Onproperidentificationoffunctionalcategories

Onproperi
dent
i
f
i
cat
i
onoff
unct
i
onalcat
egori
es
Naot
oTomi
zawa
(Li
)
ngui
s
t
i
cs
1.I
nt
roduct
i
on
I
nt
hemi
ni
mal
i
s
tl
i
t
er
at
ur
e,whet
heragi
venel
ementunder
goesover
tmovementornot
hasbeengener
al
l
yat
t
r
i
but
edt
ot
heavai
l
abi
l
i
t
yoft
hef
or
malf
eat
ur
ess
uchasas
t
r
ong
f
eat
ur
eort
heEPP-f
eat
ur
e. Si
ncet
hes
t
r
ong f
eat
ur
eand t
heEPP-f
eat
ur
ear
ebot
h
),t
f
or
mali
nnat
ur
eandi
nt
ol
er
abl
eatPF/LF-i
nt
er
f
ace(s
heyhavet
obeel
i
mi
nat
edf
or
t
heder
i
vat
i
ont
oconver
ge(f
ordet
ai
l
s
,s
eeChoms
ky(1993;1994;1995)).Thegener
al
i
za-
1頁
t
i
ont
hatf
ol
l
owsi
st
hatover
tmovementi
sobl
i
gat
or
i
l
yi
nducedwhenevert
her
ei
sas
t
r
ong
f
eat
ur
eorEPP-f
eat
ur
e.
Thi
sgener
al
i
zat
i
oni
sques
t
i
onedi
nas
er
i
esofr
es
ear
chbyLas
ni
k(1995;1999a;1999b;
新10回
2002年 3月
5日
2001),wher
ehecl
ai
mst
hatV i
nEngl
i
s
hus
ual
l
yunder
goesover
tmovementt
os
at
i
s
f
yt
he
s
t
r
ongf
eat
ur
eont
heupperV butr
emai
nsi
ns
i
t
uwi
t
houtchecki
ngs
uchaf
eat
ur
ei
nt
he
cas
eofps
eudogappi
ng.Wi
t
ht
hi
sobs
er
vat
i
onheconcl
udest
hatt
he PF-cr
as
ht
heor
y as
Choms
ky(1993)or
i
gi
nal
l
ypr
opos
edi
sval
i
dasami
ni
mal
i
s
tappr
oacht
oover
tmovement
.
Hi
sanal
ys
i
s
,however
,hasacoupl
eofpr
obl
ems(t
owhi
chwewi
l
lr
et
ur
ni
ns
ect
i
on
3.
2),t
hought
hef
undament
alcl
ai
mt
hatanel
ementwi
t
has
t
r
ongf
eat
ur
edoesnotal
ways
i
nduceover
tmovements
t
i
l
lhol
ds
.Wear
et
henexpect
edt
omakeexpl
i
ci
tt
hef
ol
l
owi
ng
)t
)anal
t
wopoi
nt
s
:(i
her
eali
nducerofover
tmovementand(i
i
t
er
nat
i
veanal
ys
i
sof
ps
eudogappi
ng.I
ti
sar
guedi
nwhatf
ol
l
owst
hatover
tmovementi
snoti
nducedbya
s
t
r
ong f
eat
ur
eoran EPP-f
eat
ur
e,butby t
her
equi
r
ementofpr
operi
dent
i
f
i
cat
i
on of
KYOKO
V151KIYO-14
紀要・横╱富澤直人
f
unct
i
onalcat
egor
i
es
.Thepaperi
sor
gani
zedasf
ol
l
ows
.Sect
i
on2pr
opos
est
hei
dent
i
f
i
cat
i
oncondi
t
i
ononf
unct
i
onalcat
egor
i
es
,anddi
s
cus
sr
el
at
edques
t
i
onsconcer
ni
nghead).Sect
headmer
gerandl
i
near
i
zat
i
on(wor
dor
der
i
on3deal
swi
t
hps
eudogappi
ngphenom-mi
Choms
ky(2000)r
ej
ect
st
hi
st
ypeoff
eat
ur
e-bas
edappr
oach,andadopt
st
hepr
e
ni
mal
i
s
tvi
ew t
hat
cer
t
ai
nf
unct
i
onalcat
egor
i
e
smus
thaves
peci
f
i
er(s
eet
heExt
ended Pr
oj
ect
i
on Pr
i
nci
pl
ei
n Choms
ky
(1981)).
(
112)197
山形大学紀要（人文科学）第15巻第１号
enai
nEngl
i
s
handi
l
l
us
t
r
at
est
hewayst
opr
oper
l
yi
dent
i
f
yv.Sect
i
ons4and5i
l
l
us
t
r
at
es
pr
operi
dent
i
f
i
cat
i
onofC andT,r
es
pect
i
vel
y.Sect
i
on6concl
udest
hedi
s
cus
s
i
on.
2.Propos
al
s
:Properi
dent
i
f
i
cat
i
on,l
exi
calamal
gamat
i
on,andl
i
neari
zat
i
onoperat
i
on
I
nhi
si
nt
er
es
t
i
nganal
ys
i
sofpar
amet
r
i
cpr
oper
t
i
esofwh-movement
,Si
mps
on(2000)
pr
opos
est
hatC
sunder
s
peci
f
i
edwi
t
hr
es
pectt
ot
hes
t
at
usoft
heC-headedCP asa
［＋Q］i
y
e
s/no ques
t
i
onorawh-ques
t
i
on,andt
hati
tget
sf
ul
l
ys
peci
f
i
edasC
enawh［wh］wh
phr
as
ei
sadj
oi
ned asi
n Engl
i
s
h ora ques
t
i
on par
t
i
cl
e ne i
smer
ged asi
n Chi
nes
e.
Al
t
hought
heor
i
gi
noft
hi
sunder
s
peci
f
i
cai
oni
snotdi
s
cus
s
edi
nSi
mps
on,Iar
guet
hati
t
i
sduet
ot
henat
ur
eoff
unct
i
onalcat
egor
i
es
.Bei
ngf
unct
i
onali
nnat
ur
e,t
heycannots
t
and
al
one,andhencer
equi
r
es
omeot
hers
ubs
t
ant
i
veel
ementt
oi
dent
i
f
yt
hem.Iwi
l
lpr
opos
e
2頁
t
hef
ol
l
owi
ngi
dent
i
f
i
cat
i
oncondi
t
i
on,nots
peci
f
i
ct
oCbutappl
i
cabl
et
oever
yf
unct
i
onal
cat
egor
y.
⑴
I
dent
i
f
i
cat
i
oncondi
t
i
ononf
unct
i
onalcat
egor
i
es(I
CFC)
新10回
2002年 3月
5日
Funct
i
onalcat
egor
i
esmus
tbepr
oper
l
yi
dent
i
f
i
ed.
Pr
operi
dent
i
f
i
cat
i
onofaf
unct
i
onalcat
egor
y(F)i
scar
r
i
edoutbyei
t
her(2a)or(2b).
⑵
b.Spec-hear
dr
el
at
i
onbet
weenF andXP,XP bei
ngapr
operi
dent
i
f
i
er
.
Mer
gerofF andX i
n(2a)cannotbeapr
oces
st
obecar
r
i
edoutdur
i
ngt
hecour
s
eof
der
i
vat
i
on,becaus
es
uchamer
gerdoesnotext
endt
het
ar
getphr
as
ei
nvi
ol
at
i
onoft
he
ext
ens
i
on condi
t
i
on.Ther
ef
or
e,t
he pr
oces
si
savai
l
abl
e onl
yi
nt
he pr
e-s
ynt
act
i
c
component
.Es
t
abl
i
s
hmentoft
heSpec-headr
el
at
i
on,ont
heot
herhand,i
sas
ynt
act
i
c
pr
oces
s
,r
equi
r
i
ngei
t
herover
tmovementofXP orover
tmer
gerofXP t
oF.
Iwi
l
lf
ur
t
herpr
opos
et
hatpr
operi
dent
i
f
i
cat
i
onenabl
est
her
el
evantFt
oes
t
abl
i
s
ht
he
f
ol
l
owi
ngr
el
at
i
onswi
t
hr
es
pectt
ot
hef
or
malf
eat
ur
esofF (＝FF(F)).
⑶
KYOKO
V151KIYO-14
紀要・横╱富澤直人
a.Mer
gerofF andX,X bei
ngapr
operi
dent
i
f
i
er
.
a.FF(F)ent
er
sal
ocalagr
eementr
el
at
i
onwi
t
hFF(X)orFF(XP).
).
b.FF(F)ent
er
sal
ongdi
s
t
anceagr
eementr
el
at
i
onwi
t
hFF(Goal
Thati
st
os
ay,whenF andX ar
emer
ged,notonl
yt
hel
ocalf
eat
ur
echecki
ngbet
ween
Fort
heor
et
i
calf
oundat
i
onsofl
ongdi
s
t
anceagr
eement
,s
eeFr
ampt
onandGut
man(
1999)
,Choms
ky
(2000),andChoms
ky(2001).
198(
111)
Onpr
operi
dent
i
f
i
cat
i
onoff
unct
i
onalcat
egor
i
es
Tomi
zawa
FF(F) and FF(X) butal
s
oal
ong di
s
t
ance f
eat
ur
e checki
ng bet
ween FF(F) and
),i
FF(Goal
faGoali
savai
l
abl
e,i
scar
r
i
edout
.Si
mi
l
ar
l
y,whenF andXP es
t
abl
i
s
ha
Spec-headr
el
at
i
on,bot
ht
hel
ocalf
eat
ur
echecki
ngbet
weenFF(F)andFF(XP)anda
)ar
l
ongdi
s
t
ancef
eat
ur
echecki
ngbet
weenFF(F)andFF(Goal
ecar
r
i
edout
.
Thi
ss
etofpr
opos
al
shasanumberofcons
equences
.Fi
r
s
t
,over
tmovementi
si
nduci
bl
e
byt
heI
CFC,wi
t
houtanybear
i
ngwi
t
hf
or
malf
eat
ur
ess
uchasas
t
r
ongf
eat
ur
eandEPPf
eat
ur
e.I
npr
i
nci
pl
e,ever
yF hasanopt
i
ont
oi
nduceover
tXP-movement(2b),s
ot
hat
t
her
ol
esas
s
i
gnedt
ot
hes
t
r
ongf
eat
ur
eandEPP-f
eat
ur
e,i
.
e.
,t
hei
nducementofover
t
movement
,ar
es
ubs
umedundert
heI
CFC.Ther
ef
or
e,t
henot
i
onsofs
t
r
ongf
eat
ur
eand
EPP-f
eat
ur
e ar
e el
i
mi
nabl
ef
r
om t
he t
heor
y.Second,our f
r
amewor
k al
l
ows over
t
movementwi
t
hnof
eat
ur
echecki
ng.Thi
scoul
dbeagoodcandi
dat
ef
ort
heexpl
anat
i
on
-l
ofs
cr
ambl
i
ng phenomena,butwe l
eave t
he i
s
s
ue open her
e.Thi
r
d,cr
os
s
i
ngui
s
t
i
c
var
i
at
i
oni
nt
heavai
l
abi
l
i
t
yofover
tmovementi
sduenott
ot
heavai
l
abi
l
i
t
yoft
hes
t
r
ong/
3頁
EPP-f
eat
ur
esbutt
ot
he avai
l
abi
l
i
t
y ofa pr
operi
dent
i
f
i
eroft
he r
el
evantF i
nt
he
-der
l
anguage.Four
t
h,t
r
ans
i
vat
i
onalvar
i
at
i
oni
nt
heavai
l
abi
l
i
t
yofover
tmovementas
di
s
cus
s
edbyLas
ni
k wi
t
hr
es
pectt
ops
eudogappi
ngi
sas
cr
i
bedt
ot
heavai
l
abi
l
i
t
yofa
2002年 3月
5日
pr
operi
dent
i
f
i
eroft
her
el
evantF i
nt
her
el
evantder
i
vat
i
on.
2.
1.Lexi
calamal
gamat
i
on
Mer
gerofF andX i
n(2a)canneverbecar
r
i
edoutdur
i
ngt
hecour
s
eofder
i
vat
i
on,
becaus
es
uchapr
oces
swoul
dvi
ol
at
et
heext
ens
i
oncondi
t
i
on.Suchavi
ol
at
i
on,however
,
woul
dnotoccuri
ns
of
arast
hes
t
r
uct
ur
ebui
l
di
ngpr
oces
shasnots
t
ar
t
ed.Hence,t
he
pr
oces
s
,whi
chwewi
l
lcal
ll
exi
calamal
gamat
i
on, i
sl
i
ci
t
l
yappl
i
cabl
et
ol
exi
cali
t
ems
i
nt
henumer
at
i
on.
新10回
⑷
Lexi
calamal
gamat
i
on appl
i
est
ot
wo di
s
t
i
nctl
exi
cali
t
ems(F and X) i
nt
he
numer
at
i
ont
ogener
at
eanew,amal
gamat
edl
exi
cali
t
em F/X.
Toi
l
l
us
t
r
at
e,s
uppos
ewehaveanumer
at
i
onasi
n(5a).v canl
exi
cal
l
yamal
gamat
e
KYOKO
V151KIYO-14
紀要・横╱富澤直人
wi
t
hV t
oyi
el
danew l
exi
cali
t
em v/V (her
eaf
t
er
,V )asi
n(5b).V r
et
ai
nst
het
hemat
i
c
/Cas
i
nf
or
mat
i
onofbot
hV andv,t
heagr
eement
ef
eat
ur
esonv,andt
hephonol
ogi
cal
f
eat
ur
eonV.Thi
sl
exi
calamal
gamat
i
onenabl
esV t
oent
eral
ongdi
s
t
anceagr
eement
)i
r
el
at
i
onwi
t
hFF(Goal
fGoali
savai
l
abl
e.Thus
,atal
at
ers
t
ageoft
heder
i
vat
i
onwhen
(5c)i
sf
or
med,t
heaccus
at
i
veCas
ef
eat
ur
eandagr
eementf
eat
ur
eonvcanent
eral
ong
)i
di
s
t
anceagr
eementr
el
at
i
onwi
t
hFF(Obj
n(5c),wi
t
houti
nduci
ngover
tmovementof
(
110)199
山形大学紀要（人文科学）第15巻第１号
［Spec,VP］.
Obji
nt
o
⑸
…｝
a.Numer
at
i
on｛…,v,V,Obj
,
…｝
b.Numer
at
i
on｛…,V,N,
c.
VP
V
Obj
I
twi
l
lbecl
earf
r
om t
hecompar
i
s
onof(5c)wi
t
ht
hes
t
r
uct
ur
eder
i
vedbyt
het
r
adi
t
i
onal
l
y as
s
umed oper
at
i
on ofV-t
o-v r
ai
s
i
ng i
n (6)bel
ow,t
hatt
heoper
at
i
on ofl
exi
cal
amal
gamat
i
onaccompl
i
s
hes
,wi
t
houti
nduci
ngover
tmovement
,t
hedi
s
pl
acementpr
oper
t
ywehaves
of
arat
t
r
i
but
edt
ohead-movement
.
⑹
vP
v/V
VP
t
Obj
Wi
t
ht
hei
nt
r
oduct
i
on oft
heoper
at
i
on ofl
exi
calamal
gamat
i
on,t
her
ef
or
e,t
hehead-
4頁
movementoper
at
i
on,whi
chi
spr
obl
emat
i
ci
nt
hel
i
ghtoft
heext
ens
i
oncondi
t
i
on,canbe
di
s
pens
edwi
t
h.
新10回
2002年 3月
5日
2.
2.Li
neari
zat
i
on
Letusnow t
ur
nt
oamor
ecompl
excas
eandcons
i
dert
hei
s
s
ueofl
i
near
i
zat
i
on(wor
d
)i
or
der
nourf
r
amewor
k.I
nt
hecas
eoft
heder
i
vat
i
onofs
ent
enceJ
ohnwi
l
lgi
veabook
t
o Mar
y,f
orexampl
e,t
het
r
adi
t
i
onalf
r
amewor
k gener
at
est
hevP-s
t
r
uct
ur
ei
n (7a),
wher
egi
ve r
ai
s
est
o adj
oi
nt
o v,whi
l
eourf
r
amewor
k gener
at
es(7b)when l
exi
cal
amal
gamat
i
onofvandgi
vei
scar
r
i
edout
.
⑺
a.
vP
v/gi
ve
b.
VP
Goal
VP
Goal
V
t
V
V
Theme
Theme
(V ＝amal
gamat
edf
or
m ofvandgi
ve)
I
n(7a),wi
t
ht
heover
thead-movementofgi
vet
oadj
oi
nt
ov,t
hel
i
ne
aror
de
rofg
i
v
eGoal
KYOKO
V151KIYO-14
紀要・横╱富澤直人
Themei
sobt
ai
ned.I
n(7b),ont
heot
herhand,vandV hasamal
gamat
edl
exi
cal
l
ys
ot
hat
-gi
t
hel
i
nearor
deroft
hes
t
r
uct
ur
ewoul
dunexpect
edl
ybeGoal
ve-Themei
fweappl
yt
he
s
amel
i
near
i
zat
i
onpr
oces
st
hatwehaveappl
i
edt
o(7a).Thi
smi
ghtcaus
eapr
obl
em t
o
ourf
r
amewor
k.Butt
hepr
obl
em i
sonl
yappar
ent
,becaus
el
i
near
i
zat
i
onoper
at
i
onss
uch
asKaynes(1994)Li
nearCor
r
es
pondenceAxi
om (LCA)andi
t
svar
i
ant
sar
edi
f
f
i
cul
tt
o
mai
nt
ai
ni
nourf
r
amewor
k.
200(
109)
Onpr
operi
dent
i
f
i
cat
i
onoff
unct
i
onalcat
egor
i
es
Tomi
zawa
Themos
tdi
s
t
i
nct
i
veandat
t
r
act
i
vepoi
ntoft
hecl
ai
mi
nt
hepr
opos
aloft
heLCA and
i
t
svar
i
ant
si
st
hatt
hei
nf
or
mat
i
onofwor
dor
deri
sr
eadof
foft
heder
i
veds
t
r
uct
ur
e,and
notacondi
t
i
ononbui
l
di
ngphr
as
es
t
r
uct
ur
es
.Thus
,i
nal
anguagewher
eover
tobj
ects
hi
f
t
i
savai
l
abl
easar
guedt
obet
hecas
ei
nJapanes
ei
nKayne,t
heor
derofCompl
ement
Headi
sr
eadof
foft
heder
i
veds
t
r
uct
ur
e,whi
l
eal
anguagel
i
keEngl
i
s
h,wher
enoover
t
obj
ects
hi
f
ti
savai
l
abl
e,t
heor
derofHead-Compl
ementi
sobt
ai
ned.Theavai
l
abi
l
i
t
yof
over
tobj
ects
hi
f
ti
nJapanes
eandi
t
sunavai
l
abi
l
i
t
yi
nEngl
i
s
hi
sduet
ot
hepar
amet
r
i
c
val
uesont
hel
i
ghtver
b:Japanes
evhasas
t
r
ong/EPP-f
eat
ur
et
oi
nduceover
tobj
ects
hi
f
t
andEngl
i
s
hvdoesnothaves
uchaf
eat
ur
e.Hence,wecoul
dl
oos
el
ys
ayt
hatt
heval
ues
oft
heheadpar
amet
erar
ei
ncor
por
at
edi
nt
of
unct
i
onalcat
egor
i
ess
uchasvi
nt
hef
or
m
ofs
t
r
ong/EPP-f
eat
ur
esi
nt
het
heor
yandi
t
svar
i
ant
s
.
I
nourf
r
amewor
k,however
,t
henot
i
onsofs
t
r
ong/EPP-f
eat
ur
eshavebeendi
s
pens
ed
wi
t
h,s
ot
hati
ti
si
mpos
s
i
bl
et
of
or
mul
at
ea s
t
r
ong/EPP-f
eat
ur
e-bas
ed l
i
near
i
zat
i
on
5頁
oper
at
i
on.Onemi
ghts
ay t
hatal
t
hough ourf
r
amewor
k hasel
i
mi
nat
ed s
t
r
ong/EPPf
eat
ur
es
,i
ts
t
i
l
lr
et
ai
nst
hedevi
cet
oi
nduceover
tmovement
,namel
y,t
hei
dent
i
f
i
cat
i
on
condi
t
i
ononf
unct
i
onalcat
egor
i
es(I
CFC),andt
hatwecoul
ddevi
s
eanI
CFC-bas
edLCA-
新10回
2002年 3月
5日
l
i
ke l
i
near
i
zat
i
on oper
at
i
on.Thi
ss
eems t
o be i
mpos
s
i
bl
e,however
,becaus
ei
n our
-movement
-i
f
r
amewor
kt
he pr
es
ence ofover
t
nduci
ng f
unct
i
onalcat
egor
y does not
neces
s
ar
i
l
ycor
r
el
at
ewi
t
ht
heact
ualover
tmovement
,unl
i
ket
het
r
adi
t
i
onalconcept
i
onof
s
t
r
ong/EPP-f
eat
ur
esasanobl
i
gat
or
yi
nducerofover
tmovement
.
Letus
,t
hen,pr
opos
et
het
r
adi
t
i
onalhead-par
amet
erasacondi
t
i
ononl
i
near
i
zat
i
onof
phr
as
es
t
r
uct
ur
es
.Thi
si
si
nl
i
newi
t
ht
heLCA andi
t
svar
i
ant
si
nt
hes
ens
et
hatwor
d
or
deri
sr
eadof
foft
heder
i
veds
t
r
uct
ur
es
.To t
akean exampl
e,cons
i
deran Engl
i
s
h
doubl
eobj
ectcons
t
r
uct
i
on.Suppos
evandV under
goesl
exi
calamal
gamat
i
ont
of
or
m V,
andt
hent
heV i
smer
gedwi
t
hi
t
scompl
ement
sThemeandGoals
ucces
s
i
vel
y:
⑻
a.Amal
gamat
e(v,gi
ve)→ V
｛V,Theme｝｝
b.Mer
ge(V,Theme) → VP＝｛V,
KYOKO
V151KIYO-14
紀要・横╱富澤直人
)
c.Mer
ge(VP,Goal
→ VP＝｛V,
｛VP,Goal
｝｝
Theamal
gamat
i
onofvandgi
vei
n(8a)makest
hevpr
oper
l
yi
dent
i
f
i
edandenabl
esi
t
t
oent
eral
ongdi
s
t
anceagr
eementr
el
at
i
onwi
t
hr
es
pectt
ot
hef
eat
ur
esi
tr
et
ai
nss
uchas
Letusas
s
umet
hatt
heor
derofmer
gerofmul
t
i
pl
ear
gument
si
sgover
nedbyt
heThemat
i
cHi
er
ar
chy
(Agent
＞Goal
＞Theme).
(
108)201
山形大学紀要（人文科学）第15巻第１号
Accus
at
i
veCas
ef
eat
ur
eandDat
i
veCas
ef
eat
ur
e.I
tent
er
sal
ongdi
s
t
anceagr
eement
r
el
at
i
on wi
t
ht
heAccus
at
i
veCas
ef
eat
ur
eon Themei
nt
he s
t
r
uct
ur
e gi
ven i
n (8b),
［Spec,V P］.Fur
wi
t
houti
nduci
ngover
tmovementofThemet
o
t
her
mor
e,i
tcanent
era
l
ongdi
s
t
anceagr
eementr
el
at
i
onwi
t
hDat
i
veCas
ef
eat
ur
eonGoali
nt
hes
t
r
uct
ur
ei
n(8c)
aswel
lwi
t
houtanyover
tmovement
.Thust
her
ei
snof
ur
t
hermovementi
ns
of
arasCas
ef
eat
ur
echecki
ngi
sconcer
ned.
［＋i
］val
Engl
i
s
hhasa
ni
t
i
al
uewi
t
hr
es
pectt
ot
heheadpar
amet
er
,s
ot
hatgi
venahead,
i
tpr
ecedesi
t
sar
gument
sr
es
i
di
ngwi
t
hi
ni
t
smaxi
malpr
oj
ect
i
on,i
nt
hel
i
ghtofl
i
near
or
der
i
ng.Ther
ef
or
e,t
hewor
dor
deri
nf
or
mat
i
onwecanr
eadof
foft
hes
t
r
uct
ur
eVP i
n
(8b)i
sV ＞Theme.I
nt
hes
t
r
uct
ur
eVP i
n(8c),al
t
hought
hemer
geri
sbet
weenVP and
Goal
,weknow f
r
om t
hel
abel(＝V )t
hatt
hehead oft
hes
t
r
uct
ur
ei
sV.Thust
he
i
nf
or
mat
i
onr
eadof
foft
hes
t
r
uct
ur
ei
sV ＞Goal
.Si
nceourl
i
near
i
zat
i
onoper
at
i
oni
s
concer
nedonl
ywi
t
ht
her
el
at
i
onbet
weenagi
venhead(H)andi
t
sar
gument
swi
t
hi
ni
t
s
6頁
maxi
malpr
oj
ect
i
on(HP),i
tdoesnotas
s
i
gnanor
deramongt
hear
gument
swi
t
hi
nt
he
HP,s
ot
hatt
heor
derofThemeandGoali
n(8c)i
sf
r
eei
ns
of
arast
heheadpar
amet
eri
s
-Themear
concer
ned.Thust
heor
der
sV -Theme-GoalandV -Goal
ebot
havai
l
abl
e.I
t
新10回
2002年 3月
5日
s
eemst
hatt
hechoi
cebet
weent
het
woor
der
si
sgover
nedbyvar
i
ousf
act
or
ss
uchasf
ocus
andmaybeavai
l
abi
l
i
t
yofDat
i
veCas
e.
Ani
mmedi
at
econs
equenceoft
hi
sanal
ys
i
si
st
hebi
ndi
ngf
act
sobs
er
vedbyBur
zi
o
(1986)andot
her
s
,wher
ei
ti
ss
hownt
hatt
heGoalar
gumentcanf
unct
i
onasanant
ecedentf
ort
heel
ement
swi
t
hi
nt
heThemear
gumentwhet
hert
heGoalar
gumenti
sr
eal
i
zed
asPP i
n(9a)orDP i
n(9b).
⑼
a.?
Johngaves
omepi
ct
ur
esofeachot
hert
ot
heki
ds
.(Bur
zi
o(1986:213))
b.Is
howedt
hepr
of
es
s
or
seachot
herss
t
udent
s
.(Bar
s
sandLas
ni
k(1968:347))
Letusnot
eher
et
hatal
t
hought
heder
i
vat
i
oni
l
l
us
t
r
at
edi
n(8)al
l
owsf
ort
wodi
f
f
er
ent
wor
dor
der
s
,i
tdoesnotgi
veust
wodi
f
f
er
entc-commandr
el
at
i
ons
.Whet
hert
hewor
d
-Theme,t
or
deri
sV -Theme-GoalorV -Goal
her
ei
snoambi
gui
t
yi
nt
hec-command
KYOKO
V151KIYO-14
紀要・横╱富澤直人
r
el
at
i
onbet
weenThemeandGoal
:t
hel
at
t
eras
ymmet
r
i
cal
l
yc-commandst
hef
or
mer
.
Thi
si
sbecaus
e unl
i
ke t
he l
i
nearor
derr
el
at
i
on,t
he hi
er
ar
chi
cal(i
.
e.
,c-command)
Abs
t
r
act
i
ngawayt
hecat
egor
i
caldi
f
f
er
enceoft
heGoalar
gumentbet
ween(9a)and(9b),wepos
i
tno
s
t
r
uct
ur
aldi
f
f
er
encesbet
weent
hem:t
het
wos
t
r
uct
ur
esar
eexact
l
yt
hes
amei
ns
t
r
uct
ur
alt
er
ms
.
Thus
,
t
he
accountoft
hebi
ndi
ngf
act
sdoesnotr
equi
r
es
uchdevi
c
esas l
i
ghtpr
edi
cat
er
ai
s
i
ng pr
opos
edbyLar
s
on
(1988)
202(
107)
Onpr
operi
dent
i
f
i
cat
i
onoff
unct
i
onalcat
egor
i
es
Tomi
zawa
r
el
at
i
oni
sr
eadof
foft
hes
t
r
uct
ur
eateacht
i
met
heoper
at
i
onofmer
gei
sappl
i
ed(s
ee
Eps
t
ei
ne
tal
.(1998)).Thet
hemat
i
chi
er
ar
chyens
ur
est
hatThemei
st
hef
i
r
s
tt
omer
ge
wi
t
ht
hever
bandGoali
smer
gedwi
t
ht
her
es
ul
t
i
ngcompl
exs
ynt
act
i
cobj
ect
.Thus
,when
V andThemei
smer
gedasi
n(8b),t
hec-commandr
el
at
i
onwecanr
eadof
fi
st
hatt
hey
s
ymmet
r
i
cal
l
y c-command each ot
her
.When t
her
es
ul
t
i
ng compl
ex VP mer
geswi
t
h
Goalasi
n(8c),weobt
ai
nt
hec-commandi
nf
or
mat
i
ont
hatVP andGoals
ymmet
r
i
cal
l
y
c-commandeachot
her
.Si
nceGoalc-commandsVP andVP cont
ai
nsThemewi
t
hi
ni
t
,
i
ti
sconcl
udedt
hatGoalas
ymmet
r
i
cal
l
yc-commandsTheme.
I
fwet
r
yt
oexpr
es
st
heder
i
vat
i
onsi
nt
wo-di
mens
i
onalt
r
eedi
agr
ams
,t
heywoul
dbe
asi
n(10a,
b).
⑽
a.
VP
VP
V
b.
Goal
Theme
VP
VP
V
Goal
Theme
7頁
(10a)i
sas
t
r
uct
ur
ewher
eGoalc-commandsandi
spr
ecededbyTheme,whi
l
e(10b)i
s
as
t
r
uct
ur
ewher
e Goalc-commandsand pr
ecedesTheme.Bot
h ar
e al
l
owed i
n our
f
r
amewor
k.Cr
os
s
edbr
anchesasi
n(10b)havet
r
adi
t
i
onal
l
ybeenr
ej
ect
edasas
er
i
ous
新10回
2002年 3月
5日
dr
awbacki
nt
het
heor
y,buti
nourf
r
amewor
kt
heydoesnotgi
ver
i
s
eas
er
i
ouspr
obl
em,
becaus
et
hepoi
nt
swhent
hehi
er
ar
chi
cal(c-command)r
el
at
i
onandt
hel
i
nearor
derar
e
r
es
pect
i
vel
yr
eadof
far
edi
f
f
er
entf
r
om eachot
her
:t
hef
or
merr
el
at
i
oni
sr
eadof
fateach
t
i
me t
he oper
at
i
on ofmer
geri
sappl
i
ed,whi
l
et
he l
at
t
eror
deri
sr
ead off
r
om t
he
s
t
r
uct
ur
egener
at
ed.
2.
3.Lexi
calamal
gamat
i
onandproperi
dent
i
f
i
cat
i
on
Lexi
calamal
gamat
i
on i
san oper
at
i
on f
r
eel
y appl
i
ed t
ot
wo di
s
t
i
nctl
exi
cali
t
ems
i
ns
of
arast
heappl
i
cat
i
onwoul
dnotl
eadt
os
omef
eat
ur
econf
l
i
ct
.Ones
uchconf
l
i
ctar
i
s
es
whenbot
hoft
hel
exi
cali
t
emshavephonol
ogi
calf
eat
ur
esoft
hei
rown:wedonothave
anamal
gamat
edf
or
m ofe
atpi
z
z
a,f
orexampl
e.Thus
,ei
t
herorbot
hoft
het
wol
exi
cal
KYOKO
V151KIYO-14
紀要・横╱富澤直人
i
t
emsmus
tbephonol
ogi
cal
l
yempt
yf
orl
i
ci
tl
exi
calamal
gamat
i
on.
Ther
el
at
i
vel
yf
r
eeappl
i
cat
i
on ofl
exi
calamal
gamat
i
on t
of
unct
i
onalcat
egor
i
esF,
however
,doesnotal
waysl
ead t
o pr
operi
dent
i
f
i
cat
i
on ofF.Thati
st
os
ay,pr
oper
Appar
e
ntexcept
i
onst
ot
hi
scondi
t
i
onar
evar
i
ousf
or
msofcont
r
act
i
ons
uchasi
s
nt
,t
hi
nksi
nWhodo
y
out
hi
nksout
s
i
de
?(Bar
s
s(1995:681))ands
oon,whi
c
hwewi
l
lnotdealwi
t
hher
e.
(
106)203
山形大学紀要（人文科学）第15巻第１号
i
dent
i
f
i
er
sofFar
er
es
t
r
i
ct
ed.Bei
ngf
unct
i
onali
nnat
ur
e,Fr
equi
r
ess
ubs
t
ant
i
veel
ement
s
i
n or
dert
o bepr
oper
l
yi
dent
i
f
i
ed.Thus
,v can bepr
oper
l
yi
dent
i
f
i
ed when l
exi
cal
l
y
amal
gamat
ed wi
t
h V,aswehaveal
r
eady s
een i
n (6-8),butcan neverbe pr
oper
l
y
i
dent
i
f
i
edwhenamal
gamat
edwi
t
h,s
ay,T.Lexi
calamal
gamat
i
onofvandT i
sofcour
s
e
pos
s
i
bl
e,butdoi
ng s
o doesnotamountt
o pr
operi
dent
i
f
i
cat
i
on ofv,s
ot
hatf
ur
t
her
oper
at
i
oni
scal
l
edf
ori
nor
derf
ori
tt
obepr
oper
l
yi
dent
i
f
i
ed.Thus
,XP-movementt
o
［Spec,vP］i
si
nducedt
omakev pr
oper
l
yi
dent
i
f
i
ed.Theobj
ects
hi
f
tphenomenaar
e
t
ypi
calexampl
esofpr
operi
dent
i
f
i
cat
i
onofvbyover
tXP-movement
.
T,ont
heot
herhand,s
el
ect
saf
unct
i
onalcat
egor
yvasi
t
scompl
ement
,s
ot
hati
ti
snot
pr
oper
l
yi
dent
i
f
i
ed when i
ti
sl
exi
cal
l
y amal
gamat
ed wi
t
h v.Nei
t
heri
si
tpr
oper
l
y
i
dent
i
f
i
edt
hr
oughl
exi
calamal
gamat
i
onwi
t
ht
hemodalel
ement
ss
uchaswi
l
landc
anor
t
hedummyel
ementdoandi
t
svar
i
ant
s
.T i
sofcour
s
epr
oper
l
yi
dent
i
f
i
edbyXP i
ni
t
s
s
peci
f
i
erpos
i
t
i
on.Li
keT,Cs
el
ect
saf
unct
i
onalcat
egor
y(T)asi
t
scompl
ement
.Hence,
8頁
C/T amal
gamat
i
ondoesnothavet
heef
f
ectofpr
operi
dent
i
f
i
cat
i
onofC.I
nl
i
newi
t
ht
he
)i
i
nt
ui
t
i
onofSi
mps
on(2000),Iwi
l
lpr
opos
et
hatCi
spr
oper
l
yi
dent
i
f
i
edasC
f(i
ti
s
［wh］i
l
exi
cal
l
yamal
gamat
edwi
t
hs
o-cal
l
edwh-s
copemar
ker
ss
uchasnei
nChi
nes
eandi
t
s
KYOKO
V151KIYO-14
紀要・横╱富澤直人
新10回
2002年 3月
5日
count
er
par
tkai
nJapanes
e,or(ⅱ)awh-el
ementmovesi
nt
oi
t
ss
peci
f
i
erpos
i
t
i
onasi
n
Engl
i
s
hwh-movement
.I
fCi
sl
exi
cal
l
yamal
gamat
edwi
t
hs
uchel
ement
sasEngl
i
s
ht
hat
,
ont
heot
herhand,i
ti
spr
oper
l
yi
dent
i
f
i
edasC
［decl
ar
at
i
ve］.
3.Ps
eudogappi
ng:acas
ef
orproperi
dent
i
f
i
cat
i
onofv
Thi
ss
ect
i
onar
guest
hatourpr
opos
alofpr
operi
dent
i
f
i
cat
i
ongi
vesanexpl
anat
i
ont
o
t
hephenomenaofps
eudogappi
ng.Wef
i
r
s
ts
eeLas
ni
ksaccountoft
hephenomena,poi
nt
outpr
obl
emswi
t
hhi
saccount
,andpr
es
entoural
t
er
nat
i
veaccountont
hebas
i
sofpr
oper
i
dent
i
f
i
cat
i
on,andt
hengi
vesf
ur
t
herempi
r
i
calar
gument
sf
orouranal
ys
i
sf
r
om Ger
man
andJapanes
e.
3.
1.Las
ni
ks(1995:1999a;1999b;2001)anal
ys
i
s
Fol
l
owi
ngKoi
zumis(1995)s
pl
i
tVPhypot
hes
i
s
,Las
ni
kas
s
i
gnst
hes
ent
ence(11a)t
he
)
under
l
yi
ngphr
as
es
t
r
uct
ur
ei
n(11b.
204(
105)
Onpr
operi
dent
i
f
i
cat
i
onoff
unct
i
onalcat
egor
i
es
Tomi
zawa
a.Webel
i
eveBob
b.
Agr
SP
Agr
S
TP
T
VP
we
V
V
Agr
OP
Agr
O
Agr
O
bel
i
eve
VP
Bob
Bot
hAgr
O andt
heupperV haves
t
r
ongf
eat
ur
est
oat
t
r
actBobandbe
l
i
e
ve,r
es
pect
i
vel
y.
Her
e,hef
ol
l
owsOchi(1999)i
nas
s
umi
ngt
heappr
oacht
oover
tmovementont
hebas
i
s
oft
her
epai
rs
t
r
at
egy.Over
tXP-movementofX t
oF i
sat
wo-s
t
ep pr
ocedur
e:f
i
r
s
t
,
FF(X)adj
oi
nst
oF f
ort
hepur
pos
eoff
eat
ur
e-checki
ng,whi
chmakesX phonol
ogi
cal
l
y
9頁
def
ect
i
veandunpr
onounceabl
ebecaus
et
her
el
evantf
eat
ur
esar
es
cat
t
er
ed,andt
hent
he
［Spec,F］t
r
es
tofX makesapi
ed-pi
pi
ngmovementt
o
or
epai
rt
hef
eat
ur
e-s
cat
t
er
ed
s
t
r
uct
ur
e.Wi
t
ht
hi
si
nmi
nd,l
etusr
et
ur
nt
o(11b).TheupperV f
i
r
s
tat
t
r
act
sFF(be
l
i
e
ve),
新10回
2002年 3月
5日
andt
hent
her
es
ul
t
i
ngf
eat
ur
esofbe
l
i
e
vemakesapi
ed-pi
pi
ngmovementt
oadj
oi
nt
oV,
bywayoft
hei
nt
er
veni
ngAgr
O.Agr
O,ont
heot
herhand,at
t
r
act
sFF(Bob),andt
he
［Spec,Agr
r
es
ul
t
i
ngf
eat
ur
escons
t
i
t
ut
i
ngt
heel
ementBob under
goesmovementt
o
O］.
Henceweobt
ai
nt
heexpect
edwor
dor
derofwe-be
l
i
e
ve-Bob.
Las
ni
k ar
guest
hatt
hephonol
ogi
cal
l
y def
ect
i
vebe
l
i
e
vecaus
ed by t
heat
t
r
act
i
on of
FF(be
l
i
e
ve)byt
heupperV canavoi
dsPF-cr
as
hwi
t
houti
nduci
ngt
hes
ubs
equentover
t
movementoft
her
emai
ni
ngbe
l
i
e
vet
ot
heupperV:del
et
i
onoft
hebe
l
i
e
ve-headedVP,
whi
ch er
as
est
heof
f
endi
ng el
ement
.Then wehavea ps
eudogappi
ng cons
t
r
uct
i
on as
i
ndi
cat
edi
n(12).
a.Youmi
ghtnotbel
i
eveme,butyouwi
l
lBob
b.
...VP
KYOKO
V151KIYO-14
紀要・横╱富澤直人
we
V
V
Agr
OP
Bob
Agr
O
Agr
O
Thus
,t
hes
t
r
ongf
eat
ur
eont
heupperV doesnotal
waysi
nduceover
tmovement
.
(
104)205
山形大学紀要（人文科学）第15巻第１号
Br
ani
gan(1992)cas
t
sdoubtononeoft
hei
mpor
t
antcomponent
sofhi
sanal
ys
i
s
:t
he
［Spec,Agr
avai
l
abi
l
i
t
yoft
heover
tmovementofobj
ectt
o
OP］i
nEngl
i
s
h,poi
nt
i
ngout
t
hats
uch a movementwoul
d makeext
r
act
i
on f
r
om wi
t
hi
nt
hemoved obj
ectphr
as
e
［Spec,Agr
s
ever
el
ydegr
adedj
us
tasext
r
act
i
onf
r
om wi
t
hi
n
SP］i
s
.
Las
ni
ks
ol
vest
hi
spr
obl
em wi
t
ht
hes
t
i
pul
at
i
ont
hatt
heCED ef
f
ect
sr
es
ul
t
sf
r
om aban
onext
r
act
i
onf
r
om wi
t
hi
nθ-r
el
at
edpos
i
t
i
ons
,wher
eX i
sdef
i
nedasaθ-r
el
at
edpos
i
t
i
on
)X i
f
oraθ-r
ol
e-as
s
i
gni
ngheadH ats
omepoi
ntoft
heder
i
vat
i
oni
f
f(i
sanar
gumentof
H and(ⅱ)X andH es
t
abl
i
s
hesaSpec-headorhead-compl
ementr
el
at
i
onatt
hepoi
nt
oft
heder
i
vat
i
on.I
nt
het
ypi
calexampl
eofext
r
act
i
onf
r
om wi
t
hi
nt
hes
hi
f
t
edobj
ect
phr
as
easi
n(13a),s
e
l
e
c
thasbeenr
ai
s
edt
oadj
oi
nt
ot
heupperV bywayofAgr
O,and
［Spec,Agr
api
c
t
ur
eofwhohasmovedi
nt
o
OP］.Thus
,atapr
i
ors
t
ageoft
heder
i
vat
i
on
wehavet
hes
t
r
uct
ur
e(13b),wher
es
e
l
e
c
thasadj
oi
nedt
oAgr
O andapi
c
t
ur
eofwhohas
［Spec,Agr
movedi
nt
o
OP］.
10頁
［api
］
a.Whodi
dyous
el
ect
ct
ur
eof
b.
...VP
you
V
V
DP
5日
2002年 3月
新10回
Agr
OP
api
ct
ur
eofwho
Agr
O
/Agr
s
el
ect
O
VP
t
t
Her
es
e
l
e
c
tandapi
c
t
ur
eofwhoes
t
abl
i
s
hesaSpec-headr
el
at
i
on,s
ot
hatt
hepos
i
t
i
ona
pi
c
t
ur
eofwhooccupi
escount
sasaθ-r
el
at
edpos
i
t
i
onandhenceext
r
act
i
onf
r
om wi
t
hi
n
t
hi
spos
i
t
i
ondoesnotgi
ver
i
s
et
oaCED ef
f
ect
.I
nt
heECM cons
t
r
uct
i
onsl
i
ke(14)bel
ow,
ont
heot
herhand,ext
r
act
i
onf
r
om wi
t
hi
nt
hes
hi
f
t
edobj
ecti
sdegr
aded,becaus
et
he
s
hi
f
t
edobj
ectdoesnothaveanyθ-t
heor
et
i
cr
el
at
i
onwi
t
ht
hemat
r
i
xver
bbe
l
i
e
ve.
［api
］t
?
?
Whodi
dyoubel
i
eve
ct
ur
eof
ohavebeens
el
ect
ed
Las
ni
kf
ur
t
hercl
ai
mst
hathi
saccountoft
heCED ef
f
ect
ss
uppor
t
shi
sanal
ys
i
soft
he
KYOKO
V151KIYO-14
紀要・横╱富澤直人
ps
eudogappi
ngphenomena.Cons
i
der(15).
［apor
］,andwhowi
［api
］
?Whowi
l
lBi
l
ls
el
ect
t
r
ai
tof
l
lSus
an
ct
ur
eof
Whyi
st
hi
ss
ent
enceungr
ammat
i
cal
?Las
ni
kpr
ovi
desaneataccount
.Aswehaves
een
above,ps
eudogappi
ng i
s a del
et
i
on ofVP i
nvol
vi
ng s
uch a ver
bt
hathas become
phonol
ogi
cal
l
ydef
ect
i
vebecaus
eoft
hepr
i
orat
t
r
act
i
onofFF(V)byt
heupperV.Hence
t
hedef
ect
i
veV hasnotr
ai
s
edatal
l
,s
ot
hatt
her
ai
s
edobj
ect
scannotes
t
abl
i
s
haSpec206(
103)
Onpr
operi
dent
i
f
i
cat
i
onoff
unct
i
onalcat
egor
i
es
Tomi
zawa
head r
el
at
i
on wi
t
ht
heθ-r
ol
e-as
s
i
gni
ng def
ect
i
veV and hencecannotcountasaθr
el
at
i
onwi
t
hr
es
pectt
ot
hever
bs
e
l
e
c
t
.
Tos
ummar
i
ze,t
heps
eudogappi
ngcons
t
r
uct
i
onandnon-el
i
dedcons
t
r
uct
i
onar
eder
i
vedf
r
om t
hes
ameunder
l
yi
ngs
t
r
uct
ur
e.Thedi
vi
di
ngpoi
nti
swhet
hert
hephonol
ogi
cal
l
ydef
ect
i
veV get
sdel
et
edorunder
goesover
tmovementt
or
epai
rt
hedef
ect
i
ves
t
r
uct
ur
e.
3.
2.Probl
emswi
t
ht
heanal
ys
i
s
Ther
ear
eanumberofpr
obl
emswi
t
h hi
sanal
ys
i
s
.Fi
r
s
t
,asLas
ni
k (1995:not
e4)
admi
t
shi
ms
el
f
,hi
sanal
ys
i
swr
ongl
ypr
edi
ct
st
hati
nl
anguageswi
t
hover
tV-r
ai
s
i
ngt
o
［Spec,
Agr
S,noCED ef
f
ect
sar
eexpect
ed,becaus
eover
tmovementofV t
oAgr
Smakes
Agr
SP］aθ-r
el
at
edpos
i
t
i
on.
Second,i
nGer
man,f
orexampl
e,over
t
l
ys
hi
f
t
edobj
ect
scons
t
i
t
ut
eabar
r
i
erf
orext
r
act
i
onf
r
om wi
t
hi
nt
heobj
ect
s
.
11頁
PP-ext
r
act
i
on(Mul
l
er(1995))
［̈
a.
Uberwen］ hadderFr
i
t
zder
［ei
］gegeben?(Obj
)
Anna
nBucht
ect
aboutwhom hast
heFr
i
t
zt
he＋DatAnna a book
新10回
2002年 3月
5日
［̈
［ei
］der
b.
Uberwen］hadder
Fr
i
t
z
nBucht
about
whomhast
heFr
i
t
z a book
gi
ve
n
)
Annagegeben?(Shi
f
t
edobj
ect
＋DatAnnagi
t
he
ve
n
［abookt
］t
Aboutwhom di
dFr
i
t
zgi
ve
oAnna?
Subext
r
act
i
on
a.Was hatderFr
i
t
zden
［tf
)
Leut
en
urBr
i
ef
e］ges
chi
ckt
?(Obj
ect
whathast
heFr
i
t
zt
he-Datpe
opl
e
b.Was hatderFr
i
t
zden
f
orl
e
t
t
e
r s
e
nt
［tf
)
Leut
en
urBr
i
ef
e］ges
chi
ckt
?(Shi
f
t
edobj
ect
whathast
heFr
i
t
zt
he-Datpe
opl
e
f
orl
e
t
t
e
r s
e
nt
［tl
］t
Li
t
:Whatdi
dFr
i
t
zs
end
et
t
er
ot
hepeopl
e
Si
nceGer
mani
sat
ypi
calover
tV-r
ai
s
i
ngl
anguage,t
hedegr
adeds
t
at
usofext
r
act
i
on
f
r
om wi
t
hi
nt
hes
hi
f
t
edobj
ect
scons
t
i
t
ut
esapr
obl
em t
oLas
ni
ksanal
ys
i
s
.
KYOKO
V151KIYO-14
紀要・横╱富澤直人
I
naddi
t
i
ont
ot
hes
epr
obl
ems
,t
her
ei
sf
ur
t
herr
eas
onhi
sanal
ys
i
scannotbemai
nt
ai
ned
i
nourt
heor
y.Hi
sanal
ys
i
spr
es
uppos
est
heavai
l
abi
l
i
t
yofV-r
ai
s
i
ng,butt
hi
soper
at
i
on
i
snotf
or
mul
abl
ei
nourf
r
amewor
kbecaus
eoft
her
es
t
r
i
ct
i
oni
mpos
edbyt
heext
ens
i
on
condi
t
i
on.
(
102)207
山形大学紀要（人文科学）第15巻第１号
3.
3.Properi
dent
i
f
i
cat
i
onofv i
nps
eudogappi
ngcons
t
ruct
i
ons
Weas
s
umet
hati
n ps
eudogappi
ng cons
t
r
uct
i
onst
heel
i
ded V i
ss
el
ect
ed f
r
om t
he
Lexi
con wi
t
h a def
ect
i
vephonol
ogi
calf
eat
ur
e.Letmepr
opos
et
hats
uch a def
ect
i
ve
el
ementcannotent
er
t
ai
nal
exi
calamal
gamat
i
on pr
oces
s
,s
ot
hatv/V［def］amal
gam i
s
neverf
or
med.I
nt
hecas
eof(18),t
hen,t
heder
i
vat
i
onpr
oceedsasi
n(19).
Youmi
ghtnotbel
i
eveme,butyouwi
l
lBob
a. VP
b. vP
Bob
V［def］
v
c. vP
VP
V［def］
Bob
Bob
d. vP
vP
v
Bob
VP
V［def］
vP
v
［e］
t
Fi
r
s
t
,t
hedef
ect
i
veV［def］andi
t
sar
gumentar
emer
gedasi
n(19a).Then,v andVP i
s
mer
gedasi
n(19b).Si
ncevmus
tbepr
oper
l
yi
dent
i
f
i
ed,i
ti
nducesover
tmovementofBob
t
oi
t
ss
peci
f
i
erpos
i
t
i
on asi
n (19c).Ata l
at
ers
t
ageoft
heder
i
vat
i
on t
hemaxi
mal
12頁
pr
oj
ect
i
onheadedbyt
hedef
ect
i
veV i
sel
i
dedasi
n(19d).
I
nt
hecas
eofnon-el
i
deds
ent
ences
uchast
hef
i
r
s
tconj
unctoft
heexampl
ei
n(18),t
he
mai
nver
b(be
l
i
e
ve)i
sdr
awnf
r
om t
heLexi
conwi
t
haf
ul
l
ys
peci
f
i
edphonol
ogi
calf
eat
ur
e.
新10回
2002年 3月
5日
Then v/V amal
gamat
i
on makest
he v pr
oper
l
yi
dent
i
f
i
ed,s
ot
hatno f
ur
t
herover
t
movementi
si
nduced.Thus
,t
hes
t
r
uct
ur
ei
ss
i
mpl
yasi
n(20).
VP
v/V
Bob
Thi
sanal
ys
i
sgi
vesa s
t
r
ai
ght
f
or
war
d ans
wert
ot
heques
t
i
on ofCED ef
f
ect
s
.For
expos
i
t
or
ypur
pos
es
,l
etusas
s
umeas
i
mpl
eaccountoft
heCED ef
f
ect
s
:ext
r
act
i
oni
s
pos
s
i
bl
eonl
yf
r
om wi
t
hi
nθ-pos
i
t
i
ons
.I
nt
hecas
eofext
r
act
i
onf
r
om wi
t
hi
n r
egul
ar
obj
ect
sasi
n(20),noCED ef
f
ect
sar
i
s
ebecaus
et
heobj
ectpos
i
t
i
oni
saθ-pos
i
t
i
on.I
nt
he
cas
eofext
r
act
i
onf
r
om t
heobj
ecti
nps
eudogappi
ngcons
t
r
uct
i
ons
,ont
heot
herhand,t
he
obj
ecthasmovedt
ot
hes
peci
f
i
erpos
i
t
i
onoft
hel
i
ghtver
b,becaus
et
hemai
nver
b,bei
ng
phonol
ogi
cal
l
ydef
ect
i
ve,cannotpr
oper
l
yi
dent
i
f
yt
hel
i
ghtver
b.Si
ncet
heobj
ecthas
KYOKO
V151KIYO-14
紀要・横╱富澤直人
movedt
ot
hes
peci
f
i
erpos
i
t
i
onoft
hef
unct
i
onalcat
egor
y(her
e,v),weexpectext
r
act
i
on
f
r
om wi
t
hi
nt
hephr
as
et
o bedegr
aded,j
us
tasext
r
act
i
on f
r
om wi
t
hi
nt
he s
peci
f
i
er
Si
nceobj
ectdoesnotunder
goover
tobj
ects
hi
f
t
,weas
s
umeabur
dent
oaccountf
ort
hebi
ndi
ngf
act
s
Las
ni
kandSai
t
o(1991)pr
es
entasapi
eceofevi
dencef
ort
heexi
s
t
e
nc
eofs
uchover
ts
hi
f
ti
nEngl
i
s
h.See
Gr
ani
gan(1992)f
oranat
t
emptt
oaccountf
ort
hebi
ndi
ngf
act
swi
t
houti
nvoki
ngover
tobj
ec
ts
hi
f
t
.
208(
101)
Onpr
operi
dent
i
f
i
cat
i
onoff
unct
i
onalcat
egor
i
es
Tomi
zawa
pos
i
t
i
onofT i
sdegr
aded.Aswehaves
eeni
n(15),r
epeat
edas(21),t
hi
sexpect
at
i
oni
s
bor
neout
.
［apor
］,andwhowi
［api
］
?Whowi
l
lBi
l
ls
el
ect
t
r
ai
tof
l
lSus
an
ct
ur
eof
Ext
r
act
i
onf
r
om wi
t
hi
nt
heECM s
ubj
ecti
sexpect
edt
obehavej
us
tl
i
keext
r
act
i
onf
r
om
wi
t
hi
nt
hes
hi
f
t
edobj
ectwi
t
hr
es
pectt
ot
heCEDef
f
ect
s
,becaus
ebot
hext
r
act
i
ondomai
ns
ar
enon-θ-pos
i
t
i
ons
.Thi
saccor
dswel
lwi
t
ht
hef
actgi
veni
n(14),r
epeat
edher
eas(22).
［api
］t
?
?
Whodi
dyoubel
i
eve
ct
ur
eof
ohavebeens
el
ect
ed
3.
4.Ext
ract
i
onf
act
si
nGerman
Ger
man ext
r
act
i
on f
act
sIhavepr
es
ent
ed asa pi
eceofevi
denceagai
ns
tLas
ni
ks
anal
ys
i
sar
eal
s
oexpl
ai
nedi
nourf
r
amewor
k.Suppos
et
hati
nGer
man,l
exi
calamal
gamat
i
onofv andV i
scompl
et
el
yopt
i
onal
.Whent
heyar
el
exi
cal
l
yamal
gamat
ed,v i
s
pr
oper
l
yi
dent
i
f
i
ed,s
ot
hatFF(v)can ent
era l
ong di
s
t
anceagr
eementr
el
at
i
on wi
t
h
13頁
).Thus
FF(Goal
,t
heder
i
vat
i
onoft
hebas
i
cs
t
r
uct
ur
eofGer
mandoubl
eobj
ectcons
t
r
uct
i
onsl
ooksl
i
ke(23),wher
eV i
saamal
gamat
edf
or
m ofvandV.
a.
VP
KYOKO
V151KIYO-14
紀要・横╱富澤直人
新10回
2002年 3月
5日
V
b.
Theme
VP
Goal
VP
V
Theme
Ext
r
act
i
onf
r
om wi
t
hi
nThemei
sal
l
owed,asi
n(16a)and(17b),r
epeat
edas(24a,b),
r
es
pect
i
vel
y.
［̈
a.
Uberwen］hadderFr
i
t
zder
［ei
］gegeben?(Obj
)
Anna
nBucht
ect
aboutwhom hast
heFr
i
t
zt
he＋DatAnnaabook
a.WashatderFr
i
t
zden
gi
ve
n
［tf
)
Leut
en
urBr
i
ef
e］ges
chi
ckt
?(Obj
ect
whathast
heFr
i
t
zt
he-Datpe
opl
e
f
orl
e
t
t
e
r s
e
nt
WhenvandV doesnotunder
gol
exi
calamal
gamat
i
on,t
heder
i
vat
i
onpr
oceedsasi
n
(25),wher
eV i
smer
gedwi
t
hThemeandt
henGoal
,t
her
es
ul
t
i
ngs
t
r
uct
ur
et
henmer
ges
［Spec,vP］t
wi
t
hv,andt
heThemeel
ementmovesi
nt
o
opr
oper
l
yi
dent
i
f
yv.
［＋l
］wi
I
nGer
man,Bot
hvandV ar
es
peci
f
i
edas
as
t
t
hr
es
pectt
ot
heheadpar
ame
t
er
.Thus
,i
fwe
l
i
near
i
zet
hes
t
r
uct
ur
ei
n(2
3),V becomest
hel
as
te
l
ement
.
(
100)209
山形大学紀要（人文科学）第15巻第１号
a. VP
Goal
b. vP
VP
V
v
c. vP
VP
Theme Goal
Theme
VP
V
vP
v
VP
Theme Goal
VP
V
t
TheThemeel
ementi
n(25c)occupi
esanon-θ-pos
i
t
i
on.Thusext
r
act
i
onf
r
om wi
t
hi
nt
he
el
ements
howsCED ef
f
ect
sasi
n(16b)and(17b),r
epeat
edher
eas(26a,b).
［ei
］der
a.［̈
Uberwen］ hadderFr
i
t
z
nBucht
aboutwhom hast
heFr
i
t
z a book
Anna gegeben?
t
he＋DatAnnagi
ve
n
(Shi
)
f
t
edobj
ect
b. WashatderFr
i
t
zden
［tf
)
Leut
en
urBr
i
ef
e］ges
chi
ckt
?(Shi
f
t
edobj
ect
whathast
heFr
i
t
zt
he-Datpe
opl
e
f
orl
e
t
t
e
r s
e
nt
14頁
3.
5.VP-del
et
i
oni
nJapanes
e
Japanes
eal
l
owst
woki
ndsoff
l
oat
i
ngquant
i
f
i
er
s
.I
n(27a),t
hequant
i
f
i
ergoko(f
i
ve＋
)appear
Cl
as
s
i
f
i
er
sr
i
ghtt
oi
t
ss
emant
i
chos
tmi
kan(or
ange),whi
l
ei
n(27a),i
tappear
s
新10回
2002年 3月
5日
t
oi
t
sl
ef
t
.
a.John-ga
mi
kan-o
ki
noo
gokot
yuumons
i
t
a
J
ohn-Nom or
ange-Ac
cy
e
s
t
e
r
dayf
i
ve or
de
r
e
d
b.GokoJohn-ga
mi
kan-o
t
yuumons
i
t
a
Fi
ve J
ohn-Nom or
ange-Ac
cor
de
r
e
d
Johnor
der
edf
i
veor
anges(yes
t
er
day).
Accor
di
ngt
oSpor
t
i
ches(1988)anal
ys
i
soff
l
oat
i
ngquant
i
f
i
er
s
,bot
hmi
kan-oandgoko
i
n(27a)ar
ebas
e-gener
at
edatt
hecompl
ementpos
i
t
i
onoft
hever
b,andonl
ymi
kan-ohas
movedoutoft
hepos
i
t
i
on.I
n(27b),wepr
es
umet
hatwhatunder
goesover
tmovement
woul
dnotbemi
kan-obutgoko.
I
ft
hi
si
sont
her
i
ghtt
r
ack,t
henweconcl
udef
r
om t
hef
acti
n(27b)t
hatt
heobj
ecti
n
KYOKO
V151KIYO-14
紀要・横╱富澤直人
Japanes
er
emai
nsi
nt
hecompl
ementpos
i
t
i
onoft
hes
el
ect
i
ngver
b.Bear
i
ngt
hi
si
nmi
nd,
cons
i
dert
hef
ol
l
owi
ngs
etofs
ent
ences
.
210(
99)
Onpr
operi
dent
i
f
i
cat
i
onoff
unct
i
onalcat
egor
i
es
Jukkoboku-war
i
ngo-o
t
yuumons
ur
u
Tomi
zawa
kedo,
I-Topi
c appl
e-Ac
cbe-goi
ng-t
oor
de
rt
hough
t
e
n
-wa［mi
a.gokoki
mi
kan-o］ t
yuumons
i
mas
u
ka
f
i
ve y
ou-Topi
cor
ange-Ac
cbe-goi
ng-t
o-or
de
rQ
Im goi
ngt
oor
dert
enappl
es
;ar
eyougoi
ngt
oor
derf
i
veor
anges
?
-wa［mi
b.?gokoki
mi
kan-o］ des
uka
f
i
ve y
ou-Topi
cor
ange-Ac
cdo Q
Im goi
ngt
oor
dert
enappl
es
;ar
eyougoi
ngt
of
i
veor
anges
?
-wa［mi
c.?gokoki
mi
kan］des
uka
f
i
ve y
ou-Topi
cor
ange do Q
Im goi
ngt
oor
dert
enappl
es
;ar
eyougoi
ngt
of
i
veor
anges
?
-wa［mi
ki
mi
kan-o］ t
yuumons
i
mas
u
d.nanko
ka
how manyy
ou-Topi
cor
ange-Ac
cbe-goi
ng-t
o-or
de
rQ
15頁
Im goi
ngt
oor
dert
enappl
es
;how manyappl
esar
eyougoi
ngt
oor
der
?
-wa［mi
ki
mi
kan-o］ des
uka
e. nanko
how manyy
ou-Topi
cor
ange-Ac
cdo Q
新10回
2002年 3月
5日
Im goi
ngt
oor
dert
enappl
es
;how manyor
angesar
eyougoi
ngt
o?
how manyy
ou-Topi
cor
ange do Q
Im goi
ngt
oor
dert
enappl
es
;how manyor
angesar
eyougoi
ngt
o?
) ar
Sent
ences (28b,c,e,f
e degr
aded.Thes
es
ent
ences (ⅰ) i
nvol
ve ext
r
act
i
on of
/ques
quant
i
f
i
er
s
t
i
on wor
ds f
r
om wi
t
hi
n t
he obj
ect phr
as
es and (ⅱ) cont
ai
ns
phonol
ogi
cal
l
ynul
lver
balel
ement
s
.I
nourt
heor
yt
hes
ef
act
sar
egi
venexact
l
yt
hes
ame
account we have gi
ven t
ot
he ps
eudogappi
ng phenomena i
n Engl
i
s
h.Si
nce V i
s
phonol
ogi
cal
l
ydef
ect
i
ve,i
tcannotbel
exi
cal
l
yamal
gamat
edwi
t
hv.Thus
,t
heder
i
vat
i
on
pr
oceedsasi
n(29),wher
eQP s
t
andsf
orgoko/nanko.
a.
VP
V［def］
KYOKO
V151KIYO-14
紀要・横╱富澤直人
-wa［mi
ki
mi
kan］des
uka
f
. nannko
b.
DP
mi
kan-o
vP
c.
v
VP
QP V［def］
vP
DP
DP mi
kan-o QP
mi
kan-o
QP
vP
v
VP
V［def］
t
I
nor
derf
orvt
obepr
oper
l
yi
dent
i
f
i
ed,i
ti
nducesover
tmovementofDPt
oi
t
ss
peci
f
i
er
pos
i
t
i
onasi
n(29c).TheVP headedbyt
hedef
ect
i
veV［def］i
sl
at
erdel
et
ed. Si
ncet
he
r
ai
s
edDP occupi
esanon-θ-pos
i
t
i
on,ext
r
act
i
onofQP (goko/nanko)f
r
om wi
t
hi
nt
he
(
98)211
山形大学紀要（人文科学）第15巻第１号
phr
as
egi
vesr
i
s
et
oCED ef
f
ect
s
.
4.Properi
dent
i
f
i
cat
i
onofC
Ci
spr
oper
l
yi
dent
i
f
i
edasei
t
herC
rC
dependi
ngont
henat
ur
eoft
hepr
oper
［wh］o
［dec］,
i
dent
i
f
i
er
s
.Letusf
i
r
s
texami
neC
Japanes
eand Chi
nes
ehaves
o-cal
l
ed wh-s
cope
［wh］.
mar
ker
s(kaandne),whi
chi
fl
exi
cal
l
yamal
gamat
edwi
t
hC,makeCpr
oper
l
yi
dent
i
f
i
ed
asC
Asar
es
ul
t
,FF(C
sabl
et
oent
eral
ongdi
s
t
anceagr
eementr
el
at
i
onwi
t
hFF
［wh］.
［wh］)i
(Goal
).I
ncont
r
as
t
,Engl
i
s
hdoesnothaves
uchawh-s
copemar
ker
,s
ot
hatC r
equi
r
es
over
tmovementofa wh-phr
as
ei
n or
dert
o be pr
oper
l
yi
dent
i
f
i
ed asC
n bot
h
［wh］.I
Japanes
e/Chi
nes
eandEngl
i
s
h,onceC i
spr
oper
l
yi
dent
i
f
i
edasC
no f
ur
t
herover
t
［wh］,
movementofwh-phr
as
esi
sr
equi
r
ed,becaus
et
hepr
operi
dent
i
f
i
cat
i
onenabl
esC
o
［wh］t
).Thus
ent
eral
ongdi
s
t
anceagr
eementr
el
at
i
onwi
t
hFF(Goal
,i
nJapanes
e/Chi
nes
e,al
l
16頁
t
hewh-phr
as
esr
emai
ni
ns
i
t
u,whi
l
ei
nEngl
i
s
honl
yonewh-phr
as
ei
sover
t
l
ymovedand
t
her
emai
ni
ngwh-phr
as
es
,i
fany,s
t
ayi
ns
i
t
u.
I
fC under
goesl
exi
calamal
gamat
i
on wi
t
h a non-wh-s
cope mar
ker
,i
ti
spr
oper
l
y
新10回
2002年 3月
5日
i
dent
i
f
i
edasC
I
nEngl
i
s
h,l
exi
calamal
gamat
i
onofC wi
t
ht
hatmakesC pr
oper
l
y
［dec］.
i
dent
i
f
i
edasC
andenabl
esi
tt
oent
eral
ongdi
s
t
anceagr
eementr
el
at
i
onwi
t
hFF
［dec］,
(Goal
).Thi
-adj
sl
ongdi
s
t
anceagr
eementbet
weent
hat
oi
nedC
nds
omeel
ementi
n
［dec］a
t
hes
t
r
uct
ur
edoesnotmani
f
es
ti
t
s
el
fi
nEngl
i
s
hbecaus
eoft
hepoors
ys
t
em ofagr
eement
mor
phol
ogy i
nt
hel
anguage.I
ns
omeDut
ch di
al
ect
s
,on t
heot
herhand,s
uch a l
ong
di
s
t
anceagr
eementi
smani
f
es
t
ed.
a..
.
［
.
-e
［
dat
C
［dec］-
-t
］］
wi
js
peul
(Eas
tNet
her
l
andi
c)
-1PL we pl
t
hat
ay-1PL
b..
.
［
.
-de
［
dat
C
［dec］-
］］
gul
l
i
ekom-t
(Br
)
abant
s
-2PL y
t
hat
ou c
ome-2PL
c..
.
［
.
-φ-j［
dat
C
［dec］-
gi
e wer
kgao-t een］］
(Wes
tFl
emi
s
h)
KYOKO
V151KIYO-14
紀要・横╱富澤直人
-2SG-s
t
hat
c
ly
ouwor
k go-2SG have
Si
nceC
spr
oper
l
yi
dent
i
f
i
ed by l
exi
calamal
gamat
i
on wi
t
h dat
,i
tent
er
sa l
ong
［dec］i
di
s
t
anceagr
eementr
el
at
i
onwi
t
hT andt
heagr
eementi
smor
phol
ogi
cal
l
ys
pel
l
edout
.
212(
97)
Onpr
operi
dent
i
f
i
cat
i
onoff
unct
i
onalcat
egor
i
es
Tomi
zawa
5.Properi
dent
i
f
i
cat
i
onofT
I
nt
het
r
adi
t
i
onalanal
ys
es
,T hasas
t
r
ong/EPP-f
eat
ur
eandi
t
ss
peci
f
i
erpos
i
t
i
oni
s
al
waysf
i
l
l
edbyei
t
herover
tmovementofs
ubj
ectasi
n(31a)orexpl
et
i
vei
ns
er
t
i
onasi
n
(31b).
［
a.
［ wi
［t
］
John
l
l
buyt
hebook］］
［
b.
［ wi
［bes
］
］］
t
her
e
l
l
omeonebehi
ndt
hecar
/i
I
nourt
heor
y,t
hi
sover
tmovement
ns
er
t
i
oni
sat
t
r
i
but
edt
ot
her
equi
r
ementofpr
oper
i
dent
i
f
i
cat
i
onofT.
I
nt
hecas
eofwh-ques
t
i
ons
,T canbel
exi
cal
l
yamal
gamat
edwi
t
hC.Thenwemay
haveas
t
r
uct
ur
e(32b)f
ort
hes
ent
ence(32a),atacer
t
ai
ns
t
ageoft
heder
i
vat
i
on.(CT
)
s
t
andsf
oral
exi
cal
l
yamal
gamat
edf
or
m ofT andC.
a.Whowi
l
lbuyt
hebook
17頁
［
b.
［
c.
［
［VP who
］
［V buy］t
wi
l
l
hebook］］
［
who
［VP t ［V buy］t
］
wi
l
l
hebook］］
新10回
2002年 3月
5日
)
I
n(32b),nei
t
herT norCcanpr
oper
l
yi
dent
i
f
yt
heot
her
,s
ot
hataddi
t
i
onaloper
at
i
on(s
［Spec,CTP］asi
ar
er
equi
r
edt
opr
oper
l
yi
dent
i
f
yt
hem.Over
tmovementofwho t
o
n
(32c)gi
vesawel
comer
es
ul
t
:(ⅰ)T get
spr
oper
l
yi
dent
i
f
i
edandent
er
sal
ocalagr
eement
r
el
at
i
onwi
t
hFF(who),and(ⅱ)C get
spr
oper
l
yi
dent
i
f
i
edasC
ndent
er
sal
ocal
［wh］a
agr
eementr
el
at
i
onwi
t
hFF(who).Asacons
equenceofT/Camal
gamat
i
on,t
her
ef
or
e,we
［Spec,
donotneedt
opos
i
tavacuousmovementoper
at
i
onofwhof
r
om［Spec,TP］t
o
CP］.
Letusnow cons
i
derawh-s
ent
encei
nwhi
chawh-phr
as
eor
i
gi
nat
esi
napos
i
t
i
onot
her
t
hant
hel
ocals
ubj
ectpos
i
t
i
on,asi
n(33a),whi
chhasas
t
r
uct
ur
ei
n(33b)ats
omepoi
nt
dur
i
ngt
hecour
s
eofder
i
vat
i
on.
a.Whatwi
l
lyoubuy
KYOKO
V151KIYO-14
紀要・横╱富澤直人
b.［
［
［VP you
］
［V buy］what
］］
wi
l
l
)ar
Her
e,nei
t
herC norT i
spr
oper
l
yi
dent
i
f
i
ed,s
ot
hatover
tmovementoper
at
i
on(s
e
cal
l
edf
or
.Bef
or
epr
oceedi
ngt
ot
hedet
ai
l
s
,wehadbet
t
ert
akeal
ookatt
hes
t
at
usoft
he
obj
ectwhat
.Si
ncel
exi
calamal
gamat
i
on ofv and buy (＝V ) hasmade v pr
oper
l
y
),s
i
dent
i
f
i
ed,vcanent
eral
ongdi
s
t
anceagr
eementr
el
at
i
onwi
t
hFF(what
ot
hati
n(33b)
t
heAccus
at
i
veCas
e-f
eat
ur
eonwhathasal
r
eadybeencheckedof
f
.Wi
t
ht
hi
si
nmi
nd,
(
96)213
山形大学紀要（人文科学）第15巻第１号
cons
i
dert
heder
i
vat
i
on (33b)woul
dt
ake.Ther
ear
et
wo candi
dat
esf
ort
hecovet
ed
pr
operi
dent
i
f
i
er
sofCandT:whatandy
ou.Movementofwhatyi
el
dst
hes
t
r
uct
ur
e(34a),
whi
l
emovementofy
ougener
at
es(34b).
［
a.
［
what
［
b.
［
you
［VP you
］
［V buy］t ］］
wi
l
l
［VP t ［V buy］what
］
］］
wi
l
l
Wi
t
hwhati
ni
t
ss
peci
f
i
erpos
i
t
i
on,C i
spr
oper
l
yi
dent
i
f
i
edasC
ndent
er
sal
ocal
［wh］a
).T i
agr
eementr
el
at
i
onwi
t
hFF(what
sal
s
opr
oper
l
yi
dent
i
f
i
edbywhat
,andi
senabl
ed
/l
t
oent
eral
ocal
ongdi
s
t
anceagr
eementr
el
at
i
on,t
houghi
tcannotent
eral
ocalagr
ee)becaus
mentr
el
at
i
onwi
t
hFF(what
et
hef
eat
ur
es
ys
t
em ofwhati
sdef
ect
i
vei
nt
hatt
he
Cas
ecomponenthasbeenel
i
mi
nat
edatapr
i
ors
t
ageoft
heder
i
vat
i
on.Thus
,t
hes
ol
e
opt
i
onavai
l
abl
ei
st
oi
nducel
ongdi
s
t
anceagr
eementwi
t
hFF(y
ou),asar
es
ul
tofwhi
ch
Nomi
nat
i
veCas
e-f
eat
ur
eandagr
eementf
eat
ur
ear
epr
oper
l
ycheckedof
f
.Ther
ef
or
e,t
he
der
i
vat
i
oni
nvol
vi
ng(34a)der
i
vest
hes
ent
encei
n(33a).
18頁
Letusnow cons
i
dert
hes
t
r
uct
ur
e(34b).Unl
i
kewhati
n(34a),y
oui
n(34b)pr
oper
l
y
i
dent
i
f
i
esT andent
er
sal
ocalagr
eementr
el
at
i
onwi
t
hFF(T),checki
ngof
ft
heNomi
nat
i
veandagr
eementf
eat
ur
es
.Thi
si
sbecaus
eatapr
i
ors
t
agesoft
heder
i
vat
i
on,y
ouhas
新10回
2002年 3月
5日
nothadanyofi
t
sf
eat
ur
escheckedof
f
.Tur
ni
ngt
oC,wenot
i
cet
hati
ti
ndeedi
spr
oper
l
y
i
dent
i
f
i
edbyy
ou,butunl
i
keC
n(34a)i
ti
spr
oper
l
yi
dent
i
f
i
edasC
Thent
hewh［wh］i
［dec］.
f
eat
ur
eonwhatr
emai
nsunchecked,s
ot
hatt
heder
i
vat
i
ondoesnott
er
mi
nat
eand i
s
cancel
l
ed.
6.Concl
udi
ngremarks
-movement
-i
Thi
spaperpr
opos
esanew appr
oacht
oover
tmovement
.Over
t
nduci
ng
f
act
or
sar
eat
t
r
i
but
ednott
ot
hes
t
r
ong/EPP-f
eat
ur
esonf
unct
i
onalcat
egor
i
es
,butt
o
f
unct
i
onalcat
egor
i
est
hems
el
ves
.Bei
ngf
unct
i
onali
nnat
ur
e,t
heycannots
t
andal
oneand
al
wayshavet
obes
uppor
t
edbys
omes
ubs
t
ant
i
veel
ement
.Thi
sr
equi
r
ementi
sf
or
mal
i
zed
KYOKO
V151KIYO-14
紀要・横╱富澤直人
ast
hei
dent
i
f
i
cat
i
on condi
t
i
on on f
unct
i
onalcat
egor
i
es(I
CFC):f
unct
i
onalcat
egor
i
es
-checki
Thehypot
hes
i
st
hatal
exi
cali
t
em wi
t
hadef
ect
i
vef
eat
ur
es
ys
t
em cannotent
e
r
t
ai
nf
eat
ur
e
ng
r
ecei
vesanot
herpi
eceofevi
dencef
r
om t
heagr
eementf
act
si
nt
he
r
ecuns
t
r
uct
i
ons
.Si
ncet
he
r
el
acksan
-f
agr
eement
eat
ur
e,i
tcanpr
oper
l
yi
dent
i
f
yT butT cannotent
eral
ocalagr
eementr
el
at
i
onwi
t
ht
he
def
e
ct
i
vet
he
r
e.Thus
,T i
nvokesal
ongdi
s
t
anceagr
eementr
el
at
i
onwi
t
ht
hef
or
malf
eat
ur
esont
hepos
t
ver
ball
ogi
cals
ubj
ect
.
214(
95)
Onpr
operi
dent
i
f
i
cat
i
onoff
unct
i
onalcat
egor
i
es
Tomi
zawa
mus
tbepr
oper
l
yi
dent
i
f
i
ed.Wepr
opos
et
hatt
her
ear
et
wowayst
opr
oper
l
yi
dent
i
f
yF:
(ⅰ)mer
gerofF wi
t
hapr
operi
dent
i
f
i
erX and(ⅱ)es
t
abl
i
s
hmentoft
heSpec-head
r
el
at
i
onbet
weenapr
operi
dent
i
f
i
erXPandF.Mer
gerofFandX cannotbeaccompl
i
s
hed
dur
i
ngt
hecour
s
eofder
i
vat
i
onbecaus
et
her
es
ul
t
i
ngs
t
r
uct
ur
ecannotbeext
endedi
n
vi
ol
at
i
onoft
heext
ens
i
oncondi
t
i
on.ThusF/X mer
geri
sal
exi
calpr
oces
s
,car
r
i
edout
bef
or
et
hes
t
r
uct
ur
e-bui
l
di
ngpr
oces
ss
t
ar
t
s
.
I
npr
i
nci
pl
e,ever
yF hast
hes
et
wowaysavai
l
abl
e.We,t
hen,haves
uchacas
et
hata
cer
t
ai
nF s
el
ect
sF/X i
dent
i
f
i
cat
i
onpr
oces
si
noneder
i
vat
i
onandSpec-headi
dent
i
f
i
cat
i
onpr
oces
si
nanot
her
.Wehaves
eent
hatt
hi
si
st
hecas
ei
nt
hepr
operi
dent
i
f
i
cat
i
onof
vi
nps
eudogappi
ngi
nEngl
i
s
h,ext
r
act
i
onf
r
om obj
ecti
nGer
man,andVP-del
et
i
oni
n
Japanes
e.Wehaveal
s
os
eent
hecas
esofpr
operi
dent
i
f
i
cat
i
onofCandT,r
es
pect
i
vel
y.
Wi
t
hourt
heor
yofpr
operi
dent
i
f
i
cat
i
on,t
henot
i
onsoft
hes
t
r
ong/EPP-f
eat
ur
esl
os
e
-movement
-i
t
hei
rs
t
at
usi
nt
het
heor
y,becaus
et
hei
rr
ol
easanover
t
nduceri
snow pl
ayed
19頁
byt
heI
CFC.Fur
t
her
mor
e,t
heunf
or
mul
abi
l
i
t
yoft
hes
t
r
ong/EPP-f
eat
ur
esmakesunf
or
mul
abl
es
uchl
i
near
i
zat
i
onoper
at
i
onsast
heLCA whi
ch pr
es
uppos
et
hes
t
r
ong/EPPf
eat
ur
esasacr
uci
alcomponentoft
hes
ys
t
em.Wepr
opos
et
het
r
adi
t
i
onalt
ypeoft
hehe
ad-
新10回
2002年 3月
5日
par
amet
erasacondi
t
i
onofl
i
near
i
zat
i
on.
Ourt
heor
y makesa mechani
caldi
s
t
i
nct
i
on bet
ween over
tmovementand f
eat
ur
echecki
ng.Thei
nducerofover
tmovementi
sa f
unct
i
onalcat
egor
yi
t
s
el
fand hasno
bear
i
ngwi
t
hf
or
malf
eat
ur
esatal
l
;t
hef
eat
ur
e-checki
ngi
sbas
i
cal
l
ydonel
ongdi
s
t
ance.
I
nt
het
r
adi
t
i
onalmi
ni
mal
i
s
tf
r
amewor
k,ont
heot
herhand,s
uchadi
vi
s
i
onofl
abori
snot
made:over
tmovementi
si
nducedbyf
or
malf
eat
ur
ess
uchasas
t
r
ongf
eat
ur
eandEPPf
eat
ur
e,andi
ti
spos
i
t
edt
hats
omef
eat
ur
esr
equi
r
el
ocalchecki
ngconf
i
gur
at
i
onsand
ot
her
sal
l
ow l
ongdi
s
t
anceconf
i
gur
at
i
ons
.
OnceFi
spr
oper
l
yi
dent
i
f
i
edvi
a,s
ay,F/X-mer
ger(l
exi
calamal
gamat
i
on),ourt
heor
y
［Spec,FP］i
pr
edi
ct
st
hatnof
ur
t
herover
tXP-movementt
o
sal
l
owed,becaus
eF,bei
ng
pr
oper
l
yi
dent
i
f
i
ed,can ent
ernotonl
yt
he l
ocalagr
eementr
el
at
i
on butal
s
oal
ong
KYOKO
V151KIYO-14
紀要・横╱富澤直人
).Thes
di
s
t
anceagr
eementr
el
at
i
onwi
t
hFF(Goal
i
t
uat
i
oni
sexpr
es
s
edi
nt
het
r
adi
t
i
onal
t
er
msasf
ol
l
ows
:aheadF cannotunder
got
hepr
oces
s
esof(ⅰ)X-t
o-Fadj
unct
i
onand
(ⅱ)XP-t
o-F movementatt
hes
amet
i
me.
［
a.
F［
Y XP］］
［
b.
［
XP［ Y-F］
t t ］］
(or
)
deri
r
r
el
evant
I
nt
hel
i
t
er
at
ur
e,s
uchas
i
t
uat
i
onhasbeenar
guedt
obet
hecas
ei
ns
omecas
es
,anda
(
94)215
山形大学紀要（人文科学）第15巻第１号
vi
ol
at
i
on oft
hevacuousmovementhypot
hes
i
si
n ot
her
s
.I
n ourf
r
amewor
k,(35b)i
s
uni
f
or
ml
y di
s
al
l
owed.I
nt
he cas
e of Who wi
l
lbuy t
he book?,we al
l
ow nei
t
hert
he
movementofwho i
nt
o［Spec,CP］nort
hehead-movementofwi
l
lt
oC.Rat
her
,who
occupi
est
hes
peci
f
i
erpos
i
t
i
onoft
heamal
gamat
edf
or
m C/T.Movementofwi
l
lt
oChas
notoccur
r
edi
nt
hecas
eofWhatwi
l
ly
oubuy
?,ei
t
her
:C/T amal
gam i
sf
or
medandi
t
s
s
peci
f
i
erpos
i
t
i
oni
soccupi
edbywhat
.I
not
herwor
ds
,unl
i
ket
het
r
adi
t
i
onalanal
ys
es
,t
he
s
ubj
ecty
our
emai
nsi
ni
t
sbas
e-gener
at
edpos
i
t
i
on.
Ref
erences
Bar
s
s
,Andr
ew (1995) Ext
r
act
i
onandcont
r
act
i
on, Li
ngui
s
t
i
cI
nqui
r
y26,681-694.
Bar
s
s
,Andr
ew andHowar
dLas
ni
k(1986) A not
eonanaphor
aanddoubl
eobj
ect
s
,Li
ng
ui
s
t
i
cI
nqui
r
y17,
347-354.
Br
ani
gan,Phi
l
i
p(1992)Subj
ect
sandcompl
ement
i
ze
r
s
.Doct
or
aldi
s
s
er
t
at
i
on,MI
T,Cambr
i
dge
,Mas
s
.
20頁
-bi
Bur
zi
o,Lui
gi(1986)I
t
al
i
an s
y
nt
ax:A gov
e
r
nme
nt
ndi
ngap
pr
oac
h.Dor
dr
echt
:Rei
del
.
Choms
ky,Noam (1981)Le
c
t
ur
e
son gove
r
nme
ntand b
i
ndi
ng.Dor
dr
echt
:For
i
s
.
)
Choms
ky,Noam (1993) A mi
ni
mal
i
s
tpr
ogr
am f
orl
i
ngui
s
t
i
ct
heor
y, i
nK.Hal
eandS.J.Keyer(e
ds
.
Thevi
e
wf
r
om Bui
l
di
ng20:Es
s
ay
si
nl
i
ngui
s
t
i
c
si
n honorofSy
l
vai
n Br
ombe
r
ge
r,1-52,Cambr
i
dge,
2002年 3月
5日
Mas
s
.
:MI
T Pr
es
s
.
Choms
ky,Noam (1994)Bar
ephr
as
es
t
r
uct
ur
e.MI
T occas
i
onalpaper
si
nl
i
ngui
s
t
i
cs5.MI
TWPL,De
par
t
mentofLi
ngui
s
t
i
c
sandPhi
l
os
ophy,MI
T,Cambr
i
dge,Mas
s
.
Choms
ky,Noam (1995)Themi
ni
mal
i
s
tpr
ogr
am.Cambr
i
dge,Mas
s
.
:MI
T Pr
es
s
.
Choms
ky,Noam (2000) Mi
ni
mal
i
s
ti
nqui
r
i
es
:Thef
r
amewor
k, i
nR.Mar
t
i
n,D.Mi
chael
s
,& J.Ur
i
ager
e)St
ka(eds
.
e
pbys
t
e
p:Es
s
ay
so
n mi
ni
mal
i
s
ts
y
nt
axi
nhonorofHowar
d Las
ni
k,89-155,Cambr
i
dge,
Mas
s
.
:MI
T Pr
es
s
.
)A de
Eps
t
ei
n,SamuelDavi
d,Er
i
chM.Gr
oat
,Rur
i
koKawas
hi
ma,andHi
s
at
s
uguKi
t
ahar
a(1998
r
i
vat
i
onal
新10回
appr
oac
ht
os
y
nt
ac
t
i
cr
e
l
at
i
ons.New Yor
k;Oxf
or
dUni
ver
s
i
t
yPr
e
s
s
.
) Cycl
Fr
ampt
on,JohnandSam Gut
mann(1999
i
ccomput
at
i
on:A comput
at
i
onal
l
yef
f
i
ci
entmi
ni
mal
i
s
t
-27.
s
ynt
ax, Sy
nt
ax2,1
KYOKO
V151KIYO-14
紀要・横╱富澤直人
Kayne,Ri
char
d(1994)Theant
i
s
y
mme
t
r
yofs
y
nt
ax.Cambr
i
dge,Mas
s
.
:MI
T Pr
es
s
.
Koi
zumi
,Mas
at
os
hi(1995)Phr
as
es
t
r
uct
ur
ei
nmi
ni
mal
i
s
ts
ynt
ax.Doct
or
aldi
s
s
er
t
at
i
on,MI
T,Cambr
i
dge,
Mas
s
.
) Ont
Lar
s
on,Ri
char
d(1988
hedoubl
eobj
ectcons
t
r
uct
i
on, Li
ngui
s
t
i
cI
nqui
r
y19,335-391.
Las
ni
k,Howar
d(1
995) A not
eonps
eudogappi
ng, MI
T wor
ki
ngpape
r
si
nl
i
ngui
s
t
i
c
s27,143163.
Las
ni
k,Howar
d(1999a) Onf
eat
ur
es
t
r
engt
h:Thr
eemi
ni
mal
i
s
tappr
oachest
oover
tmovement
,Li
ngui
s
t
i
cI
nqui
r
y30,197-217.
216(
93)
Onpr
operi
dent
i
f
i
cat
i
onoff
unct
i
onalcat
egor
i
es
Tomi
zawa
)Fr
Las
ni
k,Howar
d(1
999b) Ps
eudogappi
ngpuzzl
es
,i
nE.BenmamounandS.Lappi
n(
eds
.
agme
nt
s
:
St
udi
e
son e
l
l
i
ps
i
sand gappi
ng,141-174,Oxf
or
d:Oxf
or
dUni
ver
s
i
t
yPr
es
s
.
Las
ni
k,Howar
d(2
001) A not
eont
heEPP, Li
ngui
s
t
i
cI
nqui
r
y32,356-362
.
Las
ni
k,Howar
dandMamor
uSai
t
o(1991) Ont
henat
ur
eofi
nf
i
ni
t
i
ves
, CSL 27Par
t1,324343.
Mul
l
e
r
,Ger
eon(19
95)A-ba
rs
y
nt
ax:A s
t
udyi
n move
me
ntt
y
pe
s.Ber
l
i
n:Mout
ondeGr
uyt
er
.
Ochi
,Mas
ao(1999) Somecons
equencesofAt
t
r
actF, Li
ngua109,81-107
.
Spor
t
i
che,Domi
ni
que(1988) A t
heor
yoff
l
oat
i
ngquant
i
f
i
er
sandi
t
scor
ol
l
ar
i
esf
orcons
t
i
t
uents
t
r
uct
ur
e,
Li
ngui
s
t
i
cI
nq
ui
r
y19,425-449
.
Si
mps
on,Andr
ew (200
0)Wh-move
me
ntandt
het
he
or
yoff
e
at
ur
e-c
he
c
ki
ng.Phi
l
ade
l
phi
a:
JohnBenj
ami
ns
.
Fac
ul
t
yofLi
t
e
r
at
ur
eand Soc
i
a
lSc
i
e
nc
e
s
Yamagat
aUni
ve
r
s
i
t
y
KYOKO
V151KIYO-14
紀要・横╱富澤直人
新10回
2002年 3月
5日
21頁
naot
o＠human.
kj
.
y
ama
gat
a-u.
ac
.
j
p
(
92)217
山形大学紀要（人文科学）第15巻第１号
Onproperi
dent
i
f
i
cat
i
onoff
unct
i
onalcat
egori
es
Naot
oTomi
zawa
Ther
ol
eoft
hes
t
r
ongf
eat
ur
eand/ort
heEPP-f
eat
ur
easani
nducerofobl
i
gat
or
yover
t
movementi
sques
t
i
oned i
nas
er
i
esofr
es
ear
ch on t
heps
eudogappi
ng phenomena i
n
Engl
i
s
hbyLas
ni
k(1995;1999a;1999b;2001).Al
t
houghhi
sanal
ys
i
scannotbemai
nt
ai
ned
f
oracoupl
eofr
eas
ons
,t
hef
undament
ali
nt
ui
t
i
ont
hatt
heexi
s
t
enceoft
hes
t
r
ong/EPPf
eat
ur
edoesnotneces
s
ar
i
l
yi
nduceover
tmovementi
smai
nt
ai
nedi
nadi
f
f
er
entgui
s
e.We
cl
ai
mt
hatt
hei
nducerofover
tmovementi
sf
unct
i
onalcat
egor
i
est
hems
el
ves
,wi
t
hno
bear
i
ngonf
or
malf
eat
ur
ess
uchass
t
r
ong/EPP-f
eat
ur
es
;andpr
opos
et
hei
dent
i
f
i
cat
i
on
condi
t
i
ononf
unct
i
onalcat
egor
i
esanddi
s
cus
st
hephenomenaofps
eudogappi
ngandt
he
pr
operi
dent
i
f
i
cat
i
onofv,T,andC.
KYOKO
V151KIYO-14
紀要・横╱富澤直人
新10回
2002年 3月
5日
22頁
)i
r
el
at
edi
s
s
uesofl
exi
calamal
gamat
i
onandl
i
near
i
zat
i
on(wor
d or
der
nt
hel
i
ghtof
218(
91)