Comments
Description
Transcript
米国の法と政策における遺伝子診断の特許適格性
㐃⥆⏬㸸ኚࡍࡿࣀࣦ࢙ࢩࣙࣥ≉チไᗘࡢ࠶ࡾ᪉ ࡑࡢ㸱 ƷඥƱሊƴƓƚǔ ᢡˡ܇ᚮૺƷཎᚩᢘࣱ ܦ Rochelle C. DREYFUSS ๓⏣ ヂ ➨㸱㒊 බ⾗ࡢࢡࢭࢫࢆᨵၿࡍࡿ᪉⟇㻌 ➨ 㒊ࡢ♧၀ࡍࡿࡇࢁࡼࢀࡤࠊデ᩿㛵ࡍࡿ≉チࡀཎᅉ࡛࠶ࡿ♫ ⓗᐖᝏࡣ⌧ᐇࡢࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡾࠊ≉チไᗘࡢ㏻ᖖࡢ౽┈ࡼࡗ࡚ࡣ┦ẅࡉࢀ࡞ ࠸ࠋࡑ࠺ࡍࡿၥ㢟ࡣࠊࡢࡼ࠺ࡋ࡚බⓗ࡞┈⚾ⓗ࡞┈ࡢ㐺ษ ࡞ࣂࣛࣥࢫࢆࡾฟࡍἲ⛛ᗎࢆ⦅ᡂࡍࡿ࡛࠶ࡿࠋᑟධ㒊ศ࡛ᣦࡋࡓ ࡼ࠺ࠊ㑇ఏᏊࡸ㑇ఏᏊデ᩿ࢆࠊ㢮ᆺⓗ≉チ㐺᱁࡞㢟ࡽ㝖እࡍࡿࡼ ࠺≉チ㐺᱁ᛶࢆゎ㔘ࡋࡼ࠺࠸࠺⪃࠼᪉ࡣࡓࡃࡉࢇ࠶ࡿࠋࡶࠊⓎ᫂ ᛶࡢᇶ‽ࡸ㛤♧࣭᭷⏝ᛶ࣭≉チࡢ⠊ᅖ㛵㐃ࡍࡿ࣮ࣝࣝ࡞ࡢࠊ≉チἲࡢ ࡢ⌮ㄽ㢗ࢁ࠺࠸࠺⪃࠼ࡶ࠶ࡿࠋ≉チࣉ࣮ࣝࡢࡼ࠺࡞᪂ࡋ࠸ไᗘⓗ࡞ ⤌ࡳࢆዡບࡋࡼ࠺࠸࠺⪃࠼ࡶ࠶ࡿࠋࡲࡓࠊ≉チἲࢆぢ┤ࡋ࡚ࠊᐖ㈐ ௵᪂ࡋ࠸ᢠᘚࢆᑟධࡋࡼ࠺࠸࠺⪃࠼ࡶ࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡢ❶࡛ࡣࠊࡑࢀࡒࢀࡢ ⪃࠼ࢆࠊ⌮ㄽⓗࠊᐇົⓗࠊつ⠊ⓗ࡞ほⅬࡽ᳨ドࡍࡿࠋ ㆟ㄽࡣ࠶ࡿࡶࡢࡢࠊࢺࣛࢫࢺἲࢆ⏝ࡋ࡚ࠊᶒ⪅ࡀᾘ㈝⪅┈࡞ࡿ〇 ရࡸ᪉ἲࡀᕷሙධࡿࡢࢆṆࡵࡼ࠺ࡍࡿࡇࢆࡸࡵࡉࡏࡽࢀࡿࡶࡋࢀ࡞࠸ࠋࡇ ࢀࡣ࣮ࣚࣟࢵࣃ࡛㉳ࡁ࡚࠸ࡿ≧ἣ࡛࠶ࡿ࠸࠼ࡿࡶࡋࢀ࡞࠸ࠋTelefis Eireann & Indep. Television Publ’ns Ltd. v. Comm’n of the European Communities, 1995 E.C.R. I-743 ¶¶ 53, 54>௨ୗ Magill ࠸࠺@Cases C-241/91P C-242/91P ࢆྜࢃࡏ࡚࠸ࡿ ཧ↷ࠊࡋࡋࠊ⡿ᅜ࡛ࡣཷࡅධࢀࡽࢀ࡞࠸ᛮࢃࢀࡿࠋ⡿ᅜ࡛ࡣࠊྲྀᢅ࠸ࡢᣄྰ ᑐࡋ࡚ἲⓗ࡞ᑐᢠᡭẁࡣᏑᅾࡋ࡞࠸ࠋVerizon Comm’ns Inc. v. Law Offices of Curtis V. Trinko, 540 U.S. 398, 407 (2004) ཧ↷ࠋ ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO 㐃⥆⏬ ⡿ᅜࡢἲᨻ⟇࠾ࡅࡿ㑇ఏᏊデ᩿ࡢ≉チ㐺᱁ᛶ㻰㼞㼑㼥㼒㼡㼟㼟 㹟㸬㢟ࡢไ㝈 ᫎࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠖࡢ࡛ࠊ㑇ఏ≀㉁ࡣࡑࡢ㈨᱁ࡀ࡞࠸⌮⏤ࡅࡓࠋゝ࠸ 㑇ఏሗᑐࡍࡿࢡࢭࢫࡘ࠸࡚ࡢබⓗ┈ࢆಖㆤࡍࡿࠊ᭱ࡶ┤᥋ⓗ ࠼ࡿࠊ༢㞳ࡉࢀࡓࡋ࡚ࡶࠊ㑇ఏᏊࡢ㔜せᛶ᭷⏝ᛶࡣࡲࡉ⮬↛࠾ ࡞᪉ἲࡣࠊ㑇ఏᏊデ᩿᪉ἲࢆࠊἲࡢᐃࡵࡿ≉チ㐺᱁࡞㢟࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࡳ ࡅࡿࡑࡢᙺ࡛࠶ࡿࡑࡢሗෆᐜ࠶ࡿ࠸࠺Ⅼ࠾࠸࡚ࠊ㑇ఏᏊࡣ⮬↛ ࡞ࡍࡇ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ⡿ᅜἲ࡛ࡣࠊࡇࡢ᪉㔪ࢆྲྀࡿࡓࡵᙉຊ࡞㆟ㄽࢆࡍࡿࡇ ࡢ⏘≀࡞ࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ᪉ἲࡢࢡ࣮࣒ࣞ㛵ࡋ࡚࠸࠼ࡤࠊࢫ࣮ࢺุࡣࠊࡇ ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࠋࡍ࡞ࢃࡕࠊ␗ㄽࡣ࠶ࡿࡶࡢࡢࠊ㑇ఏᏊࡣ⮬↛⌧㇟࡛࠶ࡾࠊデ ࢀࡽࢆࠊࠕங࢞ࣥཪࡣ༸ᕢ࢞ࣥࡾࡸࡍ࠸య㉁㛵ಀࡍࡿኚ␗ࢆྠᐃ ᩿᪉ἲ㸫㑇ఏᏊࡑࡢࣄࢺࡢ㌟యᑐࡍࡿᙳ㡪ࢆ⤖ࡧࡅࡿࡇ㸫ࡣࠊ ࡍࡿࡓࡵࠊ㻮㻾㻯㻭㻝 㻮㻾㻯㻭㻞 ࡢ㑇ఏᏊ㓄ิࢆࠗศᯒ࠘ཪࡣࠗẚ㍑࠘ࡍࡿ ⮬ ↛ ἲ ๎ ཪ ࡣ ᢳ ㇟ ⓗ ࡞ ࢹ ࡳ ࡞ ࡍ ࡇ ࡀ ࡛ ࡁ ࡿ ࠋ Diamond v. ࡓࡵࡢ᪉ἲࠖ≉ᚩࡅ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࢫ࣮ࢺࡣࠊࡇࢀࡽࡣࠕᢳ㇟ⓗ࡞⢭⚄ Chakrabarty ࡣࠊ㆟ࡣࠕኴ㝧ࡢୗே㛫ࡀసࡗࡓࡶࡢࡣࡍ࡚㺁 ࢆ≉チἲ ⓗࣉࣟࢭࢫ࡛ࠖ࠶ࡗ࡚ࠊIn re Bilski ࠾࠸࡚㐃㑥ᕠᅇ༊ࡀ♧ࡋࡓᶵᲔཪࡣ ࡢᑐ㇟ࡍࡿពᅗ࡛࠶ࡗࡓ㏙ࡓࡀࠊ୍᪉࡛ࠊุᡤࡣὀព῝ࡃࠊࡑࡢ ኚᇶ‽ࢆ‶ࡓࡉ࡞࠸ุ᩿ࡋࡓࠋ ࡼ࠺࡞㐍Ṍࠕ⮬↛ἲ๎ࠊ≀⌮ⓗ⌧㇟ࠊཬࡧࠊᢳ㇟ⓗࢹࠖࢆ༊ู ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ ࠋࡑࡋ࡚ࠊBilski v. Kappos ࡶࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞㝖እࢆ☜ㄆࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ ࠋ ࡲࡉࠊAMP ࡢุỴࡣࡇࡢ⥺ἢࡗ࡚㏙ࡽࢀࡓࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ≀ࡢࢡ ⌮ㄽⓗ࡞ၥ㢟ࡋ࡚ࡣࠊ᪉ἲࢡ࣮࣒ࣞࡘ࠸࡚࠺⪃࠼ࡿࡣࠊ᭱㧗 ࡢ Bilski ࠾ࡅࡿุ᩿ࢆࡢࡼ࠺ゎ㔘ࡍࡿࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡋࡋࠊ ࣮࣒ࣞ㛵ࡋ࡚ࠊࢫ࣮ࢺุࡣࠊChakrabarty ࠾࠸࡚≉チ㐺᱁ࡔࡉ ࡞ࡐࢫ࣮ࢺุࡀኚ␗ࡑࢀࡀࡶࡓࡽࡍࡇࢆ⤖ࡧࡅࡓࡔࡅࡢࡇ ࢀࡓྜᡂᚤ⏕≀ࠊAMP ࡛ၥ㢟࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ⮬↛ࡶᏑᅾࡍࡿ㑇ఏᏊ㓄 ࢆ≉チࡀ࢝ࣂ࣮ࡍࡁ࡛࡞࠸⪃࠼ࡓࡢࢆ⌮ゎࡍࡿࡇࡣࠊ☜⡆ ิࢆ༊ูࡋࡓࠋ௦ࢃࡾࠊࢫ࣮ࢺࡣࠊParke-Davis & Co. v. H.K. Mulford ༢࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࢀࡽࡢ⤖ࡧࡁࡣࠊᅉᯝ㛵ಀⓗ࡛࠶ࡗ࡚⮬↛ࡀ࠺ാࡃࢆ Co. ࠸࠺௳ American Fruit Growers v. Brogdex Co. ࠸࠺௳ ᥦ♧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡍ࡞ࢃࡕࠊኚ␗ࡣࠊ㌟యࢆࡑࡢほᐹࡉࢀࡿ࠾ࡾࡿ⯙ ౫ᣐࡋࡓࠋ๓⪅ࡢ௳ࡣࠊ༢㞳ࡉࢀࡓࢻࣞࢼࣜࣥࡢ≉チ㐺᱁ᛶࡘ࠸࡚ ࢃࡏࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࡍࡂ࡞࠸ࠋඛᣦࡋࡓࡼ࠺ࠊᐇົⓗ࡞ほⅬࡽ ࡢᖺࡢ௳࡛࠶ࡾࠊ㧗ྡ࡞࣮ࣛࢽࢵࢻ࣭ࣁࣥࢻุࡼࡾุỴࡉࢀࡓࠋ ࡶࠊࡇࢀࡽࡢ≉チࡣ◊✲ࢆዡບࡍࡿࡢᚲせ࡛࠶ࡿᛮࢃࢀࡿࠋつ⠊ ᚋ⪅ࡢ௳ࡣࠊᖺࡢ᭱㧗ࡢุỴ࡛࠶ࡾࠊฎ⌮ࡉࢀࡓᯝ≀ࡢ≉チ㐺᱁ ⓗ࡞ၥ㢟ࡋ࡚ࡶࠊࡇࢀࡽࡢ≉チࡣࠊࢤࣀ࣒⛉Ꮫࡢ㐍Ṍࡀ࠼࡚ࡃࢀࡿ♫ ᛶࡘ࠸࡚ࡢࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࢫ࣮ࢺࡣࠊParke-Davis ௳ࡢᖐ⤖ࡋ࡚ࠊ ⓗ౽┈ⴭࡋࡃ⾪✺ࡍࡿࠋ ༢㞳ࡉࢀࡓ⮬↛ࡶᏑᅾࡍࡿ≀㉁ࡇࢀࡽࡢࢣ࣮ࢫࡀ≉チࢆチࡋࡓࡢࡣࠊ ☜ᑗ᮶࠾࠸࡚ࡣࠊ⛉Ꮫ⪅ࡓࡕࡣࠊ୍⩌ࡢ㑇ఏᏊࡢ≀⌮⌧㇟㸦⎔ ࡑࡢ༢㞳ࡀࠕ᪂ࡋ࠸ཪࡣ㢧ⴭ࡞ࠊᙧែࠊ㉁ࠊཪࡣ≉ᛶࢆ᭷ࡍࡿࠖ≀㉁ࢆ ࡾฟࡋࡓሙྜ㝈ࡽࢀࡿࠊ⌮ゎ࡛ࡁࡿࡇࢆᣦࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ ࠋࡑࡋ࡚ࠊ ቃࡢᙳ㡪࡞㸧Ẽࡢࡾࡸࡍࡉࡢ」㞧࡞㛵ಀࢆྠᐃࡍࡿࡶࡋࢀ ࢫ࣮ࢺࡣࠊ ࠕ㻰㻺㻭 ࢥ࣮ࢻࡉࢀࡓሗࡣࠊࡑࡢᮏ᮶ࡢ⏕≀Ꮫⓗᶵ⬟ࢆ ࡞࠸ࠋࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞」㞧࡞㛵㐃ࡅࢆࠊⓎぢࡋࠊド᫂ࡋࠊ⒪ࡢ㑅ᢥ⫥࡞ 35 U.S.C. §§ 100-101 (2006). ࡿࡼ࠺㌿ࡍࡿࡣ㈝⏝ࡀࡿࡶࡋࢀ࡞࠸ࠋࡋࡋࠊࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞ࡼ ࡾὙ⦎ࡉࢀࡓ㛵㐃ࡅࡣࠊࢫ࣮ࢺࡢุỴࡢୗ࡛ࡶᚲࡎࡋࡶ≉チ㐺᱁࡛ 447 U.S. 303, 309 (1980). Id. Id. at 228. Bilski, 130 S. Ct. at 3225. Id. at 184. 189 F. 95 (S.D.N.Y.1911), aff’d in part, 196 F. 496 (2d Cir. 1912). Id. at 234. 283 U.S. 1 (1931). ࡼࡾ࡞㆟ㄽࡢࡓࡵࡣࠊBerman & Dreyfuss, supra note 90, at 890-91 ཧ↷ࠋ AMP, 702 F. Supp. 2d, at 222. Supra notes 92-98ཬࡧࡑࡢᒓᩥ᭩ࢆཧ↷ࠋ ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO 㐃⥆⏬ ⡿ᅜࡢἲᨻ⟇࠾ࡅࡿ㑇ఏᏊデ᩿ࡢ≉チ㐺᱁ᛶ㻰㼞㼑㼥㼒㼡㼟㼟 ࡣ࡞࠸ࡔࢁ࠺ࠋࢫ࣮ࢺࡣࠊAMP ࡢࢡ࣮࣒ࣞࢆ Prometheus v. Mayo ࠾ࡅ ࡑࢀࡺ࠼つ⠊ⓗࡣࠊἲᚊࡣࡑࡢྍ⬟ᛶࡘ࠸࡚࣮࢜ࣉࣥ࡞ࡲࡲࡋ࡚࠸ ࡿࢡ࣮࣒ࣞὀព῝ࡃ༊ูࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࡢ௳ࡣࠊᝈ⪅ᑐࡋ୍࡚㐃ࡢẁ ࡿゎ㔘ࡍࡿࡇࡣពࡢ࠶ࡿࡇ࡛࠶ࡿࠋຍ࠼࡚ࠊࢫ࣮ࢺุࡢุỴ 㝵ࢆ㋃ࢇࡔᚋึࡵ࡚ឤ▱࡛ࡁࡿ㛵㐃ࡅࢆྵࡴࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋຍ࠼࡚ࠊ ࡼࡗ࡚ࠊ⡿ᅜࡣ㑇ఏᏊࡣ≉チ㐺᱁࡞㢟ࡔࡳ࡞ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿḢᕞ≉チ᮲⣙ ࡼࡾ」㞧࡞㑇ఏⓗ㛵㐃ࡅࡶ⤌⧊ࡀࡢࡼ࠺ᶵ⬟ࡍࡿࢆ༢グ㏙ࡋ ࢆ᥇⏝ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿᅜࠎㄪ࡞ࡗ࡚ࡋࡲ࠺ࠋࡇࢀࡣࠊ⡿ᅜἲ࣮ࣚࣟ ࡓࡔࡅࡳ࡞ࡋࡓࡋ࡚ࡶࠊศᯒࢆᐜ᫆ࡍࡿࡓࡵࡢ᪉ἲࠊࢯࣇࢺ࢙࢘ࠊ ࢵࣃἲࡢ༢࡞ࡿ㐪࠸ࡲࡽ࡞࠸ࡔࢁ࠺ࠋࡸࡣࡾࠊᅇ㑊ࡍࡁ⤖ᯝ ⨨ࡣࠊูಶ≉チྍ⬟࡛࠶ࡾࠊࡑࢀࡽࡢ≉チࡀᚲせ࡞ࣥࢭࣥࢸࣈࢆ ࠺ࢆ⪃៖ࡍࡿ౯್ࡣ࠶ࡿࠋ ᥦ౪࡛ࡁࡿࠋ 㹠㸬᪤Ꮡࡢ≉チ⌮ㄽࡢ⏝ ࢫ࣮ࢺุࡢ≀ࡢࢡ࣮࣒ࣞࡘ࠸࡚ࡢุ᩿⣡ᚓࡍࡿࡢࡣࡶ࠺ᑡࡋ ≉チ㐺᱁࡞㢟ࡢ⠊ᅖࡀ State Street ࠾࠸࡚㐃㑥ᕠᅇ༊ࡼࡗ࡚ึࡵ 㞴ࡋ࠸ࠋࢡ࣮࣒ࣞࡉࢀࡓ 㻰㻺㻭 ࡣࠊ࠾ࡑࡽࡃᚮૺ ᛂ⏝ࡍࡿࡁ࡛ࡶᄂᆮ ࡚ᗈࡆࡽࢀࡓࡁࠊࢪࣕࣝࢬ࣭ࣜࢵࢳุ௨๓⌧⾜ࡢ≉チἲࡢ㉳ⲡ ᛂ⏝ࡍࡿࡁ࡛ࡶࠊ⮬↛ࡶᏑᅾࡍࡿ 㻰㻺㻭 ࡕࡻ࠺ྠࡌࡼ࠺స⏝ ࢆᡭఏࡗࡓࡣࠊ≉チ㐺᱁ᛶࡢุ᩿ࡣἲᚊࡀᐃࡵࡿ㢟ࡣఱ࠸࠺ၥ㢟 ࡍࡿࡔࢁ࠺ࡀࠊ㻰㻺㻭㻌ࡣၲ ࡢࡓࡵࡢ≀㉁ࡋ࡚ၟᴗⓗ⏝࡛ࡁࡿྍ⬟ ࡛⤊ࢃࡽ࡞࠸ࡇࢆᣦࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋุࡣࠊಖㆤࢆཷࡅࡽࢀࡿ࠺ ᛶࡀ࠶ࡿࠋࡓ࠼ࡤࠊኚ␗ࡢ᭷ᐖ࡞ᙳ㡪ࢆ┤ࡍࡓࡵࠊ࢘ࣝࢫ࣋ࢡࢱ࣮ ࡣࡶไ㝈ࠊࡍ࡞ࢃࡕࠕ᪂つᛶࠊ㠀⮬᫂ᛶࠊ㛤♧㆙࿌ࡀ㐺ษࠖ࡞ ࢆ⏝ࡋ࡚㑇ఏ≀㉁ࢆ┤᥋㌟యᤄධࡍࡿ࠸࠺◊✲ࡀ┦ᙜ⾜ࢃࢀ࡚࠸ ࡢไ㝈ࡀᏑᅾࡍࡿࡇࢆᙉㄪࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ᭷⏝ᛶಖㆤ⠊ᅖࡶࡇࡢࣜࢫࢺ ࡿࠋࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞ᛂ⏝࠾࠸࡚ࡣࠊ༢㞳ࡉࢀࡓ≀㉁ࡣࠊ⮬↛Ꮡᅾࡍࡿ ຍ࠼ࡿࡇࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࡀࠊࡇࢀࡽࡢไ㝈ࡢ࠸ࡎࢀࡶࠊ㻿㻭㻯㻳㻴㻿 ࡢⓎぢࡋࡓ ࡁࡣⱝᖸ␗࡞ࡿࡼ࠺స⏝ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡴࡋࢁࠊParke-Davis ࡛ၥ㢟࡞ ၥ㢟ࢆゎỴࡍࡿࡇࡣ࡛ࡁ࡞ࡉࡑ࠺࡛࠶ࡿࠋ ࡗࡓ༢㞳ࢻࣞࢼࣜࣥ㢮ఝࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࡢ≀ࡣὀᑕࡍࡿࡇࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࡢ ࡛ࠊ⮬↛࡛ぢࡽࢀࡿࡶࡢࡣ␗࡞ࡿࠋ༢㞳ࡉࢀࡓ 㻰㻺㻭㻌ࡣࠊࡇࢀࡶ㌟య ᲫᲨૼᙹࣱƱ᩼ᐯଢࣱ ┤᥋ධࢀࡿࡇࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࡓࡵࠊ⮬↛ࡶᏑᅾࡍࡿ 㻰㻺㻭㻌ࡣ㐪࠺ࠋࡉࡽ ࠶ࡿពࠊࣜࢵࢳุࡣ᫂ࡽṇࡋࡗࡓࠋⓎ᫂ᛶࡢᇶ‽ࢆ㧗ࡃྲྀࡿ ๓ㄽࡌࡓࡼ࠺ࠊ⒪᪉ἲࡢⓎ᫂⪅ࡣ≉チ࡞ࡾ౫Ꮡࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ ࠋ 㑇ఏ≀㉁ࡢ≉チ㐺᱁ᛶᙳ㡪ࡍࡿࠋࡑࢀࡺ࠼ࠊⓎ᫂ᛶࡢၥ㢟ࡘ࠸࡚⡿ ࡲࡉࠊ᭗ࡇƳ デ᩿་⒪ᢏ⾡ࡢ≉チ㐺᱁ᛶࡢၥ㢟ࢆゎỴࡍࡿࡢ᥍ッุᡤࡣ ኻᩋࡋࡓࢣࢿࢹุࡀゝཬࡋࡓ⟠ᡤ࡛ࠊBilski, 130 S. Ct., at 3227ᙉㄪࡣ➹⪅ ࡢ᪉ἲࡀᶆ‽ࡉࢀ࡚ࡋࡲ࠺ࠊ⤌ྜࡏࡣࠊKSR Int’l Co. v. Teleflex, Inc., 550 U.S. 398 ࡛ࡣࠊ᥍ッุᡤࡣ༢⣧࡞㛵㐃ࡅࡼࡾ」㞧࡞デ᩿ࡢ㛫ࠊἲⓗ㔜せ࡞㐪࠸ (2007)ࡑࡢ㐍Ṍࢆヨࡳࡿࡢࡀ⮬࡛᫂࠶ࡿࡁࡣࠊཝࡋ࠸Ⓨ᫂ᛶࡢᇶ‽ࢆㄢࡋ࡚࠸ ࢆぢࡓࡢࡶࡋࢀ࡞࠸ࡇࡀࠊ♧၀ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ ࡿ ࡢୗ࡛ࡣ≉チ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ࡶࡋࢀ࡞࠸ࠋ ࡓ࠼ࡤࠊGene Therapy Sets Stage for New Treatments for Inherited Blindness, SCI. ࡓ࠼ࡤࠊJustine Pila, Patents for Human Genes and Methods of Analysis and Com- DAILY, May 2, 2010, available at http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2010/04/ parison, 126 LAW Q. REV. (forthcoming, 2010) ཧ↷ࠋࡋࡋࠊ࣮࢜ࢫࢺࣛࣜࡣ⡿ᅜ 100429132749.htm࠶ࡿ≉ᐃࡢ✀㢮ࡢ┣┠ࢆࡶࡓࡽࡍኚ␗ࢆ┤ࡍࡓࡵࠊ㑇ఏ≀㉁ ྠࡌࣉ࣮ࣟࢳࢆ᥇ࡿࡶࡋࢀ࡞࠸ࠋAMP ุỴ௨㝆ࠊ࣮࢜ࢫࢺ࡛ࣛࣜࡶྠᵝ࡞ ࢆ㐠ᦙࡍࡿ࣋ࢡࢱ࣮ࢆ⏝ࡍࡿࡇࡀグ㏙ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ ཧ↷ࠋ ௳ࡀ㉳ࡁ࡚࠸ࡿࠋJane Lyons, Bid to Halt Patenting of Genes, AGE, June 8, 2010, available at http://www.theage.com.au/national/bid-to-halt-patenting-of-genes-20100607-xqsc.html Parke-Davis & Co. v. H.K. Mulford Co., 189 F. 85, 103 (C.C.N.Y. 1911)⢭〇ࡋࡓ ࢻࣞࢼࣜࣥࡣ⒪⏝ࡍࡿࡇࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࡇࢆᣦࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ ཧ↷ࠋ ཧ↷ࠋ ࡶࡕࢁࢇࠊ࣋ࢡࢱ࣮≉チࡍࢀࡤࠊ⒪ἲࡘ࠸࡚ࡢ◊✲ࢆዡບࡍࡿ༑ศࡔ 149 F.3d 1368, 1375 (Fed. Cir. 1998); Bilski, at 3225 ࡶཧ↷ࠋ ࠸࠺ࡇࡶ࠶ࡾ࠺ࡿࠋࡋࡋ࡞ࡀࡽࠊ࣋ࢡࢱ࣮ࡑࢀ㑇ఏ≀㉁ࢆᤄධࡍࡿࡓࡵ 35 U.S.C. §§ 102-103 (2006). ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO 㐃⥆⏬ ⡿ᅜࡢἲᨻ⟇࠾ࡅࡿ㑇ఏᏊデ᩿ࡢ≉チ㐺᱁ᛶ㻰㼞㼑㼥㼒㼡㼟㼟 ᅜἲࢆኚ࠼ࡓ᭱㧗ࡢ KSR Int’l Co. v. Teleflex, Inc.ุỴࡢᚋࠊIn re Kubin ࡣࡑࡢࢢ࣮ࣝࣉࡢ࣓ࣥࣂ࣮ඹ㏻ࡢᵓ㐀ⓗ≉ᚩࡢ࠸ࡎࢀࢆࠊᙜᴗ⪅ࡀࡑ ࡢุᡤࡣࠊ᪤▱ࡢࢱࣥࣃࢡ㉁ࢆⓎ⌧ࡍࡿ 㻰㻺㻭㻌ࡘ࠸࡚ࡢ≉チࢆᣄ⤯ࡋ ࡢࢢ࣮ࣝࣉᒓࡍࡿ࣓ࣥࣂ࣮ࢆࠗྍどࡋཪࡣㄆ㆑ࡍࡿ࠘ࡇࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࡼ ࡓ≉チၟᶆᗇࡢุ᩿ࢆ⥔ᣢࡋࡓࠋ㐃㑥ᕠᅇ༊ࡣࠊ௨๓ࡇࢀࡽࡢ≉チࢆㄆ ࠺ࠊ㛤♧ࡍࡿࡇࢆせồࠖࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࡛ࠊࣂ࢜ࢸࢡࣀࣟࢪ࣮ࡢศ㔝 ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࡀࠊ᭱㧗ࡢࣉ࣮ࣟࢳࡣ㏻ᖖࡢࣂ࢜ࢸࢡࣀࣟࢪ࣮ࡢᢏ⾡⪅ ࡛Ⓨ⾜ࡉࢀࡿ≉チࡀ≉⊃ࡃ࡞ࡿ㸫ࡋࡋࠊከᩘᏑᅾࡍࡿ࠸࠺ែ࡞ ࡀࡑࡢࢱࣥࣃࢡ㉁ࡽ㑇ఏᏊࢆ᥎⌮ࡍࡿࡇࡀ࡛ࡁࡓྰࢆࡼࡾཝᐦ ࡿࡶࡋࢀ࡞࠸ࠋࡶࡋࡑ࠺ࡔࡍࡿࠊࡑࡋ࡚ࠊࡶࡋ␗࡞ࡿ≉チࡢᶒ⪅ ᑂᰝࡍࡿࡇࢆせồࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡇẼ࠸ࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ ࠋ ࡀᐦ᥋㛵㐃ࡍࡿኚ␗ࡸ㛵㐃ࡅࢆᨭ㓄ୗ࠾ࡁ⥆ࡅࡓࡍࡿࠊ≉チࡢ ⸭ࡣࡼࡾ῝ࡃ࡞ࡾࠊྲྀᘬၥ㢟ࡣࡼࡾᝏࡃ࡞ࡿࠋ ࡋࡋࠊKSR Kubin ࡣࠊᚲࡎࡋࡶࡇࡢ㡿ᇦ࠾ࡅࡿ≉チࡢ⾜ࡁࡘࡃ ࡁඛࢆ♧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࢃࡅ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋࢱࣥࣃࢡ㉁ࢆⓎ⌧ࡍࡿ 㻰㻺㻭㻌ศᏊࡣࡶࡣ ᲭᲨஊဇࣱ ࣂ࢜ࢸࢡࣀࣟࢪ࣮ศ㔝࡛≉チࡢࡀጞࡲࡗࡓࡁࠊ᭷⏝ᛶせ௳ࡢ㐺 ࡸ≉チྍ⬟࡛࡞࠸୍᪉࡛ࠊ⛉Ꮫ⪅ࡓࡕࡣ⮫ᗋⓗ㔜せ࡞ࡢ㑇ఏᛶ≀㉁ࢆ ྠᐃࡋ࡚ࡁ࡚࠸ࡿ ࠋࡇࢀࡽࡢ≀㉁ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࢃࡎࡋࢃࡗ࡚࠸࡞࠸ ⏝ࡘ࠸࡚ࠊ⃭ࡋ࠸ㄽதࡀ࠶ࡗࡓࠋ⡿ᅜ࠾࠸࡚ࡣࠊࡇࡢၥ㢟ࡣ In re Fisher ࡢ࡛ࠊࡇࢀࡽࡢ≀㉁㸫ཬࡧࠊࡑࡢ㌟య≧ែࡢ㛵ಀ㸫ࡣࠊ≀ཪࡣ᪉ἲࡋ ࡼࡗ࡚ゎỴࡋࡓࡀࠊࡑࢀࡼࡿࠊࠕࢡ࣮࣒ࣞⓎ᫂ࡀබ⾗ᑐࡋ࡚⌧ᅾ ࡚ಖㆤࢆாཷࡍࡿࡢ༑ศ࡞Ⓨ᫂ᛶࡀ࠶ࡿࡶࡋࢀ࡞࠸ࠋࡑࡋ࡚ࠊ୧᪉ ⏝ྍ⬟࡞㔜せ࡞౽┈ࢆ᭷ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠖࡇࢆ♧ࡍࡇࢆ≉チฟ㢪ᑐࡋ࡚ ࡶ㎽ᅇⓎ᫂ࡍࡿࡢࡣྍ⬟࡛࠶ࢁ࠺ࠋせࡍࡿࠊⓎ᫂ᛶࡢᇶ‽ࡀ㧗ࡵࡽࢀ せồࡍࡿࠊࠕᐇ㉁ⓗࠖ᭷⏝ᛶせ௳ࡀㄢࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࢀࡣࠊⓎ᫂⪅ࡀࢡ ࡓࡇࡣࠊၥ㢟ࡀݲƳƘƳƬƨ ࡇࢆពࡍࡿࡶࡋࢀ࡞࠸ࡀࠊ≉チࡀⓎ ࣮࣒ࣞࡉࢀࡓ≀ࡢᶵ⬟ࡘ࠸࡚┦ᙜ࡞ሗࢆಖ᭷ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡇࢆせồࡍ ⾜ࡉࢀࡿࡓࡧ 㻿㻭㻯㻳㻴㻿 ࡀᣦࡋࡓᐖࡣࡶࡓࡽࡉࢀࡿࡇ࡞ࡿࡔࢁ࠺ࠋ ࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࡢ࡛ࠊFisher ࡣⓎ᫂⪅ࡀ㑇ఏሗࡘ࠸࡚≉チࢆᚓࡽࢀࡿ ᮇࢆ㐜ࡽࡏࡿഴྥࡀ࠶ࡿࠋࡋࡋ࡞ࡀࡽࠊ≉チࡀⓎ⾜ࡉࢀ࡚ࡋࡲࡗࡓ࠶ ᲬᲨᅆƱᜩԓ ࡢࢡࢭࢫࡣఱࡢᑐฎࡶ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ࠋᐇ㝿ࠊデ᩿ⓗ⏝㏵ࡣⓎぢࡋ㛤Ⓨ ࡶ࠺୍ࡘࠊ᭱㏆ࡢ⡿ᅜἲ࠾ࡅࡿᒎ㛤ࡣࠊ≉グ㏙せ௳ࡘ࠸࡚ཝࡋ࠸ ᇶ‽ࢆタᐃࡋࡓ Ariad Pharmaceuticals, Inc. v. Eli Lilly and Co. ࢆྵࡵ࡚ࠊ ࡍࡿࡢẚ㍑ⓗ࠾㔠ࡀࡽ࡞࠸ࡢ࡛ࠊデ᩿ᙳ㡪ࡢ࠶ࡿ㑇ఏᏊ≉チࡣ⌧ ᅾྠᵝὶ㏻ࡋ⥆ࡅࡿ࡛࠶ࢁ࠺ࠋ 㑇ఏᏊⓎ᫂ࡀ≉チಖㆤࢆᚓࡿࡢࢆࡼࡾ㞴ࡋࡃࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡋࡋࠊࡑࢀࡶ ࢃࡽࡎࠊⓎ⾜ࡉࢀࡿ≉チࡶ࠶ࡾࠊࡑࢀࡽࡣྠࡌᠱᛕࢆᥦ㉳ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ ᐇ㝿ࠊAriad ࡣࠕࡑࡢࢢ࣮ࣝࣉࡢ⠊ᅖෆࡢ✀ࡢ௦⾲ⓗ࡞ࡶࡢࢆ࠸ࡃࡘཪ ᲮᲨ̬ᜱር ⌧ᅾࡢ⡿ᅜἲࡢୗ࡛ࡣࠊ☜ᐇ࡞⏝㏵ࢆ୍ࡘࡋ㛤♧ࡋ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࡁ࡛ࡶࠊ ≉チᶒ⪅ࡣࡑࡢⓎ᫂ࡢࡍ࡚ࡢ⏝㏵ࡘ࠸࡚ᶒࢆᚓࡿࠋࡋࡋࠊࡇࡢ 550 U.S. 398 (2007). 561 F.3d 1351 (Fed. Cir. 2009). See, e.g., In re Deuel, 51 F.3d 1552 (Fed. Cir. 1995). Id. at 1350. 561 F.3d at 1359-61. 35 U.S.C. § 101. ࡓ࠼ࡤࠊShi-Lung Lin, et al., Intronic microRNA (miRNA), 2006 J. BIOMEDICINE & 421 F.3d 1356, 1371 (Fed. Cir. 2005). BIOTECHNOLOGY 1-13, available at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1559912/; Rebecca S. Eisenberg & Robert P. Merges, Opinion Letter as to the Patentability of Wade, supra note 31, at 27 RNA ࢡ࣐ࣟࢳࣥࡘ࠸࡚㏙࡚࠸ࡿ. Certain Inventions Associated with the Identification of Partial cDNA Sequences, 23 35 U.S.C. § 112 (2006). AIPLA Q.J. 1-52 (1995) ཧ↷ࠋ 598 F.3d 1336 (Fed. Cir. 2010). Brenner v. Manson, 383 U.S. 519, 537 (1966) ࣁุ࣮ࣛࣥ♧ࠊ୍㒊ᑐពぢ ᚋ ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO 㐃⥆⏬ ⡿ᅜࡢἲᨻ⟇࠾ࡅࡿ㑇ఏᏊデ᩿ࡢ≉チ㐺᱁ᛶ㻰㼞㼑㼥㼒㼡㼟㼟 せ௳ࢆ⏝࠸࡚ࠊබ⾗ࡽࡢࢡࢭࢫࡢ☜ಖࢆ࠸ࡃࡽᨵၿࡍࡿࡇࡀྍ⬟ ࡞࠸ࡀࠊ⡿ᅜ࠾࠸࡚ࡣၥ㢟࡞ࢁ࠺ࠋຍ࠼࡚ࡇࡢࣉ࣮ࣟࢳࡣࠊ㑇ఏ ࡶࡋࢀ࡞࠸ࠋࢻࢶ࠾࠸࡚ࡣࠊࡓ࠼ࡤࠊ㑇ఏᏊ≉チࡢ⠊ᅖࡣ㛤♧ࡉ Ꮚయ㉁ࡢ㛫ࡢ㛵㐃ࡅࢆ♧ࡍ≉チࡘ࠸࡚ࡣఱࡢᙺࡶ❧ࡓ࡞࠸㸫ࡇ ࢀࡓ᭷⏝ᛶ㝈ᐃࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡀ ࠊḢᕞྖἲุᡤ 㻱㻯㻶 ࡢ Monsanto ࢀࡽࡢࢣ࣮ࢫ࠾࠸࡚ࡣࠊデ᩿⪅ࡣ≉チⓎ᫂ࡢ┤᥋ⓗ࡞ᐇࢆࡍࡿࡇ Technology LLC v. Cefetra BV ࡢุỴࡶࠊ㻱㻯 ࣂ࢜ࢸࢡࣀࣟࢪ࣮ᣦ௧ࡢ ࡞ࡿࠋ ゎ㔘࠾࠸࡚ࡇࡢ⤖ㄽࢆせồࡋ࡚࠸ࡿᛮࢃࢀࡿࠋࡇࡢࣉ࣮ࣟࢳࡣࠊ㑇 ఏᏊ≉チࡢၥ㢟ࢆ୍㒊ゎỴ࡛ࡁࡿࡶࡋࢀ࡞࠸ࠋࡑࢀࡺ࠼ࠊ㑇ఏᏊࡀ㸦ࡓ ᭱ᚋࡢၥ㢟ࡣࠊ㼀㻾㻵㻼㻿 ࡢ㐺ྜᛶ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࢀࡽࡢ≉チࡢᑕ⛬ࡘ࠸࡚ ࠼ࡤࠊ≉ᐃࡢࢱࣥࣃࢡ㉁ࢆⓎ⌧ࡉࡏࡿࡇࡼࡗ࡚㸧࠶ࡿ⤌⧊ࢆ࠶ࡿ≉ ࡢไ㝈ࡣࠊࣂ࢜ࢸࢡࣀࣟࢪ࣮ᣦ௧᭹ࡍࡿⓎ᫂ࡢࡳ㐺⏝ࡉࢀࠊࡢⓎ ᐃࡢືࡁࢆࡉࡏࡿࡢࡔࡽࡇࡑࠕ᭷⏝ᛶࠖࢆぢฟࡍࡇࡀ࡛ࡁࡿ㝈ࡾࠊⓎ ᫂ࡣࡉࢀ࡞࠸ࡢ࡛ࠊ㼀㻾㻵㻼㻿 ༠ᐃࡢࠕᢏ⾡ศ㔝͐ࡘ࠸࡚ᕪูࡍࡿࡇ࡞ ᫂ࡀデ᩿⏝࠸ࡽࢀࡿࡁࡣ≉チࡣᐖࡉࢀ࡞࠸ࠋ࡞ࡐ࡞ࡽࠊデ᩿⏝㏵ࡣࠊ ࡃࠊ≉チࡀ࠼ࡽࢀࠊཬࡧ≉チᶒࡀாཷࡉࢀࡿ㹿㺁࠸࠺せ௳㐪ࡍࡿ 㓄ิࢆẚ㍑ࡍࡿࡔࡅ࡛࠶ࡗ࡚㑇ఏᏊࡀάືࡍࡿࡇࢆせồࡋ࡚࠸࡞࠸ ࡽ࡛࠶ࡿࠋྠࠊ㑇ఏᏊࡘ࠸࡚ࡢ≉チࡣⓎ᫂ࡀ⒪⏝࠸ࡽࢀࡿࡁ ࡣᐖ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ࠋ࡞ࡐ࡞ࡽࠊࡇࢀࡽࡢሙྜࠊ࣏ࣥࢺࡣ㑇ఏᏊࢆࢡ࣮ࣞ ࣒ࡉࢀࡓ࠾ࡾᶵ⬟ࡍࡿࡼ࠺ಁࡍࡇ࠶ࡿࡽ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ ࡑࢀࡶࢃࡽࡎࠊࡇࡢᡓ␎ࡣ࠸ࡃࡘࡢḞⅬࢆᢪ࠼࡚࠸ࡿࡼ࠺ᛮ ࢃࢀࡿࠋ➨୍ࠊࡇࢀࡽࡢ≉チࡣࡲࡉㄗࡗ࡚⊃ࡵࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋୖグ࡛ᣦ ࡓ࠼ࡤࠊOctrooiwet van 24 mei 1854 [Patent Act of May 24, 1854], Belgisch Staatsblad [Belgian Law Gazette], May 25, 1854, reprinted in Tweetalige We-Weitboek Intellectuele Rechten [Bilingual Codes Story - Code on Intellectual Property Rights] art. 28 § 1(b) (Georges Van Hecke, et al. eds)>௨ୗ Belgian Patents Act ࠸࠺@㸦ࠕ≉チࡼࡾ ࠼ࡽࢀࡿᶒࡣࠊ≉チⓎ᫂ࡢ㢟ᑐࡍࡿཪࡣ㛵ࡍࡿ⛉Ꮫⓗ┠ⓗࡢࡓࡵ࡞ࡉࢀ ࡿ⾜Ⅽࡲ࡛ࠊᣑᙇࡉࢀ࡚ࡣ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸㺁; LBK nr 91 af 28/01/2009 Gældende (Patent- ࡋࡓࡼ࠺ࠊデ᩿⏝㏵ࡣⓎぢࡍࡿࡢ᭱ࡶ࠾㔠ࡀࡽ࡞࠸ࠋ⒪⏝㏵ loven) [Consolidated Patents Act No. 91 of Jan. 28, 2009] § 3(3)(3) (Den.)>௨ୗ Danish ࡣࡼࡾࡓࡃࡉࢇࡢసᴗࢆせồࡍࡿࠋ⤖ᯝࡋ࡚ࠊ㛤♧ࡉࢀࡓ㸫ࡋࡓࡀࡗ࡚ Patents Act࠸࠺@㸦 ࠕᶒࡣࠊ≉チⓎ᫂ࡢ㢟㛵㐃ࡍࡿᐇ㦂┠ⓗࡢࡓࡵ࡞ࡉ ಖㆤࡉࢀࡿ㸫⏝㏵ࡣࠊ≉チࡀ᭱ࡶᚲせ࡛࡞࠸デ᩿⏝㏵࡞ࡿഴྥࡀ࠶ࡾࠊ ୍᪉࡛ࠊ≉チࡀ㛤ⓎࡣྍḞ࡞⒪⏝㏵ࡣಖㆤࡉࢀ࡞࠸ࠋ➨ࠊࡇࡢ ࣉ࣮ࣟࢳࡣࡍ࡚ࡢ◊✲⏝㏵ࢆチࡍࢃࡅ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋ࡞ࡐ࡞ࡽࠊከࡃࡢ◊ ✲≧ἣ࡛ࡣࠊ㻰㻺㻭㻌ࡣ≉チグ㏙ࡉࢀࡓ࠾ࡾᶵ⬟ࡍࡿࡽ࡛࠶ࡿࠋἲᚊ ୖࡢᐇ㦂ⓗ⏝ࡢእࡀ࠶ࡿ࣮ࣚࣟࢵࣃ࠾࠸࡚ࡣၥ㢟࡞࠸ࡢࡶࡋࢀ ࢀࡿ⾜Ⅽ͐ࡲ࡛ᣑᙇࡉࢀ࡚ࡣ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸㺁; UK Patents Act § 60(5)(b)⾜Ⅽࡀࠕࡶࡋࠊ Ⓨ᫂ࡢ㢟㛵㐃ࡍࡿᐇ㦂┠ⓗࡢࡓࡵ࡞ࡉࢀࡿ࡞ࡽࡤࠖ㝖እࡉࢀࡿ ཧ↷ࠋ୍⯡ ࠊMIREILLE BUYDENS, BELGIAN GROUP, REPORT 202: THE IMPACT OF PUBLIC HEALTH ON EXCLUSIVE PATENT RIGHTS (2002) > ௨ ୗ BELGIAN REPORT ࠸ ࠺ @, available at https://www.aippi.org/download/comitees/202/GR202belgium.pdf; TORSTEN NØRGAARD ET AL., DANISH GROUP, REPORT 202: IMPACT OF PUBLIC HEALTH ON EXCLUSIVE PATENT RIGHTS (2002) >௨ୗ DANISH REPORT ࠸࠺@, available at https://www.aippi.org/download Ⓨぢࡉࢀࡓ⏝㏵ࡣࠊ≉チࡢ౯್ࢆࠕᖜቑࡉࡏࡿࠖࡇࢆᣦࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ ཧ↷ࠋ /comitees/202/GR202denmark.pdf; JEREMY BROWN ET AL., UNITED KINGDOM GROUP, THE Gesetz zur Umsetzung der Richtlinie über den rechtlichen Schutz biotechnologischer IMPACT OF PUBLIC HEALTH ON EXCLUSIVE PATENT RIGHTS (2002)>௨ୗ UK REPORT ࠸ Erfindungen >Ḣᕞጤဨࡢࣂ࢜ࢸࢡࣀࣟࢪ࣮ᣦ௧ࢆᐇࡍࡿつᐃ@, Jan. 21, 2005, ࠺ @, available at http://www.aippi.org.uk/docs/Q202%20final%20formatted%20and%20 BGBl. I at 146, §1a (4) (F.R.G.).ࣇࣛࣥࢫࡶྠᵝࡢࣉ࣮ࣟࢳࢆ᥇⏝ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋLaw including%20trilingual%20summary.DOC ཧ↷ࠋ୍⯡ࠊWolrad Prinz zu Waldeck und No. 2004-800, Journal Officiel de la Republique Fancaise [J.O.], Aug. 7, 2004, p. 14040, Pyrmont, Research Tool Patents After Integra v. Merck—Have They Reached a Safe Har- art. L. 613-2-1, available at http://www.journal-officiel.gouv.fr/frameset.html ཧ↷ࠋ bor?, 14 MICH. TELECOMM. & TECH. L. REV. 367-446 (2008)ࢻࢶ࠾ࡅࡿἲࢆグ㏙ Case C-428/08 (Grand Chamber July 6, 2010), http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/ ཧ↷ࠋ LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:62008J0428:EN:HTML. ୗ 㼀㻾㻵㻼㻿㻌࠸࠺@ࠋ Council Directive 98/44, 1998 O.J. (L 213) 13 (EC). ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO ▱ⓗᡤ᭷ᶒࡢ㈠᫆ഃ㠃㛵ࡍࡿ༠ᐃ➨᮲ࠊApr. 15, 1994, 33 I.L.M. 81 (1994)>௨ ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO 㐃⥆⏬ ⡿ᅜࡢἲᨻ⟇࠾ࡅࡿ㑇ఏᏊデ᩿ࡢ≉チ㐺᱁ᛶ㻰㼞㼑㼥㼒㼡㼟㼟 ࠸࠼ࡿࡶࡋࢀ࡞࠸ࠋ㻱㻯㻶 ࡣࠊไ㝈ࡣ 㼀㻾㻵㻼㻿 ༠ᐃࡢእつᐃࡢୗ࡛ࡣ ࡚ࠊ≉チࡢ⸭ࡀㄢࡍၥ㢟ᑐฎࡍࡿࡓࡵࡣไᗘⓗ࡞ᡭ㓄ࡀࡶࡗ࡞ࡉ ၥ㢟࡞࠸⪃࠼ࡓࡀࠊ㼃㼀㻻 ࡢጤဨࡓࡕࡀࠊ㛤♧ࡉࢀ࡚࠸࡞࠸⏝㏵ࢆࡍ ࢀ࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ࡇࢆࠊ㻻㻱㻯㻰 ࡣ♧၀ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋྠᵝࠊࢡࢵࢡࢹ ࡚ಖㆤࡽ㝖ࡃࡇࢆࠕ㝈ᐃⓗ࡞ࠖࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࡳ࡞ࡍࡣ⪃࠼ࡃ࠸ ࠋ ࣮࢞ࣥࡑࡢඹྠ◊✲⪅ࡓࡕࡶࠊ࠶ࡿ✀ࡢሗࡢḞᦆࢆᣦࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ Ḣᕞྖἲุᡤἲົᐁࡣࠊ⮬ࡽࡢᢸᙜ㒊ศ࠾࠸࡚ࠊࡇࡢ༊ูࡣⓎぢⓎ ࡍ࡞ࢃࡕࠊ᳨ウࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ≉チࡢ୰ࠊ࠺ࡋࡓࡽࣛࢭࣥࢫ࡛ࡁࡿࡢ ᫂ࢆ༊ูࡍࡿࡓࡵᚲせ࡛࠶ࡿᙇࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ㼀㻾㻵㻼㻿 ࡣࠊຍ┕ᅜ ࡘ࠸࡚ࡢሗࢆᚓࡿࡢࡀᅔ㞴࡞ࡶࡢࡀ࠶ࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ࠶ࡿሙྜࡣࠊ㛵ಀ ࡇࡢ✀ࡢ༊ูࢆࡍࡿࡇࢆチࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࡛ࠊࡇࡢᇶ‽ࡣᅜ㝿ἲࢆ‶ࡓࡋ࠺ ᙜ⪅ࡀ⮬ࡽࡢᐇົࢆႠᴗ⛎ᐦࡳ࡞ࡋ࡚ࠊᑗ᮶ࡢࣛࢭࣥࢩ࣮ᑐࡋ࡚ ࡿࠋ ࡉ࠼ሗࡢᥦ౪ࢆᣄࡴࡇࡶ࠶ࡿࠋ 㹡㸬ไᗘⓗ࡞⤌ࡳ㸸࢞ࢻࣛࣥࠊ≉チࣉ࣮ࣝࠊཬࡧሗᡤ ࡇࢀࡽࡢၥ㢟ࢆṇࡍࡓࡵࠊ㻻㻱㻯㻰 ࡣ୍㐃ࡢ࢞ࢻࣛࣥ㸫ᇶᮏ᪉㔪࣋ 㑇ఏᏛࡢ㐍Ṍࡀ༑ศ⏝ࡉࢀ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࡇࢆ≉チไᗘࡢࡏ࠸ࡍࡿ ࢫࢺࣉࣛࢡࢸࢫ㸫ࢆ᫂♧ࡋࠊࡑࡇ࡛ࡣᶒ⪅◊✲⪅ᝈ⪅ࡢᐖࢆㄪ ࡁ࡛࡞ࡃࠊ≉チไᗘࡣࠊ⤖ᒁࡢࡇࢁࠊࣥࢭࣥࢸࣈࢡࢭࢫࡢ ࡉࡏࡿࡇࢆヨࡳ࡚࠸ࡿࠋྠᵝࡢ⥺ἢࡗ࡚ࠊ㻺㻵㻴㻌ࡶ ᅜ❧࢝ࢹ࣑ ┈ࡢࣂࣛࣥࢫࢆྲྀࡿࡓࡵ≉タィࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡗ࡚ࠊࡴࡋࢁᵝࠎ ࣮ࡢᨭᣢࢆᚓ࡚ࠊࡑࡢ㈨㔠ຓࢆᚓ࡚࠸ࡿ⪅ࡢࡓࡵ࣋ࢫࢺࣉࣛࢡࢸ ࡞ሗࡢኻᩋࡸไᗘⓗ࡞ኻᩋᖐࡍࡿࡁ࡛࠶ࡿࠊ࠸࠺ᙇࡣᙉࡃࡉࢀ ࢫ㞟ࢆⓎ⾲ࡋࡓࠋࡲࡓࠊᏛࡢᢏ⾡⛣㌿ᶵ㛵ࡢᅋయࡣࠊ≉チࡉࢀࡓࡍ ࡚ࡁࡓࠋࡓ࠼ࡤࠊ⤒῭༠ຊ㛤Ⓨᶵᵓ 㻻㻱㻯㻰 ࡣࠊᖺデ᩿ࡢၥ㢟 ࡚ࡢୖὶ◊✲㐺⏝ྍ⬟࡞ࡼࡾ୍⯡ⓗ࡞࢞ࢻࣛࣥ㞟ࢆᥦࡋ࡚࠸ ࡘ࠸࡚ࡢ◊✲ࢆ⾜ࡗࡓ ࠋ㻿㻭㻯㻳㻴㻿 ྠᵝࠊ㻻㻱㻯㻰 ࡶࢡࢭࢫᨵၿࡢవ ࡿࠋࡑࡋ࡚ࠊ㻿㻭㻯㻳㻴㻿 ࡣࠊࣛࢭࣥࢫ័⾜ࡢయ⣔ࢆ㐍ࡵࡿࡇࣛ ᆅࡀ࠶ࡿࡇࢆぢฟࡋࡓࡀࠊၥ㢟ࡣ㑇ఏᏊ≉チࡀ᪂ࡋ࠸ࡇ࠶ࡿࡋ ࢭࣥࢫࡢ㏱᫂ᛶࢆ㧗ࡵࡿࡇࢆ᥎ዡࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋไᗘⓗ࡞⤌ࡳࡘ࠸࡚ࠊ ࡓ ࠋࡑࡢࡓࡵࠊ≉チᶒ⪅ࡣ≉チᡓ␎ࡢ⤒㦂ࢆḞ࠸࡚࠾ࡾࠊ◊✲ᛂ⏝ၟ ᴗᛂ⏝ࡢ༊ูࡀ࠶࠸ࡲ࠸࡞ࡓࡵᙜ⪅ࡢᶒ㛵ಀࡀ᫂☜࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ ࢤ࣮ࢺ࣭ࣦ࣭ࣝࣥ࢜ࣇ࢙ࣦ࣮ࣝࣞ⋡࠸ࡿ࣋ࣝࢠ࣮ࡢ࣮ࣝ࣋ࣥᏛࡢ See id. Id. at 20-21; Dianne Nicol, Patent Licensing in Medical Biotechnology in Australia: A Id, art. 30. Role for Collaborative Licensing Strategies (Univ. of Tasmania Centre for Law and Genet- ࡓ࠼ࡤࠊPanel Report, Canada-Patent Protection of Pharmaceutical Products, ¶ 3.1, ics, Occasional Paper No. 7; 2010), available at http://www.lawgenecentre.org/summary. WT/DS114/R (Mar. 17, 2000)ಖㆤᮇ㛫ᑐࡍࡿไ㝈ࢆࠊ༠ᐃࡢ㐪࡛࠶ࡿࡋ࡚࠸ php?id=1853&category=All ࡶཧ↷ࠋ ࡿ>௨ୗCanada-Pharmaceuticals ࠸࠺@ ཧ↷ࠋ Report on Gene Patents, supra note 17, at lines 3595-3601 ཧ↷ࠋ Opinion of the Advocate General, Case C-428/08 (Mar.9, 2010), http://eur-lex.europa. OECD GUIDELINES, supra note 19 ཧ↷ࠋ eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:62008C0428:EN:HTML; cf. Biogen Inc. v. REAPING THE BENEFITS, supra note 15, at 8. Mediva Plc, [1997] R.P.C. 1 (Eng.). ୍⯡ࠊOffice of Tech. Transfers, Nat. Inst. of Health, Best Practices for the Licensing of Genomic Inventions, 70 Fed. Reg. 18,413 (Apr. 11, 2005), available at http://ott.od.nih. Graeme B. Dinwoodie & Rochelle C. Dreyfuss, Diversifying Without Discriminating: Complying with the Mandates of the TRIPS Agreement, 13 MICH. TELECOMM’N & TECH. L. gov/policy/genomic_invention.html ཧ↷ࠋ REV. 445-56, 453 (2007) ཧ↷ࠋ SITY TECHNOLOGY (2007), ୍⯡ ORG. FOR ECON. CO-OPERATION & DEV., GENETIC INVENTIONS, INTELLECTUAL ASS’N OF UNIV. TECH. MANAGERS, NINE POINTS TO CONSIDER IN LICENSING UNIVER- PROPERTY RIHTS AND LICENSING PRACTICES: EVIDENCE AND POLICIES (2002) ཧ↷ࠋ lines 3545-3601. OECD GUIDELINES, supra note 19, at 19-21 ཧ↷ࠋ ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO available at http://www.autm.net/Nine_Points_to_Consider.htm. See Recommendations two and three of the Report on Gene Patents, supra note 17, at ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO 㐃⥆⏬ ⡿ᅜࡢἲᨻ⟇࠾ࡅࡿ㑇ఏᏊデ᩿ࡢ≉チ㐺᱁ᛶ㻰㼞㼑㼥㼒㼡㼟㼟 ࢢ࣮ࣝࣉࡀࠊ㑇ఏᏊ≉チࡢࣛࢭࣥࢫࢆᐜ᫆ࡍࡿࡓࡵࠊ≉チࣉ࣮ࣝ ሗᡤࢆ⏝ࡍࡿࡇࡢ◊✲ࢆᗈࡃ⾜ࡗࡓ ࠋ ၥ㢟ࡢ࡞ゎ⟅ࡣ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ࠋ㻻㻱㻯㻰 ࡢ࢞ࢻࣛࣥࡣࠊࠕຍ┕ᅜࡢഃ ❧ࡗࡓ㔜せ࡞ᨻⓗබ⣙࡛ࠖ࠶ࡿᙇࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡋࡋࠊ㼃㼀㻻 ࡣ␗࡞ࡾࠊ㻻㻱㻯㻰㻌ࡣ㑂Ᏺࡉࡏࡿࡓࡵࡢ⤌ࡳࢆḞ࠸࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡉࡽࠊ≉チ ᲫᲨǬǤȉȩǤȳ ᶒࡣᬑ㏻ࠊᨻᗓಖ᭷ࡉࢀ࡚ࡣ࠸࡞࠸ࠋࡋࡓࡀࡗ࡚ࠊ㻻㻱㻯㻰㻌ࡢຍ┕ᅜࡀ࠸ ୖグ࡛ᣦࡋࡓࡼ࠺ࠊࢡࢭࢫၥ㢟ࡢゎỴ⟇ࡋ࡚࣋ࢫࢺࣉࣛࢡࢸ 㠀ⓗࣛࢭࣥࢫࢆ㏻ࡌࡓࢡࢭࢫࡢᨵၿ┿࡛࠶ࡗࡓࡋ࡚ ࢫࢆዡࡵ࡚࠸ࡿࢢ࣮ࣝࣉࡀᑡ࡞ࡃࡶ ࡘ࠶ࡿࠋࡇࢀࡽࡢᥦࡣࡍ࡚ఝ ࡶࠊࡑࢀࡣࠊࡑࡢᅜẸࡢࣅࢪࢿࢫุ᩿ḟ➨࡞ࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋᶒ⪅ࡣࠊᵝࠎ࡞ ㏻ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡍ࡞ࢃࡕࠊ≉チᶒ⪅ࡣ࠺ࣛࢭࣥࢫࡍࡿࡢ㑅ᢥ⫥ࢆࡓࡃ ືᶵࠊධࡢᮇᚅࠊḟⓗ࡞ไ⣙ࢆ᭷ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡉࡽࠊᙼࡽࡀᙳ㡪ࢆ ࡉࢇᣢࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ࠸࠺ほᐹࡽጞࡲࡾࠊ㠀ⓗࣛࢭࣥࢫࡀデ᩿㛵㐃≉ ཷࡅࡸࡍ࠸ㄗゎࡢ✀㢮ࡶᵝࠎ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ᪤Ꮡࡢ࢞ࢻࣛࣥࡣࠊබඹⓗ࡞ チࡗ࡚ࡣ࣋ࢫࢺࣉࣛࢡࢸࢫ࡛࠶ࡿ♧၀ࡋ࡚⤊ࢃࡿࠋࡇࢀࡣࠊ⌮ㄽ つ⠊ࡢ⫱ᡂࢆ║ࡋ࡚࠾ࡾࠊ㠀ⓗ࡞ࣛࢭࣥࢫࡢⅬࡘ࠸࡚≉チ ⓗࡣጇᙜ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡍ࡞ࢃࡕࠊᡃࠎࡀぢ࡚ࡁࡓࡼ࠺ࠊୖὶࡢᡂᯝࢆ༢⣧ ᶒ⪅☜࡞ሗࢆᥦ౪ࡍࡿ࠸࠺ࡶࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࡓࡵࠊ᭷ពࡑࡢ⾜ ࡞デ᳨᩿ᰝ㌿ࡍࡿ㈝⏝ࡣప࠸ࠋࡋࡓࡀࡗ࡚ࠊࣛࢭࣥࢩ࣮ࡀࡑࡢ ㈨㔠ㄪ㐩ࡍࡿࡢࢆዡບࡍࡿࡓࡵᛶࢆ⏝ࡍࡿᚲせᛶࡣࢇ ືࢆኚ࠼ࡿࡇࡣ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ࡶࡋࢀ࡞࠸ࠋ ≧ἣࡣࠊᨻᗓࡢ㈨㔠ຓࢆᚓࡓ◊✲ࡗ࡚ࡣᑡࡋ␗࡞ࡿࠋ㈨㔠ᥦ౪ࡍ ࡞࠸ࠋᐇ㝿ࠊ㻯㻲 ࡢࢣ࣮ࢫ◊✲ࡣࠊ࠸࠺ࡲࡃ㠀ⓗࣛࢭࣥࢫࡀᝈ ࡿഃࡣࠊබⓗ࡞ᨭࢆཷࡅ࡚࡞ࡉࢀࡓ࠸࡞ࡿⓎ᫂ࡘ࠸࡚ࡶ㠀ⓗ࡞ ⪅ࡢࢡࢭࢫࢆಁ㐍ࡋࡓࢆ♧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡲࡓࠊ≉チᶒ⪅ࡀࡇࡢࣉࣟ ࣛࢭࣥࢫࢆせồࡍࡿࡇࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࡋࠊⓗ࡞ࣛࢭࣥࢫࢆ⾜ࡗࡓⓎ᫂ ࣮ࢳࡢୗࠊᚲࡎࡋࡶᦆࡍࡿࢃࡅ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋࡘࡲࡾࠊ㠀ⓗࣛࢭࣥࢫ ⪅᪂ࡋ࠸㔠ࢆ࠼ࡿࡇࢆᣄྰࡍࡿࡇࡶ࡛ࡁࡿࡋࠊࡲࡓࠊ ࠕ㐍㌷ࠖ ㄢࡍࡇࡀ࡛ࡁࡿᐇᩱࡣࠊ㏻ᖖࡣⓗࣛࢭࣥࢫࡼࡾప࠸ࡀࠊ㠀 ࡋࠊࢡࢭࢫࢆ㜼ᐖࡍࡿࡼ࠺࡞᪉ἲ࡛ࣛࢭࣥࢫࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ≉チࡢᶒ ⓗࣛࢭࣥࢫࡀࡼࡾከࡃࡢධࡢὶࢀࢆ⏕ࡳฟࡍࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ ࢆᙇࡍࡿࡇࡍࡽ࡛ࡁࡿࠋࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞㑅ᢥ⫥ࡣࠊ࠶ࡿ⛬ᗘࡲ࡛ࡣࠊ⡿ᅜ 㠀ⓗࣛࢭࣥࢫࢆಁ㐍ࡍࡿ࣋ࢫࢺࣉࣛࢡࢸࢫࡣ᫂ࡽ࡞౽┈ ࡀᏑᅾࡍࡿ୍᪉ࠊ࢞ࢻࣛࣥࡣࠊᐇຠᛶࢆḞ࠸࡚࠸ࡿࡓࡵࠊࢡࢭࢫ ࠾࠸࡚デ᩿᪉ἲࡘ࡞ࡀࡿ◊✲ࡢከࡃࢆ㈨㔠ຓࡋ࡚ࡁࡓ 㻺㻵㻴 ࡢ 㔠㛵ࡋ࡚㛤Ⓨࡉࢀ࡚ࡁࡓࠋࡋࡋ࡞ࡀࡽࠊ㻺㻵㻴 ࡣࡑࢀ௨ୖ✚ᴟⓗ࡞⾜ OECD GUIDELINES, supra note 19, at 5 n.3. ࡓ࠼ࡤࠊRebecca S. Eisenberg, Bargaining Over the Transfer of Proprietary Re- ୍⯡ LICENSING MODELS, supra note 19; Van Overwalle, Designing Models, supra note 19 ཧ↷ࠋ Chandrasekharan et al., supra note 24, at S203㠀ⓗࣛࢭࣥࢫࡣ➇தࢆチᐜࡍ search Tools: Is This Market Failing or Emerging?, in EXPANDING THE BOUNDARIES, supra note 91, at 223-49 ཧ↷ࠋ ࡿ⤖ㄽࡅࡓ࠺࠼࡛ࠊ⡿ᅜࡢࡢ◊✲ᐊࡀࡸ 㻯㻲 ࡢ᳨ᰝࢆᥦ౪ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡇࢆ ᣦࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ ཧ↷ࠋ ↷ ࢆᗈࡵࡼ࠺ࡋࡓࡶࢃࡽࡎࠊࢪࣙࣥࢬ࣭࣍ࣉ࢟ࣥࢫᏛࡀ⮅⮚࢞ࣥ㛵 ୍ࡘࡢࡣࠊᏛᢏ⾡࣐ࢿ࣮ࢪ࣮ࣕ༠ࡀࡑࡢࠕNine Pointsࠖ㸦supra note 152 ཧ ࡓ࠼ࡤࠊMaryann P. Feldman et. al, Chapter No. 17.22: Lesson from the Commer- 㐃ࡍࡿ 㻼㻭㻸㻮㻞 㑇ఏᏊࢆ࢝ࣂ࣮ࡍࡿ⮬ࡽࡢ≉チࢆ Myriad Genetics 㻮㻾㻯㻭 ࡛᭷ྡ cialization of the Cohen-Boyer Patents: The Stanford Licensing Program, in IP HANDBOOK ⓗࣛࢭࣥࢫࡋࡓࡇ࡛࠶ࡿࠋMyriad Genetics, Myriad Genetics Acquires BEST PRACTICES (2007), available at http://www.iphandbook.org/handbook/ch17/p22/ Exclusive Rights to Pancreatic Cancer Gene Patents From Johns Hopkins (Oct. 15, 2009), OF ཧ↷ࠋ㠀ⓗ࡞ࣛࢭࣥࢩ࣮ࡣ౯᱁ࡘ࠸࡚࠸➇தࡍࡿࡢ࡛ࠊᕷሙࡢᣑ㸫 available at http://investor.myriad.com/releasedetail.cfm?releaseid=416024 ཧ↷ࠋ ≉チᶒ⪅ࡢࡉࡽ࡞ࡿධ㸫ࡶࡶࡓࡽࡍࠋ of Biomedicine, 66 LAW & CONTEMP. PROBS. 289-314, 292 (2002)⏕≀་Ꮫ◊✲ࡢ㒊 ࡓ࠼ࡤࠊPeter Lee, Toward a Distributive Commons in Patent Law, 2009 WIS. L. REV. 917 ཧ↷ࠋ ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO ࡓ࠼ࡤࠊArti K. Rai and Rebecca S. Eisenberg, Bayh-Dole Reform and the Progress ศࡣࠊ㻺㻵㻴 ࡶྵࡵ࡚ࠊබⓗ㈨㔠ᥦ౪ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡇࢆᣦࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ ཧ↷ࠋ ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO 㐃⥆⏬ ⡿ᅜࡢἲᨻ⟇࠾ࡅࡿ㑇ఏᏊデ᩿ࡢ≉チ㐺᱁ᛶ㻰㼞㼑㼥㼒㼡㼟㼟 ືࢆྲྀࡿࡢࡣᑼ㎸ࡳࡋࡓࠋ୍ࡘࡣࠊἲᚊୖࡢၥ㢟ࡀ࠶ࡗࡓࠋከࡃࡢࢣ ࡢᠱᛕࢆ㙠ࡵࡿࡇࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࠋ≉ࠊሗᡤࡣࠊ㻿㻭㻯㻳㻴㻿 ࡢ᥎ዡࡋ ࣮ࢫ࡛ࡣࠊ㻺㻵㻴 ࡢ㈨㔠ຓࡣࣂࢻ࣮ࣝἲࡢ㐺⏝ࢆཷࡅࡿࡀࠊྠἲࡣࠊබ ࡚࠸ࡿ㏱᫂ᛶࢆ㧗ࡵࡿ࠸࠺ࡇࢆࠊᐜ᫆ࡍࡿࡓࡵࡢ᭱ࡶⓗ☜࡞᪉ἲ࡛ ࡢ㈨㔠ᥦ౪⪅ࡀࣛࢭࣥࢫỴᐃࢆ᪉ྥࡅࡿࡇࢆ⚗ࡌ࡚࠸ࡿゎ㔘࡛ ࠶ࡿࠋࡲࡓࠊࢡࢵࢡࢹ࣮࢞ࣥࡢඹⴭ⪅ࡀࣛࢭࣥࢫࡢศ㔝ࡘ࠸࡚ㄪᰝ ࡁࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡑࢀࡺ࠼ࠊࡶ࠺୍ࡘࡢ 㻿㻭㻯㻳㻴㻿 ࡢ່࿌ࡣࠊᨻᗓࡢ㑅ᢥ⫥ ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡁฟࡗࡓၥ㢟ࢆゎỴࡍࡿࡇࡶ࡛ࡁࡿࠋࡑࡋ࡚ࠊࣟࣂ࣮ ࢆ᫂☜ࡍࡿࡼ࠺ồࡵ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡼࡾ㔜せ࡞ࡢࡣࠊ㈨㔠ཷ㡿⪅ࡣ ࢺ࣭࣐࣮ࢪࢫࡀᖺ๓ㄝᚓⓗ♧ࡋࡓࡼ࠺ࠊ≉チࣉ࣮ࣝࣛࢭࣥࢫ ␗࡞ࡿ㟂せࡸ┠ⓗࢆᣢࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࡛ࠊ㈨㔠ᥦ౪⪅ࡀつ⠊ࢆ☜❧ࡋࡼ࠺ࡍ ⟶⌮ᅋయࡼࡾ≉チࡢ⸭ࢆษࡾ㛤ࡃࡇࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࠋࡇࢀࡽࡼࡗ࡚ࠊ࣡ ࡿ௨ୖࡢࡇࢆࡍࡿࡇࡣࠊ㐺ษ࡛࠶ࡿࡶࡋࢀ࡞࠸ࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡑࡋ࡚ࠊ ࣭ࣥࢫࢺࢵࣉ࡞ࢧ࣮ࣅࢫࡀᥦ౪ࡉࢀࠊಶูᶒࢆ΅ࡍࡿᚲせᛶࡀ࡞ࡃ 㻺㻵㻴 ࡢࡼ࠺࡞㈨㔠ᥦ౪⪅ࡀࡼࡾཝ᱁࡞㊰⥺ࢆྲྀࡗࡓࡋ࡚ࡶࠊࡢᶒ⪅ ࡞ࡿࠋホ౯ࡣࠊุᡤ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃᑓ㛛ᐙࡼࡗ࡚Ỵᐃࡉࢀࠊࡑࡢࡓࡵࠊ⣮ ࡣࡑࢀᣊ᮰ࡉࢀ࡞࠸ࠋࡑࡢࡓࡵࠊ㈨㔠ᥦ౪⪅ࡣၥ㢟ࢆ⦰ᑠ࡛ࡁࡿࡶࡋ தゎỴࡣᏳࡃ῭ࡴࠋࣉ࣮ࣝࡣࠊࣀ࢘ࣁ࢘ࡢሙࡋ࡚ᶵ⬟ࡍࡿࡇࡶ ࢀ࡞࠸୍᪉࡛ࠊࡑࢀࢆゎᾘࡍࡿࡇࡣ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ ࠶ࡿࡢ࡛ࠊ㏣ຍⓗ࡞౯್ࢆᥦ౪ࡍࡿࡇࡉ࠼࠶ࡿࠋ ࡇࡢศᯒࡢḞⅬࡶࠊࡧືᶵࡅ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ≉チᶒ⪅ࡀࠊ⮬ࡽࡢࣛࢭࣥ ᲬᲨཎᚩȗȸȫƱऴإʩ੭ ≉チᶒࡣࠊ㑇ఏᏊࡢ◊✲ၟᴗࢆືᶵࡅࡍࡿࡢᚲせ࡛࠶ࡿࡢ௬ ࢫࡘ࠸࡚շǜư ሗࢆ᫂ࡋ㠀ⓗࣛࢭࣥࢫࢆᥦ౪ࡍࡿ࠸࠺ ᐃᇶ࡙࠸࡚ࠊ࣮ࣝ࣋ࣥࡢࣦ࣭ࣥ࢜ࣇ࢙ࣦ࣮ࣝࣞࡢࢢ࣮ࣝࣉࡢ♧၀ࡍ 㝈ࡾ࠾࠸࡚ࠊࡇࢀࡽࡢไᗘࢆసࡿࡇࡣ㠀ᖖ᭷┈࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡋࡋࠊࡶ ࡿࡇࢁࡼࢀࡤࠊ┿ࡢၥ㢟ࡣྲྀᘬ㈝⏝㸫ᝈ⪅㉁ࡢࡼ࠸་⒪ࢆᥦ౪ࡍࡿ ࡋ≉チᶒ⪅ࡀࠊࣛࢭࣥࢫሗࡣ⛎ᐦࡋ࡚ᕷሙࡽࣛࣂࣝࢆ㝖ࡍࡿ ࡢᚲせ࡞ከᩘࡢᶒࢆࡲࡵୖࡆࡿ㞴ࡋࡉࠊ≉ࠊ」ᩘࡢሙᡤ࡛ࡼࡾຠ ࣅࢪࢿࢫࣔࢹࣝࢆ᥇⏝ࡍࡿ᪉ࡀ㒔ྜࡀࡼ࠸⪃࠼ࡓሙྜࡣࠊ≉チᶒ⪅ࡀ ⋡ⓗ࡞᳨ᰝ᪉ἲࡢ㑅ᢥ⫥ࡀᥦ౪ࡉࢀࠊࢤࣀ࣒㓄ิゎᯒࡀࡶࡗࡼ࠸⮫ᗋ ሗᡤሗࢆᥦ౪ࡋࠊ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣࠊ⮬ࡽࡢᶒࢆ≉チࣉ࣮ࣝධࢀࡿ ホ౯ࢆ⣙᮰ࡍࡿࡼ࠺࡞௦࠾࠸࡚ࡢ㞴ࡋࡉ㸫࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡢၥ㢟ࢆゎỴࡍ ☜ಙࡍࡿࡇࡣᅔ㞴࡛࠶ࡿࠋ☜ࠊࡑ࠺ࡍࡿࣥࢭࣥࢸࣈࡀ࠶ࡿ ࡿࡓࡵࠊࡇࡢࢢ࣮ࣝࣉࡣࠊ≉チࣉ࣮ࣝሗᡤࢆసࡿࡇࢆ᥎ዡࡋ ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ ࡓ࠼ࡤࠊJ.H. Reichman & Paul f. Uhlir, A Contractually Reconstructed Research Commons for Scientific Data in a Highly Protectionist Intellectual Property Environment, ࣦ࣭ࣥ࢜ࣇ࢙ࣦ࣮ࣝࣞࡣࠊᑡ࡞ࡃࡶ୍㒊࠾࠸࡚ࡣࠊ᫂ࡽṇ ࡋ࠸ࠋሗᡤ㸫㛤ࢀࡓ⛉Ꮫⓗࢹ࣮ࢱ࣮࣋ࢫࡶྵࡴ㸫ࡣࠊࢡࢭࢫ 66 LAW & CONTEMP. PROBS. 315-462 (2003) ཧ↷ࠋ ୍⯡ࠊRobert P. Merges, Contracting into Liability Rules: Intellectual Property Rights and Collective Rights Organizations, 84 CAL. L. REV. 1293 (1996) >௨ୗ Merges, Contracting ࠸࠺@; Robert P. Merges, Institutions for Intellectual Property Transactions: The ࡓ࠼ࡤࠊAvital Bar-Shalom & Robert Cook-Deegan, Patents and Innovation in Case of Patent Pools, in EXPANDING THE BOUNDARIES, supra note 91, at 123-65>௨ୗ Merges, Institutions ࠸࠺@ ཧ↷ࠋ Cancer Therapeutics: Lessons from CellPro, 80 MILBANK Q. 637-76, 651-53 (2002)㻺㻵㻴 Merges, Contracting, supra note 166, at 1298. ࡀࢪࣙࣥࢬ࣭࣍ࣉ࢟ࣥࢫᏛࡢ 㻹㼥ᢠయ㛵ࡍࡿ≉チࠕ㐍㌷ࠖࡋ࡚࠸ࡃࡢࢆᕪ Id. at 1361 ⣮தゎỴᡭ⥆ࡣ 㻵㻼㻾 ⤌⧊ࡢᑓ㛛ᐙࡀົࡵࡿࡁዡࡵ࡚࠸ࡿ ࡋ᥍࠼ࡿỴ᩿ࡋࡓࡇࡘ࠸࡚㆟ㄽࡋ࡚࠸ࡿཧ↷ࠋ ཧ↷ࠋ ࡓ࠼ࡤࠊid. at 1362㠀බᘧ࡞ࣀ࢘ࣁ࢘ྲྀᘬ,36ไᗘゝཬࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ ཧ↷ࠋ ཬࡧ at lines 3566-69 ࡢ㆟ㄽࢆཧ↷ࠋ ࣮࢜ࢫࢺࣛࣜࡢ༠ຊⓗࣛࢭࣥࢫᡓ␎ࡘ࠸࡚ࡢ◊✲ࡀࠊࡇࡢㄽࢆᨭᣢ ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋNicol, supra note 147, at 59-60 ཧ↷ࠋ Recommendation two of the Report on Gene Patents, supra note 17, at lines 3545-53, Id. ཧ↷ࠋ ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO 㐃⥆⏬ ⡿ᅜࡢἲᨻ⟇࠾ࡅࡿ㑇ఏᏊデ᩿ࡢ≉チ㐺᱁ᛶ㻰㼞㼑㼥㼒㼡㼟㼟 ࡇࡶ࠶ࡿࡋࠊࣦ࣭ࣥ࢜ࣇ࢙ࣦ࣮ࣝࣞࡣከࡃࡢᐇࢆᥦ౪ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ ࡁ᳨ᰝࡍࡿ࠾㔠ࢆᣢࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ㸧ᝈ⪅ࡢࡳࡀࠊ࣐ࢼ࣮࡞ኚ␗ࡢ᳨ᰝ࠾㔠 ࡋࡋ࡞ࡀࡽࠊ㑇ఏᏊࡣࠊ≧ἣࡀᙼዪࡢࡣ␗࡞ࡿࡢ࡛ࠊⓗ࡞ࡽ ࢆᡶ࠺ࡢ࡛ࠊከ㔜᳨ᰝࡢࡼ࠺ࡍ࡚ࡢኚ␗ࡀྠ᳨ᰝࡉࢀࢀࡤࠊ࣐ ࡊࡿࢆ࠼࡞࠸ࠋ ࢼ࣮࡞ኚ␗ࡢ≉チᶒ⪅ࡣࡼࡾࡼࡃ࡞ࡿࠋࡋࡋ࡞ࡀࡽࠊࡇࡢᩥ⬦ࢆ㝖ࡅ ࡤࠊࢡࢵࢡࢹ࣮࢞ࣥࡢ◊✲ࡣࠊ≉チᶒ⪅ࡣ⮬ศ⮬㌟ࡢࡳ࡛⾜ࡃࡇࢆዲ ࡑࢀࡺ࠼ࠊࣦ࣭ࣥ࢜ࣇ࢙ࣦ࣮ࣝࣞࡣࠊ㔜ᛴᛶ྾ჾೃ⩌ 㻿㻭㻾㻿 ࡢࢥࣟࢼ࢘ࣝࢫࡢࣉ࣮࡛ࣝ࠶ࡿࢦ࣮ࣝࢹ࣭ࣥࣛࢫࠊ㉎ධࡋࡸࡍ࠸་ ࡴࡇࢆ♧၀ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ 㻵㻯㻱 㡿ᇦࡣࠊᶆ‽ᅋయࡶ≉ᚩⓗ࡛࠶ࡿࠋᶆ‽ᅋయࡣࠊᆺⓗࡣࠊ ⸆ࡢࡓࡵࡢ≉チࣉ࣮ࣝࢆ☜❧ࡍࡿࡓࡵࡢࣘࢽࢵࢺ࢚ࢻᵓゝཬࡋ ྜ⌮ⓗࡘ㠀ᕪูⓗ࡞㸦㻾㻭㻺㻰㸧᮲㡯࡛ࡢࣛࢭࣥࢫࢆせồࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ ࡚࠸ࡿ ࠋࡇࢀࡽࡢࣉࣟࢪ࢙ࢡࢺࡣࡑࢀࡒࢀࠊ⤒῭≧ែࡣࢇᗏ࡞㸦ࡍ࡛ ་⒪ᅋయ࠾࠸࡚ࡶᶆ‽ࡣタᐃࡉࢀࡿࡢ࡛ࠊࣦ࣭ࣥ࢜ࣇ࢙ࣦ࣮ࣝࣞࡣࠊ ぢࡓࡼ࠺ࠊ≉チᶒ⪅ࡀᕷሙࢆᨺᲠࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡇࡶ࠶ࡿ㸧㈋ࡋ࠸ᅜࡢ ࣉ࣮ࣝࡀᮏ᮶ⓗ㨩ຊⓗ࡛࡞ࡃ࡚ࡶࠊつ᱁タᐃࡼࡾᶒ⪅ࡣࣉ࣮ࣝࢆᙧ ேࠎࡢࡓࡵዊࡍࡿࡇࢆ┠ⓗࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ┈ࡀୖࡀࡿྍ⬟ᛶࡀ࠶ࡿ ᡂࡍࡿࡼ࠺ಁࡉࢀࡿᙇࡍࡿࠋࡋࡋࠊࡶ࠺୍ᗘ࠸࠺ࡀࠊࣄࢺ㑇ఏᏛ ࡇࡀࢃࢀࡤࠊࡍࡄᥦ౪ࡋࡓ࠸࠸࠺⪅ࡣᛴቑࡍࡿ࡛࠶ࢁ࠺ࠋ ࡢ≉␗࡞⌧ᐇࡢࡓࡵ≧ἣࡣ␗࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ་⒪ࡢ࣋ࢫࢺࣉࣛࢡࢸࢫࡶ ࠕᶆ‽ࠖࡿࡶࡋࢀ࡞࠸ࡀࠊ࢚ࣞࢡࢺࣟࢽࢡࢫ࠾ࡅࡿᶆ‽ࡣྠ ☜㸫ࣦ࣭ࣥ࢜ࣇ࢙ࣦ࣮ࣝࣞࡶ♧၀ࡍࡿࡼ࠺㸫ၟᴗⓗᡂຌࡋ ࡌ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࡋࠊࡑࡢ㐪࠸ࡼࡾ΅㐣⛬ࡢືែࡣ␗࡞ࡗࡓࡶࡢ࡞ࡿࠋ࢚ ࡚࠸ࡿ≉チࣉ࣮ࣝࡣࡓࡃࡉࢇ࠶ࡿࠋᙼዪࡣࠊ≉ 㻵㻯㻱 ሗࠊ㏻ಙࠊ࢚ࣞ ࣞࢡࢺࣟࢽࢡࢫ࠾࠸࡚ࡣࠊ㏻ᖖࡣ௦᭰ⓗ࡞ᢏ⾡ࡀࡓࡃࡉࢇ࠶ࡾࠊ௦᭰ᢏ ࢡࢺࣟࢽࢡࢫ 㡿ᇦὀ┠ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ ࠋࡋࡋࠊఱᗘࡶ࠸࠺ࡀࠊ㑇ఏᏛ ⾡ࡢࡑࢀࡒࢀࡣᶆ‽ࡢ୰࡛⏝ࡍࡿࡇࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࠋᶆ‽㑅ࡤࢀࡓⓎ᫂ࡔ ࡢࢼࣟࢪ࣮ࡣṇ☜࡛࠶ࡿࠋ㻵㻯㻱 㡿ᇦ࡛ࡣࠊࣉ࣮ࣝࡢᙉ࠸ࣥࢭࣥࢸ ࡅࡀᑐ౯ࢆ✌ࡄࡇࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࡢ࡛ࠊᶆ‽ࡢ΅ࡣࠊ΅ࡢ ᗋ࡞ࡿࠋ ࣈࡀ࠶ࡿࠋ㻹㻼㻱㻳 ࡢࣉ࣮ࣝࢆ⪃࠼࡚ࡳࡼ࠺ࠋከࡃࡢᴗࡀࡑࢀࡒࢀࠊࣅ ⮬ࡽࡢ≉チࢆࣉ࣮ࣝධࢀࡿࡓࡵࠊᶒ⪅ࡣᆺⓗࡣ㸦ࡓ࠼ࡤࠊ ࢹ࢜ࡢᅽ⦰ᚲせ࡞࢚ࣞࢡࢺࣟࢽࢡࢫࡢɟᢿ ࢆ࢝ࣂ࣮ࡍࡿᶒࢆ᭷ࡋ࡚ 㻾㻭㻺㻰 ࣛࢭࣥࢫྠពࡍࡿ࡞ࡋ࡚㸧⮬ࡽࡢせồࢆᡃ៏ࡍࡿࡇࡀồࡵ ࠸ࡿࡀࠊ᭱⤊〇ရࢆᕷሙ౪ࡍࡿࡢ༑ศ࡞ᶒࢆᣢࡗ࡚࠸ࡿᴗࡣᏑᅾ ࡽࢀࡿࠋࡋࡋࠊ⚾ࡓࡕࡀぢ࡚ࡁࡓࡼ࠺ࠊ㑇ఏᏊ≉チࡢᩥ⬦࡛ࡣ㎽ᅇ ࡋ࡞࠸ࠋ᭱⤊〇ရࡽࡋ࠾㔠ࢆ✌ࡄࡇࡣ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ࡢ࡛ࠊࣉ࣮ࣝࡢ㔜 ࡞⌮⏤ࡅࡀᏑᅾࡍࡿࠋᑐ↷ⓗࠊ㑇ఏᏊ≉チࡢᶒ⪅ࡣࠊ⮬ࡽࡢᢏ ⾡࡛ᕷሙࢆసࢀࡿࡇࡶከ࠸ࠋ☜ࠊ⌋ࡋ࠸ኚ␗ࡘ࠸࡚ࡢ≉チࢆᣢ ࣥࡘ࠸࡚㆟ㄽࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ Id. at 180࣐ࢡࣟࣞᇶ࡙ࡃ㑇ఏᏊ᳨ᰝࡣࠊከᩘࡢ␗࡞ࡿ㑇ఏᏊࢆ᳨ᰝࡋ ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ⪅ࡣࣉ࣮ࣝࡼࡗ࡚ࡼࡾࡼࡃ࡞ࡿࡇࡶ࠶ࡿࠋࡓ࠼ࡤࠊኻ⫈ ࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ࡁࡣࠊ㈝⏝ຠ⋡ࡢࡼ࠸௦᭰ᡭẁ࡞ࡿㄽࡌ࡚࠸ࡿ ཧ↷ࠋ ࠾࠸࡚ࡣࠊ᳨ᰝࡣ⌧ᅾࡢࡇࢁ㡰ࢆ㏣ࡗ࡚⾜ࢃࢀࠊ᭱ࡶ୍⯡ⓗ࡞ኚ␗ࡽ ጞࡲࡗ࡚࠸ࡃ ࠋࡇࢀࡽࡢኚ␗࡛㝜ᛶࡢ᳨ᰝ⤖ᯝࡀฟࡓ㸦ࡑࡋ࡚ࠊᘬࡁ⥆ Van Overwalle, Designing Models, supra note19, at 310-12. Id. at 309-10. ୍⯡ Merges, Institutions, supra note 166, at 142ࣉ࣮ࣝࡣࠊ〇㐀ᚲせ࡞ࠕ≉チ Stacy Baird, The Government at the Standards Bazaar, 18 STAN. L. & POL'Y REV. 35-99, 45 (2007) ཧ↷ࠋ Van Overwalle, Designing Models, supra note 19, at 319-20. ࡓ࠼ࡤࠊDaniel A. Crane, Intellectual Liability, 88 TEX. L. REV. 253-300, 278 (2009) 㸦ࠕࠝᶆ‽ࡢࠞ㐣⛬ࡣࠊࠊࡼࡾప࠸౯᱁࡛ࡼࡾඃࢀࡓᢏ⾡ࢆ㑅ᢥࡍࡿ࠸࠺⤖ ᯝ࡞ࡿࡇࡀ࠶ࡿ୍᪉࡛ࠊሙྜࡼࡗ࡚ࡣ㥑ࡅᘬࡁ࡞ࡗ࡚ࡋࡲࡗࡓࡾ㸫ࡉࡽ ᝏ࠸ࡇ㸫➇ྜࡍࡿ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒ⪅ࡢ㛫࡛΅ࡀ⾜ࡁワࡗ࡚ࡋࡲ࠺ࡇࡶ࠶ࡿ㹿㺁 ࣥࣉࢵࢺࠖࢆ⤌ࡳ❧࡚ࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿᣦࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ ཧ↷ࠋ ཧ↷ࠋ Report on Gene Patents, supra note 17, at lines 2095-97. Chandrasekharan & Fiffer, supra note 24, at S178㑇ఏᏊ᳨ᰝࡢ⮫ᗋୖࡢ࢞ࢻࣛ ົⓗせồࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡇࢆࠊᣦࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ ཧ↷ࠋ Id. at 268ከࡃࡢᶆ‽ᅋయࡣࠊྜ⌮ⓗࡘ㠀ᕪูⓗ࡞㻾㻭㻺㻰ࣛࢭࣥࢫࢆ⩏ ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO 㐃⥆⏬ ⡿ᅜࡢἲᨻ⟇࠾ࡅࡿ㑇ఏᏊデ᩿ࡢ≉チ㐺᱁ᛶ㻰㼞㼑㼥㼒㼡㼟㼟 Ⓨ᫂ࡣࢇ࡞࠸ࠋࡓ࠼ࡤኻ⫈ࡘ࠸࡚ࡢࠕᶆ‽ࠖࡣࠊ㛵㐃ࡍࡿ㑇ఏ ࠸࠺Ⅼ࠾࠸࡚ࠊࡇࢀࡽࡢຠᯝࡢ┦స⏝ࡶ࠶ࡿࡶࡋࢀ࡞࠸ࠋ Ꮚࢆ୍㏻ࡾࡍ᳨࡚ᰝࡍࡿࡇࡀᚲせ࡛࠶ࡿࠋᢠⓗ࡞ࣛࢭࣥࢧ࣮ࢆ㑊 ࡅࡿ᪉ἲࡣ࡞࠸ࡢ࡛ࠊ㔜せ࡞ኚ␗ࡢᶒ⪅ࡣࠊጇ༠ࡋ࡞࠸࡛㔮ࡾྜ࠸ ࣮ࣝ࣋ࣥࡢࢢ࣮ࣝࣉࡣࠊ⮬㌟㛵ࡍࡿ㝈ࡾࠊࡇࡢၥ㢟ࢆㄆ㆑ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ ࡁ࠸ྜࡢሗ㓘ࢆ⋓ᚓࡋࡼ࠺ࡍࡿࣥࢭࣥࢸࣈࢆᣢࡘࡇ࡞ࡿࠋ ࡑࢀࡺ࠼ࠊࣦ࣭ࣥ࢜ࣇ࢙ࣦ࣮ࣝࣞࡣࠊࡶࡋ≉チᶒ⪅ࡀᢠⓗ࡞ࡽࠊᙉ ไࣛࢭࣥࢫࢆ⏝࠸࡚ࣉ࣮ࣝࡍࡿࡼ࠺ᙉไࡍࡿࡇࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ ࠸ࡃࡘࡢ㡿ᇦ࡛ࡣࠊࣉ࣮ࣝࡣࠊ㔜㝈⏺ၥ㢟㸫〇ရࢆసࡿࡢᚲせ ♧၀ࡋࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ☜ࠊከࡃࡢᅜࡢ≉チἲࡣࠊ≉チࡀ〇ရࢆᕷ ࡞Ⓨ᫂⪅ࡀࡓࡃࡉࢇ࠾ࡾࠊྛࠎࡢ≉チᶒ⪅ࡀ⮬ࡽࡢ⚾ⓗ┈ࢆ᭱ࡋࡼ ሙᒆࡅࡿࡇࡢ㞀ᐖ࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡁࡣࠊᙉไࣛࢭࣥࢫࢆ࠼ࡽࢀࡿ ࠺౯᱁ࡅࡍࡿࡁ㉳ࡇࡿ㈝⏝ࡢୖ᪼㸫ࢆゎỴ࡛ࡁࡿࡢ࡛᭷┈࡛࠶ ሙྜࡀ࠶ࡿࡇࢆᐃࡵ࡚࠸ࡿ࠸࠺ࡇࡣ㔜どࡋ࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ࠋࡇ ࡿࠋ౯᱁ࡀ㧗ࡃ࡞ࡿࠊ㏻ᖖࡣࠊ㟂せࡣୗࡀࡿࡢ࡛ࠊ≉チᶒ⪅ࡣࠊ⮬ࡽ ࢀࡽࡢࣛࢭࣥࢫࡣ 㼀㻾㻵㻼㻿 㐺ྜⓗ࡛࠶ࡾࠊ≉ಖࡀၥ㢟࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ ࡢ≉チᶒࢆࣉ࣮ࣝධࢀࡿ࡞ࡢᅋయ⾜ືࢆྲྀࡿࡇࡼࡗ࡚ࠊ┈ࢆቑ ࡁࡣࡑ࠺࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࢀࡽࡢつᐃࡀⓎືࡉࢀࡿࡇࡣࡵࡗࡓ࡞࠸ࡀࠊ㔜 ࡉࡏࡿࡇࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࠋ㑇ఏᏊࡗ࡚ၥ㢟ࡣ㔜࡛࠶ࡿࠋ➨୍ࠊࡓࡃ せ࡛ᜍࡿࡁຠᯝࢆᣢࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡍ࡞ࢃࡕࠊᙉไࣛࢭࣥࢫࡀⓎ⾜ࡉࢀࡿ ࡉࢇࡢ≉チᶒ⪅ࡀ࠸࡚≉チࡀ␗࡞ࡗࡓ౯್ࢆᣢࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ࡞ࡽࡤࠊࣉ࣮ࣝ ࡶࡋࢀ࡞࠸ࡇࢆ▱ࢀࡤࠊ≉チᶒ⪅ࡣࡼࡾࣛࢭࣥࢫ㸦ࡇࡢሙྜ࡛࠸࠼ ࡤࣉ࣮ࣝཧຍ㸧ࡋࡸࡍࡃ࡞ࡿࠋࡋࡋࠊṧᛕ࡞ࡀࡽࠊࡇࡢࣉ࣮ࣟࢳ ࡀᙎຊⓗ࡞ࡁࡢࡳ㉳ࡇࡿၥ㢟࡛࠶ࡿ ࠋࡑࡋ࡚ࠊ་⒪ࡢ㡿ᇦ࡛ࡣࡑ࠺ ࡣ⡿ᅜ࡛ࡣᐇ⾜ྍ⬟࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋ⡿ᅜᨻᗓࡣࠊࡘ࡚ࡣ≉チᶒ⪅ࡀࣉ࣮ࣝ ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋᾘ㈝⪅ࡣ⮬ࡽࡢཌ⏕౯್ࢆ࠾ࡃࡺ࠼ᾘ㈝⪅㸦ཪࡣࡑࡢಖ㝤 ཧຍࡍࡿࡼ࠺ࠕ⫝࡛ಁࡋࠖࡓࡀࠊ୍᪉࡛ࠊ㏻ᖖࡢሙྜࠊࡑࢀࡣᅜᐙᏳಖ ⪅㸧ࡣ౯᱁ࡀୖࡀࡗ࡚ࡶᡶ࠸⥆ࡅࡿࡓࡵࠊ་⒪ࡢ㈝⏝ࡣ㧗ࡃ࡞ࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ 㞀㛵ࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋࡑ࠺࡛࡞࠸㝈ࡾ㆟ࡣࡇࡢࣉ࣮ࣟࢳࢆ᥇⏝ ⤖ᯝࡋ࡚ࠊᶒ⪅ࡢ㔜㝈⏺ࢆᾘཤࡋࡼ࠺࠸࠺ࣥࢭࣥࢸࣈࡣ┦ ࡍࡿࡢᾘᴟⓗ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋ ධࡿࡓࡵࡢ΅ࡀ㞴ࡋࡃ࡞ࡿࡇࡀ࠶ࡿ ࠋ➨ࠊ㔜㝈⏺ࡣࠊ㟂せ ᙜῶࡌࡽࢀࡿࡇ࡞ࡿࠋᐇ㝿ࠊ࠶ࡿ≉ᐃࡢ㑇ఏᏊࡢ⤌ྜࡏࡢ᳨ᰝࡀ་ ⒪ࠕᶆ‽ࠖࡢ୍㒊࡞ࡗࡓࡋࡓࡽࠊ㟂せࡣ≉㠀ᙎຊⓗ࡞ࡿࡔࢁ࠺ Van Overwalle, Designing Models, supra note 19, at 321. ࡓ࠼ࡤࠊPatents Act, 1977, c. 37, § 48A(1)(b)(i) (Eng.)>௨ୗU.K. Patents Act ࠸ ࡇࡢὝᐹࡣࠊAUGUSTIN COURNOT, RESEARCHES INTO THE MATHEMATICAL PRINCIPLES ࠺@; 2 J.W. BAXTER, WORLD PATENT LAW AND PRACTICE § 8.02 (Matthew Bender 2001); THEORY OF WEALTH 99-116 (Nathaniel T. Bacon trans., Augustus M. Kelley Pub- E. Van Zimmeren & G. Van Overalle, Compulsory License Regimes for Public Health in OF THE lishers 1971) (1838) ࡼࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋMark A. Lemley & Carl Shapiro, Patent Holdup Europe, IICᮍබ⾲ࡢཎ✏࡛ࠊⴭ⪅ࡀᡤⶶࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ ཧ↷ࠋ and Royalty Stacking, 85 TEX. L. REV. 1991-2049, 2010-15 (2007)㔜㝈⏺ࢡ࣮ࣝ TRIPS, supra note 139, art. 31. ࣀ࣮⿵ຠᯝࡣࠊ༙ᑟయ⏘ᴗࡢࡼ࠺ಶࠎࡢ〇ရከᩘࡢ≉チࡀ࠶ࡿሙྜࡣࠊ౯ Kirby W. Lee, Permitted Use of Patented Inventions in the United States: Why Prescrip- ᱁ࢆୖ᪼ࡉࡏࠊ⏕⏘ࢆᢚไࡍࡿࡇࢆ㆟ㄽࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ ཧ↷ࠋ tion Drugs Do Not Merit Compulsory Licensing, 36 IND. L. REV. 175-96, 184 (2003). Id. at 2015. Richard Gilbert, The Essential Test for Patent Pools, in WORKING WITHIN THE Scope, 90 COLUM. L. REV. 839, 891 (1990)➨୍ḟୡ⏺ᡓ୰ࠊᾏ㌷┬㛗ᐁࡀ⯟✵ᶵࢆ ࡓ࠼ࡤࠊRobert P. Merges & Richard P. Nelson, On the Complex Economics of Patent BOUNDARIES OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY, supra note 19, at 325-46 ཧ↷ࠋ సࡿࡢᚲせ࡞≉チࡢࣛࢭࣥࢫࡢㄪᩚࢆຓࡅࡓࡇࢆᣦࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ ཧ↷ࠋ ࠕ⫝࡛ ಁࡍࠖ࠸࠺⏝ㄒࡣࠊRICHARD H. THALER & CASS R. SUNSTEIN, NUDGE: IMPROVING ࡓ ࠼ ࡤ ࠊ William P. Kratzke, Tax Subsidies, Third-Party-Payments, and Cross-Subsidization: America’s Distorted Health Care Markets, 40 U. MEM. L. REV. DECISIONS ABOUT HEALTH, WEALTH, AND HAPPINESS (Yale Univ. Press 2008) ࡽྲྀࡗࡓࠋ 279-422, 311 (2009)་⒪ࢧ࣮ࣅࢫࡣࠊᥦ౪⪅ࡣ౯᱁ࢆୖࡆࡿࡇࡀ࡛ࡁࠊ㟂せࡣ㠀 ᙎຊⓗ࡛࠶ࡿࡇࢆ㆟ㄽࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ ཧ↷ࠋ Rohm & Haas Co., 448 U.S. 176, 215 (1980)ࢆᘬ⏝ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ ཧ↷ࠋ ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO Prinz zu Waldeck und Pyrmont, supra note 138, at 369-70Dawson Chem. Co. v. ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO 㐃⥆⏬ ⡿ᅜࡢἲᨻ⟇࠾ࡅࡿ㑇ఏᏊデ᩿ࡢ≉チ㐺᱁ᛶ㻰㼞㼑㼥㼒㼡㼟㼟 ࡶࡕࢁࢇࠊࢤࣀ࣒㓄ิゎᯒࡀ᳨ᰝࡢᙧែࡋ࡚ᬑཬࡍࡿࡼ࠺࡞ࢀࡤࠊ ࡽච㝖ࡉࢀࡿつᐃࡢタࠋ ≉チᶒ⪅ࡣࣉ࣮ࣝᙧᡂᢠࡍࡿࡇࡀࡲࡍࡲࡍᅔ㞴ឤࡌࡿࡇ࡞ ⱝᖸࡢಟṇࢆࡏࡤࠊࡇࡢᡓ␎ࡣኚ᥎ዡࡍࡁࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ ࢁ࠺ࠋ་ᖌࡢࢻࣂࢫࡣ⛎ᐦࡉࢀࡿࡁࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡼࡾከࡃࡢሗ ࡀデ᩿⏝ྍ⬟࡞ࢀࡤࠊேࡀࣔࢽࢱ࣮ࡍࡿࡢࡀ㞴ࡋ࠸᪉ἲ࡛ࠊࡑࡢ ሗࢆᝈ⪅ᥦ౪ࡍࡿࡼ࠺࡞ࡿࡔࢁ࠺ࠋ㡢ᴦᴗ⏺ࡀࠊ㻭㻿㻯㻭㻼 ࡸ 㻮㻹㻵 ࡢ ᲫᲨᄂᆮƷβᝧ ◊✲ࡢච㈐ࡣࠊ⏕≀⛉Ꮫࡢᇶ♏◊✲ࡘ࠸࡚ࡢ➇தࢆᅇࡍࡿࡓࢃࡽࠊ ࡼ࠺࡞㞟୰ᶒ⟶⌮ᅋయࢆฟࡍࡿࡇࡀᐇࡢ┘どᙺ❧ࡘࡇࢆ ぢฟࡋࡓࡼ࠺ࠊ≉チᶒ⪅ࡓࡕࡶࠊ࢚ࣥࣇ࢛࣮ࢫ࣓ࣥࢺࡢ㈝⏝ࢆඞ᭹ࡍࡿ ࡑࡢࡼ࠺࡞Ⴀࡳࡢ୰࡛Ⓨぢࡉࢀࡿ᪂ࡋ࠸㐍Ṍࢆᕷሙࡶࡓࡽࡍ≉チࡢ ࡓࡵ᪂ࡋ࠸ไᗘࢆᩚഛࡍࡿࡇࡀᚲせࡔỴ᩿ࡍࡿࡶࡋࢀ࡞࠸ࠋࡋ ࣥࢭࣥࢸࣈࢆಖᣢࡍࡿࡇࢆពᅗࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡍ࡛ㄽࡌࡓࡼ࠺ࠊ ࡋࠊࡑࡢࡼ࠺࡞ែࡀゼࢀࡿࡲ࡛ࡢ㛫ࠊ࢞ࢻࣛࣥࠊࣉ࣮ࣝࠊሗ Madey ࡢ㐃㑥ᕠᅇ༊ࡢุỴ௨᮶ࠊ◊✲ࡢᢠᘚࡢᏑᅾࡣࠊ⡿ᅜ࠾࠸࡚ࡣ ᡤࢆࠊ♫ࡀ㑇ఏሗࡽ┈ࢆཷࡅࡿࡇࢆ☜ಖࡍࡿࡓࡵࡢ᪉ἲホ ࢃࡋ࠸ࡶࡢࡉࢀ࡚ࡁࡓࠋ࣮ࣚࣟࢵࣃ࡛ࡣࡑ࠺࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࡀࠊ࣮ࣚࣟࢵࣃ ౯ࡍࡿࡇ㸫࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣࠊࡇࢀࡽࡢไᗘࡀಶู་⒪ࡢฟ⌧ࡸ◊✲ࢆᐜ᫆ ࡛ࡶ 㻿㻭㻯㻳㻴㻿 ࡢ♧၀ࡍࡿ᪉ྥ࡛ࡢつᐃࡣ᭷┈࡛࠶ࡿࡶࡋࢀ࡞࠸ࠋ ࡍࡿホ౯ࡍࡿࡇ㸫ࡣᅔ㞴࡛࠶ࡿࠋ ୍ࡋ࡚ࠊ࣮ࣚࣟࢵࣃࡢᅜࡢ୰ࡣၟᴗᛶࡀྵࡲࢀࡿࡁ࡛ࡉ࠼ࡍ 㹢㸬≉チἲࡢぢ┤ࡋ㸸ᐖ㈐௵ᑐࡍࡿ᪂ࡋ࠸ᢠᘚࡢタ ࡚ࡢ◊✲ࢆච㈐ࡍࡿᅜࡸ⛉Ꮫⓗ࡞┠ⓗࡀ࠶ࢀࡤ㸦ၟᴗⓗ࡞ࡶࡢࡶྵࡵ㸧 ᪤Ꮡࡢ≉チἲࢆゎ㔘ࡋ࡞࠾ࡋ࡚ࡶࢡࢭࢫࡢⓗ࡞ᨵၿࡣぢ㎸ࡵࡑ࠺ ࡍ࡚ࡢ◊✲ࢆච㝖ࡍࡿᅜࡀ࠶ࡿ୍᪉࡛ࠊᬑ㐢ⓗࡑ࠺ࡔ࠸࠺ࢃࡅ࡛ ࡞ࡃࠊไᗘⓗ࡞⤌ࡳࡣ㸦ᑡ࡞ࡃࡶࡢࡇࢁࡣ㸧㐺ษ࡛࠶ࡿࡢ࡛ࠊ ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋMadey ௨๓ࡢ⡿ᅜ࡛ࡶࡑ࠺࡛࡞ࡗࡓࡇࡣ᫂ࡽ࡛࠶ࡾࠊᢠᘚ ṧࡉࢀࡓྍ⬟ᛶࡣ≉チἲࢆኚ࠼ࡿࡇ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ᪂ࡋ࠸◊✲ࡢච㝖デ᩿ࡢ ࡣࠊᙜࠕ⣧Ꮫၥⓗ࡞Ⴔዲࠊዲወᚰࢆ‶㊊ࡉࡏࡿ┠ⓗࡔࡅࡢࡓࡵࠊཪࡣࠊ ච㝖ࡼࡗ࡚ࠊ⒪᪉ἲࢆ㛤ⓎࡍࡿࣥࢭࣥࢸࣈࡣಖᏑࡋࡘࡘࠊྠ ༢࡞ࡿፗᴦࡋ࡚ࠖࡢάືࡢࡳࢆ࢝ࣂ࣮ࡍࡿࡶࡢ⌮ゎࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡓࠋࡋ ᝈ⪅ࡢ⒪ᐇ㦂ࡢ㞀ᐖࢆᾘࡍࡇࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࠋࡓ࠼ࡤࠊ㻿㻭㻯㻳㻴㻿 ࡣၥ ࡋࠊ⚾ࡓࡕࡀぢ࡚ࡁࡓࡼ࠺ࠊ㑇ఏᏊࣄࢺࡢᗣ≧ែࡢ㛵㐃ࡅ 㢟ࢆࡇࡢ᪉ྥ࡛ศᯒࡋࡓࠋࡑࡋ࡚ࠊḟࡢࡼ࠺࡞່࿌ࢆฟࡋࡓࠋ ࡘ࠸࡚ࡢ◊✲ࡢከࡃࡣᝈ⪅ࡢ⒪ࡢ㛫⾜ࢃࢀࠊࡑࢀࡣၟᴗⓗࡳ࡞ࡍࡇ ࡀྍ⬟࡛࠶ࡿࠋ᪤Ꮡࡢච㈐ࡘ࠸࡚ࡢࡉࡽ࡞ࡿၥ㢟ࡣࠊ≉チⓎ᫂ᑐ ಖ⚟♴┬㛗ᐁࡣࠊḟࡢἲᚊᨵṇࢆಁ㐍ࡍࡃࠊၟົ┬㛗ᐁ༠ാࡋࠊࡑࢀࢆᨭ ࡍࡿ◊✲㸫ࡓ࠼ࡤࠊࡑࡢⓎ᫂ࡀࡢࡼ࠺స⏝ࡍࡿࢆⓎぢࡋࠊࡑࡢ᭷ ࡋ࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ࠋ ⏝ᛶࢆ᳨ドࡍࡿࡇ㸫ࠊ≉チⓎ᫂ࢆ⏝࠸ࡓ◊✲㸫ࡑࢀࢆࡗ࡚ࡢ 㸿㸬≉チࡢୗ㛤Ⓨࡉࢀࡓ᳨ᰝ᪉ἲࢆࠊᝈ⪅ࢆ⒪ࡍࡿ┠ⓗ࡛ࠊ〇㐀ࠊ⏝ࠊⓎ ὀࠊ༷ࡢ⏦ࡋฟࠊ༷ࢆࡍࡿ⪅ࡣㄡ࡛ࡶࠊ㑇ఏᏊࡿ≉チࡢࢡ࣮࣒ࣞࢆ Report on Gene Patents, supra note 17, at lines 2495-3504. ᐖࡋࡓ㈐௵ࡽච㝖ࡉࢀࡿつᐃࡢタࠋ Supra note 72ཬࡧࡑࡢᒓᩥ᭩ࢆཧ↷ࠋ ࡓ࠼ࡤࠊDANISH REPORT, supra note 138, at 1 (answering question one) ཧ↷ࠋ ࡓ࠼ࡤࠊBELGIAN REPORT, supra note 138, at 1 (answering question one)ཧ↷ࠋ ࡓ࠼ࡤࠊRoche Products, Inc. v. Bolar Pharmaceutical Co., Inc., 733 F.2d 858, 862 (Fed. Cir. 1994) (quoting Peppenhausen v. Falke, 19 F. Cas. 1048, 1049 (C.C.S.D.N.Y. 㹀㸬◊✲ࡢ㏣ồࡢࡓࡵ≉チ࡛ಖㆤࡉࢀࡓ㑇ఏᏊࢆ࠺⪅ࡣࠊ≉チࡢᐖ㈐௵ ࡓ࠼ࡤࠊBennett M. Lincoff, A Plan for the Future of Music Performance Rights Organizations in the Digital Age, in EXPANDING THE BOUNDARIES, supra note 91, at 1861)) ཧ↷ࠋ 167-89 ཧ↷ࠋ ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO See text accompanying note 75. ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO 㐃⥆⏬ ⡿ᅜࡢἲᨻ⟇࠾ࡅࡿ㑇ఏᏊデ᩿ࡢ≉チ㐺᱁ᛶ㻰㼞㼑㼥㼒㼡㼟㼟 ࢆ◊✲ࡍࡿࡇ㸫ࢆ༊ูࡍࡿேࡀ࠸ࡿࡇ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ㑇ఏᏊࡢ◊✲ࡣࠊ ࡚࠸ࡿ୍᪉࡛ࠊ≉チࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ㑇ఏᏊࡀ⒪┠ⓗ⏝ࡉࢀࡓࡁࡣᐖ 㑇ఏᏊࡀఱࢆࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡢࡘ࠸࡚▱ࡿࠊ⤌⧊ࡀࡑࡢ㑇ఏᏊࡼࡗ࡚ ㈐௵ࡀ⏕ࡌࡿࠋࡋࡓࡀࡗ࡚ࠊࡇࢀࡽࡢ≉チࡣࠊ᪂ࡋ࠸⒪ἲࡢᢞ㈨ࢆ ࡢࡼ࠺ᙳ㡪ࢆཷࡅࡿࢆ▱ࡿࡇࡋ࡚≉ᚩࡅࡽࢀࡿࡢ࡛ࠊࡇࡢࡼ࠺ ಁ㐍ࡋ⥆ࡅࡿࠋࡋࡶච㈐ࡣࠊ㑇ఏᏊ㛵㐃ࡍࡿ≉チࡢࡳ㐺⏝ࡉࢀࠊデ ࡞ศㄽࡣࠊุᡤ㞴ࡋ࠸ၥ㢟ࢆᥦ㉳ࡋࠊ⛉Ꮫ⪅ࡓࡕ☜ᐇᛶࢆࡶࡓ ᩿ࡢᇶ┙ࡸ࢟ࢵࢺࡘ࠸࡚ࡢ≉チࡣ㐺⏝ࡉࢀ࡞࠸ࡢ࡛ࠊ≉チἲࡣࠊ᪂ࡋ ࡽࡍࡇ࡞ࡿࠋࡋࡓࡀࡗ࡚ࠊつᐃࡣୖグࡢ༊ูࢆ ࡘࡶ㑊ࡅࡿࡇࡀ ࠸᳨ᰝᢏ⾡ᑐࡍࡿ◊✲ࢆ่⃭ࡋ⥆ࡅࡿࡇࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ ᥎ዡࡉࢀࡿࠋ ࡋࡋ࡞ࡀࡽࠊ᪉ἲࡢ≉チ㸦デ᩿ⓗ࡞㐃㛵㸧㐺⏝ࡍࡿሙྜࡣၥ㢟ࡀ ࡋࡋ࡞ࡀࡽࠊ㉳ⲡࡉࢀࡓච㈐つᐃࡣࠊࣂ࢜ࢸࢡࣀࣟࢪ࣮ࡢศ㔝ࡢ ࠶ࡿࠋ㑇ఏᏊࡢ㛵㐃ࡅࡘ࠸࡚ࡢ≉チࡢⓎ⾜ࡣ౫↛ࡋ࡚ྍ⬟࡛࠶ࡿ ࡳ㐺⏝ྍ⬟࡞ᢠᘚࡔ࠸࠺Ⅼ࠾࠸࡚ࠊ㼀㻾㻵㻼㻿㻌ၥ㢟ࢆ᭷ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࢻࢶ ࡶࡋࢀ࡞࠸ࡀࠊつᐃࡣࠊᐇୖࡍ࡚ࡢᐃࡋ࠺ࡿ⏝㏵ࢆ㝖እࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ ࡢ᭷⏝ᛶࡢつᐃྠᵝࠊࡑࢀࡺ࠼ࠊᢏ⾡ศ㔝ࡼࡿᕪูࢆㄆࡵ࡞࠸࣮ࣝ ᛮࢃࢀࠊࡑࡢࡓࡵࡇࢀࡽࡢ≉チࡀ↓౯್࡞ࡶࡢ࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ࠾ࡑࡽ ࣝ㐪ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ ࠋࡋࡋࠊࡇࡢᥦࡀ⊃࠸ࡢࡣࠊᴫᛕⓗ࡞᰿ᣐᇶ࡙ ࡃࠊ㻿㻭㻯㻳㻴㻿㻌ࡣࡑࡢࡼ࠺࡞ᖐ⤖ࢆࡶࡓࡽࡍࡘࡶࡾ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࡢࡔࢁ࠺㸫⤖ᒁࠊ ࡃࡶࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋࡴࡋࢁࠊ㻿㻭㻯㻳㻴㻿㻌ࡢ㈐ົࡀ㝈ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡇࡢ⤖ᯝ࡛࠶ ࡑࡢⓎぢࡀ♧၀ࡍࡿࡇࢁࡼࢀࡤࠊ㛵㐃ࡅࡘ࠸࡚ࡢ≉チࡣせ࡛࠶ ࡿࠋ㻿㻭㻯㻳㻴㻿㻌ࡣࠊ㑇ఏಖ㛵ࡍࡿၥ㢟㛵ࡋ࡚ࡢࡳಖ⚟♴┬㛗ᐁ ࡾࠊ࠾ࡑࡽࡃ⏕⏘ⓗ࡛ࡍࡽ࠶ࡿࠋࡉࡽࠊጤဨࡣ㛗ᐁᑐࡋ࡚ࠕ༢࡞ ຓゝࡍࡿ㈐௵ࢆ㈇ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࡛ ࠊࡑࢀࡀ♧၀ࡍࡿᢠᘚࡣ㑇ఏᏊࡘ࠸࡚ ࡿ㛵㐃ࡅࠖᑐࡋ࡚≉チࢆࡍࡿࡇࢆࡸࡵࡉࡏࡿࡼ࠺ồࡵ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ ࡢࡳྥࡅࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋつ⠊ⓗ࡞ほⅬࡽࡍࡿࠊࡼࡾᗈ࠸ච㝖つᐃࡀࡼࡾ ࡑࢀࡺ࠼ࠊࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞ぢゎࢆබᘧࡢ່࿌ධࢀ㎸ࡴࡇࡀ࡛ࡁ࡞ࡗࡓࡢ ᮃࡲࡋ࠸ࠋ᰾࡞ࡿၥ㢟ࡣࠊ▱㆑ࡢᇶ♏ⓗ࡞ᇶᮏᵓᡂせ⣲ࡢ⚾᭷㈈⏘࡛ ࡣྍゎ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ࠾ࡑࡽࡃ 㻿㻭㻯㻳㻴㻿㻌ࡣࠊࡶࡗ」㞧࡞㛵㐃ࡅ࡛࠶ࢀࡤ≉ ࠶ࡿࠋ◊✲ࡢච㈐ࡣࠊ࠸࡞ࡿ◊✲ࡀ⾜ࢃࢀࡿศ㔝ࡶ➼ࡋࡃ㛵ಀࡍࡿࠋ チ㐺᱁࡛࠶ࡿࡁ⪃࠼࡚࠸ࡓࡀ㸦࡞ࡐ࡞ࡽࠊࡑࢀࡽࡣࡼࡾከࡃࡢ㈨㔠 ࡑࢀࡺ࠼ࠊ㺀⛉Ꮫⓗ┠ⓗࡢࡓࡵ࡞ࡉࢀࡿ⾜ື㺁ࢆࡍ࡚ච㈐ࡍࡿ࣋ࣝࢠ࣮ ㄪ㐩ࡀᚲせ࡞ഴྥࡀ࠶ࡿࡽ࡛࠶ࡿ㸧ࠊ㐺ษ࡞༊ูࢆタィࡍࡿࡢᚲせ࡞ ࡢ᮲ᩥࡢࡼ࠺࡞᮲ᩥࡀዲࡲࡋࡃࠊ㼀㻾㻵㻼㻿㻌༠ᐃࡶ㐺ྜⓗ࡞ࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ ࠋ ᲬᲨᚮૺƷβᝧ ࢹ࣮ࢱࢆḞ࠸࡚࠸ࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࢁ࠺ࠋ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣࠊ㻿㻭㻯㻳㻴㻿㻌ࡣ Bilski㸦່࿌ࡀస ᡂࡉࢀࡓᙜࡣࠊ᭱㧗ಀᒓ୰࡛࠶ࡗࡓ㸧ࡀࠊMetabolite ࡛ၥ㢟࡞ ࡗࡓ༢࡞ࡿ㛵㐃ࡅࡘ࠸࡚ࡢࣈุ࣮ࣛࣖࡢᠱᛕࢆ࠺ࡲࡃᤊ࠼ࡽࢀ ≀㸦༢㞳㑇ఏᏊࡘ࠸࡚ࡢ≉チ㸧㐺⏝ࡍࡿሙྜࠊ㻿㻭㻯㻳㻴㻿㻌ࡢ່࿌ࡣࡼ ࡿ⾲⌧ࢆᥦ♧ࡋ࡚ࡃࢀࡿᮇᚅࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࡢࡶࡋࢀ࡞࠸ࠋࡋࡋࠊࡑ࠺ࡣ ࡃྜ⌮ⓗാࡃࡔࢁ࠺ࠋデ᩿ᚲせ࡞⏝㏵ࡢࡳࢆච㝖ࡍࡿࡼ࠺タィࡉࢀ ࡞ࡽ࡞ࡗࡓࡋࠊ㻿㻭㻯㻳㻴㻿㻌ࡀ᪂ࡋ࠸㛵㐃ࡅࢆⓎぢࡍࡿ≉チࡢࣥࢭࣥࢸ ࡓ࠼ࡤࠊUK Patents Act § 60(5)(b)㸦ࠕⓎ᫂ࡢ㢟㛵㐃ࡍࡿࠖᐇ㦂ⓗ࡞⾜࠸ࢆ ࣈࢆᑡࡋ࡛ࡶṧࡍࡘࡶࡾ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࡽࡼࡾ⊃࠸ච㈐ࢆᥦࡍࡿ᪉ࡀࡼ ࡗࡓ࡛࠶ࢁ࠺ࠋ 㝖እࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ; Strandburg, supra note 73 ཧ↷ࠋ ୍ࡘࡢ⪃࠼᪉ࡣࠊ≉チࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿデ᩿᪉ἲࢆᙌᡯ ࡋ̅ဇ ࡍࡿࡇࡔࡅ TRIPS, supra note 139, art. 27.1 ཧ↷ࠋ Report on Gene Patents, supra note 17, at lines 145-48 ཧ↷ࠋ ࢆච㈐ࡋࠊデ᩿㛵ࡍࡿࡶࡢࢆႆද ࡋࠊ٥Ҳ ࡋࠊཪࡣ٥ҲƷဎƠЈ ࢆࡍ Supra note 139 ཬࡧࡑࡢᒓᩥ᭩ࢆཧ↷ࠋ୍⯡ Geertrui Van Overwalle, The Implementation of the Biotechnology Directive in Belgium and its After Effects. The Intro- Report on Gene Patents, supra note 17, at lines 3493-3524 ཧ↷ࠋ duction of a New Research Exemption and a Compulsory License for Public Health, 37 Supra notes 92-98 and accompanying text ཧ↷ࠋ INT’L REV. INTELL. PROP. & COMPETITION L. 889-1008 (2006) ཧ↷ࠋ Id. at line 3532. ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO 㐃⥆⏬ ⡿ᅜࡢἲᨻ⟇࠾ࡅࡿ㑇ఏᏊデ᩿ࡢ≉チ㐺᱁ᛶ㻰㼞㼑㼥㼒㼡㼟㼟 ࡿࡇࡣᐖ㈐௵ࢆ㈇ࢃࡏࡿ࠸࠺ࡇ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡑ࠺ࡍࢀࡤࠊ་⪅ࡣࠊ ຍࡍࡿഴྥࡀࡼࡾᙉࡲࡿࡶࡋࢀ࡞࠸ࠋࠕ⮬〇ࡢࠖデ᩿᪉ἲࡀ⏝ྍ⬟ ⮬ࡽࡢデ᩿᪉ἲࢆࠕ⮬〇ࠖࡍࡿࡇࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࡼ࠺࡞ࡿ㸫ࡘࡲࡾࠊ㑇ఏᏊ ࡞ࢀࡤࠊせࡍࡿࠊᙉไࣛࢭࣥࢫつᐃࡢࡑࢀఝࡓⓗ࡞ຠᯝࢆᚓࡿࡇ ࡢ㓄ิࢆỴᐃࡍࡿࡓࡵ⮬ࡽࡢヨᩱࢆ⏝ࡍࡿࡇࡀ࡛ࡁࠊ⮬ࡽࡢぢࡅ ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࠋ ࡓሗࡽ㛵㐃ࡅࢆᑟࡁฟࡋ࡚ᝈ⪅ࢆデ᩿ࡍࡿࡇࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࡼ࠺࡞ ࡿࠋ་ᖌࡓࡕࡣࠊၟᴗࢧ࣮ࣅࢫࡸၟᴗ࢟ࢵࢺࢆⓎὀࡍࡿ㈐௵ࢆ㈇࠺ࠋࡑ ◊✲ࡢච㈐ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊ㼀㻾㻵㻼㻿㻌㐺ྜᛶࡣࠊච㈐つᐃࡀࡢࡼ࠺࡞⾲⌧ ࡢ௦ࢃࡾࠊ⡿ᅜࡀ་⒪᪉ἲእ⛉ⓗ᪉ἲ⏝ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓᡓ␎㢮ఝࡋࡓᡓ ࡞ࡿ౫Ꮡࡍࡿࠋ㼀㻾㻵㻼㻿㻌ࡣእࢆチᐜࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋᐇ㝿ࠊ㼃㼀㻻 ࡢࣃࢿࣝࡣࠊ ␎ࢆ᥇⏝ࡍࡿࡇࡀྍ⬟࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡑࡢࡼ࠺࡞つᐃࡼࢀࡤࠊ⮫ᗋ་ࡀ≉チ つไࡢᑂᰝᚲせ࡞ࢹ࣮ࢱࢆᚓࡿࡓࡵࡢᐇ㦂㛵ࡋ࡚ࡇࢀࢆㄆࡵࡓࡇ ࡉࢀࡓ᪉ἲࢆ⏝ࡋ࡚ࡶ࠸࡞ࡿἲⓗᩆ῭ࡽࡶචࢀࡿࡀࠊ⮫ᗋ་ࡢ⾜Ⅽ ࡀ࠶ࡿࠋࡉࡽࠊ㼀㻾㻵㻼㻿㻌ࡣࠊἲⓗᩆ῭ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࡢၥ㢟ᑐࡋ࡚ࡼࡾ ࡣᐖ⾜Ⅽ࡛࠶ࡗ࡚ච㈐ࡉࢀ࡞࠸ࡲࡲ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡢࡼ࠺ࡋ࡚ࠊ≉チᶒ ᐶ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ᭱ᚋࠊච㈐つᐃࢆ㎽ᅇⓎ᫂ࡀ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ࡍ࡚ࡢศ㔝㐺 ⪅ࡣᐖࡋࡓ⮫ᗋ་ࡽࡢ⿵ൾࡣཷࡅࡽࢀ࡞࠸ࡀࠊᐖᐤࡋࡓ⪅㸫ࡓ ⏝ࡍࡿࡼ࠺タィࡍࡿࡇࡶྍ⬟࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡑࡢࡓࡿᙳ㡪ࡣ㑇ఏᑐࡋ࡚ ࠼ࡤࠊࡑࡢ᪉ἲࢆᐇࡍࡿࡓࡵࡔࡅྜࢃࡏࡽࢀࡓヨᩱࢆ౪⤥ࡋࡓ⪅㸫 ࡶࡋࢀ࡞࠸ࡀࠊ୰❧ⓗ࡞つᐃࡍࢀࡤㄆࡵࡽࢀࡿྍ⬟ᛶࡣ㧗ࡲࡿࠋ ཬࡧࠊᐖࢆㄏⓎࡋࡓ⪅㸫ࡓ࠼ࡤࠊ⮫ᗋ་ࡑࡢ᪉ἲࢆᐇࡍࡿ᪉ἲࢆ ᩍ♧ࡋࡓ⪅㸫ᑐࡍࡿ㈺ൾㄳồᶒࡣಖ᭷ࡍࡿࡇ࡞ࡿ ࠋ ࠸ࡎࢀࡋࢁࠊࡇࡢไᗘࡣࠊ㛵㐃ࡅࢆⓎぢࡋ᳨࡚ᰝ࢟ࢵࢺࡸࢧ࣮ࣅࢫ ⤖ㄽ㻌 ࢆ㛤Ⓨࡍࡿࡇᢞ㈨ࡍࡿࣥࢭࣥࢸࣈࢆ⥔ᣢࡍࡿࡇࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࡔࢁ ࡇࢀࡽࡢ⪃࠼ࢆ᭱ึᥦ♧ࡋࡓࡢࡣ࣐ࢵࢡࢫࣉࣛࣥࢡ▱ⓗ㈈⏘࣭➇த࣭ ࠺ࠋࡇࢀࡽࡢ≉チࡀ≉㔜せ࡞ࡿࡢࡣࠊ௬࢟ࢵࢺࡸࢧ࣮ࣅࢫࡀࡼࡾᗈ ⛒⛯ἲ◊✲ᡤ࡛ࡢ◊✲࡛ࡢࡇࡔࡗࡓࡢ࡛ࠊ࣮ࣚࢮࣇ࣭ࢩࣗࢺࣛ࢘ࢫ๓ ⠊࡞つไࡢᑐ㇟࡞ࡗࡓሙྜ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡋࡋ࡞ࡀࡽࠊྠࠊࡇࡢไᗘ ᡤ㛗ࡽࡢᘬ⏝ࢆ⤖ㄒࡍࡿࡇࡀࡩࡉࢃࡋ࠸ࡔࢁ࠺ࠋᙼࡣࠊAMP ௳ ࠾࠸࡚ࡣ≉チࡢච㈐ࡀ༑ศ࠶ࡿࡢ࡛ࠊㄡࡀࠊᕷሙࡽ➇த⪅ࢆ㝖 ࠾࠸࡚ḟࡢࡼ࠺ドゝࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ ࡋ၏୍ࡢ౪⤥⪅࡞ࡗ࡚⮫ᗋ་ࡸ◊✲⪅ࡀᢏ⾡㠉᪂ࢆ⥆ࡅ᳨࡚ᰝࡢಙ㢗 ࠕ㑇ఏᏊࡣ㠃ⓗᛶ㉁ࡀ࠶ࡿࠋ୍᪉࡛ࡣࠊ㑇ఏᏊࡣᏛ≀㉁ཪࡣศᏊ࡛࠶ ᛶ☜ㄆࡸࢭ࢝ࣥࢻ࢜ࣆࢽ࢜ࣥࡸ㈋ࡋࡃ↓どࡉࢀ࡚ࡁࡓேࠎࡢ᳨ᰝࢆᥦ ࡿࠋࡶ࠺୍᪉࡛ࡣࠊ㑇ఏᏊࡣሗࡢ≀⌮ⓗ࡞፹య࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡍ࡞ࢃࡕࠊࡑࡇࡣ ౪ࡍࡿࡇࢆ㜼ࡶ࠺ࡍࡿࡇࢆࠊ㜼Ṇࡍࡿࡇࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࠋ㔜せ࡞ࡢࡣࠊ ᝈ⪅ࡢ⒪ࡘ࠸࡚ࡶࡗࡶࡽࡋ࠸௦᭰ᡭẁࡀᏑᅾࡍࡿࠊ≉チᶒ⪅ࡢࡼ ࡑࡢሗࡢ⌧ᐇࡢ⏕≀Ꮫⓗᶵ⬟ࡀࢱࣥࣃࢡ㉁ࡋ࡚ࢥ࣮ࢻࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ㹿㺁 ࡾ㐺ษ࡞⾜ືࢆᘬࡁฟࡍࡇࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࡇ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡶࡋࠊ≉チᶒ⪅ࡀᕷሙ ࢩࣗࢺࣛ࢘ࢫᩍᤵࡣ Myriad ࡢ௦⌮ே࡛࠶ࡗࡓࡢ࡛ࠊࡇࡢゝ᫂ࡣ࠾ࡑࡽࡃࠊ ࡽ⮬ࡽࡢ➇த⪅ࢆ㝖ࡍࡿࡇࡀ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ࡇࢆ▱ࢀࡤࠊࡓ࠼ࡤࠊ ≉チἲࡢၥ㢟ࡋ࡚ࡣ≀㉁ⓗഃ㠃ࡀ⏕≀Ꮫⓗሗⓗᶵ⬟ࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡗ ⓗ࡞ࣛࢭࣥࢫࢆࡍࡿഴྥࡀ࡞ࡃ࡞ࡿࡶࡋࢀ࡞࠸ࡋࠊ≉チࣉ࣮ࣝཧ Supra notes 185-90 ᒓࡍࡿᩥ᭩ࢆཧ↷ࠋ 35 U.S.C. § 287(c) (2006). TRIPS, supra note 139, art. 30; Canada-Pharmaceuticals, supra note 141 ཧ↷ࠋ 35 U.S.C. § 271(b)-(c);ࡓ࠼ࡤࠊC.W. Bard, Inc. v. Advanced Cardiovascular Sys- ࡓ࠼ࡤࠊTRIPS, supra note 139,art. 44.2; Panel Report, China-Measures Affecting tems, 911 F.2d 670 (Fed. Cir. 1990) ཧ↷ࠋ Supra note 94 ཧ↷ࠋSACGHS ࡣࠊつไࡢᡭ⥆ࡁࡼࡾ㈝⏝ࡀ┦ᙜୖࡀࡿࡢ࡞ࡽ the Protection and Enforcement of Intellectual Property Rights, WT/DS362/R (Jan. 26, 2009), available at http://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/dispu_e/cases_e/ds362_e.htm ཧ↷ࠋ ࡇࡢၥ㢟ࡣ᳨ウࡍࡿᚲせࡀ࠶ࡿࡇࢆㄆ㆑ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋReport on Gene Patents, supra Dinwoodie & Dreyfuss, supra note 143 ཧ↷ࠋ note 17, at lines 1372-74, 3692-95 ཧ↷ࠋ AMP, 702 F. Supp. 2d, at 228. ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO 㐃⥆⏬ ⡿ᅜࡢἲᨻ⟇࠾ࡅࡿ㑇ఏᏊデ᩿ࡢ≉チ㐺᱁ᛶ㻰㼞㼑㼥㼒㼡㼟㼟 ࡚ࠊࡋࡓࡀࡗ࡚㑇ఏᏊࡣ≉チ㐺᱁࡞㢟࡛࠶ࡾࡢࡍ࡚ࡢ≉チⓎ᫂ ࡑࡢ㏫࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋⴭస≀ࡶ㢮ఝࡢࡸࡾ᪉࡛ྲྀࡾᢅࢃࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡋ ࠼ࡽࢀࡿࡢྠ୍ࡢᶒἲⓗᩆ῭ࢆࡉࢀࡿ࠸࠺ࡇࢆࠊ♧ ࡓࡀࡗ࡚ࠊⴭసᶒࡣ⾲⌧ࢆ࢝ࣂ࣮ࡍࡿࡀࠊ⾲⌧ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿᐇࡸࢹ ၀ࡋࡼ࠺ࡋࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࢁ࠺ࠋ ࡣ࢝ࣂ࣮ࡋ࡞࠸ࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋၟᶆࡢࡼ࠺ࠊࡑࢀࡽࡣࣇ࢙࣮ࣘࢫࡢᢠᘚ ᭹ࡍࡿࠋࡉࡽࡇࡇ࠾࠸࡚ࡶࠊබࡣ⚾ඃ㉺ࡍࡿࠋࡍ࡞ࢃࡕࠊᐇ ࡋࡋ࡞ࡀࡽࠊࡑࢀࡣ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲࡀ㏻ᖖࠕ㠃ⓗᛶ㉁ࠖࡢၥ㢟ࢆᢅ࠺ࡸ ࡸࢹࡀ୍ࡘࡢ᪉ἲࡼࡗ࡚ࡋ⾲⌧࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ࡁࡣࠊ࣐࣮ࢪ࣮ࣕ⌮ ࡾ᪉࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋࡓ࠼ࡤࠊၟᶆࡣࠕࣁࣈࣜࢵࢻ⏝ࠖࡀྍ⬟࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡘ ࡲࡾࠊၟᶆࡣ㸦ᾘ㈝⪅㈈ࢧ࣮ࣅࢫࡢฟᡤࡘ࠸࡚ࡢሗࢆᥦ౪ࡍࡿ ㄽࡼࡾ⾲⌧ෆᐜࡉ࠼ࡶಖㆤྍ⬟ࡳ࡞ࡉࢀࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ ⯆῝࠸ࡇࠊ≉チἲࡀࡇࡢ㺀㠃ⓗᛶ㉁㺁ࡢၥ㢟ࢆᢅ࠺ᶵࡣከ࠸ࡶ ࠸࠺Ⅼ࠾࠸࡚㸧⾲♧ࡋ࡚ാࡁࠊࡘ㸦ၟᶆᶒ⪅ࢆ⾲ࡍࡢྠᵝࠊᬯ ࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡗࡓࠋࢇࡢ᭱⤊ⓗ࡞⏝㏵ࡣࠊูࡢ᪉ἲ࡛㸫≉チⓎ᫂ࢆ㎽ ႘ࠊ┤႘ࠊ႘ࠊࣃࣟࢹ࠾࠸࡚ࡶ⏝ࡉࢀࡿ࠸࠺Ⅼ࠾࠸࡚㸧⾲⌧ ᅇⓎ᫂ࡍࡿࡇࡼࡗ࡚㸫㐩ᡂࡍࡿࡇࡀ࡛ࡁࡓࡢ࡛ࠊබⓗ࡞┈ࡀ༟㉺ ࡋ࡚ࡢഃ㠃ࡶ᭷ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ⾲♧ࡋ࡚ࡢ⏝ࡣಖㆤࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ㸫チㅙ ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿሙ㠃࡛࠶ࡿಖㆤࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿᮦᩱࡢࢡࢭࢫ࠸࠺ഃ㠃ࡘ࠸ ࡞ࡋࡢ⏝ࡣᐖࡳ࡞ࡉࢀࡿ㸫୍᪉࡛ࠊࡑࡢࡢ⏝ࡣ୍㐃ࡢᢠᘚࢆ㏻ ࡚ᚰ㓄ࡍࡿᚲせࡀࢇ࡞ࡗࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡋࡋࠊ㑇ఏሗࡣࡃ᪂ ࡌ࡚බ⾗ゎᨺࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡑࢀࡺ࠼ࠊࣇ࢙࣮ࣘࢫࡣච㈐ࢆཷࡅࡽࢀࡿ つ࡞≧ἣࢆ࿊ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࢃࡅ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋ࠸ࡃࡽఝࡓၥ㢟ࡀࠊࢥࣥࣆ࣮ࣗࢱ ࡢ࡛࠶ࡾࠊẚ㍑┠ⓗ⏝ࠊᣦ♧ⓗ⏝ࠊཬࡧࣃࣟࢹࡘ࠸࡚ࡶྠᵝ࡞ࡢ ࣮ࡢࣥࢱ࣮ࣇ࢙ࢫ㛵㐃ࡋ࡚⏕ࡌ࡚࠸ࡓࠋࡑࡇ࡛ࡣࠊ≉チᢏ⾡ࡀ┦ ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ⾲⌧ࡋ࡚ࡢഃ㠃ࡀᨭ㓄ⓗ࡞ࢀࡤࠊᶆ❶ࡣಖㆤࢆኻ࠺ 㐠⏝ᛶࡸୗᛶࡢࡼ࠺࡞♫ⓗ㔜せ࡞┠ⓗࢆ㐩ᡂࡍࡿࡓࡵᚲせ ࡶࡋࢀ࡞࠸ ࠋゝࡍࡿࠊබⓗ┈ࡀ⚾ⓗ┈ඃ㉺ࡍࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡾࠊ ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋ㑇ఏᏊྠᵝࠊ㢟㸦ࢯࣇࢺ࢙࢘㸧ࡀࡑࡶࡑࡶ≉チ㐺᱁ ࠸࠺ၥ㢟ࡶ⏕ࡌ࡚࠸ࡓࠋ࣮ࣚࣟࢵࣃ࡛ࡣ㝖እࡍࡿ࠸࠺ࣉ࣮ࣟࢳࡀඃ ໃ࡛࠶ࡿࡀࠊࡑࡇ࡛ࡢ⤒㦂ࡀ♧ࡍࡇࡣࠊ㢟ࡢไ㝈ࡣ㉳ⲡࢆᕤኵࡍࡿᚲ Rochelle Cooper Dreyfuss, Expressive Genericity: Trademarks as Language in the Pepsi Generation, 65 NOTRE DAME L. REV. 397-424, 411 (1990) ཧ↷ࠋࣥࢱ࣮ࢿࢵࢺୖ ࡛ࡣࠊࡑࢀࡽࡣࢼࣅࢤ࣮ࢩࣙࣥࡋ࡚ࡶ⏝ࡉࢀࡿࠋRochelle Cooper Dreyfuss, Reconciling Trademark Rights and Expressive Values: How to Stop Worrying and Learn to せࡀ࠶ࡿ࠸࠺ၥ㢟┤㠃ࡋ࡚㡻ࡍࡿ࠾ࡑࢀࡀ࠶ࡿ࠸࠺ࡇ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ Love Ambiguity, in TRADEMARK LAW AND THEORY: A HANDBOOK OF CONTEMPORARY RESEARCH 261-93, 265 (Graeme B. Dinwoodie & Mark D. Janis eds., Edward Elgar Publ’g 340, 349 (1991); Robert C. Denicola, Copyright in Collections of Facts: A Theory for the ࡓ࠼ࡤࠊFeist Publications, Inc. v. Rural Telephone Service Company, Inc. 499 U.S. 2008) ཧ↷ࠋ Protection of Nonfiction Literary Works, 81 COLUM. L. REV. 516-42, 525 (1981) ཧ↷ࠋ ࡓ࠼ࡤࠊ15 U.S.C. § 1115(b)(4) (2006)ࣇ࢙࣮ࣘࢫࡢᢠᘚࢆㄆࡵࡓ; Council 17 U.S.C. § 107; Campbell v. Acuff-Rose Music, Inc., 510 U.S. 569 (1994); cf. Berne Directive 97/55/EC, 1997 O.J. (L 290) 18 (EC) ẚ㍑ᗈ࿌ࢆチࡋࡓ; New Kids on the Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works, art. 10(1), Sept. 9, 1886, S. Block v. News America Pub., Inc., 971 F.2d 302 (9th Cir. 1992) つ⠊ⓗࣇ࢙࣮ࣘࢫ; Treaty Doc. No. 99-27, 1161 U.N.T.S. 3; TRIPS, supra note 139, art. 13. Jordache Enters. v. Hogg Wyld, Ltd., 828 F.2d 1482 (10th Cir. 1987) ࣃࣟࢹ; Lila Postkarte, 3 Feb. 2005, I ZR 159/02 (F.G.R.)㸦ࠕⱁ⾡ࡢ⮬⏤ࠖࢆ᰿ᣐࠊබⓗ⏝ࡢࡓࡵ ᙮้ࡢⴭస≀ࠖࡢᐃ⩏ࡣࠊศ㞳ྍ⬟ᛶࡢせ௳ࡀྵࡲࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ ཧ↷ࠋ ሗࢆබ㛤ࡋࡓ ࡶཧ↷ࠋࡇࢀࡽࡢᢠᘚࡣ TRIPS 㐺ྜⓗ࡛࠶ࡿࠋTRIPS, supra note ࡓ࠼ࡤࠊBaker v. Selden, 101 U.S. 99 (1879); 17 U.S.C. § 101㸦ࠕ⤮⏬ࠊᅗᙧཬࡧ ࡓ࠼ࡤࠊPamela Samuelson, Are Patents on Interfaces Impeding Interoperability?, 93 139, art. 17 ཧ↷; Panel Report, European Communities - Protection of Trademarks and MINN. L. REV. 1943-2019, 1964 (2009)≉チࡀࠊ┦㐠⏝ᛶᚲせ࡞ᶵ⬟ⓗせ௳ࢆಖ Geographical Indication for Agricultural Products and Foodstuffs, WT/DS174/R (Mar. 15, ㆤࡍࡿࡓࡵせồࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡓࡶࡋࢀ࡞࠸ࡇࢆᣦࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ ཧ↷ࠋ 2005). e.g., Fabian Edlund, Software Related Inventions at the Enlarged Board of Appeals, 92 PAT. ࡓ࠼ࡤࠊ15 U.S.C. § 1064(3); King-Seeley Thermos Co. v. Aladdin Indus., 321 F.2d 577 (2d Cir. 1963) ཧ↷ࠋ ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO Convention on the Grant of European Patents, art. 52, Oct. 5, 1973, 13 I.L.M. 268; see, & TRADEMARK OFF. SOC’Y 131 (2010). ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO 㐃⥆⏬ ࡑࡋ࡚ࠊ⡿ᅜཬࡧ࣮ࣚࣟࢵࣃࡢ୧᪉࡛ࡢ⤒㦂ࡀ♧၀ࡍࡿࡢࡣࠊࡼࡾᑠࡉ࡞ ᪉ἲ㸫ᐖᑐࡍࡿ᪂ࡋ࠸ᢠᘚ㸫ࡶ➼ࡋࡃຠᯝⓗ࡛࠶ࡿ࠸࠺ࡇ࡛࠶ ࡿࠋ ≉チࣉ࣮ࣝࡢࡼ࠺࡞⚾ⓗ࡞ゎỴࡸไᗘⓗ࢞ࢻࣛࣥࡢࡼ࠺࡞බⓗ࡞ ᛂ⟅࠸ࡃࡽࡢ᭷ᮃᛶࢆぢฟࡍࡇࡣ࡛ࡁࡿ୍᪉࡛ࠊⴭసᶒἲࡸၟᶆἲ ࠾࠸࡚㛗࠸㛫ཷࡅධࢀࡽࢀᡂຌࡋ࡚ࡁࡓつᐃ㢮ఝࡋࡓ᪂ࡋ࠸ᢠᘚࢆ 㛤ᣅࡍࡿࡇࡣࠊ᭱ࡶ㨩ຊⓗ࡛༶ຠᛶࡢ࠶ࡿ㑅ᢥ⫥࡛࠶ࡿࡼ࠺ᛮ࠼ࡿࠋ ៅ㔜タィࡍࢀࡤࠊ◊✲デ᩿ࡢእࡣࠊ⒪ἲᑐࡍࡿᢞ㈨ࠊ᪂ࡋ࠸᳨ ᰝࡢᇶ┙ࡸࣃࣛࢲ࣒ࡢ㛤Ⓨࠊ᳨ᰝ⏝ࡢ⣲ᮦഛࡢၟᴗࢆಁ㐍ࡍࡿ ࠸࠺≉チἲࡢ⬟ຊᖸ΅ࡍࡿࡇࡣ࡞࠸ࠋࡑࢀࡇࢁࠊࡇࢀࡽࡢᢠᘚࡣ ᇶ♏ⓗ࡛㌿ⓗ࡞◊✲ࢆチᐜࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡑࡢୖࠊᝈ⪅ࡀࢭ࢝ࣥࢻ࢜ࣆࢽ࢜ ࣥࠊ᳨ᰝࡢಙ㢗ᛶ☜ㄆࢆᚓࡿࡇࡀ࡛ࡁࠊⰋ㉁࡞་⒪ᚲせ࡞㧗ရ㉁ࡢデ ᩿ࢧ࣮ࣅࢫࢡࢭࢫ࡛ࡁࡿࡇࢆಖドࡋ࡚ࡃࢀࡿࠋࡑࡋ࡚ࠊࡇࢀࡽࡢච ㈐つᐃࡣࠊಶู་⒪ࡢ᭷ᮃᛶࢆ⌧ᐇࡢࡶࡢኚ࠼ࡿࡇᙺ❧ࡘࡢ࡛࠶ ࡿࠋ Cf. Samuelson, supra note 219, at 1983-87 ࣥࢱ࣮ࣇ࢙ࢫࡢ≉チࣛࣅࣜ ࢸ࣭࣮ࣝࣝࢆᥦࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ; Council Directive 91/250, art. 6, 1991 O.J. (L 122) 42 (EC)┦㐠⏝ᛶࢆ㐩ᡂࡍࡿᶒࢆ᫂☜ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ. ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO