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岩佐 憲明
徳島大学総合科学部 人間社会文化研究 第23巻（2015）95－108 感情主義と形而上学的信念＊ Sentimentalism and Metaphysical Beliefs 岩佐 憲明 㸯㸬ࡣࡌࡵ ᮏ✏࡛ࡣࠊࡲࡎࣇࣛࣥࢩࢫ࣭ࣁࢳࢫࣥ(Francis Hutcheson)ࠊࢹࣦࢵࢻ࣭ࣄ࣮࣒ࣗ(David Hume)ࠊ ࢲ࣒࣭ࢫ࣑ࢫ(Adam Smith)ࡢ㐨ᚨឤぬ⌮ㄽࢆ⤂ࡋࠊࡑࢀࡽࡢ㛫ࡢ㔜せ࡞┦㐪Ⅼࢆ᫂ࡽ ࡍࡿࠋḟࠊ㐨ᚨឤぬ(moral sense)ࡸ㐨ᚨឤ(moral sentiments)ᇶ࡙ࡃ㐨ᚨุ᩿ࡀᙧ⪋ୖᏛⓗ ಙᛕࠊࡍ࡞ࢃࡕࠊ᐀ᩍⓗࠊ㟋ⓗࠊࡲࡓࡣဴᏛⓗಙᛕࡼࡾኚࡍࡿ࠺ࢆ⪃ᐹࡍࡿࠋࡇࡢ ࡓࡵࠊᮏ✏ࡣ୕⌮ㄽࢆᖿ⣽⬊◊✲1ࠊዷፎ୰⤯ࠊ✚ᴟⓗᏳᴦṚࡢࡼ࠺࡞ၥ㢟㐺⏝ࡍࡿࠋ ࡇࢀࡽᚓࡽࢀࡿ▱ぢࡣࠊ୕⌮ㄽ࠾ࡅࡿ㐨ᚨឤぬࡸ㐨ᚨឤࡔࡅ࡛ࡣ㐺ษ࡞㐨ᚨࢆ㆑ู࡛ࡁ ࡞࠸ࡇࢆ♧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ 㸰㸬ࣁࢳࢫࣥࡢ㐨ᚨ⌮ㄽ ࠗᛕㄽ(An Essay on the Nature and Conduct of the Passions and Affections)࠘࠾࠸࡚ࠊࣁࢳࢫ 㸬㸬㸬㸬㸬㸬㸬㸬㸬㸬㸬㸬㸬㸬 㸬㸬㸬㸬㸬㸬㸬㸬㸬 㸬㸬㸬㸬㸬㸬㸬 ࣥࡣࠊឤぬ(sense)ࢆࠕ༢⊂࡛⮬Ⓨⓗほᛕࢆཷࡅྲྀࡾࠊᛌࡸⱞࡢ▱ぬࢆᣢࡘࠊ⢭⚄ࡢ࠶ࡽࡺࡿ 㸬㸬 ഴྥ(Determination)ࠖᐃ⩏ࡍࡿࠋࡇࡢᐃ⩏ࡼࡿࠊேࡣࠕ୍⯡ㄝ᫂ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡶࡢࡢ 㸬㸬 㸬㸬㸬㸬 ከࡃࡢឤぬࠖ ࢆᣢࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࣁࢳࢫࣥࡣ௨ୗࡢឤぬࢆ᫂♧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ ➨୍ࠊ ࠕ࿘▱ࡢእⓗឤぬࠖ ࠋ 㸬㸬㸬㸬㸬㸬㸬㸬㸬㸬㸬㸬㸬 㸬㸬㸬 㸬㸬㸬 㸬㸬㸬㸬㸬 ➨ࠊ ࠕつ๎ⓗ࡛ㄪࡢࢀࡓᆒ୍࡞ᑐ㇟ࡽ⏕ࡌࠊ೧ࡉࡸ᪂ࡉࡽࡶ⏕ࡌࡿᚰᆅࡼ࠸▱ 㸬 㸬㸬㸬㸬 㸬㸬㸬㸬 㸬㸬 㸬㸬 ぬࠖ ࠋ➨୕ࠊ ࠕබⓗឤぬࠊࡍ࡞ࢃࡕࠊ ࠗேࡢᖾ⚟႐ࡧࠊேࡢᖾᛌ࡞ࡿഴྥ࠘ ࠖࠋ➨ 㸬㸬㸬㸬 㸬 㸬㸬 ᅄࠊ ࠕ㐨ᚨឤぬࠋࡇࡢឤぬࡼࡗ࡚ࠗࢃࢀࢃࢀࡣ⮬ศ⮬㌟ࡸேࡢ୰ࡢᚨࡸᝏᚨࢆ▱ぬࡍࡿ࠘ࠖ2ࠋ 㸬㸬㸬㸬 㸬㸬 㸬㸬 ➨ࠊ ࠕྡឤぬࠋࠗࡇࡢឤぬࡣࠊࢃࢀࢃࢀࡀࡋ࡚ࡁࡓ࠶ࡽࡺࡿၿ⾜ࡢேࡢㄆࡸឤㅰࢆ 㸬㸬 㸬㸬 ᛌࡢᚲ↛ⓗཎᅉࡍࡿࠋࡑࡋ࡚ࠊࡇࡢឤぬࡣࠊࢃࢀࢃࢀࡀ࡞ࡋࡓᦆᐖࡢேࡢ᎘ᝏࡸ㠀㞴ࡸ 㸬㸬 㸬 ៓ࢆࠊ ᦆᐖࡼࡿࡉࡽ࡞ࡿ⅏࠸ࢆᜍࢀ࡞࠸ሙྜ࡛ࡶࠊࡤࢀࡿᛌ࡞ឤぬࡢཎᅉࡍࡿ࠘ ࠖ ࠋ 㸬㸬 㸬㸬㸬 ࠕࡇࢀࡽࡢ✀㢮ࡍ࡚␗࡞ࡿࡢ▱ぬࡀࠊࡇࡼࡿࠊ࠶ࡿࠋ࠼ࡤࠊ ࠗ㐨ᚨⓗၿࡸᝏࡢᴫ ᮏ ✏ ࡣ ࠊ ḟ ࡢ ᣋ ✏ ࢆ ⩻ ヂ ࡋ ࡓ ࡶ ࡢ ࡛ ࠶ ࡿ ࠋ Noriaki Iwasa, “Sentimentalism and Metaphysical Beliefs,” Prolegomena, Vol. 9, No. 2 (2010): pp. 271–286. 1 ᮏ✏࡛ࡣࠊᖿ⣽⬊◊✲ࡣࣄࢺ⬇ᛶᖿ⣽⬊◊✲ࢆᣦࡍࠋ 2 Francis Hutcheson, An Essay on the Nature and Conduct of the Passions and Affections, with Illustrations on the Moral Sense, ed. Aaron Garrett (Indianapolis: Liberty Fund, 2002), p. 17. ࣁࢳࢫࣥඛ❧ࡗ࡚ࠊ➨ 3 ௦ࢩࣕࣇࢶ ࣋ࣜ∖ࡀⴭసࡢ୰࡛ࠕ㐨ᚨឤぬ(moral sense)ࠖ࠸࠺⏝ㄒࢆ⏝࠸ࡓࠋࣁࢳࢫࣥࡣࡑࡢ⏝ㄒࢆࢩࣕࣇࢶ࣋ࣜ ࡽ⏝ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋAnthony Ashley Cooper Shaftesbury, Characteristicks of Men, Manners, Opinions, Times, 3 vols. (Indianapolis: Liberty Fund, 2001), Vol. 2, p. 27 ࢆཧ↷ࠋᮏ✏ࡣࢩࣕࣇࢶ࣋ࣜࡢ㐨ᚨឤぬ⌮ㄽࢆㄽࡌ࡞࠸ࠋ࡞ࡐ ࡞ࡽࠊࢩࣕࣇࢶ࣋ࣜࡣ⮬ศࡢ⌮ㄽࡢ୰࡛㐨ᚨឤぬࡘ࠸࡚࠶ࡲࡾㄒࡗ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࡽ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ * ― ― 95 㸬㸬 㸬㸬 㸬㸬㸬㸬㸬㸬㸬㸬 ᛕࡀఱࡶ࡞ࡗࡓࡋ࡚ࡶࠊ࠶ࡿ⾜Ⅽࡸ≧ἣ࠾ࡅࡿ♩ࠊᑛཝࠊே㛫ᮏᛶࡢ㐺ᛶ㛵ࡍࡿࠊ 㸬㸬 㸬㸬 㸬㸬㸬㸬㸬 ࡑࡋ࡚ࠊṇᑐࡢ⾜Ⅽࡸ≧ἣ࠾ࡅࡿୗရࠊ༝ຎࠊ౯್ࡢ࡞ࡉ㛵ࡍࡿ࠘࠸ࡃࡘࡢᴫᛕ࡞ࠖ3ࠋ 㐨ᚨⓗ⌮ᛶ⩏ᑐࡋ࡚ࠊࣁࢳࢫࣥࡣࠊ㐨ᚨⓗ༊ูࡣ㐨ᚨឤぬᇶ࡙ࡃ⪃࠼ࡿࠋࡇࡢឤ ぬࡼࡾࠊࢃࢀࢃࢀࡣ⾜Ⅽࡢ୰ࡢ㐨ᚨⓗၿ㸦ᚨ㸧ࡸ㐨ᚨⓗᝏ㸦ᝏᚨ㸧ࢆ▱ぬࡍࡿࠋ ࠗ⨾ᚨࡢほ ᛕࡢ㉳ཎ(An Inquiry into the Original of Our Ideas of Beauty and Virtue)࠘ࡼࡿࠊ㐨ᚨⓗၿࡣࠊ ࠕ⾜Ⅽࡼࡗ࡚࠸࡞ࡿ┈ࡶཷࡅ࡞࠸ேࡽࠊ⾜Ⅽ⪅ࡢㄆឡࢆࡶࡓࡽࡍࠖࠋ᪉ࠊ㐨ᚨ ⓗᝏࡣࠊࠕ⾜Ⅽࡢ⮬↛࡞ഴྥ↓㛵ಀࡢேࡽࡉ࠼ࠊ⾜Ⅽ⪅ࡢឤ᎘ᝏࢆࡁ❧࡚ࡿࠖ 4ࠋ 㐨ᚨⓗㄆࡸྰㄆࡣࠊ⮬↛⏕ࡌࡿࠋ ࠗ㐨ᚨឤぬࡢ♧(Illustrations upon the Moral Sense)࠘࠾ 㸬㸬 㸬㸬㸬 ࠸࡚ࠊࣁࢳࢫࣥࡣゝ࠺ࠋ ࠕㄆࡣࠊࢃࢀࢃࢀࡀ⮬Ⓨⓗ⮬㌟ࡶࡓࡽࡋᚓࡿࡶࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋ⾜Ⅽ 㸬㸬 㸬㸬㸬 ࢆ⇍⪃ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠊࢃࢀࢃࢀࡣࠊㄆࡀᚰᆅࡼ࠸࠸࠺⌮⏤࡛ࠊㄆࡍࡿࡇࢆ㑅ࢇ࡛࠸࡞࠸ࠋ 㸬㸬 㸬㸬㸬㸬 㸬㸬 㸬㸬 ͐͐ㄆࡣ᫂ࡽࠊ࠶ࡽࡺࡿ㝶ⓗᛌࡺ࠼ࡢඛ❧ࡘពḧࡸ㑅ᢥ࡞ࡋ⏕ࡌࡿ▱ぬ࡛࠶ࡿࠖ5ࠋ ࣁࢳࢫࣥࡣࠊ㐨ᚨⓗၿᝏࢆ⮬↛ⓗၿᝏࡽ༊ูࡍࡿࠋ ṇ┤ࡉࠊㄔᐇࡉࠊᐶࡉࠊぶษࡉ࠸࠺⛠㈶ࡉࢀࡿᛶ㉁ࡽࠊ࠸࡞ࡿ┈ࡶᮇᚅࡉࢀ࡞࠸ ࡛ࡉ࠼ࠊࡇࢀࡽࡢᛶ㉁ࢆᣢࡗ࡚࠸ࡿᛮࢃࢀࡿேᑐࡋ࡚ࠊᐙࠊᅵᆅࠊᗞᅬࠊⴵⴇᅬࠊ ᗣࠊຊࠊ㈼᫂ࡉ࡞ࡢ⮬↛ⓗၿࢆᣢࡗ࡚࠸ࡿேᑐࡋ࡚࡛ࡣࠊேࡣࢀ㐪ࡗࡓឤࡌ ࢆཷࡅࡿ㸽ࢃࢀࢃࢀࡣᚲ↛ⓗ๓⪅ࡢᣢࡕࢆឡࡋㄆࡍࡿࡇࢆぢ࠸ࡔࡍࡔࢁ࠺ࠋࡋ ࡋࠊᚋ⪅ࢆᣢࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡇࡣᣢࡕࡢឡࢆ↛ࡶࡓࡽࡉࡎࠊࡋࡤࡋࡤ᎖ጊࡋࡳ࠸࠺ ṇᑐࡢឤࢆࡶࡓࡽࡍࡇࢆぢ࠸ࡔࡍࡔࢁ࠺ࠋྠᵝࠊᐇࡉࠊṧ㓞ࡉࠊᛀᜠ࡞ࡢࠊࢃ ࢀࢃࢀࡀ㐨ᚨⓗᝏ࠸⌮ゎࡍࡿ࠸࡞ࡿᛶ㉁ࡶࠊࡑࢀࢆぢࡅࡿேࡢࡋࡳࢆᘬࡁ㉳ࡇ ࡍࠋࡇࢀᑐࡋ࡚ࠊⱞ③ࠊ㈋ᅔࠊ㣚㣹ࠊẼࠊṚ࡞ࡢ⮬↛ⓗᝏࡉࡽࡉࢀࡓከࡃࡢேࢆࢃ ࢀࢃࢀࡣᚰࡽឡࡋࠊᑛ㔜ࡋࠊẼࡢẘᛮ࠺6ࠋ ࣁࢳࢫࣥࡣࠊ㐨ᚨࡣ⮬ឡࡸ⮬㑏ඖ࡛ࡁࡿ⪃࠼ࡿࢺ࣐ࢫ࣭࣍ࢵࣈࢬ(Thomas Hobbes)ࡸ ࣂ࣮ࢼ࣮ࢻ࣭࣐ࣥࢹࣦࣝ(Bernard Mandeville)ࡢࡼ࠺࡞ဴᏛ⪅ㄽࡍࡿࠋࣁࢳࢫࣥࡣ㏙ࡿࠋ ࠕࢃࢀࢃࢀࡀேࡢேࡽྠࡌ┈ࢆᚓࡿࡀࠊࡑࡢ୍ேࡣࢃࢀࢃࢀࡢᖾ⚟ࡢ႐ࡧࢃࢀࢃࢀ ࡢឡࡽࠊࡶ࠺୍ேࡣ⮬ࡢぢ㏻ࡋࡽࠊ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣᙉไࡼࡗ࡚ࠊࢃࢀࢃࢀᑾࡃࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ ௬ᐃࡋࡼ࠺ࠋ୧⪅ࡶࠊࡇࡢሙྜ➼ࡋࡃࢃࢀࢃࢀ᭷┈᭷࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡅࢀࡶࠊࢃࢀࢃࢀ ࡣᙼࡽࡃ␗࡞ࡿឤࢆᢪࡃࡔࢁ࠺ࠖ7ࠋ 㸬㸬㸬㸬㸬㸬 ࣁࢳࢫࣥࡣࠊࢃࢀࢃࢀࡣࡶࡶࠕࡉࡲࡊࡲ࡞⛬ᗘேࡢ͐͐ࡅ῝࠸ឤࠖࢆᣢࡗ࡚࠾ 㸬㸬㸬㸬㸬 ࡾࠊ ࠕࡑࢀࡽࡢឤࡺ࠼ࠊࢃࢀࢃࢀࡣ⚾ⓗᖾ⚟ࢆᑡࡋࡶ⪃៖ࡏࡎࠊேࡢᖾ⚟ࢆ✲ᴟࡢ┠ⓗ 㸬 ࡋ࡚ḧồࡍࡿࠖ⪃࠼ࡿ8ࠋࣁࢳࢫࣥࡣゝ࠺ࠋࠕࢃࢀࢃࢀࡀ᭷ᚨࡳ࡞ࡍࠊேࡢᖾ⚟ࡢḧ Hutcheson, Essay, p. 18. Francis Hutcheson, An Inquiry into the Original of Our Ideas of Beauty and Virtue, in Two Treatises, ed. Wolfgang Leidhold, rev. ed. (Indianapolis: Liberty Fund, 2008), p. 85. 5 Hutcheson, Essay, p. 155. 6 Hutcheson, Inquiry, pp. 85–86. 7 Ibid., p. 90. 8 Hutcheson, Essay, p. 136. 3 4 ― ― 96 㸬 㸬㸬㸬㸬㸬 㸬 㸬㸬 㸬㸬㸬㸬㸬㸬 㸬㸬㸬㸬㸬㸬 㸬㸬㸬㸬㸬㸬㸬㸬㸬㸬㸬 ồࡣࠊࢇ࡞ୡⓗ┈ࠊᐩࠊᶒຊࠊእⓗឤぬࡢᛌࠊ⚄ࡽࡢሗ㈹ࠊࡲࡓࡣ⮬ᕫㄆ㛵ࡍࡿ 㸬㸬㸬㸬 㸬㸬 ᮍ᮶ࡢᛌࡢぢ㎸ࡳࡼࡗ࡚ࡶࠊ┤᥋ࡁ❧࡚ࡽࢀ࡞࠸ࠖ9ࠋࣁࢳࢫࣥࡣࠕ↓⚾ࡢឡ(disinterested Affection)ࠖࢆࠕᐖⓎࡍࡿࡍ࡚ࡢ⌮⏤ඛ❧ࡘᮏ⬟ࠖࡳ࡞ࡍ10ࠋ ࣁࢳࢫࣥࡣࠕ㐨ᚨⓗၿࡸᝏ㛵ࡍࡿឤぬࡢᬑ㐢ⓗᇶ♏ࠖࢆࠕ୍᪉࡛ࡣேࡢ ோឡ (Benevolence)ࠊ᪉࡛ࡣᝏពࠊ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣ᫂ⓑ࡞බඹᝏ㛵ࡍࡿᛰ↓㛵ᚰࠖࡳ࡞ࡍ11ࠋࠗ㐨 ᚨဴᏛయ⣔(A System of Moral Philosophy)࠘࠾࠸࡚ࠊࣁࢳࢫࣥࡣ᭩࠸࡚࠸ࡿࠋ ࡇࡢ㐨ᚨⓗㄆࢆࡁ❧࡚ࡿឤࡣࡍ࡚ࠊ┤᥋ࡅ῝࠸ࠊ⮬↛ࡑࡢࡼ࠺࡞Ẽ㉁㛵 㐃ࡀ࠶ࡿࠋྰㄆࡉࢀ㠀㞴ࡉࢀࡿឤࡣࠊᛶᝏ࡛ࡑࢀࡼࡗ࡚ேᖾࢆࡶࡓࡽࡍഴྥࡀ࠶ ࡿࠊ࠶ࡿぶษ࡞ឤࢆ♧ࡍࡼ࠺࡞ᕫⓗẼ㉁࡛࠶ࡿࠊබඹၿᚲせ࡞⛬ᗘࡢࠊࡑࡋ࡚ ࢃࢀࢃࢀࡢ✀୍⯡ᮇᚅࡉࢀࡿ⛬ᗘࡢࡅ῝࠸ឤࡢḞዴ࡛࠶ࡿ(SMP I.2.V)12ࠋ ࣁࢳࢫࣥࡣࡲࡓゝ࠺ࠋ ࠕീࡋᚓࡿ᭱ࡶ᭷⏝࡞⾜Ⅽࡶࠊࡑࢀࡀ⮬ឡࡸᐖࡽฟ࡚࠸ࡓࡔࡅ࡛࠶ ࡿࡇࢆࢃࢀࢃࢀࡀㄆ㆑ࡍࡿࡸྰࡸࠊோឡࡢぢࡅࢆࡍ࡚ኻ࠺ࠖ13ࠋࣁࢳࢫࣥࡢ⪃࠼࡛ࡣࠊ ࠕ༢⮬ឡࡽฟ࡚࠸ࡿࡀࠊே᭷ᐖ࡞ᙳ㡪ࢆ࠼࡞࠸ࡢ࡛ࠊோឡࡢḞዴࢆ᫂♧ࡋ࡞࠸⾜Ⅽ ࡣࠊ㐨ᚨⓗព࡛ࡣࡃ࠺࡛ࡶࡼࡃぢ࠼ࡿࠖ14ࠋࡇࡢࡼ࠺ࠊ㐨ᚨᛶ࠾࠸࡚㔜せ࡞ࡢࡣ⾜Ⅽ ࡑࡢࡶࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊ⾜Ⅽࡢ⫼ᚋࡢẼ㉁࡛࠶ࡿࠋ ᐇ㝿ࡣࠊ⾜Ⅽࡢ㐨ᚨⓗ㉁ࡣᖖྠࡌ࡛࠶ࡿࢃࡅ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋࡑࡢ㉁ࢆẚ㍑ࡍࡿࡓࡵࠊࣁࢳ ࢫࣥࡣḟࡢཎ⌮ࢆᑟධࡍࡿࠋ ᥦࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡉࡲࡊࡲ࡞⾜Ⅽࡢ୰࡛ࢃࢀࢃࢀࡢ㑅ᢥࢆつไࡍࡿࡓࡵࠊࡍ࡞ࢃࡕࠊࡑࢀࡽ ࡢ⾜Ⅽࡢࢀࡀ᭱ࡢ㐨ᚨⓗ༟㉺ᛶࢆ᭷ࡍࡿࢆぢ࠸ࡔࡍࡓࡵࠊ⾜Ⅽࡢ㐨ᚨⓗ㉁ࢆẚ㍑ࡍ ࡿ㝿ࠊࢃࢀࢃࢀࡣᚨ㛵ࡍࡿ㐨ᚨឤぬࡼࡗ࡚ᑟࢀࠊḟࡢࡼ࠺ุ᩿ࡍࡿࠋࡑࡢ⾜Ⅽࡽ ⏕ࡌࡿᮇᚅࡉࢀࡿᖾ⚟ࡢ⛬ᗘࡀ➼ࡋ࠸ࡣࠊᚨࡣᖾ⚟ࡀཬࡪ࡛࠶ࢁ࠺ேᩘẚࡍࡿ㸦ࡑ ࡋ࡚ࡇࡇ࡛ࠊே㛫ࡢᑛཝࡸ㐨ᚨⓗ㔜せᛶࡀᩘࢆ⿵࠺ࡇࡀ࡛ࡁࡿ㸧 ࠋࡑࡋ࡚ᩘࡀ➼ࡋ࠸ࡣࠊ ᚨࡣᖾ⚟ࡸ⮬↛ⓗၿࡢ㔞ẚࡍࡿࠋࡍ࡞ࢃࡕࠊᚨࡣၿࡢ㔞ாཷ⪅ࡢᩘࡢ」ẚ࠶ࡿࠋ ྠᵝࠊ㐨ᚨⓗᝏࡸᝏᚨࡣᖾࡢ⛬ᗘⱞࡋࡴ⪅ࡢᩘẚࡍࡿࠋࡋࡓࡀࡗ࡚ࠊ᭱ᩘࡢࡓ ࡵࡢ᭱ᖾ⚟ࢆࡶࡓࡽࡍ⾜Ⅽࡀ᭱ၿ࡛࠶ࡾࠊྠᵝࠊᖾࢆࡶࡓࡽࡍ⾜Ⅽࡀ᭱ᝏ࡛࠶ࡿ15ࠋ ࠕ᭱ᩘࡢࡓࡵࡢ᭱ᖾ⚟ࠖ࠸࠺⾲⌧ࡣࠊࢪ࢙࣑࣮࣭ࣞ࣋ࣥࢧ࣒(Jeremy Bentham)ࡢ㢮ఝࡢ᭷ ྡ࡞ຌ⩏ⓗ⾲⌧ඛ⾜ࡍࡿࠋࣁࢳࢫࣥࡢຌ⩏ࡣࠊ༢⤖ᯝࢆᶵᲔⓗィ⟬ࡍࡿࡇ࡛ Ibid., pp. 24–25. Hutcheson, Inquiry, p. 112. 11 Ibid., p. 120. 12 Francis Hutcheson, A System of Moral Philosophy, in Three Books, 2 vols. (London: A. Millar and T. Longman, 1755). “I.2.V”ࡣ➨ 1 ᕳࠊ➨ 2 ❶ࠊ➨ 5 ⠇ࢆᣦࡍࠋ 13 Hutcheson, Inquiry, p. 103. 14 Ibid., p. 122. 15 Ibid., p. 125. 9 10 ― ― 97 ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋࣁࢳࢫࣥࡣࠊ♫యࡢ┈ࡢࡓࡵᑡᩘὴࢆࡁ࡞ᖾ㝗ࢀࡿࡇࢆྰㄆࡍࡿࡔ ࢁ࠺ࠋࡇࢀࡀࠊࣁࢳࢫࣥࡀࠕே㛫ࡢᑛཝࡸ㐨ᚨⓗ㔜せᛶࡀᩘࢆ⿵࠺ࡇࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࠖゝࡗ࡚࠸ ࡿ⌮⏤࡛࠶ࡿࠋ ࣁࢳࢫࣥࡣࠕ⮬↛ࡢ㐀⪅㹙⚄㹛ࡣ͐͐ࢃࢀࢃࢀࡢ⾜Ⅽࢆᑟࡃࡓࡵࠊࡑࡋ࡚ࡉࡽ㧗ᑦ࡞ ᛌࢆ࠼ࡿࡓࡵࠊࢃࢀࢃࢀ㐨ᚨឤぬࢆ࠼ࡓࠖ⪃࠼ࡿ16ࠋࡇࢀࡣࠊ㐨ᚨឤぬࡀᬑ㐢ⓗ࡛࠶ 㸬㸬 㸬㸬 ࡿࡇࢆᬯ♧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋᐇ㝿ࠊࣁࢳࢫࣥࡣ㏙࡚࠸ࡿࠋ ࠕࡍ࡚ࡢேࡢឤぬࡀ࡞ࡾᆒ୍࡛࠶ 㸬㸬㸬㸬㸬 ࡿࡇࡣࠊࡰ☜ᐇ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ⚄ࡶぶษ࡞ឤࢆㄆࡍࡿࠋࡑ࠺࡛࡞ࡅࢀࡤࠊ⚄ࡣࢃࢀࢃࢀࡢ୰ 㸬㸬㸬㸬 ぶษ࡞ឤࢆ᳜࠼ࡘࡅ࡞ࡗࡓࡔࢁ࠺ࡋࠊࢃࢀࢃࢀࡀ㐨ᚨឤぬࡼࡗ࡚ぶษ࡞ឤࢆㄆࡍ ࡿࡼ࠺Ỵᐃࡋ࡞ࡗࡓࡔࢁ࠺ࠖ17ࠋ 㸱㸬ࣄ࣮࣒ࣗࡢ㐨ᚨ⌮ㄽ ࣄ࣮࣒ࣗࡼࡿࠊᛕ(passions)ࡀ⾜Ⅽࢆືᶵ࡙ࡅࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡾࠊ ࠕ⌮ᛶࡔࡅ࡛ࡣ࠸࡞ࡿ⾜Ⅽ ࢆ⏕ࡳฟࡍࡇࡶࠊពḧ(volition)ࢆᘬࡁ㉳ࡇࡍࡇࡶỴࡋ࡚࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ࠖ ࠋ⌮ᛶࡣࠕពḧࢆጉࡆࡿ ࡇࡶࠊᛕࡸឤ(emotion)ඃࢆத࠺ࡇࡶ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ࠋ͐͐⌮ᛶࡣᛕࡢያ㞔࡛࠶ࡾࠊࡲ ࡓࡓࡔያ㞔࡛࠶ࡿࡁ࡛࠶ࡗ࡚ࠊ⌮ᛶࡣᛕ࠼ࠊᚑ࠺௨እࡢఱࡢᙺ┠ࢆᮃࡴࡇࡣỴࡋ ࡚࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ࠖ(T 2.3.3.4)18ࠋࣄ࣮࣒ࣗࡢ⪃࠼࡛ࡣࠊ⌮ᛶࡣḟࡢሙྜ࠾࠸࡚ࡢࡳࠊࢃࢀࢃࢀࡢ⾜ Ⅽᙳ㡪ࢆ࠼ᚓࡿࠋ ࠕࡍ࡞ࢃࡕࠊ⌮ᛶࡀᛕࡢ㐺ษ࡞ᑐ㇟࡛࠶ࡿ࠶ࡿࡶࡢࡢᏑᅾࢆࢃࢀࢃࢀ ▱ࡽࡏࡿࡇࡼࡗ࡚ࠊࡑࡢᛕࢆࡁ❧࡚ࡿࠊᛕࢆⓎࡍࡿᡭẁࢆࢃࢀࢃࢀ࠼ࡿ ࡓࡵࠊ⌮ᛶࡀཎᅉ⤖ᯝࡢ㛵ಀࢆⓎぢࡍࡿ࡛࠶ࡿࠖ(T 3.1.1.12)ࠋ ࣄ࣮࣒ࣗࡣࠊᛕࡣࠕ┿⌮ࡸ⌮ᛶᑐ❧ࡋࡓࡾࠊ▩┪ࡋࡓࡾ࡛ࠖࡁ࡞࠸⪃࠼ࡿࠋఱࡀ┿ ࡲࡓࡣഇ࡛࠶ࡿࡓࡵࡢ᮲௳ࡣࠊࡑࢀࡀࠕ⾲⌧ⓗᛶ㉁(representative quality)ࠖࢆᣢࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡛ ࠶ࡿࠋఱࡀᑐ㇟ࢆṇ☜⾲⌧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠊࡑࢀࡣ┿࡛࠶ࡿࠋఱࡀᑐ㇟ࢆṇ☜⾲⌧ࡋ࡞࠸ ࠊࡑࢀࡣഇ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࣄ࣮࣒ࣗࡼࡿࠊ ࠕᛕࡣ᰿※ⓗᏑᅾࠊ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣࠊ࠸࠺࡞ࢀࡤᏑᅾࡢኚ ᐜ࡛࠶ࡿࠋᛕࡣ⮬ࡽࢆఱࡢᏑᅾࡸኚᐜࡢࡋࡍࡿࡼ࠺࡞ࠊ࠸࡞ࡿ⾲⌧ⓗᛶ㉁ࡶྵࡲ ࡞࠸ࠖ(T 2.3.3.5)ࠋࡋࡓࡀࡗ࡚ࠊࣄ࣮࣒ࣗࡣࠊᛕࡣ┿࡛ࡶഇ࡛ࡶ࠶ࡾᚓ࡞࠸⪃࠼ࡿࠋࣄ࣮ࣗ ࣒ࡣࡲࡓ᭩࠸࡚࠸ࡿࠋ 㸬㸬㸬 㸬㸬㸬 ⌮ᛶࡣ┿ࡸഇࡢⓎぢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ┿ࡸഇࡣࠊほᛕࡢ㛫ࡢᐇ㝿ࡢ㛵ಀࡢ୍⮴ࡸ୍⮴ࠊᐇ㝿ࡢ Ꮡᅾࡸᐇࡢ୍⮴ࡸ୍⮴࠶ࡿࠋࡋࡓࡀࡗ࡚ࠊࡇࡢ୍⮴ࡸ୍⮴ࡀྍ⬟࡞ࡶࡢࡣఱ࡛ ࡶࠊ┿ࡸഇ࡛࠶ࡾᚓࡎࠊࢃࢀࢃࢀࡢ⌮ᛶࡢᑐ㇟࡛ࡣỴࡋ࡚࠶ࡾᚓ࡞࠸ࠋࡇࢁ࡛ࠊࢃࢀࢃࢀ ࡢᛕࠊពḧࠊ⾜Ⅽࡣࠊࡑࡢࡼ࠺࡞୍⮴ࡸ୍⮴ࡀྍ⬟࡞ࡢࡣ᫂ࡽ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࢀࡽࡣ᰿ ※ⓗ࡞ᐇࡸᐇᅾ࡛࠶ࡾࠊࡑࢀ⮬య࡛⤖ࡋ࡚࠾ࡾࠊࡢᛕࠊពḧࠊ⾜Ⅽࡢ㛵ಀࢆᑡࡋ ࡶᬯ♧ࡋ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࡽ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡋࡓࡀࡗ࡚ࠊࢃࢀࢃࢀࡢᛕࠊពḧࠊ⾜Ⅽࡀ┿ഇᐉ࿌ࡉ Ibid., p. 99. Hutcheson, Essay, p. 176. 18 David Hume, A Treatise of Human Nature, ed. David Fate Norton and Mary J. Norton (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000). “2.3.3.4”ࡣ➨ 2 ᕳࠊ➨ 3 㒊ࠊ➨ 3 ⠇ࠊ➨ 4 ẁⴠࢆᣦࡍࠋ 16 17 ― ― 98 ࢀࡿࡇࡣ࠶ࡾᚓ࡞࠸ࠋࡲࡓࠊ⌮ᛶࡍࡿྜ⮴ࡍࡿࡇࡶ࠶ࡾᚓ࡞࠸ࠋ(T 3.1.1.9) ࣄ࣮࣒ࣗࡣゝ࠺ࠋࠕ┿⌮ࡸ⌮ᛶࡋᚓࡿࡢࡣࠊ┿⌮ࡸ⌮ᛶ㛵ಀࢆࡶࡘࡶࡢ௨እ࡞࠸ࡢ࡛ࠊ ࡑࡋ࡚ࠊࢃࢀࢃࢀࡢ▱ᛶ(understanding)ࡢุ᩿ࡔࡅࡀࡇࡢ㛵ಀࢆࡶࡘࡢ࡛ࠊᛕࡣ࠶ࡿุ᩿ࡸព 㸬㸬 ぢࢆక࠺㝈ࡾ࠾࠸࡚ࡢࡳࠊ⌮ᛶࡋᚓࡿ࠸࠺ࡇ࡞ࡿࡣࡎ࡛࠶ࡿࠖࠋ ࣄ࣮࣒ࣗࡼࡿࠊ 㸬㸬㸬 ࡘࡢព࠾࠸࡚ࡢࡳࠊᛕࡣ㠀⌮ᛶⓗ࡛࠶ࡾᚓࡿࠋ ࠕ➨୍ࠊᕼᮃࡸᜍᛧࠊᝒࡋࡳࡸ႐ࡧࠊ 㸬㸬㸬 ⤯ᮃࡸᏳᚰ࡞ࡢᛕࡀࠊᐇ㝿ࡣᏑᅾࡋ࡞࠸ᑐ㇟ࡢ௬ᐃࡸᏑᅾᇶ࡙ࡃሙྜࠋ➨ࠊ⾜Ⅽ ࠾࠸࡚ᛕࢆⓎࡍࡿࠊィ⏬ࡉࢀࡓ┠ⓗࡗ࡚༑ศ࡞ᡭẁࢆ㑅ࢇ࡛ࠊཎᅉ⤖ᯝࡢ ุ᩿ࡘ࠸࡚ㄗࡿሙྜ࡛࠶ࡿࠖ ࠋせ⣙ࡍࡿࠊ ࠕᛕࡀ㠀⌮ᛶⓗ࡛࠶ࡿࡓࡵࡣࠊᛕࡣ࠶ࡿㄗࡗ ࡓุ᩿ࢆకࢃ࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ࠋࡑࡋ࡚ࠊࡑࡢሙྜ࡛ࡶࠊ㐺ษゝ࠼ࡤࠊ㠀⌮ᛶⓗ࡞ࡢࡣᛕ ࡛࡞ࡃุ᩿࡛࠶ࡿࠖ(T 2.3.3.6)ࠋ ࣄ࣮࣒ࣗࡣࠊࠗே㛫ᮏᛶㄽ࠘➨ 3 ᕳࠗ㐨ᚨཎ⌮ࡢ◊✲࠘࠾࠸࡚ࠊ㐨ᚨ⌮ㄽࢆᒎ㛤ࡋ ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ ࣄ࣮࣒ࣗࡣࠊ㐨ᚨⓗ༊ูࡣ⌮ᛶ⏤᮶ࡍࡿࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃ㐨ᚨឤぬ⏤᮶ࡍࡿᙇࡍࡿࠋ ࣄ࣮࣒ࣗࡣḟࡢࡼ࠺⪃࠼ࡿࠋࠕ㐨ᚨⓗ༊ูࡣࠊ࠶ࡿ≉Ṧ࡞ⱞ(pain)ᛌ(pleasure)ࡢឤ ౫Ꮡࡍࡿࠋࡑࡋ࡚ࠊࢃࢀࢃࢀ⮬㌟ࡸேࡢࢇ࡞ᚰⓗᛶ㉁(mental quality)࡛ࡶࠊㄪᰝࡸ┬ᐹ ࡼࡗ࡚ࠊࢃࢀࢃࢀ‶㊊ࢆ࠼ࡿࡶࡢࡣࠊࡶࡕࢁࢇ᭷ᚨ࡛࠶ࡿࠋྠᵝࠊࡇࡢ✀ࡢᛶ㉁࡛ࠊ ᛌࢆ࠼ࡿࡶࡢࡣࡍ࡚ᝏᚨ࡛࠶ࡿࠖ(T 3.3.1.3)ࠋࣄ࣮࣒ࣗࡼࡿࠊࡑࡢࡼ࠺࡞ឤࡣࠕᛶ᱁ ࡀࠊࢃࢀࢃࢀࡢ≉Ṧ࡞ᐖ↓㛵ಀࠊ୍⯡ⓗ⪃ᐹࡉࢀࡿࡢࡳࠖ⏕ࡌࡿ(T 3.1.2.4)ࠋ ࣄ࣮࣒ࣗ⌮ㄽࡣࠊ⾜Ⅽ⪅ࠊ⿕⾜Ⅽ⪅㸦⾜Ⅽ⪅ࡢ⾜Ⅽࡼࡗ࡚ᙳ㡪ࢆཷࡅࡿ⪅㸧19ࠊほᐹ⪅ࢆྵ ࡴ୍㐃ࡢฟ᮶ᇶ࡙ࡃࠋ⾜Ⅽ⪅ࡢᚰⓗᛶ㉁̿᭷ᚨ࡞ᛶ㉁ᝏᚨ࡞ᛶ㉁̿ࡀᙼࡢ⾜ືࢆື ᶵ࡙ࡅࡿࠋ⾜Ⅽ⪅ࡀ㣚࠼࡚࠸ࡿே㣗ᩱࢆᥦ౪ࡍࡿࠊ௬ᐃࡋࡼ࠺ࠋࡇࡢሙྜࠊ⾜Ⅽ⪅ࡢ᭷ᚨ ࡞ᚰⓗᛶ㉁ࡀࡑࡢ⾜Ⅽࢆືᶵ࡙ࡅ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡑࡢ⾜Ⅽࡣ⿕⾜Ⅽ⪅⫯ᐃⓗᙳ㡪ࢆཬࡰࡍࠋ⿕⾜ Ⅽ⪅ࡣࠊࡑࡢ⾜Ⅽࡑࡢࡶࡢࡼࡗ࡚ࠊࡲࡓᗣྥୖ࡞ࡑࡢ⾜Ⅽࡢ᭷⏝ᛶࡼࡗ࡚ࠊᛌࢆឤࡌ ࡿࠋほᐹ⪅ࡀ⿕⾜Ⅽ⪅ࡢᛌࢆぢࠊ⪺ࡁࠊ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣീࡍࡿࠊほᐹ⪅ࡶඹឤⓗᛌࢆឤࡌࡿࠋ ࡇࡢඹឤⓗᛌࡀࠊࡑࡢ⾜Ⅽࡢࠊࡲࡓࡣࠊࡑࡢ⾜Ⅽࢆືᶵ࡙ࡅࡓ⾜Ⅽ⪅ࡢᚰⓗᛶ㉁ࡢほᐹ⪅ ࡢ㐨ᚨⓗㄆࢆᵓᡂࡍࡿࠋほᐹ⪅ࡣࡇ࠺ࡋ࡚ࡑࢀࢆ᭷ᚨࡳ࡞ࡍࠋࣄ࣮࣒ࣗࡼࡿࠊᅄ✀㢮 㸬㸬 㸬㸬㸬 ࡢ⾜Ⅽ⪅ࡢᚰⓗᛶ㉁ࡽࠊほᐹ⪅ࡢඹឤⓗᛌࡀ⏕ࡌࡿࠋࡑࢀࡽࡣ(1)ேࡗ࡚᭷⏝࡞ᚰⓗᛶ 㸬㸬㸬㸬㸬 㸬㸬㸬 㸬㸬 㸬㸬 㸬㸬㸬㸬㸬 ㉁ࠊ(2)⾜Ⅽ⪅⮬㌟ࡗ࡚᭷⏝࡞ᚰⓗᛶ㉁ࠊ(3)ேࡗ࡚ᛌ࠸ᚰⓗᛶ㉁ࠊ(4)⾜Ⅽ⪅⮬㌟ 㸬㸬 ࡗ࡚ᛌ࠸ᚰⓗᛶ㉁࡛࠶ࡿ(T 3.3.1.30; EPM 9.1220)ࠋ ࠗே㛫ᮏᛶㄽ࠘࠾࠸࡚ࠊࣄ࣮࣒ࣗࡣࠊேⅭⓗᚨ(artificial virtues)⮬↛ⓗᚨ(natural virtues)ࢆ ༊ูࡍࡿࠋேⅭⓗᚨࡣࠕே㢮ࡢ≧ἣࡸᚲせࡽ⏕ࡌࡿேⅭࡸᕤኵࡼࡗ࡚ࠊᛌࡸㄆࢆ⏕ࡳฟ ࡍࠖ(T 3.2.1.1)ࠋேⅭⓗᚨࡢࡣࠊṇ⩏ࠊ⣙᮰ࢆᏲࡿࡇࠊᛅㄔࠊ᮲⣙ࡢ㑂Ᏺࠊ㈆᧯࡛࠶ࡿࠋ ᪉ࠊ⮬↛ⓗᚨࡣࠕே㛫ࡢேⅭࡸᕤኵᑡࡋࡶ౫Ꮡࡋ࡞࠸ࠖ(T 3.3.1.1)ࠋ⮬↛ⓗᚨࡢࡣࠊ ࠕ 㡰ࠊ 19 ⚾ࡣࣄ࣮࣒ࣗ⌮ㄽࢫ࣑ࢫ⌮ㄽࢆㄝ᫂ࡍࡿࡓࡵࠕ⿕⾜Ⅽ⪅(receiver)ࠖ࠸࠺ㄒࢆ⏝࠸࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡋࡋࠊ ࣄ࣮࣒ࣗࢫ࣑ࢫࡣ୍ᗘࡶࡇࡢព࡛ࡇࡢㄒࢆ⏝࠸࡚࠸࡞࠸ࠋ 20 David Hume, An Enquiry concerning the Principles of Morals, ed. Tom L. Beauchamp, crit. ed. (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998). “9.12”ࡣ➨ 9 ⠇ࠊ➨ 12 ẁⴠࢆᣦࡍࠋ ― ― 99 ឿၿࠊᛮ࠸ࡸࡾࠊᐶࠊឿᝒࠊ⠇ไࠊබṇࠖ(T 3.3.1.11)࡛࠶ࡿ21ࠋ ᭱ᚋࠊᝏᚨ࡞ᚰⓗᛶ㉁ࡢ㐨ᚨⓗྰㄆࢆぢ࡚ࡳࡼ࠺ࠋ⾜Ⅽ⪅ࡀ࠶ࡿேࡽ㈈⏘ࢆ┐ࡴࠊ ௬ᐃࡋࡼ࠺ࠋᅇࡣࠊ⾜Ⅽ⪅ࡢᝏᚨ࡞ᚰⓗᛶ㉁ࡀࡑࡢ⾜Ⅽࢆືᶵ࡙ࡅ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡑࡢ⾜Ⅽࡣ⿕⾜ Ⅽ⪅ྰᐃⓗᙳ㡪ࢆཬࡰࡍࠋ⿕⾜Ⅽ⪅ࡣࠊࡑࡢ⾜Ⅽࡑࡢࡶࡢࡼࡗ࡚ࠊࡲࡓࡑࡢ⾜Ⅽࡀ⏕ࡳ ฟࡋࡓ౽ࡼࡗ࡚ࠊⱞࢆឤࡌࡿࠋほᐹ⪅ࡀ⿕⾜Ⅽ⪅ࡢⱞࢆぢࠊ⪺ࡁࠊ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣീࡍࡿࠊ ほᐹ⪅ࡶඹឤⓗⱞࢆឤࡌࡿࠋࡇࡢඹឤⓗⱞࡀࠊࡑࡢ⾜Ⅽࡢࠊࡲࡓࡣࠊࡑࡢ⾜Ⅽࢆືᶵ࡙ࡅ ࡓ⾜Ⅽ⪅ࡢᚰⓗᛶ㉁ࡢほᐹ⪅ࡢ㐨ᚨⓗྰㄆࢆᵓᡂࡍࡿࠋほᐹ⪅ࡣࡇ࠺ࡋ࡚ࡑࢀࢆᝏᚨࡳ࡞ ࡍࠋ 㸲㸬ࢫ࣑ࢫࡢ㐨ᚨ⌮ㄽ ࣄ࣮࣒ࣗ⌮ㄽྠᵝࠊࢫ࣑ࢫࡢࠗ㐨ᚨឤㄽ࠘࠾࠸࡚ࡶࠊඹឤࡣ㔜せ࡞ᙺࢆᯝࡓࡋ࡚ ࠸ࡿࠋࢫ࣑ࢫ⌮ㄽ࠾࠸࡚ࠊඹឤࡣࡢࡼ࠺ᶵ⬟ࡍࡿࡢ㸽ࢫ࣑ࢫࡣゝ࠺ࠋ ࠕࢃࢀࢃࢀࡣࡢ ேࠎࡀឤࡌࡿࡇࡘ࠸࡚┤᥋ࡢ⤒㦂ࢆࡶࡓ࡞࠸ࡽࠊᙼࡽࡢឤࡌ᪉ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊࢃࢀࢃࢀ⮬ ㌟ࡀྠᵝ࡞❧ሙ࡛ఱࢆឤࡌࡿࡣࡎ࡛࠶ࡿࢆᚰᥥࡃ௨እࠊ ほᛕࢆᙧᡂࡍࡿࡇࡀ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ࠖ (TMS I.i.1.2)22ࠋ ࢫ࣑ࢫࡣࡘࡢࢱࣉࡢ㐨ᚨุ᩿ࢆ༊ูࡍࡿࠋࡘࡲࡾࠊ㐺ṇ(propriety)࣭㐺ṇ(impropriety)ࡢ ุ᩿ࠊࡑࡋ࡚㛗ᡤ(merit)࣭▷ᡤ(demerit)ࡢุ᩿࡛࠶ࡿࠋ๓⪅ࡣ⾜Ⅽ⪅ࡢືᶵࢆ⪃៖ࡍࡿࡀࠊᚋ⪅ ࡣ⿕⾜Ⅽ⪅ࡢឤㅰࡸ៓ࢆ⪃៖ࡍࡿࠋ ࠕ⾜Ⅽࡢ㐺ṇᛶࡘ࠸࡚ࡢ͐͐ࢃࢀࢃࢀࡢឤぬࡀࠊ⾜Ⅽࡍ ࡿேࡢឤືᶵࡢ┤᥋ⓗඹឤ͐͐ࡽ⏕ࡌࡿࡼ࠺ࠊ⾜Ⅽࡢ㛗ᡤࡘ࠸࡚ࡢࢃࢀࢃࢀࡢឤ ぬࡣࠊ⾜Ⅽࡉࢀ͐͐ࡿேࡢឤㅰࡢ㛫᥋ⓗඹឤ͐͐ࡽ⏕ࡌࡿࠖ(TMS II.i.5.1)ࠋ ࠕྠᵝࠊ⾜Ⅽ ࡢ㐺ṇᛶࡘ࠸࡚ࡢࢃࢀࢃࢀࡢឤぬࡀࠊ⾜Ⅽ⪅ࡢឤືᶵࡢඹឤࡢḞዴࡸ┤᥋ⓗឤ ࡽ⏕ࡌࡿࡼ࠺ࠊ⾜Ⅽࡢ▷ᡤࡘ࠸࡚ࡢࢃࢀࢃࢀࡢឤぬࡣࠊཷ㞴⪅ࡢ៓ࡢ㛫᥋ⓗඹឤ͐͐ ࡽ⏕ࡌࡿࠖ(TMS II.i.5.4)ࠋ ேࡢ⾜Ⅽࡘ࠸࡚ࠊࢃࢀࢃࢀࡣ⮬ศ⮬㌟ࢆࡑࡢேࡢ❧ሙ⨨ࡃࡇࡼࡗ࡚㐨ᚨุ᩿ࢆୗ ࡍࠋ ࠕࢃࢀࢃࢀࡀேࡢ⾜Ⅽࢆㄆࡲࡓࡣྰㄆࡍࡿࡢࡣࠊࢃࢀࢃࢀࡀࡑࡢேࡢၥ㢟ࢆ⮬ศ⮬㌟ࡢ ࡶࡢࡋ࡚⪃࠼ࡓࠊࡑࡢ⾜Ⅽࢆᑟ࠸ࡓឤືᶵඹឤ࡛ࡁࡿឤࡌࡿࠊ࡛ࡁ࡞ ࠸ឤࡌࡿࡼࡿࠖ(TMS III.1.2)ࠋ ⮬ศ⮬㌟ࡢ⾜Ⅽࡘ࠸࡚ࠊࢃࢀࢃࢀࡣḟࡢ᪉ἲ࡛㐨ᚨุ᩿ࢆୗࡍࠋ ࠕࢃࢀࢃࢀࡣ⮬ศ⮬㌟ࡢ ⾜Ⅽࢆࠊࡢබṇ࡛බᖹ࡞ほᐹ⪅ࡀ᳨ウࡍࡿࡔࢁ࠺ീࡍࡿ㏻ࡾࠊ᳨ウࡋࡼ࠺ດࡵࡿࠋ ࡶࡋࠊ⮬ศ⮬㌟ࢆࡇࡢほᐹ⪅ࡢ❧ሙ⨨࠸࡚ࡳ࡚ࠊ⮬ศࡢ⾜Ⅽᙳ㡪ࢆ࠼ࡓࡍ࡚ࡢᛕ ືᶵࢃࢀࢃࢀࡀධࡾ㎸ࡴ࡞ࡽࡤࠊ ࡇࡢീୖࡢබṇ࡞ุᐁࡢㄆࡢඹឤࡼࡗ࡚ࠊ ࢃࢀࢃࢀࡣ⮬ศࡢ⾜Ⅽࢆㄆࡍࡿࠋࡶࡋࡑ࠺࡛࡞ࡅࢀࡤࠊࢃࢀࢃࢀࡣࡇࡢุᐁࡢྰㄆධࡾ ㎸ࡳࠊ⮬ศࡢ⾜Ⅽࢆ㠀㞴ࡍࡿࠖ(TMS III.1.2)ࠋࢫ࣑ࢫࡣࠕീୖࡢබᖹ࡛(impartial)㏻ࡌࡓ 21 ࠗே㛫ᮏᛶㄽ࠘࠾ࡅࡿேⅭⓗᚨ⮬↛ⓗᚨࡢ༊ูࡣࠗ㐨ᚨཎ⌮ࡢ◊✲࠘ࡽࢇᾘ࠼࡚࠸ࡿࠋᚨ 㛵㐃ࡍࡿࠕேⅭⓗࠖ࠸࠺ㄒࡣࠗ㐨ᚨཎ⌮ࡢ◊✲࠘࠾࠸୍࡚ᗘฟ࡚ࡃࡿࡔࡅ࡛࠶ࡿ(EPM App. 3.9n)ࠋ 22 Adam Smith, The Theory of Moral Sentiments, ed. D. D. Raphael and A. L. Macfie (Indianapolis: Liberty Classics, 1982). “I.i.1.2”ࡣ➨ 1 㒊ࠊ➨ 1 ⠇ࠊ➨ 1 ❶ࠊ➨ 2 ẁⴠࢆᣦࡍࠋ ― ― 100 (well-informed)ほᐹ⪅ࠖࢆⰋᚰྠ୍どࡍࡿ(TMS III.2.32)ࠋ 㸳㸬⌮ㄽ㛫ࡢ㔜せ࡞┦㐪Ⅼ 㐨ᚨⓗ༊ูࡣ⌮ᛶ⏤᮶ࡍࡿࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃឤࡌ⏤᮶ࡍࡿ࠸࠺Ⅼ࡛ࠊࡇࢀࡽࡢ୕⌮ㄽࡣ୍⮴ ࡍࡿࡀࠊࡑࢀࡽࡢ㛫ࡣ㔜せ࡞┦㐪Ⅼࡀ࠶ࡿࠋ➨୍ࠊࣁࢳࢫࣥࡣࠊࢃࢀࢃࢀࡣ㐨ᚨឤぬࡼࡗ ࡚⾜Ⅽࡢ୰ࡢ㐨ᚨⓗၿ㸦ᚨ㸧ࡸ㐨ᚨⓗᝏ㸦ᝏᚨ㸧ࢆ▱ぬࡍࡿࠊ⪃࠼ࡿࠋࡇࡢឤぬࡣឤࢆ㉸ ࠼ࡓ≉ู࡞ឤぬ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࢫ࣑ࢫࡣ㐨ᚨឤぬࡢᴫᛕࢆᣄྰࡍࡿࠋࢫ࣑ࢫࡣ㐨ᚨឤࡢᴫᛕࢆᑟධ ࡍࡿࠋࡇࡢឤࡣࠊ⾜Ⅽ⪅ࡢືᶵࡢඹឤࠊඹឤࡢḞዴࠊࡲࡓࡣឤࠊ⿕⾜Ⅽ⪅ࡢឤㅰࡸ៓ ࡢඹឤ࡞ࡽ⏕ࡌࡿࠋࣄ࣮࣒ࣗࡣࠕ㐨ᚨឤぬࠖ࠸࠺⏝ㄒࡶࠕ㐨ᚨឤࠖ࠸࠺⏝ㄒࡶ⏝ ࠸࡚࠸ࡿࠋࣄ࣮࣒ࣗ⌮ㄽ࠾࠸࡚ࡣࠊࡑࢀࡽࡣࡰྠ⩏࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡑࢀࡽࡣࠊ⾜Ⅽࡑࡢࡶࡢࡸࡑ ࡢ⤖ᯝᑐࡍࡿ⿕⾜Ⅽ⪅ࡢឤࡌࡢඹឤࡽ⏕ࡌࡿࠋ ➨ࠊឤ⩏(sentimentalism)ࡣ↔Ⅼࡢᑐ㇟ࡀࡘ࠶ࡿࠋࡘࡲࡾࠊ⾜Ⅽ⪅ࡢືᶵ⾜Ⅽࡢ ⤖ᯝ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࣁࢳࢫࣥ⌮ㄽ࡛ࡣࠊ㐨ᚨᛶ࠾࠸࡚㔜せ࡞ࡢࡣ⾜Ⅽࡑࡢࡶࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊ⾜Ⅽࡢ⫼ ᚋࡢẼ㉁࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡋࡓࡀࡗ࡚ࠊ⾜Ⅽ⪅ࡢືᶵࡀ㔜せ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ⾜Ⅽࡢ㐨ᚨⓗ㉁ࢆẚ㍑ࡍࡿࡓࡵࠊ ࣁࢳࢫࣥࡣຌ⩏ࡢཎ⌮ࡶᑟධࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡀࠊࡑࢀࡣ⾜Ⅽࡢ⤖ᯝࢆ⪃៖ࡍࡿࠋࡋࡋࠊ㐨ᚨุ ᩿࠾࠸࡚ࠊ⾜Ⅽ⪅ࡢືᶵࡀ⾜Ⅽࡢ⤖ᯝඃඛࡍࡿࠋࣄ࣮࣒ࣗࡼࡿࠊ㐨ᚨⓗㄆࡸྰㄆࡣࠊ ⾜Ⅽࡑࡢࡶࡢࡸࡑࡢ⤖ᯝᑐࡍࡿ⿕⾜Ⅽ⪅ࡢឤࡌほᐹ⪅ࡀඹឤࡍࡿࡇࡽ⏕ࡌࡿࠋࣄ࣮ࣗ ࣒ࡢ⪃࠼࡛ࡣࠊ⾜Ⅽࡑࡢࡶࡢࡣ⾜Ⅽ⪅ࡢᚰⓗᛶ㉁ࢆయ⌧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡋࡓࡀࡗ࡚ࠊࣄ࣮࣒ࣗ⌮ㄽ ࡣ⾜Ⅽ⪅ࡢືᶵࡶ⾜Ⅽࡢ⤖ᯝࡶ⪃៖ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࢫ࣑ࢫࡣࠊ㐨ᚨⓗㄆࡸྰㄆࡣࢃࢀࢃࢀࡸබᖹ ࡞ほᐹ⪅ࡀ⾜Ⅽ⪅ࡢ⾜Ⅽࡢ⫼ᚋࡢᛕືᶵඹឤࡍࡿࡇࡸࡋ࡞࠸ࡇࡽ⏕ࡌࡿࠊ⪃࠼ ࡿࠋ๓ぢࡓࡼ࠺ࠊࢫ࣑ࢫ⌮ㄽࡣࠊ㐺ṇ࣭㐺ṇࡢุ᩿ࡔࡅ࡛࡞ࡃࠊ㛗ᡤ࣭▷ᡤࡢุ᩿ࡶ≉ 㸬㸬㸬 㸬㸬 ᚩࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ๓⪅ࡣࠕ⾜Ⅽ⪅ࡢឤືᶵࠖࡢࠕ┤᥋ⓗඹឤࠖࡸࠕඹឤࡢḞዴࠖࡸࠕ┤᥋ 㸬 㸬㸬㸬 ⓗឤࠖᇶ࡙ࡃ୍᪉ࠊᚋ⪅ࡣ⿕⾜Ⅽ⪅ࡢࠕឤㅰࠖࡸࠕ៓ࠖࡢࠕ㛫᥋ⓗඹឤࠖᇶ࡙ࡃ(TMS II.i.5.1, 4ࠊഐⅬᘬ⏝⪅)ࠋࢫ࣑ࢫࡼࡿࠊࢃࢀࢃࢀࡣࠊ࠶ࡽࡌࡵࠕ⾜Ⅽ⪅ࡢືᶵࠖࢆࠕㄆࠖ ࡲࡓࡣࠕྰㄆࠖࡋ࡞࠸㝈ࡾࠊ⿕⾜Ⅽ⪅ࡢࠕឤㅰࠖࡸࠕ៓ࠖࠕධࡾ㎸ࡴࡇࡣᐇ㝿࡛ ࡁ࡞࠸ࠖ(TMS II.i.5.2, 5)ࠋ࡞ࡐ࡞ࡽࠊ⿕⾜Ⅽ⪅ࡣឤㅰࡢᛕࢆᢪ࠸࡚࠸ࡿࡀࠊ⾜Ⅽ⪅ࡢືᶵࡣㄆ ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ࡶࡋࢀ࡞࠸ࠊ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣࠊ⿕⾜Ⅽ⪅ࡣࡾࢆឤࡌ࡚࠸ࡿࡀࠊ⾜Ⅽ⪅ࡢືᶵࡣྰㄆ࡛ࡁ ࡞࠸ࡶࡋࢀ࡞࠸ࡽ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࢀࡽࢆ⪃៖ࡍࡿࠊࢫ࣑ࢫࡢ⪃࠼࡛ࡣࠊ⾜Ⅽ⪅ࡢືᶵࡀ⾜Ⅽ ࡢ⤖ᯝඃඛࡍࡿࠋᐇ㝿ࡣࠊ⾜Ⅽ⪅ࡢືᶵ⾜Ⅽࡢ⤖ᯝࢆᖖ᫂☜༊ู࡛ࡁࡿࢃࡅ࡛ࡣ࡞ ࠸ࠋD.D.ࣛࣇࣝ(D. D. Raphael)ࡣゝ࠺ࠋࠕேࡀ⾜Ⅽࢆࡍࡿ㝿ࡢពᅗࡣࠊጞࡵࡽࢀࡓ⣧⢋⫗య ⓗ࡞ືసࢆࡣࡿ㉸࠼ࡿࠋࡘࡲࡾࠊࡑࢀࡣ┠ⓗࢆᣢࡕࠊ⫗యⓗືసࡢఱࡽࡢ⤖ᯝ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣ ㅖ⤖ᯝࢆࡶࡓࡽࡍࠖ23ࠋ࠶ࡿ⤖ᯝࢆ㐩ᡂࡍࡿࡇࡣ⾜Ⅽࡢືᶵ࡛࠶ࡾᚓࡿࠋࣛࣇࣝࡣ⫗యⓗ⾜ Ⅽࡘ࠸࡚ࡔࡅㄒࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡀࠊྠࡌࡇࡣேࡢᖾࡏࢆ♳ࡿࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞⢭⚄ⓗ⾜Ⅽࡶᙜ࡚ ࡣࡲࡿࠋ⾜Ⅽࡢࡍ࡚ࡢືᶵࡀ┠ⓗࢆᣢࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࢃࡅ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋ࡞ࡐ࡞ࡽࠊ┠ⓗ࡞ࡋࠊ࠶ࡿ D. D. Raphael, The Impartial Spectator: Adam Smith’s Moral Philosophy (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007), p. 25. 23 ― ― 101 ࠸ࡣ⤖ᯝࢆ⪃៖ࡍࡿࡇ࡞ࡋࠊ⾜Ⅽࢆࡍࡿࡇࡀྍ⬟ࡔࡽ࡛࠶ࡿ24ࠋࡋࡋࠊ⾜Ⅽࡢ⪃࠼ࡽ ࢀࡿ⤖ᯝࡣࠊᑡ࡞ࡃࡶࠎࡣࠊࡑࡢ⾜Ⅽࡢᛕືᶵࢆᙧᡂࡍࡿࠊࡑࢀࡽᙳ㡪ࢆ࠼ ࡿ25ࠋ 㸴㸬ᙧ⪋ୖᏛⓗಙᛕ㐨ᚨุ᩿ ᮏ⠇ࡣࠊ㐨ᚨឤぬࡸ㐨ᚨឤᇶ࡙ࡃ㐨ᚨุ᩿ࡀᙧ⪋ୖᏛⓗಙᛕࠊࡍ࡞ࢃࡕࠊ᐀ᩍⓗࠊ㟋ⓗࠊ ࡲࡓࡣဴᏛⓗಙᛕࡼࡾኚࡍࡿ࠺ࢆ⪃ᐹࡍࡿࠋ ࡇࡢࡓࡵࠊ ୕⌮ㄽࢆᖿ⣽⬊◊✲ࠊ ዷፎ୰⤯ࠊ✚ᴟⓗᏳᴦṚࡢࡼ࠺࡞ၥ㢟㐺⏝ࡍࡿࠋࡇࢀࡽࡢၥ㢟ࢆ㑅ࡪࡢࡣࠊ௨ୗࡢ⌮⏤ࡽ ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ➨୍ࠊ୕⌮ㄽࢆࡇࢀࡽࡢၥ㢟㐺⏝ࡍࡿヨࡳࡣࠊࢇ࡞ࡉࢀ࡚ࡇ࡞ࡗࡓࠋ➨ ࠊࡇࢀࡽࡢၥ㢟࠾࠸࡚ࠊ ᙧ⪋ୖᏛⓗಙᛕࡣ㐨ᚨุ᩿ࡗ࡚Ỵᐃⓗ࡛࠶ࡿࡼ࠺ぢ࠼ࡿࠋ ࡉࡲࡊࡲ࡞✀㢮ࡢᙧ⪋ୖᏛⓗಙᛕࡀ࠶ࡿࠋᖿ⣽⬊◊✲ࡸዷፎ୰⤯ࡸ✚ᴟⓗᏳᴦṚᑐࡍࡿಙ ᛕࡶ࠶ࢀࡤࠊ↓⚄ㄽⓗಙᛕࢆྵࡵࠊࡑࢀࡽᑐࡋ࡞࠸ಙᛕࡶ࠶ࡿࠋ≉ᣦᐃࡋ࡞࠸㝈ࡾࠊᮏ ✏࡛ゝཬࡉࢀࡿᙧ⪋ୖᏛⓗಙᛕࡣ୧᪉ࢆྵࡴࠋ ࣁࢳࢫࣥࡣࠕ⮬↛ࡢ㐀⪅㹙⚄㹛ࡣ͐͐ࢃࢀࢃࢀࡢ⾜Ⅽࢆᑟࡃࡓࡵࠊࡑࡋ࡚ࡉࡽ㧗ᑦ࡞ ᛌࢆ࠼ࡿࡓࡵࠊࢃࢀࢃࢀ㐨ᚨឤぬࢆ࠼ࡓࠖ⪃࠼ࡿ26ࠋࣁࢳࢫࣥࡢ௨ୗࡢゝ᫂ࡣࠊྠᵝ 㸬㸬㸬㸬㸬 ࡢ⪃࠼ࢆ⾲ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࠕࢃࢀࢃࢀࡢឤぬࡸḧồࡣ͐͐⮬↛ࡢ㐀⪅ࡼࡗ࡚ࢃࢀࢃࢀࡢࡓࡵ 㸬㸬 ྲྀࡾࡅࡽࢀࠊ⤌⧊ࡢ┈ᚑᒓࡍࡿࠖ27ࠋ ࠕࢃࢀࢃࢀࡣ⚄౫Ꮡࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ͐͐⢭⚄࠶ ࡿ࠸ࡣ⫗య㛵ࡍࡿࡍ࡚ࡢၿࠊࢃࢀࢃࢀࡢࡍ࡚ࡢᚨࡣࠊ⚄ࡽ⏕ࡌ࡚ࡁࡓࡶࡢ࡛ࠊ⚄ࡢᜨ ࡳ῝࠸ᦤ⌮ࡼࡗ࡚⥔ᣢࡉࢀࡿቑࡉࢀࡿ㐪࠸࡞࠸ࠖ(SI I.II.XII)28ࠋࠕࢃࢀࢃࢀࡢ㨦ࡢ୰ ࡇࡢၿᝏࡢឤぬࢆ᳜࠼ࡘࡅࡓࡢࡣࠊ㐀ࠑࡑࡋ࡚ᨭ㓄⪅ࠒࡓࡿ⚄࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠖ(SI II.I.III)ࠋࠕ᭱ ࡶぶษ࡞┠ⓗࡢࡓࡵࠊ⚄ࡣᐇ㝿ࢃࢀࢃࢀࡢᚰࡢ୰㠀ᖖ㧗࠸ᚨࡢᇶ‽ࢆ᳜࠼ࡘࡅࡓࠖ 㸬 㸬㸬㸬㸬㸬 (SMP I.9.X)ࠋ ࠕ⚄ࡣࠊᮏᛶࡢᵓᡂࡼࡗ࡚ࠊࡘࡲࡾࢃࢀࢃࢀ࠼ࡓ㐨ᚨⓗ⬟ຊࡼࡗ࡚ࠊᚨࡢ 㸬㸬㸬 ࡑࡋ࡚ᬑ㐢ⓗᖾ⚟ࡢཎᅉࢆᨭᣢࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡇࢆ♧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠖ(SMP I.9.XV)ࠋ ࠕࢃࢀࢃࢀࡢ㐨ᚨឤ 㸬 㸬 ぬࡣࠊ⚄ࡢ㈼᫂࡞ᵓᡂࡼࡗ࡚ࠊබ┈᭱ࡶ᭷⏝࡛᭷ຠ࡛࠶ࡿࡼ࠺࡞ឤࢆ୍ᒙㄆࡍࡿࠖ(SMP 㸬 㸬㸬㸬㸬㸬 II.2.II)ࠋ ࠕ⚄ࡣ͐͐ࢃࢀࢃࢀࡢ⮬↛ࡢຊẼ㉁ࠊࢃࢀࢃࢀࡢ⌮ᛶࠊࢃࢀࢃࢀࡢ㐨ᚨⓗ⬟ຊࠊࢃࢀ ࢃࢀࡢឤࡍ࡚ࡢ㐀⪅࡛࠶ࡿࠖ(SMP II.3.VII)ࠋࣁࢳࢫࣥࡣࡲࡓゝ࠺ࠋ ࠕᚨࡑࡢࡶࡢࠊࡘࡲࡾ ⢭⚄ࡢၿ࠸Ẽ㉁ࡣࠊ┤᥋ᩍ࠼ࡽࢀࡓࡾࠊᩍ⫱ࡼࡗ࡚⏕ࡳฟࡉࢀࡓࡾࡋ࡞࠸ࠋࡑࢀࡽࡣࠊࡶ ࡶࢃࢀࢃࢀࡢᮏᛶࡢ୰೧࡞㐀⪅ࡼࡗ࡚᳜࠼ࡘࡅࡽࢀࠊࡑࡋ࡚ᚋࢃࢀࢃࢀ⮬㌟ࡢಟ 㣴ࡼࡗ࡚ᙉࡉࢀᅛࡵࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ㐪࠸࡞࠸ࠖ29ࠋࡇࡢࡼ࠺ࠊࣁࢳࢫࣥࡣࠊᚨࡀఏ⤫ࡸ♫ ࡸᩥ࡞ࡢࠊ⚄⪷࡞ࡶࡢ௨እࡢఱ⏤᮶ࡍࡿࡇࢆྰᐃࡍࡿࠋࡇࢀࡽࡢゝ᫂ࢆ⪃៖ࡋ࡚ࠊ 24 ࡇࢀࡣ⾜Ⅽࡢ┠ⓗࡀ⾜Ⅽࡑࡢࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿሙྜࢆ㝖ࡃࠋ ⌮ㄽ㛫ࡢࡢ┦㐪Ⅼࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊ࠼ࡤࠊGilbert Harman, Explaining Value, and Other Essays in Moral Philosophy (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000), pp. 181–195 ࢆཧ↷ࠋ 26 Hutcheson, Inquiry, p. 99. 27 Hutcheson, Essay, p. 82. 28 Francis Hutcheson, Philosophiae Moralis Institutio Compendiaria, with A Short Introduction to Moral Philosophy, ed. Luigi Turco (Indianapolis: Liberty Fund, 2007). “I.II.XII”ࡣ➨ 1 ᕳࠊ➨ 2 ❶ࠊ➨ 12 ⠇ࢆᣦࡍࠋ 29 Hutcheson, Inquiry, p. 179. 25 ― ― 102 ḟࡢࡼ࠺⪃࠼ࡿேࡀ࠸ࡿࡶࡋࢀ࡞࠸ࠋࣁࢳࢫࣥࡗ࡚㐨ᚨឤぬࡣࡍ࡛⚄⪷࡞㉳※ࢆ ᣢࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࡛ࠊ᐀ᩍⓗಙᛕࡢᏑᅾࡣࣁࢳࢫࣥ⌮ㄽ࠾ࡅࡿ㐨ᚨุ᩿࠾࠸࡚࠺࡛ࡶ࠸࠸ࠊ ࠋ ࡔࡀ᪉ࠊࣁࢳࢫࣥࡣࠊࢃࢀࢃࢀࡣ⚄ࡢἲࡣ↓㛵ಀᚨᝏᚨࡢほᛕࢆᣢࡘࡇࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࠊ ⪃࠼ࡿࠋࣁࢳࢫࣥࡣゝ࠺ࠋ ࠕ⚄㛵ࡍࡿពぢࡸࠊᮍ᮶ࡢሗ㈹ࡢᛮࢆࢇᣢࡓ࡞࠸ከࡃࡢ ேࡀࠊྡࠊㄔᐇࠊᐶࠊṇ⩏ࡢᓫ㧗࡞ほᛕࢆᣢࡕࠊᐇ࡞ࠊṧ㓞࡞ࠊࡲࡓࡣṇ࡞ࡶࡢࡣఱ ࡛ࡶࠊᮍ᮶ࡢ⨩ࢆࡃ⪃៖ࡏࡎࠊ᎘ᝏࡍࡿࠖ30ࠋࡇࡢࡼ࠺ࠊࣁࢳࢫࣥࡣࠊ⚄ࡢሗ㈹⨩ࡀࢃ ࢀࢃࢀࡢ㐨ᚨឤぬࡢᇶ♏ࡔ࠸࠺⪃࠼ᑐࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ⚾ࡣࠊࣁࢳࢫࣥ⌮ㄽ࠾ࡅࡿ㐨ᚨឤぬ ࡀ⚄⪷࡞㉳※ࢆᣢࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ࠺ࡣุ᩿ࡋ࡞࠸ࠋ ࣁࢳࢫࣥࡼࡿୖグࡢ⠇ࡢࢇࡣࠊ⚄ࡀࢃࢀࢃࢀ⫯ᐃⓗᙳ㡪ࢆࡶࡓࡽࡍࡇࢆ♧၀ࡋ ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡋࡋࠊࡢ⟠ᡤ࡛ࠊࣁࢳࢫࣥࡣࠊ ࠕ⚄ࡢពᚿࡸ⚄ࡢἲ㛵ࡍࡿㄗࡗࡓពぢࠖࡀࢃࢀࢃ ࢀࡢ㐨ᚨឤぬࢆṍࡵࠊ ࠕᚨ⩏ົࡢឤぬࡽࠊហ⾜ࠊ㏞ಙࠊẅேࠊ⋤ᅜࡢⲨᗫࠖࢆ⏕ࡳฟࡋ࡚ࡁ ࡓࠊᙇࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ31ࠋࡇࢀࡀࠊ᐀ᩍⓗಙᛕࡀ㐨ᚨุ᩿㐪࠸ࢆࡶࡓࡽࡍ᪉ἲ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࣁࢳࢫࣥ ⌮ㄽ࠾࠸࡚ࠊㄗࡗࡓ᐀ᩍⓗಙᛕࡣ㐨ᚨุ᩿ࢆṍࡵࡿࠋ ࡇࡢⅬࡘ࠸࡚ࠊࣄ࣮࣒ࣗࢫ࣑ࢫࡣࣁࢳࢫࣥྠᵝࡢ⪃࠼ࢆᣢࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࣄ࣮࣒ࣗࡣࠕ㏞ ಙࡸ⇕≬ࡣ͐͐㹙㐨ᚨ㹛᭱ࡶ᭷ᐖ࡞ᙳ㡪ࢆࡶࡓࡽࡍ㐪࠸࡞࠸ࡋࠊṇ⩏ே㐨ࡢ⮬↛࡞ືᶵ ࡢேࠎࡢឡ╔ࢆᴟᗘᙅࡵࡿ㐪࠸࡞࠸ࠖ⪃࠼ࡿ32ࠋࢫ࣑ࢫࡣゝ࠺ࠋࠕㄗࡗࡓ᐀ᩍほᛕࡣࠊ ⮬↛࡞ឤࡢࢇ࡞㠀ᖖ㔜࡞ಽ㘒ࡶࡶࡓࡽࡋᚓࡿࢇ၏୍ࡢཎᅉ࡛࠶ࡿࠖ (TMS III.6.12)ࠋࡇࡢࡼ࠺ࠊ୕⌮ㄽࡍ࡚࠾࠸࡚ࠊㄗࡗࡓ᐀ᩍⓗಙᛕࡣ㐨ᚨุ᩿ࢆṍࡵᚓࡿࠋ ࡑࢀ࡞ࡽࠊṍࡳࢆ㆑ูࡍࡿࡓࡵࠊఱࡽࡢᇶ‽ࡀᚲせ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡢᇶ‽ࡣࠊ୕⌮ㄽ࠾ࡅ ࡿ㐨ᚨឤぬࡸ㐨ᚨឤࡣ␗࡞ࡽ࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ࠋ࡞ࡐ࡞ࡽࠊ㐨ᚨឤぬࡸ㐨ᚨឤࡔࡅ࡛ࡣ ṍࡳࢆぢศࡅࡽࢀ࡞࠸ࡽ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡶࡋ㐨ᚨឤぬࡸ㐨ᚨឤࡔࡅ࡛ṍࡳࢆぢศࡅࡽࢀࡿ࡞ࡽࡤࠊ ᭱ึࡽṍࡳࡣ࡞࠸ࡔࢁ࠺ࠋࡇࡢࡼ࠺ࠊṍࡳࢆ㆑ูࡍࡿࡓࡵࠊఱࡽࡢእⓗᇶ‽ࡀᚲせ࡛ ࠶ࡿࠋࡋࡓࡀࡗ࡚ࠊࡓ࠼ṍࢇ࡛࠸࡞࠸㐨ᚨឤぬࡸṍࢇ࡛࠸࡞࠸㐨ᚨឤࡀ㐺ษ࡞㐨ᚨࢆ㆑ู ࡛ࡁ࡚ࡶࠊ୕⌮ㄽ࠾ࡅࡿ㐨ᚨឤぬࡸ㐨ᚨឤࡔࡅ࡛ࡣ㐺ษ࡞㐨ᚨࢆ㆑ู࡛ࡁ࡞࠸࠸࠺ࡇ ࡞ࡿࠋ ࣁࢳࢫࣥ⌮ㄽ࠾ࡅࡿほᐹ⪅ࡢどⅬࡽࠊᖿ⣽⬊◊✲ࠊዷፎ୰⤯ࠊ✚ᴟⓗᏳᴦṚࡘ࠸࡚⪃ ࠼࡚ࡳࡼ࠺ࠋ๓ぢࡓࡼ࠺ࠊࣁࢳࢫࣥࡢ⪃࠼࡛ࡣࠊ㐨ᚨᛶ㔜せ࡞ࡢࡣ⾜Ⅽࡑࡢࡶࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞ ࡃࠊ⾜Ⅽࡢ୰ࡢோឡ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡋࡓࡀࡗ࡚ࠊほᐹ⪅ࡀᖿ⣽⬊◊✲ࠊዷፎ୰⤯ࠊ✚ᴟⓗᏳᴦṚࡢ୰ ோឡࢆ▱ぬࡍࡿ㝈ࡾࠊࡑࢀࡽࡣ㐨ᚨⓗ࡛࠶ࡿࠋほᐹ⪅ࡢᙧ⪋ୖᏛⓗಙᛕࡣࠊᙼࡀࡇࢀࡽࡢ⾜ Ⅽࡢ୰ோឡࢆ▱ぬࡍࡿࡇᙳ㡪ࢆཬࡰࡉ࡞࠸ࠋ ࣁࢳࢫࣥ⌮ㄽ࠾࠸࡚ࠊࢃࢀࢃࢀࡢோឡࡣࠊᖿ⣽⬊ࢆᚓࡿࡓࡵ◚ቯࡉࢀࡿࣄࢺ⬇ࠊࡲࡓ 㸬㸬 㸬㸬㸬㸬㸬㸬㸬㸬 ୰⤯ࡉࢀࡿࣄࢺ⬇⫾ඣཬࡧᚓࡿࠋࣁࢳࢫࣥࡣࠕ✀ࠊࡘࡲࡾឤぬࡀ࠶ࡿ⮬↛≀ࡍ࡚ࡀࢃ ࢀࢃࢀࡢ⾜Ⅽࡼࡗ࡚ᙳ㡪ࢆཷࡅᚓࡿ㝈ࡾࠊࡑࢀࡽࢃࢀࢃࢀࡢ⪃࠼ࢆཬࡰࡍࡇࠖࡀᚲせ Ibid., p. 96. Ibid., pp. 177, 181–182 ࡶཧ↷ࠋ Ibid., pp. 144–145. David Hume, Principal Writings on Religion, including Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion, and The Natural History of Religion, ed. J. C. A. Gaskin (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998), p. 124. 30 31 32 ― ― 103 㸬㸬㸬㸬㸬㸬㸬㸬㸬㸬 ⪃࠼ࡿ33ࠋࣁࢳࢫࣥࡣࡲࡓ௨ୗࡢࡼ࠺ゝ࠺ࠋ ࠕᚨࡢᡂࡣࠗᬑ㐢ⓗ࡛✜ࡸ࡞ோឡࠊࡘࡲࡾᗈ ࡃ⾜ࡁΏࡗࡓ⢭⚄ࡢឡࢆᣢࡘࡇ࠘࠶ࡿࠖ34ࠋ ࠕ᭱ࡶඃࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠊࡑࡋ࡚᭱ࡶ㧗࠸㐨ᚨⓗ ㄆࢆ⮬↛ᚓࡿ͐͐Ẽ㉁ࡣࠊࡍ࡚ࡢேࡢ✜ࡸ࡛Ᏻᐃࡋࡓᬑ㐢ⓗ࡞ၿពࠊࡘࡲࡾ᭱ࡶᗈ⠊ ᅖཬࡪோឡ࡛࠶ࡿࠖ(SMP I.4.X)ࠋࣁࢳࢫࣥࡣࠊࢃࢀࢃࢀࡢோឡࡀࠕ᭱ࡶ㐲࠸ᝨᫍࡢ㐨ᚨⓗឤ ࡢ⬟ຊࡀ࠶ࡿ⌮ᛶⓗ⾜Ⅽ⪅ࠖࡶཬࡪྍ⬟ᛶࢆᣦࡍࡿ35ࠋࣁࢳࢫࣥࡣࠊ㒊ศⓗோឡᑐࡋ ࡚ࠊ ࠕᬑ㐢ⓗோឡ(universal Benevolence)ࠖ36ࢆᨭᣢࡍࡿࠋࣁࢳࢫࣥࡣ㏙ࡿࠋ ࠕࡍ࡚ோឡࡣࠊ୍ 㒊ศᑐࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡛ࡶࠊయࡢၿ▩┪ࡋ࡞࠸ࡣࠊேዲࢀࡿࠋࡋࡋࠊࢃࢀࢃࢀࡢឿၿ ࡀຊ㊊ࡼࡗ࡚࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊయࡢឡࡢḞዴࡼࡗ࡚ไ⣙ࡉࢀࡿ㝈ࡾࠊࡑࢀࡣࡼࡾప࠸ẁ㝵 ࡢᚨ࡛࠶ࡿࠖ37ࠋᬑ㐢ⓗோឡࡀࠊᖿ⣽⬊ࢆᚓࡿࡓࡵ◚ቯࡉࢀࡿࣄࢺ⬇ࠊࡲࡓ୰⤯ࡉࢀࡿࣄࢺ ⬇⫾ඣཬࡪࡼ࠺ࠊࡑࡢᴫᛕࢆゎ㔘ࡍࡿࡇࡣྍ⬟࡛࠶ࡿࠋ ࣁࢳࢫࣥ⌮ㄽ࠾ࡅࡿ⾜Ⅽ⪅ࡢどⅬࡽࠊᖿ⣽⬊◊✲ࡘ࠸࡚⪃࠼࡚ࡳࡼ࠺ࠋࡶࡋ⾜Ⅽ⪅ࡀࠊ ࠼ࡤࠊᖿ⣽⬊ࢆᚓࡿࡓࡵ◚ቯࡉࢀࡿ⬇ࡣே࡛࠶ࡾࠊࡋࡓࡀࡗ࡚ᡃࠎࡢோឡࡢᑐ㇟࡛࠶ࡿࠊ ࠸࠺ᙧ⪋ୖᏛⓗಙᛕࢆᣢࡗ࡚࠸ࢀࡤࠊᙼࡣோឡࢆࡶࡗ࡚ࡇࡢ◊✲ࢆ⾜࠼࡞࠸ࠋࡶࡋ⾜Ⅽ⪅ࡀ ᖿ⣽⬊◊✲ᑐࡍࡿᙧ⪋ୖᏛⓗಙᛕࢆᣢࡗ࡚࠸࡞ࡅࢀࡤࠊ࠼ࡤࠊᙼࡀࠊࡇࡢ◊✲ࡣேࡢ ከࡃࡢẼࡸࡅࡀ⒪ἲࢆᥦ౪ࡍࡿࡔࢁ࠺ࠊ⪃࠼ࡿࠊோឡࢆࡶࡗ࡚ࡇࡢ◊✲ࢆ⾜࠺ࡶ ࡋࢀ࡞࠸ࠋ ࣁࢳࢫࣥ⌮ㄽ࠾ࡅࡿ⾜Ⅽ⪅ࡢどⅬࡽࠊዷፎ୰⤯ࡘ࠸࡚⪃࠼࡚ࡳࡼ࠺ࠋࡶࡋ⾜Ⅽ⪅ࡀࠊ ࠼ࡤࠊ࣐࢝ࣝࡀ࠶ࡽࡺࡿ③ࡳࡸⱞࡋࡳࡢ᰿ᮏⓗཎᅉ࡛࠶ࡾࠊ⬇ࡸ⫾ඣࡸዷ፬ࡣ᰿ᮏⓗዷፎ ୰⤯ࡼࡗ࡚③ࡳࡸⱞࡋࡳࡽ㏨ࢀࡽࢀ࡞࠸ࠊ࠸࠺ᙧ⪋ୖᏛⓗಙᛕࢆᣢࡗ࡚࠸ࢀࡤࠊᙼࡣோ ឡࢆࡶࡗ࡚୰⤯ࢆ⾜࠼࡞࠸ࠋࡶࡋ⾜Ⅽ⪅ࡀዷፎ୰⤯ᑐࡍࡿᙧ⪋ୖᏛⓗಙᛕࢆᣢࡗ࡚࠸࡞ࡅ ࢀࡤࠊ࠼ࡤࠊᙼࡀࠊ୰⤯ࡣ⬇ࡸ⫾ඣࡸዷ፬ࡢᮍ᮶ࡢ⫗యⓗࠊ㛵ಀⓗࠊࡲࡓࡣ⤒῭ⓗ࡞③ࡳࡸ ⱞࡋࡳࢆྲྀࡾ㝖ࡃࡔࢁ࠺ࠊ⪃࠼ࡿࠊோឡࢆࡶࡗ࡚୰⤯ࢆ⾜࠺ࡶࡋࢀ࡞࠸ࠋ ࣁࢳࢫࣥࡣࠊ⾜Ⅽ⪅ࡀோឡࢆࡶࡗ࡚ᖿ⣽⬊◊✲ࡸዷፎ୰⤯ࢆ⾜࠼ࡿࡇࢆྰᐃࡋ࡞࠸ࡔࢁ࠺ࠋ ᐇ㝿ࠊࣁࢳࢫࣥࡣࠊ ࠕ࠶ࡿᅜࠎ࡛⪁ேࡸᏊ౪ᑐࡋ࡚⾜ࢃࢀࡿወጁ࡞ᚅࠖࡑࡢࡶࡢࡣோឡࡢ Ḟዴࢆ♧ࡋ࡚࠸࡞࠸⪃࠼ࡿࠋ ࣁࢳࢫࣥࡣゝ࠺ࠋ ࠕࡶࡋࡇࢀࡽࡢ⾜Ⅽࡀᐇ㝿ᬑ㐢ⓗᐜㄆࡉࢀࠊ ᝏពࡣ࡞࠸ࡳ࡞ࡉࢀࠊᘚㆤࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࢀࡤࠊࡑࢀࡣ☜ࠊᩛࡢ㎯ࡽᙼࡽࢆᏲࡿࡓࡵࠊࡇ ࡼࡿṚࡼࡾࡶࡁ࡞ᝏᛮࢃࢀࡿ⪁㱋ࡼࡿᙅࢆ㑊ࡅࡿࡓࡵࠊࡲࡓࡣάⓎ࡛᭷⏝࡞ᕷ Ẹࢆᙼࡽࢆᢇ㣴ࡍࡿ⩏ົࡸᙼࡽࢆ┳ㆤࡍࡿປࡽゎᨺࡍࡿࡓࡵ࠸ࡗࡓࠊோឡࡢぢࡅࡢୗ ࠾࠸࡚࡛࠶ࡿࠖ38ࠋ ࣁࢳࢫࣥ⌮ㄽ࠾ࡅࡿ⾜Ⅽ⪅ࡢどⅬࡽࠊ✚ᴟⓗᏳᴦṚࡘ࠸࡚⪃࠼࡚ࡳࡼ࠺ࠋࡶࡋ⾜Ⅽ⪅ ࡀࠊ࠼ࡤࠊ✚ᴟⓗᏳᴦṚࡣ⚄ࡢពᚿࡋࠊᝈ⪅ࡢṚᚋࠊᝈ⪅㔜࡞ྰᐃⓗ⤖ᯝࢆࡶࡓࡽ ࡍࠊ࠸࠺ᙧ⪋ୖᏛⓗಙᛕࢆᣢࡗ࡚࠸ࢀࡤࠊᙼࡣோឡࢆࡶࡗ࡚ᏳᴦṚࢆ⾜࠼࡞࠸ࠋࡶࡋ⾜Ⅽ⪅ ࡀ✚ᴟⓗᏳᴦṚᑐࡍࡿᙧ⪋ୖᏛⓗಙᛕࢆᣢࡗ࡚࠸࡞ࡅࢀࡤࠊ࠼ࡤࠊᝈ⪅ࡀ┿ᏳᴦṚ 33 34 35 36 37 38 Hutcheson, Essay, p. 125. Ibid., p. 8. Hutcheson, Inquiry, p. 114. Ibid., p. 127. Ibid., p. 126. Ibid., pp. 139–140. ― ― 104 ࢆồࡵࡿࠊᙼࡣோឡࢆࡶࡗ࡚ᏳᴦṚࢆ⾜࠺ࡶࡋࢀ࡞࠸ࠋ せ⣙ࡍࡿࠊࣁࢳࢫࣥ⌮ㄽ࠾࠸࡚ࠊᖿ⣽⬊◊✲ࠊዷፎ୰⤯ࠊ✚ᴟⓗᏳᴦṚᑐࡍࡿ⟅࠼ࡣ ほᐹ⪅ࡢᙧ⪋ୖᏛⓗಙᛕࡼࡾኚࡋ࡞࠸ࠋࡔࡀࠊࡇࢀࡽࡢၥ㢟ᑐࡍࡿ⟅࠼ࡣ⾜Ⅽ⪅ࡢᙧ⪋ ୖᏛⓗಙᛕࡼࡾኚࡋᚓࡿࠋ ࣄ࣮࣒ࣗ⌮ㄽࡣࠊ⬇ࡸ⫾ඣࡀ⿕⾜Ⅽ⪅࡛࠶ࡿሙྜࡢᖿ⣽⬊◊✲ࡸዷፎ୰⤯࠾࠸࡚ᶵ⬟ࡋ࡞ ࠸ࠋࣄ࣮࣒ࣗࡼࡿࠊ㐨ᚨⓗㄆࡸྰㄆࡣࠊ⾜Ⅽࡑࡢࡶࡢࡸࡑࡢ⤖ᯝᑐࡍࡿ⿕⾜Ⅽ⪅ࡢឤ ࡌほᐹ⪅ࡀඹឤࡍࡿࡇࡽ⏕ࡌࡿࠋࡔࡀࠊᖿ⣽⬊◊✲ࡸዷፎ୰⤯ࡑࡢࡶࡢࡸࡑࡢ⤖ᯝᑐ ࡍࡿ⬇ࡸ⫾ඣࡢឤࡌࢆീࡍࡿࡇࡣᅔ㞴࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡋࡓࡀࡗ࡚ࠊࣄ࣮࣒ࣗ⌮ㄽࡣᶵ⬟ࡋ࡞࠸ࠋ ࣄ࣮࣒ࣗ⌮ㄽࡣࠊዷ፬ࡀ⿕⾜Ⅽ⪅࡛࠶ࡿሙྜࡢዷፎ୰⤯⟅࠼ࡿࡶࡋࢀ࡞࠸ࠋࡔࡀࠊዷ፬ ࡢᙧ⪋ୖᏛⓗಙᛕࡼࡾ⟅࠼ࡣኚࡋᚓࡿࠋዷፎ୰⤯ࡑࡢࡶࡢࡑࡢ⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿ⤖ᯝᑐࡍࡿ ዷ፬ࡢឤࡌࡣ」㞧࡛࠶ࡾᚓࡿࠋ୍᪉࡛ࡣࠊዷ፬ࡣࠊࡑ࠺ࡍࡿࡼ࠺ᙉ࠸ࡽࢀ࡚࠸࡞࠸㝈ࡾࠊ⬇ ࡸ⫾ඣࢆ୰⤯ࡍࡿḧồࢆᣢࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ᪉࡛ࡣࠊ⮬ศࡢᙧ⪋ୖᏛⓗಙᛕࡼࡾࠊዷ፬ࡣዷፎ୰ ⤯⨥ᝏឤࢆឤࡌࡿࡶࡋࢀ࡞࠸ࠋ࠼ࡤࠊዷፎ୰⤯ࡣ⚄ࡢពᚿࡋࠊ⮬ศࡣ⌧ୡ࡛ࠊ࠶ࡢ ୡ࡛ࠊࡲࡓࡣ᮶ୡ࡛୰⤯ᑐࡍࡿ⨩ࡸൾ࠸ࢆ⿕ࡿࠊ࠸࠺ᙧ⪋ୖᏛⓗಙᛕࢆዷ፬ࡀᣢࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ ௬ᐃࡋࡼ࠺ࠋࡑࢀ࡞ࡽࠊዷ፬ࡣዷፎ୰⤯⨥ᝏឤࢆឤࡌࡿࡔࢁ࠺ࠋࡋࡋ࡞ࡀࡽࠊࡶࡋዷ፬ ࡀዷፎ୰⤯ᑐࡍࡿᙧ⪋ୖᏛⓗಙᛕࢆᣢࡗ࡚࠸࡞ࡅࢀࡤࠊᙼዪࡣ୰⤯⨥ᝏឤࢆឤࡌ࡞࠸ࡔ ࢁ࠺ࠋ࠸ࡎࢀࡢሙྜࡶࠊዷፎ୰⤯ࡑࡢࡶࡢࡑࡢ⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿ⤖ᯝᑐࡍࡿዷ፬ࡢឤࡌほᐹ⪅ ࡣඹឤࡍࡿࡶࡋࢀ࡞࠸ࠋ ࣄ࣮࣒ࣗࡢどⅬࡽࠊ✚ᴟⓗᏳᴦṚࡘ࠸࡚⪃࠼࡚ࡳࡼ࠺ࠋࡶࡋᝈ⪅ࡀ↓ព㆑࡞ࡽࡤࠊᙼࡣ ࢇ࡞ឤࡌࡶᣢࡓ࡞࠸ࠋࡋࡓࡀࡗ࡚ࠊࣄ࣮࣒ࣗ⌮ㄽࡣᶵ⬟ࡋ࡞࠸ࠋࡶࡋᝈ⪅ࡀព㆑ࡀ࠶ࡾࠊ ࠼ࡤࠊ✚ᴟⓗᏳᴦṚࡣ⚄ࡢពᚿࡋࠊ⮬ศࡢṚᚋࠊ⮬ศ㔜࡞ྰᐃⓗ⤖ᯝࢆࡶࡓࡽࡍࠊ ࠸࠺ᙧ⪋ୖᏛⓗಙᛕࢆᣢࡗ࡚࠸ࢀࡤࠊ ᙼࡣ✚ᴟⓗᏳᴦṚࢆ᎘࠺ࡔࢁ࠺ࠋࡶࡋᝈ⪅ࡀព㆑ࡀ࠶ࡾࠊ ✚ᴟⓗᏳᴦṚᑐࡍࡿᙧ⪋ୖᏛⓗಙᛕࢆᣢࡗ࡚࠸࡞ࡅࢀࡤࠊ⫗యⓗⱞ③ࡸ⢭⚄ⓗⱞ③ࡽ㏨ ࢀࡿࡓࡵࠊᙼࡣᚰࡽ✚ᴟⓗᏳᴦṚࢆᮃࡴࡶࡋࢀ࡞࠸ࠋ࠸ࡎࢀࡢሙྜࡶࠊ✚ᴟⓗᏳᴦṚࡑ ࡢࡶࡢࡑࡢ⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿ⤖ᯝᑐࡍࡿᝈ⪅ࡢឤࡌほᐹ⪅ࡣඹឤࡍࡿࡶࡋࢀ࡞࠸ࠋࡇࡢࡼ࠺ ࠊࣄ࣮࣒ࣗ⌮ㄽࡣࠊᝈ⪅ព㆑ࡀ࠶ࡿሙྜࡢ✚ᴟⓗᏳᴦṚ⟅࠼ࡿࡶࡋࢀ࡞࠸ࠋࡔࡀࠊᝈ ⪅ࡢᙧ⪋ୖᏛⓗಙᛕࡼࡾ⟅࠼ࡣኚࡋᚓࡿ39ࠋ ࣄ࣮࣒ࣗ⌮ㄽࡣࡍ࡚ࡢேඹ㏻ࡍࡿ㐨ᚨุ᩿ࢆ⏕ࡳฟࡍࡇࢆ┠ᣦࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡇὀព 㸬㸬㸬㸬㸬㸬 ࡋ࡚࠾ࡇ࠺ࠋࣄ࣮࣒ࣗࡼࡿࠊᏳᐃࡋࡓ㐨ᚨุ᩿ࢆ┠ᣦࡋ࡚ࠊ ࠕࢃࢀࢃࢀࡣ࠶ࡿືࡢ୍⯡ⓗ 㸬 ࡞ほⅬࢆᐃࡵࡿࠖ(T 3.3.1.15)ࠋほᐹ⪅ࡣࠕ⮬ศࡢ⚾ⓗ࡛≉Ṧ࡞❧ሙࢆ㞳ࢀ࡚ࠊ⮬ศேඹ ㏻ࡍࡿほⅬࢆ㑅ᢥࡋࠖ(EPM 9.6)࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ࠋࠕᛶ᱁ࡀ⮬ࡽࢆ㐨ᚨⓗၿᝏࡤ ࡏࡿࡼ࠺࡞ឤࡌࡸឤࢆᘬࡁ㉳ࡇࡍࡢࡣࠊᛶ᱁ࡀࠊࢃࢀࢃࢀࡢ≉Ṧ࡞ᐖ↓㛵ಀࠊ୍⯡ⓗ 39 ࠕ⮬ẅࡘ࠸࡚ࠖ࠸࠺ㄽᩥࡢ୰࡛ࠊࣄ࣮࣒ࣗࡣ⮬ẅࢆㄽࡌ࡚࠸ࡿࡀࠊ⮬ẅࡣ✚ᴟⓗᏳᴦṚྠ➼࡛࠶ ࡿࠋᙜㄽᩥ࡛ࠊࣄ࣮࣒ࣗࡣࠊ⮬ẅࢆ㠀㞴ࡍࡿࢃࢀࢃࢀࡢఏ⤫ⓗែᗘࢆ㏞ಙࡳ࡞ࡋࠊ⮬ẅࡣࠕ࠶ࡽࡺࡿ⨥ ࡸ㠀㞴ࡢ㌿᎑ࢆචࢀ࡚ࡼ࠸ࠖㄽࡌ࡚࠸ࡿࠋDavid Hume, Essays: Moral, Political, and Literary, ed. Eugene F. Miller, rev. ed. (Indianapolis: Liberty Classics, 1987), p. 580. ࡋࡋࠊࣄ࣮࣒ࣗࡢ㆟ㄽࡣࡇࡢẁⴠ࠾ࡅࡿ⤖ㄽ ᙳ㡪ࢆཬࡰࡉ࡞࠸ࠋ࡞ࡐ࡞ࡽࠊ✚ᴟⓗᏳᴦṚᑐࡍࡿᙧ⪋ୖᏛⓗಙᛕࢆᣢࡘேࡀ࠸ࡿ㝈ࡾࠊࡇࡢ⤖ㄽ ⮳ࡿࡽ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ ― ― 105 ⪃ᐹࡉࢀࡿࡢࡳ࡛࠶ࡿࠖ(T 3.1.2.4)ࠋࣄ࣮࣒ࣗࡢ⪃࠼࡛ࡣࠊࠕᜏᖖⓗ࡛ᬑ㐢ⓗ࡞ࠖᛌᐖ ࠕࡔࡅࡀࠊᚨ㐨ᚨᛶࡢᇶ‽ࡋ࡚ᛮ⣴ྲྀࡾධࢀࡽࢀࡿࠋࡑࢀࡽࡢᐖᛌࡔࡅࡀࠊ㐨ᚨⓗ ༊ูࡀ౫Ꮡࡍࡿ≉Ṧ࡞ឤࡌࡸឤࢆ⏕ࡳฟࡍࠖ(T 3.3.1.30)ࠋࣄ࣮࣒ࣗࡣࠊࡶࡋ㐨ᚨ⌮ㄽࡀࠕே 㢮ࡢඹ㏻ࡢឤࠊࡑࡋ࡚࠶ࡽࡺࡿᅜẸ࠶ࡽࡺࡿ௦ࡢ័⾜ࡸពぢ▩┪ࡍࡿወㄝ⮳ࡿࠖ ࡞ࡽࡤࠊࡑࡢ⌮ㄽࡣ㛫㐪ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠊ⪃࠼ࡿ40ࠋࡶࡋࢃࢀࢃࢀࡀࡇࢀࡽࡢ⪃࠼ࢆ᥇⏝ࡍࢀࡤࠊዷ ፎ୰⤯✚ᴟⓗᏳᴦṚ࠾࠸࡚ࠊዷ፬ࡸᝈ⪅ࡢឤࡌࡀࡍ࡚ࡢேඹ㏻ࡍࡿࡢࡳࠊほᐹ⪅ ࡣᙼࡽࡢឤࡌඹឤࡍࡿࠋゝ࠸࠼ࢀࡤࠊዷፎ୰⤯ࡸ✚ᴟⓗᏳᴦṚࠊࡑࡢ⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿ⤖ᯝ ᑐࡍࡿඹ㏻ࡢឤࡌࡀ࡞࠸ࠊほᐹ⪅ࡣዷፎ୰⤯ࡸ✚ᴟⓗᏳᴦṚࡘ࠸࡚㐨ᚨุ᩿ࢆୗࡍࡇࡀ ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ࠋ せ⣙ࡍࡿࠊࣄ࣮࣒ࣗ⌮ㄽࡣࠊ⬇ࡸ⫾ඣࡀ⿕⾜Ⅽ⪅࡛࠶ࡿሙྜࡢᖿ⣽⬊◊✲ࡸዷፎ୰⤯ࠊ ᝈ⪅ࡀ↓ព㆑ࡢሙྜࡢ✚ᴟⓗᏳᴦṚ⟅࠼ࡽࢀ࡞࠸ࠋࣄ࣮࣒ࣗ⌮ㄽࡣࠊዷ፬ࡀ⿕⾜Ⅽ⪅࡛࠶ࡿ ሙྜࡢዷፎ୰⤯ࠊᝈ⪅ព㆑ࡀ࠶ࡿሙྜࡢ✚ᴟⓗᏳᴦṚ⟅࠼ࡿࡶࡋࢀ࡞࠸ࠋࡔࡀࠊዷ፬ ࡸᝈ⪅ࡢᙧ⪋ୖᏛⓗಙᛕࡼࡾ⟅࠼ࡣኚࡋᚓࡿࠋࡇࢀࡽࡣࠊࣄ࣮࣒ࣗ⌮ㄽ࠾ࡅࡿ㐨ᚨឤぬ ࡸ㐨ᚨឤࡔࡅ࡛ࡣ㐺ษ࡞㐨ᚨࢆ㆑ู࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ࡇࢆ♧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ ࢫ࣑ࢫ⌮ㄽ࠾࠸࡚ࠊ㐨ᚨุ᩿ࡣ⾜Ⅽ⪅ࡢᙧ⪋ୖᏛⓗಙᛕࡼࡾኚࡋᚓࡿࠋࢫ࣑ࢫࡼࡿ ࠊ㐨ᚨⓗㄆࡸྰㄆࡣࠊࢃࢀࢃࢀࡸබᖹ࡞ほᐹ⪅ࡀ⾜Ⅽ⪅ࡢ⾜Ⅽࡢ⫼ᚋࡢᛕືᶵඹឤ ࡍࡿࡇࡸࡋ࡞࠸ࡇࡽ⏕ࡌࡿࠋࡇࢀࡣࠊྠࡌ⾜Ⅽ࡛ࡶࠊᛕືᶵࡢෆᐜࡼࡾ㐨ᚨุ᩿ ࡣኚࡋᚓࡿࡇࢆពࡍࡿࠋ๓ぢࡓࡼ࠺ࠊ⾜Ⅽࡢ⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿ⤖ᯝࡣࠊᑡ࡞ࡃࡶࠎࡣࠊ ࡑࡢ⾜Ⅽࡢᛕືᶵࢆᙧᡂࡍࡿࠊࡑࢀࡽᙳ㡪ࢆ࠼ࡿࠋࡋࡓࡀࡗ࡚ࠊᛕືᶵࢆぢ ࠸ࡔࡍࡓࡵࠊᙧ⪋ୖᏛⓗಙᛕࡼࡗ࡚ᙧᡂࡉࢀࡓ⾜Ⅽ⪅ࡢほⅬࡽࠊ⾜Ⅽࡢ⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿ⤖ᯝ ࡍ࡚ࢆ⪃៖ࡍࡿࡇࡀᚲせ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡲࡓࠊ⾜Ⅽ⪅ࡢᙧ⪋ୖᏛⓗಙᛕࡣࠊ⾜Ⅽࡢ⤖ᯝࢆ⪃៖ࡍ ࡿࡇ࡞ࡋࠊ⾜Ⅽࡢᛕືᶵࢆ┤᥋ᙧᡂࡍࡿࡶࡋࢀ࡞࠸ࠋ࠼ࡤࠊࣄࢺ⬇ࢆẅࡍࡇ ࡣ㐨ᚨⓗ㛫㐪ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ࠸࠺ಙᛕࡣࠊᖿ⣽⬊◊✲ࡢ⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿ⤖ᯝࢆ⪃៖ࡍࡿࡇ࡞ࡋࠊ ⾜Ⅽ⪅ࡀࡇࡢ◊✲ᑐࡍࡿ┤᥋ࡢືᶵࡶࡋࢀ࡞࠸ࠋࡇࡢࡼ࠺ࠊ⾜Ⅽ⪅ࡢᛕືᶵࡣᙼ ࡢᙧ⪋ୖᏛⓗಙᛕࡼࡾኚࡋᚓࡿࠋࡋࡓࡀࡗ࡚ࠊྠࡌ⾜Ⅽ࡛ࡶࠊ㐨ᚨุ᩿ࡣ⾜Ⅽ⪅ࡢᙧ⪋ୖ Ꮫⓗಙᛕࡼࡾኚࡋᚓࡿࠋ ලయࡼࡗ࡚ࠊࡇࢀࢆ♧ࡑ࠺ࠋ➨୍ࠊᖿ⣽⬊◊✲ࡘ࠸࡚⪃࠼࡚ࡳࡼ࠺ࠋ࠼ࡤࠊᖿ⣽ ⬊◊✲ࡣ⚄ࡢពᚿࡋࠊ⾜Ⅽ⪅ࡣ⌧ୡ࡛ࠊ࠶ࡢୡ࡛ࠊࡲࡓࡣ᮶ୡ࡛ࡇࡢ◊✲ᑐࡍࡿ⨩ࡸൾ ࠸ࢆ⿕ࡿࠊ࠸࠺ᙧ⪋ୖᏛⓗಙᛕࢆ⾜Ⅽ⪅ࡀᣢࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ௬ᐃࡋࡼ࠺ࠋࡑࢀ࡞ࡽࠊࢃࢀࢃࢀࡸ බᖹ࡞ほᐹ⪅ࡣࡇࡢ◊✲ࢆྰㄆࡍࡿࡔࢁ࠺ࠋࡋࡋ࡞ࡀࡽࠊࡶࡋ⾜Ⅽ⪅ࡀᖿ⣽⬊◊✲ᑐࡍ ࡿᙧ⪋ୖᏛⓗಙᛕࢆᣢࡗ࡚࠸࡞ࡃࠊᖿ⣽⬊◊✲ࡣࡁ࡞་⒪ⓗᑗ᮶ᛶࡀ࠶ࡿ⪃࠼ࡿ࡞ࡽࡤࠊ ࢃࢀࢃࢀࡸබᖹ࡞ほᐹ⪅ࡣࡇࡢ◊✲ࢆㄆࡍࡿࡔࢁ࠺ࠋ ḟࠊዷፎ୰⤯ࡘ࠸࡚⪃࠼࡚ࡳࡼ࠺ࠋ ࠼ࡤࠊዷፎ୰⤯ࡣ⚄ࡢពᚿࡋࠊ⾜Ⅽ⪅ࡸዷ፬ࡣ⌧ୡ࡛ࠊ࠶ࡢୡ࡛ࠊࡲࡓࡣ᮶ୡ࡛୰⤯ ᑐࡍࡿ⨩ࡸൾ࠸ࢆ⿕ࡿࠊ࠸࠺ᙧ⪋ୖᏛⓗಙᛕࢆ⾜Ⅽ⪅ࡀᣢࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ௬ᐃࡋࡼ࠺ࠋࡑࢀ࡞ࡽࠊ ࢃࢀࢃࢀࡸබᖹ࡞ほᐹ⪅ࡣዷፎ୰⤯ࢆྰㄆࡍࡿࡔࢁ࠺ࠋࡋࡋ࡞ࡀࡽࠊࡶࡋ⾜Ⅽ⪅ࡀዷፎ୰⤯ 40 Ibid., p. 486. ― ― 106 ᑐࡍࡿᙧ⪋ୖᏛⓗಙᛕࢆᣢࡗ࡚࠸࡞ࡅࢀࡤࠊ࠼ࡤࠊዷ፬ࡀ┿୰⤯ࢆồࡵࡿࠊࢃࢀ ࢃࢀࡸබᖹ࡞ほᐹ⪅ࡣዷፎ୰⤯ࢆㄆࡍࡿࡶࡋࢀ࡞࠸ࠋ᭱ᚋࠊ✚ᴟⓗᏳᴦṚࡘ࠸࡚⪃࠼ ࡚ࡳࡼ࠺ࠋ࠼ࡤࠊ✚ᴟⓗᏳᴦṚࡣ⚄ࡢពᚿࡋࠊ⾜Ⅽ⪅ࡸᝈ⪅ࡣ⌧ୡ࡛ࠊ࠶ࡢୡ࡛ࠊࡲࡓ ࡣ᮶ୡ࡛ᏳᴦṚᑐࡍࡿ⨩ࡸൾ࠸ࢆ⿕ࡿࠊ࠸࠺ᙧ⪋ୖᏛⓗಙᛕࢆ⾜Ⅽ⪅ࡀᣢࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ௬ᐃ ࡋࡼ࠺ࠋࡑࢀ࡞ࡽࠊࢃࢀࢃࢀࡸබᖹ࡞ほᐹ⪅ࡣ✚ᴟⓗᏳᴦṚࢆྰㄆࡍࡿࡔࢁ࠺ࠋࡋࡋ࡞ࡀࡽࠊ ࡶࡋ⾜Ⅽ⪅ࡀ✚ᴟⓗᏳᴦṚᑐࡍࡿᙧ⪋ୖᏛⓗಙᛕࢆᣢࡗ࡚࠸࡞ࡅࢀࡤࠊ࠼ࡤࠊᝈ⪅ࡀ┿ ᏳᴦṚࢆồࡵࡿࠊࢃࢀࢃࢀࡸබᖹ࡞ほᐹ⪅ࡣ✚ᴟⓗᏳᴦṚࢆㄆࡍࡿࡶࡋࢀ࡞࠸ࠋࡇ ࢀࡽࡢぢࡿࡼ࠺ࠊ⾜Ⅽ⪅ࡢᙧ⪋ୖᏛⓗಙᛕࡼࡾࠊࢃࢀࢃࢀࡸබᖹ࡞ほᐹ⪅ࡣṇᑐࡢ 㐨ᚨุ᩿ࡉ࠼ୗࡍࡇࡀ࠶ࡾᚓࡿࠋ ࢫ࣑ࢫ⌮ㄽࡣࠊᖿ⣽⬊◊✲ࠊዷፎ୰⤯ࠊ✚ᴟⓗᏳᴦṚ⟅࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋࡋࡋࠊ⾜Ⅽ⪅ࡢᙧ⪋ ୖᏛⓗಙᛕࡼࡾ⟅࠼ࡣኚࡋᚓࡿࠋࡋࡓࡀࡗ࡚ࠊࢫ࣑ࢫ⌮ㄽ࠾ࡅࡿ㐨ᚨឤࡔࡅ࡛ࡣ㐺ษ ࡞㐨ᚨࢆ㆑ู࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ࠋ 㸵㸬⤖ㄽ ୕⌮ㄽࡍ࡚࠾࠸࡚ࠊㄗࡗࡓ᐀ᩍⓗಙᛕࡣ㐨ᚨุ᩿ࢆṍࡵᚓࡿࠋࣁࢳࢫࣥ⌮ㄽ࠾࠸࡚ࠊ ᖿ⣽⬊◊✲ࠊዷፎ୰⤯ࠊ✚ᴟⓗᏳᴦṚᑐࡍࡿ⟅࠼ࡣほᐹ⪅ࡢᙧ⪋ୖᏛⓗಙᛕࡼࡾኚࡋ࡞ ࠸ࠋࡔࡀࠊࡇࢀࡽࡢၥ㢟ᑐࡍࡿ⟅࠼ࡣ⾜Ⅽ⪅ࡢᙧ⪋ୖᏛⓗಙᛕࡼࡾኚࡋᚓࡿࠋࣄ࣮࣒ࣗ ⌮ㄽࡣࠊ⬇ࡸ⫾ඣࡀ⿕⾜Ⅽ⪅࡛࠶ࡿሙྜࡢᖿ⣽⬊◊✲ࡸዷፎ୰⤯ࠊᝈ⪅ࡀ↓ព㆑ࡢሙྜࡢ✚ ᴟⓗᏳᴦṚ⟅࠼ࡽࢀ࡞࠸ࠋࣄ࣮࣒ࣗ⌮ㄽࡣࠊዷ፬ࡀ⿕⾜Ⅽ⪅࡛࠶ࡿሙྜࡢዷፎ୰⤯ࠊᝈ⪅ ព㆑ࡀ࠶ࡿሙྜࡢ✚ᴟⓗᏳᴦṚ⟅࠼ࡿࡶࡋࢀ࡞࠸ࠋࡔࡀࠊዷ፬ࡸᝈ⪅ࡢᙧ⪋ୖᏛⓗಙᛕ ࡼࡾ⟅࠼ࡣኚࡋᚓࡿࠋࢫ࣑ࢫ⌮ㄽࡣࠊᖿ⣽⬊◊✲ࠊዷፎ୰⤯ࠊ✚ᴟⓗᏳᴦṚ⟅࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋ ࡋࡋࠊ⾜Ⅽ⪅ࡢᙧ⪋ୖᏛⓗಙᛕࡼࡾ⟅࠼ࡣኚࡋᚓࡿࠋࡇࢀࡽࡣࠊ୕⌮ㄽ࠾ࡅࡿ㐨ᚨឤ ぬࡸ㐨ᚨឤࡔࡅ࡛ࡣ㐺ษ࡞㐨ᚨࢆ㆑ู࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ࡇࢆ♧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ41ࠋ ᩥ⊩⾲ 㑥ヂࢆేグࡍࡿᩥ⊩ࢆྵࡵࠊᮏ✏୰ࡢᘬ⏝ࡣᣋヂࡼࡿࠋ Harman, Gilbert. 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