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The role of the media
Page 148 Black blue 148 HEALTH PSYCHOLOGY conscious of your weight?’ The research has shown that, although those individuals with eating disorders show greater body dissatisfaction than those without, dieters show greater body dissatisfaction than non-dieters and women in general show greater body dissatisfaction than men. Therefore, body dissatisfaction can be conceptualized as either a discrepancy between individuals’ perception of their body size and their real body size, a discrepancy between their perception of their actual size as compared with their ideal size, or simply as feelings of discontent with the body’s size and shape. However, whichever conceptualization is used and whichever measurement tool is chosen to operationalize body dissatisfaction it seems clear that it is a common phenomenon and certainly not one that is limited to those few individuals with clinically defined eating disorders. So what causes this problem? THE CAUSES OF BODY DISSATISFACTION Much research has looked at the role of social factors in causing body dissatisfaction in terms of the media, ethnicity, social class and the family environment. In addition, research has explored the role of psychological factors that may translate the social factors into actual body dissatisfaction. SOCIAL FACTORS The role of the media The most commonly held belief in both the lay and academic communities is probably that body dissatisfaction is a response to representations of thin women in the media. Magazines, newspapers, television, films and even novels predominantly use images of thin women. These women may be advertising body size related items such as food and clothes or neutral items, such as vacuum cleaners and wallpaper, but they are always thin. Alternatively, they may be characters in a story or simply passers-by who illustrate the real world, but this real world is always represented by thinness. Whatever their role and wherever their existence women used by the media are generally thin and we are therefore led to believe that thinness is not only the desired norm but also the actual norm. When, on those rare occasions a fatter woman appears she is usually there making a statement about being fat (fat comedians make jokes about chocolate cake and fat actresses are either evil or unhappy) not simply as a normal woman. Do these representations then make women dissatisfied with their bodies? Some research suggests that this is the case. For example, Ogden and Mundray (1996) asked men and women to rate their body dissatisfaction both before and after studying pictures of either fat or thin men or women (the pictures were matched in gender to the participant). The results showed that all participants, regardless of sex, felt more body satisfied after studying the fatter pictures and more body dissatisfied after studying the thinner pictures. It was also shown that this response was greater in the women than the men. Similar results have been found for anorexics, bulimics and pregnant women Page 148 Black blue