宇宙輸送の次のゴール

!"#$%&%'()*
*
!"+,-./012*
!"34-.56* * *
78* 9:* * * * * *
*
!";<%=>?@A=BCDEFGHIDJKLGM=NOHPBCDEKQJRSKD
TUSKDVWX<GYZ[K\%MVHP]OV%!"%@AQJ^_=`[abWGc%
@AdeKfFVgX%hijk%lmkVnop[aqI%Qr6VNsPt%uvkw
(iKqGDJpxWt%yz%{GWBKVtd|}IJ~%{GW•mlmw€•VbW
[aqs%d‚Uƒ„…%!"%@A†[sKHC‡JBCDEQˆ‰<Š‹oJŒQo<
[K•fWdŽNqBKdV•I{G•HIJ‘’%“”V•–HIJ—E•Q<[Kƒ%˜
=™•š›I•QFGNsEqqDJWFKqGBK=œ•WdEŒ[ažoOHP*
*
~%{GWŸ
VJ¡¢£¤VHd¥&%'()¦KqG§•¨)=©ªONsPƒ«%!
"/0Q ¬-®¯ S‰DE ®¯ S°XŒ[ažoOHdJO†r±%²d³%Ÿ
V´µ¶W
·¸=¹Iº»•QW[aqO¼fP<Y½fJ¾¿ÀÁJÂÃJÄ(ÅhWFQÆÇÈ—
CJÉIÊ%Ë•Qp[aqI%VHdJŒQo.Ì%JKqqOHDJÍÎHÏ•'()
QJ<[KÐÑ•!"=`[s@AdV•IJ—E•Qr±%²d!"•bXJKLG{GW
BK<Ò›sBK=ÍÎHÏ•†½GJKÓ~GÔ[aqI%VHdJWDWD~GWEWq
%QÕÖDP~%{GWKB½=×oØ•]Ù%žM=NsqKÔqOHP* *
*
ÚÛJ˜Ü•ÝoOHPÞßÙ5VÆÇÈ—CaqIàáâ¨QJã©ÉoOHPäå àá
â¨K æçè àáâ¨VHP~CéCêëdìqOHPhijk%Ÿ Vƒ«VríKQW[
aqO¼fdJîï%Ÿ
VQFYE<ƒ«vð)VHP]ÙQJ¥Bq©EVQñòq¦J
KLGM=NOHPBCVQƒ%˜=™•š›IBKQV•WqJ~CVQ&•FGHI%
DKqGMVHP*
*
óôQžMHIˆõdÉoO¼fdJàáâ¨QöŒ÷b1WFø%ùoú•ûÏaÕ
dìG%DJü%M=ýDoŒHXHIs›•J¡N]%àá⨕©qažMNOHPqþ
C•¼{J\eF%{GWàáâ¨dÙ5V<ÆÇ•W[aqOHdJBC=`[a>?%
QÿK©Õ!"#%²$%&KqGKa<'(W¥)¿%*¦VJBCV\eF+,Ns{G
•J¾¿ÀÁVHKDJ%&-$JÂÃJÄ(Åh% ./0 WFVA1dV•Iƒ«=2oO
NsP~%2ECsƒ«VŒ[aqI@AQÕD={Xœ•a•IKJ-$=HIJ3Á=
$IJ4³=5[a~C=$IWF%@AVJA1KNanop[aqI@AQ6HI•)
7=8X9X‡EOqasX—f%²DE¡Nþ©ž_=:›IJKqG@A•;ECI%V
HP*
*
<%=Q>DEöK÷b1Kàáâ¨PFC<ú=>?KqGŸ
VQ#$1?VHdJ
ríìG%QJ~%Û@VHPàáâ¨QA¢WͶdÉoOHdJB6ý%àáâ¨QC
D=•IEF•ú=>?BKd@AVHDEJCD=•Is›•G6WÛ@QJHIJd
KJK©oLGKqGÐÑW?MVNOoOH%VJ~Cdø%ùoú•ûÏaOìq•'
qBK=PNaqOHPB%QÛ RST KqGÛ@=U—WªC‡qªWq%VJø%ùoú
%ˆÛ ¬¯¯ST KD ¬¯¯¯ST KqGÛ—•ûÏIKOìq•ÛqP6HI•àáâ¨QJVÛ=
HIs›%FWVJVÛ=NaNO•‡@AQX‹oVHP*
+,
&-.#-/
01.23/
!"#
$%&
.43&/
'()*
*
*
q½q½Wùoú%Û—K1Y%2n*
*
~CDE~%s›•G6WZmimŒêëQJ1Y•[NaB%{GW\L•W[aqO
HP~CéC%K—V ] ©=^IKJ_AdêëVJ`Ad1Y%K—JadbúVHPöJ
÷b1Jàáâ¨QB%{GWcdVHPefàáâ¨KQJ]%êë=`GKqGgh%<K
VQJ1Y% - \ÉIqQ~Ci>=êëdj›IPêë=VÛHIs›•sX—fêë
=kfVqI{GW<%VHPBCdlªECWqàáâ¨%Xm•KnNOHDrí%gh
VHP<Y½fêë=q[oqkp%QqrsW%Vtu¶Wvmlu¨KNaJwDEê
ë=ÝCsEqqKDJv(x(VwDEZj)y(=$C‡qqWFJz•{zQA¢É
oOHdJÆÇ•W[aqIKqGBKVQB%|}NDWq%dÞºVH*
*
B%gh%<VJîï=>~I•QÕ=HC‡qqDPBB••qsã©%€•‚(§VJ
ÿK©Q>%ƒ% è„ V…UÛ@VHP†k=V•I†ªÚqÛ@VU¼‡qqJ~CQ
‡ˆVHPü%MV‰Š%BKdUa•OHdJ]%àáâ¨Vîï=>~Is›•‹Y‰
Š=êë•NaqI%QB%…UÛ@dB•qBKd”ŒVHP<Gr©Q•Ž%•%ê
ë%Ý[aqIK•K,%K•%K•%û=V•I†ªB•XNW—qKqGBKVHP6H
I•J1Y= ¬ V2[aêë= ¬¯ k›‡J‘’Q ¬¬ •WIKqGBKVHPVHDEV•I
†ª“q1YVsX—fêë=k•W—qP<[KL•‡JÑ•1Y=“XNW—qKqGBK
•”‡NOHPB%Ÿ VJ]%•–VQ ¬ 0V—(mK!"OVbXBKQV•Wq%VJ
˜™Na‚šƒŒ›šƒ•Naê•dE=œaaÜ“•NaÕKDEF••žNaqIJK
LG%d]%ºŸVHPàáâ¨%”
%MQBCVX‹oVHP*
!"!#!"$%ln( &' )
&(
"$
*
àáâ¨%îï*
*
~CVQ&•JÕ=!"•>?M=HC‡qq%D•©qa¡Nœ•sqKÔqOHP*
*
BCQB¡•¢£=À¤Ns<%VHP¥¦Q ¬ §à¨•©%<%=ªY>~I%•Jž
_dqXEDDIDKqG‘’VHP]%àáâ¨VQJ¬ §à¨•©%<%=!"•>?%
•JBY ¬¯¯ «#%ž_dDDoOHPàáâ¨= ¬ ¬ ¬¯¯ "#V2[abúQ ¬¯ ¨mJ~
C=>fV ¬ •VœaIKqGŒoDsVHP~CDE-¦QJ¬ Sõ•®¯—CIEF;
%#$•VHPB%˜ÜQA¢W°6dÉI%VHdJÞß%àá⨕{I#$•QJ
üDEMHBK•ûÏC‡eKfF'±%{GW<%VHPѲQ±³´mµm¶K•qaq
OHdJ¬¯¯ «§à¨•©%´(·(VHDEJÕ¸¨mKDÕ«¨mKqG´(·(VHP
]Ù5V äå àá⨕{oS• ¬ • ¬ ¨mKD ® ¨mKD%²$%&=ªY>~aqIƒ«
DEHIKJBCQOìqVHP*
*
VQOìq%#$%°6QFGHC‡UaXI%DP#$vk¨drO<dC‡JãO
<dC‡KqG%dÀ¤VHPB%¹o%˜ÜQÕDPA¢Wk§{€d—CaqOHPÕ
ÊcDÉoOHdJr©Qr±%²dbªI!"ºbVHPø•Q»¼0)%&P0½¾¿„*
TÀÁÀÁ KQÃŒø%¾Y%ÄÅ=Æ[a•aJ~C=`GBKJ0¾Ç„ÈÈÀÇ„*É„ÊËÀ¿„É KQJ]%
²$%&QÌCIKÍ”•bXÎEqWE<Gr1>~s|dqqÎEqW%VŒ[aqO
¼fdJ#$vk¨d<d[aXIKJB%{GW<%<ÞÆ•W[aXIKL‹CaqOHP*
50
40
Annual
payload
mass 30
in LEO
(Mlb) 20
“Elastic” Market
Business parks
Space tourism
Satellite services
Space mining
Solar power satellites
Medium
10
0
10,000
High
Low
1,000
Launch price ($/lb to LEO)
100
*
ÏÐÑ*ÒÑÓÔæ* ÕÕÕÕÕ*
*
B%{GWƒ«dÚX£C‡qqKÔG%VHdJBAWBKQJÖ%¥¦dˆõVQW
qBKVHPˆõVÉC‡J¯[aqC‡-[ažqa<B%º»•WoOHdJ×ØWd
E¥¦QÙ¢<Ò›sÚJ%kýKqqOHDJÛÄ•^L[a•–dšfVqXJÉI
qQ°6=ÜÝNWqKB%{GWº»QŒ[aBWq%VJˆõd‘[a<Õ<NWªC
‡þ[KÞß%º»%OO†JKqGBKVHPj†w€•WLq|=HC‡~GVHdJà
•µiw€••LGKJTáâ%<%=T«#%´(·VªY>~ECI<%=2C‡B%{G
Wƒ«dV•IKqGŸ
V ãÊ„¾T K•qaÉoOHP*
*
ÕÕÕÕ* ÔäÒ*ÑÓÔåæçè*
*
KB½dJÆéQFGDJKLG%dB%ÖVHPBfFQ¥¦QˆõVHP]%ƒ«V
>~aqI²$%&%ê‘%À¤VHPOÉÕëêKqGê‘VHP—E•ìNq%QJí
%k§(¨d~CéCþCaqOHdJB%ˆîV\=À¤NONsJB%ˆîV\=À¤
NONsKqG{G•š¢ïu—CaqXKJ~%@•ð[aqI%VHPBC•QqX©D
”ŒdÉI%VHdJ\eFLqONsñqƒ«JHW‹YÂÃŒ-$%ƒ«VNDhi
jkdnopsWqJOsQÀñ—CI°qò£VQuNq°6QUaBWq†½GJKq
GBKdÿK©P~CDE²$%&%•–ŒÂÃ%•–QJóô1%0ž<Ò›aJFf
Ffš•OHP~GHIKÕdÝ•IDKqGKJ²$%&Qõd1ï%<%dFfFfö
—XW[aq•OHPÉIqQõdB•—%%&VV•I1ïd÷•WIP~CDE%&<Ã
øîd>dIKùúdûmIP~%{GWBKdÉI%VJ³z³w€KNaQJ×ØWdE
ˆõd‘[a<BCdFfFfü•aqX{GWƒ«VQWXapN½ð[aqXýþ†Kq
GBKVJBCdB%\% 寬® Si>OV~G†KìNXWoOHP*
*
VQ~GVQWqBK=FGœ•C‡qq%DKqGBKdJBCDE%MVHP6HI•
]Þß%!";%°6QJÂÃJ-$J+}¤²J~CDE^_VbW[aqI!"kw
(ÿ!m%"#J!"•–¶Wÿkw©%/0J!"34JWFVHPB%¹oQ$%•W
[aqIPB%¹Q^_VŒINDWqJKLG&••aX†—qP6HI•BCdÞß%!
"#$%°6%'VJ]%B%ƒ«VŒ[aqI;oJ\eF%{GWºŸDE(ªUH
BKQ)*VHPÕÖWEJB%{GW°6%s›•JuNqtu¶Wàáâ¨Wo#$+š
=2IeFJÛÄ%•mlmw€•Q,DWqDEVHP*
*
ÉIqQJ%&-$QÕ ¬¯¯¯ #-•‡ ¬ Sõ• ¬ «#%´(·VJ¬¯¯ «²DE$ë=:›C‡ ¬¯¯ "#•WoOHDEJ²$%&d ¬ 1Õ!"#V<-•IPBCdB
%ƒ«VHP~GHIK.•qOQ•fWÕ ¬¯¯¯ #Ø/DE01¶•2•3K—Ca<
:4QLqO¼fDEJ%&-$Q ¬¯¯ #•NWqK^I²dUaBWqKDJ¬¯ #•NW
qK5͆KqG11QÉoO¼f%VJB%ƒ«%@A=NaqI†ªVJOìq%@A
=N½KqGBK•QWEWq%VHP6[aB%{GW`qœaàáâ¨QÞß%°6K7
•mkNaqIJKLGBKVHPBCd]%º»VJÉIÊ%89º»†KLGBK=\e
F% Ê„¾ÈÀÇ: %À¤%ÖQL[aqI;VHP<NXQÂÃŒvm<=(§(WF%•–dš
p¼qVJ<GB•Wàáâ¨Q6oO¼fKqGƒ«•W[aNOGP]QB%{GWºŸ†
K>”?@ªC‡KÔqOHP<Y½fJB%ƒ«%˜V°6=A‡~GKqGBKdgXZ
mÄvâi—CWqJKqG;VQWXaJB%ƒ«QB%ƒ«V<[KBXN{GKqG@A
QÉoOHdJOìq%MdUaXIJKLGBKQ×ØWdEÉoO¼fP*
*
!"#$%
&'
()
*+,-.
/0"1234)
1/0567
89:;,<=
,,,,
>?@AB
CD@AB
*
s†NJBBVQ<G¡N\OVœ•aJ<[KBXHI•QFGNsEqqDœ•ONZGK
qGBKVHP¢£%°6QFGW%DPBCQ\eFž^¼NONsdJrOKDãO#
$vk¨d<dIKJB%{GW<%dV•I{G•WIKqGCVHPB%Ö%!"ºb%
!"DJ»¼0)%&J~%ø•<ÉoOHdJBCE=5‡•2CJKDJÉIqQ2o
sq²d5‡•ÛÄ=NsXWI{GWEFd2ECC‡J]%àáâ¨KQìGuNq<%
dV•IJK™þ••œ•{GJKLGBKVHP*
*
»¼0)%&KqGz•{zQJüVGÏI!"ºbKqGê²%z±=(H‚m¨J<N
XQê²%µáâ¨DEž_=U—¼{GKqG@A{o<J<G¡NIJ¶WKLdMq<
%VJCDNOÈPQJZj)y(PQWF=F%{G•?NHI%DKqG|}%r©
VHPB%vmlu¨QJKfV<WXB•W<%VHPr¹d å §àK ® §àJrê ] «¨mJ
¬ R%0)•d ®.SJKLG<%VHPBC= ¬¯ Õ1÷‡HKJÙ5%Zj)y(Qg6
T•OHP!1÷‡HKJƒ«%Zj)y(dg6T•IP~GqGO%<%VHPBC=
!"•2oONZGKWIKJFGŒ[a>mOHDJKLGBKdPQKNanpNOHPB
%k§{€=BU%²sYdA¢KŒ[aqOHdJ"#vk¨%VWJR \J- \Q0)%
&~%<%=2Ivk¨{o<#$%vk¨•WoOHPÉIqQ#$%vk¨dB%ÎEq
•WEWqKJ0)NaC>•$[aJ¨(§)V)¿‰d]%)¿‰%h ¬¯ #XSSY KZ
[V•I{G•NWªC‡WEWqJKLG\8dV•OHPVHDEJÙ¢dœ•IK••J
BC=>fV$%dnop©KqGs›•QJ#$QqXEVŒEWªC‡qªWq%DP
~%>?@]ª=œ•{GKqGBKdJÙ¢KB%»¼0)%&K%r©%µîVÉoJ
11V<ÉoOHPe^QüVnNOHP*
*
&Q!"ºb%MVHPOþ_(á⨳`(a=NONsPF%{GWBK=NsDKq
qOHKJÉWsQB%×b=cGK!"ºb•bªOHJqXEWE0ýVž_=UNOH
DKqGzmá(¨VHPd¡%ef<ÉoONaJ¬ g ¬ "#J¬ g ¬ ¸«#J¬ g ®¯¯ «
#Jh¯¯ «#J]¯¯ «#ÕÕÕK<~aqXKJFBDVÓ—fd+=>~OHPeiQJ¬¯¯ «
*+,-.&'/)
#ÎEqOV<~IKBY ¬Xh ÎEq%²d+=>~OHPÙ5gYVQ 宯¯ «²%²d
+=>~IBK•WoOHP*
600
600
500
500
400
400
300
300
200
200
100
100
0
0
50
100
150
200
250
!"#$%&'()
0
0.4 0.6 0.8
1
1.2 1.4 1.6
!"01&2/)
*
!"ºb%_(áâ¨jk*
*
Ù¢d]ŒosqBKQJ\eF%»¼0)%&%#$<~GVHdJF%{GWàáâ
¨=2C‡qq%D=lIBKVHPÉIqQF%{GWàáâ¨=2C‡B%{GW@Ad
V•I%D=losqPOþSõ°6=UNsqJKqGBKVHP*
*
~GHIKýmdÙ5gYV 宯¯ «²P¥b•sq•v()ž_=UH¦QŽn¶Wo
8W%V>pq<ÉIVNZGdJ宯¯ «²drÙVbX‹ªV< ¬ SVbX‹ªV<WXJ
FGqGˆõ%õ•bXBK•WIDKqGKJrirjv(ÿ!m•Iõ•ÓdbXKo8N
OHP~GHIKrirjv(ÿ!md å® SVJµwmÿs)KNaQ ¬ Sõ• ¬¯¯ «²%ž
t—fdbXKqGBK•WoOHP~GHIKÙ¢àáâ¨uQJ¥{[NvJ¬ Sõ• ¬¯¯ «
²>?@]ª=2C‡qq%D¦Kwx•WCOHP~Gqª‡qq%VHdJƒ%˜•
[NaÃÇ%Wqàáâ¨u%MVQJMQýD[sdYZ[K¯[aXCKqG%dÆéV
HP*
*
]@QhijkVHPVQBCQyDI%DPB%A1VJzÝQBC†ªW%V{U
QB%ÎEq•HIKDJ|_=Na/0}=-Gôš=HI%VHDEJ&•Õ=Œos
qDKqGKJSõ%~zÝdlosXWoOHPBCQO[sXÑ•VHP\eF%zmá
(¨%Þ%Ö%-]ªI¥=óôHC‡qq%VJ¬¯¯ «²d ¬¯¯ «#=-GK ¬ €#V
HP<Y½f'XNV•ažtd¡WqKzÝQðIVNZGP‚XNV•sEžtdü•a
<zÝQðIVNZGPVHDE‡ˆ•%Ö%{GW<(ƒ=„©Ä(••WoOHP~GH
IKC•‡…d!"ºb‘†JI%I‡VJz݈B=‰GŠLJ×bdTRU«#¹o
dˆB•WoJ¬ € ] ¸"#KqGSõzÝ%ÉIhijkdnop©BK•W[aB%¹=
‰žGJKLGBK•WoOHP*
*
Žn¶Wo8=K‹aqI%VJBC=ÃdaÛÄNONZGKqG²dUa•sEFGN
{GDKIŒNs%VHdJ]%KB½•<Ua•aqO¼fPŽmàáâ¨u%ÃÇ%W—
d•¼I1VÉoOHdJÆox•þB%{GWóôdV•OHP•‘îd’ªIBKQ<
Y½fVHdJ~CeFžDNWMVQWqJKÔ‹CO¼fDP*
*
k“(kÿs¨)%/0}QBY å €#Kq‹CaqOHPÙ5VQ äå àáâ¨%/0
}Q 寯¯ "#PÙ¢dŒ[aqs æ àáâ¨Q 寯 "#J]¯¯ "#KqGƒ«VHDEJ
SõzÝT€#†[sEBCQ~CeF”nHIBKQWq%VQWqDPŒC‡V•I
%VQWqDP<Y½fJ•–d•q©XDWFA¢WBKQÉoOHdJ•–Q“”¶•
£–ïWBKiwQ°6—•ÉC‡ÕKV<WIJKBBQŽn¶•b•ONZGPÃdID
FGDQÓ—f%>q—•ž˜¼NOHP*
*
j™•ù[aB%{GWàáâ¨=œ•a•ONsP¬ 1 ®¯ ²ùoVHPˆš•žMNNs
{GW…sYd]2[a÷‡NaqIàáâ¨QÊ™›Œœ•žVS• å •J] •ÎEqND
ªYO¼fPVQF%ÎEq%Ÿ
%#$DdqI%Dœ•OHP¬¯¯ «²= ¬ SV>?
‹ªVHDEJ¬ Ù• ] ¸²=>?BK•WoJ®¯ ²ùoVQ1YQ ¡¯ 1G6VHP¡¯ 1
%àáâ¨d]Ùb[a¢[a•a£Ù<bXKqGBK=FfFf¤o¥Hƒ«VHPBB
OVXIKÙ¢!"%1«•qI]%àáâ¨uQJKfV<WqJž™%LGBKQ¦DW
qDE¢CKWI%VHdJBBVFGHC‡V•I%D=œ•I%KJV•I‹ªdWqK
ÔG%KVQJBCDEŒIBKQN8¶•ìqOHPVHDEw¿=§o¨[aFGŒC
‡V•ID=œ•ONZGKJKbX|d»@KNaQ™þ•VHP~GqGœ•VBCE%8
•ÈK•‚(i%WYÈ=bW[aqOHP*
*
!"ºbD¥n©ª¦%•‚(i*
*
•‚(i=WYÈHIs›•==«qa•ONsPàáâ¨%¬ŒZmimQÆox•þ
FGV<qq%VHdJ¬ Ù ®¯ 1%àáâ¨d-Ù÷?%QJC•‡Ê™›Vàáâ¨=ª
Y>~I%•B§sm“(m=®p%•ûÏaF%•‚(i•°qDKqGKJ¯°V÷b
1•ùIKqG•‚(i•°q†½GJKýDoOHPñ±J=sXONXNa~%{GWBK=
œ•I%QŽNq@A%cVQÉoOHPàá⨲JKqG4JVB%{GWk§{€=N
aJB%1Y=¥n©ª¦K³´ªONsPn©ªQŒµ¶Nq³™VHP·¸¹%ˆ‰•
Ù5Vº›a»DVz‚³Ä;¼[s½¾ªWFdÉoOHdJ~CKõˆ®•2ECs
D%³™VHPYZ[K‚[¿X¦B•ID<lCO¼fd~GVQÉoO¼fP*
*
BBVQ<Y½fàáâ¨%•–%M<ŒoONsdJ‚gîŒA1î%k§{€<ŒoO
NsP~CDEZz••m%²sY•<Ý[a@qaJFfWàáâ¨VÉC‡JgÙ,di
sm—= ®¯ 1cGKqGlmk•WoOHDJWoO¼fDKqGk§{€<ŒoONsPqþ
C•¼{JB%@AQJ\eFnNONsÀ•J]QWqªCF<JÁ¶J•¶•ÂWI°
6=n×¼Is›•#$}Ç=ãO<~IJKqGƒ«=WYÈHI@AVNsP*
*
r©ÄŶWBK=+,NOHP7•mkÿ(¨VHPBC<ìq=[ƶ•>Ç@Xs›
••qaÉoOHdJÞßÉIàáâ¨Q>b‘}KqGÈØVQr0÷‡HK ¬¯¯ "#D
DoOHP~%GY%eKfFQàáâ¨%ÉÊ}VHPÕÖWE ¬ 12IKg6œaIDE
VHP&•÷‡HK•QJOsuNqú=2EWªC‡WEWqPËŠ%>ÇJêëJ?Ì
‘}Í•qaÉoOHdJBCEQ_•Å(µ(ÿ!m•WoOHP~C•ûÏa!"ºb
%7•mkÿ(¨QJ1Y=Õë1<ÊIPFfFf–dNaùúd£C‡œaIªCF<
ð(ÎÏ=FGŒIDJ/0ÛÄ=F%{G••zHIDKqG“”VNOIƒ«VHPZ
z••m%|•”ÐHIKJð(ÎÏQ~zÝ•j›I\L% ¬¯ÑDE ¬®ÑÎEq•Naž
XKJÒgWZz••m%‘†Kq•I~GVHPBCQ+,‘’4%{GW5••qaÉo
OHP~C= ¬ 1‡so•HIKJ\eF%CV×bd ¬ g ¬¯¯ «#V ®¯ ²ùoOHKJ
ÓmÔ••¨%‘}QBY ¬ "#KDÕ¸«#KqGOVHP~% ¬¯ÑJ¬®ÑKNaJÓmÔ•
•¨V ¬ ¸«#%1Y%ÕÝ}d•zV•IP1Y ¬ 1Q]%ism—irâ¨d 寯 "#
VHDE~%Õ÷DJÕ!"#VNZGP~GHIKÕ•÷‡WqKÎÏV•WqDPÉIq
QÎÏ=B%ÎEq%ûs•Ns>VJ×b=B%ÖšV×ØHIs›•QÕ•÷‡Wq
KÕÝ}d•zV•WqDKqGMdnpNOHP1Ydo• ¬¯¯ "#†KHIKJ¸•÷
fVŒ[K•zV•IP<Y½fžt—f%tÙjÚsdÕ\†KDJž_=|osK•%
_·QFGHIWFA¢WÔÛƒ§(QÉoOHdJOKNaQ~GqG<%VNZGP*
%"#$
!"#$
wxyU
.%100z
{|}
*+,./,0
()$
12$
TU
&a
tu
34#$ vY
cW$
pq
56 rs$
78$
&'$
9:;<=>?@ABCDEFG;<.HIJJKL.L9MN
!"#$
WXYW
Z[\]S
&'#$
bYcd*+,- ()$L^_$
eee
12$
%"#$
TU
&a
TU`&a
&'$
OJJ:;<=>[email protected]
!"#$
%"#$
ghij
klm\
no
&a
klm\^_$
f9JJ:;<=>?@ABP
12$
T•%÷b%7•mkÿ(¨*
*
*
üV<+,NOHdJÞßJ6ý¶•¤o¥N÷fVqIk“(kÿs¨)dÉoOHP
ˆ°Qj™%ÜqBK•W[aJ<GqEWqKL‹CaqOHdJBCQ ¬-ݯ S‰%•
–V2ECJ~%K•Qq9•asvmim¨KL‹CaqONsPBCQ^_VŒ[aq
OH%VJð(ÎÏKqGÈØQÉoO¼fP¬ •%Ô••¨V ®¯¯ "#<DD[aqIKL
‹CaqOHPÕÖDPÿs¨)=8•¶•–dH%•J¬ «²%²õ=Þ•ažDWªC
‡qªWqKL‹CaqOHPrí89º»dßqaqsK•QJS• hJ® •÷fVqO
NsPˆš%2ñVQS• ®¯ •÷?2ñVNsdJ•–¶•~CàsX—f÷ÏWqBK
KJ<[K÷ÏKqG°6dáo>dEWD[ss›•Jâã%^5%{G•L‹CIBKd
ÉoOHPasvmiKNaQ{D[sdJäod©qa£WD[sBKd”Œ%r©KL•
IDKÔqOHPB% ] ©%7•mkÿ(¨=^a@ªC‡[ƶVJå æqKÔqO
HP*
*
\eF%»¼0)%&%#$K]%!"ºb%#$%k§{€Q~CéCçpW<%
VHdJBCE%ei=^OHKJBYF%ÎEq=Íè•HC‡qqDdJéˆVHdr
êNOHP÷bë@Q-ÙÕë•÷mW—qP»¼0)%&<Õë•÷fVÄì=FfF
f>mW—qP#$Ÿ
Q ¬ Ù¹o ¬¯¯ ¨m=EF•>‡WªC‡qªWqP1Y%Ž`
Ç•‘QJ\eF%7•mkÿ(¨%œíDEÕ¸•VNZGPZmimQ<G¡NîïNa
<qqVNZGJWFKWoOHPqþC•N½JBBOVœíNaXIKJVQF%{GWàá
â¨=2C‡qq%DdJ•–%'()KNa8ðV•OHPPQQB%{GWBK=°6
%Ž%²sYVWXàáâ¨udL[aqIs›•J¥žO•Eàáâ¨=2osqDEŒ[a
I%†½¦KW[aNOGBKVJOsBBV<àáâ¨udƒ%˜•[NaÃÇdWXaJGO
X–dEWq%DWK<Ô[soNOHPC•‡YZ[KñqVHdJñò·©=2osqK
qG6ódÉ[aJ†DE·muÄ(=Õ!¬ÇŸN½KqGƒ«VÉC‡Jô•·muÄ(
udñò·©%vmlu¨=œ•aqs‹ªVQWqKÔG%VHdJ]%àáâ¨QÙ¢
dBBOVŒEWqK•<§oþqaXCWq%V3ªWqWKÔ[aqIKB½<ÉoOHP
~%¹oQÓ—f•pq¶•^a@qaJõ›aNO•KqGD<[KŒCKqGD>Ÿ^
dÉC‡öqK<ž÷qNsqKÔqOHP*
*
¡N†ª•–%M=NOHPàáâ¨Qêë=g60ýVøqV÷fVqDWªC‡WE
Wq%VBŠ†DEKqGBKVJ,¿%˜%ùŠ=wDEÆC‡qqKP~GHIK\e
F%àáâ¨%îï%ƒdŠ‹[a•aJàáâ¨%Xm•DEQwCOHPB%{GWvml
u¨dÉ[aJB%|þV-.ÛÄ=ŒCKqG²<qOHP<Gr©QJú®¶•“X1Y
=ÊIKqGBKVHPˆ°%ûâ¨WMQVHdJÄ(—mÅüa=(•=n‡—¼aÉI
Ê%k¨•ƒas(=2IPÉI5•{C‡JBCdàáâ¨%2Ê•WIKûM@= ¡¯¯ ÷
OV>~Iµwmÿs)dÉIKqGBKVHdJÆéQO†V•aqO¼fPûM@ ¬¯ ÷
V<KfV<WqBKdÝ•OHPB%5•Qö%K—Q]Q ¬ ¨m†dJBCDE\Q ¬¯¯
§ài<VödV•OHJKP÷b1<]Q ¬¯¯ ¨mVHd ¬¯ ¨mVV•OHKP~%{G•
W[sEFGNOHDK•qaÉoOHdJ<Y½fàáâ¨<õdVHPB%{GWìë%/
0•]üÕSDJÕëSDJ¬¯¯ SDDIDýDoO¼fdJ]œ•aqI%Q¡WXK<
]SŒ£S%MVQWq%VJ!"%ÞŠ•qIÙ¢†ªVŒI•–tuK!"iw%
ƒ%˜%•–tuKý¼aÕdV•ID=œ•IÏ•†KÔ[aqOHPB%Éso%•
–%MQˆü•<Gr@þCOHP*
*
VQ<G¡Nœ•ONZGP]%•–dÿ!—CaJîïd>dIJ“XWIJZmimd
BXWI%QqþC<q‹"Iîï%þ>%s›%•–%#QVHPÙ¢àáâ¨uQ ¬
S• ¬ •u$=2[aJª[aJœaIBKNDloO¼fP‡ˆJ¬ • ¬ •œaaqI<%
V\eF%{GWƒ«dV•I‹ªdWq%VJ¬¯¯¯ •`‹WªC‡WEWqKqGM=N
ONsPefJFGŒ[a>+•¤o¥Na`GDJ‘’gî=œ•aF%{G•÷
‡HDdBAWBK†JKqGBKVHP*
*
C•‡]%àáâ¨%n%&sQ -®ÑKD -'ÑKL‹CaqOHP¬¯¯ 1÷‡NaÕ1â
ãHID=œ•Iƒ«VHPB%OOV\eF%!"ºb%!"Dd ¬ Ù ®¯ 1÷?ƒ«
•bXK å Ù• ¬ •(3HIBK•WoOHP~CQƒ%˜d)ªÝCIVNZGDP®¯ ²
ù[aqOH%VJ*+HIK-Ù å® ²þ©,NaNOGùoúdƒ%˜•)ªÝCEC
I‹ªdÉoO¼fP\eF%Åüa=(•DZmimDýDoO¼fdJ~%{GWîï
%þ>%s›%-.<<Y½fG6VHdJ<[KBYE%-.<G6VNZGP¤o¥N÷
b%•–KL[a<qqD<NCO¼fNJ‚gî%•–VHP~%{GWBK=Ù¢Q`
qœaVWqKLGŸ V¥Ž`ǦKqGL-=`[aqOHP÷b1Kõd{G•¤o¥
N÷?àáâ¨%ÿkw©z(§wƒas(QFGHC‡qq%DJBCQr©%œ•I.
•WI%VQWqDKqG%dnN>~sqBK%ÿK©%5ÁVHP]OV%àáâ¨u
QB%¥`qœa¦KqGBKND/•WD[sPBCND/•Wq²dŒ[aqs%VJ!
"d{XWEWD[sKLGKLqV•D<lCO¼fdJÉI0Q¶Nq%†KÔqOHP*
1,000,000
G/012&H
%&'&CD
999,567
433
%&'&EF
99.957% / .043%
5678%&'&*+
404
29
94.3% / 6.7%
+;<=8
>?@AB
22
CD*+
411
IJKL<7
19
5% / 95%
/012&34
MNO8
PQ0RSTUV
95:*+
IJKL
10
67% / 33%
%&'&()*+,()-.
!"#$
WMXS()V
Parsley, Pratt
& Whitney, 2002!"#
*
Ö123%ÿkw©d‚gî=÷4¶•>~I*
*
‚g%M=<G¡NNOHPo8%MVJFGâãHIDdB%=VHP¬¯¯ «•÷‡N
OHPÕ<Ö1NO¼fVNsPGOXq•ONsP±âÿ!mn%PZmimdÖ1NsD<N
CO¼fPVQõ›½KPÉIqQ£Ÿ•õO[sPõ›½K£sK••J¶9•õ›ONsP
£Ÿ•õO[sªCF<¥•·‚(idq•O¼fVNs%VJ×o%ZmimV5oa£
ECONsPBYE<×o%ZmimV5oa£COHP£Ÿ•õO[s>•¥•·‚(i=
6•a¯=ÌNsJ7%Zmim=ÌNsJKqG&•àáâ¨dÖ1NsoÌCso(3N
soHIŠ0=ñ±NaX†—qP]%`qœa%àáâ¨QF%{GWƒ«DPK•DXr
89<Ö1NWqVJBB†ªV|}oW—qJÃøî=>~W—qJ~CVŒ[K -¯ ‘€
(lm¨•W[aqOHdJ÷b1%|sY•¦XKJÖ1Qe2Wë@VÝ•aqI~G
VHPVQÖ1HIsm•(3NaqIDKqGK~fWBKQWqPÖ1HIBKK(3H
IBK%õ•B%Ö%{GW@]ªdÉ[aJBB=N[DoŒoONZGKPÕDžDNªC
‡õ›OHPõ›a<‚g•5oECOHPõO[a<·‚(iQÝ•O¼fP~%{GWB
K=ŒI@]ªVHP*
*
÷b1QJàáâ¨%!••Õ•%ƒ«•ûÏIKJ¬¯¯ «•• ¬ •1Y=âG{GWA
ÖdÝ•I%d‚gî%”Š†KL‹CaqOHP!"ºb<]%àáâ¨KõdÃøî
VQ ¬ Ù•Õë²<,—WªC‡WEWXW[aNOGJKLqONsdJ~B=ÿ!HI%
QpN½B%Ö%˜à%@]ªVJÖ1Na<B:;†KqG@]ª=2IJKqGBKd
5Á†KLGBK=B%=QPNaqOHPB%{GWKB½dàáâ¨%&%/0Œ-.%
×oØ•WI%VQWqDJK…QÔ[aqOHP]%àáâ¨%²•QB%{GW0ñd
gXWq%VJø%ÿkw©DE4mONZGKqGBKdBA†Kœ•aqOHP*
*
MQd÷fVnN;ÉoO¼fdJ&•‰Š%M=NOHPW<‰ŠDQüVž‹Do
qs†ªIKÔqOHP*
*
˜=V>[dÝ•ONsP?@dWXWoOHP~GHIK‰Š÷b1%k§{€dáf
•WoOHPVA•<ÉoONsP\eF%¥n©ª¦KqGàáâ¨d ¬ Ù ®¯ •÷?K••G
6WêëQ‹Y‰ŠVHP]%ƒ«%‹Y‰Š%BC•% ®¯ ÷ÎEq%BC•dWqKJ
n©ª%#$DD%>bQV•WqKqGEôdUaqOHPKB½dJ÷b1u—fQ
F%{GWBK=Œ[aqIDP¯°,FV÷b1%êë=g6‰Š•NONsP¯°VQ
¬ Ù ®¯¯ •÷mOHP‰Š=FB•G›až•OHDHFGŒ[a÷b1•IJNOHDH
~%{GWBK=wx•JÉIqQZz••mQhijkdnop©s›•QBGVWªC‡
WEWqKLG¬V<%>K=N›aq•OHPàáâ¨uQ‹Y‰Š=`qOHPKWq%
VWL ¬ §àpYÝoMõVHPAÖdÝ•sE~%˜QÌCa<~%w•o•NOQÝ
•O¼fPV< ¬ S• ¬ •NDV•O¼fP~%{GWƒ«VHP*
*
VHDEJhijkKNažt—f”+•$%=N{GKqGƒ«Kàáâ¨%ƒ«%[Æ
<B%{GWKB½DEPaÆCOHPOsJC•‡¯°•5oONsJ&Qq©÷mOHD
KqGK¥¬ SüVH¦KqG%VQ$%•WoO¼fPQÂ%÷b1Kõd{G•J¥¬ ˆõi
œ•&•÷ÏI{G•N½¦KqGK&•FGqGBKdÝ•IDP1Y%˜%RS=NWd
Eysv(%TU=NaV=´NaJõˆ•‰Šêë=WÝNOHP~GNWªC‡[XV
•WqPBCdZz••m%hijk%ƒ«VHP]%àáâ¨uKQJ¥KfV<WqJ~f
WBKÉo¹WqJU£O¼f¦KL[sEX‹o%²sYVHPB%{GW[ûVàáâ¨u
=^a@ªC‡qqKÔqOHP¥!"%@A¦KL[aÄôWY%˜V†ª@A=Naq
IKBGW[aNOGK<q•OHPNNa0Z¶•q[aqI‹ªVQWXJ[fVqIƒ«
dìGKL[aqaQƒ%˜Qš\NWqJKLG%dLqsqBK%5ÁVHP*
*
‰Š÷b1*
*
<G¡N‰Š%M=NOHPBCQ ]æS %`•¨DE„[a•ONsdJ‹Y‰Š=êë
KNa†^³mKõd{G•ZmimVêŒH01öVHP‰Škw(ÿ!mV‹Y‰Š=W
ÝNaqOHP†^³mk§m¶Kõd{G•²dù[sOOVŒoOHP§7v=_[aqa
qqDFGDQloO¼fPüV¡Nàáâ¨%Æé%==ž^¼NOHdJÙ¢d‹Y‰
Š=àáâ¨%êë•`žGKHIKJe2B`•VHPBfWBKQàáâ¨udœ•I%
VWXöu—f•œ•a<EqsqKLG%dBYE%àáâ¨u%ƒ«VHPÙ¢Q~Gq
GKB½DE4‡WªC‡qªWqK³a•Ô[aqOHPÙ5V<Ú£‰Škw(ÿ!m
VJBYEQ†kVHdJIJ=HIs›%PQbU%s›%c1db‹CaqOHPü
ÕSD%œ•B%{GWödš¢r±ÈNaXIVNZGPBBVÙ¢dÔG%QJ\eF%
WL ¬ §àpYÝoMõ%ƒ«%Ù¢KJB`•NWqV‰Š=ÝCECIƒ«%²sY
dµî=„[aJ]QO†ö%²sYdÙ¢%KB½•JFGŒ[a‰Š=dm¶³m¨Na
qOHDKLGBK=¦••£ECOHdJÕSDNsEÙ¢DE¦••b[ae•aX†—
qJKW[aNOG{GW¿dNaqOHP*
*
‹Y‰Šêë01ö%êëIJ*
6HI•àáâ¨uQàá⨆DEÄô†KÔ[aJÕDz•^v(¨—CsºŸ=2½
GKHIPÉIqQKWqDEV•WqJKÔœfõº»•W[aNOqOHPVQFGHC
‡V•ID=œ•{GKLG²sYdBYE%öu—fŒZj)yu—f%ƒ«†KHIKJ
pN½~%‚m§³w€=Ù¢d4‡WªC‡qªWqPÉIqQhijk%lmkVœ•
IKJˆš•<nNONsd]%àáâ¨%ƒ«%{GWñX—qBKVQnopsWqK^
a@ªC‡qqDKÔqOHP*
*
BBDE]Ù¢dŒ[aqIBK=>+,NOHPŽ`Çàáâ¨%Æg1KhNa‹Y
‰Š=êë•Nsàáâ¨=Õ•<÷‡NaJ¤o¥N÷bŒ>•GÏs‚g%s›%@]
ª=FGŒ[sEqqDWFKq½q½WEbij=NaqOHP<Y½f“•È%s›%
ÌkNlLì2ÊŒmno÷bJ4Œ,¿J4%-.ŒZmim%Ž`ÇîŒpqî
%-.WF<õˆ•Œ[aqOHPàáâ¨d>DE<oaXI%QJÆéŒ[a•IKKa
<rsWcddNOHPQÂ%àáâ¨%ª>~QF(fK?[-Na÷fVbª‡t•a
NOqOHDEP*
*
Ž`Çàáâ¨Æg1*
*
B%{GW1Y=2[a÷‡NaqI%VHdJBCQ‹Y‰ŠdêëVJ‹YùŠd
˜•ù[aqaJ~C=êŒNaàáâ¨ZmimKNa<•uDNaqOHP¬ •VœaW
q%VJK•DX¢[a£I{GW@]ª=2[aÉoJÖ1=NDªaKWqKÔ[sEH
Ε5o½KDJ]Ù÷‡NsE£Ù<÷‡¼I{G•N½KDJ~%{GWBK=œ•aŒ[
aqOHP¥Ž`Çàá⨦KvfVqI%VHdJø9%uàirƒ¨%6$WF=<E[
aŽ·ÇNa2[aqI%V¥Ž·Çàá⨦†½GKLG²<qOHP/%˜Q]OV•
žMNNs{GWBK=œ•aŒ[aqI%VHdJÙ¢%œ•=”?Na<EG%•ˆõd
DDI%<AÆVHP*
*
Æé•‹Y‰Š=`GKÕ=ŒEWªC‡qªWqDKqGKJ_•Åk 宯w%ÌkN
xYJ‹YùŠ<_•Åk 寯wVHDEJQÂ%êëKQìGÄô%´“v(ÿ!mdG
6VHPB%OO!"OVbªC‡qq%VHdO†~%¹=G½G½NaI†ªVHPK
QL•JF(fKàáâ¨=ªY>~ad•—{GWEKqGƒ«KQìGBKdsX—f‘g
V•aJ0yqKÔqOHNq½q½WBKdKa<zM•QWoOHP/%˜Q\eF%
{GWJ¬ € ] ¸"#%SõzÝKD‰Š={˜V<`•I{G•JWFK|EfVqI%VJ
]Œ[aqIBKK%ysâuQ<%H>XB•q%VHdJFGHC‡~C•°´ªIDK
qGBK=œ•aŒ[aqOHP*
*
‰Š=`G•–QJC•‡A¢W¬ƒ%ZmimdÉoOHdJÕ•<`G•Q7)•
=FGHIDJ•–6ý%}~=FGHIDJÿ()=FGHIDJ“q—•=FGHIDJ
WFA¢W•–#QdÉoOHPBC= ¬ •`G†ªVQWXÕ•<`•I{G•HIP<Y
½fîï=3K¼‡V•ID<NCO¼fdJîï<œ•WdEŒIƒ«VHP~%ø•<
A¢W-.w(_=„YWdEŒ[aqOHPîï%Ÿ V1Y=“XHIs›•lLì
%§mƒ=2[aÌkN%êëVŒoONZGKLG%<Œ[aOHPÙ¢%¨)(u•‰
Š=€•I²õdÕ²DqaJ~%²sYKrµ•Æg<Ò›aŒoONZGJKqGcdV
Œ[aqOHP~CDEB%{G•J•‚UNak§(¨Naêë=ƒ›aJ÷‡Na5oa
Os&=ŒIKqG`•ƒ)J\eF ¬ Ù ¬ •÷?KLqONsdJBC<„…NONZGKP
V<O†O†ñX—qàáâ¨%÷‡N|%ƒ«DEQ(ªU¼aqO¼fP*
*
r±%²DE$ECa•s4³¥!"ºb%•‚(iH¦*
*
B%{GWBK=Œ[aqIKJC•‡ äå àáâ¨=ªY>~ONsJæçè àáâ¨=ªY
>~ONsKqGˆKQJO[sXÁ¶•ìGwDE%†XdÉoOHPˆ°VQÆg%4
³djâ¨Vƒ%˜•HΕxCOHDEJr±%|DE‡!"ºb[aBfWfVH
DHˆKqGBKV$[aBECs=dBCVHPBCQ‰Ed2[s<%VQÉoO¼fP
ˆ°QB%{GW4³%LnQÐÑ•V•OHPžŠC%‹Œ=„[aqI²dqsoJ
k³â€=•qaùI²dqsoNOHPBB•ZmimdÉI%VdýBBDEùI{G•
QWEWq†½GKÔqOHdJB%{GW=VHP•–¶•QÙ¢dœ•I%KQYZ[K
ìGWÉJKqGcddNOHdJV<Ž•¿QÉoOHPBCQr±%²dÚXBfW<%
=ÊCKL[aqI%DKJ<[KŒCJKX•NaXCaI%VH‹JK·+•j?=NaJ
ýDoONsJ<[KŒoOHJKHIBK•NaqOHP*
*
BCQR‘-.KqGö—W’•%@AVHDEJBC=F%{G•B•XNaqX%DJ
KqGBK=œ•aŒ[aqOHPÉOoàáâ¨%¬WF•B†‹I%VQWXJr±¶Wò
£•þªsuà“(ÿ!mOsQò£%#$%s›•Q”¶•G6WBK=q½q½œ•
aŒ[aqI%†JKLGBK=”?Na@ªC‡ÉodsqKÔ[aqOHP*
*
&QÚ²÷b%MVHPÙ5V²=ù¼a!"•>•GKLGM=NOHKJBCQ
˜¢BŠVHP˜tdB%õDE²=ù¼aŒ[aqOHP]Jƒ«%˜V~%{GWBK
dV•I%Q˜tÎEqVHPz‚³Ädzµà=ŒoONsJk“(kÿs¨)=ŒoONsP
B%11Q^hZ¨=}o–¼†[s‹ªVHP—>dX‹IKJz‚³ÄVHEÿs¨)=
õ›{GKq[aqIƒ%˜VJ˜tiw%tVF%{G•Na²=ù¼IM=uà“(¨N
aqªI%†½GDJKLGBK=œ•a•OHP*
*
BCdÙ¢•6•ECsúQ†KHIKJ~CVQÕ=HC‡qq%D=œ•ONsPr
±%²dbXˆX%'()Q\eFPNONsPBCQ]ÙHÎJ£ÙHÎKLGMVQW
q%VHdJC•‡\eF%{GWÆg1•ˆš••dùI%DKqGKJdýwk¨€•
àâ¨VNZGPÉIqQ!"÷b˜<€•àâ¨%pŠ%!"÷b˜†½GKPq‹"Iw
k¨€•àâ¨KL‹CI²QÙ5• ¬¯¯ ²i>qI%VJ¦qa•ONsP\eF%{GW
Æg1•²=ù¼I@]ª=©ªa2[sEù[aXCIDFGDPÉIqQJ²%ùEW
qàáâ¨ND#óNsBKdWqàáâ¨ud2IKIŒW%VJF%{GWàá⨕HC
‡qq%Dwk¨€•àâ¨%²sY•A¢WÁP=HIKqGzmá(¨=NONsPBC
Q€•àâ¨%`(ƒ)•ÂdsÙ5+,²J%Ó—fKrµ•ŒoONsPwk¨€•àâ
¨Q<Y½f0%™JšõJJI%wk¨€•àâ¨WFA¢W9›%|¢VHdJBY ®¯
²ÎEq%|dœ•aXCONsPC•‡•‚(iKNaQ\eF%{GWÆg1=^¼aJ
ÉCdV•sE•-NsqKÔqOHDK¦•ONsP*
*
B%zmá(¨=Œ[s%Q›SeF™W%VHdJÆQk“(kÿs¨)vàmhzd
(3Ns´ü•W[aNOqONsPBCQKa<ˆ®dÜqKÔ[s%VHdJeiQB
%{GVNsPBCQw¿´ªECaqq%DJ<[KŒCKL[aqI%DJ¡WXK<j
†w€•VQWD[sP<Y½fwk¨€•àâ¨QÉIÊ%7•zk—Cs:DW%VJ…
drí•ŒosqKqG‚m§³w€dMq%VNZGDEJ~%ý\o2qaœ•WqKq
ªWqD<lCO¼fP~CDEõd|sY•JtDJIDýDoO¼fdJ]DEŽ`
ÇÚ²àáâ¨Æg=ŒoOHJ€•àâ¨dG6VHdXžNOHDHK¦•ONsKB½J
B%{G•WoONsPyzdL•‡KqG%QJC•‡0ýd3YaŸfV< ¡Q_k
v±%Í•—E—WqV<—qKqGBK=•qaqI²de2žECONsP<Y½fJXž
NWqKqG²Qàáâ¨u%”+QNaXC~G•Wq%VNZG‹P¢ˆõVg6Q+,
V•O¼fdJzmá(¨%£Å¶WKB½=>+,NONsP*
!"#$%&'(
$%&'(
)*+,-.$%/0
$%&'12(
34$%&'12(
!"
#"
$"
%"
&
*
Ú²àáâ¨Æg1dU£sE•-NsqKÔqOHDH*
*
~%{GW‹ªVJ…sYQA¢W×oØŒ¤›Ø=œ•aJÉIqQÆé•0ýVŒ
[aƒ%˜•^¼aÔ€(¶7âƒ=<EqsqKœ•aqOHPÄ•BAW×oØQJ•–
-.KqGBKV“XN{GJZmim={XN{GKqGBK=Œ[aqI†ªVQJ-.¥%
˜%@AVÉ[aJ\eF%¥¦%‚gî%MŒ‰ŠIJ%s›•b‹CaqI@A%
{G•JBCOV%àáâ¨%@A%¦•§dB<EWqVuNq°6=¨©Nan×¼I
ÀWBK=NWqK_(áâ¨QV•aBWqKÔ[aqOHP*
*
ÞÆ%ƒ«%M•ªoOHPk“(kÿs¨)QÉIˆ®OVWfKDj™{X£aqO
NsdJ寬¯ S«OV•Qz‚³ÄQ<Gÿs¨)=õ›IJKqG{GW×ØWº»•W[
aqOHPz‚³ÄVHE^Ì=–Hˆ‰dX‹[s%VJB%{GWBK•¬yzVž_=
`GKqGƒ«VQWXW[a•aqOHPVQFGHIDPšõVKqG%QÐÑW%VH
dJz‚³Ä%ðmas(dF%{GWBK=Œ[aqIDKqGKJ>-l%|<žECID
<NCO¼fdJ®u••HKqGJ'@ ¬¯¯ §àOV²=ù¼a å •÷mW—qJ~GHC
‡¯d<E•IKqGu••H= ¬¯ SÎEq™•UNONaJk“(kÿâuÓmKqGÚ²
1=2[s²dÆbNaJ¯=<EqONsPqOQ~%ß•V~%&%0°KNahij
kV±F÷bKqG%Q<GHÎÆÞ—¼{GKq½fWðmas(Œšõ%²sYd|}
[aqOHP*
*
ˆš%=VJQÛ R §àVWªC‡CD=•CWqKqGM=NONsdJ¬¯¯ §à%'
@QQÛ ¬ §àV÷‡¼‡•žNOHPG6WÛ@Qš›%|VžMNNsCD=•Is
›%Û@% ¬XR W%VJ‚ú%àáâ¨V<BCXEq%±F÷bQV•OHP\eF%®u
••HQšõ%ðmas(dBC= ]¯ "#ÎEqÛÄNaVŒ[s%†~GVHPBC•ù
[a'@ ¬¯¯ §àDE<=^sK•%4³=^IKJëý!",õKq[aqqJKqGcd
VHP<Y½f,¿QeKfFÉoO¼fP*
*
<Gr©BAWBKQz‚³ÄVQ²³³´Ìµ+,f¶dBGqGÚ²÷bŒ!"÷b=
HIé•••lmk=UNaJŒosq²sYdV•Ik§(©=t%Žd2[aqOHP
Ù5VQt%@AVàáâ¨=ªY>~IˆQ‚g=·kNa2–=UH!"/0¸¹J
KqG@®•QÉoOHdJr±%²ŒšõdBC=÷‡NsqJKL[sEFGHID%
@®•ÉoO¼fPþBGQðmas(V<ÕV<Œosq²dqsEŒE¼I@®•=2
I%dt%@AJKqGÈØ%tVHDEJÕDuNqBK=ŒIK••J~GVWqtK%
EF%ºQKa<B•q%†½GKÔqOHP*
*
*
k“(kÿâuÓm*
*
BCQOsô%¡N™%U£AVHdJÙ5%ðmas(KL‹CI²dÕ=Naqs
DKqGKJàÿz%»¼•½[aqIÄul)=c[a•aJàÿz%‚q±`•)=`[
a÷?Pr² ¬¯ "#Jå¯ "#VbªC‡JB%²0Ü<b•sq%†½GKÔqOHdJ
¾¿I‡KqGÿKQBCKQô•ž_=-[abXKqGBK=Œ½GKNaqONsP\e
F%z‚³Ä%ðmas(K%[ûVHdJB%Õë"#KqGž_QJàÿz%_(áâ¨
•t•aqXKqGBKKJz‚³Ä%{G•0ýV2IKL[aÛÄNaÆé•Œ[a•¼I
%KJBqÜqQô•Na<JFYEdƒ%˜=™•š›I|þ•°qVNZGDPs†NQ
ÛTáÀXÁ'@TUUáÀ%ƒ«QOÉBCVqq%VHdJCD=•IQÛÂáÀXÁ%ƒ«
QB%{GW@paVQV•O¼fPz‚³Ä%̘KMNa<&=FGHIDdPQKqG
%QÃE•<.•œ•dÉI;VQWq{G•<ÔqOHPB%&JKLGDEF•QqI
OV%•–Œ}Ç%ysâu=FGHIDdB%&%#QVHP*
*
efJƒ%˜QFGHC‡™•špDKqGMVJOþQ#$%s›%•–=š›Wq
KqªWqP<Y½f~GVHPs†N~C†ªVÛÄd¹ECIDKLGKJ~CàÄXQ
WqP•–†ªd\bNa2[a<äod•q©qa£WD[soJ~%•–d¢Ã†[s
oHC‡õ›W—qJKLGBK•W[aNOGPƒ%˜dÅlNaJBfWBKdV•If†J
VQBG`•‡BfWqq<%dV•I%VQWqDKPBCQdý!"Œàáâ¨iwV
<JÕD]•Wq<%=ÚEN›{GKqGK••QJB%{GW`•ƒ)VHW%VNZGP
r0%¨©V_(áâ¨dëýnÃHIeFÄXQWqVHdJBCOVžMNNs{G•
Hq'()QPNONsP*
*
Ù¢Q]Æg=Œ[aqOHdJq½q½W•–=ENa÷‡NaJ\eF%Ln4³
<$[aBECs%V¡NQƒ%˜%ÅldÉI%DJKQÔqOHdJV<O†!"•U
DªIKB½OVQb[aO¼fP\eF%z‚³ÄV ¬¯¯ §à÷‡Na¯=<E[s²sY
QJB%îV>+•ƒ%˜=¨©HIBKdU£s%†½GKÔqOHPÞ•õd{GWŒ
o|Vùt=ù¼aÆÇ÷b%{GWBK=A1KNaŒI1•dUaqOHPž_=„[
aqI²QJB%`•ƒ)=•H%•JÉIqQƒ%˜=¨©HI•QFGHC‡qqDK
qGBK=œ•a<E•‡qqKÔqOHP*
*
i>VHdJT”NOHKJÿK©Q#$•–%š\PBC•QÉI—³=(©V•–/
0%s›%-.ÛÄQG6VHPBCdnÃNWªC‡¢£QŒ[aBWqP~%eiK
NaJ\eF%{GW`•ƒ)d•¼IKLG™×V°6=n×¼WqKqªWqJKLG
%d~%&PÞß%#$°6%ƒ«•ÇŠNa•sÿs¨)dâãNsKq‹CaqI%
QJ°6=áo>~ECWD[sDEVJ<Y½fáo>~{GKNs%VHdJŒ[aI|
<¢Ã†[sdJäod©qaBWD[sP*
*
~CDE&QÙ5VQFGDJKLGBK•WoOHdJÙ5VQ²=ù¼a÷‡¼Kq
GBK=t%¨âu·ÈmV~”BÉdL•I{GWºŸVQÉoO¼fP—¨©zâuV<
˜¢V•O¼fPC•‡ðmas(Œšõd\bHIKqG%QJÉIÊqqBK†½GK
ÔqOHP<[KŒCKtd,•Dªso}g@%TUWFVEF=2IBK<G6VHP
~CDE ¬¯¯ ••Õ•âãHIKqGƒ«DE ¬¯¯ «•• ¬ •%ƒ«•HIs›•J‚g
î%Ÿ
VÖ1Na<B:;W@]ª=2IKqGJ÷b1Œø%‚g=ŸÊNs•–K
%ËLdqIJKLGBK<žMNNONsP*
*
…dÄ•LqsqBKQJC•‡zµà%K••vm<=(§(dšf†Jef%•–d
šf†JZmimdšf†KL‹CaqOHdJef^_=`[s!"%ž_V~%•–
dB•U—Caqs‹ªVHP—>%X‹[s]Q×ØWdE!"d•–=2[}IeF
%ÛÄd—CaqIDKLGKJ~GVQÉoO¼fP!"iw%Jö%ƒ«V‰Š%•–
dš•ONsJÙ5%Zj)yPQ?N%s›•ÕD%•–dš•ONsKJ~GqGBK
KrYVJÉIqQ~%zȨuâ¨=<EGJ<Y½fÙ¢%zȨuâ¨dG6VÉC‡×
Ø—¼a<EGPÙ¢!"Kø9K%Ìô=NaqIBK0YdPQ†K\eFnNONs
dJÄ•…sYQ‰Š=`[sàáâ¨=Œ[aqOH%VJ‰Šu—fJZj)yu—fW
FKÌÍ=ÖIKDJ{Xe•a<EGPB•%‰Š=q[Îf•€GBK•QJÙ¢%|•
z¶7mw(idÉI%D<NCO¼fdJ!"iw%q½fWÔ€()¶%|¢KÌÍN
ažÏq•×ÐÑÒKqGD¨©NÉqWdEŒ[aqªC‡ríqqKÔ[aqOHP*
*
* Zj)yŒöŒuìëWFKL[sýÓ%|¢%žM=¦qaÔG%QJÙ¢KQƒ%
˜=”+•NaqI@LqdgˆìGKqGBKVHPàáâ¨%ƒ«QÄÔ†DEKJÄÔ
•WIs›•ÉIʧdsƒ«•§dB<½GKNaqI%†KLG0dÉIBKKJBCd
àáâ¨d{XWEWqB•W”Œ†JKqGBKQHV•Õ@<GÏONsP÷b1Œöu
%Ó—f%Æo®•Œ‰ŠIJ•þªsÆo®•ŒuNqìë%-.WFDEQÙ¢Q
Ka<B•W¨©=)ªOHPÙ¢!"%@A%ŽDE<~GqGÕÖdU£IBKdÉI
KHC‡×q†KÔqOHP*
*
* i>J&%'()Q'(W¥)¿%*¦=÷‡Na)7K3Á=‡EOX@A%û‡•É
I%VQWXJqOKQìGƒ«=2IBK†JKLGBK=nN>~ONsPTUSVQ¬”
V‚USKDRUSKDLGˆõdqI%D<lCO¼fP]%L¿%Üqƒ%˜VQTUU
SD<lCO¼fPƒ%˜‚Tƒ„•W[s%Qef%ØSeF™VHP~%K•£Iq¢
£%Ù^Qq½q½ÉoONsd¡Nˆõd‘[sEJ¢£%M{o<ÚqMŒƒ%˜%
£‚8—‡DodÍ•©Xº»•W[aqIÀ•<ÔqOHP‚Tƒ„QO†ÛÜS<ÉI%
VJ‚Uƒ„¶KQ—>ŒtÝ0Þ%^”Vb‹Cs!"/0%ˆ‰VÉ[sKHC‡J
nÃNsIJV&%B•Wš\%s›•q½q½WBK=œ•soÆbNsoHIBKdG
6W%†KqG&•M=§dsqKÔqOHP¤o¥NVHd—EWI0°%s›•Q!"
%@A=-.KD•–KD%ßX§dB<[sƒ«•àX%VQWXJƒ%˜K%µî=á
BNa!"%@AdJZj)y%PQVÉCJEFPQVÉCJ—E•Qz±=(H‚m¨
VÉCJ²¢%Ë•p[aqIºŸ=2IBK(••B•Wká()V&%0°=œ•IB
KQ)*W%†JKlIBKDEº›IBKdG6W%†KÔqOHP>pq=žâqNO
HP*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
ãäœ:Öå*
*
Hunter, M. W., "The SSX-A True Spaceship", J. Practical Applications in Space, vol.IV, No.4,
1993
Sutton, G. P., "Rocket Propulsion Elements," John Wiley & Sons, Inc.1992
NASA HQ. "Access to Space Study, Summary Report", NASA-TM-109693, 1994
Gaubatz, W. A., Klevatt, P.L. & Cooper, I.A., "Single Stage Rocket Technology", IAF-92-0854,
1992
NASA HQ, "NASA!s Exploration Systems Architecture Study", NASA-TM-2005-214062, Nov.
2005
"Shuttle Performance Lessons Learned, Part 1 & 2," NASA CP-2283, 1983
Koelle, D.E.,"Handbook of Cost Engineering for Space Transportation Systems", Trans Cost
Systems, Report No. TCS-TR-168/00, 2000
Heiser, W.H. & Pratt, D.T.,"Hypersonic Airbreathing Propulsion," AIAA Education Series, 1994
Beichel, R.Jæ-çãè¥!"#$vk¨kð%.¦Ù5àá⨲J“ü¨•Ô´JRS-M-2¶J1996
Collins, P., Iwasaki, Y., Kanayama, H. & Ohnuki, M., "Commercial Implications of Market
Research on Space Tourism", J. Space Technology and Science, Japanese Rocket Society,
vol.10, No.2, 1994
Ù5àá⨲J>#-.¸¹J¥!"ºbÇè‚1Y¥n©ª¦#óÁ镦, 1995
Isozaki, K., Taniuchi, A., Yonemoto, K., Kikukawa, H., Maruyama, T., Asai, T. & Murakami,
K.,"Vehicle Design for Space Tourism", J. Space Technology and Science, Vol. 10, No. 2,
1994
Ù5àá⨲J4–¸¹J¥Zz••m…àáâ¨ÆÞ;%#Q¦, 1998
Nagatomo, M., Hanada, T., Naruo, Y. & Collins, P., "Study on Airport Services for Space
Tourism", Sixth International Space Conference of Pacific-Basin Societies, "AAS Advances
series, vol.91, pp.563-582, 1995
Inatani, Y., "Japanese Rocket Society's Rocket Symposia 1995-2001: with an Overview of
Japanese Rocket Society's Space Tourism Study", ISTS 2002, o-5-1,2002
Brewer, G. D., "Hydrogen Aircraft Technology", CRC Press, 1991
DêBbJ뉊+,1%-.Õ/0óúëJÙ5+,!"4JìJí‚ÛîJí››TïJ1981 S 3
Ã
http://www.bmwworld.com/hydrogen/
¶†ðkJñPJëté+,#$%‘’4ënòó•ôJ1995
Ivan Bekey, ”Advanced Space System Concepts and Technologies: 2010-2030+", The
Aerospace Press, El Segundo, California, 2003
lnatani,Y., et. al. "Concept and Flight Testing of Fully Reusable Rocket Vehicle", J. Spacecraft
and Rockets Vol.38, No.1, pp.36-42, 2001
Inatani,Y., et.al. “Flight testing of Reusable Rocket Vehicle”, Space Technology vol.25, No.›õ
Ü, pp.219-228, 2005
ö÷·* ëàáâ¨;%øù - wk¨€•àâ¨zmá(¨jkëJ!"ºbÿmµiÈ©ùú:JÙ
5àá⨲JûÙ5+,²JJ2005
ü„ã„ʾÈ* ÔËÀ¾ÇÀýÁ*ÔãTÀÁÀÉÇʾÇÀýÁ*þüÔÔ* ¾Áã*æÁãÿÉÇÊ:* .ÿÀã„*Çý*Ñ„ÿɾ!È„*å¾ÿÁ¿Y*è„YÀ¿È„*Ͻ„ʾÇÀýÁÉ*
0¾"„Ç:* Ô½½Êý˾ÈÉþ#* üÔÔ#* ý""À¿„* ý"* ÔÉÉý¿À¾Ç„* ÔãTÀÁÀÉÇʾÇýÊ* "ýÊ* $ýTT„Ê¿À¾È* 0½¾¿„* çʾÁɽýÊǾÇÀýÁ#*
æ¾:#*寯å*
http://www.faa.gov/about/office_org/headquarters_offices/ast/
http://www.xprize.org/
http://www.scaled.com/projects/tierone/
http://www.rocketplane.com/
http://www.rocketplanekistler.com/
http://www.virgingalactic.com/htmlsite/overview.php