...

米国の法と政策における遺伝子診断の特許適格性

by user

on
Category: Documents
14

views

Report

Comments

Transcript

米国の法と政策における遺伝子診断の特許適格性
㐃⥆௻⏬㸸ኚ໬ࡍࡿ࢖ࣀࣦ࢙࢖ࢩࣙࣥ࡜≉チไᗘࡢ࠶ࡾ᪉ ࡑࡢ㸱
቟‫׎‬ƷඥƱ૎ሊƴƓƚǔ
ᢡˡ‫܇‬ᚮૺƷཎᚩᢘ఍ࣱ
᳽‫ܦ‬
Rochelle C. DREYFUSS
๓⏣ ೺ヂ
➨㸱㒊 බ⾗ࡢ࢔ࢡࢭࢫࢆᨵၿࡍࡿ᪉⟇㻌
➨ 㒊ࡢ♧၀ࡍࡿ࡜ࡇࢁ࡟ࡼࢀࡤࠊデ᩿࡟㛵ࡍࡿ≉チࡀཎᅉ࡛࠶ࡿ♫఍
ⓗᐖᝏࡣ⌧ᐇࡢࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡾࠊ≉チไᗘࡢ㏻ᖖࡢ౽┈࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ࡣ┦ẅࡉࢀ࡞
࠸ࠋࡑ࠺ࡍࡿ࡜ၥ㢟ࡣࠊ࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡟ࡋ࡚බⓗ࡞฼┈࡜⚾ⓗ࡞฼┈࡜ࡢ㐺ษ
࡞ࣂࣛࣥࢫࢆ๰ࡾฟࡍἲ⛛ᗎࢆ෌⦅ᡂࡍࡿ࠿࡛࠶ࡿࠋᑟධ㒊ศ࡛ᣦ᦬ࡋࡓ
ࡼ࠺࡟ࠊ㑇ఏᏊࡸ㑇ఏᏊデ᩿ࢆࠊ㢮ᆺⓗ࡟≉チ㐺᱁࡞୺㢟࠿ࡽ㝖እࡍࡿࡼ
࠺࡟≉チ㐺᱁ᛶࢆゎ㔘ࡋࡼ࠺࡜࠸࠺⪃࠼᪉ࡣࡓࡃࡉࢇ࠶ࡿࠋ௚࡟ࡶࠊⓎ᫂
ᛶࡢᇶ‽ࡸ㛤♧࣭᭷⏝ᛶ࣭≉チࡢ⠊ᅖ࡟㛵㐃ࡍࡿ࣮ࣝࣝ࡞࡝ࡢࠊ≉チἲࡢ
௚ࡢ⌮ㄽ࡟㢗ࢁ࠺࡜࠸࠺⪃࠼ࡶ࠶ࡿࠋ≉チࣉ࣮ࣝࡢࡼ࠺࡞᪂ࡋ࠸ไᗘⓗ࡞
௙⤌ࡳࢆዡບࡋࡼ࠺࡜࠸࠺⪃࠼ࡶ࠶ࡿࠋࡲࡓࠊ≉チἲࢆぢ┤ࡋ࡚ࠊ౵ᐖ㈐
௵࡟᪂ࡋ࠸ᢠᘚࢆᑟධࡋࡼ࠺࡜࠸࠺⪃࠼ࡶ࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡢ❶࡛ࡣࠊࡑࢀࡒࢀࡢ
⪃࠼ࢆࠊ⌮ㄽⓗࠊᐇົⓗࠊつ⠊ⓗ࡞ほⅬ࠿ࡽ᳨ドࡍࡿࠋ
㆟ㄽࡣ࠶ࡿࡶࡢࡢࠊ཯ࢺࣛࢫࢺἲࢆ฼⏝ࡋ࡚ࠊᶒ฼⪅ࡀᾘ㈝⪅࡟฼┈࡟࡞ࡿ〇
ရࡸ᪉ἲࡀᕷሙ࡟ධࡿࡢࢆṆࡵࡼ࠺࡜ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࢆࡸࡵࡉࡏࡽࢀࡿ࠿ࡶࡋࢀ࡞࠸ࠋࡇ
ࢀࡣ࣮ࣚࣟࢵࣃ࡛㉳ࡁ࡚࠸ࡿ≧ἣ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜࠸࠼ࡿ࠿ࡶࡋࢀ࡞࠸ࠋTelefis Eireann &
Indep. Television Publ’ns Ltd. v. Comm’n of the European Communities, 1995 E.C.R.
I-743 ¶¶ 53, 54>௨ୗ Magill ࡜࠸࠺@Cases C-241/91P ࡜ C-242/91P ࢆྜࢃࡏ࡚࠸ࡿ
ཧ↷ࠊࡋ࠿ࡋࠊ⡿ᅜ࡛ࡣཷࡅධࢀࡽࢀ࡞࠸࡜ᛮࢃࢀࡿࠋ⡿ᅜ࡛ࡣࠊྲྀᢅ࠸ࡢᣄྰ࡟
ᑐࡋ࡚ἲⓗ࡞ᑐᢠᡭẁࡣᏑᅾࡋ࡞࠸ࠋVerizon Comm’ns Inc. v. Law Offices of Curtis V.
Trinko, 540 U.S. 398, 407 (2004) ཧ↷ࠋ
▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO 㐃⥆௻⏬
⡿ᅜࡢἲ࡜ᨻ⟇࡟࠾ࡅࡿ㑇ఏᏊデ᩿ࡢ≉チ㐺᱁ᛶ㻰㼞㼑㼥㼒㼡㼟㼟
㹟㸬୺㢟ࡢไ㝈
ᫎࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠖࡢ࡛ࠊ㑇ఏ≀㉁࡟ࡣࡑࡢ㈨᱁ࡀ࡞࠸࡜⌮⏤௜ࡅࡓࠋゝ࠸᥮
㑇ఏ᝟ሗ࡟ᑐࡍࡿ࢔ࢡࢭࢫ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡢබⓗ฼┈ࢆಖㆤࡍࡿࠊ᭱ࡶ┤᥋ⓗ
࠼ࡿ࡜ࠊ༢㞳ࡉࢀࡓ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡶࠊ㑇ఏᏊࡢ㔜せᛶ࡜᭷⏝ᛶࡣࡲࡉ࡟⮬↛࡟࠾
࡞᪉ἲࡣࠊ㑇ఏᏊ࡜デ᩿᪉ἲࢆࠊἲࡢᐃࡵࡿ≉チ㐺᱁࡞୺㢟࡛ࡣ࡞࠸࡜ࡳ
ࡅࡿࡑࡢᙺ๭࡛࠶ࡿࡑࡢ᝟ሗෆᐜ࡟࠶ࡿ࡜࠸࠺Ⅼ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊ㑇ఏᏊࡣ⮬↛
࡞ࡍࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡿࠋ⡿ᅜἲ࡛ࡣࠊࡇࡢ᪉㔪ࢆྲྀࡿࡓࡵ࡟ᙉຊ࡞㆟ㄽࢆࡍࡿࡇ
ࡢ⏘≀࡞ࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ᪉ἲࡢࢡ࣮࣒ࣞ࡟㛵ࡋ࡚࠸࠼ࡤࠊࢫ࢖࣮ࢺุ஦ࡣࠊࡇ
࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࠋࡍ࡞ࢃࡕࠊ␗ㄽࡣ࠶ࡿࡶࡢࡢࠊ㑇ఏᏊࡣ⮬↛⌧㇟࡛࠶ࡾࠊデ
ࢀࡽࢆࠊࠕங࢞ࣥཪࡣ༸ᕢ࢞ࣥ࡟࠿࠿ࡾࡸࡍ࠸య㉁࡟㛵ಀࡍࡿኚ␗ࢆྠᐃ
᩿᪉ἲ㸫㑇ఏᏊ࡜ࡑࡢࣄࢺࡢ㌟య࡟ᑐࡍࡿᙳ㡪࡜ࢆ⤖ࡧ௜ࡅࡿࡇ࡜㸫ࡣࠊ
ࡍࡿࡓࡵ࡟ࠊ㻮㻾㻯㻭㻝 ࡜ 㻮㻾㻯㻭㻞 ࡢ㑇ఏᏊ㓄ิࢆࠗศᯒ࠘ཪࡣࠗẚ㍑࠘ࡍࡿ
⮬ ↛ ἲ ๎ ཪ ࡣ ᢳ ㇟ ⓗ ࡞ ࢔ ࢖ ࢹ ࢔ ࡜ ࡳ ࡞ ࡍ ࡇ ࡜ ࡀ ࡛ ࡁ ࡿ ࠋ Diamond v.
ࡓࡵࡢ᪉ἲࠖ࡜≉ᚩ௜ࡅ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࢫ࢖࣮ࢺࡣࠊࡇࢀࡽࡣࠕᢳ㇟ⓗ࡞⢭⚄
Chakrabarty ࡣࠊ㆟఍ࡣࠕኴ㝧ࡢୗே㛫ࡀసࡗࡓࡶࡢࡣࡍ࡭࡚㺁 ࢆ≉チἲ
ⓗࣉࣟࢭࢫ࡛ࠖ࠶ࡗ࡚ࠊIn re Bilski ࡟࠾࠸࡚㐃㑥ᕠᅇ༊ࡀ♧ࡋࡓᶵᲔཪࡣ
ࡢᑐ㇟࡟ࡍࡿពᅗ࡛࠶ࡗࡓ࡜㏙࡭ࡓࡀࠊ୍᪉࡛ࠊ⿢ุᡤࡣὀព῝ࡃࠊࡑࡢ
ኚ᥮ᇶ‽ࢆ‶ࡓࡉ࡞࠸࡜ุ᩿ࡋࡓࠋ
ࡼ࠺࡞㐍Ṍ࡜ࠕ⮬↛ἲ๎ࠊ≀⌮ⓗ⌧㇟ࠊཬࡧࠊᢳ㇟ⓗ࢔࢖ࢹ࢔ࠖ࡜ࢆ༊ู
ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ ࠋࡑࡋ࡚ࠊBilski v. Kappos ࡶࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞㝖እࢆ☜ㄆࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ ࠋ
ࡲࡉ࡟ࠊAMP ࡢุỴࡣࡇࡢ⥺࡟ἢࡗ࡚㏙࡭ࡽࢀࡓࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ≀ࡢࢡ
⌮ㄽⓗ࡞ၥ㢟࡜ࡋ࡚ࡣࠊ᪉ἲࢡ࣮࣒ࣞ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚࡝࠺⪃࠼ࡿ࠿ࡣࠊ᭱㧗⿢
ࡢ Bilski ࡟࠾ࡅࡿุ᩿ࢆ࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡟ゎ㔘ࡍࡿ࠿࡟࠿࠿ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊ
࣮࣒ࣞ࡟㛵ࡋ࡚ࠊࢫ࢖࣮ࢺุ஦ࡣࠊChakrabarty ࡟࠾࠸࡚≉チ㐺᱁ࡔ࡜ࡉ
࡞ࡐࢫ࢖࣮ࢺุ஦ࡀኚ␗࡜ࡑࢀࡀࡶࡓࡽࡍࡇ࡜࡜ࢆ⤖ࡧ௜ࡅࡓࡔࡅࡢࡇ
ࢀࡓྜᡂᚤ⏕≀࡜ࠊAMP ࡛ၥ㢟࡜࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ⮬↛࡟ࡶᏑᅾࡍࡿ㑇ఏᏊ㓄
࡜ࢆ≉チࡀ࢝ࣂ࣮ࡍ࡭ࡁ࡛࡞࠸࡜⪃࠼ࡓࡢ࠿ࢆ⌮ゎࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡣࠊ☜࠿࡟⡆
ิ࡜ࢆ༊ูࡋࡓࠋ௦ࢃࡾ࡟ࠊࢫ࢖࣮ࢺࡣࠊParke-Davis & Co. v. H.K. Mulford
༢࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࢀࡽࡢ⤖ࡧ௜ࡁࡣࠊᅉᯝ㛵ಀⓗ࡛࠶ࡗ࡚⮬↛ࡀ࡝࠺ാࡃ࠿ࢆ
Co. ࡜࠸࠺஦௳࡜ American Fruit Growers v. Brogdex Co. ࡜࠸࠺஦௳࡜࡟
ᥦ♧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡍ࡞ࢃࡕࠊኚ␗ࡣࠊ㌟యࢆࡑࡢほᐹࡉࢀࡿ࡜࠾ࡾ࡟᣺ࡿ⯙
౫ᣐࡋࡓࠋ๓⪅ࡢ஦௳ࡣࠊ༢㞳ࡉࢀࡓ࢔ࢻࣞࢼࣜࣥࡢ≉チ㐺᱁ᛶ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚
ࢃࡏࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ࡟ࡍࡂ࡞࠸ࠋඛ࡟ᣦ᦬ࡋࡓࡼ࠺࡟ࠊᐇົⓗ࡞ほⅬ࠿ࡽ
ࡢᖺࡢ஦௳࡛࠶ࡾࠊ㧗ྡ࡞࣮ࣛࢽࢵࢻ࣭ࣁࣥࢻุ஦࡟ࡼࡾุỴࡉࢀࡓࠋ
ࡶࠊࡇࢀࡽࡢ≉チࡣ◊✲ࢆዡບࡍࡿࡢ࡟୙ᚲせ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜ᛮࢃࢀࡿࠋつ⠊
ᚋ⪅ࡢ஦௳ࡣࠊᖺࡢ᭱㧗⿢ࡢุỴ࡛࠶ࡾࠊฎ⌮ࡉࢀࡓᯝ≀ࡢ≉チ㐺᱁
ⓗ࡞ၥ㢟࡜ࡋ࡚ࡶࠊࡇࢀࡽࡢ≉チࡣࠊࢤࣀ࣒⛉Ꮫࡢ㐍Ṍࡀ୚࠼࡚ࡃࢀࡿ♫
ᛶ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡢࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࢫ࢖࣮ࢺࡣࠊParke-Davis ஦௳ࡢᖐ⤖࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊ
఍ⓗ౽┈࡜ⴭࡋࡃ⾪✺ࡍࡿࠋ
༢㞳ࡉࢀࡓ⮬↛࡟ࡶᏑᅾࡍࡿ≀㉁࡟ࡇࢀࡽࡢࢣ࣮ࢫࡀ≉チࢆチࡋࡓࡢࡣࠊ
☜࠿࡟ᑗ᮶࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡣࠊ⛉Ꮫ⪅ࡓࡕࡣࠊ୍⩌ࡢ㑇ఏᏊ࡜௚ࡢ≀⌮⌧㇟㸦⎔
ࡑࡢ༢㞳ࡀࠕ᪂ࡋ࠸ཪࡣ㢧ⴭ࡞ࠊᙧែࠊ㉁ࠊཪࡣ≉ᛶࢆ᭷ࡍࡿࠖ≀㉁ࢆ๰
ࡾฟࡋࡓሙྜ࡟㝈ࡽࢀࡿࠊ࡜⌮ゎ࡛ࡁࡿࡇ࡜ࢆᣦ᦬ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ ࠋࡑࡋ࡚ࠊ
ቃࡢᙳ㡪࡞࡝㸧࡜⑓Ẽࡢ࠿࠿ࡾࡸࡍࡉ࡜ࡢ」㞧࡞㛵ಀࢆྠᐃࡍࡿ࠿ࡶࡋࢀ
ࢫ࢖࣮ࢺࡣࠊ
ࠕ㻰㻺㻭 ࡟ࢥ࣮ࢻࡉࢀࡓ᝟ሗࡣࠊࡑࡢᮏ᮶ࡢ⏕≀Ꮫⓗᶵ⬟ࢆ཯
࡞࠸ࠋࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞」㞧࡞㛵㐃௜ࡅࢆࠊⓎぢࡋࠊド᫂ࡋࠊ἞⒪ࡢ㑅ᢥ⫥࡜࡞
35 U.S.C. §§ 100-101 (2006).
ࡿࡼ࠺࡟㌿᥮ࡍࡿ࡟ࡣ㈝⏝ࡀ࠿࠿ࡿ࠿ࡶࡋࢀ࡞࠸ࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞ࡼ
ࡾὙ⦎ࡉࢀࡓ㛵㐃௜ࡅࡣࠊࢫ࢖࣮ࢺࡢุỴࡢୗ࡛ࡶᚲࡎࡋࡶ≉チ୙㐺᱁࡛
447 U.S. 303, 309 (1980).
Id.
Id. at 228.
Bilski, 130 S. Ct. at 3225.
Id. at 184.
189 F. 95 (S.D.N.Y.1911), aff’d in part, 196 F. 496 (2d Cir. 1912).
Id. at 234.
283 U.S. 1 (1931).
ࡼࡾ᏶඲࡞㆟ㄽࡢࡓࡵ࡟ࡣࠊBerman & Dreyfuss, supra note 90, at 890-91 ཧ↷ࠋ
AMP, 702 F. Supp. 2d, at 222.
Supra notes 92-98ཬࡧࡑࡢ௜ᒓᩥ᭩ࢆཧ↷ࠋ
▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO
▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO 㐃⥆௻⏬
⡿ᅜࡢἲ࡜ᨻ⟇࡟࠾ࡅࡿ㑇ఏᏊデ᩿ࡢ≉チ㐺᱁ᛶ㻰㼞㼑㼥㼒㼡㼟㼟
ࡣ࡞࠸ࡔࢁ࠺ࠋࢫ࢖࣮ࢺࡣࠊAMP ࡢࢡ࣮࣒ࣞࢆ Prometheus v. Mayo ࡟࠾ࡅ
ࡑࢀࡺ࠼つ⠊ⓗ࡟ࡣࠊἲᚊࡣࡑࡢྍ⬟ᛶ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚࣮࢜ࣉࣥ࡞ࡲࡲ࡟ࡋ࡚࠸
ࡿࢡ࣮࣒ࣞ࡜ὀព῝ࡃ༊ูࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࡢ஦௳ࡣࠊᝈ⪅࡟ᑐࡋ୍࡚㐃ࡢẁ
ࡿ࡜ゎ㔘ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡣព࿡ࡢ࠶ࡿࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡿࠋຍ࠼࡚ࠊࢫ࢖࣮ࢺุ஦ࡢุỴ
㝵ࢆ㋃ࢇࡔᚋ࡟ึࡵ࡚ឤ▱࡛ࡁࡿ㛵㐃௜ࡅࢆྵࡴࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋຍ࠼࡚ࠊ
࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ࠊ⡿ᅜࡣ㑇ఏᏊࡣ≉チ㐺᱁࡞୺㢟ࡔ࡜ࡳ࡞ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿḢᕞ≉チ᮲⣙
ࡼࡾ」㞧࡞㑇ఏⓗ㛵㐃௜ࡅࡶ⤌⧊ࡀ࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡟ᶵ⬟ࡍࡿ࠿ࢆ༢࡟グ㏙ࡋ
ࢆ᥇⏝ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿᅜࠎ࡜୙ㄪ࿴࡟࡞ࡗ࡚ࡋࡲ࠺ࠋࡇࢀࡣࠊ⡿ᅜἲ࡜࣮ࣚࣟ
ࡓࡔࡅ࡜ࡳ࡞ࡋࡓ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡶࠊศᯒࢆᐜ᫆࡟ࡍࡿࡓࡵࡢ᪉ἲࠊࢯࣇࢺ࢙࢘࢔ࠊ
ࢵࣃἲࡢ༢࡞ࡿ㐪࠸࡟࡜࡝ࡲࡽ࡞࠸ࡔࢁ࠺ࠋࡸࡣࡾࠊᅇ㑊ࡍ࡭ࡁ⤖ᯝ࠿࡝
⿦⨨ࡣࠊูಶ࡟≉チྍ⬟࡛࠶ࡾࠊࡑࢀࡽࡢ≉チࡀᚲせ࡞࢖ࣥࢭࣥࢸ࢕ࣈࢆ
࠺࠿ࢆ⪃៖ࡍࡿ౯್ࡣ࠶ࡿࠋ
ᥦ౪࡛ࡁࡿࠋ
㹠㸬᪤Ꮡࡢ≉チ⌮ㄽࡢ฼⏝
ࢫ࢖࣮ࢺุ஦ࡢ≀ࡢࢡ࣮࣒ࣞ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡢุ᩿࡟⣡ᚓࡍࡿࡢࡣࡶ࠺ᑡࡋ
≉チ㐺᱁࡞୺㢟ࡢ⠊ᅖࡀ State Street ࡟࠾࠸࡚㐃㑥ᕠᅇ༊࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ึࡵ
㞴ࡋ࠸ࠋࢡ࣮࣒ࣞࡉࢀࡓ 㻰㻺㻭 ࡣࠊ࠾ࡑࡽࡃᚮૺ ࡟ᛂ⏝ࡍࡿ࡜ࡁ࡛ࡶᄂᆮ
࡚ᗈࡆࡽࢀࡓ࡜ࡁࠊࢪࣕ࢖ࣝࢬ࣭ࣜࢵࢳุ஦௨๓࡟⌧⾜ࡢ≉チἲࡢ㉳ⲡ
࡟ᛂ⏝ࡍࡿ࡜ࡁ࡛ࡶࠊ⮬↛࡟ࡶᏑᅾࡍࡿ 㻰㻺㻭 ࡜ࡕࡻ࠺࡝ྠࡌࡼ࠺࡟స⏝
ࢆᡭఏࡗࡓࡣࠊ≉チ㐺᱁ᛶࡢุ᩿ࡣἲᚊࡀᐃࡵࡿ୺㢟ࡣఱ࠿࡜࠸࠺ၥ㢟
ࡍࡿࡔࢁ࠺ࡀࠊ㻰㻺㻭㻌ࡣ඙ၲ ࡢࡓࡵࡢ≀㉁࡜ࡋ࡚ၟᴗⓗ࡟฼⏝࡛ࡁࡿྍ⬟
࡛⤊ࢃࡽ࡞࠸ࡇ࡜ࢆᣦ᦬ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋุ஦ࡣࠊಖㆤࢆཷࡅࡽࢀࡿ࠿࡝࠺࠿࡟
ᛶࡀ࠶ࡿࠋࡓ࡜࠼ࡤࠊኚ␗ࡢ᭷ᐖ࡞ᙳ㡪ࢆ┤ࡍࡓࡵ࡟ࠊ࢘࢖ࣝࢫ࣋ࢡࢱ࣮
ࡣ௚࡟ࡶไ㝈ࠊࡍ࡞ࢃࡕࠕ᪂つᛶࠊ㠀⮬᫂ᛶࠊ㛤♧࡜㆙࿌ࡀ㐺ษ࠿ࠖ࡞࡝
ࢆ฼⏝ࡋ࡚㑇ఏ≀㉁ࢆ┤᥋㌟య࡟ᤄධࡍࡿ࡜࠸࠺◊✲ࡀ┦ᙜ⾜ࢃࢀ࡚࠸
ࡢไ㝈ࡀᏑᅾࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࢆᙉㄪࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ᭷⏝ᛶ࡜ಖㆤ⠊ᅖࡶࡇࡢࣜࢫࢺ
ࡿࠋࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞ᛂ⏝࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡣࠊ༢㞳ࡉࢀࡓ≀㉁ࡣࠊ⮬↛࡟Ꮡᅾࡍࡿ࡜
࡟ຍ࠼ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࡀࠊࡇࢀࡽࡢไ㝈ࡢ࠸ࡎࢀࡶࠊ㻿㻭㻯㻳㻴㻿 ࡢⓎぢࡋࡓ
ࡁ࡜ࡣⱝᖸ␗࡞ࡿࡼ࠺࡟స⏝ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡴࡋࢁࠊParke-Davis ࡛ၥ㢟࡟࡞
ၥ㢟ࢆゎỴࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡣ࡛ࡁ࡞ࡉࡑ࠺࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
ࡗࡓ༢㞳࢔ࢻࣞࢼࣜࣥ࡟㢮ఝࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࡢ≀ࡣὀᑕࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࡢ
࡛ࠊ⮬↛࡛ぢࡽࢀࡿࡶࡢ࡜ࡣ␗࡞ࡿࠋ༢㞳ࡉࢀࡓ 㻰㻺㻭㻌ࡣࠊࡇࢀࡶ㌟య࡟
ᲫᲨૼᙹࣱƱ᩼ᐯଢࣱ
┤᥋ධࢀࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࡓࡵࠊ⮬↛࡟ࡶᏑᅾࡍࡿ 㻰㻺㻭㻌࡜ࡣ㐪࠺ࠋࡉࡽ
࠶ࡿព࿡ࠊࣜࢵࢳุ஦ࡣ᫂ࡽ࠿࡟ṇࡋ࠿ࡗࡓࠋⓎ᫂ᛶࡢᇶ‽ࢆ㧗ࡃྲྀࡿ
࡟๓࡟ㄽࡌࡓࡼ࠺࡟ࠊ἞⒪᪉ἲࡢⓎ᫂⪅ࡣ≉チ࡟࠿࡞ࡾ౫Ꮡࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ ࠋ
࡜㑇ఏ≀㉁ࡢ≉チ㐺᱁ᛶ࡟ᙳ㡪ࡍࡿࠋࡑࢀࡺ࠼ࠊⓎ᫂ᛶࡢၥ㢟࡟ࡘ࠸࡚⡿
ࡲࡉ࡟ࠊ᭗ࡇƳ デ᩿་⒪ᢏ⾡ࡢ≉チ㐺᱁ᛶࡢၥ㢟ࢆゎỴࡍࡿࡢ࡟᥍ッ⿢ุᡤࡣ
ኻᩋࡋࡓ࡜ࢣࢿࢹ࢕ุ஦ࡀゝཬࡋࡓ⟠ᡤ࡛ࠊBilski, 130 S. Ct., at 3227ᙉㄪࡣ➹⪅
ࡢ᪉ἲࡀᶆ‽໬ࡉࢀ࡚ࡋࡲ࠺࡜ࠊ⤌ྜࡏࡣࠊKSR Int’l Co. v. Teleflex, Inc., 550 U.S. 398
࡛ࡣࠊ᥍ッ⿢ุᡤࡣ༢⣧࡞㛵㐃௜ࡅ࡜ࡼࡾ」㞧࡞デ᩿࡜ࡢ㛫࡟ࠊἲⓗ࡟㔜せ࡞㐪࠸
(2007)ࡑࡢ㐍Ṍࢆヨࡳࡿࡢࡀ⮬࡛᫂࠶ࡿ࡜ࡁࡣࠊཝࡋ࠸Ⓨ᫂ᛶࡢᇶ‽ࢆㄢࡋ࡚࠸
ࢆぢࡓࡢ࠿ࡶࡋࢀ࡞࠸ࡇ࡜ࡀࠊ♧၀ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
ࡿ ࡢୗ࡛ࡣ≉チ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸࠿ࡶࡋࢀ࡞࠸ࠋ
ࡓ࡜࠼ࡤࠊGene Therapy Sets Stage for New Treatments for Inherited Blindness, SCI.
ࡓ࡜࠼ࡤࠊJustine Pila, Patents for Human Genes and Methods of Analysis and Com-
DAILY, May 2, 2010, available at http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2010/04/
parison, 126 LAW Q. REV. (forthcoming, 2010) ཧ↷ࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊ࣮࢜ࢫࢺࣛࣜ࢔ࡣ⡿ᅜ࡜
100429132749.htm࠶ࡿ≉ᐃࡢ✀㢮ࡢ┣┠ࢆࡶࡓࡽࡍኚ␗ࢆ┤ࡍࡓࡵ࡟ࠊ㑇ఏ≀㉁
ྠࡌ࢔ࣉ࣮ࣟࢳࢆ᥇ࡿ࠿ࡶࡋࢀ࡞࠸ࠋAMP ุỴ௨㝆ࠊ࣮࢜ࢫࢺࣛࣜ࢔࡛ࡶྠᵝ࡞஦
ࢆ㐠ᦙࡍࡿ࣋ࢡࢱ࣮ࢆ฼⏝ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀグ㏙ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ ཧ↷ࠋ
௳ࡀ㉳ࡁ࡚࠸ࡿࠋJane Lyons, Bid to Halt Patenting of Genes, AGE, June 8, 2010, available
at http://www.theage.com.au/national/bid-to-halt-patenting-of-genes-20100607-xqsc.html
Parke-Davis & Co. v. H.K. Mulford Co., 189 F. 85, 103 (C.C.N.Y. 1911)⢭〇ࡋࡓ࢔
ࢻࣞࢼࣜࣥࡣ἞⒪࡟౑⏝ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࡇ࡜ࢆᣦ᦬ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ ཧ↷ࠋ
ཧ↷ࠋ
ࡶࡕࢁࢇࠊ࣋ࢡࢱ࣮࡟≉チࡍࢀࡤࠊ἞⒪ἲ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡢ◊✲ࢆዡບࡍࡿ࡟༑ศࡔ
149 F.3d 1368, 1375 (Fed. Cir. 1998); Bilski, at 3225 ࡶཧ↷ࠋ
࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࡶ࠶ࡾ࠺ࡿࠋࡋ࠿ࡋ࡞ࡀࡽࠊ࣋ࢡࢱ࣮࡜ࡑࢀ࡟㑇ఏ≀㉁ࢆᤄධࡍࡿࡓࡵ
35 U.S.C. §§ 102-103 (2006).
▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO
▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO 㐃⥆௻⏬
⡿ᅜࡢἲ࡜ᨻ⟇࡟࠾ࡅࡿ㑇ఏᏊデ᩿ࡢ≉チ㐺᱁ᛶ㻰㼞㼑㼥㼒㼡㼟㼟
ᅜἲࢆኚ࠼ࡓ᭱㧗⿢ࡢ KSR Int’l Co. v. Teleflex, Inc.ุỴࡢᚋࠊIn re Kubin
ࡣࡑࡢࢢ࣮ࣝࣉࡢ࣓ࣥࣂ࣮࡟ඹ㏻ࡢᵓ㐀ⓗ≉ᚩࡢ࠸ࡎࢀ࠿ࢆࠊᙜᴗ⪅ࡀࡑ
ࡢ⿢ุᡤࡣࠊ᪤▱ࡢࢱࣥࣃࢡ㉁ࢆⓎ⌧ࡍࡿ 㻰㻺㻭㻌࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡢ≉チࢆᣄ⤯ࡋ
ࡢࢢ࣮ࣝࣉ࡟ᒓࡍࡿ࣓ࣥࣂ࣮ࢆࠗྍど໬ࡋཪࡣㄆ㆑ࡍࡿ࠘ࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࡼ
ࡓ≉チၟᶆᗇࡢุ᩿ࢆ⥔ᣢࡋࡓࠋ㐃㑥ᕠᅇ༊ࡣࠊ௨๓ࡇࢀࡽࡢ≉チࢆ᫝ㄆ
࠺࡟ࠊ㛤♧ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࢆせồࠖࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࡛ࠊࣂ࢖࢜ࢸࢡࣀࣟࢪ࣮ࡢศ㔝
ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࡀࠊ᭱㧗⿢ࡢ࢔ࣉ࣮ࣟࢳࡣ㏻ᖖࡢࣂ࢖࢜ࢸࢡࣀࣟࢪ࣮ࡢᢏ⾡⪅
࡛Ⓨ⾜ࡉࢀࡿ≉チࡀ≉࡟⊃ࡃ࡞ࡿ㸫ࡋ࠿ࡋࠊከᩘᏑᅾࡍࡿ࡜࠸࠺஦ែ࡟࡞
ࡀࡑࡢࢱࣥࣃࢡ㉁࠿ࡽ㑇ఏᏊࢆ᥎⌮ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡓ࠿ྰ࠿ࢆࡼࡾཝᐦ
ࡿ࠿ࡶࡋࢀ࡞࠸ࠋࡶࡋࡑ࠺ࡔ࡜ࡍࡿ࡜ࠊࡑࡋ࡚ࠊࡶࡋ␗࡞ࡿ≉チࡢᶒ฼⪅
࡟ᑂᰝࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࢆせồࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜࡟Ẽ௜࠸ࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ ࠋ
ࡀᐦ᥋࡟㛵㐃ࡍࡿኚ␗ࡸ㛵㐃௜ࡅࢆᨭ㓄ୗ࡟࠾ࡁ⥆ࡅࡓ࡜ࡍࡿ࡜ࠊ≉チࡢ
⸭ࡣࡼࡾ῝ࡃ࡞ࡾࠊྲྀᘬၥ㢟ࡣࡼࡾᝏࡃ࡞ࡿࠋ
ࡋ࠿ࡋࠊKSR ࡜ Kubin ࡣࠊᚲࡎࡋࡶࡇࡢ㡿ᇦ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ≉チࡢ⾜ࡁࡘࡃ࡭
ࡁඛࢆ♧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࢃࡅ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋࢱࣥࣃࢡ㉁ࢆⓎ⌧ࡍࡿ 㻰㻺㻭㻌ศᏊࡣࡶࡣ
ᲭᲨஊဇࣱ
ࣂ࢖࢜ࢸࢡࣀࣟࢪ࣮ศ㔝࡛≉チࡢ௜୚ࡀጞࡲࡗࡓ࡜ࡁࠊ᭷⏝ᛶせ௳ࡢ㐺
ࡸ≉チྍ⬟࡛࡞࠸୍᪉࡛ࠊ⛉Ꮫ⪅ࡓࡕࡣ⮫ᗋⓗ࡟㔜せ࡞௚ࡢ㑇ఏᛶ≀㉁ࢆ
ྠᐃࡋ࡚ࡁ࡚࠸ࡿ ࠋࡇࢀࡽࡢ≀㉁࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࢃࡎ࠿ࡋ࠿ࢃ࠿ࡗ࡚࠸࡞࠸
⏝࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࠊ⃭ࡋ࠸ㄽதࡀ࠶ࡗࡓࠋ⡿ᅜ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡣࠊࡇࡢၥ㢟ࡣ In re Fisher
ࡢ࡛ࠊࡇࢀࡽࡢ≀㉁㸫ཬࡧࠊࡑࡢ㌟య≧ែ࡜ࡢ㛵ಀ㸫ࡣࠊ≀ཪࡣ᪉ἲ࡜ࡋ
࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ゎỴࡋࡓࡀࠊࡑࢀ࡟ࡼࡿ࡜ࠊࠕࢡ࣮࣒ࣞⓎ᫂ࡀබ⾗࡟ᑐࡋ࡚⌧ᅾ
࡚ಖㆤࢆாཷࡍࡿࡢ࡟༑ศ࡞Ⓨ᫂ᛶࡀ࠶ࡿ࠿ࡶࡋࢀ࡞࠸ࠋࡑࡋ࡚ࠊ୧᪉࡜
฼⏝ྍ⬟࡞㔜せ࡞౽┈ࢆ᭷ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠖࡇ࡜ࢆ♧ࡍࡇ࡜ࢆ≉チฟ㢪࡟ᑐࡋ࡚
ࡶ㎽ᅇⓎ᫂ࡍࡿࡢࡣ୙ྍ⬟࡛࠶ࢁ࠺ࠋせࡍࡿ࡟ࠊⓎ᫂ᛶࡢᇶ‽ࡀ㧗ࡵࡽࢀ
せồࡍࡿࠊࠕᐇ㉁ⓗࠖ᭷⏝ᛶせ௳ࡀㄢࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࢀࡣࠊⓎ᫂⪅ࡀࢡ
ࡓࡇ࡜ࡣࠊၥ㢟ࡀ‫ݲ‬ƳƘƳƬƨ ࡇ࡜ࢆព࿡ࡍࡿ࠿ࡶࡋࢀ࡞࠸ࡀࠊ≉チࡀⓎ
࣮࣒ࣞࡉࢀࡓ≀ࡢᶵ⬟࡟ࡘ࠸࡚┦ᙜ࡞᝟ሗࢆಖ᭷ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆせồࡍ
⾜ࡉࢀࡿࡓࡧ࡟ 㻿㻭㻯㻳㻴㻿 ࡀᣦ᦬ࡋࡓᐖࡣࡶࡓࡽࡉࢀࡿࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡿࡔࢁ࠺ࠋ
ࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࡢ࡛ࠊFisher ࡣⓎ᫂⪅ࡀ㑇ఏ᝟ሗ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚≉チࢆᚓࡽࢀࡿ᫬
ᮇࢆ㐜ࡽࡏࡿഴྥࡀ࠶ࡿࠋࡋ࠿ࡋ࡞ࡀࡽࠊ≉チࡀⓎ⾜ࡉࢀ࡚ࡋࡲࡗࡓ࠶
ᲬᲨ᧏ᅆƱᜩԓ
࡜ࡢ࢔ࢡࢭࢫ࡟ࡣఱࡢᑐฎ࡟ࡶ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ࠋᐇ㝿ࠊデ᩿ⓗ⏝㏵ࡣⓎぢࡋ㛤Ⓨ
ࡶ࠺୍ࡘࠊ᭱㏆ࡢ⡿ᅜἲ࡟࠾ࡅࡿᒎ㛤ࡣࠊ≉࡟グ㏙せ௳࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ཝࡋ࠸
ᇶ‽ࢆタᐃࡋࡓ Ariad Pharmaceuticals, Inc. v. Eli Lilly and Co. ࢆྵࡵ࡚ࠊ
ࡍࡿࡢ࡟ẚ㍑ⓗ࠾㔠ࡀ࠿࠿ࡽ࡞࠸ࡢ࡛ࠊデ᩿࡟ᙳ㡪ࡢ࠶ࡿ㑇ఏᏊ≉チࡣ⌧
ᅾ࡜ྠᵝ࡟ὶ㏻ࡋ⥆ࡅࡿ࡛࠶ࢁ࠺ࠋ
㑇ఏᏊⓎ᫂ࡀ≉チಖㆤࢆᚓࡿࡢࢆࡼࡾ㞴ࡋࡃࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊࡑࢀ࡟ࡶ
࠿࠿ࢃࡽࡎࠊⓎ⾜ࡉࢀࡿ≉チࡶ࠶ࡾࠊࡑࢀࡽࡣྠࡌᠱᛕࢆᥦ㉳ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
ᐇ㝿ࠊAriad ࡣࠕࡑࡢࢢ࣮ࣝࣉࡢ⠊ᅖෆࡢ✀ࡢ௦⾲ⓗ࡞ࡶࡢࢆ࠸ࡃࡘ࠿ཪ
ᲮᲨ̬ᜱር‫׊‬
⌧ᅾࡢ⡿ᅜἲࡢୗ࡛ࡣࠊ☜ᐇ࡞⏝㏵ࢆ୍ࡘࡋ࠿㛤♧ࡋ࡚࠸࡞࠸࡜ࡁ࡛ࡶࠊ
≉チᶒ⪅ࡣࡑࡢⓎ᫂ࡢࡍ࡭࡚ࡢ⏝㏵࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ᶒ฼ࢆᚓࡿࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊࡇࡢ
550 U.S. 398 (2007).
561 F.3d 1351 (Fed. Cir. 2009).
See, e.g., In re Deuel, 51 F.3d 1552 (Fed. Cir. 1995).
Id. at 1350.
561 F.3d at 1359-61.
35 U.S.C. § 101.
ࡓ࡜࠼ࡤࠊShi-Lung Lin, et al., Intronic microRNA (miRNA), 2006 J. BIOMEDICINE &
421 F.3d 1356, 1371 (Fed. Cir. 2005).
BIOTECHNOLOGY 1-13, available at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1559912/;
Rebecca S. Eisenberg & Robert P. Merges, Opinion Letter as to the Patentability of
Wade, supra note 31, at 27 RNA ࡜ࢡ࣐ࣟࢳࣥ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚㏙࡭࡚࠸ࡿ.
Certain Inventions Associated with the Identification of Partial cDNA Sequences, 23
35 U.S.C. § 112 (2006).
AIPLA Q.J. 1-52 (1995) ཧ↷ࠋ
598 F.3d 1336 (Fed. Cir. 2010).
Brenner v. Manson, 383 U.S. 519, 537 (1966) ࣁุ࣮ࣛࣥ♧ࠊ୍㒊཯ᑐពぢ ᚋ࡟
▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO
▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO 㐃⥆௻⏬
⡿ᅜࡢἲ࡜ᨻ⟇࡟࠾ࡅࡿ㑇ఏᏊデ᩿ࡢ≉チ㐺᱁ᛶ㻰㼞㼑㼥㼒㼡㼟㼟
せ௳ࢆ⏝࠸࡚ࠊබ⾗࠿ࡽࡢ࢔ࢡࢭࢫࡢ☜ಖࢆ࠸ࡃࡽ࠿ᨵၿࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀྍ⬟
࡞࠸ࡀࠊ⡿ᅜ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡣၥ㢟࡟࡞ࢁ࠺ࠋຍ࠼࡚ࡇࡢ࢔ࣉ࣮ࣟࢳࡣࠊ㑇ఏ
࠿ࡶࡋࢀ࡞࠸ࠋࢻ࢖ࢶ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡣࠊࡓ࡜࠼ࡤࠊ㑇ఏᏊ≉チࡢ⠊ᅖࡣ㛤♧ࡉ
Ꮚ࡜య㉁ࡢ㛫ࡢ㛵㐃௜ࡅࢆ♧ࡍ≉チ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣఱࡢᙺ࡟ࡶ❧ࡓ࡞࠸㸫ࡇ
ࢀࡓ᭷⏝ᛶ࡟㝈ᐃࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡀ ࠊḢᕞྖἲ⿢ุᡤ 㻱㻯㻶 ࡢ Monsanto
ࢀࡽࡢࢣ࣮ࢫ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡣࠊデ᩿⪅ࡣ≉チⓎ᫂ࡢ┤᥋ⓗ࡞ᐇ᪋ࢆࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡟
Technology LLC v. Cefetra BV ࡢุỴࡶࠊ㻱㻯 ࣂ࢖࢜ࢸࢡࣀࣟࢪ࣮ᣦ௧ࡢ
࡞ࡿࠋ
ゎ㔘࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡇࡢ⤖ㄽࢆせồࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜ᛮࢃࢀࡿࠋࡇࡢ࢔ࣉ࣮ࣟࢳࡣࠊ㑇
ఏᏊ≉チࡢၥ㢟ࢆ୍㒊ゎỴ࡛ࡁࡿ࠿ࡶࡋࢀ࡞࠸ࠋࡑࢀࡺ࠼ࠊ㑇ఏᏊࡀ㸦ࡓ
᭱ᚋࡢၥ㢟ࡣࠊ㼀㻾㻵㻼㻿 ࡜ࡢ㐺ྜᛶ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࢀࡽࡢ≉チࡢᑕ⛬࡟ࡘ࠸࡚
࡜࠼ࡤࠊ≉ᐃࡢࢱࣥࣃࢡ㉁ࢆⓎ⌧ࡉࡏࡿࡇ࡜࡟ࡼࡗ࡚㸧࠶ࡿ⤌⧊ࢆ࠶ࡿ≉
ࡢไ㝈ࡣࠊࣂ࢖࢜ࢸࢡࣀࣟࢪ࣮ᣦ௧࡟᭹ࡍࡿⓎ᫂࡟ࡢࡳ㐺⏝ࡉࢀࠊ௚ࡢⓎ
ᐃࡢືࡁࢆࡉࡏࡿࡢࡔ࠿ࡽࡇࡑࠕ᭷⏝ᛶࠖࢆぢฟࡍࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿ㝈ࡾࠊⓎ
᫂࡟ࡣࡉࢀ࡞࠸ࡢ࡛ࠊ㼀㻾㻵㻼㻿 ༠ᐃࡢࠕᢏ⾡ศ㔝͐࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ᕪูࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡞
᫂ࡀデ᩿࡟⏝࠸ࡽࢀࡿ࡜ࡁࡣ≉チࡣ౵ᐖࡉࢀ࡞࠸ࠋ࡞ࡐ࡞ࡽࠊデ᩿⏝㏵ࡣࠊ
ࡃࠊ≉チࡀ୚࠼ࡽࢀࠊཬࡧ≉チᶒࡀாཷࡉࢀࡿ㹿㺁࡜࠸࠺せ௳࡟㐪཯ࡍࡿ
㓄ิࢆẚ㍑ࡍࡿࡔࡅ࡛࠶ࡗ࡚㑇ఏᏊࡀάືࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࢆせồࡋ࡚࠸࡞࠸࠿
ࡽ࡛࠶ࡿࠋྠ᫬࡟ࠊ㑇ఏᏊ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡢ≉チࡣⓎ᫂ࡀ἞⒪࡟⏝࠸ࡽࢀࡿ࡜ࡁ
ࡣ౵ᐖ࡟࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ࠋ࡞ࡐ࡞ࡽࠊࡇࢀࡽࡢሙྜࠊ࣏࢖ࣥࢺࡣ㑇ఏᏊࢆࢡ࣮ࣞ
࣒ࡉࢀࡓ࡜࠾ࡾ࡟ᶵ⬟ࡍࡿࡼ࠺ಁࡍࡇ࡜࡟࠶ࡿ࠿ࡽ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
ࡑࢀ࡟ࡶ࠿࠿ࢃࡽࡎࠊࡇࡢᡓ␎ࡣ࠸ࡃࡘ࠿ࡢḞⅬࢆᢪ࠼࡚࠸ࡿࡼ࠺࡟ᛮ
ࢃࢀࡿࠋ➨୍࡟ࠊࡇࢀࡽࡢ≉チࡣࡲࡉ࡟ㄗࡗ࡚⊃ࡵࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋୖグ࡛ᣦ
ࡓ࡜࠼ࡤࠊOctrooiwet van 24 mei 1854 [Patent Act of May 24, 1854], Belgisch
Staatsblad [Belgian Law Gazette], May 25, 1854, reprinted in Tweetalige We-Weitboek
Intellectuele Rechten [Bilingual Codes Story - Code on Intellectual Property Rights] art. 28
§ 1(b) (Georges Van Hecke, et al. eds)>௨ୗ Belgian Patents Act ࡜࠸࠺@㸦ࠕ≉チ࡟ࡼࡾ
୚࠼ࡽࢀࡿᶒ฼ࡣࠊ≉チⓎ᫂ࡢ୺㢟࡟ᑐࡍࡿཪࡣ㛵ࡍࡿ⛉Ꮫⓗ┠ⓗࡢࡓࡵ࡟࡞ࡉࢀ
ࡿ⾜Ⅽ࡟ࡲ࡛ࠊᣑᙇࡉࢀ࡚ࡣ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸㺁; LBK nr 91 af 28/01/2009 Gældende (Patent-
᦬ࡋࡓࡼ࠺࡟ࠊデ᩿⏝㏵ࡣⓎぢࡍࡿࡢ࡟᭱ࡶ࠾㔠ࡀ࠿࠿ࡽ࡞࠸ࠋ἞⒪⏝㏵
loven) [Consolidated Patents Act No. 91 of Jan. 28, 2009] § 3(3)(3) (Den.)>௨ୗ Danish
ࡣࡼࡾࡓࡃࡉࢇࡢసᴗࢆせồࡍࡿࠋ⤖ᯝ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊ㛤♧ࡉࢀࡓ㸫ࡋࡓࡀࡗ࡚
Patents Act࡜࠸࠺@㸦
ࠕ᤼௚ᶒࡣࠊ≉チⓎ᫂ࡢ୺㢟࡟㛵㐃ࡍࡿᐇ㦂┠ⓗࡢࡓࡵ࡟࡞ࡉ
ಖㆤࡉࢀࡿ㸫⏝㏵ࡣࠊ≉チࡀ᭱ࡶᚲせ࡛࡞࠸デ᩿⏝㏵࡟࡞ࡿഴྥࡀ࠶ࡾࠊ
୍᪉࡛ࠊ≉チࡀ㛤Ⓨ࡟ࡣ୙ྍḞ࡞἞⒪⏝㏵ࡣಖㆤࡉࢀ࡞࠸ࠋ➨஧࡟ࠊࡇࡢ
࢔ࣉ࣮ࣟࢳࡣࡍ࡭࡚ࡢ◊✲⏝㏵ࢆチࡍࢃࡅ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋ࡞ࡐ࡞ࡽࠊከࡃࡢ◊
✲≧ἣ࡛ࡣࠊ㻰㻺㻭㻌ࡣ≉チ࡟グ㏙ࡉࢀࡓ࡜࠾ࡾ࡟ᶵ⬟ࡍࡿ࠿ࡽ࡛࠶ࡿࠋἲᚊ
ୖࡢᐇ㦂ⓗ౑⏝ࡢ౛እࡀ࠶ࡿ࣮ࣚࣟࢵࣃ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡣၥ㢟࡞࠸ࡢ࠿ࡶࡋࢀ
ࢀࡿ⾜Ⅽ͐࡟ࡲ࡛ᣑᙇࡉࢀ࡚ࡣ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸㺁; UK Patents Act § 60(5)(b)⾜Ⅽࡀࠕࡶࡋࠊ
Ⓨ᫂ࡢ୺㢟࡟㛵㐃ࡍࡿᐇ㦂┠ⓗࡢࡓࡵ࡟࡞ࡉࢀࡿ࡞ࡽࡤࠖ㝖እࡉࢀࡿ ཧ↷ࠋ୍⯡
࡟ࠊMIREILLE BUYDENS, BELGIAN GROUP, REPORT 202: THE IMPACT OF PUBLIC HEALTH ON
EXCLUSIVE PATENT RIGHTS (2002) > ௨ ୗ BELGIAN REPORT ࡜ ࠸ ࠺ @, available at
https://www.aippi.org/download/comitees/202/GR202belgium.pdf; TORSTEN NØRGAARD ET
AL.,
DANISH GROUP, REPORT 202: IMPACT OF PUBLIC HEALTH ON EXCLUSIVE PATENT
RIGHTS (2002) >௨ୗ DANISH REPORT ࡜࠸࠺@, available at https://www.aippi.org/download
Ⓨぢࡉࢀࡓ⏝㏵ࡣࠊ≉チࡢ౯್ࢆࠕ኱ᖜ࡟ቑ኱ࡉࡏࡿࠖࡇ࡜ࢆᣦ᦬ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ ཧ↷ࠋ
/comitees/202/GR202denmark.pdf; JEREMY BROWN ET AL., UNITED KINGDOM GROUP, THE
Gesetz zur Umsetzung der Richtlinie über den rechtlichen Schutz biotechnologischer
IMPACT OF PUBLIC HEALTH ON EXCLUSIVE PATENT RIGHTS (2002)>௨ୗ UK REPORT ࡜࠸
Erfindungen >Ḣᕞጤဨ఍ࡢࣂ࢖࢜ࢸࢡࣀࣟࢪ࣮ᣦ௧ࢆᐇ᪋ࡍࡿつᐃ@, Jan. 21, 2005,
࠺ @, available at http://www.aippi.org.uk/docs/Q202%20final%20formatted%20and%20
BGBl. I at 146, §1a (4) (F.R.G.).ࣇࣛࣥࢫࡶྠᵝࡢ࢔ࣉ࣮ࣟࢳࢆ᥇⏝ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋLaw
including%20trilingual%20summary.DOC ཧ↷ࠋ୍⯡࡟ࠊWolrad Prinz zu Waldeck und
No. 2004-800, Journal Officiel de la Republique Fancaise [J.O.], Aug. 7, 2004, p. 14040,
Pyrmont, Research Tool Patents After Integra v. Merck—Have They Reached a Safe Har-
art. L. 613-2-1, available at http://www.journal-officiel.gouv.fr/frameset.html ཧ↷ࠋ
bor?, 14 MICH. TELECOMM. & TECH. L. REV. 367-446 (2008)ࢻ࢖ࢶ࡟࠾ࡅࡿἲࢆグ㏙
Case C-428/08 (Grand Chamber July 6, 2010), http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/
ཧ↷ࠋ
LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:62008J0428:EN:HTML.
ୗ 㼀㻾㻵㻼㻿㻌࡜࠸࠺@ࠋ
Council Directive 98/44, 1998 O.J. (L 213) 13 (EC).
▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO
▱ⓗᡤ᭷ᶒࡢ㈠᫆ഃ㠃࡟㛵ࡍࡿ༠ᐃ➨᮲ࠊApr. 15, 1994, 33 I.L.M. 81 (1994)>௨
▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO 㐃⥆௻⏬
⡿ᅜࡢἲ࡜ᨻ⟇࡟࠾ࡅࡿ㑇ఏᏊデ᩿ࡢ≉チ㐺᱁ᛶ㻰㼞㼑㼥㼒㼡㼟㼟
࡜࠸࠼ࡿ࠿ࡶࡋࢀ࡞࠸ࠋ㻱㻯㻶 ࡣࠊไ㝈ࡣ 㼀㻾㻵㻼㻿 ༠ᐃࡢ౛እつᐃࡢୗ࡛ࡣ
࡚ࠊ≉チࡢ⸭ࡀㄢࡍၥ㢟࡟ᑐฎࡍࡿࡓࡵ࡟ࡣไᗘⓗ࡞ᡭ㓄ࡀࡶࡗ࡜࡞ࡉ
ၥ㢟࡞࠸࡜⪃࠼ࡓࡀࠊ㼃㼀㻻 ࡢጤဨࡓࡕࡀࠊ㛤♧ࡉࢀ࡚࠸࡞࠸⏝㏵ࢆࡍ࡭
ࢀ࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ࡇ࡜ࢆࠊ㻻㻱㻯㻰 ࡣ♧၀ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋྠᵝ࡟ࠊࢡࢵࢡࢹ
࡚ಖㆤ࠿ࡽ㝖ࡃࡇ࡜ࢆࠕ㝈ᐃⓗ࡞ࠖࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜ࡳ࡞ࡍ࡜ࡣ⪃࠼࡟ࡃ࠸ ࠋ
࢕࣮࢞ࣥ࡜ࡑࡢඹྠ◊✲⪅ࡓࡕࡶࠊ࠶ࡿ✀ࡢ᝟ሗࡢḞᦆࢆᣦ᦬ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
Ḣᕞྖἲ⿢ุᡤἲົᐁࡣࠊ⮬ࡽࡢᢸᙜ㒊ศ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊࡇࡢ༊ูࡣⓎぢ࡜Ⓨ
ࡍ࡞ࢃࡕࠊ᳨ウࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ≉チࡢ୰࡟ࠊ࡝࠺ࡋࡓࡽࣛ࢖ࢭࣥࢫ࡛ࡁࡿࡢ࠿࡟
᫂࡜ࢆ༊ูࡍࡿࡓࡵ࡟ᚲせ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜୺ᙇࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ㼀㻾㻵㻼㻿 ࡣࠊຍ┕ᅜ࡟
ࡘ࠸࡚ࡢ᝟ሗࢆᚓࡿࡢࡀᅔ㞴࡞ࡶࡢࡀ࠶ࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ࠶ࡿሙྜ࡟ࡣࠊ㛵ಀ
ࡇࡢ✀ࡢ༊ูࢆࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࢆチࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࡛ࠊࡇࡢᇶ‽ࡣᅜ㝿ἲࢆ‶ࡓࡋ࠺
ᙜ஦⪅ࡀ⮬ࡽࡢᐇົࢆႠᴗ⛎ᐦ࡜ࡳ࡞ࡋ࡚ࠊᑗ᮶ࡢࣛ࢖ࢭࣥࢩ࣮࡟ᑐࡋ࡚
ࡿࠋ
ࡉ࠼᝟ሗࡢᥦ౪ࢆᣄࡴࡇ࡜ࡶ࠶ࡿࠋ
㹡㸬ไᗘⓗ࡞௙⤌ࡳ㸸࢞࢖ࢻࣛ࢖ࣥࠊ≉チࣉ࣮ࣝࠊཬࡧ᝟ሗ஺᥮ᡤ
ࡇࢀࡽࡢၥ㢟ࢆṇࡍࡓࡵࠊ㻻㻱㻯㻰 ࡣ୍㐃ࡢ࢞࢖ࢻࣛ࢖ࣥ㸫ᇶᮏ᪉㔪࡜࣋
㑇ఏᏛࡢ㐍Ṍࡀ༑ศ࡟฼⏝ࡉࢀ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࡇ࡜ࢆ≉チไᗘࡢࡏ࠸࡟ࡍࡿ
ࢫࢺࣉࣛࢡࢸ࢕ࢫ㸫ࢆ᫂♧ࡋࠊࡑࡇ࡛ࡣᶒ฼⪅࡜◊✲⪅࡜ᝈ⪅ࡢ฼ᐖࢆㄪ
࡭ࡁ࡛࡞ࡃࠊ≉チไᗘࡣࠊ⤖ᒁࡢ࡜ࡇࢁࠊ࢖ࣥࢭࣥࢸ࢕ࣈ࡜࢔ࢡࢭࢫࡢ฼
࿴ࡉࡏࡿࡇ࡜ࢆヨࡳ࡚࠸ࡿࠋྠᵝࡢ⥺࡟ἢࡗ࡚ࠊ㻺㻵㻴㻌ࡶ ᅜ❧࢔࢝ࢹ࣑
┈࡜ࡢࣂࣛࣥࢫࢆྲྀࡿࡓࡵ࡟≉࡟タィࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡗ࡚ࠊࡴࡋࢁᵝࠎ
࣮ࡢᨭᣢࢆᚓ࡚ࠊࡑࡢ㈨㔠᥼ຓࢆᚓ࡚࠸ࡿ⪅ࡢࡓࡵ࡟࣋ࢫࢺࣉࣛࢡࢸ
࡞᝟ሗࡢኻᩋࡸไᗘⓗ࡞ኻᩋ࡟ᖐࡍࡿ࡭ࡁ࡛࠶ࡿࠊ࡜࠸࠺୺ᙇࡣᙉࡃࡉࢀ
࢕ࢫ㞟ࢆⓎ⾲ࡋࡓࠋࡲࡓࠊ኱Ꮫࡢᢏ⾡⛣㌿ᶵ㛵ࡢᅋయࡣࠊ≉チࡉࢀࡓࡍ
࡚ࡁࡓࠋࡓ࡜࠼ࡤࠊ⤒῭༠ຊ㛤Ⓨᶵᵓ 㻻㻱㻯㻰 ࡣࠊᖺ࡟デ᩿ࡢၥ㢟࡟
࡭࡚ࡢୖὶ◊✲࡟㐺⏝ྍ⬟࡞ࡼࡾ୍⯡ⓗ࡞࢞࢖ࢻࣛ࢖ࣥ㞟ࢆᥦ᱌ࡋ࡚࠸
ࡘ࠸࡚ࡢ◊✲ࢆ⾜ࡗࡓ ࠋ㻿㻭㻯㻳㻴㻿 ࡜ྠᵝࠊ㻻㻱㻯㻰 ࡶ࢔ࢡࢭࢫ࡟ᨵၿࡢవ
ࡿࠋࡑࡋ࡚ࠊ㻿㻭㻯㻳㻴㻿 ࡣࠊࣛ࢖ࢭࣥࢫ័⾜ࡢయ⣔໬ࢆ㐍ࡵࡿࡇ࡜࡜ࣛ࢖
ᆅࡀ࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆぢฟࡋࡓࡀࠊၥ㢟ࡣ㑇ఏᏊ≉チࡀ᪂ࡋ࠸ࡇ࡜࡟࠶ࡿ࡜ࡋ
ࢭࣥࢫࡢ㏱᫂ᛶࢆ㧗ࡵࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ᥎ዡࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋไᗘⓗ࡞௙⤌ࡳ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࠊ
ࡓ ࠋࡑࡢࡓࡵࠊ≉チᶒ⪅ࡣ≉チᡓ␎ࡢ⤒㦂ࢆḞ࠸࡚࠾ࡾࠊ◊✲ᛂ⏝࡜ၟ
ᴗᛂ⏝ࡢ༊ูࡀ࠶࠸ࡲ࠸࡞ࡓࡵ࡟ᙜ஦⪅ࡢᶒ฼㛵ಀࡀ୙᫂☜࡟࡞ࡗ࡚࠸
ࢤ࣮ࢺࣝ࢖࣭ࣦ࢓࣭ࣥ࢜ࣇ࢙ࣦࣝ࢓࣮ࣞ⋡࠸ࡿ࣋ࣝࢠ࣮ࡢ࣮ࣝ࣋ࣥ኱Ꮫࡢ
See id.
Id. at 20-21; Dianne Nicol, Patent Licensing in Medical Biotechnology in Australia: A
Id, art. 30.
Role for Collaborative Licensing Strategies (Univ. of Tasmania Centre for Law and Genet-
ࡓ࡜࠼ࡤࠊPanel Report, Canada-Patent Protection of Pharmaceutical Products, ¶ 3.1,
ics, Occasional Paper No. 7; 2010), available at http://www.lawgenecentre.org/summary.
WT/DS114/R (Mar. 17, 2000)ಖㆤᮇ㛫࡟ᑐࡍࡿไ㝈ࢆࠊ༠ᐃࡢ㐪཯࡛࠶ࡿ࡜ࡋ࡚࠸
php?id=1853&category=All ࡶཧ↷ࠋ
ࡿ>௨ୗCanada-Pharmaceuticals ࡜࠸࠺@ ཧ↷ࠋ
Report on Gene Patents, supra note 17, at lines 3595-3601 ཧ↷ࠋ
Opinion of the Advocate General, Case C-428/08 (Mar.9, 2010), http://eur-lex.europa.
OECD GUIDELINES, supra note 19 ཧ↷ࠋ
eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:62008C0428:EN:HTML; cf. Biogen Inc. v.
REAPING THE BENEFITS, supra note 15, at 8.
Mediva Plc, [1997] R.P.C. 1 (Eng.).
୍⯡࡟ࠊOffice of Tech. Transfers, Nat. Inst. of Health, Best Practices for the Licensing
of Genomic Inventions, 70 Fed. Reg. 18,413 (Apr. 11, 2005), available at http://ott.od.nih.
Graeme B. Dinwoodie & Rochelle C. Dreyfuss, Diversifying Without Discriminating:
Complying with the Mandates of the TRIPS Agreement, 13 MICH. TELECOMM’N & TECH. L.
gov/policy/genomic_invention.html ཧ↷ࠋ
REV. 445-56, 453 (2007) ཧ↷ࠋ
SITY TECHNOLOGY (2007),
୍⯡࡟ ORG. FOR ECON. CO-OPERATION & DEV., GENETIC INVENTIONS, INTELLECTUAL
ASS’N OF UNIV. TECH. MANAGERS, NINE POINTS TO CONSIDER IN LICENSING UNIVER-
PROPERTY RIHTS AND LICENSING PRACTICES: EVIDENCE AND POLICIES (2002) ཧ↷ࠋ
lines 3545-3601.
OECD GUIDELINES, supra note 19, at 19-21 ཧ↷ࠋ
▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO
available at http://www.autm.net/Nine_Points_to_Consider.htm.
See Recommendations two and three of the Report on Gene Patents, supra note 17, at
▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO 㐃⥆௻⏬
⡿ᅜࡢἲ࡜ᨻ⟇࡟࠾ࡅࡿ㑇ఏᏊデ᩿ࡢ≉チ㐺᱁ᛶ㻰㼞㼑㼥㼒㼡㼟㼟
ࢢ࣮ࣝࣉࡀࠊ㑇ఏᏊ≉チࡢࣛ࢖ࢭࣥࢫࢆᐜ᫆࡟ࡍࡿࡓࡵ࡟ࠊ≉チࣉ࣮ࣝ࡜
᝟ሗ஺᥮ᡤࢆ฼⏝ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡢ◊✲ࢆᗈࡃ⾜ࡗࡓ ࠋ
ၥ㢟ࡢ᏶඲࡞ゎ⟅࡜ࡣ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ࠋ㻻㻱㻯㻰 ࡢ࢞࢖ࢻࣛ࢖ࣥࡣࠊࠕຍ┕ᅜࡢഃ
࡟❧ࡗࡓ㔜せ࡞ᨻ἞ⓗබ⣙࡛ࠖ࠶ࡿ࡜୺ᙇࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊ㼃㼀㻻 ࡜
ࡣ␗࡞ࡾࠊ㻻㻱㻯㻰㻌ࡣ㑂Ᏺࡉࡏࡿࡓࡵࡢ௙⤌ࡳࢆḞ࠸࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡉࡽ࡟ࠊ≉チ
ᲫᲨǬǤȉȩǤȳ
ᶒࡣᬑ㏻ࠊᨻᗓ࡟ಖ᭷ࡉࢀ࡚ࡣ࠸࡞࠸ࠋࡋࡓࡀࡗ࡚ࠊ㻻㻱㻯㻰㻌ࡢຍ┕ᅜࡀ࠸
ୖグ࡛ᣦ᦬ࡋࡓࡼ࠺࡟ࠊ࢔ࢡࢭࢫၥ㢟ࡢゎỴ⟇࡜ࡋ࡚࣋ࢫࢺࣉࣛࢡࢸ࢕
࠿࡟㠀᤼௚ⓗࣛ࢖ࢭࣥࢫࢆ㏻ࡌࡓ࢔ࢡࢭࢫࡢᨵၿ࡟┿๢࡛࠶ࡗࡓ࡜ࡋ࡚
ࢫࢆዡࡵ࡚࠸ࡿࢢ࣮ࣝࣉࡀᑡ࡞ࡃ࡜ࡶ ࡘ࠶ࡿࠋࡇࢀࡽࡢᥦ᱌ࡣࡍ࡭࡚ఝ
ࡶࠊࡑࢀࡣࠊࡑࡢᅜẸࡢࣅࢪࢿࢫุ᩿ḟ➨࡞ࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋᶒ฼⪅ࡣࠊᵝࠎ࡞
㏻ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡍ࡞ࢃࡕࠊ≉チᶒ⪅ࡣ࡝࠺ࣛ࢖ࢭࣥࢫࡍࡿ࠿ࡢ㑅ᢥ⫥ࢆࡓࡃ
ືᶵࠊ཰ධ࡬ࡢᮇᚅࠊ๪ḟⓗ࡞ไ⣙ࢆ᭷ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡉࡽ࡟ࠊᙼࡽࡀᙳ㡪ࢆ
ࡉࢇᣢࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜࠸࠺ほᐹ࠿ࡽጞࡲࡾࠊ㠀᤼௚ⓗࣛ࢖ࢭࣥࢫࡀデ᩿㛵㐃≉
ཷࡅࡸࡍ࠸ㄗゎࡢ✀㢮ࡶᵝࠎ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ᪤Ꮡࡢ࢞࢖ࢻࣛ࢖ࣥࡣࠊබඹⓗ࡞
チ࡟࡜ࡗ࡚ࡣ࣋ࢫࢺࣉࣛࢡࢸ࢕ࢫ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜♧၀ࡋ࡚⤊ࢃࡿࠋࡇࢀࡣࠊ⌮ㄽ
つ⠊ࡢ⫱ᡂࢆ୺║࡜ࡋ࡚࠾ࡾࠊ㠀᤼௚ⓗ࡞ࣛ࢖ࢭࣥࢫࡢ฼Ⅼ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚≉チ
ⓗ࡟ࡣጇᙜ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡍ࡞ࢃࡕࠊᡃࠎࡀぢ࡚ࡁࡓࡼ࠺࡟ࠊୖὶࡢᡂᯝࢆ༢⣧
ᶒ⪅࡟☜࠿࡞᝟ሗࢆᥦ౪ࡍࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡶࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࡓࡵ࡟ࠊ᭷ព࿡࡟ࡑࡢ⾜
࡞デ᳨᩿ᰝ࡟㌿᥮ࡍࡿ㈝⏝ࡣప࠸ࠋࡋࡓࡀࡗ࡚ࠊࣛ࢖ࢭࣥࢩ࣮ࡀࡑࡢ௙஦
࡟㈨㔠ㄪ㐩ࡍࡿࡢࢆዡບࡍࡿࡓࡵ࡟᤼௚ᛶࢆ฼⏝ࡍࡿᚲせᛶࡣ࡯࡜ࢇ࡝
ືࢆኚ࠼ࡿࡇ࡜ࡣ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸࠿ࡶࡋࢀ࡞࠸ࠋ
≧ἣࡣࠊᨻᗓࡢ㈨㔠᥼ຓࢆᚓࡓ◊✲࡟࡜ࡗ࡚ࡣᑡࡋ␗࡞ࡿࠋ㈨㔠ᥦ౪ࡍ
࡞࠸ࠋᐇ㝿ࠊ㻯㻲 ࡢࢣ࣮ࢫ◊✲ࡣࠊ࠸࠿࡟࠺ࡲࡃ㠀᤼௚ⓗࣛ࢖ࢭࣥࢫࡀᝈ
ࡿഃࡣࠊබⓗ࡞ᨭ᥼ࢆཷࡅ࡚࡞ࡉࢀࡓ࠸࠿࡞ࡿⓎ᫂࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡶ㠀᤼௚ⓗ࡞
⪅ࡢ࢔ࢡࢭࢫࢆಁ㐍ࡋࡓ࠿ࢆ♧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡲࡓࠊ≉チᶒ⪅ࡀࡇࡢ࢔ࣉࣟ
ࣛ࢖ࢭࣥࢫࢆせồࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࡋࠊ᤼௚ⓗ࡞ࣛ࢖ࢭࣥࢫࢆ⾜ࡗࡓⓎ᫂
࣮ࢳࡢୗࠊᚲࡎࡋࡶᦆࡍࡿࢃࡅ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋࡘࡲࡾࠊ㠀᤼௚ⓗࣛ࢖ࢭࣥࢫ࡟
⪅࡟᪂ࡋ࠸஺௜㔠ࢆ୚࠼ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆᣄྰࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡶ࡛ࡁࡿࡋࠊࡲࡓࠊ
ࠕ㐍㌷ࠖ
ㄢࡍࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿᐇ᪋ᩱࡣࠊ㏻ᖖࡣ᤼௚ⓗࣛ࢖ࢭࣥࢫࡼࡾప࠸ࡀࠊ㠀᤼௚
ࡋࠊ࢔ࢡࢭࢫࢆ㜼ᐖࡍࡿࡼ࠺࡞᪉ἲ࡛ࣛ࢖ࢭࣥࢫࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ≉チ࡬ࡢᶒ฼
ⓗࣛ࢖ࢭࣥࢫࡀࡼࡾከࡃࡢ཰ධࡢὶࢀࢆ⏕ࡳฟࡍࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
ࢆ୺ᙇࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡍࡽ࡛ࡁࡿࠋࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞㑅ᢥ⫥ࡣࠊ࠶ࡿ⛬ᗘࡲ࡛ࡣࠊ⡿ᅜ
㠀᤼௚ⓗࣛ࢖ࢭࣥࢫࢆಁ㐍ࡍࡿ࣋ࢫࢺࣉࣛࢡࢸ࢕ࢫ࡟ࡣ᫂ࡽ࠿࡞౽┈
ࡀᏑᅾࡍࡿ୍᪉ࠊ࢞࢖ࢻࣛ࢖ࣥࡣࠊᐇຠᛶࢆḞ࠸࡚࠸ࡿࡓࡵࠊ࢔ࢡࢭࢫ
࡟࠾࠸࡚デ᩿᪉ἲ࡟ࡘ࡞ࡀࡿ◊✲ࡢከࡃࢆ㈨㔠᥼ຓࡋ࡚ࡁࡓ 㻺㻵㻴 ࡢ஺௜
㔠࡟㛵ࡋ࡚㛤Ⓨࡉࢀ࡚ࡁࡓࠋࡋ࠿ࡋ࡞ࡀࡽࠊ㻺㻵㻴 ࡣࡑࢀ௨ୖ✚ᴟⓗ࡞⾜
OECD GUIDELINES, supra note 19, at 5 n.3.
ࡓ࡜࠼ࡤࠊRebecca S. Eisenberg, Bargaining Over the Transfer of Proprietary Re-
୍⯡࡟ LICENSING MODELS, supra note 19; Van Overwalle, Designing Models, supra
note 19 ཧ↷ࠋ
Chandrasekharan et al., supra note 24, at S203㠀᤼௚ⓗࣛ࢖ࢭࣥࢫࡣ➇தࢆチᐜࡍ
search Tools: Is This Market Failing or Emerging?, in EXPANDING THE BOUNDARIES, supra
note 91, at 223-49 ཧ↷ࠋ
ࡿ࡜⤖ㄽ௜ࡅࡓ࠺࠼࡛ࠊ⡿ᅜࡢࡢ◊✲ᐊࡀ௒ࡸ 㻯㻲 ࡢ᳨ᰝࢆᥦ౪ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ
ᣦ᦬ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ ཧ↷ࠋ
↷ ࢆᗈࡵࡼ࠺࡜ࡋࡓ࡟ࡶ࠿࠿ࢃࡽࡎࠊࢪࣙࣥࢬ࣭࣍ࣉ࢟ࣥࢫ኱Ꮫࡀ⮅⮚࢞ࣥ࡟㛵
୍ࡘࡢ౛ࡣࠊ኱Ꮫᢏ⾡࣐ࢿ࣮ࢪ࣮ࣕ༠఍ࡀࡑࡢࠕNine Pointsࠖ㸦supra note 152 ཧ
ࡓ࡜࠼ࡤࠊMaryann P. Feldman et. al, Chapter No. 17.22: Lesson from the Commer-
㐃ࡍࡿ 㻼㻭㻸㻮㻞 㑇ఏᏊࢆ࢝ࣂ࣮ࡍࡿ⮬ࡽࡢ≉チࢆ Myriad Genetics 㻮㻾㻯㻭 ࡛᭷ྡ ࡟
cialization of the Cohen-Boyer Patents: The Stanford Licensing Program, in IP HANDBOOK
᤼௚ⓗ࡟ࣛ࢖ࢭࣥࢫࡋࡓࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡿࠋMyriad Genetics, Myriad Genetics Acquires
BEST PRACTICES (2007), available at http://www.iphandbook.org/handbook/ch17/p22/
Exclusive Rights to Pancreatic Cancer Gene Patents From Johns Hopkins (Oct. 15, 2009),
OF
ཧ↷ࠋ㠀᤼௚ⓗ࡞ࣛ࢖ࢭࣥࢩ࣮ࡣ౯᱁࡟ࡘ࠸࡚஫࠸࡟➇தࡍࡿࡢ࡛ࠊᕷሙࡢᣑ኱㸫
available at http://investor.myriad.com/releasedetail.cfm?releaseid=416024 ཧ↷ࠋ
≉チᶒ⪅࡬ࡢࡉࡽ࡞ࡿ཰ධ㸫ࡶࡶࡓࡽࡍࠋ
of Biomedicine, 66 LAW & CONTEMP. PROBS. 289-314, 292 (2002)⏕≀་Ꮫ◊✲ࡢ኱㒊
ࡓ࡜࠼ࡤࠊPeter Lee, Toward a Distributive Commons in Patent Law, 2009 WIS. L. REV.
917 ཧ↷ࠋ
▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO
ࡓ࡜࠼ࡤࠊArti K. Rai and Rebecca S. Eisenberg, Bayh-Dole Reform and the Progress
ศࡣࠊ㻺㻵㻴 ࡶྵࡵ࡚ࠊබⓗ࡟㈨㔠ᥦ౪ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆᣦ᦬ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ ཧ↷ࠋ
▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO 㐃⥆௻⏬
⡿ᅜࡢἲ࡜ᨻ⟇࡟࠾ࡅࡿ㑇ఏᏊデ᩿ࡢ≉チ㐺᱁ᛶ㻰㼞㼑㼥㼒㼡㼟㼟
ືࢆྲྀࡿࡢࡣᑼ㎸ࡳࡋࡓࠋ୍ࡘ࡟ࡣࠊἲᚊୖࡢၥ㢟ࡀ࠶ࡗࡓࠋከࡃࡢࢣ
ࡢᠱᛕࢆ㙠ࡵࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࠋ≉࡟ࠊ᝟ሗ஺᥮ᡤࡣࠊ㻿㻭㻯㻳㻴㻿 ࡢ᥎ዡࡋ
࣮ࢫ࡛ࡣࠊ㻺㻵㻴 ࡢ㈨㔠᥼ຓࡣࣂ࢖ࢻ࣮ࣝἲࡢ㐺⏝ࢆཷࡅࡿࡀࠊྠἲࡣࠊබ
࡚࠸ࡿ㏱᫂ᛶࢆ㧗ࡵࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࢆࠊᐜ᫆࡟ࡍࡿࡓࡵࡢ᭱ࡶⓗ☜࡞᪉ἲ࡛
ࡢ㈨㔠ᥦ౪⪅ࡀࣛ࢖ࢭࣥࢫỴᐃࢆ᪉ྥ௜ࡅࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ⚗ࡌ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜ゎ㔘࡛
࠶ࡿࠋࡲࡓࠊࢡࢵࢡࢹ࢕࣮࢞ࣥࡢඹⴭ⪅ࡀࣛ࢖ࢭࣥࢫࡢศ㔝࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ㄪᰝ
ࡁࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡑࢀࡺ࠼ࠊࡶ࠺୍ࡘࡢ 㻿㻭㻯㻳㻴㻿 ࡢ່࿌ࡣࠊᨻᗓࡢ㑅ᢥ⫥
ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜ࡁ࡟ฟ఍ࡗࡓၥ㢟ࢆゎỴࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡶ࡛ࡁࡿࠋࡑࡋ࡚ࠊࣟࣂ࣮
ࢆ᫂☜໬ࡍࡿࡼ࠺ồࡵ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡼࡾ㔜せ࡞ࡢࡣࠊ㈨㔠ཷ㡿⪅ࡣ
ࢺ࣭࣐࣮ࢪࢫࡀᖺ๓࡟ㄝᚓⓗ࡟♧ࡋࡓࡼ࠺࡟ࠊ≉チࣉ࣮ࣝ࡜ࣛ࢖ࢭࣥࢫ
␗࡞ࡿ㟂せࡸ┠ⓗࢆᣢࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࡛ࠊ㈨㔠ᥦ౪⪅ࡀつ⠊ࢆ☜❧ࡋࡼ࠺࡜ࡍ
⟶⌮ᅋయ࡟ࡼࡾ≉チࡢ⸭ࢆษࡾ㛤ࡃࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࠋࡇࢀࡽ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ࠊ࣡
ࡿ௨ୖࡢࡇ࡜ࢆࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡣࠊ୙㐺ษ࡛࠶ࡿ࠿ࡶࡋࢀ࡞࠸ࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡑࡋ࡚ࠊ
࣭ࣥࢫࢺࢵࣉ࡞ࢧ࣮ࣅࢫࡀᥦ౪ࡉࢀࠊಶู࡟ᶒ฼ࢆ஺΅ࡍࡿᚲせᛶࡀ࡞ࡃ
㻺㻵㻴 ࡢࡼ࠺࡞㈨㔠ᥦ౪⪅ࡀࡼࡾཝ᱁࡞㊰⥺ࢆྲྀࡗࡓ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡶࠊ௚ࡢᶒ฼⪅
࡞ࡿࠋホ౯ࡣࠊ⿢ุᡤ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃᑓ㛛ᐙ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚Ỵᐃࡉࢀࠊࡑࡢࡓࡵࠊ⣮
ࡣࡑࢀ࡟ᣊ᮰ࡉࢀ࡞࠸ࠋࡑࡢࡓࡵࠊ㈨㔠ᥦ౪⪅ࡣၥ㢟ࢆ⦰ᑠ࡛ࡁࡿ࠿ࡶࡋ
தゎỴࡣᏳࡃ῭ࡴࠋࣉ࣮ࣝࡣࠊࣀ࢘ࣁ࢘஺᥮ࡢሙ࡜ࡋ࡚ᶵ⬟ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡶ
ࢀ࡞࠸୍᪉࡛ࠊࡑࢀࢆ᏶඲࡟ゎᾘࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡣ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
࠶ࡿࡢ࡛ࠊ㏣ຍⓗ࡞౯್ࢆᥦ౪ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡉ࠼࠶ࡿࠋ
ࡇࡢศᯒࡢḞⅬࡶࠊ෌ࡧືᶵ௜ࡅ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ≉チᶒ⪅ࡀࠊ⮬ࡽࡢࣛ࢖ࢭࣥ
ᲬᲨཎᚩȗȸȫƱऴ‫إ‬ʩ੭৑
≉チᶒࡣࠊ㑇ఏᏊࡢ◊✲࡜ၟᴗ໬ࢆືᶵ௜ࡅࡍࡿࡢ࡟ᚲせ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜ࡢ௬
ࢫ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚շǜư ᝟ሗࢆ᫂࠿ࡋ㠀᤼௚ⓗ࡟ࣛ࢖ࢭࣥࢫࢆᥦ౪ࡍࡿ࡜࠸࠺
ᐃ࡟ᇶ࡙࠸࡚ࠊ࣮ࣝ࣋ࣥࡢࣦ࢓࣭ࣥ࢜ࣇ࢙ࣦࣝ࢓࣮ࣞࡢࢢ࣮ࣝࣉࡢ♧၀ࡍ
㝈ࡾ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊࡇࢀࡽࡢไᗘࢆసࡿࡇ࡜ࡣ㠀ᖖ࡟᭷┈࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊࡶ
ࡿ࡜ࡇࢁ࡟ࡼࢀࡤࠊ┿ࡢၥ㢟ࡣྲྀᘬ㈝⏝㸫ᝈ⪅࡟㉁ࡢࡼ࠸་⒪ࢆᥦ౪ࡍࡿ
ࡋ≉チᶒ⪅ࡀࠊࣛ࢖ࢭࣥࢫ᝟ሗࡣ⛎ᐦ࡟ࡋ࡚ᕷሙ࠿ࡽࣛ࢖ࣂࣝࢆ᤼㝖ࡍࡿ
ࡢ࡟ᚲせ࡞ከᩘࡢᶒ฼ࢆࡲ࡜ࡵୖࡆࡿ㞴ࡋࡉࠊ≉࡟ࠊ」ᩘࡢሙᡤ࡛ࡼࡾຠ
ࣅࢪࢿࢫࣔࢹࣝࢆ᥇⏝ࡍࡿ᪉ࡀ㒔ྜࡀࡼ࠸࡜⪃࠼ࡓሙྜ࡟ࡣࠊ≉チᶒ⪅ࡀ
⋡ⓗ࡞᳨ᰝ᪉ἲࡢ㑅ᢥ⫥ࡀᥦ౪ࡉࢀࠊ඲ࢤࣀ࣒㓄ิゎᯒࡀࡶࡗ࡜ࡼ࠸⮫ᗋ
᝟ሗ஺᥮ᡤ࡟᝟ሗࢆᥦ౪ࡋࠊ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣࠊ⮬ࡽࡢᶒ฼ࢆ≉チࣉ࣮ࣝ࡟ධࢀࡿ
ホ౯ࢆ⣙᮰ࡍࡿࡼ࠺࡞᫬௦࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡢ㞴ࡋࡉ㸫࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡢၥ㢟ࢆゎỴࡍ
࡜☜ಙࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡣᅔ㞴࡛࠶ࡿࠋ☜࠿࡟ࠊࡑ࠺ࡍࡿ࢖ࣥࢭࣥࢸ࢕ࣈࡀ࠶ࡿ
ࡿࡓࡵ࡟ࠊࡇࡢࢢ࣮ࣝࣉࡣࠊ≉チࣉ࣮ࣝ࡜᝟ሗ஺᥮ᡤࢆసࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ᥎ዡࡋ
࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
ࡓ࡜࠼ࡤࠊJ.H. Reichman & Paul f. Uhlir, A Contractually Reconstructed Research
Commons for Scientific Data in a Highly Protectionist Intellectual Property Environment,
ࣦ࢓࣭ࣥ࢜ࣇ࢙ࣦࣝ࢓࣮ࣞࡣࠊᑡ࡞ࡃ࡜ࡶ୍㒊࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡣࠊ᫂ࡽ࠿࡟ṇ
ࡋ࠸ࠋ᝟ሗ஺᥮ᡤ㸫㛤࠿ࢀࡓ⛉Ꮫⓗࢹ࣮ࢱ࣮࣋ࢫࡶྵࡴ㸫ࡣࠊ࢔ࢡࢭࢫ࡬
66 LAW & CONTEMP. PROBS. 315-462 (2003) ཧ↷ࠋ
୍⯡࡟ࠊRobert P. Merges, Contracting into Liability Rules: Intellectual Property Rights
and Collective Rights Organizations, 84 CAL. L. REV. 1293 (1996) >௨ୗ Merges, Contracting ࡜࠸࠺@; Robert P. Merges, Institutions for Intellectual Property Transactions: The
ࡓ࡜࠼ࡤࠊAvital Bar-Shalom & Robert Cook-Deegan, Patents and Innovation in
Case of Patent Pools, in EXPANDING THE BOUNDARIES, supra note 91, at 123-65>௨ୗ
Merges, Institutions ࡜࠸࠺@ ཧ↷ࠋ
Cancer Therapeutics: Lessons from CellPro, 80 MILBANK Q. 637-76, 651-53 (2002)㻺㻵㻴
Merges, Contracting, supra note 166, at 1298.
ࡀࢪࣙࣥࢬ࣭࣍ࣉ࢟ࣥࢫ኱Ꮫࡢ 㻹㼥ᢠయ࡟㛵ࡍࡿ≉チ࡟ࠕ㐍㌷ࠖࡋ࡚࠸ࡃࡢࢆᕪ
Id. at 1361 ⣮தゎỴᡭ⥆ࡣ 㻵㻼㻾 ஺᥮⤌⧊ࡢᑓ㛛ᐙࡀົࡵࡿ࡭ࡁ࡜ዡࡵ࡚࠸ࡿ
ࡋ᥍࠼ࡿ࡜Ỵ᩿ࡋࡓࡇ࡜࡟ࡘ࠸࡚㆟ㄽࡋ࡚࠸ࡿཧ↷ࠋ
ཧ↷ࠋ
ࡓ࡜࠼ࡤࠊid. at 1362㠀බᘧ࡞ࣀ࢘ࣁ࢘ྲྀᘬ,36ไᗘ࡟ゝཬࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ ཧ↷ࠋ
ཬࡧ at lines 3566-69 ࡢ㆟ㄽࢆཧ↷ࠋ
࣮࢜ࢫࢺࣛࣜ࢔ࡢ༠ຊⓗࣛ࢖ࢭࣥࢫᡓ␎࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡢ◊✲ࡀࠊࡇࡢ᠜␲ㄽࢆᨭᣢ
ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋNicol, supra note 147, at 59-60 ཧ↷ࠋ
Recommendation two of the Report on Gene Patents, supra note 17, at lines 3545-53,
Id. ཧ↷ࠋ
▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO
▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO 㐃⥆௻⏬
⡿ᅜࡢἲ࡜ᨻ⟇࡟࠾ࡅࡿ㑇ఏᏊデ᩿ࡢ≉チ㐺᱁ᛶ㻰㼞㼑㼥㼒㼡㼟㼟
ࡇ࡜ࡶ࠶ࡿࡋࠊࣦ࢓࣭ࣥ࢜ࣇ࢙ࣦࣝ࢓࣮ࣞࡣከࡃࡢᐇ౛ࢆᥦ౪ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
ࡁ᳨ᰝࡍࡿ࠾㔠ࢆᣢࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ㸧ᝈ⪅ࡢࡳࡀࠊ࣐࢖ࢼ࣮࡞ኚ␗ࡢ᳨ᰝ࡟࠾㔠
ࡋ࠿ࡋ࡞ࡀࡽࠊ㑇ఏᏊࡣࠊ≧ἣࡀᙼዪࡢ౛࡜ࡣ␗࡞ࡿࡢ࡛ࠊ᠜␲ⓗ࡟࡞ࡽ
ࢆᡶ࠺ࡢ࡛ࠊከ㔜᳨ᰝࡢࡼ࠺࡟ࡍ࡭࡚ࡢኚ␗ࡀྠ᫬࡟᳨ᰝࡉࢀࢀࡤࠊ࣐࢖
ࡊࡿࢆ࠼࡞࠸ࠋ
ࢼ࣮࡞ኚ␗ࡢ≉チᶒ⪅ࡣࡼࡾࡼࡃ࡞ࡿࠋࡋ࠿ࡋ࡞ࡀࡽࠊࡇࡢᩥ⬦ࢆ㝖ࡅ
ࡤࠊࢡࢵࢡࢹ࢕࣮࢞ࣥࡢ◊✲ࡣࠊ≉チᶒ⪅ࡣ⮬ศ⮬㌟ࡢࡳ࡛⾜ࡃࡇ࡜ࢆዲ
ࡑࢀࡺ࠼ࠊࣦ࢓࣭ࣥ࢜ࣇ࢙ࣦࣝ࢓࣮ࣞࡣࠊ㔜⑕ᛴᛶ࿧྾ჾ⑕ೃ⩌ 㻿㻭㻾㻿
ࡢࢥࣟࢼ࢘࢖ࣝࢫࡢࣉ࣮࡛ࣝ࠶ࡿࢦ࣮ࣝࢹ࣭ࣥࣛ࢖ࢫ࡜ࠊ㉎ධࡋࡸࡍ࠸་
ࡴࡇ࡜ࢆ♧၀ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
㻵㻯㻱 㡿ᇦࡣࠊᶆ‽໬ᅋయࡶ≉ᚩⓗ࡛࠶ࡿࠋᶆ‽໬ᅋయࡣࠊ඾ᆺⓗ࡟ࡣࠊ
⸆ࡢࡓࡵࡢ≉チࣉ࣮ࣝࢆ☜❧ࡍࡿࡓࡵࡢࣘࢽࢵࢺ࢚࢖ࢻᵓ᝿࡜࡟ゝཬࡋ
ྜ⌮ⓗ࠿ࡘ㠀ᕪูⓗ࡞㸦㻾㻭㻺㻰㸧᮲㡯࡛ࡢࣛ࢖ࢭࣥࢫࢆせồࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
࡚࠸ࡿ ࠋࡇࢀࡽࡢࣉࣟࢪ࢙ࢡࢺࡣࡑࢀࡒࢀࠊ⤒῭≧ែࡣ࡝ࢇᗏ࡞㸦ࡍ࡛
་⒪ᅋయ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡶᶆ‽ࡣタᐃࡉࢀࡿࡢ࡛ࠊࣦ࢓࣭ࣥ࢜ࣇ࢙ࣦࣝ࢓࣮ࣞࡣࠊ
࡟ぢࡓࡼ࠺࡟ࠊ≉チᶒ⪅ࡀᕷሙࢆᨺᲠࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࡶ࠶ࡿ㸧㈋ࡋ࠸ᅜࡢ
ࣉ࣮ࣝࡀᮏ᮶ⓗ࡟㨩ຊⓗ࡛࡞ࡃ࡚ࡶࠊつ᱁タᐃ࡟ࡼࡾᶒ฼⪅ࡣࣉ࣮ࣝࢆᙧ
ேࠎࡢࡓࡵ࡟ዊ௙ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ┠ⓗ࡜ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ฼┈ࡀୖࡀࡿྍ⬟ᛶࡀ࠶ࡿ
ᡂࡍࡿࡼ࠺ಁࡉࢀࡿ࡜୺ᙇࡍࡿࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊࡶ࠺୍ᗘ࠸࠺ࡀࠊࣄࢺ㑇ఏᏛ
ࡇ࡜ࡀࢃ࠿ࢀࡤࠊࡍࡄ࡟ᥦ౪ࡋࡓ࠸࡜࠸࠺⪅ࡣᛴቑࡍࡿ࡛࠶ࢁ࠺ࠋ
ࡢ≉␗࡞⌧ᐇࡢࡓࡵ≧ἣࡣ␗࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ་⒪ࡢ࣋ࢫࢺࣉࣛࢡࢸ࢕ࢫࡶ
ࠕᶆ‽ࠖ࡜࿧࡭ࡿ࠿ࡶࡋࢀ࡞࠸ࡀࠊ࢚ࣞࢡࢺࣟࢽࢡࢫ࡟࠾ࡅࡿᶆ‽࡜ࡣྠ
☜࠿࡟㸫ࣦ࢓࣭ࣥ࢜ࣇ࢙ࣦࣝ࢓࣮ࣞࡶ♧၀ࡍࡿࡼ࠺࡟㸫ၟᴗⓗ࡟ᡂຌࡋ
ࡌ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࡋࠊࡑࡢ㐪࠸࡟ࡼࡾ஺΅㐣⛬ࡢືែࡣ␗࡞ࡗࡓࡶࡢ࡟࡞ࡿࠋ࢚
࡚࠸ࡿ≉チࣉ࣮ࣝࡣࡓࡃࡉࢇ࠶ࡿࠋᙼዪࡣࠊ≉࡟ 㻵㻯㻱 ᝟ሗࠊ㏻ಙࠊ࢚ࣞ
ࣞࢡࢺࣟࢽࢡࢫ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡣࠊ㏻ᖖࡣ௦᭰ⓗ࡞ᢏ⾡ࡀࡓࡃࡉࢇ࠶ࡾࠊ௦᭰ᢏ
ࢡࢺࣟࢽࢡࢫ 㡿ᇦ࡟ὀ┠ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ ࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊఱᗘࡶ࠸࠺ࡀࠊ㑇ఏᏛ࡬
⾡ࡢࡑࢀࡒࢀࡣᶆ‽ࡢ୰࡛౑⏝ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࠋᶆ‽࡟㑅ࡤࢀࡓⓎ᫂ࡔ
ࡢ࢔ࢼࣟࢪ࣮ࡣ୙ṇ☜࡛࠶ࡿࠋ㻵㻯㻱 㡿ᇦ࡛ࡣࠊࣉ࣮ࣝ࡬ࡢᙉ࠸࢖ࣥࢭࣥࢸ
ࡅࡀᑐ౯ࢆ✌ࡄࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࡢ࡛ࠊᶆ‽໬ࡢ஺΅ࡣࠊ஺΅ࡢ ᗋ࡜࡞ࡿࠋ
࢕ࣈࡀ࠶ࡿࠋ㻹㻼㻱㻳 ࡢࣉ࣮ࣝࢆ⪃࠼࡚ࡳࡼ࠺ࠋከࡃࡢ௻ᴗࡀࡑࢀࡒࢀࠊࣅ
⮬ࡽࡢ≉チࢆࣉ࣮ࣝ࡟ධࢀࡿࡓࡵ࡟ࠊᶒ฼⪅ࡣ඾ᆺⓗ࡟ࡣ㸦ࡓ࡜࠼ࡤࠊ
ࢹ࢜ࡢᅽ⦰࡟ᚲせ࡞࢚ࣞࢡࢺࣟࢽࢡࢫࡢɟᢿ ࢆ࢝ࣂ࣮ࡍࡿᶒ฼ࢆ᭷ࡋ࡚
㻾㻭㻺㻰 ࣛ࢖ࢭࣥࢫ࡟ྠពࡍࡿ࡞࡝ࡋ࡚㸧⮬ࡽࡢせồࢆᡃ៏ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀồࡵ
࠸ࡿࡀࠊ᭱⤊〇ရࢆᕷሙ࡟౪ࡍࡿࡢ࡟༑ศ࡞ᶒ฼ࢆᣢࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ௻ᴗࡣᏑᅾ
ࡽࢀࡿࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊ⚾ࡓࡕࡀぢ࡚ࡁࡓࡼ࠺࡟ࠊ㑇ఏᏊ≉チࡢᩥ⬦࡛ࡣ㎽ᅇ
ࡋ࡞࠸ࠋ᭱⤊〇ရ࠿ࡽࡋ࠿࠾㔠ࢆ✌ࡄࡇ࡜ࡣ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ࡢ࡛ࠊࣉ࣮ࣝ࡬ࡢ㔜
኱࡞⌮⏤௜ࡅࡀᏑᅾࡍࡿࠋᑐ↷ⓗ࡟ࠊ㑇ఏᏊ≉チࡢᶒ฼⪅ࡣࠊ⮬ࡽࡢᢏ
⾡࡛ᕷሙࢆసࢀࡿࡇ࡜ࡶከ࠸ࠋ☜࠿࡟ࠊ⌋ࡋ࠸ኚ␗࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡢ≉チࢆᣢ
࢖ࣥ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚㆟ㄽࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ
Id. at 180࣐࢖ࢡࣟ࢔ࣞ࢖࡟ᇶ࡙ࡃ㑇ఏᏊ᳨ᰝࡣࠊከᩘࡢ␗࡞ࡿ㑇ఏᏊࢆ᳨ᰝࡋ
ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ⪅ࡣࣉ࣮ࣝ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ࡼࡾࡼࡃ࡞ࡿࡇ࡜ࡶ࠶ࡿࠋࡓ࡜࠼ࡤࠊኻ⫈࡟
࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸࡜ࡁ࡟ࡣࠊ㈝⏝ຠ⋡ࡢࡼ࠸௦᭰ᡭẁ࡟࡞ࡿ࡜ㄽࡌ࡚࠸ࡿ ཧ↷ࠋ
࠾࠸࡚ࡣࠊ᳨ᰝࡣ⌧ᅾࡢ࡜ࡇࢁ㡰ࢆ㏣ࡗ࡚⾜ࢃࢀࠊ᭱ࡶ୍⯡ⓗ࡞ኚ␗࠿ࡽ
ጞࡲࡗ࡚࠸ࡃ ࠋࡇࢀࡽࡢኚ␗࡛㝜ᛶࡢ᳨ᰝ⤖ᯝࡀฟࡓ㸦ࡑࡋ࡚ࠊᘬࡁ⥆
Van Overwalle, Designing Models, supra note19, at 310-12.
Id. at 309-10.
୍⯡࡟ Merges, Institutions, supra note 166, at 142ࣉ࣮ࣝࡣࠊ〇㐀࡟ᚲせ࡞ࠕ≉チ
Stacy Baird, The Government at the Standards Bazaar, 18 STAN. L. & POL'Y REV. 35-99,
45 (2007) ཧ↷ࠋ
Van Overwalle, Designing Models, supra note 19, at 319-20.
ࡓ࡜࠼ࡤࠊDaniel A. Crane, Intellectual Liability, 88 TEX. L. REV. 253-300, 278 (2009)
㸦ࠕࠝᶆ‽໬ࡢࠞ㐣⛬ࡣࠊ᫬࡟ࠊࡼࡾప࠸౯᱁࡛ࡼࡾඃࢀࡓᢏ⾡ࢆ㑅ᢥࡍࡿ࡜࠸࠺⤖
ᯝ࡟࡞ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࠶ࡿ୍᪉࡛ࠊሙྜ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ࡣ㥑ࡅᘬࡁ࡟࡞ࡗ࡚ࡋࡲࡗࡓࡾ㸫ࡉࡽ࡟
ᝏ࠸ࡇ࡜࡟㸫➇ྜࡍࡿ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒ⪅ࡢ㛫࡛஺΅ࡀ⾜ࡁワࡗ࡚ࡋࡲ࠺ࡇ࡜ࡶ࠶ࡿ㹿㺁
࢖ࣥࣉࢵࢺࠖࢆ⤌ࡳ❧࡚ࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜ᣦ᦬ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ ཧ↷ࠋ
ཧ↷ࠋ
Report on Gene Patents, supra note 17, at lines 2095-97.
Chandrasekharan & Fiffer, supra note 24, at S178㑇ఏᏊ᳨ᰝࡢ⮫ᗋୖࡢ࢞࢖ࢻࣛ
ົⓗ࡟せồࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆࠊᣦ᦬ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ ཧ↷ࠋ
Id. at 268ከࡃࡢᶆ‽໬ᅋయࡣࠊྜ⌮ⓗ࠿ࡘ㠀ᕪูⓗ࡞㻾㻭㻺㻰ࣛ࢖ࢭࣥࢫࢆ⩏
▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO
▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO 㐃⥆௻⏬
⡿ᅜࡢἲ࡜ᨻ⟇࡟࠾ࡅࡿ㑇ఏᏊデ᩿ࡢ≉チ㐺᱁ᛶ㻰㼞㼑㼥㼒㼡㼟㼟
Ⓨ᫂ࡣ࡯࡜ࢇ࡝࡞࠸ࠋࡓ࡜࠼ࡤኻ⫈࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡢࠕᶆ‽ࠖࡣࠊ㛵㐃ࡍࡿ㑇ఏ
࠸࠺Ⅼ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊࡇࢀࡽࡢຠᯝࡢ┦஫స⏝ࡶ࠶ࡿ࠿ࡶࡋࢀ࡞࠸ࠋ
Ꮚࢆ୍㏻ࡾࡍ࡭᳨࡚ᰝࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀᚲせ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ཯ᢠⓗ࡞ࣛ࢖ࢭࣥࢧ࣮ࢆ㑊
ࡅࡿ᪉ἲࡣ࡞࠸ࡢ࡛ࠊ㔜せ࡞ኚ␗ࡢᶒ฼⪅ࡣࠊጇ༠ࡋ࡞࠸࡛୙㔮ࡾྜ࠸࡟
࣮ࣝ࣋ࣥࡢࢢ࣮ࣝࣉࡣࠊ⮬㌟࡟㛵ࡍࡿ㝈ࡾࠊࡇࡢၥ㢟ࢆㄆ㆑ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
኱ࡁ࠸๭ྜࡢሗ㓘ࢆ⋓ᚓࡋࡼ࠺࡜ࡍࡿ࢖ࣥࢭࣥࢸ࢕ࣈࢆᣢࡘࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡿࠋ
ࡑࢀࡺ࠼ࠊࣦ࢓࣭ࣥ࢜ࣇ࢙ࣦࣝ࢓࣮ࣞࡣࠊࡶࡋ≉チᶒ⪅ࡀ཯ᢠⓗ࡞ࡽࠊᙉ
ไࣛ࢖ࢭࣥࢫࢆ⏝࠸࡚ࣉ࣮ࣝࡍࡿࡼ࠺ᙉไࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸
࠸ࡃࡘ࠿ࡢ㡿ᇦ࡛ࡣࠊࣉ࣮ࣝࡣࠊ஧㔜㝈⏺໬ၥ㢟㸫〇ရࢆసࡿࡢ࡟ᚲせ
࠿࡜♧၀ࡋࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ☜࠿࡟ࠊከࡃࡢᅜࡢ≉チἲࡣࠊ≉チࡀ〇ရࢆᕷ
࡞Ⓨ᫂⪅ࡀࡓࡃࡉࢇ࠾ࡾࠊྛࠎࡢ≉チᶒ⪅ࡀ⮬ࡽࡢ⚾ⓗ཰┈ࢆ᭱኱໬ࡋࡼ
ሙ࡟ᒆࡅࡿࡇ࡜ࡢ㞀ᐖ࡜࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜ࡁࡣࠊᙉไࣛ࢖ࢭࣥࢫࢆ୚࠼ࡽࢀࡿ
࠺࡜౯᱁௜ࡅࡍࡿ࡜ࡁ࡟㉳ࡇࡿ㈝⏝ࡢୖ᪼㸫ࢆゎỴ࡛ࡁࡿࡢ࡛᭷┈࡛࠶
ሙྜࡀ࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆᐃࡵ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࡣ㔜どࡋ࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ࠋࡇ
ࡿࠋ౯᱁ࡀ㧗ࡃ࡞ࡿ࡜ࠊ㏻ᖖࡣࠊ㟂せࡣୗࡀࡿࡢ࡛ࠊ≉チᶒ⪅ࡣࠊ⮬ࡽ
ࢀࡽࡢࣛ࢖ࢭࣥࢫࡣ 㼀㻾㻵㻼㻿 㐺ྜⓗ࡛࠶ࡾࠊ≉࡟ಖ೺ࡀၥ㢟࡜࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜
ࡢ≉チᶒࢆࣉ࣮ࣝ࡟ධࢀࡿ࡞࡝ࡢᅋయ⾜ືࢆྲྀࡿࡇ࡜࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ࠊ཰┈ࢆቑ
ࡁࡣࡑ࠺࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࢀࡽࡢつᐃࡀⓎືࡉࢀࡿࡇ࡜ࡣࡵࡗࡓ࡟࡞࠸ࡀࠊ㔜
኱ࡉࡏࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࠋ㑇ఏᏊ࡟࡜ࡗ࡚ၥ㢟ࡣ஧㔜࡛࠶ࡿࠋ➨୍࡟ࠊࡓࡃ
せ࡛ᜍࡿ࡭ࡁຠᯝࢆᣢࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡍ࡞ࢃࡕࠊᙉไࣛ࢖ࢭࣥࢫࡀⓎ⾜ࡉࢀࡿ
ࡉࢇࡢ≉チᶒ⪅ࡀ࠸࡚≉チࡀ␗࡞ࡗࡓ౯್ࢆᣢࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ࡞ࡽࡤࠊࣉ࣮ࣝ࡟
࠿ࡶࡋࢀ࡞࠸ࡇ࡜ࢆ▱ࢀࡤࠊ≉チᶒ⪅ࡣࡼࡾࣛ࢖ࢭࣥࢫ㸦ࡇࡢሙྜ࡛࠸࠼
ࡤࣉ࣮ࣝ࡟ཧຍ㸧ࡋࡸࡍࡃ࡞ࡿࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊṧᛕ࡞ࡀࡽࠊࡇࡢ࢔ࣉ࣮ࣟࢳ
ࡀᙎຊⓗ࡞࡜ࡁ࡟ࡢࡳ㉳ࡇࡿၥ㢟࡛࠶ࡿ ࠋࡑࡋ࡚ࠊ་⒪ࡢ㡿ᇦ࡛ࡣࡑ࠺
ࡣ⡿ᅜ࡛ࡣᐇ⾜ྍ⬟࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋ⡿ᅜᨻᗓࡣࠊ࠿ࡘ࡚ࡣ≉チᶒ⪅ࡀࣉ࣮ࣝ࡟
࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋᾘ㈝⪅ࡣ⮬ࡽࡢཌ⏕࡟౯್ࢆ࠾ࡃࡺ࠼࡟ᾘ㈝⪅㸦ཪࡣࡑࡢಖ㝤
ཧຍࡍࡿࡼ࠺ࠕ⫝࡛ಁࡋࠖࡓࡀࠊ୍᪉࡛ࠊ㏻ᖖࡢሙྜࠊࡑࢀࡣᅜᐙᏳ඲ಖ
⪅㸧ࡣ౯᱁ࡀୖࡀࡗ࡚ࡶᡶ࠸⥆ࡅࡿࡓࡵࠊ་⒪ࡢ㈝⏝ࡣ㧗ࡃ࡞ࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
㞀࡟㛵ࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋࡑ࠺࡛࡞࠸㝈ࡾ㆟఍ࡣࡇࡢ࢔ࣉ࣮ࣟࢳࢆ᥇⏝
⤖ᯝ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊᶒ฼⪅ࡢ஧㔜㝈⏺໬ࢆᾘཤࡋࡼ࠺࡜࠸࠺࢖ࣥࢭࣥࢸ࢕ࣈࡣ┦
ࡍࡿࡢ࡟ᾘᴟⓗ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋ
ධࡿࡓࡵࡢ஺΅ࡀ㞴ࡋࡃ࡞ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࠶ࡿ ࠋ➨஧࡟ࠊ஧㔜㝈⏺໬ࡣࠊ㟂せ
ᙜ࡟ῶࡌࡽࢀࡿࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡿࠋᐇ㝿ࠊ࠶ࡿ≉ᐃࡢ㑇ఏᏊࡢ⤌ྜࡏࡢ᳨ᰝࡀ་
⒪ࠕᶆ‽ࠖࡢ୍㒊࡜࡞ࡗࡓ࡜ࡋࡓࡽࠊ㟂せࡣ≉࡟㠀ᙎຊⓗ࡟࡞ࡿࡔࢁ࠺࡜
Van Overwalle, Designing Models, supra note 19, at 321.
ࡓ࡜࠼ࡤࠊPatents Act, 1977, c. 37, § 48A(1)(b)(i) (Eng.)>௨ୗU.K. Patents Act ࡜࠸
ࡇࡢὝᐹࡣࠊAUGUSTIN COURNOT, RESEARCHES INTO THE MATHEMATICAL PRINCIPLES
࠺@; 2 J.W. BAXTER, WORLD PATENT LAW AND PRACTICE § 8.02 (Matthew Bender 2001);
THEORY OF WEALTH 99-116 (Nathaniel T. Bacon trans., Augustus M. Kelley Pub-
E. Van Zimmeren & G. Van Overalle, Compulsory License Regimes for Public Health in
OF THE
lishers 1971) (1838) ࡟ࡼࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋMark A. Lemley & Carl Shapiro, Patent Holdup
Europe, IICᮍබ⾲ࡢཎ✏࡛ࠊⴭ⪅ࡀᡤⶶࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ ཧ↷ࠋ
and Royalty Stacking, 85 TEX. L. REV. 1991-2049, 2010-15 (2007)஧㔜㝈⏺໬࡜ࢡ࣮ࣝ
TRIPS, supra note 139, art. 31.
ࣀ࣮⿵᏶ຠᯝࡣࠊ༙ᑟయ⏘ᴗࡢࡼ࠺࡟ಶࠎࡢ〇ရ࡟ከᩘࡢ≉チࡀ࠶ࡿሙྜ࡟ࡣࠊ౯
Kirby W. Lee, Permitted Use of Patented Inventions in the United States: Why Prescrip-
᱁ࢆୖ᪼ࡉࡏࠊ⏕⏘ࢆᢚไࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ㆟ㄽࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ ཧ↷ࠋ
tion Drugs Do Not Merit Compulsory Licensing, 36 IND. L. REV. 175-96, 184 (2003).
Id. at 2015.
Richard Gilbert, The Essential Test for Patent Pools, in WORKING WITHIN THE
Scope, 90 COLUM. L. REV. 839, 891 (1990)➨୍ḟୡ⏺኱ᡓ୰ࠊᾏ㌷┬㛗ᐁࡀ⯟✵ᶵࢆ
ࡓ࡜࠼ࡤࠊRobert P. Merges & Richard P. Nelson, On the Complex Economics of Patent
BOUNDARIES OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY, supra note 19, at 325-46 ཧ↷ࠋ
సࡿࡢ࡟ᚲせ࡞≉チࡢࣛ࢖ࢭࣥࢫࡢㄪᩚࢆຓࡅࡓࡇ࡜ࢆᣦ᦬ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ ཧ↷ࠋ
ࠕ⫝࡛
ಁࡍࠖ࡜࠸࠺⏝ㄒࡣࠊRICHARD H. THALER & CASS R. SUNSTEIN, NUDGE: IMPROVING
ࡓ ࡜ ࠼ ࡤ ࠊ William P. Kratzke, Tax Subsidies, Third-Party-Payments, and
Cross-Subsidization: America’s Distorted Health Care Markets, 40 U. MEM. L. REV.
DECISIONS ABOUT HEALTH, WEALTH, AND HAPPINESS (Yale Univ. Press 2008) ࠿ࡽྲྀࡗࡓࠋ
279-422, 311 (2009)་⒪ࢧ࣮ࣅࢫࡣࠊᥦ౪⪅ࡣ౯᱁ࢆୖࡆࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࠊ㟂せࡣ㠀
ᙎຊⓗ࡛࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ㆟ㄽࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ ཧ↷ࠋ
Rohm & Haas Co., 448 U.S. 176, 215 (1980)ࢆᘬ⏝ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ ཧ↷ࠋ
▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO
Prinz zu Waldeck und Pyrmont, supra note 138, at 369-70Dawson Chem. Co. v.
▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO 㐃⥆௻⏬
⡿ᅜࡢἲ࡜ᨻ⟇࡟࠾ࡅࡿ㑇ఏᏊデ᩿ࡢ≉チ㐺᱁ᛶ㻰㼞㼑㼥㼒㼡㼟㼟
ࡶࡕࢁࢇࠊ඲ࢤࣀ࣒㓄ิゎᯒࡀ᳨ᰝࡢᙧែ࡜ࡋ࡚ᬑཬࡍࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࢀࡤࠊ
ࡽච㝖ࡉࢀࡿつᐃࡢ๰タࠋ
≉チᶒ⪅ࡣࣉ࣮ࣝᙧᡂ࡟᢬ᢠࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀࡲࡍࡲࡍᅔ㞴࡟ឤࡌࡿࡇ࡜࡜࡞
ⱝᖸࡢಟṇࢆ᪋ࡏࡤࠊࡇࡢᡓ␎ࡣ኱ኚ࡟᥎ዡࡍ࡭ࡁࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
ࢁ࠺ࠋ་ᖌࡢ࢔ࢻࣂ࢖ࢫࡣ⛎ᐦ࡜ࡉࢀࡿ࡭ࡁࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡼࡾከࡃࡢ᝟ሗ
ࡀデ᩿࡟฼⏝ྍ⬟࡟࡞ࢀࡤࠊ௚ேࡀࣔࢽࢱ࣮ࡍࡿࡢࡀ㞴ࡋ࠸᪉ἲ࡛ࠊࡑࡢ
᝟ሗࢆᝈ⪅࡟ᥦ౪ࡍࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡿࡔࢁ࠺ࠋ㡢ᴦᴗ⏺ࡀࠊ㻭㻿㻯㻭㻼 ࡸ 㻮㻹㻵 ࡢ
ᲫᲨᄂᆮƷβᝧ
◊✲ࡢච㈐ࡣࠊ⏕≀⛉Ꮫࡢᇶ♏◊✲࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡢ➇தࢆᅇ᚟ࡍࡿ࠿ࡓࢃࡽࠊ
ࡼ࠺࡞㞟୰ᶒ฼⟶⌮ᅋయࢆ๰ฟࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀᐇ᪋ࡢ┘ど࡟ᙺ࡟❧ࡘࡇ࡜ࢆ
ぢฟࡋࡓࡼ࠺࡟ࠊ≉チᶒ⪅ࡓࡕࡶࠊ࢚ࣥࣇ࢛࣮ࢫ࣓ࣥࢺࡢ㈝⏝ࢆඞ᭹ࡍࡿ
ࡑࡢࡼ࠺࡞Ⴀࡳࡢ୰࡛Ⓨぢࡉࢀࡿ᪂ࡋ࠸㐍Ṍࢆᕷሙ࡟ࡶࡓࡽࡍ≉チࡢ࢖
ࡓࡵ࡟᪂ࡋ࠸ไᗘࢆᩚഛࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀᚲせࡔ࡜Ỵ᩿ࡍࡿ࠿ࡶࡋࢀ࡞࠸ࠋࡋ
ࣥࢭࣥࢸ࢕ࣈࢆಖᣢࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࢆពᅗࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡍ࡛࡟ㄽࡌࡓࡼ࠺࡟ࠊ
࠿ࡋࠊࡑࡢࡼ࠺࡞஦ែࡀゼࢀࡿࡲ࡛ࡢ㛫ࠊ࢞࢖ࢻࣛ࢖ࣥࠊࣉ࣮ࣝࠊ᝟ሗ஺
Madey ࡢ㐃㑥ᕠᅇ༊ࡢุỴ௨᮶ࠊ◊✲ࡢᢠᘚࡢᏑᅾࡣࠊ⡿ᅜ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡣ␲
᥮ᡤࢆࠊ♫఍ࡀ㑇ఏ᝟ሗ࠿ࡽ฼┈ࢆཷࡅࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ☜ಖࡍࡿࡓࡵࡢ᪉ἲ࡜ホ
ࢃࡋ࠸ࡶࡢ࡜ࡉࢀ࡚ࡁࡓࠋ࣮ࣚࣟࢵࣃ࡛ࡣࡑ࠺࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࡀࠊ࣮ࣚࣟࢵࣃ
౯ࡍࡿࡇ࡜㸫࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣࠊࡇࢀࡽࡢไᗘࡀಶู໬་⒪ࡢฟ⌧ࡸ◊✲ࢆᐜ᫆࡟
࡛ࡶ 㻿㻭㻯㻳㻴㻿 ࡢ♧၀ࡍࡿ᪉ྥ࡛ࡢつᐃࡣ᭷┈࡛࠶ࡿ࠿ࡶࡋࢀ࡞࠸ࠋ
ࡍࡿ࡜ホ౯ࡍࡿࡇ࡜㸫ࡣᅔ㞴࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
୍౛࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊ࣮ࣚࣟࢵࣃࡢᅜࡢ୰࡟ࡣၟᴗᛶࡀྵࡲࢀࡿ࡜ࡁ࡛ࡉ࠼ࡍ࡭
㹢㸬≉チἲࡢぢ┤ࡋ㸸౵ᐖ㈐௵࡟ᑐࡍࡿ᪂ࡋ࠸ᢠᘚࡢ๰タ
࡚ࡢ◊✲ࢆච㈐ࡍࡿᅜࡸ⛉Ꮫⓗ࡞┠ⓗࡀ࠶ࢀࡤ㸦ၟᴗⓗ࡞ࡶࡢࡶྵࡵ㸧
᪤Ꮡࡢ≉チἲࢆゎ㔘ࡋ࡞࠾ࡋ࡚ࡶ࢔ࢡࢭࢫࡢ๻ⓗ࡞ᨵၿࡣぢ㎸ࡵࡑ࠺
ࡍ࡭࡚ࡢ◊✲ࢆච㝖ࡍࡿᅜࡀ࠶ࡿ୍᪉࡛ࠊᬑ㐢ⓗ࡟ࡑ࠺ࡔ࡜࠸࠺ࢃࡅ࡛
࡟࡞ࡃࠊไᗘⓗ࡞௙⤌ࡳࡣ㸦ᑡ࡞ࡃ࡜ࡶ௒ࡢ࡜ࡇࢁࡣ㸧୙㐺ษ࡛࠶ࡿࡢ࡛ࠊ
ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋMadey ௨๓ࡢ⡿ᅜ࡛ࡶࡑ࠺࡛࡞࠿ࡗࡓࡇ࡜ࡣ᫂ࡽ࠿࡛࠶ࡾࠊᢠᘚ
ṧࡉࢀࡓྍ⬟ᛶࡣ≉チἲࢆኚ࠼ࡿࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡿࠋ᪂ࡋ࠸◊✲ࡢච㝖࡜デ᩿ࡢ
ࡣࠊᙜ᫬ࠕ⣧Ꮫၥⓗ࡞Ⴔዲࠊዲወᚰࢆ‶㊊ࡉࡏࡿ┠ⓗࡔࡅࡢࡓࡵࠊཪࡣࠊ
ච㝖࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ࠊ἞⒪᪉ἲࢆ㛤Ⓨࡍࡿ࢖ࣥࢭࣥࢸ࢕ࣈࡣಖᏑࡋࡘࡘࠊྠ᫬࡟
༢࡞ࡿፗᴦ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠖࡢάືࡢࡳࢆ࢝ࣂ࣮ࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡜⌮ゎࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡓࠋࡋ
ᝈ⪅ࡢ἞⒪࡜ᐇ㦂ࡢ㞀ᐖࢆᾘࡍࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࠋࡓ࡜࠼ࡤࠊ㻿㻭㻯㻳㻴㻿 ࡣၥ
࠿ࡋࠊ⚾ࡓࡕࡀぢ࡚ࡁࡓࡼ࠺࡟ࠊ㑇ఏᏊ࡜ࣄࢺࡢ೺ᗣ≧ែ࡜ࡢ㛵㐃௜ࡅ࡟
㢟ࢆࡇࡢ᪉ྥ࡛ศᯒࡋࡓࠋࡑࡋ࡚ࠊḟࡢࡼ࠺࡞່࿌ࢆฟࡋࡓࠋ
ࡘ࠸࡚ࡢ◊✲ࡢከࡃࡣᝈ⪅ࡢ἞⒪ࡢ㛫࡟⾜ࢃࢀࠊࡑࢀࡣၟᴗⓗ࡜ࡳ࡞ࡍࡇ
࡜ࡀྍ⬟࡛࠶ࡿࠋ᪤Ꮡࡢච㈐࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡢࡉࡽ࡞ࡿၥ㢟ࡣࠊ≉チⓎ᫂࡟ᑐ
ಖ೺⚟♴┬㛗ᐁࡣࠊḟࡢἲᚊᨵṇࢆಁ㐍ࡍ࡭ࡃࠊၟົ┬㛗ᐁ࡜༠ാࡋࠊࡑࢀࢆᨭ
ࡍࡿ◊✲㸫ࡓ࡜࠼ࡤࠊࡑࡢⓎ᫂ࡀ࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡟స⏝ࡍࡿ࠿ࢆⓎぢࡋࠊࡑࡢ᭷
᥼ࡋ࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ࠋ
⏝ᛶࢆ᳨ドࡍࡿࡇ࡜㸫࡜ࠊ≉チⓎ᫂ࢆ⏝࠸ࡓ◊✲㸫ࡑࢀࢆ౑ࡗ࡚௚ࡢ஦᯶
㸿㸬≉チࡢୗ࡟㛤Ⓨࡉࢀࡓ᳨ᰝ᪉ἲࢆࠊᝈ⪅ࢆ἞⒪ࡍࡿ┠ⓗ࡛ࠊ〇㐀ࠊ౑⏝ࠊⓎ
ὀࠊ኎༷ࡢ⏦ࡋฟࠊ኎༷ࢆࡍࡿ⪅ࡣㄡ࡛ࡶࠊ㑇ఏᏊ࡟࠿࠿ࡿ≉チࡢࢡ࣮࣒ࣞࢆ
Report on Gene Patents, supra note 17, at lines 2495-3504.
౵ᐖࡋࡓ㈐௵࠿ࡽච㝖ࡉࢀࡿつᐃࡢ๰タࠋ
Supra note 72ཬࡧࡑࡢ௜ᒓᩥ᭩ࢆཧ↷ࠋ
ࡓ࡜࠼ࡤࠊDANISH REPORT, supra note 138, at 1 (answering question one) ཧ↷ࠋ
ࡓ࡜࠼ࡤࠊBELGIAN REPORT, supra note 138, at 1 (answering question one)ཧ↷ࠋ
ࡓ࡜࠼ࡤࠊRoche Products, Inc. v. Bolar Pharmaceutical Co., Inc., 733 F.2d 858, 862
(Fed. Cir. 1994) (quoting Peppenhausen v. Falke, 19 F. Cas. 1048, 1049 (C.C.S.D.N.Y.
㹀㸬◊✲ࡢ㏣ồࡢࡓࡵ࡟≉チ࡛ಖㆤࡉࢀࡓ㑇ఏᏊࢆ౑࠺⪅ࡣࠊ≉チࡢ౵ᐖ㈐௵࠿
ࡓ࡜࠼ࡤࠊBennett M. Lincoff, A Plan for the Future of Music Performance Rights
Organizations in the Digital Age, in EXPANDING THE BOUNDARIES, supra note 91, at
1861)) ཧ↷ࠋ
167-89 ཧ↷ࠋ
▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO
See text accompanying note 75.
▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO 㐃⥆௻⏬
⡿ᅜࡢἲ࡜ᨻ⟇࡟࠾ࡅࡿ㑇ఏᏊデ᩿ࡢ≉チ㐺᱁ᛶ㻰㼞㼑㼥㼒㼡㼟㼟
ࢆ◊✲ࡍࡿࡇ࡜㸫࡜ࢆ༊ูࡍࡿேࡀ࠸ࡿࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡿࠋ㑇ఏᏊࡢ◊✲ࡣࠊ
࡚࠸ࡿ୍᪉࡛ࠊ≉チࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ㑇ఏᏊࡀ἞⒪┠ⓗ࡟౑⏝ࡉࢀࡓ࡜ࡁࡣ౵ᐖ
㑇ఏᏊࡀఱࢆࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࠿࡟ࡘ࠸࡚▱ࡿ࠿ࠊ⤌⧊ࡀࡑࡢ㑇ఏᏊ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚࡝
㈐௵ࡀ⏕ࡌࡿࠋࡋࡓࡀࡗ࡚ࠊࡇࢀࡽࡢ≉チࡣࠊ᪂ࡋ࠸἞⒪ἲ࡬ࡢᢞ㈨ࢆ
ࡢࡼ࠺࡟ᙳ㡪ࢆཷࡅࡿ࠿ࢆ▱ࡿࡇ࡜࡜ࡋ࡚≉ᚩ௜ࡅࡽࢀࡿࡢ࡛ࠊࡇࡢࡼ࠺
ಁ㐍ࡋ⥆ࡅࡿࠋࡋ࠿ࡶච㈐ࡣࠊ㑇ఏᏊ࡟㛵㐃ࡍࡿ≉チࡢࡳ࡟㐺⏝ࡉࢀࠊデ
࡞஧ศㄽࡣࠊ⿢ุᡤ࡟㞴ࡋ࠸ၥ㢟ࢆᥦ㉳ࡋࠊ⛉Ꮫ⪅ࡓࡕ࡟୙☜ᐇᛶࢆࡶࡓ
᩿ࡢᇶ┙ࡸ࢟ࢵࢺ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡢ≉チ࡟ࡣ㐺⏝ࡉࢀ࡞࠸ࡢ࡛ࠊ≉チἲࡣࠊ᪂ࡋ
ࡽࡍࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡿࠋࡋࡓࡀࡗ࡚ࠊつᐃࡣୖグࡢ༊ูࢆ ࡘ࡜ࡶ㑊ࡅࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ
࠸᳨ᰝᢏ⾡࡟ᑐࡍࡿ◊✲ࢆ่⃭ࡋ⥆ࡅࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
᥎ዡࡉࢀࡿࠋ
ࡋ࠿ࡋ࡞ࡀࡽࠊ᪉ἲࡢ≉チ㸦デ᩿ⓗ࡞㐃㛵㸧࡟㐺⏝ࡍࡿሙྜ࡟ࡣၥ㢟ࡀ
ࡋ࠿ࡋ࡞ࡀࡽࠊ㉳ⲡࡉࢀࡓච㈐つᐃࡣࠊࣂ࢖࢜ࢸࢡࣀࣟࢪ࣮ࡢศ㔝࡟ࡢ
࠶ࡿࠋ㑇ఏᏊࡢ㛵㐃௜ࡅ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡢ≉チࡢⓎ⾜ࡣ౫↛࡜ࡋ࡚ྍ⬟࡛࠶ࡿ࠿
ࡳ㐺⏝ྍ⬟࡞ᢠᘚࡔ࡜࠸࠺Ⅼ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊ㼀㻾㻵㻼㻿㻌ၥ㢟ࢆ᭷ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࢻ࢖ࢶ
ࡶࡋࢀ࡞࠸ࡀࠊつᐃ᱌ࡣࠊ஦ᐇୖࡍ࡭࡚ࡢ᝿ᐃࡋ࠺ࡿ⏝㏵ࢆ㝖እࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ
ࡢ᭷⏝ᛶࡢつᐃ࡜ྠᵝࠊࡑࢀࡺ࠼࡟ࠊᢏ⾡ศ㔝࡟ࡼࡿᕪูࢆㄆࡵ࡞࠸࣮ࣝ
࡜ᛮࢃࢀࠊࡑࡢࡓࡵ࡟ࡇࢀࡽࡢ≉チࡀ↓౯್࡞ࡶࡢ࡟࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ࠾ࡑࡽ
ࣝ࡟㐪཯ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ ࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊࡇࡢᥦ᱌ࡀ⊃࠸ࡢࡣࠊᴫᛕⓗ࡞᰿ᣐ࡟ᇶ࡙
ࡃࠊ㻿㻭㻯㻳㻴㻿㻌ࡣࡑࡢࡼ࠺࡞ᖐ⤖ࢆࡶࡓࡽࡍࡘࡶࡾ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࡢࡔࢁ࠺㸫⤖ᒁࠊ
ࡃࡶࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋࡴࡋࢁࠊ㻿㻭㻯㻳㻴㻿㻌ࡢ㈐ົࡀ㝈ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࡢ⤖ᯝ࡛࠶
ࡑࡢⓎぢࡀ♧၀ࡍࡿ࡜ࡇࢁ࡟ࡼࢀࡤࠊ㛵㐃௜ࡅ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡢ≉チࡣ୙せ࡛࠶
ࡿࠋ㻿㻭㻯㻳㻴㻿㻌ࡣࠊ㑇ఏ࡜ಖ೺࡟㛵ࡍࡿၥ㢟࡟㛵ࡋ࡚ࡢࡳಖ೺⚟♴┬㛗ᐁ࡬
ࡾࠊ࠾ࡑࡽࡃ཯⏕⏘ⓗ࡛ࡍࡽ࠶ࡿࠋࡉࡽ࡟ࠊጤဨ఍ࡣ㛗ᐁ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ࠕ༢࡞
ຓゝࡍࡿ㈐௵ࢆ㈇ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࡛ ࠊࡑࢀࡀ♧၀ࡍࡿᢠᘚࡣ㑇ఏᏊ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚
ࡿ㛵㐃௜ࡅࠖ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚≉チࢆ௜୚ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࢆࡸࡵࡉࡏࡿࡼ࠺ồࡵ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
ࡢࡳྥࡅࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋつ⠊ⓗ࡞ほⅬ࠿ࡽࡍࡿ࡜ࠊࡼࡾᗈ࠸ච㝖つᐃࡀࡼࡾ
ࡑࢀࡺ࠼ࠊࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞ぢゎࢆබᘧࡢ່࿌࡟ධࢀ㎸ࡴࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁ࡞࠿ࡗࡓࡢ
ᮃࡲࡋ࠸ࠋ᰾࡜࡞ࡿၥ㢟ࡣࠊ▱㆑ࡢᇶ♏ⓗ࡞ᇶᮏᵓᡂせ⣲ࡢ⚾᭷㈈⏘໬࡛
ࡣ୙ྍゎ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ࠾ࡑࡽࡃ 㻿㻭㻯㻳㻴㻿㻌ࡣࠊࡶࡗ࡜」㞧࡞㛵㐃௜ࡅ࡛࠶ࢀࡤ≉
࠶ࡿࠋ◊✲ࡢච㈐ࡣࠊ࠸࠿࡞ࡿ◊✲ࡀ⾜ࢃࢀࡿศ㔝࡟ࡶ➼ࡋࡃ㛵ಀࡍࡿࠋ
チ㐺᱁࡛࠶ࡿ࡭ࡁ࡜⪃࠼࡚࠸ࡓࡀ㸦࡞ࡐ࡞ࡽࠊࡑࢀࡽ࡟ࡣࡼࡾከࡃࡢ㈨㔠
ࡑࢀࡺ࠼ࠊ㺀⛉Ꮫⓗ┠ⓗࡢࡓࡵ࡟࡞ࡉࢀࡿ⾜ື㺁ࢆࡍ࡭࡚ච㈐ࡍࡿ࣋ࣝࢠ࣮
ㄪ㐩ࡀᚲせ࡞ഴྥࡀ࠶ࡿ࠿ࡽ࡛࠶ࡿ㸧ࠊ㐺ษ࡞༊ูࢆタィࡍࡿࡢ࡟ᚲせ࡞
ࡢ᮲ᩥࡢࡼ࠺࡞᮲ᩥࡀዲࡲࡋࡃࠊ㼀㻾㻵㻼㻿㻌༠ᐃ࡟ࡶ㐺ྜⓗ࡞ࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ ࠋ
ᲬᲨᚮૺƷβᝧ
ࢹ࣮ࢱࢆḞ࠸࡚࠸ࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࢁ࠺ࠋ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣࠊ㻿㻭㻯㻳㻴㻿㻌ࡣ Bilski㸦່࿌ࡀస
ᡂࡉࢀࡓᙜ᫬࡟ࡣࠊ᭱㧗⿢࡟ಀᒓ୰࡛࠶ࡗࡓ㸧ࡀࠊMetabolite ࡛ၥ㢟࡟࡞
ࡗࡓ༢࡞ࡿ㛵㐃௜ࡅ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡢࣈࣛ࢖ุ࣮ࣖ஦ࡢᠱᛕࢆ࠺ࡲࡃᤊ࠼ࡽࢀ
≀㸦༢㞳㑇ఏᏊ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡢ≉チ㸧࡟㐺⏝ࡍࡿሙྜࠊ㻿㻭㻯㻳㻴㻿㻌ࡢ່࿌ࡣࡼ
ࡿ⾲⌧ࢆᥦ♧ࡋ࡚ࡃࢀࡿ࡜ᮇᚅࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࡢ࠿ࡶࡋࢀ࡞࠸ࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊࡑ࠺ࡣ
ࡃྜ⌮ⓗ࡟ാࡃࡔࢁ࠺ࠋデ᩿࡟ᚲせ࡞⏝㏵ࡢࡳࢆච㝖ࡍࡿࡼ࠺࡟タィࡉࢀ
࡞ࡽ࡞࠿ࡗࡓࡋࠊ㻿㻭㻯㻳㻴㻿㻌ࡀ᪂ࡋ࠸㛵㐃௜ࡅࢆⓎぢࡍࡿ≉チࡢ࢖ࣥࢭࣥࢸ
ࡓ࡜࠼ࡤࠊUK Patents Act § 60(5)(b)㸦ࠕⓎ᫂ࡢ୺㢟࡟㛵㐃ࡍࡿࠖᐇ㦂ⓗ࡞⾜࠸ࢆ
࢕ࣈࢆᑡࡋ࡛ࡶṧࡍࡘࡶࡾ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࡽࡼࡾ⊃࠸ච㈐ࢆᥦ᱌ࡍࡿ᪉ࡀࡼ࠿
ࡗࡓ࡛࠶ࢁ࠺ࠋ
㝖እࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ; Strandburg, supra note 73 ཧ↷ࠋ
୍ࡘࡢ⪃࠼᪉ࡣࠊ≉チࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿデ᩿᪉ἲࢆᙌᡯ ࡋ̅ဇ ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡔࡅ
TRIPS, supra note 139, art. 27.1 ཧ↷ࠋ
Report on Gene Patents, supra note 17, at lines 145-48 ཧ↷ࠋ
ࢆච㈐ࡋࠊデ᩿࡟㛵ࡍࡿࡶࡢࢆႆද ࡋࠊ٥Ҳ ࡋࠊཪࡣ٥ҲƷဎƠЈ ࢆࡍ
Supra note 139 ཬࡧࡑࡢ௜ᒓᩥ᭩ࢆཧ↷ࠋ୍⯡࡟ Geertrui Van Overwalle, The
Implementation of the Biotechnology Directive in Belgium and its After Effects. The Intro-
Report on Gene Patents, supra note 17, at lines 3493-3524 ཧ↷ࠋ
duction of a New Research Exemption and a Compulsory License for Public Health, 37
Supra notes 92-98 and accompanying text ཧ↷ࠋ
INT’L REV. INTELL. PROP. & COMPETITION L. 889-1008 (2006) ཧ↷ࠋ
Id. at line 3532.
▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO
▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO 㐃⥆௻⏬
⡿ᅜࡢἲ࡜ᨻ⟇࡟࠾ࡅࡿ㑇ఏᏊデ᩿ࡢ≉チ㐺᱁ᛶ㻰㼞㼑㼥㼒㼡㼟㼟
ࡿࡇ࡜࡟ࡣ౵ᐖ㈐௵ࢆ㈇ࢃࡏࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡑ࠺ࡍࢀࡤࠊ་⪅ࡣࠊ
ຍࡍࡿഴྥࡀࡼࡾᙉࡲࡿ࠿ࡶࡋࢀ࡞࠸ࠋࠕ⮬〇ࡢࠖデ᩿᪉ἲࡀ฼⏝ྍ⬟࡟
⮬ࡽࡢデ᩿᪉ἲࢆࠕ⮬〇ࠖࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡿ㸫ࡘࡲࡾࠊ㑇ఏᏊ
࡞ࢀࡤࠊせࡍࡿ࡟ࠊᙉไࣛ࢖ࢭࣥࢫつᐃࡢࡑࢀ࡟ఝࡓ๻ⓗ࡞ຠᯝࢆᚓࡿࡇ
ࡢ㓄ิࢆỴᐃࡍࡿࡓࡵ࡟⮬ࡽࡢヨᩱࢆ౑⏝ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࠊ⮬ࡽࡢぢ௜ࡅ
࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࠋ
ࡓ᝟ሗ࠿ࡽ㛵㐃௜ࡅࢆᑟࡁฟࡋ࡚ᝈ⪅ࢆデ᩿ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞
ࡿࠋ་ᖌࡓࡕࡣࠊၟᴗࢧ࣮ࣅࢫࡸၟᴗ࢟ࢵࢺࢆⓎὀࡍࡿ࡜㈐௵ࢆ㈇࠺ࠋࡑ
◊✲ࡢච㈐࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊ㼀㻾㻵㻼㻿㻌㐺ྜᛶࡣࠊච㈐つᐃࡀ࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡞⾲⌧࡟
ࡢ௦ࢃࡾࠊ⡿ᅜࡀ་⒪᪉ἲ࡜እ⛉ⓗ᪉ἲ࡟౑⏝ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓᡓ␎࡜㢮ఝࡋࡓᡓ
࡞ࡿ࠿࡟౫Ꮡࡍࡿࠋ㼀㻾㻵㻼㻿㻌ࡣ౛እࢆチᐜࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋᐇ㝿ࠊ㼃㼀㻻 ࡢࣃࢿࣝࡣࠊ
␎ࢆ᥇⏝ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀྍ⬟࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡑࡢࡼ࠺࡞つᐃ࡟ࡼࢀࡤࠊ⮫ᗋ་ࡀ≉チ
つไࡢᑂᰝ࡟ᚲせ࡞ࢹ࣮ࢱࢆᚓࡿࡓࡵࡢᐇ㦂࡟㛵ࡋ࡚ࡇࢀࢆㄆࡵࡓࡇ࡜
ࡉࢀࡓ᪉ἲࢆ౑⏝ࡋ࡚ࡶ࠸࠿࡞ࡿἲⓗᩆ῭࠿ࡽࡶචࢀࡿࡀࠊ⮫ᗋ་ࡢ⾜Ⅽ
ࡀ࠶ࡿࠋࡉࡽ࡟ࠊ㼀㻾㻵㻼㻿㻌ࡣࠊἲⓗᩆ῭࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣ௚ࡢၥ㢟࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ࡼࡾ
ࡣ౵ᐖ⾜Ⅽ࡛࠶ࡗ࡚ච㈐ࡉࢀ࡞࠸ࡲࡲ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡟ࡋ࡚ࠊ≉チᶒ
ᐶ኱࡛࠶ࡿࠋ᭱ᚋ࡟ࠊච㈐つᐃࢆ㎽ᅇⓎ᫂ࡀ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ࡍ࡭࡚ࡢศ㔝࡟㐺
⪅ࡣ౵ᐖࡋࡓ⮫ᗋ་࠿ࡽࡢ⿵ൾࡣཷࡅࡽࢀ࡞࠸ࡀࠊ౵ᐖ࡟ᐤ୚ࡋࡓ⪅㸫ࡓ
⏝ࡍࡿࡼ࠺タィࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡶྍ⬟࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡑࡢ୺ࡓࡿᙳ㡪ࡣ㑇ఏ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚࠿
࡜࠼ࡤࠊࡑࡢ᪉ἲࢆᐇ᪋ࡍࡿࡓࡵࡔࡅ࡟ྜࢃࡏࡽࢀࡓヨᩱࢆ౪⤥ࡋࡓ⪅㸫
ࡶࡋࢀ࡞࠸ࡀࠊ୰❧ⓗ࡞つᐃ࡟ࡍࢀࡤㄆࡵࡽࢀࡿྍ⬟ᛶࡣ㧗ࡲࡿࠋ
ཬࡧࠊ౵ᐖࢆㄏⓎࡋࡓ⪅㸫ࡓ࡜࠼ࡤࠊ⮫ᗋ་࡟ࡑࡢ᪉ἲࢆᐇ᪋ࡍࡿ᪉ἲࢆ
ᩍ♧ࡋࡓ⪅㸫࡟ᑐࡍࡿ㈺ൾㄳồᶒࡣಖ᭷ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡿ ࠋ
࠸ࡎࢀ࡟ࡋࢁࠊࡇࡢไᗘࡣࠊ㛵㐃௜ࡅࢆⓎぢࡋ᳨࡚ᰝ࢟ࢵࢺࡸࢧ࣮ࣅࢫ
⤖ㄽ㻌
ࢆ㛤Ⓨࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡟ᢞ㈨ࡍࡿ࢖ࣥࢭࣥࢸ࢕ࣈࢆ⥔ᣢࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࡔࢁ
ࡇࢀࡽࡢ⪃࠼ࢆ᭱ึ࡟ᥦ♧ࡋࡓࡢࡣ࣐ࢵࢡࢫࣉࣛࣥࢡ▱ⓗ㈈⏘࣭➇த࣭
࠺ࠋࡇࢀࡽࡢ≉チࡀ≉࡟㔜せ࡜࡞ࡿࡢࡣࠊ௬࡟࢟ࢵࢺࡸࢧ࣮ࣅࢫࡀࡼࡾᗈ
⛒⛯ἲ◊✲ᡤ࡛ࡢ◊✲఍࡛ࡢࡇ࡜ࡔࡗࡓࡢ࡛ࠊ࣮ࣚࢮࣇ࣭ࢩࣗࢺࣛ࢘ࢫ๓
⠊࡞つไࡢᑐ㇟࡜࡞ࡗࡓሙྜ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡋ࠿ࡋ࡞ࡀࡽࠊྠ᫬࡟ࠊࡇࡢไᗘ
ᡤ㛗࠿ࡽࡢᘬ⏝ࢆ⤖ㄒ࡜ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀࡩࡉࢃࡋ࠸ࡔࢁ࠺ࠋᙼࡣࠊAMP ஦௳
࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡣ≉チࡢච㈐ࡀ༑ศ࡟࠶ࡿࡢ࡛ࠊㄡ࠿ࡀࠊᕷሙ࠿ࡽ➇த⪅ࢆ᤼㝖
࡟࠾࠸࡚ḟࡢࡼ࠺࡟ドゝࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
ࡋ၏୍ࡢ౪⤥⪅࡜࡞ࡗ࡚⮫ᗋ་ࡸ◊✲⪅ࡀᢏ⾡㠉᪂ࢆ⥆ࡅ᳨࡚ᰝࡢಙ㢗
ࠕ㑇ఏᏊ࡟ࡣ஧㠃ⓗᛶ㉁ࡀ࠶ࡿࠋ୍᪉࡛ࡣࠊ㑇ఏᏊࡣ໬Ꮫ≀㉁ཪࡣศᏊ࡛࠶
ᛶ☜ㄆࡸࢭ࢝ࣥࢻ࢜ࣆࢽ࢜ࣥࡸ㈋ࡋࡃ↓どࡉࢀ࡚ࡁࡓேࠎ࡬ࡢ᳨ᰝࢆᥦ
ࡿࠋࡶ࠺୍᪉࡛ࡣࠊ㑇ఏᏊࡣ᝟ሗࡢ≀⌮ⓗ࡞፹య࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡍ࡞ࢃࡕࠊࡑࡇ࡟ࡣ
౪ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ㜼ࡶ࠺࡜ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࢆࠊ㜼Ṇࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࠋ㔜せ࡞ࡢࡣࠊ
ᝈ⪅ࡢ἞⒪࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡶࡗ࡜ࡶࡽࡋ࠸௦᭰ᡭẁࡀᏑᅾࡍࡿ࡜ࠊ≉チᶒ⪅ࡢࡼ
ࡑࡢ᝟ሗࡢ⌧ᐇࡢ⏕≀Ꮫⓗᶵ⬟ࡀࢱࣥࣃࢡ㉁࡜ࡋ࡚ࢥ࣮ࢻࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ㹿㺁
ࡾ㐺ษ࡞⾜ືࢆᘬࡁฟࡍࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡶࡋࠊ≉チᶒ⪅ࡀᕷሙ
ࢩࣗࢺࣛ࢘ࢫᩍᤵࡣ Myriad ࡢ௦⌮ே࡛࠶ࡗࡓࡢ࡛ࠊࡇࡢゝ᫂ࡣ࠾ࡑࡽࡃࠊ
࠿ࡽ⮬ࡽࡢ➇த⪅ࢆ᤼㝖ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ࡇ࡜ࢆ▱ࢀࡤࠊࡓ࡜࠼ࡤࠊ᤼
≉チἲࡢၥ㢟࡜ࡋ࡚ࡣ≀㉁ⓗഃ㠃ࡀ⏕≀Ꮫⓗ᝟ሗⓗᶵ⬟࡟຾ࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡗ
௚ⓗ࡞ࣛ࢖ࢭࣥࢫࢆࡍࡿഴྥࡀ࡞ࡃ࡞ࡿ࠿ࡶࡋࢀ࡞࠸ࡋࠊ≉チࣉ࣮ࣝ࡟ཧ
Supra notes 185-90 ࡟௜ᒓࡍࡿᩥ᭩ࢆཧ↷ࠋ
35 U.S.C. § 287(c) (2006).
TRIPS, supra note 139, art. 30; Canada-Pharmaceuticals, supra note 141 ཧ↷ࠋ
35 U.S.C. § 271(b)-(c);ࡓ࡜࠼ࡤࠊC.W. Bard, Inc. v. Advanced Cardiovascular Sys-
ࡓ࡜࠼ࡤࠊTRIPS, supra note 139,art. 44.2; Panel Report, China-Measures Affecting
tems, 911 F.2d 670 (Fed. Cir. 1990) ཧ↷ࠋ
Supra note 94 ཧ↷ࠋSACGHS ࡣࠊつไࡢᡭ⥆ࡁ࡟ࡼࡾ㈝⏝ࡀ┦ᙜୖࡀࡿࡢ࡞ࡽ
the Protection and Enforcement of Intellectual Property Rights, WT/DS362/R (Jan. 26,
2009), available at http://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/dispu_e/cases_e/ds362_e.htm ཧ↷ࠋ
ࡇࡢၥ㢟ࡣ෌᳨ウࡍࡿᚲせࡀ࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆㄆ㆑ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋReport on Gene Patents, supra
Dinwoodie & Dreyfuss, supra note 143 ཧ↷ࠋ
note 17, at lines 1372-74, 3692-95 ཧ↷ࠋ
AMP, 702 F. Supp. 2d, at 228.
▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO
▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO 㐃⥆௻⏬
⡿ᅜࡢἲ࡜ᨻ⟇࡟࠾ࡅࡿ㑇ఏᏊデ᩿ࡢ≉チ㐺᱁ᛶ㻰㼞㼑㼥㼒㼡㼟㼟
࡚ࠊࡋࡓࡀࡗ࡚㑇ఏᏊࡣ≉チ㐺᱁࡞୺㢟࡛࠶ࡾ௚ࡢࡍ࡭࡚ࡢ≉チⓎ᫂࡟୚
ࡑࡢ㏫࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋⴭస≀ࡶ㢮ఝࡢࡸࡾ᪉࡛ྲྀࡾᢅࢃࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡋ
࠼ࡽࢀࡿࡢ࡜ྠ୍ࡢᶒ฼࡜ἲⓗᩆ῭ࢆ᏶඲࡟௜୚ࡉࢀࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࢆࠊ♧
ࡓࡀࡗ࡚ࠊⴭసᶒࡣ⾲⌧ࢆ࢝ࣂ࣮ࡍࡿࡀࠊ⾲⌧ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ஦ᐇࡸ࢔࢖ࢹ࢔
၀ࡋࡼ࠺࡜ࡋࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࢁ࠺ࠋ
ࡣ࢝ࣂ࣮ࡋ࡞࠸ࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋၟᶆࡢࡼ࠺࡟ࠊࡑࢀࡽࡣࣇ࢙࢔࣮ࣘࢫࡢᢠᘚ
࡟᭹ࡍࡿࠋࡉࡽ࡟ࡇࡇ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡶࠊබࡣ⚾࡟ඃ㉺ࡍࡿࠋࡍ࡞ࢃࡕࠊ஦ᐇ
ࡋ࠿ࡋ࡞ࡀࡽࠊࡑࢀࡣ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲࡀ㏻ᖖࠕ஧㠃ⓗᛶ㉁ࠖࡢၥ㢟ࢆᢅ࠺ࡸ
ࡸ࢔࢖ࢹ࢔ࡀ୍ࡘࡢ᪉ἲ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ࡋ࠿⾲⌧࡛ࡁ࡞࠸࡜ࡁࡣࠊ࣐࣮ࢪ࣮ࣕ⌮
ࡾ᪉࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋࡓ࡜࠼ࡤࠊၟᶆࡣࠕࣁ࢖ࣈࣜࢵࢻ౑⏝ࠖࡀྍ⬟࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡘ
ࡲࡾࠊၟᶆࡣ㸦ᾘ㈝⪅࡟㈈࡜ࢧ࣮ࣅࢫࡢฟᡤ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡢ᝟ሗࢆᥦ౪ࡍࡿ࡜
ㄽ࡟ࡼࡾ⾲⌧ෆᐜࡉ࠼ࡶಖㆤ୙ྍ⬟࡜ࡳ࡞ࡉࢀࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
⯆࿡῝࠸ࡇ࡜࡟ࠊ≉チἲࡀࡇࡢ㺀஧㠃ⓗᛶ㉁㺁ࡢၥ㢟ࢆᢅ࠺ᶵ఍ࡣከ࠸ࡶ
࠸࠺Ⅼ࡟࠾࠸࡚㸧⾲♧࡜ࡋ࡚ാࡁࠊ࠿ࡘ㸦ၟᶆᶒ⪅ࢆ⾲ࡍࡢ࡜ྠᵝ࡟ࠊᬯ
ࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠿ࡗࡓࠋ࡯࡜ࢇ࡝ࡢ᭱⤊ⓗ࡞⏝㏵ࡣࠊูࡢ᪉ἲ࡛㸫≉チⓎ᫂ࢆ㎽
႘ࠊ┤႘ࠊ᥮႘ࠊࣃࣟࢹ࢕࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡶ౑⏝ࡉࢀࡿ࡜࠸࠺Ⅼ࡟࠾࠸࡚㸧⾲⌧
ᅇⓎ᫂ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡟ࡼࡗ࡚㸫㐩ᡂࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡓࡢ࡛ࠊබⓗ࡞฼┈ࡀ༟㉺
࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢഃ㠃ࡶ᭷ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ⾲♧࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢ౑⏝ࡣಖㆤࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ㸫チㅙ
ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿሙ㠃࡛࠶ࡿಖㆤࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿᮦᩱ࡬ࡢ࢔ࢡࢭࢫ࡜࠸࠺ഃ㠃࡟ࡘ࠸
࡞ࡋࡢ౑⏝ࡣ౵ᐖ࡜ࡳ࡞ࡉࢀࡿ㸫୍᪉࡛ࠊࡑࡢ௚ࡢ฼⏝ࡣ୍㐃ࡢᢠᘚࢆ㏻
࡚ᚰ㓄ࡍࡿᚲせࡀ࡯࡜ࢇ࡝࡞࠿ࡗࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊ㑇ఏ᝟ሗࡣ඲ࡃ᪂
ࡌ࡚බ⾗࡟ゎᨺࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡑࢀࡺ࠼ࠊࣇ࢙࢔࣮ࣘࢫࡣච㈐ࢆཷࡅࡽࢀࡿ
つ࡞≧ἣࢆ࿊ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࢃࡅ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋ࠸ࡃࡽ࠿ఝࡓၥ㢟ࡀࠊࢥࣥࣆ࣮ࣗࢱ
ࡢ࡛࠶ࡾࠊẚ㍑┠ⓗ౑⏝ࠊᣦ♧ⓗ౑⏝ࠊཬࡧࣃࣟࢹ࢕࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡶྠᵝ࡞ࡢ
࣮ࡢ࢖ࣥࢱ࣮ࣇ࢙࢖ࢫ࡟㛵㐃ࡋ࡚⏕ࡌ࡚࠸ࡓࠋࡑࡇ࡛ࡣࠊ≉チᢏ⾡ࡀ┦஫
࡛࠶ࡿࠋ⾲⌧࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢഃ㠃ࡀᨭ㓄ⓗ࡟࡞ࢀࡤࠊᶆ❶ࡣಖㆤࢆ᏶඲࡟ኻ࠺
㐠⏝ᛶࡸୗ఩஫᥮ᛶࡢࡼ࠺࡞♫఍ⓗ࡟㔜せ࡞┠ⓗࢆ㐩ᡂࡍࡿࡓࡵ࡟ᚲせ
࠿ࡶࡋࢀ࡞࠸ ࠋ᥮ゝࡍࡿ࡜ࠊබⓗ฼┈ࡀ⚾ⓗ฼┈࡟ඃ㉺ࡍࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡾࠊ
࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋ㑇ఏᏊ࡜ྠᵝࠊ୺㢟㸦ࢯࣇࢺ࢙࢘࢔㸧ࡀࡑࡶࡑࡶ≉チ㐺᱁࠿
࡜࠸࠺ၥ㢟ࡶ⏕ࡌ࡚࠸ࡓࠋ࣮ࣚࣟࢵࣃ࡛ࡣ㝖እࡍࡿ࡜࠸࠺࢔ࣉ࣮ࣟࢳࡀඃ
ໃ࡛࠶ࡿࡀࠊࡑࡇ࡛ࡢ⤒㦂ࡀ♧ࡍࡇ࡜ࡣࠊ୺㢟ࡢไ㝈ࡣ㉳ⲡࢆᕤኵࡍࡿᚲ
Rochelle Cooper Dreyfuss, Expressive Genericity: Trademarks as Language in the
Pepsi Generation, 65 NOTRE DAME L. REV. 397-424, 411 (1990) ཧ↷ࠋ࢖ࣥࢱ࣮ࢿࢵࢺୖ
࡛ࡣࠊࡑࢀࡽࡣࢼࣅࢤ࣮ࢩࣙࣥ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡶ౑⏝ࡉࢀࡿࠋRochelle Cooper Dreyfuss,
Reconciling Trademark Rights and Expressive Values: How to Stop Worrying and Learn to
せࡀ࠶ࡿ࡜࠸࠺ၥ㢟࡟┤㠃ࡋ࡚㡻᣸ࡍࡿ࠾ࡑࢀࡀ࠶ࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
Love Ambiguity, in TRADEMARK LAW AND THEORY: A HANDBOOK OF CONTEMPORARY
RESEARCH 261-93, 265 (Graeme B. Dinwoodie & Mark D. Janis eds., Edward Elgar Publ’g
340, 349 (1991); Robert C. Denicola, Copyright in Collections of Facts: A Theory for the
ࡓ࡜࠼ࡤࠊFeist Publications, Inc. v. Rural Telephone Service Company, Inc. 499 U.S.
2008) ཧ↷ࠋ
Protection of Nonfiction Literary Works, 81 COLUM. L. REV. 516-42, 525 (1981) ཧ↷ࠋ
ࡓ࡜࠼ࡤࠊ15 U.S.C. § 1115(b)(4) (2006)ࣇ࢙࢔࣮ࣘࢫࡢᢠᘚࢆㄆࡵࡓ; Council
17 U.S.C. § 107; Campbell v. Acuff-Rose Music, Inc., 510 U.S. 569 (1994); cf. Berne
Directive 97/55/EC, 1997 O.J. (L 290) 18 (EC) ẚ㍑ᗈ࿌ࢆチࡋࡓ; New Kids on the
Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works, art. 10(1), Sept. 9, 1886, S.
Block v. News America Pub., Inc., 971 F.2d 302 (9th Cir. 1992) つ⠊ⓗࣇ࢙࢔࣮ࣘࢫ;
Treaty Doc. No. 99-27, 1161 U.N.T.S. 3; TRIPS, supra note 139, art. 13.
Jordache Enters. v. Hogg Wyld, Ltd., 828 F.2d 1482 (10th Cir. 1987) ࣃࣟࢹ࢕; Lila
Postkarte, 3 Feb. 2005, I ZR 159/02 (F.G.R.)㸦ࠕⱁ⾡ࡢ⮬⏤ࠖࢆ᰿ᣐ࡟ࠊබⓗ౑⏝ࡢࡓࡵ
᙮้ࡢⴭస≀ࠖࡢᐃ⩏࡟ࡣࠊศ㞳ྍ⬟ᛶࡢせ௳ࡀྵࡲࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ ཧ↷ࠋ
࡟᝟ሗࢆබ㛤ࡋࡓ ࡶཧ↷ࠋࡇࢀࡽࡢᢠᘚࡣ TRIPS 㐺ྜⓗ࡛࠶ࡿࠋTRIPS, supra note
ࡓ࡜࠼ࡤࠊBaker v. Selden, 101 U.S. 99 (1879); 17 U.S.C. § 101㸦ࠕ⤮⏬ࠊᅗᙧཬࡧ
ࡓ࡜࠼ࡤࠊPamela Samuelson, Are Patents on Interfaces Impeding Interoperability?, 93
139, art. 17 ཧ↷; Panel Report, European Communities - Protection of Trademarks and
MINN. L. REV. 1943-2019, 1964 (2009)≉チࡀࠊ┦஫㐠⏝ᛶ࡟ᚲせ࡞ᶵ⬟ⓗせ௳ࢆಖ
Geographical Indication for Agricultural Products and Foodstuffs, WT/DS174/R (Mar. 15,
ㆤࡍࡿࡓࡵ࡟せồࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡓ࠿ࡶࡋࢀ࡞࠸ࡇ࡜ࢆᣦ᦬ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ ཧ↷ࠋ
2005).
e.g., Fabian Edlund, Software Related Inventions at the Enlarged Board of Appeals, 92 PAT.
ࡓ࡜࠼ࡤࠊ15 U.S.C. § 1064(3); King-Seeley Thermos Co. v. Aladdin Indus., 321 F.2d
577 (2d Cir. 1963) ཧ↷ࠋ
▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO
Convention on the Grant of European Patents, art. 52, Oct. 5, 1973, 13 I.L.M. 268; see,
& TRADEMARK OFF. SOC’Y 131 (2010).
▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO 㐃⥆௻⏬
ࡑࡋ࡚ࠊ⡿ᅜཬࡧ࣮ࣚࣟࢵࣃࡢ୧᪉࡛ࡢ⤒㦂ࡀ♧၀ࡍࡿࡢࡣࠊࡼࡾᑠࡉ࡞
᪉ἲ㸫౵ᐖ࡟ᑐࡍࡿ᪂ࡋ࠸ᢠᘚ㸫ࡶ➼ࡋࡃຠᯝⓗ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜࡛࠶
ࡿࠋ
≉チࣉ࣮ࣝࡢࡼ࠺࡞⚾ⓗ࡞ゎỴࡸไᗘⓗ࢞࢖ࢻࣛ࢖ࣥࡢࡼ࠺࡞බⓗ࡞
ᛂ⟅࡟࠸ࡃࡽ࠿ࡢ᭷ᮃᛶࢆぢฟࡍࡇ࡜ࡣ࡛ࡁࡿ୍᪉࡛ࠊⴭసᶒἲࡸၟᶆἲ
࡟࠾࠸࡚㛗࠸㛫ཷࡅධࢀࡽࢀᡂຌࡋ࡚ࡁࡓつᐃ࡜㢮ఝࡋࡓ᪂ࡋ࠸ᢠᘚࢆ
㛤ᣅࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡣࠊ᭱ࡶ㨩ຊⓗ࡛༶ຠᛶࡢ࠶ࡿ㑅ᢥ⫥࡛࠶ࡿࡼ࠺࡟ᛮ࠼ࡿࠋ
ៅ㔜࡟タィࡍࢀࡤࠊ◊✲࡜デ᩿ࡢ౛እࡣࠊ἞⒪ἲ࡟ᑐࡍࡿᢞ㈨ࠊ᪂ࡋ࠸᳨
ᰝࡢᇶ┙ࡸࣃࣛࢲ࢖࣒ࡢ㛤Ⓨࠊ᳨ᰝ⏝ࡢ⣲ᮦ࡜⿦ഛࡢၟᴗ໬ࢆಁ㐍ࡍࡿ࡜
࠸࠺≉チἲࡢ⬟ຊ࡟ᖸ΅ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋࡑࢀ࡝ࡇࢁ࠿ࠊࡇࢀࡽࡢᢠᘚࡣ
ᇶ♏ⓗ࡛㌿᥮ⓗ࡞◊✲ࢆチᐜࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡑࡢୖࠊᝈ⪅ࡀࢭ࢝ࣥࢻ࢜ࣆࢽ࢜
ࣥࠊ᳨ᰝࡢಙ㢗ᛶ☜ㄆࢆᚓࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࠊⰋ㉁࡞་⒪࡟ᚲせ࡞㧗ရ㉁ࡢデ
᩿ࢧ࣮ࣅࢫ࡟࢔ࢡࢭࢫ࡛ࡁࡿࡇ࡜ࢆಖドࡋ࡚ࡃࢀࡿࠋࡑࡋ࡚ࠊࡇࢀࡽࡢච
㈐つᐃࡣࠊಶู໬་⒪ࡢ᭷ᮃᛶࢆ⌧ᐇࡢࡶࡢ࡟ኚ࠼ࡿࡇ࡜࡟ᙺ❧ࡘࡢ࡛࠶
ࡿࠋ
Cf. Samuelson, supra note 219, at 1983-87 ࢖ࣥࢱ࣮ࣇ࢙࢖ࢫࡢ≉チ࡟ࣛ࢖࢔ࣅࣜ
ࢸ࢕࣭࣮ࣝࣝࢆᥦ᱌ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ; Council Directive 91/250, art. 6, 1991 O.J. (L 122) 42
(EC)┦஫㐠⏝ᛶࢆ㐩ᡂࡍࡿᶒ฼ࢆ᫂☜࡟ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ.
▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO
Fly UP