Comments
Description
Transcript
アメリカ主流社会と黒人
+33* ῌ¼
+33* ῌ
Black People in the Dominant American Society :
The Case of Tupac Shakur in the +33*’s
Yoko MITSUISHI
!"# WῌEῌBῌ$%&'( )DuBois, +202ῌ+30-* +, -.
/
012345
6789:3;<=>? @
3AB )The Souls of Black
Folk, +3*-* 3CDE5, 0123
+ FG=HIJ367KLMN OP F
3Q
RN 5S FTUVN WOXYOPZ[/, \]3^P#_`XY7O? F
+G=H
5Sa
5SOPbQc3d? e3A, e3f, e3gYhO
, De3Oij#e3k/lO, mWhdn/o3O5ON )-*? 3
3p+ FT3KL^a9, ^aqr3KL#06>ON OPs3p5Sa,
+ Ft#
5Sa, 5S:u#6>ON )* sv7O$%&'(
+wP? /
67XYhOxr/, KL367yz#<=XY,
{|Y>35S? }/~|Y7
)+20/ῌ1,* /XY,
!"/
3
3>#6>D#+, +"3##T$|Yh
67h
%6>? 66, o3 +212 #
!"+&'X(6, &'5+/)67,
*/+67Ov>? #/^P#h3, o3X5S
? :P6>, O ,3
¡-¢.£3#, $%&'(+}\33¤
>h
/¥V6, F
!3/¥+¦¦'3/¥5SN )xxxi* 0M6>?
$%&'(X/§2
¨ )NAACP* h©ª671O«7X, !2 ¬> +3/. 3®¯°3±#^v7"7, &'3
*+²³|Y>? o3#´
^µ¶-¢·4¸7, ¡-673
3+#+6>O=? oP6>
#Sv7, $%&'(/
!"#/¥6>^Ph, 6789
/5
=;, F
N 5S: F
N 5S:3¹X36º+, »QcXY7O
109
z{»»@
| } .--+ ¼ ( ,**/ ~ )
! "
# $,**/ 2 %& '()*+ ,-./
0,12345
6789:;< 1=3>
?(@
AB,C<D E/F
G=!H
I"J*
=> #$,
%&='(IKL )M> *NO
%IPQ+RI,S= =TU-.<
!H/>V8WXY> 0K1* Z![Y"!ῌ\8
],^ 2(_*
`
abcd!Y3*
*e 4
fgh/i5jkE/=67lm* n
o = pqV8WXY8 3*> n
o 9r:;
<9!HIs=/>t* ?@(A
B@CuDv
pS 98
w
x
`a
yz"
=, p
{!H|} TEI~)FP *+R ],^
!HG/HP(m *I
/i5IKL+,* +3,* *IE=<
`abcd!YJ*
G
*e
> I<p=, p=SIKe (lIO
L/
bJ*=,* *
B!H/S>
D mMZzx
98
w
J*Jm N-* +31* *OP
xdYῌ!xYfm '*\zz!HI{= !H>NQR/,=l}}+Sqm T
, nU
S o p=V,* )M> +33* * W![YῌZz
x
:;Y"
=*"zxῌ
b $Tupac Shakur, ,Pac, +31+ῌ+330& I =TUI¡¢<
+
\zz!Hv£(=X¤
\zz!H> ¥,-.¦§,Y¨lm i5Z©>[
ilmKIªKK*,*3\*e 9(i5I«(] 9^8<SI
_¬ 9r_=`acb
be®m*!H dYῌ!xYv£
+3.* *T(b"6u
*e=c¬d{FP*e¯ Z:!©N+°
±©
3\*e\zz²³f [Z±;:; Zz´µ `Xx¶
!YIg{h* Y"
"(gm*pm(!H> i5·i=>Z¶
Xa(jS *Pk lm nopq<rsIK* [Z±;:;> +3/*
*>±©2Z:!©![t_SIu<Y"
!X
¸K=v¹wH*6789
110
"ῌ[Z±;:; 0* *>:;
º!cz"
x=xy 1* *
3A2c4q]- ¸¸ +33* Ed¹º%9ῌt19,H5»Y¼e
!" #$%&'"(
)* +,"-!"
(! .Guevara, /*/
012ῌ34 .Charlie Ahearn/ 56789:%;<=<
>?@7A BC?ῌDE .+32./ # - F
,GH GIJ,KL5M9C?N<ῌO9P QRSTUVT
(W Q$%T(W Q;<=<,GP X
Y,Z
(([\]^#_5W `5 .Guevara, /-/ Mab?c5d6
;ef g
5h_i
j !"#$TTk%&''(P l')*
Z"+c'5 m,M2n-# )Zo.#PG Q/0p1*5'
(23W Q4q0p5#5W frs6j,78Z+/ A@tuv9 .+3++/ w
:rx; yz{,p5|5(c5 A@tu#fr#*!P `,<
(=>?/T@}#5
[ AB#_5 6789PCD
E~ 3** F?GH,Z' Q'P#
I,J
KL .-GMNῌ07CO
[/ PZW .Guevara, 0*/ :%%e%t! ?QP RS
TUH'5VW,GH5 ,X
YZ,|
[('#_5 .Guevara, 0*/
9P Q#,-\#[]-^_(N`W l'abZT# +32- E
l't%O;dx;T#cZ -* Ed .* EdP$%ejTP
2#D%,( 1* Ed=ῌ( N<uῌ=%
,f5 N<u-
5g +31, E-hi=jk Q ῌW #PI%
J39Ib%#,lmZ 2* EdI¡% ¢ῌ £9 M92%
9ῌ¤ I=<; 2%¥ b%9O ῌODJn¦C¢j
9cZ ῌ¥19jN§#- .Haskins, +21ῌ+3,/ t%O
;d#9,Z" ]-dM2u-op
Gqr
¨P Q¤1;©scW (5 .Guevara, 0*/ mtP 2u(, QªvW Z" ¤1;Pw«
=%#uR[x¬Z DJ 32ῌb
bD95 .Haskins, +22ῌ23/ %b1L# u(®¯[(y
# °±#z$,Tk#_5
{%²³#_5 T2d3A2]-^N`l'T#_5P
´[
#T( DJ P d$M
@7b M2uaa
?µ640A$j=²³,Z MC P|0} JJ
t;6e; uῌ3?ῌ2¶ M2u·5n~ A@t
111
<º"º» .--+ ¼ ( ,**/ W )
quarachas DJ ῌ !"#$%&'() *
+,-&%./01.2,3% DJ ,#3 4'().2,
56789:;9:< " =><?@ .2ABC D
E FGuevara, 0*G HIJKLDM% DJ DNOP,)MQ9:KL
R)'7S
!0 PQTU"VW)'3%X#M $%XYZ,&'67 [(
M)\*] "+^)_674D` ,-a)b,./0c1
?72d)3e?7 fgOh45)'@ i&6&'j .k78
9,:l674DmY ] =
9nῌoQPpC DM%;7 =<=<qr
poῌQs,t)>&<Kuoῌvw,?Y@McPnn,AB6
7Pp Cm%0x%&yzOD{D)|(}E,>3%&
C D ~DFGHI,JK67L =
9nῌoQPpMJMm
&3N$.2X,2O9,PM%Q?3%mR674D3C
DS%&7 F,/3G
,
T
OhPpῌQ9:UV
HIJKL DJ '@ MC ] +313 WX,% '
@Y<D3ZM%&3 hQOPpDPῌ)'7 =9
sC F+32,G )'@ "9,[$%
9n\Dm3 89:;9: W Q
PJ,PM ])]@ T
2* W^_OhPpῌQ9:D
7HRODM%x)`a,j74D)3 4O)FM% Q9:K
L)F67<Y"UVcb7?7 cdeXUV P T =9:ῌ
QC F+33+G )FM%x =f f f f g'fῌwh*C D&3Q
T?@ Hnij ¡PnOkHnij I
P5l#m ¢" cdQ¢" FNRAG ῌ£P.nOo vῌOnO
NOῌ! ¤ῌo9g FpG c qM,¥¦67D&(rn s§¨p
Tῌ©ª)«¬MF,G tu ©gOnO)?7c®Yk¢" O¯P
°Yk¢" ±v.n,wM ~(M^=)xFM%&7 4Yy
)'7²³ ´)zS67c O¯P){|M ®YfIJD"D
k)F67}~µ<Y|&,xM%&7
=9:ῌQC ¶) OhPpῌQ9:h: NWA =9ῌ·ῌrPC
F+322G ^=c?3 +323 W.¸V
¹x x)n
112
{"/! ¹¹ +33* hºVῌ¥S'JM».¼|}~.
FBI !"#$ῌ%#&'()!*+,-./0!1-2 34567
5. 8
9 T 4 :;ῌ&'<'=>?@A
B=CDEFG T H;IJK.3/JLMNODD
P Q8RS$T9:ῌUVW="DX6Y
9 T JZ6
[ +33/ :;ῌ&'<' RS$T9:ῌUVWJ\]^$_`9a'b-.
$:'9c'WJd55P 8DDP ecVWῌfU'g 8F5Jdh3i
9 T K.j] k!"J#
$%&/d[Y7 #'ῌGῌf$T'l-P
+33, - m - ( . !nf$TJ)Yop *+q,r.-.s/0!j.
2+ 1tuvw'W2x y3wat4z . !^$_`9n5{
/DP ,3 (6( &V|s5 ^}9~$U783P-. 3'l
9RS$T9:ῌUVW:6 iJ;<=5.
:'ῌ#a' ^}9~$U> NWA '_'ῌE /
9 T A NWA #
9ῌf' s/
c$W$>-. +33, / m ,0 (
'':;( f$T'l[P/?
e!UVW
ut'
'w9
H;
9aῌ
/x5. / UV'
!"@J;5 +322 NWA
}:ῌc$W$
A*BJKJP5.
9ῌf'C557g / RS$T9:ῌUVW
/D e!"@g /JEM5.
;g 1Ice T +002 /x5.
9 T e-78//FG
9ῌf'
H; eHIBg 1+33,2 J
e-78o5K.K 78Q?ac'#J-Pg /P5.
3]UV'LV~'_oMF 1authenticity2 /5]N
'':;( +33, +, m +- (Op Qj]D'/P-.
f'Q RSTJEMD 'o j]Dc$=U55
. e^$_`9^}9~$U +* ¡#VW¢/DPXx.? YZ
!Z[\ RS$T9:ῌUVW]XDY-P 7^JW
_/D `aA£¤~¥S!¦/=b5c3J§p ¨6D©dJeYo
p.RS$T9:ῌUV' #f$:'ª« fg-.hiBDP
jkN¬.j] +LlmD©dA
Da JnYD 7^D®¯
K.
opJ°nK. qrWῌ¥±$-Pg1.2 UV'
e#f$:'ª« fg-.hiBD5g / "D/ast
e¥±$g e®¯g /²up5. vm e7^D®¯g K.
e
opg =w³ e7^g e´xg e¨6g J
YyK./
µ¶SRS$T9:ῌUV'5. ¥±$ -ZE
.z·¸
113
Eº!Jºf»u k .--+ ¼ ( ,**/ * )
ῌ !" # $
" %&$ '(
)*+,- ./
0" 1/2342 53./6783$ ,9
:;$<273=>?3@ 53A 23 BC
D/@ 88;=>82 $9CC.E.1/422 .
/" 2F&$ 59C>E.EG ./4223 H
I
!JC>$42"K#$L$82$@
HM
T Nῌ!" O
PQ RLAPDS 2%&T
+ῌUMV'W/D P
XY. 5Z[&\]E%/^" 230(CD1EG Z[)1>2_`
PQ7AE$" 2a1E$@ T b +33+ *PXc+d,I
ef+gH
-" - .*PXY/h,O
^A 2+ ^23 R+02S@ 83./ T )
#<PQ ij2.E k/O
/l2.E H
I!Jmn$o0
/$@ 5122.E HM
T p3456./278$@
+33, * 1 q -* 9 rg!s!tMuhv rNῌ!v :wW ;xy
<z21/@ ;{|PQ+!}=p 5C>?~$82>$
2382$@ 2]@*ABD R8CDEFGkS PQH;$
$@ I<J2K.L Gb4
L/#;MNG>n$@ Db
3 EOij 2]b$EOij D12D/#;MN2$" 2P=E$
R , QS@ 88P=/ MN" 21/ EOij" E HM
T RS.
E$@ T#UA/CV.E PQW Nῌ!" ]
!+HM
T Ot ῌI(*b$p$82CX#Y.
Z[CD12\];$" / Otp^] g!C ;_" 2.E
U*!?.M!" C4G8; !" C `a2.EBbN
cW/^2d.E$ R+1*S@ T VC;$b3 ῌe
U*!fag2.E Z[CE>]>L hSNM!2.ESi;$@
I
0* * j¡t¢!2
ῌ
ef+gHklmZ£En ¤o¥¦p% q]rstu2
/@ +3.+ * §Avw 22*," ¨. He
IH
Ix©E/ªy¥¦<
«z¬/82D .®q]O'¯+
{°<±.²~/
RMassood, +.3S@ | ;O'¯+
}³~´µ´CNE
/ ¶![uC2./
·¸¯
!ῌ¶Muh r¹4CW/
114
\a^_<%
¹¹ +33* HºEAῌ$F»'¼ ¡¢£
If He Hollers Let Him Go, +3./ +3.+ ! "#$%!&
'%&!( )*+
,-.%/+0(/1 +0&
&!( 2#$
/3456(78%-.%/+0&9:!(; Als xv
)(<+=1 (> .* % /* /?!(/1 /* @ABC?!( 0/ *+1 D +, EFGH1 IGHJ+
,*1 @AB+ -* EFGHK
!(% Davis, ,30
3+ C%"#1 $%&&L'M()/N0O&!*(/1 +30/ @AB
C+? +,PQ1 -./PQ
(>R0ST1UV2WMX1+0(+1 34
YAHF1 *-*-50%D/6/74!(% )(58+1 @ABC
2 Z ++ $1 L[/ ,+ 9\]^_`\a^_
:;<=(.%C
.!( b.b+1 >L[/L?+c@d8ef1 )Ag/hBC*!(+?
/ $iD(.C+1 EjF
G8H
Ikl1 JKLmH
+?!(L'[n
f(/ .o1 .(34YAHFM4NO1 pq& @AB+Prs(
QRtuSv+0w1 Tx(yU%&!( *(VzD=1 1. {|}D
~WXY+Z[\]1 )(UV1 IGHJh^+1 1* _% 2* _
iD /* EFGH
!1 `a&58/bs( Davis, -*.
c1 @ABCd1 {FJL'1 _^]
\ῌIῌEHF
/$AHe6&81 )(Sfgh1 +301 JAῌEF
i/Ujs( @ABC(FῌFH/1 ").+wk1*l
e
!(L'/1 )o@ABῌm(A!(; .%1
"n=!L'EHF-; %opq.%r(+? FH
3- 33 L[s%l6(1 .gt&fuv(EF+?!( c
Qw1 xAHy(
%JAῌEFaF1 0* o
z41 \JῌF {¡|B¢}sg0!f%&!( Keeling,
0+ .g1 +302 _^]
\£<+¤]
F~/yqs1 (ce
~%&!(
¥¦§ῌJA¨e1 u©ῌF "JA*&&e/ª:
,+?81 .p&«81 2* A¨¬A¨/L+s
!(¨G+C0(.%=1 ->&=%&; % +*, 2*
_®H^FHs(1 .JA8*8k1 ~
&(R/ (%4®1 JA%EI¯F_g-q
°
' +33. ±²+1 ³&fR-~´1 / ¦J
JA
_ `a&/µ ¶·¸/1 EI¯F_) +** ¶·¸
115
vw_º~ºx»6 y .--+ ¼ ( ,**/ )
/ !"#
$%&' () ( *+ +33/ ,-./0012
3 4(5
!"#
6
78 3* 9:;"<=' 0
9:;"<'>?9@ . 9:;"<'AB+C B+D/E%+F0G 3* H
I +, 9:;"<J
KE' LMI .2 9:;"<N
,* O02 ,3 O*PQ' RS
T!U. +33, S;"V:W"XY (#' $
(Z
[\'%.Z +32. &](
Z ,2 9:;"<^_ +33* *
+
&](
Z .3 9:;"<^'`'a%+F1G
&+b:V B ,(cC ,LMC ,deC 'fE!g:h/i&)
* &++j,_ -kl.E_ /mno0p1q.
KErs"t?
Vῌu' v9w:xy23z%+405{Qi56|
HZ {%'Q#9:+8 ,78C n9
}:EZ ;#n<~y
=H&>'!
.
3* ?@n<~H54
rs"t?Vῌuxg
<:AJ2% n<~02E
A5' 4B%+15E / ~
5C%2% @DEFG.B+H' QIR'$&
n<~0 ,4C %0 <?ῌ"?RJ F+33+G OῌJῌ"u
"4( F+33/G J <@ῌ
?"K+ ?6v-U
LM//B/N 0ERQEOP%+ "?ῌ<?'^4
RQ% _N 0ERS@Vῌ>¡DT5+R. +33+ +* ¢
++ +, U£1%+¤SW¥J¦M§% ,Vv¨!©VWXª2
%EC E FRoss, .1G YZ«%¬0E/[\+]#T ^_
E2®H&+ ;¯ +* ? +32* `a <?'°b&c±W¥
FEEOCG W¥.Z *deH5;¯#
fghB+Wi²d+
x$&B+ ;¯³!©!"E^4(j'\+ +320 .Z kx*A
{+DTxE0B+. ^4RQ±>¡'DT _lm'
H&%+' nlo´@µ¶/5 0·¤Z <?
gpq8¸B+ &R <@ῌ
?"'rs tlu+ ¹8o4
116
M.N
' +33* p ·¸¹ῌiº+,»)¢z¼¡¢£
ῌ ῌ +33, !"#
$%& '()*+,) -.
+&/0#12
-.34 56&/1#789/ :;<7=>>?@#AB C
DE
!4EF "GHI"#+$%& J7*1AK)&L+(
) X2 M.N'O(P)QRῌMSTU)*+ 5VῌWXB ,
-./YZ+01&/ -.3'[\") ,()23]M;24
^"/1)56()2 _73 589 :` ;abc<B ; d=()>
ῌ3 5ef ghEWij
.kT ?=Elm@1nA()c<B
; oI\"/1#1n4?) XV-XVI2 o# -.3 ;)_7A@#
_7pq\"/1#AqnBC()2 '3(4r"/1)1nDE;?= J"8
9)r"3,"E1A1n2 5'\1nFGHB 3 5IstI JK?)13;B
1nL"+(4M@/u= 5'\3J" !rN4 J"v9r(7;4LE1B 4?
= 5w&O;'4PxQVyRqn&/1)E w&Vy;r"E1wE)
zLE 7PST"3 O=l{*;U&#Un V)\" +WX\"^|E
E12 IY6Z[3O}~+\9#4?= J"3 7]64 }~O+
U?)2 O+rn{^4?)2 J"v9 ?UnEZ[?O_`&#
r" O;=a&m@# r" 3 7b7qc#7+U\^|EE@
#A2 7"G43 r"d3
ῌ
@#4?)2 O43EF
Oef Oeg
2B XVIII-XIX h$%i9")"G4
?); '()"G4?)v9 j;!"/u= *;7
"Gk!+l074u= Jm+n&# -.3&/1)4?)2
o# OῌJῌi"G3 I)"G4?= +33. p 0 q4r&#)
Js=1tI;
u
D4v\" i;w\
"/ QT!" +33/ p +* ;x\"#"G4?)2 ,**. p 0 3 "G +* p1
n74 "G3MT
y=?
"#; OῌJ
]j89/ z{|
Q}E T~E~=l+= 41/ i
3 QTI@/1E12 Jn&#(4 -.
3O+¡)¢9/1)2 5£
cB OῌJῌi"Gu!)¤ ¥ *(f +331 4 -.
3 ¦.N§" ++ ¨©UnE'nª+«()2 5'3
3;¬F®A; ¯=+<7( wJ"/1)2 °=I!/
±E6²+61n)A; F3&/³UnE8\+U(B XI2 J&/ 7n&
#'´+1)¨µ3 OῌJῌi+&/+4L)UnE 1E)f
mwD4?)[z/1) XIII2 -.3 +322 p]j 5J"¨R¶
117
»c .--+ ¼ ( ,**/ >R )
.*
!"#$ %
&' ()'
*+
,Jaffrey-
./
0'123456789 :;<=>ῌ?@A
EF$GHI $J
KLM
,1
+- N+
OPIQ R
VWῌXYZU$ [
\!
BCD
0S+T. U
]"#[$G+^ $
$^R%&$_SD
+ R6Z
'J^aL b@6c(+de
f)g*J+h+9iQ ,) 1234567
^CD`[ $]"
- XYZUῌ6Zj=kl
.m/'
0 jnopc=q1rsltQ+2GC j=kl
.m
auIvGC3456 7%81w?6x
j=9:;< =>?8j=kl
@
XYZUῌ6Z1?
6xAy9:$B>"*+!CCG
'
'z
89$D{CD
,Hayes, .2, .3- 1|E}]$ R6ZFB
a !iG#IC$G
h 7%~HN+ ZZDIrJ
$!
KLLM$ `NO1DOPQRS
Hw'
GT0IQ jnopc=UVW XY&Z&[D
$D./ nXx
$\]D Iro5Zῌ2W?$ P^gt$R
a
P0 ./
_./$`D f))J+ D +302 >
cUZ opj5
?@ ./QH ab?@ ¡?@Wῌ¢nZjnop
c=WcZ£Z+ +31+ >f)da¤ef $¥$D#9D$ gh
g%I¦D§ +31, >f)+ G +322 >
ijCG'kw +33/ >
H nX?=2mW
FBI $$UZW
¨ FBI ©H ./#lb"
?@ $0ª
n4op«qrs$t.u'k$
GID$ ¬v6 ?@ GID$ wD
x
®D
y'D{ ,Lipsitz, -ῌ0-,2-
nῌMῌ£Z z¯.H{$ªSD 1Z$w+B
D$ °|}±²7_~Q h I1Z$.H
{ HSLXY&
´54Z=
{³#DC ZBD Z4
$ hQ
µ%D +3-* >|=2@¶·
?ῌ¸ZV¹./
HQº ,.*- 2 1'$ ?·UGC
118
QRST./·* ^^ +33* :[\9]ῌhi]56s¸&¹º»¼
, !"# $
%&' ( ,* )' *+,-. -&/ 0 123456* /%(789:
;&
-</=.> -.? @A!BC6DῌE56FGH I
JK"L
M /N#$ %&O'()P-QRST*+,-U
V-&@3H'
/
*4WX3YZ:[\9]^^./?01K
23X5_`Z5]> +330 3 a ,- 2 1bGI5Y
GRG:M 3( 1:cd6ῌDGM -.4e5f 1c9ῌgI5 :[\9]ῌhi]566+jkl789K&M -.I
:6 :m;-&' 1:[\9]ῌQD6ῌhi]56(/;0k<
:cd6=<k ,/ n,o--./>&pN&' (A!
[email protected] uv 0 DEQ6wJF' xGH(
I%yz' {iG|gIῌc90,0,?@&
R7iS5',&JK
H}( u~LMN;"z-v.O"' hi]566
+( uP;Q(NpNR
,&SM @Samuels and Leland, /2H' :[
\9](N T-{iG|gIῌc9\5UV,&j.WX}.k +33+ 45FZG|FX5Y ;vZ[' 3+ \]^_`a-/
bc' +33, . a Yg +3 nd\9]eQ6wJY5
<k fg(uh.O' " 2 aTS63QiDSGhYZ /* jmk
l-/k \9]j&mnok 0 nd: @"!pkq
r-& st(-j.H' " 3 a u4vwGῌ]b
6Q6wJ
xy&' +33- - az{|/xy SJ7G}~?( @
}~}u. k-.H' +33- . a w9:c9
\5?' " +* a xQ:cGI Ptbc& (p
kf¡& @=-*¢- j.-.H' " ++ a 3X5£5
] +3 n¤K&' +33. 1R¥g II ¦bYZM
§=/
PF
]I5 ¨X5_ ©ªkQGk +/ 2v«K¬r&'
+33. +* a+Pd\9]~®&' " ++ a / mr
. E¯6o°&' /% {5ῌg±56_ @²ῌ³:5SQgῌBIGH
´-tO c9-Oµ-,&' u2( z¶5 3- 119
ª«ºHº¬» ® .--+ ¼ ( ,**/ ( )
ῌ
2 !"#$ %&'()*+$ῌ,-./01!ῌ234(
56 + . 78 +330 9:ῌ;!.ῌ<(= >'. 3 0 ?-@A+&!BC! (&-DῌE-ῌFG$HI +- 9J(= +330 3 ,2 KK L$ῌ&-M NN OPQRSOTUVW
S X'YZ6[ "#$!?ῌ&'\ L]
!^_/"#$%
0&'(W `)6 *+"#$!?ῌ&'\,-a.Obcde/c[I
X'01f_Q ghi2jIQ 0 345+k[ Ll-(ῌ2m
nῌFG6IS 34(7o7 1f_Q&'XPpPq8$9r$
s:tuvP6_IW Lw;txy6I<= >?z{@PI|A$
96} ~BCP 0DE~hFGOPQRp[P I
wHW /c[I+*
X'9rS X'/+6[T6Q9rI_
^_JK/0[ "#$!?ῌ&'\&'X6L_[I 00
MN0OP+ NRA S L4'\ῌ&W Qp[IQ NRA deOPS
Qf_ &'Xy/0d9r++IeRS/ TTRv_
.X'UM
ῌ#ῌ1-DG!S %&'ῌXV+ 1* DWXY6[Z8f_ R[\][ 80:6Q R ,**. - Evolution of a Revolutionary Ie[^_6Q U`abEῌ
#Scd0e6[IQ/ fSgEf_Q6 ^h ^i
X'jpQ.ῌ#P klf_Q jSHmn6[I/
+32+ `op +322 v 0* Iyq+ X'/jyd 8qr
sktuvw x^rzyIu pQ CD 6[I++
(¡?¢
£P5+k_Q?ῌ#S 0¤zb1f_klf_/
+313 {86[E|k >y}qY~+ tklf_Q1G?ῌ
4¢S -* o7Pqw; 02 3+ ?S ,**/ F¢!.¥¦¢!.c
_ / +* (v(7§7k_ R¨T6Q Q OῌJῌ
\@_[IQ
©ῌ\&'.S X'+ Te6QgYª
«¬v}_ X'
$®¯ IQ YqHz°¤$±cS]
fS$[YI[ %&'X<d[IQ+
X'/6 g6QS '$ῌ&-MS!.¢.&6[
It5_[I tX'[S L²Y4:FGz}³UPW + L´/f6 cQ¡6}S}jµ¡0 The Hate U Gave Lil Infants Fuck
Everybody.
W ¢v£P+ 2!.&+¶n!ῌCD
-i P
¤¥QRvY¦·¸¹QR§ ¨©6[I Powell, ,3
X'/"#$&
120
o5Cp.' ¸¸ +33* XLBῌ d"r9¹
%º»¼{
!"#$
%&'()*+,- ./0123
34
456"7 .8
9
: ;4< =3>?@3:AB
C"B4D"E
FGHῌ!IJ4K FABC"BῌD"EῌL
A!"4MN O234()*+,-P
QR S3T44UVR WS
O234XY4XZ[3
4N\ ]]4^_`4a
b!
"[3K FcdeH#O234Jf W$g\ 4$h^_4i
%
K j&k
2lABC"B4LA!"mn o5Cp.44X:
XZ%& '(4(eBq"rh()*+,-4^_% `j&k
F()*+,-4)s49 S'(4t*+u
v,TvKW+,\ -?.
/sw0[xv%&
cdeH^_ F-?K &TyN
z11&N ;4N2{|34}45 o5Cp67<4
P 89:;!~4Q<R&v
= >
4
F?@AY!" B^_9:4+u9
C
D3
E
A!E4"F;G
xv H;94
IJxv !"4KS4|4N 67<;9`LC
K W+,,\
MNvROP[3HQ4!~4RS:T<R&v=;34
FGHῌ!IJK NUV[3XW
v123
L 0* XL4!ῌeG"4BY
v 'Y2R ^
_.
Z4T ("f[\]2x
H^_<
4`ab|3
WKeeling, 0+ῌ0,\
cT| !
"4dLe;fMg"+dῌGeA S3_45"6"7
hv&
Bd4GeA4v
i FS3jK k 2{4N FBῌ d"rvK l&d Fmn
H!Ao¡:K
F d"r¢ d"rp£;
q¤ re
4s
¢K 4@ l&¥94T Bt49
P|4
F4uXBtNy¤¦§v
4t
4K
,"~w F4xyNy4v¨wTK GeAz$
WDyson, 0-\ GeA{dLMg F+©" Y|ªx
K «¬f}
+ῌ7®¯e+ BN°"!ef4±dL $g4~494f4("
A}wQ9f ²(eC"B³¯!´ 4} 4 Fµ1
T¶K FK 3
WGiovanni xv\ 7®¯e+ FGHῌ!IJK
4·u
3
| 4f]2x{4or¯E 4
121
ºKZº» .--+ ¼ ( ,**/ )
+302 !"#$%& 'Edwards(
+330 )*+,-#./0&12345678
9:;/
<=!>:;?5,@A
@B8
4CDEB8F CGHI#JK 3456789:; L#
MN!"O P#$%M&'Q '-( (R)S!*-
T,U HI+,K&V#WX& ,Y/-Z&.[
MN\ /]
%&(0.!1HI ^M%
&_ `2ab&34%&1 c5#d@ef#g6
h78_ "i"j
k"N%&d@j
]j '+*-( 9l/,Ke
,KeNm" n!ko"e]j:pe/K"n,K"k;<_ nk
&.*/%&_ _
]=
q$!rs n,Kk.t T
#u]"e_ nv.t 0] ,Kk.t_ '+*.(
CGHIwB8ῌxy>@z
:Iῌ{|}~: ?@A
)+ HI3B8{:_ '0,( X BFῌ
ῌ|3y/BL
\ ]j+%&$%& )*+CDXN@E FG_
'-.( TH1/*- ] IJKZ]jOCGHI T.@U
Lk%LM
,**, 3 5DNDFC Iῌz8D
F
~:F;>O/ CGHI=P65I
H ?
/0*- >DF6Iῌz8y QRS,@HI
?3k=P 5ῌ>C,y}5:;DTU e
jVW IJKZ#+
)+.345678X#]%LY%&A
?Z+kk ,Y#[]"e \],Y/0 HI¡O
]j=k¢^k"e_j]/0f& X 5ῌ>C +330 HI.
`£eE
:yῌ{:¤:¥ab% cLC
£e&e
/ ¦>dej
+331 % / §¦ ,**+ 2 f$# ,**, +, ]j ,** , X/ cL:¨©]]&e/ ¦>dg T ,**- 0
hij©ª 1 ]j +* «k¬ls ,**. . ,. mLn
o
]"pq%# Uncut &rs-t& uv8q$ CGHI
?= >C+%&"w®#0$_f&] ] mxyz¯_ °{
#
H=] ±± y
>C#:
²³ & yD´ '|µK +333 ( /k 5ῌ
y¨©#0&e/ ¶.}·~j
>C (0Z#¢¸¹A
]]j"_#
,**. 0 ,1 ms °xB8{:´ s%
CGHI,K%L|
122
*+,:;<xO ¹¹ +33* !IA&ῌ<B&Yº»¼q
,**- 2 +,** 1* !"#$ % UC &
'()*+,-$./"$ 01 +/ . 023*
4
+ 5"678 9Ojumu, 1: +332 +, ; World Press View <=>ῌ'
?@ A&08 T <BCDE +** F8G"1
8H$
23*
4+ !IA& J K ,**/ + ; ?L,!23*
4+"#
M$(N8 OPAQRAQ SL ,**/ 3 ; / %TK A&&UVU
W'X78O(8G8Y!
]
4 9TASF: " 0 ;Z[\ 3 ;KA&
)"*67+^_,- `.aN1 PAQRAQN1<B
&K b/cd0efgh
ῌiῌ2
j$k l1mn71 9/*:
2(aopq Or3stuN1v3K 456 786(w*U\19N1
K( :;<xA&)yK=n6$ z3{wL"|>}~?(6N8
@A `Ok \1 `Bk K lE*+,OC"llDfE7
11K^(F7
KG-H$.8# I6JK
X78!IA&KY
L45GMNX78]sῌ2
5PN18 OῌJῌ<
QS
j &%>O&>'
Lῌ!gL L4
'wQOLAC>ῌ{w()e1
OQIX\lN8#"$RY1e8 8 >AQQI
ST01K OU+6
VW\1 XYZ["$#\]\8 8
^ +3/2 3 ;6n +30* 0 ;l
u>z
u^"_Yn78
>w
`aK `el^6$Xk I6(b1#cd `el^6$XN8 9I
fucked your mother:k +=<V
K #\8
i
zu
6nefN1 9Dundes, -*1ῌ-*2: gU
j() `hijf(kl.a\("n
OK(#k 9/,: `kk `+k `<+Lk mn(oo\
]\1 pqrK `st6uk `
u
jk sto `¡¢6(tvk $
`bw8xyzK h£¤{|}Eok $(~¥ayN1
\]X71 A&¦§¨zuL£¤o ©6KH\8s6 6£¤
$ ¡¢6 ª6«- *+,¬5(GaX^®l7("
n H7¯f 8al\°±#"K(6 `²"s³
H7K²8G"´7µN18s³K(ῌ²8G"¶|o(·8s³
K( ²N1KῌH7K `
(
6ek 9`¸hk :
A&*AUo$
123
defgfhij k .--+ l ( ,**/ m )
ῌῐ῍
+ +321 -0. , Jon Pareles, “Critic’s Notebook ; The Disappearance of Ice-T’s ‘Cop Killer,’” The New York Times,
Thursday Jul. -*, +33,, +-.
- !"
#$%&'()* ++ ,
#-. /0% & ,%12 34 +333 .3ῌ/* . Jon Pareles, “Pop View ; Rap after the Riot : Smoldering Rage and No Apologies,” The New York
Times, Sunday Dec. +-, +33,, ,1.
/ Los Angeles Watts Riot of +30/. http : //www.africana.com/Articles/tt_*,-.htm ,**, +* 5 2 6
0 A. Leon Higginbotham, Jr., Anderson Bellegarde Francois and Linda Y Yuen, “The O. J. Simpson
Trial : Who Was Improperly ‘Playing the Race Card,’?” Birth of a Nation’hood : Gaze, Script, and
Spectacle in the O. J. Simpson Case, .0. Quoted from Federal Judicial Center, The Consequences of
Mandatory Minimum Prison Terms : A Summary of Recent Findings, ,- (+33.).
1 Ibid., ./. Quoted from Federal Judicial Center, The General E#ect of Mandatory Minimum Prison
Terms, ,* (+33,).
2 78. 9
#:; +333 < ,1 )=>?)@ABC7D(
3 George Lipsitz, ,*. Quoted from Time, October 3, +33/, -3.
+* Anonymous, “Thug life : Where do the children play?” Billboard (Sep. ,2, +330) Vol. +*2, No. -3.
++ “Dare to Struggle” by Mutulu Shakur and ,Pac, released, June +0th, ,**,. http : //www.mumia.org/
sundiata/messages/.0.html ,**- 1 5 . 6
+, “Code’s of the Thug Life,” Tupac : Resurrection +31+ῌ+330, eds. Jacob Hoye and Karolyn Ali (New
York : Atria Books, ,**-), ++0ῌ+1.
ῌ῎ῒῑ῏῍
Alexander, Frank with Cuda, Heidi Siegmund. Got Your Back : Protecting Tupac in the World of Gangsta
Rap. New York : St. Martin’s, +332.
Als, Hilton. “Foreward,” If He Hollers Let Him Go, by Chester Himes. New York : Thunder’s Mouth Press,
,**,.
Anderson, Lisa. “Presumed Guilty : Or, I Thought This Was the Movie of the Week,” The Black Scholar
(Fall +33/) Vol. ,/, No. . : .*ῌ.,.
Davis, Mike. City of Quartz : Excavating the Future. New York : Vintage, +33,.
DeBois, W.E.B. The Souls of Black Folk. New York : Bantam Books, +323.
Dimitriodis, Greg. Performing identity/performing culture : hip hop as text, pedagogy, and lived practice. New
York : Peter Long, ,**+.
Dundes, Alan, ed. Mother Wit from the Laughing Barrel. Jackson : UP of Mississippi, +33*.
Dyson, Michael Eric. Holler If You Hear Me. New York : Basic Civitas Books, ,**+.
Edwards, Walter. “From Poetry to Rap : The Lyrics of Tupac Shakur,” Western Journal of Black Studies
(Summer ,**,) Proquest ,**- - 5 ,2 6
George, Nelson. Hip Hop America. Harmondsworth : Penguin books, +332. 0EFῌGH%GIJKLM
N#9O#9ῌ P#Q-ῌR ,**, Giovanni, Nikki. “Foreward : Tupac, C U in Heaven,” The Rose That Grew from Concrete, by Tupac Amaru
Shakur. NewYork : Pocket Books, +333. :S$#Tῌ/EῌUVT%EIWXYZM [T%:
<\](^
_`abc ,**+ Guevara, Nancy. “women writin’ rappin’ breakin’,” Droppin’ Science : Critical Essays on Rap Music and Hip
Hop Culture, ed. William Eric Perkins. Philadelphia : Temple U, +330 : .3ῌ0,.
Haskins, James. Black Dance in America : A History Through Its People. New York : Thomas Y. Crowell,
+33*.
124
34+_%Q56 +33* &g*]rῌr
v
-F
Hayes, Floyd W., ῌ. “Fuhrman Tapes Confirm LAPD’s Racializd Tyranny”, The Black Scholar (Fall +33/)
Vol. ,/, No. . : .2῍3.
Higginbotham, Jr., A. Leon, Francois, Anderson Bellegarde and Yuen, Linda Y. “The O. J. Simpson Trial :
Who Was Improperly ‘Playing the Race Card,’?” Birth of a Nation’hood : Gaze, Script, and Spectacle in the
O. J. Simpson Case, eds. Toni Morrison and Claudia Brodsky Lacour, with an Introduction by Toni
Morrison. New York : Pantheon Books, +331 : -+῍/0.
Hoye, Jacob. And Ali, Karolyn. Eds. “Code’s of the Thug Life,” Tupac : Resurrection +31+῍+330. New York :
Atria Books, ,**- : ++0῍+1.
Ice T and Heidi Siegmund. The Ice Opinion. New York : St. Martin’s Press, +33.. Tῌῌ
ῌ T LA !" #$%
+33. &'
Ja#rey, Zia. “The Salon Interview.” http : //archive.salon.com/books/int/+322/*,/cov-si-*,int.html
,**. & 2 ( +3 )'
Keeling, Kara. “‘Homegrown Revolutionary’? Tupac Shakur and the Legacy of the Black Panther Party,”
The Black Scholar : Journal of Black Studies and Research (Spring +333) Vol. ,3, No. ,/- : /3῍0-.
Kochman, Thomas. Black and White : Styles in Conflict. Chicago : The UP of Chicago, +32+. *ῌ+
,-./ 01$2 34+56789:;<" =>? +33. &'
Lipsitz, George. “The Greatest Story Ever Sold : Marketing and O. J. Simpson Trial,” Birth of a Nation’ hood.
-῍,3.
Massood, Paula J. Black City Cinema : African American Urban Experiences in Film. Philadelphia : Temple
UP, ,**-.
Morrison, Toni.Ed. “Introduction : Friday on the Potomac,” Race-ing Justice, En-gendering Power : Essays
on Anita Hill, Clarence Thomas, and the Construction of Social Reality. New York : Pantheon Books,
+33, : vii-xxx.
Morrison, Toni and Lacour, Claudia Brodsky. Eds. “Introduction,” Birth of a Nation’hood : Gaze, Script, and
Spectacle in the O. J. Simpson Case. New York : Pantheon Books, +331 : vii-xxviii.
@AῌBA*-CDEF GH34+IJ :K @AῌBA*LM" N O
PQ +31- & Newton, Huey P. Revolutionary Suicide'
=CRF STUVWXYZ[\]^_` aH6b2c`34+XYde fgh
i" ,**, & +* (' jk% ++0῍+-- lm
Ojumu, Akin. “Review : Hip Hop Hero,” Guardian (June ,1, ,**.).
Powell, Kevin. “This Thug’s Life,” Tupac Amaru Shakur +31+῍+330, eds. by Editors of VIBE. New York :
Three Rivers Press, +331 : ,+῍-+.
Ross, Andrew. “The Private Parts of Justice,” Race-ing Justice, En-gendering Power : Essays on Anita Hill,
Clarence Thomas, and the Construction of Social Reality, ed. with an Introduction by Toni Morrison (New
York : Pantheon Books, +33, : .*῍0*.
Samuels, Allison and Leland, John. “Trouble Man : The shooting death of a rapstar Tupac Shakur ended
a turbulent life,” Newsweek September ,-, +330.
nopq S\]^ῌA]rstuv[e 56wxyz" 56wxQ{ j|}~ ,**. & ,//῍
,0. lm
125
.--+ ( ,**/ )
Abstract
Black People in the Dominant American Society :
The Case of Tupac Shakur in the +33*’s
Yoko MITSUISHI
This essay considers the relationship of black people in the United States to the
dominant society near the end of the twentieth century.
One approach is to
understand the race problem in the United States, which has remained a unique
problem for the black community in their history and culture. At the beginning of
the twentieth century, W.E.B. DuBois expressed anxiety he felt living as a black
American in the United States. He said he was forced to have a double consciousness, and could only see himself through the eyes of others. Racism would not
permit him to simply be himself, both black and American. This was the period
when civil rights, that African Americans had gained following their Emancipation,
were being deprived of them again, and the color line was becoming an increasingly
serious problem in American society.
In +3/. segregation was finally declared to be illegal and the civil rights
movement won the equal citizenship of black people. Today, many black people are
active and quite outstanding in their ability to succeed in the dominant American
society.
On the other hand, we also see poverty and discrimination that still
characterizes the Black community in the wealthy United States.
In order to
understand the race problem in present day America, this essay focuses on the hip
hop artist, Tupac Shakur, who was a successful performer, in the early +33*’s as a
gangsta rapper on the West coast, and considers how he related to the dominant
American society. Hip hop culture has had a di#erent paradigm from the value
system of the dominant society since its origin, and it has often clashed with the law
as well as the norm of morality and acceptable behavior within the dominant
society. Gangsta rap, which evolved in the mid-eighties from the inner city of Los
Angeles, was particularly aggressive and boasted of a life of violence, guns, drugs,
and pimping. However, the criticism of it by the dominant society is in stark
contrast to the appreciation of it by the black community. The reason for the
126
+33* ῌ
!"
di#erence in perception becomes clear when considering the discourse on the two
race riots, at Watts in +30/ and at South Central, Los Angeles in +33,, and also on the
confirmation hearings of Supreme Court Judge Clarence Thomas (+33+) and the
verdict of the O. J. Simpson Trial (+33/) from the same period.
127