Z]Ö» 1/6-72/37 Á 47/68-57/56 ,52/32-76/76 Z] €]Y€]
PŒÀ» ²À‡ { d¿Z³ Š¬¿ ¾ÌÀr¼Å Á ”u €fÆ] ¾ÌÌ e dÆm
œÀ» ¾Ë|] .|‹Z]Ö» €e\‡ZÀ» MREE/HREE d^ˆ¿ և€]
Dy/) d^ˆ¿ .{Â] |ÅYÂy Ã|ÀÀ¯®¼¯ Yb Á Dy €ZÀŸ ¾Ì] d^ˆ¿
|¿YÃ|‹ ªfŒ» dÌ·Á€· ¶ÀÌb‡Y PŒÀ» Y į ÖËZÅZ¼³Z» ÕY€] N (Yb
d^ˆ¿ Ä^‡Zv» .(Blundy et al., 1998) |‹Z]Ö» 1/06 Y €f¼¯
Ĭ˜À» { {Âm» ÖËZ¼³Z» ÕZÅՀ‡ Ö»Z¼e ÕY€] N (Dy/Yb)
.|‹Z]Ö» 1/06 Y €f³‚] d^ˆ¿ ¾ËY į |Å{Ö» ½ZŒ¿ Ä ·Z˜» {»
²À‡ { d¿Z³ ”u Ã|ÀÅ{½ZŒ¿ N (Dy/Yb) d^ˆ¿ ½{Â] ÓZ]
.|‹Z]Ö» PŒÀ»
\̯€e ÕÁ €] ÕYÄf‡Âa ŠËÓM €ÌiPe ½Y‚Ì» և€] ([
ÄÌ·ÁY ÕZ¼³Z»
ÕZÅdˆË€¯ÂÀˁ Á (º¯ Y|¬» Ä]) ÕYÄf‡Âa ÕZÅdÌ·ÂÀˁ ”u
Ĭ˜À» { {Âm» ¾Ë}M ÕZŲÀ‡ Y Öy€] \̯€e { ‚eY¯
ÕYÄf‡Âa ŠËÓM Â«Á €³½ZÌ] |¿YÂeÖ» Õ|̇Y ÕZŲÀ‡ ÄËÁÄ]
ÕZŲÀ‡ ÖËZ̼̋ÂWƒ ÕZÅÖ³„ËÁ և€] Á Ä ·Z˜» Äq€³ .|‹Z]
23
...Ze ®Ìˆ¸§ Õ}¨¿ ÕZÅÃ{Âe ּ̋ÂWƒ Á Ճ·Á€fa
.(Chang et al., 2009 Y ZÅY{¼¿) ½ZyŠaZË -\uZ Ĭ˜À» Õ}¨¿ ÕZÅÃ{Âe ÕY€] Nb €]Y€] { Nb/U Y{¼¿ (Ceˬ b €]Y€] { Ce/Pb Y{¼¿ (a .7 ¶°‹
Ä ·Z˜» {» Ĭ˜À» ®ËZ] ÕZŲÀ‡ ¾Ì] Ę]Y ¾ÌÌ e dÆm
Äf‡Âa ,և¿ZÌ«Y ½ZÌ» ÕZÅÄfŒa ÕZÅd·YZ] ,Ã|‹ÖÀ£ Äf‹Â³ Z]
€ZÀŸ ÕZÅd^ˆ¿ Y և¿ZÌ«Y €ËY‚m Á ÖÀÌËZa Äf‡Âa Á ÖËÓZ]
Nb/ ÕZÅY{¼¿ { .(8 ¶°‹) d‡Y Ã|‹ Ã{Z¨f‡Y ¦¸fz» [Z̼¯
¶°‹) Th €]Y€] { Rb/La , (a-8 ¶°‹) Zr/Hf €]Y€] { Ta
®ËZ] ÕZŲÀ‡ (c-8 ¶°‹) Th/Yb €]Y€] { Nb/Ta Á (b-8
Äf‹Â³ Y Ã|‹ ªfŒ» ÕZÅZ¼³Z» \̯€e ÕÁ €] Ä ·Z˜» {» Ĭ˜À»
ÕÁ €] ZÅĿ¼¿ ºÌ‡€e Ö·Á .|¿YÄf§€³ Y€« (OIB Á ÄÌ·ÁY Äf‹Â³)
(Ta/Th) Y{¼¿ Á (d-8 ¶°‹) Th €]Y€] { Nb/Th ÕZÅY{¼¿
€] Ö¿Z«Â§ Äf‡Âa €ÌiPe €´¿ZÌ] (e-8 ¶°‹) N (La/Sm) €]Y€] { N
.|‹Z]Ö» Ä ·Z˜» {» Ĭ˜À» ®ËZ] ÕZŲÀ‡
¾Ë}M ÕZÅÃ{Âe ÖËZ̼̋ÂWƒ ÕZÅÖ³„ËÁ Ä] ÄmÂe Z] ¾ËY€]ZÀ]
€ÌiPe Ã|ÀÅ{ ½ZŒ¿ ®ËZ] ÕZŲÀ‡ ÄËÁÄ] Ä ·Z˜» {» Ĭ˜À»
Ĭ˜À» ÕZŲÀ‡ \̯€e ÕÁ €] ÕYÄf‡Âa ŠËÓM |ÀËM€§ ­|¿Y
Y .|‹Z]Ö» Õ|̇Y ÕZŲÀ‡ ÕÁ €] Ây Ä] Ä ·Z˜» {»
{ Ã|‹Ã|ÅZŒ» ÕZÅÖ·Z»Â¿M į |̇ ÄnÌf¿ ¾ËY Ä] ½YÂeÖ» Á€ÀËY
ÄÌ·ÁY cZ̏y Ä] •Â]€» ,(5 ¶°‹) ՀÀŸ|Àq ÕZÅY{¼¿
.d‡Y ÄÌ·ÁY ÕZ¼³Z»
PŒÀ» ²À‡ ÕÁ €] ºˆÌeZ»Â‡Zf» €ÌiPe (_
ÕY€] dË|À¯ Ä] Ã|‹ ‚Ì·Z»€¿ ՀÀŸ |Àq ÕZÅY{¼¿ և€]
¶°‹) Ä ·Z˜» {» Ĭ˜À» { {Âm» ÖËZ¼³Z» ÕZÅՀ‡ Ö»Z¼e
Ä]) LILE ½Âr¼Å ÕZ³Z‡Z¿ €ZÀŸ { Ö³|‹ÖÀ£ €³½ZÌ] (5
d^ˆ¿ ¾ÌÀr¼Å .|‹Z]Ö» U Á LREEˬ Th ˬ (Cs Á Rb ÕZÀjf‡Y
,ÖÀÌËZa Á ÖËÓZ] Äf‡Âa ,Ã|‹ ÖÀ£ Äf‹Â³ Z] Ä ·Z˜» {» Ĭ˜À» ®ËZ] ÕZŲÀ‡ ¾Ì] Ę]Y ¾ÌÌ e dÆm ¦¸fz» [Z̼¯ €ZÀŸ ÕZÅd^ˆ¿ ÕZÅY{¼¿ .8 ¶°‹
Y€« ÄÌ·ÁY Äf‹Â³ \̯€e Ö°Ë{‚¿ { Ä ·Z˜» {» Ĭ˜À» ®ËZ] ÕZŲÀ‡ ,Zr/Hf €]Y€] { Nb/Ta Y{¼¿ (a .և¿ZÌ«Y ½ZÌ» ÄfŒa ÕZÅd·YZ] Á և¿ZÌ«Y €ËY‚m
ž«YÁ OIB Ö°Ë{‚¿ { ZÅĿ¼¿ ˬTh/Yb €]Y€] { Nb/Ta Y{¼¿ (c ,|¿YÃ|‹ ž«YÁ OIB \̯€e Ö°Ë{‚¿ { ZÅĿ¼¿ ,Th €]Y€] { Rb/La Y{¼¿ (b ,|¿YÄf§€³
Ö°Ë{‚¿ { ZÅĿ¼¿ ,N (La/Sm) €]Y€] { N (Ta/Th) Y{¼¿ (e ,|¿YÄf§€³ Y€« Ö¿Z«Â§ Äf‡Âa Ö°Ë{‚¿ { ZÅĿ¼¿ ,Th €]Y€] { Nb/Th Y{¼¿ (d ,|¿YÃ|‹
{ ,d‡Y Wedepohl (1995) Y Äf‡Âa , Sun and McDonough (1989) Y և¿ZÌ«Y ½ZÌ» ÄfŒa ÕZÅd·YZ] \̯€e –‡Âf» .|¿YÄf§€³ Y€« Ö¿Z«Â§ Äf‡Âa
Y Ã|‹ ÖÆe Äf‹Â³ Y{¼¿ ¾ËY { ,(Plank and Langmuir, 1992) d‡Y ֌¿YÁ€§ ª—ZÀ» cZ]‡ \̯€e –‡Âf» Ã|ÀÅ{½ZŒ¿ GLOSS (e) Y{¼¿
Y {Y» Ä̬] Á Taylor and McLennan (1981) Y Ö¿Z«Â§ Äf‡Âa , Weaver and Tarney, (1984) Y ¾Ë€Ë Äf‡Âa , McKenzie and O’Nions (1991)
.d‡Y Ã|‹ Äf§€³ Sun and McDonough (1989)
24
Հ´ÀÅM Ļ » Á ևZÌ·Y ºÌÅY€]Y
0Ó¼ » .|‹Z]Ö» ZŲÀ‡ ¾ËY ÕY€] ¾·Z°·M Õ{Y» { Á ¾·Z°·M
{ Õ{Zˁ €ÌiPe ,֌z] [Á} ½Z» { ZÅdÌeÁ|ˀa €] º¯Zu ZŒ§
Takahashi) {Y{ †Ì¸Ì‡ Y Öf·YZ] ÕZÅZ¼³Z» Ö³|‹Z^‹Y ½Y‚Ì»
.(and Kushiro, 1983; Langmuir et al., 1992; Kushiro, 2001
{ (Ö¿Á |{ %5 Y €f¼¯) ֌z] [Á} º¯ cZm{ Z0 e|¼Ÿ
Z] ¾·Z°·M ÕZÅZ¼³Z» {ZnËY Ä] €nÀ» ,(> 3 GPa) ÓZ] ÕZÅZŒ§
€eÓZ] ֌z] [Á} cZm{ įַZu { ,{{€³Ö» ÂÌeZ»€¿ ¾Ì¸¨¿
Á ¾f‡€bÌÅ Z] ÖfÌX·Âe ÕZÅZ¼³Z» {ZnËY Ä] €nÀ» ,º¯ ©Z¼ŸY {
Hirose and Kushiro, 1993; DePaolo) {{€³Ö» ÂÌeZ»€¿ ‚eY¯
Z] ĈËZ¬» { ÖfÌX·Âe ÕZÅd·YZ] ,¾ËY€]ZÀ] .(and Daley, 2000
€eÓZ] cZm{ { ZÅdÌeÁ|ˀa ֌z] [Á} Y ¾·Z°·M ÕZÅd·YZ]
½Y‚Ì» ÕYY{ ¾·Z°·M ÕZÅd·YZ] €´Ë{ cZ^ŸÄ] .|¿{€³Ö» {ZnËY
|ÀÅYÂy ÖfÌX·Âe ÕZÅd·YZ] Ä] d^ˆ¿ €eÓZ] MgO Á €e¾ÌËZa SiO2
{» Ĭ˜À» ÖËÁ€]Z³ ÕZŲÀ‡ \̯€e { {Âm» SiO2 ½Y‚Ì» .{Â]
MgO ½Y‚Ì» ¶]Z¬» { Á (44/89-46/07 %wt) Ã{Â] ¾ÌËZa Ä ·Z˜»
ÓZ] Z0 f^ˆ¿ ,(9/08-11/09 %wt) ZŲÀ‡ ¾ËY \̯€e { {Âm»
¾ËY ÖËZ¼³Z» Հ‡ dÌÅZ» ‚Ì¿ Á ®ËZ] ÕZŲÀ‡ \̯€e .d‡Y
ÕZ¼³Z» į d‡Y ¾ËY €³½ZÌ] Ö´¼Å ,(¾·Z°·M ÕZÅÁ€]Z³) ZŲÀ‡
PŒÀ» ²À‡ º¯ Äm{ ֌z] [Á} Y ZŲÀ‡ ¾ËY Ã|¿ÁM {ÂmÁÄ]
[Á} Äm{ €eªÌ«{ ¾Ì¼ze dÆm ,{ÂmÁ ¾ËY Z] .|¿YÃ|»M {ÂmÁÄ]
ÕZÅÖ³„ËÁ Y ÖËZ¼³Z» ÕZŲÀ‡ |·Â» Äf‹Â³ Á PŒÀ» ²À‡ ֌z]
.d‡Y Ã|‹ Ã{Z¨f‡Y ZŽM ÕZÅd^ˆ¿ Á Ö¯Zy {Z¿ €ZÀŸ
ՀZÀŸ Á La ½Âr¼Å ÓZ] ÕZ³Z‡Z¿ Z] ՀZÀŸ Y Ã{Z¨f‡Y
dÆm |¿YÂeÖ» ®ËZ] ÕZŲÀ‡ { Sm ¶j» ¾ÌËZa ÕZ³Z‡Z¿ Z]
{» ½M ֌z] [Á} ½Y‚Ì» Á PŒÀ» ²À‡ \̯€e ՁZ‡Z]
¾ËY Y Aldanmaz et al. (2000) œÀ» ¾Ë|] .{€Ì³ Y€« Ã{Z¨f‡Y
¶°‹ { .d‡Y Äfˆm ÀÆ] ž^À» ÕZÅÖ³„ËÁ ¾ÌÌ e ÕY€] €ZÀŸ
{ .d‡Y Ã|‹ ÄWYY ¾Ì¬¬v» ¾ËY –‡Âe Ã|‹ ÄWYY ÕZÅY{¼¿ 9
Ã|‹ÖÀ£Äf‹Â³ Ã{Á|v» { ZÅĿ¼¿ ,La €]Y€] { La/Sm Y{¼¿
¾ËY { .(a-9 ¶°‹) |¿YÃ|‹ ž«YÁ dÌ·Á€· d¿Z³ \̯€e Z]
®ËZ] ÕZÅĿ¼¿ ÕY€] Ã|»M d‡{Ä] ֌z] [Á} w€¿ ,Y{¼¿
{ .(%5 <) d‡Y Ã|»M d‡{Ä] ¾ÌËZa Z̈] Ä ·Z˜» {» Ĭ˜À»
€ÀŸ .d‡Y Ã|‹ ÄWYY Sm €]Y€] { Sm/Yb Y{¼¿ b-9 ¶°‹
{ Ö·Á .|‹Z]Ö» d¿Z³ Ö¿Z¯ ZfyZ‡ { Z³Z‡ ՀÀŸ Yb
Rol-) |À¯Ö» ¶¼Ÿ Z³Z‡Z¿ cÄ] ¾ˆ¯Á€Ìa Ö¿Z¯ ½Z¼fyZ‡
½YÂeÖ» €ÀŸ ¾ËY Y|¬» Y Ã{Z¨f‡Y Z] Á¾ËY Y .(linson, 1993
Ã|¿ÁM {ÂmÁÄ] ÕZ¼³Z» |·Â» Äf‹Â³ ևZÀ‹Ö¿Z¯ \̯€e ÕY€]
²À‡ ,Y{¼¿ ¾ËY { .dˆm ÀÆ] ,Ä ·Z˜» {» Ĭ˜À» ÕZŲÀ‡
{ ,Ä ·Z˜» {» Ĭ˜À» ®ËZ] ÕZŲÀ‡ ÕY€] Ã|»M d‡{Ä] PŒÀ»
ž«YÁ dÌ·Á€· ¶ÀÌb‡Y -d¿Z³ Á dÌ·Á€· d¿Z³ ¾Ì] ÕYÃ{Á|v»
¾ËY PŒÀ» { d¿Z³ ½|¿Z»Ö«Z] Y ½ZŒ¿ |¿YÂeÖ» €»Y ¾ËY .|¿YÃ|‹
ÕZÅd^ˆ¿ Y c-9 ¶°‹ { Ã|‹ÄWYY Y{¼¿ { .|‹Z] ZŲÀ‡
(¾Ì´À‡ Ö¯Zy {Z¿ €ZÀŸ/–‡Âf» Ö¯Zy {Z¿ €ZÀŸ) Sm/Yb
(¾Ì´À‡ Ö¯Zy {Z¿ €ZÀŸ/®^‡ Ö¯Zy {Z¿ €ZÀŸ) La/Sm Á
ÕZŲÀ‡ Ã|¿ÁM {ÂmÁÄ] PŒÀ» ²À‡ ÕZÅÖ³„ËÁ ÖËZ‡ZÀ‹ dÆm
½{Â] ÓZ] .|‹Z]Ö» ÓZ] Z0 f^ˆ¿ ‚Ì¿ ZŲÀ‡ ¾ËY { LILEs/HFSEs
Á ÕYÄf‡Âa ŠËÓM Ä] |¿YÂeÖ» ZŲÀ‡ \̯€e { ¯~» €ZÀŸ
,Äq€³ .|‹Z] Äfˆ]YÁ ºˆÌeZ»Â‡Zf» |ÀËM€§ –‡Âe Ã|‹ÖÀ£ Äf‹Â³
ŠËÓM ½Y‚Ì» ,|‹ և€] ‚Ì¿ Ö¸^« ÕZŊz] { į—½Z¼Å
¾ËY Á Ã{Â^¿ ÓZ] ½Y|Àq Ä ·Z˜» {» Ĭ˜À» ÕZŲÀ‡ { ÕYÄf‡Âa
Äf‹Y|¿ Äf‹Â³ \̯€e { ÖÀ´¼ÅZ¿ {ZnËY { Ö¿Y|Àq €ÌiPe |ÀËM€§
Ö³|‹ÖÆe Á Ba Á Rb ½Âr¼Å ՀZÀŸ { Ö³|‹ÖÀ£ .d‡Y
Š¿YÁ€§ Z] –^e€» ºˆÌeZ¼³Z» YÂy Y Ti Á Taˬ Nb €ZÀŸ {
|ÀËM€§ €iY { į ÖËZ¼³Z» ž^À» { .(Green, 2006) |‹Z]Ö»
Ta Ä] d^ˆ¿ Th Y|¬» Z0 e|¼Ÿ ,|‹Z] Ã|‹ ºˆÌeZ»Â‡Zf» ,Š¿YÁ€§
\̯€e { Th/Ta d^ˆ¿ ŠËY‚§Y hŸZ] €»Y ¾ËY .|]ZËÖ» ŠËY‚§Y
ÕZŲÀ‡ \̯€e { d^ˆ¿ ¾ËY .{{€³Ö» Ã|‹ {ZnËY ÕZ¼³Z»
{ 7/15 Ze 5/87 Y Á Ã{Â] ÓZ] Z0 f^ˆ¿ Ä ·Z˜» {» Ĭ˜À» ®Ì§Z»
{» ÂÌeZ»Â‡Zf» Äf‹Â³ ÕY€] ֐yZ‹ ½YÂÀŸÄ] į |‹Z]Ö» €Ì̤e
Z¼³Z» |·Â» Äf‹Â³ \̯€e €Ì̤e Y ½ZŒ¿ Á Äf§€³ Y€« Ã{Z¨f‡Y
.|‹Z]Ö» ºˆÌeZ»Â‡Zf» |ÀËM€§ –‡Âe
½YÂÀŸÄ] |¿YÂeÖ» ÕYÄf‡Âa ŠËÓM €]ÃÁԟ Ba €ÀŸ Ö³|‹ÖÀ£
¾ËY€]ZÀ] .{Á Z¯Ä] ‚Ì¿ ÂÌeZ»Â‡Zf» Äf‹Â³ ÖËZ‡ZÀ‹ dÆm ֐yZ‹
ŽÌzŒe dÆm |¿YÂeÖ» Ba/Nb Á Ba/Ta ÕZÅd^ˆ¿ Y Ã{Z¨f‡Y
Á Ba/Ta >450 €Ë{Z¬» .|‹Z] Ã|ÀÀ¯®¼¯ Öf·YZ] ÕZÅZ¼³Z» PŒÀ»
d‡Y Š¿YÁ€§ Z] –^e€» ºˆÌeZ¼³Z» ÕZÅÖ³„ËÁ Y Ba/Nb > 28
Gill, 1981; Fitton et al., 1991; Hildreth and Moorbath,)
Ä ·Z˜» {» Ĭ˜À» ®ËZ] ÕZŲÀ‡ ÕY€] Ba/Nb d^ˆ¿ .(1998
483/3-551/5 cÄ] Ba/Ta d^ˆ¿ Á 27/37-28/71 Z] €]Y€]
cÓŻ €ÌiPe Y ½ZŒ¿ ¯~» ÕZÅd^ˆ¿ ÕÓZ] €Ë{Z¬» .d‡Y
ÕZ¼³Z» |·Â» Äf‹Â³ ½{¼¿ ÂÌeZ»Â‡Zf» { Š¿YÁ€§ Y ¶Zu
.d‡Y Ä ·Z˜» {» Ĭ˜À» { ¾Ë}M ÕZŲÀ‡ Ã|¿ÁM {ÂmÁÄ]
Ö¨¸fz» ¶»YŸ į d‡Y ¾ËY Y Ö¯Zu Ã|‹ ¹Zn¿Y ¦¸fz» cZ ·Z˜»
ZË Ã|¿ÁÁ€§ և¿ZÌ«Y Äf‡Âa ÖËY{[M Y ¶Zu cÓŻ ½Âr¼Å
cZ]‡ Y ¶Zu ÕZÅ[Y~» ZËÁ Ã|¿ÁÁ€§ cZ]‡ ÖËY{[M
ÕZÅÄfŒa ÕZÅd·YZ] [Á} Y ¶Zu ÕZÅ[Y~» ZË Á Ã|¿ÁÁ€§
ÕÓZ] Äf‹Â³ Ö³|‹ÖÀ£ { ,Ã|¿ÁÁ€§ Ä ˜« ZË Á և¿ZÌ«Y ½ZÌ»
և¿ZÌ«Y Äf‡Âa ÖËY{[M 0Ó¼ » .d‡Y €iR» ֌¿YÁ€§ ½Á
€ZÀŸ dœ¸£ ŠËY‚§Y hŸZ] Ã|¿ÁÁ€§ cZ]‡ ZË Á Ã|¿ÁÁ€§
½Âr¼Å ­€vf» €Ì£ €ZÀŸ Ö³|‹ÖÆe Á LILE ½Âr¼Å ­€vf»
€Ë{Z¬» Z] Â̷Z»€¿ ՀÀŸ |Àq ÕZÅ´·Y և€] .{‹ֻ HFSE
Zrˬ Hfˬ ½Âr¼Å HFSE €ZÀŸ į |Å{Ö» ½ZŒ¿ ÄÌ·ÁY Äf‹Â³
Ö^ˆ¿ Ö³|‹ÖÆe .|ÀÅ{Ö» ½ZŒ¿ {Ây Y Ö¨À» Ö·Z»Â¿M Ta Á Nb
cZ]‡ Y Ã|‹ {YM cÓŻ į |‹Z]Ö» ¾ËY €³½ZÌ] HFSEs
ÂÌeZ»Â‡Zf» { ÖËY‚‡Ä] €ÌiPe Ã|¿ÁÁ€§ և¿ZÌ«Y Äf‡Âa/Ã|¿ÁÁ€§
.d‡Y Äf‹Y{ |·Â» Äf‹Â³ ½{¼¿
PŒÀ» ²À‡ ֌z] [Á} ½Y‚Ì» (g
Ĭ˜À» ÖËZ¼³Z» ÕZŲÀ‡ ÕY€] Հ‡ ¾ÌÌ e ÕZÅY{¼¿ և€]
-®·Z¯ dÌÅZ» €³½ZŒ¿ (®ËZ] ÕZŲÀ‡ ÄËÁÄ]) Ä ·Z˜» {»
25
...Ze ®Ìˆ¸§ Õ}¨¿ ÕZÅÃ{Âe ּ̋ÂWƒ Á Ճ·Á€fa
[Á} ½Y‚Ì» Á ÖËZ‡ZÀ‹ dÆm ZÅY{¼¿ ¾ËY .La/Sm €]Y€] { Sm/Yb Y{¼¿ (c ˬSm €]Y€] { Sm/Yb Y{¼¿ (b ˬLa €]Y€] { La/Sm Y{¼¿ (a .9 ¶°‹
PŒÀ» ²À‡ \̯€e ¾ÌÌ e œÀ»Ä] La/Yb €]Y€] { Gd/Yb Y{¼¿ (d ,(Aldanmaz et al., 2000 Y Äf§€³€] ZÅY{¼¿) d‡Y Ã|‹ Ã{Z¨f‡Y PŒÀ» ²À‡ ֌z]
.¾Ë}M ÕZŲÀ‡ Ã|¿ÁM {ÂmÁÄ] ÕZ¼³Z» |Ì·Âe { PŒÀ» ²À‡ ֌z] [Á} w€¿ Á Ä ·Z˜» {» Ĭ˜À» ¾Ë}M ÕZŲÀ‡
,Y{¼¿ ¾ËY Y Ã{Z¨f‡Y Z] .d‡Y Ã|‹ Ã{Z¨f‡Y Ä ·Z˜» {» Ĭ˜À»
¾ÌÌ e Y PŒÀ» ²À‡ ֌z] [Á} w€¿ Á \̯€e ½YÂeÖ» Ö]ÂyÄ]
{» Ĭ˜À» ®ËZ] ÕZŲÀ‡ ÕZÅĿ¼¿ ,Y{¼¿ ¾ËY { .{¼¿
Ã|‹ ºÌ‡€e dÌ·Á€· ¶ÀÌb‡Y - d¿Z³ Y{¼¿ Ö°Ë{‚¿ { Ä ·Z˜»
.|ÀÅ{Ö» ½ZŒ¿ {Ây Y Y ÖÀÌËZa ֌z] [Á} w€¿ Á
€]Y€] { Gd/Yb Y{¼¿ Y ÓZ] { Ã|‹ €¯} ÕZÅY{¼¿ €]ÃÁԟ
Ĭ˜À» ÕZŲÀ‡ ֌z] [Á} w€¿ Á PŒÀ» ¾ÌÌ e dÆm ‚Ì¿ La/Yb
\̯€e ,Y{¼¿ ¾ËY { .(d-9 ¶°‹) d‡Y Ã|‹ Ã{Z¨f‡Y Ä ·Z˜» {»
- d¿Z³ \̯€e Ö°Ë{‚¿ { Ä ·Z˜» {» Ĭ˜À» ®ËZ] ÕZŲÀ‡
֌z] [Á} w€¿ .d‡Y Ã|‹ ž«YÁ dÌ·Á€· dÌa³¸§ - µÂ^̨»M
Ĭ˜À» ÕZŲÀ‡ Ã|¿ÁM {ÂmÁÄ] PŒÀ» ²À‡ ÕY€] Ã|»M d‡{Ä]
.d‡Y Ã|»M d‡{Ä] |{ 5 Ze 2 ¾Ì] Ä ·Z˜» {»
26
Հ´ÀÅM Ļ » Á ևZÌ·Y ºÌÅY€]Y
Ä ·Z˜» {» Ĭ˜À» { ¾Ë}M ÕZŲÀ‡ µÂve
®Ì¿Âe¸a ÕZŲÀ‡ [Z̼¯ Á Ö¸Y €ZÀŸ ּ̋ÂWƒ և€]
|¿Á Á{ {ÂmÁ Y Ö¯Zu ÖËZeÁ{ ÕZÅY{¼¿ { Ä ·Z˜» {»
MgO ŠÅZ¯ ,SiO2 ŠËY‚§Y Z] ®Ì§Z» |¿Á (1) :d‡Y Ö°Ìf¿ƒÁ€fa
Fe2O3ˬ TiO2ˬ K2Oˬ Na2Oˬ MnOˬ Al2O3ˬ Srˬ Baˬ ŠËY‚§Y Á
ŠËY‚§Y Z] į ®Ìˆ¸§ |¿Á (2) Á d‡Y ÃY€¼Å Th Á Rbˬ Hfˬ Nb
Á MgOˬ Fe2O3ˬ TiO2ˬ CaOˬ MnO ÖnË|e ŠÅZ¯ ,SiO2
.(3 ¶°‹) d‡Y ÃY€¼Å Na2O Á Al2O3ˬ K2O ÖnË|e ŠËY‚§Y
½YÂÀŸÄ] |¿YÂeÖ» ®Ìˆ¸§ Á ®Ì§Z» ÕZÅՀ‡ ¾Ì] Ö^̯€e {Â^¿
®Ì§Z» ÕZŲÀ‡ |‹ €¯} į Ŀ³½Z¼Å .|‹Z] |¿Á Á{ €] Õ|ÌËPe
{Ây Ä] Y Ö¼¯ ºnu ÖfÌ¿Y€³ ÕZŲÀ‡ Z] ĈËZ¬» { –‡YÁ|u Á
\̯€e ÕYY{ ®Ì¿Âe¸a ÕZŲÀ‡ Ã|¼Ÿ ºnu .|¿YÃ{Y{ ZfyY
ÕZ¼³Z» į |Å{Ö» ½ZŒ¿ ּ̋ÂWƒ cZ ·Z˜» .|À‹Z]Ö» ÖfÌ¿Y€³
”u ¾ÌÀr¼Å .d‡Y Äf‹Y{ Öf·YZ] \̯€e ZŲÀ‡ ¾ËY ÄÌ·ÁY
€´¿ZÌ] ZŲÀ‡ ¾ËY \̯€e { µÂ^̨»M Ö¿Z¯ Y Õ{Zˁ €Ë{Z¬»
[M ½|‹ ħZ“Y .d‡Y Ã{Â] ÄÌ·ÁY ÕZ¼³Z» \̯€e { [M ”u
ÕZÅ|ÀËM€§ €iY { į¾ËY ZË Á |‹Z] ÄÌ·ÁY |¿YÂeÖ» Z¼³Z» \̯€e Ä]
.{‹ ħZ“Y Z¼³Z» \̯€e Ä] ÕYÄf‡Âa ŠËÓM ½Âr¼Å ÕYÄË¿Zi
\̯€e €] ÕYÄf‡Âa ŠËÓM €ÌiPe Z] Ę]Y { Ã|‹ ¹Zn¿Y ÕZÅև€]
½ZŒ¿ ,Ä ·Z˜» {» Ĭ˜À» ÕZŲÀ‡ Ã|¿ÁM {ÂmÁÄ] ÕZ¼³Z»
ÕZ¼³Z» Á Ã{Â] ‚ÌqZ¿ Z¼³Z» \̯€e €] ŠËÓM €ÌiPe į |Å{Ö»
{ [M ÖÆmÂe¶]Z« €Ë{Z¬» ÕYY{ Y|f]Y Y ,ZŲÀ‡ Ã|¿ÁM {ÂmÁÄ]
.d‡Y Ã{Â] {Ây \̯€e
¦¸fz» ÕZÅՀ‡ \̯€e { {Âm» Cr €ÀŸ Ö¿YÁY€§ ĈËZ¬»
{ €ÀŸ ¾ËY ÕÓZ] ‚¯€¼e €´¿ZÌ] Ä ·Z˜» {» Ĭ˜À» ÖËZ¼³Z»
|¬f » Roberts et al. (2000) .d‡Y ®ËZ] ÕZŲÀ‡ \̯€e
€´¿ZÌ] |¿YÂeÖ» ZÅÁ€]Z³ { €ÀŸ ¾ËY ÕÓZ] ‚¯€¼e į |ÀfˆÅ
®Ì§Z» ÕZÅÖ¿Z¯ ž¼ne Á ÖËÓ»¯ ‰Á Ä] ZŲÀ‡ ¾ËY ¶Ì°Œe
‚¯€¼e {Â^¿) |À¯Ö» { Y Ã|ËY ¾ËY ְ̧Y€³Á€fa cZ ·Z˜» Z»Y .|‹Z]
µÂ^̨»M ”u Á ÖËÁ€]Z³ ÕZŲÀ‡ { ®Ì§Z» ÕZÅÖ¿Z¯ Y ÖËÓZ]
Sr ÕZÅY{¼¿ 10 ¶°‹ { .(ÖËZ¼³Z» ÕZÅՀ‡ Ö»Z¼e \̯€e {
¸^e µ|» Y ¶Zu lËZf¿ Z] Á d‡Y Ã|‹ ºÌ‡€e Ba Á Rb €]Y€] {
{» ÕZŲÀ‡ ,µ|» ¾ËY { .d‡Y Ã|‹ ĈËZ¬» Ö¸Ë ֬ˀ¨e
,Zb‡|¸§Ö·Z°·M ÕZÅÖ¿Z¯ ªË€¨e Á ¸^e Z] ՀfŒÌ] ª]Z˜e Ä ·Z˜»
{ Ã|‹ Ã|ÅZŒ» Ö¨À» \̋ .|ÀÅ{Ö» ½ZŒ¿ |À¸^¿ÂÅ Á Ô¯Â˃Ôa
ÕZŲÀ‡ Y ÄËÁ Ä] Ä ·Z˜» {» ÕZÅĿ¼¿ ÕY€] a-10 Y{¼¿
€Ë{Z¬» Y Ã{Z¨f‡Y Z] į |‹Z]Ö» Ö¸Ë ֬ˀ¨e ¸^e %30 Ã|ÀÅ{ ½ZŒ¿ ֬ˀ¨e ¸^e ÕZÅY{€] .Ba €]Y€] { Sr Y{¼¿ (b ˬRb €]Y€] { Sr Y{¼¿ (a .10 ¶°‹
:Cpx ,|À¸^¿ÂÅ :Hbl ,¾ËÂÌ·Y :Ol) d‡Y Ã|‹ Ä^‡Zv» (ZÅÖ¿Z¯ €´Ë{) dÌ·ÂË Á ḋY{ Á (¾ËÂÌ·Y Ö¿Z¯) d·YZ] ÕY€] Rollinson (1993) –‡Âe Ã|‹ ÄWYY Kd
.(dÌeÂÌ] :Bt Á ºÌ‡Zfa Zb‡|¸§ :Kfs ,Ô¯Â˃Ôa :Pl ,¾ˆ¯Á€ÌaÂÀ̸¯
27
...Ze ®Ìˆ¸§ Õ}¨¿ ÕZÅÃ{Âe ּ̋ÂWƒ Á Ճ·Á€fa
{ Zb‡|¸§ ªË€¨e Š¬¿ Ã|ÀÅ{ ½ZŒ¿ |¿YÂeÖ» ,Õ|̇Y Ze –‡YÁ |u
Ô¯Â˃Ôa ªË€¨e Š¬¿ ,b-10 ¶°‹ { .|‹Z] ZŲÀ‡ ¾ËY ¶Ì°Œe
Ã|ÅZŒ» ֬ˀ¨e |¿Á Z] Õ{Zˁ ª]Z˜e ZÅĿ¼¿ Á Ã|‹ Ã|ÅZŒ» €f¼¯
Z] ¾ËY€]ZÀ] .|ÀÅ{Ö» ½ZŒ¿ {Ây Y Zb‡|·Z§Ö·Z°·M Ö¿Z¯ Z] Ã|‹
¾ÌÀq ½YÂeÖ» [Z̼¯ €ZÀŸ ÕZÅÃ{Y{ Y ¶Zu lËZf¿ Ä] ÄmÂe
¶Ì°Œe { ևZ‡Y Š¬¿ Zb‡|¸§Ö·Z°·M ªË€¨e į d§€³ ÄnÌf¿
–‡YÁ|u ÕZŲÀ‡ ÕY€] ÄËÁÄ] Ä ·Z˜» {» Ĭ˜À» ÕZŲÀ‡
ÖËZ̼̋ÂWƒ ÕZÅÖ³„ËÁ Ä] ÄmÂe Z] .d‡Y Ã{¼¿ Z¨ËY Õ|̇Y Ze
¸^e ,Ä ·Z˜» {» Ĭ˜À» { Äf§ZË ½Â¼Ày ¾Ë}M ÕZŲÀ‡
Ö´À‡ ¦¸fz» ÕZÅՀ‡ Ã|¿ÁM {ÂmÁÄ] ¶»ZŸ ¾Ë€f¼Æ» ֬ˀ¨e
.|‹Z]Ö» Ĭ˜À» ¾ËY {
.|À‹Z]Ö» ÂÌeZ»Â‡Zf»
Ö¿Y{|«
,ּ̋ÂWƒ" ½YÂÀŸ Z] ֌ÅÁ„a s€— Y Äf§€³€] Ä·Z¬» ¾ËY
{ †Ì¸Ì‡ Á dÌfÀ´» ,d¿Z³ Ö¿| » {Y» և€] Á Ճ·Á€fa
ÃZ´Œ¿Y{ ֌ÅÁ„a d¿ÁZ » Ö·Z» dËZ¼u Z] į d‡Y "‚¬‡ ½Z°‡Y
Y ĸ̇Á¾Ë|] Y~· .d‡Y Ã|‹ ¹Zn¿Y ÄÌ»ÁY |uYÁ ֻԇY {YM
.{‹ֻ Ö¿Y{|« Á €°Œe d¿ÁZ » ½M Ã|¿Y ÕZ°¼Å
ž]ZÀ»
.‚¬‡ 1:100000 ևZÀ‹¾Ì» Ȭ¿ .1382 ,..Y ,Ö¿ZyZ]Z] .½Y€ËY Ö¿| » cZ§ZŒf¯Y Á ևZÀ‹¾Ì» ½Z»Z‡
1:100000 ևZÀ‹¾Ì» Ȭ¿ .1378 ,.s.¹ ,Ö«€ˆyÖ¬¸y .½Y€ËY ևZÀ‹¾Ì» ½Z»Z‡ .½Z]Zq
Հ̳ÄnÌf¿
”u Õ{| f» Õ}¨¿ ÕZÅÃ{Âe ½ZyŠaZË -\uZ Ĭ˜À» {
,dÌ¿Y€³ cÄ] \¸£Y Á Ã{Â] ÂÀf» ZŲÀ‡ ¾ËY \̯€e .|¿Y{
Á dËÂË{ ,dËÂË{‚eY¯ ,dËÂË{Á‚¿Â» ,dËÂË{ÂÀ̇ ,dÌ·Z¿Âe
Õ}¨¿ ÕZÅÃ{Âe Ã|¼Ÿ ºnu .|‹Z]Ö» Á€]Z³ €f¼¯ Z̈] Y|¬» Ä]
.|À‹Z]Ö» ÖfÌ¿Y€³ \̯€e ÕYY{ Ä ·Z˜» {» Ĭ˜À»
Ĭ˜À» ¾Ë}M ÕZŲÀ‡ ÖËZeÁ{ cY€Ì̤e ÕZÅY{¼¿ և€]
ÕZÅՀ‡) Ö°Ìf¿ƒÁ€fa |¿Á Á{ {ÂmÁ Y ½ZŒ¿ ,Ä ·Z˜» {»
Á ֬ˀ¨e ¸^e .{Y{ ZŲÀ‡ ¾ËY ¶»Z°e { (®Ìˆ¸§ Á ®Ì§Z»
¶»ZŸ Ô¯Â˃Ôa Á µÂ^̨»M ÄËÁÄ] ,ZÅÖ¿Z¯ Y Öy€] ŠËY|m
.d‡Y Ã{Â] ZÅ|¿Á ¾ËY ½|»M {ÂmÁÄ] { Ã|¼Ÿ
,ÄÌ·ÁY Äf‹Â³ €Ë{Z¬» Z] Â̷Z»€¿ ՀÀŸ |Àq ÕZÅY{¼¿ {
ÕY€] Ö¨À» Ö·Z»Â¿M Á REE Z] ĈËZ¬» { LILE €ZÀŸ Ö³|‹ÖÀ£
€ZÀŸ ÕZÅ´·Y …Z‡Y€] .d‡Y Ã|ÅZŒ» ¶]Z« Ti Á Nbˬ Ta €ZÀŸ
d^ˆ¿ LREE Ö³|‹ÖÀ£ ,dË|À¯ €Ë{Z¬» Z] Â̷Z»€¿ Ö¯Zy {Z¿
{ d¿Z³ ”u €´¿ZÌ] ,HREE t˜ˆ» Z0 f^ˆ¿ Õ´·Y Á HREE Ä]
ÖËZ̼̋ÂWƒ cZ̏y ÕÁ €] Ä ·Z˜» .d‡Y |·Â» Äf‹Â³ \̯€e
®ËZ] ÕZŲÀ‡ ÄËÁÄ] Ä ·Z˜» {» Ĭ˜À» ®Ì¿Âe¸a ÕZŲÀ‡
[Á} Y Á Ã{Â] ÄÌ·ÁY ZŲÀ‡ ¾ËY |·YÁ ÕZ¼³Z» į |Å{Ö» ½ZŒ¿
PŒÀ» Ã|‹ ÂÌeZ»Â‡Zf» Äf‹Â³ (%5 Y €f¼¯) ¾ÌËZa Äm{ Z] ֌z]
į |Å{Ö» ½ZŒ¿ Ö¯Zy {Z¿ €ZÀŸ ÕZÅÖ³„ËÁ և€] .|¿YÄf§€³
Äf‹Y{ ÄÌ·ÁY ÕZ¼³Z» \̯€e €Ì̤e { Ö¯|¿Y €ÌiPe ÕYÄf‡Âa ŠËÓM
֋Z¿ cÓŻ {ÁÁ €iY { ¾Ë}M ÕZŲÀ‡ |·Â» Äf‹Â³ .d‡Y
Ã|‹ ÂÌeZ»Â‡Zf» Ã|¿ÁÁ€§ և¿ZÌ«Y Äf‡Âa/cZ]‡ Հ̳[M Y
.d‡Y
Á dË|À¯ €Ë{Z¬» Z] Â̷Z»€¿ Ö¯Zy{Z¿ €ZÀŸ ÕZÅ´·Y
Á ÄÌ·ÁY Äf‹Â³ €Ë{Z¬» Z] Â̷Z»€¿ ՀÀŸ |Àq ÕZÅY{¼¿
¾ËY į |Å{Ö» ½ZŒ¿ ¦¸fz» Ö°Ì¿Âf°e –Ìv» ¾ÌÌ e ÕZÅY{¼¿
¶Ì°Œe (ÕYÃZ« µZ § Ä̋Zu) և« €ËY‚m –Ìv» { ZŲÀ‡
.|¿YÃ|‹
|Å{Ö» ½ZŒ¿ Ö¯Zy {Z¿ €ZÀŸ ¦¸fz» ÕZÅd^ˆ¿ Y Ã{Z¨f‡Y
{» Ĭ˜À» { ¾Ë}M ÕZŲÀ‡ Ã|¿ÁM {ÂmÁÄ] ÕZ¼³Z» į
Äf‹Â³ (%5 Y €f¼¯) ¦Ì “ cZm{ ֌z] [Á} ¶Zu Ä ·Z˜»
- Aldanmaz, E., Pearce, J.A., Thirwali, M.F. and Mitchel,
J.G., 2000. Petrogenetic evolution of late Cenozoic postcollision volcanism in western Anatolia, Turkey. Journal
of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 102, 67-95.
- Barker, F., Wones, D.R., Sharp, W.N. and Desborough, G.A., 1975. The Pikes Peak batholith, Colorado
Front Range, and a model for the origin of the gabbro–
anorthosite–syenite–potassic granite suite. Precambrian
Research, 3, 97-160.
- Blundy, J.D., Robinson, J.A.C. and Wood, B.J., 1998.
Heavy REE are compatible in clinopyroxene on the spinel
lherzolite solidus. Earth and Planetary Sciencce Letters,
160, 493-504.
- Brophy, J.G., 1991. Composition gaps, critical crystallinity, and fractional crystallisation in orogenic (calcalkaline) magmatic systems. Contributions to Mineralogy
and Petrology, 109, 173-182.
- Chang, J.M., Feeley, T.C. and Deraps, M.R., 2009.
Petrogenesis of basaltic volcanic rocks from the Pribilof
Islands, Alaska, by melting of metasomatically enriched
depleted lithosphere, crystallization differentiation, and
magma mixing. Journal of Petrology, 50, 2249-2286.
- DePaolo, D.J. and Daley, E.E., 2000. Neodymium isotopes in basalts of the Southwest Basin and Range and
lithospheric thinning during continental extension. Chemical Geology, 169, 157-185.
- DePaolo, D.J., Perry, F.V. and Baldridge, W.S., 1992.
Crustal versus mantle sources of granitic magmas: a twoparameter model based on Nd isotopic studies. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, Edinburgh,
28
Հ´ÀÅM Ļ » Á ևZÌ·Y ºÌÅY€]Y
477-489.
- Hofmann, A.W., Jochum, K.P., Seufert, M. and White,
83, 439-446.
- Fitton, J.G., James, D. and Leeman, W.P., 1991. Basic magmatism associated with Late Cenozoic extension
in the Western United States: Compositional variations
in space and time. Journal of Geophysical Research, 96,
13693-13711.
W.M., 1986. Nb and Pb in oceanic basalts: new constraints
on mantle evolution. Earth and Planetary Sciencce Letters, 79, 33-45.
- Kelemen, P.B., Shimizu, N. and Dunn, T., 1993. Relative depletion of niobium in some arc magmas and the
continental crust: partitioning of K, Nb, La, and Ce during
melt/rock reaction in the upper mantle. Earth and Planetary Sciencce Letters, 120, 111-134.
- Kushiro, I., 2001. Partial melting experiments on peridotite and origin of mid-ocean ridge basalts. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, 29, 71-107.
- Langmuir, C.H., Klein, E.M. and Plank, T., 1992.
Petrological systematics of mid-ocean ridge basalts: constraints on melt generation beneath ocean ridge. American
Geophysical Union Geophysical Monograph Series, 71,
81-180.
- Floyd, P.A., 1991. In: Oceanic Basalts. Blackie and
Son Limited, New York. Gass, I.G., 1981. Pan-African
(upper Proterozoic) plate tectonics of the Arabian– Nubian Shield. In: KrBner, A. (Eds.), Precambrian Plate Tectonics. Elsevier, Amsterdam, 174-218.
- Gill, J.B., 1981. Orogenic Andesites and Plate Tectonics. Springer Verlag, Berlin, 390.
- Green, N.L., 2006. InÀuence of slab thermal structure
on basalt source regions and melting conditions: REE and
HFSE constraints from the Garibaldi volcanic belt, northern Cascadia subduction system. Lithos, 87, 23-49.
- Gribble, R.F., Barnes, C.G., Donato, M.M., Hoover,
J.D. and Kistler, R.W., 1990. Geochemistry and intrusive
history of the Ashland Pluton, Klamath Mountains, California and Oregon. Journal of Petrology, 31, 883-923.
- Hall, A., 1966. The Ardara pluton: a study of the chemistry and crystallisation of a contaminated granite intrusion. Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy 65B, 203235.
- Hamilton, W. and Myers, W.B., 1967. The nature of
batholiths. US Geological Survey, Professional Paper,
- Leake, B.E., 1974. The crystallisation and emplacement of the western part of the Galway granite, Connemara, western Ireland. Mineralogical Magazine, 39, 498513.
- McDonough, W.F. and Sun, S.S., 1995. The composition of the Earth. Chemical Geology, 120, 223-253.
- McKenzie, D. and O’Nions, R.K., 1991. Partial melt
distribution from inversion of rare earth element concentrations. Journal of Petrology, 32, 1021-1091.
- Michard-Vitrac, A., Albar Ede, F., Dupuis, C. and
Taylor, H.P., 1980. The genesis of Variscan (Hercynian)
plutonic rocks: inferences from Sr, Pb, and O studies on
the Maladeta Igneous Complex, Central Pyrenees (Spain).
Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 72, 57-72.
- Muller, D. and Groves, D.I., 1991. Direct and indirect
associations between potassic igneous rocks, shoshonites
and gold-copper deposites. Ore Geology Reviews, 8, 383406.
- Pearce, J.A., 1983. Role of the subcontinental lithosphere in magma genesis at active continental margines.
554-C, 1-30.
- Haschke, M., Siebel, W., Gunther, A. and Scheuber, E.,
2002. Repeated crustal thickening and recycling during
the Andean orogeny in north Chile. Journal of Geophysical Research, 107, 2019-2027.
- Hess, P.C., 1989. Origin of Igneous Rocks. Harvard
university press, Cambridge Massachusetts Housman, G.
336. A., McKenzie, D.P., Molnar, P., 1981. Convective instability of a thickened boundary layer and its revelence
for thermal evolution of continental collision belts. Journal of Geophysics Research, 86, 6115-6132.
- Hildreth, W. and Moorbath, S., 1998. Crustal contributions to arc magmatism in the Andes of central Chile.
In: Continental basalts and mantle xenoliths (eds). Nantwich UK Shiva, 230-249.
- Pearce, J.W. and Peate, D.W., 1995. Tectonic implications of the composition of volcanic arc magmas. Annual
Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, 23, 251-285.
- Plank, T. and Langmuir, C.H., 1992. Sediments melt
and basaltic crust dehydrates at subduction zones. Eos,
Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 98, 455-489.
- Hirose, K. and Kushiro, I., 1993. Partial melting of dry
peridotites at high pressures: determinations of compositions of melts segregated from peridotite using aggregates
of diamond. Earth and Planetary Sciencce Letters, 114,
29
...Ze ®Ìˆ¸§ Õ}¨¿ ÕZÅÃ{Âe ּ̋ÂWƒ Á Ճ·Á€fa
- Sun, S.S. and McDonough, W.F., 1989. Chemical and
isotopic systematic of oceanic basalts: implications for
mantle composition and processes. In: Saunders, A.D.
Norry, M.J.(eds), Magmatism in the Ocean Basins. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 142, 313-
Transactions American Geophysical Union, 73, 637.
- Presnall, D.C. and Bateman, P.C., 1973. Fusion relations in the system NaAlSi3O8–CaAl2Si2O8–KAlSi3O8–
SiO2–H2O and the generation of granitic magmas in the
Sierra Nevada Batholith. Geological Society of America
Bulletin, 84, 3181-3202.
- Roberts, M.P., Pin, C., Clemens, J.D. and Paquette,
J.L., 2000. Petrogenesis of ma¿c to felsic plutonic rock
345.
- Takahashi, E. and Kushiro, I., 1983. Melting of a dry
peridotite at high pressures and basalt magma genesis.
American Mineralogist, 68, 859-879.
- Taylor, S.R. and McLennan, S.M., 1981. The composition and evolution of the continental crust: rare earth
element evidence from sedimentary rocks. Philosophical
Transactions of the Royal Society, 301, 381-399.
- Taylor, W.P., 1976. Intrusion and differentiation of granitic magma at a high level in The crust: the Puscao pluton,
Lima Province, Peru. Journal of Petrology, 17, 194-218.
associations: the calc-alkaline Querigut Complex, French
Pyrenees. Journal of Petrology, 41, 809-844.
- Rollinson, H., 1993. Using Geochemical Data: Evalution, presentation, Interpretation. Longman, 384.
- Sawka, W.N., Chappell, B.W. and Kistler, R.W., 1990.
Granitoid compositional zoning by side-wall boundary
layer differentiation: evidence from the Palisade Crest intrusive suite, central Sierra Nevada, California. Journal of
Petrology, 31, 519-553.
- Shaw, H.R., 1965. Comments on viscosity, crystal set-
- Tepper, J.H., Nelson, B.K., Bergantz, G.W. and Irving,
A.J., 1993. Petrology of the Chilliwack batholith, North
Cascades, Washington: generation of calc-alkaline granitoids by melting of ma¿c lower crust with variable water
tling, and convection in granitic magmas. American Journal of Science, 263, 120-152.
- Silver, L.T. and Chappell, B.W., 1988. The Peninsular
Ranges Batholith: an insight into the evolution of the Cordilleran batholiths of southwestern North America. Philo-
fugacity. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 113,
333-351.
- Weaver, B. and Tarney, J., 1984. Empirical approach
to estimating the composition of the continental crust. Nature, 310, 575-580.
- Wedepohl, K.H., 1995. The composition of the continental crust. Geochemistry Cosmochemistry Acta, 59,
1217-1232.
sophical Transactions of the Royal Society, Edinburgh,
79, 105-121.
- Sims, K.W.W. and DePaolo, D.J., 1997. Inferences
about mantle magma sources from incompatible element
concentration ratios in oceanic basalts. Geochemica et
Cosmochimica Acta 61, 765-784.
30
Fly UP