water

2005 Taiwan-Japan Science and Technology Forum
２００５ 日台科学技術フォーラム
９月１６ー１７日 台北圓山大飯店
Water Resources and Water Environment in
Mega-cities
大都市域における水資源と水環境
OHGAKI, Shinichiro
大垣 眞一郎
Department of Urban Engineering, The University of Tokyo
東京大学工学系研究科
1
The 13th Session of The United Nations
Commission on Sustainable Development
(CSD-13)
11-22 April, 2005,
at UN Headquarters in New York
The thematic issues were:
to provide measures to facilitate and
enhance implementation in themes of
water,
sanitation and
human settlements.
2
World Environment
Day: June 5th 2005
UN Secretary- General
Kofi Annan said,
by 2030,more than 60%
of the world’s
population will live in
cities.
The growth poses huge
problems, ranging from
clean water supplies to
trash collection.
(Bangkok Post, June 6th, 2005)
(by courtesy of Prof.Gupta,
Asian Institute of
Technology, Bangkok)
3
World mega-cities (over 5 million population)
1950: only 8 cities in the
world
2015
2015： 31 cities in Asia
out of 58 cities
2000
2020: 1 billion in Asia
1950
(By courtesy of Dr. Takizawa,
The Univ. of Tokyo)
4
©National Geographic, Nov. 2002
Detail Distribution of Urban Population
in the world
(drawn by Dr. Ohta, Center for Sustainable Urban Regeneration,
２１世紀ＣＯＥ：都市空間の持続再生学の創出プロジェクト
The Univ. of Tokyo)
5
Distribution of Urban Population around Asia
10 million
(Dr. Ohta, Center for Sustainable Urban Regeneration, The Univ. of Tokyo)
6
講演内容
１．アジア地域の都市における水資源・水
環境の課題例
２．東京（世界最大の都市圏）の対応事例
３．シンガポール（狭小な島国の大都市）
の対応事例
４．水を巡る科学技術の姿
7
水資源の特徴−１
・生活と生産にとって必須の資源
・代替物資はない
・選択不能
・自然環境の必須の構成要素
・循環資源
農水産物、工業製品とはまったく異なる消耗品
8
水資源の特徴−２
経済財である。
希少性、
偏在性、
利用者特定ほぼ可能、
使用量の計量ほぼ可能、
受益の計量ほぼ可能
論点：水は市場的商品か公共財か。
基本的には公共財、社会的共通資本。
9
● case study cities
（財）地球環境戦略研究機関ＩＧＥＳ
淡水資源研究プロジェクトより
●
Tianjin
●Tokyo
■ Singapore
●
●
Sri Lanka
Bangkok
●
Ho Chi Minh
■Singapore
Bandung
●
10
Bandung, Indonesia
Bandung Basin
Vapour
Bandung
City
Vapour
SOURCE: BOBBY SUBROTO/ 2004
‰The Upper Citarum Watershed consists of 7 Sub Watershed
‰ The watershed have on 650 to 2,500 m’ above sea level
surrounded by ranges of mountains and hills
‰ Consists of 4 administrative area, which are: Bandung
(Municipality and Regency), Cimahi & Sumedang
11
WEST
(Dr.
Setiawan Wangsaatmaja and his team)
JAVA
12
(by Mr. Sutadian)
13
(by Mr.A.D. Sutadian)
Bangkok, Thailand
Groundwater Problems (1) Quantity
¾ Groundwater Depletion
- Water level drawdown
- More difficulty in extracting
water
Total Land Subsidence
(1992-2000)
¾ Land Subsidence
- Damage to infrastructure
- Flooding
- Disturb/deteriorate drainage
systems
Source: UNESCAP, 2002
(by courtesy of Dr.Babel, AIT)
14
Bangkok, Thailand
Groundwater Problems (2) Quality
¾ Water Quality Deterioration
- saltwater intrusion
Saltwater of 2000 ppm intruded
more than 80 km from the sea
Layer 2:
Phra Pradaeng Aquifer
Source: JICA 1995
Data collected in 1993
(by courtesy of Dr.Babel, AIT)
15
Tianjin, China
Groundwater Use and shortage of water
¾South part = salt water areas
¾50% of GW use is
for agriculture
¾All GW use for agricultural
is not counted
= large different from
the actual use volume?
12%
15%
Industrial Water Use
23%
Agricultural Water Use
Domestic Water Use
Ecological Water Use
50%
Beneficial Use of GW (2002)
(by courtesy of Dr. Xu He, Nankai Univ.)
16
Anaerobic polluted river
(in Colombo, Sri Lanka)
Heavily eutrophic river
(photo by Ohgaki, S., 2005 April)
17
TSUNAMI destroyed groundwater quality, also.
(Photo by Ohgaki, 2005 April)
18
19
(Photo by Ohgaki, 2005 May)
20
(Photo by Ohgaki, 2005 May)
TSUNAMI
Before
Pond, Paddy Field etc.
After
TSUNAMI WAVES
X
Dug Well Dry Soil Cover
Water Table
Sea Level
Fresh
Groundwater
Saline Water
Intrusion
Saline water
Interface
Saline
Groundwater
Drawing by Dr. Gemunu HERATH and Shinichiro OHGAKI, (2005)
Freshwater Resources Management Project,
Institute for Global Environmental Strategies, Hayama, Japan
Original concept by Dr. Atula SENARATNE,
Senior Lecturer in Geology, University of Peradeniya, and also
the current Chairman of Water Resources Board, Sri Lanka
21
Water
in
Tokyo and Surrounding Urban Area
as a super mega city
(population : around 26 million)
22
Water environment in Tokyo
Downtown, Sumidagawa River & Tokyo Bay
Surburb
23
Water Resources: Ogouchi Reservoir
100 km
24
Water Network in Tokyo
Tokura Dam
Yagisawa Dam
Naramata Dam
Kuriharakawa Dam
Fujiwara Dam
Aimata Dam
Water Channels
Water Treatment Plants
Sonohara Dam
Kusaki Dam
Watarasegawa riv.
Tonegawa riv.
Yatsuba Dam
Watarase Res.
Shimokubo Dam
Arakawa riv.
Takizawa Dam
Urayama Dam
Yamaguchi Res. Murayama Res.
Ogouchi Dam
Na
ka
g
Ed
Kasumigaura
og
aw
aw
a
riv
a
riv
.
.
Arakawa Res.
Tamagawa riv.
Dams
In operation
under
construction
Sagami Dam
Shiroyama Dam
© S.Ishii, COE Project, Tokyo University
25
Sagamigawa riv.
Modified from the source: Bureau of Waterworks, TMG
Population with water supply/sewerage in Tokyo
14.0
10.0
World War II
Population (million)
12.0
Total Population
Population with water supply
Population with sewerage
8.0
6.0
4.0
2.0
0.0
1900
1910
1920
1930
1940
1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
Fiscal year
© S.Ishii, COE Project, Tokyo University
Created from the sources: Bureau of Waterworks, TMG; Keihin Office of River, MILT Japan; Bureau of General Affairs, TMG
2000
26
Artery of water in Tokyo downtown
10 km
27
Copyright:Hajime Ishikawa@Tokyo Canal Project
Tokyo Metropolitan Waterworks Bureau (2004)
Service population:
11.5 million
Service population / population:
almost 100 %
Daily maximum demand:
5 million m3/d
Stainless steel pipe for service pipes:
99 %
Leakage rate:
4.4 %
28
Vein of water in Tokyo downtown
10 km
29
Copyright:Hajime Ishikawa@Tokyo Canal Project
Rivers in Downtown of Tokyo
Ochanomizu station
Kandagawa riv.
Picture source: Tokyo Canal Project
Sumidagawa riv.
Picture source: Tokyo Canal Project
Nihonbashi
Picture source: Tokyo Canal Project
30
Large share of effluent from STPs in rivers
Shishigebashi bridge.
Kodairabashi bridge
50.6%
50.2%
Shingashi riv.
Ryogoku bridge
Sumidagawa riv.
95.9%
Yanagibashi bridge
17.0%
Nakagawa riv.
71.0%
Tamagawa riv.
18.1%
Tamakawara bridge
35.3%
0 km 5 km 10 km
Kasaikobashi bridge
32.3%
Chofu intake gate
Taishibashi bridge
20 km
Treated Effluents (%)
31
Modified from the source: Bureau of Sewerage, TMG
Combined Sewer Overflows Problem in Tokyo
When the rain comes…
Source: Bureau of Sewerage, TMG
0 km 5 km 10 km
797 CSO-outlets
Combined type
(by courtesy of Prof. Furumai, The Univ. of Tokyo)
Separated type
32
Source: Bureau of Sewerage, Yokohama city & TMG
Current issues associated with the water
environment in urban area in Japan
-How to allocate a future water resource in
watersheds （合理的な分配）
(rational beneficial use/reuse of water)
-How to accommodate the multiple functions of
“water” in urban area （自然環境との調和）
(need of co-existence between human and
ecosystems)
-How to maintain and upgrade the existing
infrastructures （社会資本の維持管理、更新）
(e.g. aging sewerage systems, combined sewer
overflow problem)
33
Patchwork on Environment in Asia-Pacific Region
- Population density
- Climate (Rainfall, Temperature, ………)
- Sanitary condition
- Measures against disasters (Tsunami, Earthquake, Flooding,….)
ic
f
i
c
a
P
an
e
Oc
34
Mega-cities in both economically developing
and developed regions in Asia-Pacific are
experiencing mainly five major problems
simultaneously:
-Increasing urban population,
-Rapid economic growth and centralization,
-Unprecedented technological development,
-Social and cultural fragmentation, and
-Surge of economic globalization
WATER is related to all problems. And
How can we solve them?
35
For sustainable water resources and water
environment of mega-cities
We are far from the ideal sustainable cities in both
economically developing and developed regions.
And the water is one of the most complicated
social issues,
but we have and are obtaining
our knowledge and tools
on innovative science and technology,
on new policy measures,
on new implication methods, and
on new system management.
For example,…..
36
Rainwater
for
toilet flushing and cooling water
in Tokyo
37
Rainwater use
National Sport Stadium
Tokyo Dome Stadium
Daily use: 20.9 m3 (70% of total)
Tank capacity: 1,000 m3
Daily use: 186.3 m3
Tank capacity: 1,000 m3
For toilet flushing / cooling
water
For toilet flushing
38
Reclaimed wastewater from
a sewage treatment plant
for
toilet flushing reuse
in
Tokyo skyscrapers area
39
Shinjuku skyscrapers and Tokyo City Hall
40
Bureau of Waterworks
Yodobashi Water Treatment Plant (slow sand filtration)
(operated until 1960’s)
(Bureau of Waterworks , Tokyo Metropolitan Government) 41
Shinjuku Area
Ochiai Sewage Treatment Plant
(Bureau of Sewerage , Tokyo Metropolitan Government)
42
Sinjuku wastewater reuse centre
Daily supply: 2,740 m3 (30% of total)
Tank Capacity: 8,000 m3
For toilet flushing only
43
Source: Bureau of Urban Development, TMG
Reclaimed wastewater reuse systems in
operation in Tokyo (at March, 2002)
Number of system
Volume
(m3 day-1)
Individual building
293
43,809
Group of buildings
170
20,167
Large area scale
97
17,062
Category
44
Source: Bureau of Urban Development, TMG
Cascade system
for
hand-washing water
followed by
toilet-flushing
in
an individual house
in Tokyo
(photo by Ohgaki,2005)
45
Reclaimed wastewater reuse
for
Landscape regeneration
in Tokyo
46
Tama
gawa
-jour
Centr
yu W
e
ater R
eclam
ation
47
Picture source: Bureau of Sewerage, TMG
Landscape regeneration using
reclaimed wastewater from 1986
Nobidome yousui
Senkawa jyosui
Tamagawa jyosui
Dry up
48
Picture source: Mitaka
Centre
Bureau Education
of Sewerage,
TMG
Large share of effluent from STPs in rivers
Shishigebashi bridge.
Kodairabashi bridge
50.6%
50.2%
Shingashi riv.
Ryogoku bridge
Sumidagawa riv.
95.9%
Yanagibashi bridge
17.0%
Nakagawa riv.
71.0%
Tamagawa riv.
18.1%
Tamakawara bridge
35.3%
0 km 5 km 10 km
Kasaikobashi bridge
32.3%
Chofu intake gate
Taishibashi bridge
20 km
Treated Effluents (%)
49
Modified from the source: Bureau of Sewerage, TMG
Tokyo Downtown
ODAIBA
Tokyo Bay
50
Picture source: Bureau of the Environment, Tokyo Metropolitan Government:
Seawater Reclamation
Experimental Facility
with
UV radiation
at
Tokyo Bay Seashore
51
Seashore and the Outlet of Reclaimed Seawater
in a Pilot Study (Started from July 2003)
Odaiba Seashore Park
（東京都環境局ＨＰ）
52
System on Reclamation of Seawater
Ariake WWTP
Discharge
Ariake Canal
pumped up
Bio-membrane
filtration
Odaiba seashore
UV disinfection
Medium-pressure
UV lamps
(1.9kW×12)
(Photo by Masago
June 2003)
effluent
(5000m3/d)
53
(Oguma and Ohgaki,2003)
54
Singapore
(population = 4.2 million)
PUB, Singapore, has ensured a diversified and sustainable
supply of water for Singapore with;
the Four National Taps
1. Local catchment water
2. Imported water (from Malaysia)
3. NEWater (reclaimed wastewater)
4. Desalinated water (from seawater)
55
56
(photo by Ohgaki,2005)
57
(photo by Ohgaki,2005)
58
(from brochure of PUB, Singapore. Photo by Ohgaki,2005)
59
(photo by Ohgaki,2005)
60
(photo by Ohgaki,2005)
Marina Barrage （河口堰）
61
(from brochure of PUB, Singapore. Photo by Ohgaki,2005)
62
(photo by Ohgaki 2005)
63
(photo by Ohgaki 20
64
(photo by Ohgaki,2005)
Mobile Plant of Membrane Water
Treatment System
in Thailand
(By courtesy of
Dr. Chavalit Ratanamskul,
Chulalonkorn Univ., Bangkok)
65
Quantification and genotyping of Cryptosporidium spp. from river
water by quenching probe PCR coupled with denaturing gradient gel
electrophoresis (DGGE)
(Source (unpublished): Masago Y*, Oguma K**, Katayama H** and
Ohgaki S**)
66
Principle of ESS(Endonuclease Sensitive Site) assay for UV disinfection
A;DNA without PD
B;DNA with PD
single strand break (nick)
is produced selectively
at the site of PD
UV-endonuclease
alkaline agarose gel
electrophoresis
A
B
marker
PD:Pyrimidine Dimer
double strand DNA is divided
into two single strands
DNA is fragmentized
at the site of PD
=PD is recognized as ESS
DNA with PD
provides smear image
Image Analysis
(Oguma, Univ. of Tokyo, 2004)
67
Determination of viability in fluorescent in-situ
hybridization of particle-associated
enterobacteriaceae
(Source:
Dr. Alam, .Z.B.,
Dr. Luxmy, B.S.,
Dr. Katayama, H
Ohgaki, S.)
68
Atomic force microscopic image
of surface of a nano-filter
Source: Kim, Hyunah ,Katayama,H. and Takizawa, S.
2005, University of Tokyo
69
Detection and Modeling for Fate of
Pathogens in Urban Sea Shore
Detection of Norovirus
from sea water using
Innovative genetechnology
Norovirus
(around 30nm)
(by courtesy of Profs/Drs. Furumai,
Sato, Koibuchi, Honda, Nakajima &
Katayama, The University of
Tokyo,2005)
70
Modeling of Fate of Coliform
10８
3D Computational Fluid
Dynamics
10７
„ nesting of detail topographical features
„ combined sewer overflow as boundary condition
„ growth and death reaction of pathogens
10６
お台場
10５
10４
10３
大井
埠頭
Tokyo Bay
(by courtesy of Profs/Drs. Furumai, Sato,
Koibuchi, Honda, Nakajima & Katayama,
The University of Tokyo,2005)
10２
城南島
10１
100
71
10月3日降雨直後の状況
Universe of Water
Human Development
STATISTICS
RISK
SAFE & SANITARY
& HEALTH in CITY
URBAN DESIGN
MANAGEMENT
WATER /
WASTEWATER
TREATMENT
VETERINARY
WATER RESOUCES
CHEMICAL / BIO
SENSOR
GLOBAL CLIMATE
RIVER / LAKE /
GROUNDWATER
DEVICE
GEOLOGY
FIRST
PRINCEPLE
SOIL
WATER
CHEMISTRY
GROUNDWATER
DIFFUSION
PHOTO
CHEMISTRY
VIROLOGY
IMAGE ANALYSIS
PROTEIN
ENGINEERING
HYDRODYNAMICS
RADICAL
INFORMATION
TECHNOLOGY
ENZYME /
DNA / RNA
VIRUS
UV / OZONE
GIS
FISH / ALGAE/
BACTERIA / VIRUS
MICROBIOLOGY
DISINFECTION
PHOTOCATALIST
LIVESTOCK
RESIDENCE
AGRICULTURAL FIELD
WTAERSHED
METEOROLOGY
HYDROLOGY
NETWORK
CONSTRACTION
PIPE
MATERIAL
ENIGINEERING
IMUNOLOGY
WATER / WASTEWATER
WATER SUPPLY
SERVICE
ADMINISTRATION
EPIDEMIOLOGY
PATHOGEN / TOXIN
CYTY PLANNING
PUBLIC
PARTICIPATION
FINANCIAL
Eng. Against Disaster
GENE
TECHNOLOGY
REACTION
MOLECULAR
ORBITAL
GENE
MOLECULAR
MICROBIOLOGY
MOLECULE
72
(Ohgaki, S. 2005)
“Human development” has been pointed
out by Prof. Amartya Sen, Indian
economist and 1998-Nobel prize winner
on economics, as the most important
concept for sustainability of the world.
It is not necessary to say that we cannot
enhance the human capability without
water as well as other social infrastructure
or social overhead capitals.
73
However, our universe of water has a broad
range and spreads in all directions.
It spreads from molecular biotechnology to
urban management. Nobody cannot catch
and apply this expanding knowledge on
water by his/her self alone.
We have to establish a holistic science and
technology on water as well as the network
with many researchers on social overhead
capital for sustainability.
（水の統合的科学技術と国際連携システム）
74
アジア各都市の主要研究機関を網羅した国際研究ネットワークの結成
75
(cSUR, UT)
Acknowledgements (謝辞）
Colleagues and Friends
of
- Center for Sustainable Urban Regeneration, The Univ. of Tokyo
（２１ＣＯＥプロジェクト 都市空間の持続再生学の創出、ｃＳＵＲ、東京大学）
- Dept. of Urban Eng., The Univ. of Tokyo
- Asian Institute of Technology (AIT), Bangkok
- Chulalongkorn Univ., Thailand
- PUB, Singapore
- Institute for Global Environment Strategies, Hayama, Japan
（財・地球環境戦略研究機関）
Ms. Kataoka, Y. , Dr. Hara, K., Dr. Gemunu HERATH
Dr. Xu He and his team,
Institute of Environmental Science and Engineering,
Nankai University, Tianjin, China
Dr. Setiawan Wangsaatmaja and his team
West Java Environmental Protection Agency, Bandung, Indonesia
Dr. Mukand Singh Babel and Ms. Niña Donna Sto. Domingo
Asian Institute of Technologies, Bangkok, Thailand
Dr. Nguyen Phuoc Dan and his team
76
Ho Chi Min City University of Technology, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam