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Using information to improve recovery
Page 83 Black blue DOCTOR–PATIENT COMMUNICATION 83 THE WIDER ROLE OF INFORMATION IN ILLNESS Information and recovery from surgery Information may also be related to recovery and outcome following illness and surgery. On the basis that the stress caused by surgery may be related to later recovery, Janis (1958) interviewed patients before and after surgery to examine the effects of pre-operative fear on post-operative recovery. Janis examined the differences between preoperative extreme fear, moderate fear and little or no fear on outcome. Extreme fear was reflected in patients’ constant concern, anxiety and reports of vulnerability, moderate fear was reflected in reality orientation with the individual seeking out information, and little or no fear was reflected by a state of denial. The results were that moderate pre-operative fear (i.e. a reality orientation and information seeking) was related to a decrease in post-operative distress. Janis suggested that moderate fear results in the individual developing a defence mechanism, developing coping strategies, seeking out relevant information, and rehearsing the outcome of the surgery. This approach may lead to increased confidence in the outcome, which is reflected in the decreased post-operative distress. However, there is conflicting evidence regarding this ‘U’ shaped relationship between anxiety and outcome (see Johnston and Vogele 1993). Using information to improve recovery If stress is related to recovery from surgery, then obviously information could be an important way of reducing this stress. There are different types of information that could be used to effect the outcome of recovery from a medical intervention. These have been described as (1) sensory information, which can be used to help individuals deal with their feelings or to reflect on these feelings; (2) procedural information, which enables individuals to learn how the process or the intervention will actually be done; (3) coping skills information, which can educate the individual about possible coping strategies; and (4) behavioural instructions, which teach the individual how to behave in terms of factors such as coughing and relaxing. Researchers have evaluated the relative roles of these different types of information in promoting recovery and reducing distress. Johnson and Leventhal (1974) gave sensory information (i.e. information about feelings) to patients before an endoscopic examination and noted a reduction in the level of distress experienced by these patients. Egbert et al. (1964) gave sensory information (i.e. about feelings), and coping skills information (i.e. about what coping skills could be used), to patients in hospital undergoing abdominal surgery. They reported that sensory and coping information reduced the need for pain killers and in addition reduced the hospital stay by three days. Young and Humphrey (1985) gave information to patients going into hospital, and found that information specific to how they could survive hospital reduced the distress and their length of stay in the hospital. Research has also specifically examined the role of preoperative information. Johnston (1980) found that pre-operative information can influence recovery and reduce anxiety, pain rating, length of hospitalization and analgesic intake. Further, in a detailed meta-analysis of the published and unpublished literature Page 83 Black blue