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E・W・サイードから見たモダニズムとパウンド
37 㸺࣬㹌࣬ࢦ࣭ࢺ࠾ࡼぜࡒ࣓ࢱࢼࢫ࣑࡛ࣂࣤࢺ ୕ ᨼ㑳 ࠈᅂࡡㄵᩝࡢࠉ⌟࡞࠽࠷࡙࣓ࢱࢼࢫ࣑ࡡࡻ࠹ᙫ㡢ງࢅᣚࡗ࠾ࠉゕ࠷ ᥦ࠻ࡿࡣ⤊ῥࡡࢡ࣭ࣞࣁࣛࢫ࣑ୠ⏲ࢅᖆᕬࡊࡻ࠹࡛ࡊ࡙࠷ࡾ⌟≟ࡡ୯࡚ࠉこ Ὂ⏜ᮮࡡᩝ࡚࠵ࡾ࣓ࢱࢼࢫ࣑࠹࠷࠹❟ሔ࡞࠵ࡾ࠾ࢅࠉ࢙ࢺ࣭࣠ࢺ࣬㹌࣬ ࢦ࣭ࢺ࡛࠷࠹࣎ࢪࢹࢤࣞࢼࣛࢪࢹࢅཱིࡽ୕ࡅࠉᙴࡡ࣓ࢱࢼࢫ࣑よ㔐࠾ࡼ࣓ ࢱࢼࢪࢹࠉࡈࡼ࡞ࡢࢤࢪ࣓࣎ࣛࢰࢼࢪࢹ࡛ࡊ࡙ࡡࣂࣤࢺࢅぜࡾ࡛࠷࠹ࡡࡐ ࡡ᪠࡚࠵ࡾࠊࡊ࠾ࡊࡼࠉᅂཱིࡽ୕ࡅࡾࠖᩝ࡛ᖀᅗ⩇ࠗ࡞ࡢࠉ࠵࡛ ࡚ㄕ᪺ࡌࡾࡻ࠹࡞ࠉࣂࣤࢺࡡྞ๑ࡢୌᗐࡊ࠾ฝ࡙ࡆ࠷ࠊࡆࡡḖⴘࠉ࠵ࡾ࠷ ࡢᅹࢅᕙࡖ࡙ࠉࡐࡡ⌦⏜ࡷࢦ࣭ࢺࡡណᅒࡡ᥆ῼࠉ᭞࡞ࡢࢦ࣭ࢺⓏ࡞ぜࡒ ሔྙࡡࣂࣤࢺࡡన⨠ࢅよ᪺ࡌࡾࡗࡵࡽ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ 㸦 ࠈ࢙ࢺ࣭࣠ࢺ࣬㹌࣬ࢦ࣭ࢺࡢࠉ࿔▩ࡡ㏳ࡽࠉ1935 ᖳࣂࣝࢪࢲࢻ⏍ࡱࡿࡡⱝ ᅗᅗᩅఌᚈ࡚ࠉ1947 ᖳ࡞ฝᅗࡊ࡙௧ᮮࠉ࢙ࢩࣈࢹࢅ⤊⏜ࡊ࡙௧ᚃࡢ⡷ᅗ ࡞ᑽపࡊࠉこὊᩝ◂✪࡛ࠉ♵ᅗࡡよᨲࡡࡒࡴ࡞ࢅ㈕ࡷࡊ࡙ࡀࡒࠊᙴࡡ❟ሔ ࡢࠉこὊࡡ᳔Ằᆀᨥ㒼࡛ࡐࡡཋິງ࡛ࡖࡒᖀᅗ⩇࡞ᑊࡊ࡙ᚥᗇⓏ᳠ッ࡛ ᢀึࢅ⾔࠷ࠉࡐࡡୌ᪁࡚こὊ೩㔔ࡡ୯࡚࡛ࡵࡌࡿࡣ↋っࡈࡿࡔ᳔Ằᆀᩝ ࡡフ౮࡞ࡵᦘࢂࡖ࡙ࡀࡒࠊ࡛ࡢゕ࠻ࠉᙴࡡ❟ሔࡢ༟࡞ୌ᪁ࡡᢀึ࡛᪁ࡡフ౮ ࡛࠷࠹ࠉ⩽ᢝୌⓏࡵࡡ࡚ࡢ࠷ࠊࢦ࣭ࢺ࢛࢙ࠖࣛࣤࢰࣛࢫ࣑ࠗࡡ୯࡚ ᘿࡊࡒࡻ࠹࡞ࠉこὊスᏽࡊࡒࠔヾㆉㄵⓏࠉᏋᅹㄵⓏሾ⏲スᏽࠕࢅวࡽᓻࡊࠉ ࡳࡊࢀᏺᅗ࡚࠵ࡖࡒこὊ᳔࡛Ằᆀࡡ㛣ࡡ┞பᙫ㡢࡞ࡻࡾ᩺ࡒභྜྷᛮࢅ᥈ ᏽࡌࡾࡵࡡ࡚࠵ࡾࠊࡐࡿࢅ࣎ࢪࢹࢤࣞࢼࣛࢫ࣑࡛ࡩࠊ ࠈࡊ࠾ࡊࡼࠉࡆࡿࡢࡒ࠷ࢆ࡞ᅏ㞬షᴏ࡚࠵ࡾࠊୌࡗ࡞ࡢ⌟ᅹࡡሾ⏲⥲ 38 ኣᒪࡡฦ㔕࡞ῳࡖ࡙࠽ࡽࠉࡐࡊ࡙ᮅࡓ࡞ᙁᅖࡵࡡ࡚࠵ࡾࡆ࡛ࠊࡐࡿࡢ㏁ ࡎࡣࠉሾ⏲⥲ࡡහ࡛አࡡࡔࡼࡡഁ࡞ࡵࡐࡡ༝ྜྷࢅᢼྫྷࡌࡾࡻ࠹さ⣪Ꮛᅹ ࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡚ࡵ࠵ࡾࠊࡗ࡞ࡢࠉ࣎ࢪࢹࢤࣞࢼࣛࢪࢹ⮤㌗ᢢ࠻ࡾᅏ㞬࡚࠵ࡾࠊ ࡗࡱࡽࠉ࣎ࢪࢹࢤࣞࢼࣛࢪࢹࡢࠉ⮤ࡼࡡㄚ㢗࡞ࡗ࠷࡙⮤ฦ⮤㌗㛭ࢂࡖ࡙࠷ ࠾ࡄࡿࡣࡼ࠷ࠊᩝᏕࡡ㡷ᇡ࡚ゕ࠻ࡣࠉష⩽࡚࠵ࡿࠉᢀフᐓ࡚࠵ࡿࠉᙔ ⩽࡛ࡊ࡙ࡡ㈈௴ࢅᣚࡒࡠࡣࡼ࠷ࠊゕ࠷ᥦ࠻ࡿࡣࠉ⮤ฦࡡ⾔Ⅵᖏ࡞⮤ฦ ⮤㌗ࡡ❟ሔ࡞ࡢࡠ㏁ࡖ࡙ࡂࡾࠊࢦ࣭ࢺࢅౚ࡞࡛ࡿࡣࠉᙴరᨶ⡷ᅗ㸝こὊ࡛ ゕ࠷ᥦ࠻࡙ࡵ࠷࠷㸞࡞పࢆ࡚࠷ࡾ࠾࡛࠷࠹ၡ࠷ࡢࠉᙴ⡷ᅗᢀึࢅࡌࡿࡣࡌࡾ ࠉ࠽ࡐࡼࡂࡢᙴࡡ㸝⢥♼Ⓩណࡵྱࡴ࡙ࡡ㸞ᨶᅗ࡛⡷ᅗ࡛࠷࠹୦⩽ࡡഁ ࠾ࡼᥞฝࡈࡿࡾࡓࢀ࠹ࠊ ࠈࡓࠉࡆࡿࡢ㟸ᖏ࡞ᅏ㞬ᨶ࡞ࠉ㏣࡞ࡐࡡᠺᯕࡵࡱࡒ㟸ᖏ࡞ኬࡀࡵࡡ ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ㹉࣬㹈࢙࢛࣬ࣛࢴࢹࡡ᭯ྞᢀフ࡞ࡵ࠵ࡾࡻ࠹࡞㸝͆Tradition and the Individual Talent͇㸞ࠉ᳔Ằᆀᩝࡡぜ├ࡊࡐࡿࡱ࡚ࡡఎ⤣ࡡぜ├ࡊ࡞ࡵ⦽ࡾࠊ ࡱࡒࠉࡆࡿ࠾ࡼཱིࡽ୕ࡅࡾࠖᩝ࡛ᖀᅗ⩇ࠗࡡ୯࡚ࢦ࣭ࢺ⾔ࡖ࡙࠷ࡾࡻ ࠹࡞ࠉౚ࠻ࡣࢩ࢛࣭࢘ࣤ࣬ࢪࢷࣤࡷࣆ࣭࣭ࣞ࣊ࣜࠉࢤࣤࣚࢴࢺࡼࡡషဗࡡ ࡻ࠹ࠉ19 ୠ⣎ࡡこὊᩝᏕࡡኬషဗ⩄ࡡ୯࡞ఄᅹࡌࡾᖀᅗ⩇Ⓩさ⣪ࢅ ᬸࡀฝࡌࡆ࡛࡚ࠉࡐࡿࡱ࡚ぜ࠻࠾ࡖࡒషဗහአࡡᵋ㏸㢟ᅹࡊࠉࡐࡆ࠾ࡼ ࡱࡒืࡡフ౮ࡵྊ⬗࡞ࡾࠊషဗࡡහ㒂࡞ᥝ࠾ࡿ࡙࠷࠷ࠉᐁᅹࡡெࠍࡷ♣ఌ ࡡᵋ㏸ࡡᏋᅹࡢࠉషဗࡡࡵ࠹ୌࡗࡡ┷ᐁ࡚ࡵ࠵ࡾࠊᙴࡡࡆ࠹ࡊࡒ᪁Ἢ࡞࠽࠷࡙ࠉ 20 ୠ⣎ิ㢄ࡡ࣓ࢱࢼࢫ࣑ࠉࡐࡊ࡙࢙ࢫࣚ࣬ࣂࣤࢺࡢ࠹࠷࠹న⨠ࡘࡄ࡞ ࡾࡡ࠾ࠊ 㸧 ࠈ࡚ࡢࠉᐁ㝷࡞ࠖᩝ࡛ᖀᅗ⩇࡚ࠗࡡࢦ࣭ࢺࡡ࣓ࢱࢼࢫ࣑フ౮ࢅぜ࡙࠷ࡆ ࠹ࠊࡍἸណࡌࡀⅤࡢࠉࠔ࣓ࢱࢼࢫ࣑࡞ࡗ࠷࡙ࡡࢿ࣭ࢹࠕ(C&I 186-190)1 ࡛ 㢗ࡈࡿࡒ㡧┘࡛Ẓ࡙࠾ࡽ▯࠷࡛࠷࠹ࡆ࡛࡚࠵ࡾࠊࡡ㡧┘ࡢⓑ 15 ࣋ ࣭ࢩ௧୕ࡡオ㏑࡞ࡖ࡙࠷ࡾࡡ࡞ᑊࡊࠉ࣓ࢱࢼࢫ࣑ࡡ㡧ࡢ㸪࣭࣋ࢩࡊ࠾࠷ࠊ ࡐࡿ࠹࠷࠹ណࢅᣚࡗ࠾ࡢࠉࡡ㡧࡛㛭㏻ࡈࡎࡼ⩻࠻࡙࠷ࡂࡗࡵࡽ ࡚࠵ࡾࠊࡈ࡙ࠉࡆࡆ࡚ࢦ࣭ࢺࡢ 19 ୠ⣎ᮆࡡᑚㄕୠ⏲࡞ࡗ࠷࡙りࡿࠉᖀᅗ ⩇ࢅᏰࡌࡾฺ─ඁࡡ❟ሔ࡞ᑊࡊ࡙ࠉ࣏ࣞࣤ⩇࠾ࡼ㏻ࡾࡐࡿ࡞ᑊࡌࡾཬ Ⓠ࡛ࠉ࣭ࣜ࢜ࢲࡡᣞᦤࡌࡾࠔࣞࢼࢴࢠ⬲ᖹࠕࢅ㢗࡛ࡌࡾᑚㄕࡡᏋᅹࠉ 2 39 ࡱࡒᖀᅗ⩇ࡡᾇአ㐅ฝ࡞Ṅㄢࢅྙࢂࡎࡾ࠾ࡡࡻ࠹ා㝜ᑚㄕࡷ᪉⾔オࠉᏕ⾙ ㄢᰕࠉᅂ㘋ࡡᏋᅹࢅᣞᦤࡌࡾࠊࡆ࠹ࡊࡒ୦ᴗࡡ⌟㇗ࢅࢤࣤࣚࢴࢺࡼࡡᑚㄕ మ⌟ࡊࠉࢦ࣭ࢺࡡゕⴝ࡚ゕ࠻ࡣࠉࠔᖀᅗ⩇ṋࡡ⮤ಘ࡞⤊ࡒࡔ㥺࠾ࡼ⏍ ࡲฝࡈࡿ࡙ࡀࡒ∸ㄊࢅࠉ⮤ណㆉ࡛᩷⤧࡛⮤ᕤゕཀྵᛮ࡛⭁㣏Ⓩࣞࢼ࣭࠾ࡼ ࡾᴗ㝀≟ឺ࡛ንᐖࡈࡎࡒࠕ(C&I 188㸞ࡡࡓࠉࢦ࣭ࢺࡢࡆࡿࢅ࣓ࢱࢼࢫ࣑ ᩝࡡᣞᵾ㸝hallmark㸞࡛ࡌࡾࠊゕ࠷ᥦ࠻ࡿࡣࠉ࣓ࢱࢼࢫ࣑Ửࡊ࡙こὊᩝ හ㒂࡚ࡡᵋ⠇∸࡚ࡢࡂࠉࠔᖀᅗࠕࡡአᅸ࡞ࡻࡾ᳔Ằᆀഁࠉ࠵ࡾ࠷ࡢ㟸ᢒᅸ⩽ ࠾ࡼࡡୌ⛸ࡡ㏁➽࡚࠵ࡾࡆ࡛ࢅ♟ࡊ࡙࠷ࡾࠊࡗࡱࡽࠉ࣓ࢱࢼࢫ࣑ࡡฝ⮤ࡡ࠵ࡾ 㒂ฦࡢࠔᖀᅗࠕࡡ࿔⦍࠾ࡼ⏍ࡲฝࡈࡿ࡙ࡀࡒࡡ࡚࠵ࡾࠊࡐࡿࡢࠉ࢙ࢵࡷࢩ ࣘࢪࣜࣚࣤࢺฝ㌗࡚࠵ࡾࡆ࡛ࠉ࢙࢛ࣛࢴࢹࡷࣂࣤࢺ࣒ࣛ࢜ฝ㌗ ࡡ expatriates ࡚࠵ࡾࡆ࡛࡞ࡵ♟ြࡈࡿࡾࡻ࠹࡞ࠉࠔᖀᅗࠕࡡᙫ㡢࡛ࡐࡡཬష⏕ ࡢࢦ࣭ࢺᣞᦤࡌࡾࡱ࡚ࡵ࠷ࠊࡐࡊ࡙ࠉࡵࡔࢀࢆࠉࡆࡿࣂࣤࢺ࡞ࡗ࠷ ࡙⩻࠻ࡾዉᶭࡡୌࡗ࡚࠵ࡾࡆ࡛ࡢゕ࠹ࡱ࡚ࡵ࠷ࠊࡐࡡ࠹࠻࡚ࢦ࣭ࢺࡢࠉᖀ ᅗ⩇࡞ࡻࡾ᳔Ằᆀᩝࡡ࣭ࣙࣞࢴࣂࡡ⛛ථࠉ᭩ิࡢ࣭ࣙࣞࢴࣂெࡡ༟ ࡾ⮾ࡡᑊ㇗࡚࠵ࡖࡒࡢࡍࡡ࡞ࠉࢅ⤊ࡾ࡞㏻ࡿ࡙ࠉࡐࡿ࣭ࣙࣞࢴࣂࡡ⬜ ᘽࡈࢅࠉࡐࡊ࡙ࠔ ࡆ ࡆ ࡵ ࡱ ࡒ ᆀ ⌣ ୕ ࡡ ᬧ 㯦 ᆀ ᖈ ࡡ ࡥ ࡛ ࡗ ࡚ ࠵ ࡾ ࠕ㸝 C&I 189 㸞 3 ࡆ࡛ࢅࣞࢼࢴࢠ࡞ఎ࠻ࡾッᣈ࡞ࡖࡒ࡛ゕ࠹ࠊࡆ࠹ࡊ࡙ࠉ࣓ࢱࢼ ࢫ࣑ࡡᠺ❟≟Ἓᖀᅗ⩇ࡡᠺ❟࡛㐅⾔࡛࡞ࡗ࠷࡙ྊฦ࡚࠵ࡾࡆ࡛ࢅ♟ࡊࡒ ࢦ࣭ࢺࡢࠉࡐࡡ≁㈻ࢅⓊ⛁ධ᭡Ⓩ࡚࠵ࡾ࡛ᏽ⩇ࡊ࡙ࠉࡗ࡞ࡐࡡ≁ᚡࢅࡱ࡛ ࡴ࡙࠷ࡾࠊ ࠈୌࡗࡢࠉໜᣋⓏ࡚࠵ࡾ࡛ྜྷ࡞㛜࠾ࡿ࡙ࡵ࠷ࡾࡻ࠹ᵋ㏸ࡡᚘ⎌ᛮࢅࡵࡗࡆ ࡛ࠊࡐࡡౚ࡛ࡊ࡙ࠉࢩࣘࢪࡡࠖࣗࣛࢨ࣭ࢫࠗࡷࣂࣤࢺࡡࠖ࢞ࣔࣤࢹ࣭ࢫࠗ ࢅࢦ࣭ࢺࡢᣪࡅ࡙࠷ࡾࠊࡗ┘࡞ࠉ⛸ࠍ㞟ኣሔᡜࡷ″ἠࡷᩝ࠾ࡼណㆉⓏ ࡞ᘤࡀฝࡈࡿࡒࠉཿࡀࠉࡈࡼ࡞ࡢᘚ࡛ࡌࡼ࠷࠻ࡾ᩷∞ࢅ්Ὡ⏕ࡊ්ᵋᠺࡌࡾ ࡆ࡛࡞ධ㟻Ⓩ࡞౪Ꮛࡌࡾ᩺ᶭ㍂ࠊࡐࡡౚ࡛ࡊ࡙ࢩࣘࢪࡡࠖࣗࣛࢨ࣭ࢫࠗ ࡡࠉ࢛ࠖࢸࣖࢴࢬࠗࢅᇱᮇᵋ㏸࡛ࡊࡗࡗᵕࠍさ⣪ࢅラࡴ㎲ࢆࡓᵋᠺࢅ࠵ ࡅ࡙࠷ࡾࠊࡗ┘࡞ࠉୠ⏲ᖀᅗ࡛࠷࠹ࠉ࠾ࡗ࡙ࡢྊ⬗࡚࠵ࡾࡻ࠹࡞ᛦ࠻ࡒ⤣ྙ ᙟᘟ࡞ᑊࡊ࡙ࠉⰹ⾙ࡷࡐࡡషဗࢅࡐࡡ᭨ဗ࡛ࡌࡾࡻ࠹ࠉᙟᘟࡐࡿ⮤㌗࡞Ἰ ណࢅྡྷࡄࡾᙟᘟ࡛࠷࠹ࣞࢼ࣭ࠊ ࠈࡆࡡࡻ࠹࡞ࠉࢦ࣭ࢺࡢᖀᅗ⩇࡛ࡐࡡཬິ々㞟࡞ஹཨࡌࡾᆀⅤ࡛ࡊ࡙ࡡ ࣓ࢱࢼࢫ࣑ࠉ≁࡞ࡐࡡᙟᘟࢅ㔔っࡊ࡙࠷ࡾࠊࡐࡊ࡙ࡱࡒࠉ୕࡞࠵ࡅࡒ㸨ࡗࡡ≁ ᚡࡡࡿࡵࠉࣂࣤࢺ࡞ྙ⮬ࡊ࡙࠷ࡾࠊ࡛ࡆࢀࠉࡆࡡࠖᩝ࡛ᖀᅗ⩇ࠗ 40 ࡡ୯࡚ࠉࣂࣤࢺࡡྞ๑Ⓡሔࡌࡾࡡࡢࠉ୕ࡡ≁ᚡࡡୌࠉࠔໜᣋⓏ࡚࠵ࡾ࡛ྜྷ ࡞㛜࠾ࡿ࡙࠷ࡾࡆ࡛ࠕࡡౚ࡚ฝ࡙ࡂࡾୌᅂࡀࡽࡡ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ☔࠾࡞ࠉࡆࡡࡆ ࡛ࡢࠖᩝ࡛ᖀᅗ⩇࡛ࠗ࠷࠹ᮇࡡᛮ㈻୕ࠉᖀᅗ⩇ᩝ࡞ཀྵࡌᙫ㡢࡞ࡗ ࠷࡙ࡡ࿈Ⓠ࡚࠵ࡽࠉࡐࡿ࡞ࡗ࠷࡙ࡡၤⵒ࡚࠵ࡾࡆ࡛ࠉࡱࡒࡐࡿ࡞࠹ᑊฌࡌ ࡀ࠾࡛࠷࠹ᣞ༞᭡࡚ࡵ࠵ࡾࡆ࡛࡞ぞᏽࡈࡿ࡙࠷ࡾࠊࡗࡱࡽࠉࣂࣤࢺࡢࡐ࠹࠷ ࠹ࢦ࣭ࢺࡡࠔ┘Ⓩࠕ࡞ྙ⮬ࡊ࠾ࡖࡒ࡛ゕ࠻ࡾࡓࢀ࠹ࠊ ࠈࠈࠈࠈࠈࠈࠈࠈࠈࠈࠈࠈࠈࠈࠈࠈࠈࠈ 㸨 ࠈ࡚ࡢࠉᐁ㝷࡞ࢆ࣓ࢱࢼࢪࢹཱིࡽ୕ࡅࡼࡿ࡙࠷ࡾࡡࡓࢀ࠹࠾ࠊ࢙ࢵ ࡢୌࡗࡡ㡧┘ࡡᑊ㇗࡛ࡖ࡙࠷ࡾࡊࠉࢩࣘࢪࡢ㸪ᅂⓇሔࡊࠉࢦ࣭ࢺࡡㄵࡡ ୯࡚ࡐࡿࡽ࡞㔔さᙲࢅⁿࡋ࡙࠷ࡾࠊౚ࠻ࡣࠉࠔࡈ࡙ࡐࡆ࡚⬲᳔Ằᆀࢅ ┘ᣞࡌཋపẰషᐓࡒࡔ̿̿࢟ࣛࢪ࡞ࡻࡖ᳔࡙Ằᆀࡈࡿࡒࣜࣚࣤࢺࡡష ᐓࢩࣘࢪࡵࡐ࠹ࡊࡒషᐓࡡୌெ࡛࠷࠻ࡾࡡࡓ̿̿ࡢࠉࡆࡿࡱ࡚ᙴࡼ࡞ฺ⏕ ฝᮮ࠾ࡖࡒ᥀ịࡡ᪉ࡡ࣓ࢲ࣭ࣆࢅమ㥺ࡊ├ࡌࡡࡓࠊࠕ㸝C&I 211㸞࡛࠷࠹㒂ฦ ࡷࠉ࢙ࢵ࡞ࡗ࠷࡙㏑ࡒࠔࡆࡡࣜࣚࣤࢺୌ㏻ࡡ㟸࣭ࣙࣞࢴࣂᆀ ᇡ࡛භ᭯ࡊ࡙࠷ࡒ≁ᚡ࡛ࡢࠉᏺᅗ࡞ᑊࡌࡾᩝⓏ౪Ꮛ࡛ᩓᑊ㛭౿࡛ࡡභᏋ࡚ ࠵ࡖࡒࠕ㸝C&I 220㸞ࡡ⟘ᡜ࡚ࢂ࠾ࡾࡻ࠹࡞ࠉࢦ࣭ࢺࡢࣜࣚࣤࢺࢅ⿍᳔ Ằᆀᅗ࡛ᏽ⩇ࡊ࡙࠷ࡾࠊୌ᪁ࠉ๑࡞㏑ࡒࡻ࠹࡞ࠉࣂࣤࢺ࡛࢙࢛ࣛࢴࢹ࡛⡷ ᅗࡡ㛭౿ࢅ expatriates ࡛ᏽ⩇ࡊࡒࢦ࣭ࢺࡢࠉࡆࡡᮇ࡚ࡢࡐࡿ௧୕ࡡ㏛ịࢅࡊ ࡙࠷࠷ࠊࡆࡡῺᗐᕣࡆ࠾ࡼᮮࡾ࠾࡛ゕ࠻ࡣࠉᏺᅗᑊ᳔Ằᆀ࡛࠷࠹ᅒᘟ ࡞࢙ࢵࡷࢩࣘࢪࡢᙔ࡙ࡢࡱࡽࠉࣂࣤࢺ࡛࢙࢛ࣛࢴࢹࡢᙔ࡙ࡢࡱࡼ࠷ ࡛࠷࠹ࡆ࡛ࡓࢀ࠹ࠊᐁࡢࡆ࠹ࡊࡒ㡧ᑊ❟Ⓩᅒᘟࡢࢦ࣭ࢺࡡᩝ❮ࡡ⮫ࡾᡜ࡞ ぜࡼࡿࠉ࠽ࡐࡼࡂࡐࡿࢦ࣭ࢺࡡᇱᮇⓏᛦᵋ㏸ࡡࡻ࠹࡚࠵ࡾࠊ ࠈࡐࡿࡢ࡛ࡵ࠾ࡂࠉࣂࣤࢺ࡛⡷ᅗࡡ㛭౿ࢅ⾪ࡌ expatriates ࡛࠷࠹ㄊࡢࠉ࣓ࢱ ࢼࢪࢹࡒࡔࢅᏽ⩇ࡌࡾࡵ࠹ୌࡗࡡゕⴝ࡚ࡵ࠵ࡾࠊ࣏࣑࣭ࣜ࢜࣬࢜ࣛࡡࠖஷ ⩽ᖉࡾࠗ㸝Exile’s Return, 1934㸞࡚ࡢࠉexpatriates ࡛࠷࠹ㄊ࡚ࡂ exile ࢅ⏕ࡊ ࡙࠷ࡾࠉࡔࡼ࡞ࡎࡻ⮤ᅗࡡࡖࡼᩝ࡞㣤ࡀࡒࡼࡍ࣭ࣙࣞࢴࣂ࡞⬲ฝ ࡊࡒᩝெ࡛࠷࠹ᏽ⩇࡞ࡢ࠾ࢂࡽ࠷ࠊࡒࡓࠉ㐢࠷࠵ࡾ࡛ࡌࡿࡣࠉexile ࡞ࡢ 19 ୠ⣎࡞ぜࡼࡿࡒ㠁ᐓࡒࡔࡡᨶᅗ⬲ฝ࡛࠷࠹ࣝࢥ࣭ࣛᇄ㛣ぜ࠻ࡾ ࡆ࡛ࡓࢀ࠹ࠊࡗࡱࡽࠉḾࡳ࡞Ḿࡱࡿ⾔ິ࡛࠷࠹ࢼࣖࣤࢪវࡋࡼࡿࡾࠊࡆ ࡆ࡚ࡵࠉᩝⓏណ࡚ࠉᏺᅗᑊᩝⓏ➴ᅗ࡛࠷࠹ᅒᘟࢅぜࡾࡆ࡛ฝᮮ 41 ࡂࡵ࠷ࠊ࡛ࡆࢀࠉࡆࡡ exile ࡡᣚࡗࣝࢥ࣭ࣛ࡞ࡆࡐࠉၡ㢗ࡡᡜᅹ࠵ ࡾࠊ19 ୠ⣎ࡡஷ㌗మⓏ༱㝜࡞ࡻࡾࡵࡡ࡚࠵ࡖࡒࡡ࡞ᑊࡊ࡙ࠉ⡷ᅗ࠾ࡼࡡ exile ࡢ࠵ࡂࡱ࡚ᩝⓏࡵࡡ࡚࠵ࡖࡒ࡛࠷࠹ࡆ࡛࡚࠵ࡾࠊࡆࡡ㐢࠷ࡢࡐࡡࡱ ࡱࠉ࢙ࢵࡷࢩࣘࢪ࡛ࣂࣤࢺࠉ࢙࢛ࣛࢴࢹ࡛ࡡ㐢࠷࡞ᩔ⾕ࡈࡿࡾࠊࡗࡱ ࡽࠉᨶᅗ࡞ᑊࡌࡾ㛭ࢂࡽ࠾ࡒࡡၡ㢗࡚࠵ࡾࠊ࢙ࢵࡷࢩࣘࢪࡢࠉࣜࣚ ࣤࢺ࡛࢟ࣛࢪࡡ㛭౿ࢅṌྍࠉᨳࠉᩝ➴ධ࡙ࡡ㟻࠾ࡼ᪺ࡼ࠾࡞ࡊࡻ࠹࡛ࡌ ࡾࠊゕⴝࢅᥦ࠻ࡿࡣࠉⱝᅗࡡ᳔Ằᆀ࡛ࡖࡒᢒᅸࡈࡿࡒࣜࣚࣤࢺ࡛࠷࠹っ Ⅴࢅᖏ࡞ᣚࡖ࡙࠷ࡾࠊୌ᪁ࠉ࢙࢛ࣛࢴࢹࡡฝ㌗ᆀ࡚࠵ࡾ⡷ᅗࡢࠉ≺❟ᚃࡵ࢟ ࣛࢪࡡ⤊ῥⓏࠉᩝⓏඁనᛮࡷᢒᅸࡢវࡋ࡙࠷ࡒ࡞ࡊࢀࠉࡐࡡᠺ❟≟Ἓ࠾ࡼࡊ ࡙ࣜࣚࣤࢺ࡛ࡢẒࡻ࠹ࡵ࠷ࡆ࡛ࡢゕ࠹ࡱ࡚ࡵ࠷ࠊࡐࡡⅤ࡚ࠉࢦ࣭ ࢺࡆࡡᮇࡡ᪠࡛ࡢྙࢂ࠷࡛ึ᩷ࡊࡒ࡛ࡊ࡙ࡵᛦ㆗ࡢ࠷ࠊ ࠈ࡛ࡆࢀࠉၡ㢗ࢅ々㞟࡞ࡌࡾࡡࡢࠉᙔ⡷ᅗࣆࣛࣅࣤࡷ࣭࢞ࣖࣁࢅ᳔Ằ ᆀ࡞ࡊ࡙࠷ࡒᐁ࡚࠵ࡾࠊࣆࣚࣤࢠ࣬ࣝࣤࢹࣛ࢞ࡢ࣓ࠖࢱࢼࢪࢹ࣬࢜ࣜࢷࢴ ࢹࠗࡡ୯࡚ࠉࣂࣤࢺ࣑ࣛ࣬ࢩ࣑࢘ࢫࡷ࢙࣏ࢮ࡛ࣤ࠷ࡖࡒ⡷ᅗࡡᛦ ᐓࡡᙫ㡢࡞ࡻࡖ࡙ࠉெ⩇Ⓩᛮ㈻ࢅ㌗࡞ࡗࡄࡒ࡛ゕ࠷ࠉࡐࡡ୕࡚ࠉ⡷ᅗࡡ ᖀᅗ⩇࡞ཬᑊࡊ࡙࠷ࡒ࡛ᣞᦤࡌࡾࠊࣂࣤࢺࡡ㈠ᮇ⩇᎒࠷ࡢࠉᙴࡡ≺≁ ࡡࢮࢨࣜ࣬ࢠࣝࢩࢴࢹࡡࡻ࠹⤊ῥ⌦ㄵ࡚ࡵ᪺ࡼ࠾ࡓࠉࡊ࠾ࡊࡼࣂ ࣤࢺࡆ࠹ࡊࡒ⤊ῥ⌦ㄵ࡞ฝఌࡖࡒࡡࡢ 1918 ᖳ࡚࠵ࡽࠉ࡛ࡌࡿࡣࠉ20 ୠ⣎ิ 㢄ࡡࣂࣤࢺ࡞ࡗ࠷࡙ࡢࠉࣝࣤࢹࣛ࢞ᣞᦤࡊࡒࡻ࠹࡞ࠉ࣒ࣛ࢜Ⓩெ ⩇࠾ࡼࡡㄕ᪺ࡡ᪁ጂᙔ࠾ࡵࡊࡿ࠷ࠊࡐࡿࡢ࡛ࡵ࠾ࡂࠉࡆࡡࡻ࠹≟Ἓ࠾ࡼ ࡊ࡙ࠉᙔࡡ⡷ᅗᏺᅗᑊᩝⓏ➴ᅗ࡛࠷࠹ᯗ࡞ࡱࡽࡀࡿ࠷ࡡࡢ⮤᪺ ࡚࠵ࡾࠊࢦ࣭ࢺࡡ↋っណㆉⓏ࡚࠵ࡖࡒ࠾࠹࠾ࡢ࡛ࡵ࠾ࡂࠉᑛࡂ࡛ࡵᚃ Ⓠࡡᖀᅗ⩇࡛ࡐࡡᩝ࡛࠷࠹ၡ㢗スᏽࡢࠉᙴࡡ୯࡞ࡢᏋᅹࡊ࠾ࡖࡒࡻ࠹ࡓࠊ ࡆࡿࡢࠉ⡷ᅗୠ⏲㝮ୌࡡᖀᅗ࡞ࡖࡒ௧ᚃࡡࠉࢦ࣭ࢺࡡ⃥Ⅷᢀึ࠾ࡼࡌ ࡿࡣዃዼỷ㯪࡛ゕ࠻ࡂࡵ࠷ࠊ 㸩 ࠈࡈ࡙ࠉࢦ࣭ࢺࡡ࣓ࢱࢼࢫ࣑࡞ᑊࡌࡾゕཀྵࢅ⤾ࡄ࡙࠷ࡆ࠹ࠊࢦ࣭ࢺࡢ࣓ࢱ ࢼࢫ࣑こὊ࡞㢴✨ࢅ᪺ࡄࡒᐁࢅ㔔っࡌࡾࡡࡓࠉࡐࡿࢅḗࡡࡻ࠹ゕ࠷᪁ ࡚ᣞᦤࡌࡾࠊࠔ࣭ࣙࣞࢴࣂࡡ࣓ࢱࢼࢫ࣑⨶Ꮥࢅ◂✪ࡌࡾṌྍᐓࡡ࡛ࢆ↋ っࡊ࡙࠷ࡾࡡࡢࠉୠ⣎ิ㢄ᏺᅗࡡᩝ୯ᯙ࡞㟸࣭ࣙࣞࢴࣂᩝࡡኬぞᶅ 42 Ὦථ⏍ࡋࡒࡆ࡛࡚࠵ࡾࠊ㟸࣭ࣙࣞࢴࣂᩝࠉࣅ࢜ࢮࡷࢪࢹࣚࣥࣤࢪ࣭࢞ ࡷ࣏ࢷࢪࡡࡻ࠹࣓ࢱࢼࢫ࣑ⰹ⾙ᐓ࡞࠻ࡒ㔔ኬᙫ㡢࡞ࡵ࠾࠾ࢂࡼࡍࠊࡐ ࡊ࡙ࠉ⮤ࡼࢅⓉெ࡛こὊெࡓࡄ࠾ࡼࡾ➴㈻Ⓩ♣ఌ࡛ಘࡍࡾ♣ఌࡡᵋᠺさ⣪ࡐ ࡡࡵࡡ࡞ࠉ㟸࣭ࣙࣞࢴࣂᩝ࠻ࡒ㔔ኬᙫ㡢࡞ࡵ࠾࠾ࢂࡼࡍࠕ㸝C&I 242㸞ࠊ ࡆ࠹ࡊ࡙ࠉࡐࡡᚃࠉ᳔Ằᆀ࠾ࡼᏺᅗ࡛⏻Ꮥ⏍ᢪࡊᐞࡎࡾࠊࡐࡡ⤎ᯕḗ ࡡࡻ࠹࡞ࡱ࡛ࡴࡼࡿࡾࠊࠔ⚶ㄵࡋࡒ࠷ࡡࡵࠉࡆࡡᙁງᙫ㡢ࡡ࠾ࡽ᪺▉ ୌഁ㟻ࠉࡌࢂࡔ᳔Ằᆀᇡ࠵ࡾ࠷ࡢ࿔㎰ᆀᇡฝ㌗ࡡ▩ㆉெࡡ࡚࠵ࡾࠊᙴࡼ ࡢࠔᖀᅗࠕࡡゕㄊ࡚᭡ࡀࠉᖀᅗࡡኬぞᶅᢤᢘ㐘ິ࡞᭯ᶭⓏ࡞㛭౿ࡊ࡙࠷ࡾ ࡛⮤ヾࡊࠉ࠾ࡗ࡙ࡢᑍࡼ࣭ࣙࣞࢴࣂெᑍ⏕࡚࠵ࡖࡒᏕ⾙◂✪ࡷᢀフࡡᢇἪࡽ ゕㄕࡽṂჹࡽࢅࡖ࡙ࠉᏺᅗᩝ࡛┷ḿ㟻࠾ࡼῳࡽྙ࠷ࠉᏺᅗᩝࡡ ಞḿ࡛ᢀึ࡛࠷࠹㈈ຸࢅ⮤ࡼ࡞ㄚࡊࡒࡡ࡚࠵ࡾࠊࡆࡿࡼࡡெࠍࡡࡆࡡࡡ┷ ౮࡛ࡢࠉὮ࡛ࡾこὊࡡゕㄕ࡞ࠉࡒࡓぜ࠾ࡄࡓࡄ౪Ꮛࡊࡼ㸝Ửࡊ࡙ᐞ⏍ ࡚ࡢ࠷㸞ࠉࡐࡡᠺᯕࠉ≺ᛮࡽ㏸ᛮࢅᖈࡦ࡙ࠉࡐࡡᏕၡ㡷ᇡࡐࡡࡵࡡ ࢅୌንࡈࡎࡒࡆ࡛࡚࠵ࡾࠕ㸝C&I 243㸞ࠊࢦ࣭ࢺࡢࡆ࠹ࡊ࡙࣓ࢱࢼࢪࢹࡡ❟ሔ ࡛ࡐࡡᚃࡡ᳔Ằᆀ࡚ࡡ㐘ິࢅ㏻⤎ࡌࡾࡡ࡚࠵ࡾࠊࡐࡡᴞふᛮࡢࠉࡆࡡὮࡿࢅ࣓ ࢱࢼࢫ࣑⮤మ࡛࠷࠹ࡻࡽࠉ࣓ࢱࢼࢫ࣑࡛ࡐࡡᚃࡡິࡀ࡛ࡡࢻࣞࢩ࢜ࣜ㛭౿ ࡛ᏽ⩇ࡘࡄࡻ࠹࡛ࡌࡾࠉ⩇ࢅᣫࡲࡒࡂࡾࠊࡒࡓࠉࢦ࣭ࢺ⮤㌗ࡵྞ๑ࢅ ࠵ࡅ࡙࠷ࡾࠉ࢝ࣇ࢙ࣛࣜ࣬࢝ࣜࢨ㸲࣏ࣜࢢࢪࡷ࢜ࣜࣞࢪ࣬ࣆ࢙ࣤࢷࢪ㸝࣍ࣜ ࣉࢪࡡྞ๑ࡢἸណࡂአࡈࡿ࡙࠷ࡾ㸞ࡼࡡషᐓࡒࡔࡷࠉࡐࡊ࡙ࡐࡡ๑ୠ࡛ࡊ ࡙ࡡ㸸࣬㹁࣬㹇࣬ࢩ࣑࢘ࢫࡷࢩ࣭ࣘࢩ࣬ࣤࢹࢼࢪࡼࢅฝࡈࡿࡾ࡛ࠉࢦ ࣭ࢺࡡㄵ⌦ࡢࡐࡿࡽࡡḿᙔᛮࢅᣚࡗࡓࢀ࠹ࠊࡆࡡࡻ࠹࡞ࢦ࣭ࢺࡡ᪁Ἢࡢࠉ ⮤ࡼࡡㄵ⌦࡞ྙ࠹ெ∸࡛ࡐ࠹࡚࠷ெ∸ࢅ⭂ฦࡄࡊࠉࡐ࠹࡚࠷ெ∸࡞ࡢ࠵ࡱ ࡽりࡿࡒࡼ࠷࡛࠷࠹≁ᚡ࠵ࡾࡻ࠹࡞ᛦ࠻ࡾࡡࡓࠊࡆࡿࡢࡆࡡᮇࠉ๑࡞ ㏑ࡒࡻ࠹࡞ࠉၤⵒⓏ࡚ᣞ༞᭡Ⓩᛮࢅᣚࡗࡆ࡛࡚࠵ࡾ⛤ᗐㄕ᪺ฝᮮࡻ࠹ࠊࡱ ࡒࠉࡆࡆ࡚ࡡ㆗ㄵࡢࠉ᪺☔࡞ᖀᅗ⩇࡞ཬࡌࡾெࠍᑊ㇗࡛ࡖ࡙࠽ࡽࠉࡆࡿ ࡼࡡெࠍ࣓ࢱࢼࢫ࣑ࢅዉᶭ࡛ࡊ࡙ࠉこὊᩝࢅ࠹⮤ฦࡡࡵࡡ࡞ࡊ࡙࠷ࡖࡒ ࠾࡞ࡗ࠷࡙ࡢࠉㄕᚋງࡢ࠵ࡾࡓࢀ࠹ࠊ ࠈ࡛ࡆࢀࠉࡆࡆ࡞ࡢㄵ⌦ࡡࡌࡽ᭨࠻࠵ࡾࠊ☔࠾࡞ 20 ୠ⣎ิ㢄ࠉ㟸࣭ࣙࣞ ࢴࣂᩝࡡὮථ࠵ࡖࡒࡆ࡛ࡢᐁ࡚࠵ࡾࠊࡊ࠾ࡊࡐࡿࢅฺ⏕ࡊࡒࡡࡢࠉᴣࡠ ᖀᅗ⩇ᅗࡷ࠵ࡾ࠷ࡢࡐࡡ࿔㎰࡞పࡳⓉெࡡⰹ⾙ᐓ࡚ࡢ࠾ࡖࡒ࠾ࠊࡱࡒࠉ࣓ ࢱࢼࢫ࣑ࡐࡿࡱ࡚ࡡⰹ⾙࡞ኣኬᙫ㡢ࢅ࠻ࡒࡡࡵᐁࡓࠉࡊ࠾ࡊࡐࡡ ࡛ࢆこὊࡡᩝ⬞ࡡ୯࡚ࠉ࠷ࢂࡣこὊࡡඁనᛮࢅᏰࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡞ࡢࡼ࠾ 43 ࡖࡒࡡࡓࢀ࠹࠾ࠊᐁࡢࠉࡆࡡⅤ࡞ࢦ࣭ࢺࡵẴࡘ࠷࡙࠷࡙ࠉࠔこὊࡡ࣓ࢱࢼࢫ ࣑࡛ࡐࡡఴἴ̿̿ࡐࡿࡵౚ࠻ࡣ⢥ᐠよ㔐ᡋ␆ࢅᒈ㛜ࡌࡾᢀフ⌦ㄵ࠵ࡾ࠷ࡢ⮤ ណㆉⓏᩝᏕᙟᘟࡷ㡚ᴞᙟᘟ̿̿ࡡᄿ༎ᖳ㛣ࡡ୯࡚᭩ࡵๆ⃥Ⓩࡓࡖࡒࡵࡡࡡኣ ࡂࡢࠉࡡ╉࠾ࡼぜࡾ࡛ࠉ࡛ࢆ⌦よࢅ⤧ࡌࡾ㇗Ⓩ࡚ࠉ᎒࡞ࡾ こὊ୯ᚨ⩇Ⓩࡡࡻ࠹࡞ぜ࠻ࡾࠕ㸝C&I 330㸞࡛ゕ࠷ࠉࡓ࠾ࡼࡆࡐࠔ࠷ࡱࡷ ࡍࡖ࡛⏍ࠍࡊࡂಘ㢏⨠ࡄࡾࡡࡢࠉᅗහࡡᑍโమโ࡛⌦⩇⩽ࡒࡔ࡛㜒ண ࢅᒈ㛜ࡌࡾ㡷ᇡ࠾ࡼࡡሒ࿈࡚࠵ࡽࠉࣛࣛࢫ࣑࡛✭࡛ࡡ␏⛸ΊஹⓏ⤎ྙࢅ㐡 ᠺࡊࡒᩝ❮࡚࠵ࡽࠉᆀ⌦Ⓩࡵࡡ࡛⩻ཿᏕⓏࡵࡡ࡛ࢅྙమࡈࡎࡒオ㏑࡚࠵ࡽࠉ ᐞࡾ㎰ࡀᨶ㒋႕మ㥺ࢅΊᠺⓏᙟᘟ㸝࢙ࢴࢬࠉࣄࢸ࢛ࠉ࠵ࡾ࠷ࡢ᫆⏤ࠉ ┷ࠉᅂ㘋ࠉ∸ㄊࠉ⟷ゕ㸞ࢅ㏳ࡊ࡙᥀ịࡊࡒషဗ࡚࠵ࡾࠕ(C&I 330)࡛㏑ ࡾࠊࡵࡔࢀࢆࡆࡡᩝ❮ࡢ⌟ᅹ࠾ࡼぜࡒ࣓ࢱࢼࢫ࣑ࡡᅂ㢫࡚ࡢ࠵ࡾࡡࡓࠉ࠽ࡐ ࡼࡂࡆ࠹ࡊࡒヾㆉࡢࡆࡡᮇࢅ᭡ࡂṹ㝭࠾ࡼ࠵ࡖࡒ࡛⩻࠻ࡾࡡࡢᙔ↓࡚࠵ࡾࠊ࡛ ࡾ࡛ࠉၡ㢗࡛ࡾࡡࡢࠔ࣓ࢱࢼࢫ࣑࡞ࡗ࠷࡙ࡡࢿ࣭ࢹࠕࡡ㸪࣭࣋ࢩ࡛࠷࠹▯ ࡈ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ࣓ࢱࢼࢫ࣑ࡡຝ⏕ࡣ࠾ࡽࢅ㏑ࡒࡆࡡ㡧┘࡚ࠉᤖ㇗ࡈࡿ࡙ࡊࡱࡖࡒ ⾪ࣂࣤࢺ࡚ࡢ࠾ࡖࡒ࠾ࠊ ࠈࡆࡡၡ㢗ࢅ⩻࠻ࡾᮞᩩࡵ࠹ୌࡗ࠵ࡾࠊࡐࡿࡢ๑࡞ࡵ㏑ࡒࡻ࠹࡞ࢦ࣭ࢺ ࣂࣤࢺࡷ࢙࢛ࣛࢴࢹࢅ expatriate ࡛న⨠ࡘࡄࡒࡆ࡛࡚࠵ࡾࠊexpatriates ࡛ ࠷࠹ㄊࡢࠉᐁࡢ࣓ࢱࢼࢪࢹࡻࡽࠉ࣎ࢪࢹࢤࣞࢼࣛࢪࢹࡡ᪁࡞ࡨࡈࢂࡊ࠷ࠊᖀ ᅗ⩇ᓻቪࡊ࡙௧ᚃࠉ࣎ࢪࢹࢤࣞࢼࣛࢪࢹࡡ♵ᅗ࡚࠵ࡾኣࡂࡡ᳔Ằᆀ≺ ❟ࢅົࡔཱིࡾࢂࡄࡓࠉ⓮⫏ࡆ࡛࡞ࠉࡐࡡኣࡂࡡᅗ࡚ࣜࢹࣚ࣬ࢻࢨࣘࢻࣛ ࢫ࣑ລ⮾ࡊࠉࡐࡿ࡞ཬᑊࡌࡾெࠍࡢᢖ⊱࠾㏛ᨲ࡛࠷࠹ࡀ┘࡞࠵࠷ࠉ࠷ࢂࡣ ࠾ࡼࡼ♵ᅗ࠾ࡼ㏠ࡅฝࡌࡆ࡛࡞ࡾࠊ࠵ࡾ࠷ࡢࢦ࣭ࢺࡡࡻ࠹࡞⮤ฦࡡណ ᚷ࡚♵ᅗࢅཡࡾሔྙࡵ࠵ࡾࠊࡔࡼ࡞ࡎࡻࠉࡆ࠹ࡊࡒ expatriates ࡢࠉ♵ᅗࡡ ࣜࢹࣚ࣬ࢻࢨࣘࢻࣛࢫ࣑㟸ྙ⌦♼リࡷⱝ㞕∸ㄊ࡚ᵋ⠇ࡈࡿࡾࡒࡴ࡞ࠉࡐࡡ ᢀึ࡛ࡊ࡙こὊᩝࢅ⏕ࡌࡾࡆ࡛ኣ࠷㸝ࡗ࠷࡚ࡼࠉࡆ࠹ࡊࡒࣜࢹࣚ࣬ ࢻࢨࣘࢻࣛࢫ࣑ࢅᵾᴮࡌࡾഁࡵࠉこὊ࡚ᩅ⫩ࢅུࡄ࡙࠷ࡾࡆ࡛ኣࠍ࠵ࡾ࡛࠷ ࠹ᐁ࠵ࡾ㸞ࠊᏺᅗഁࡡᩝ࡚ᨶᅗࡡ≟Ἓࢅᢀึࡌࡾ࡛࠷࠹ᤤࡿࢅよᾐࡌ ࡾࡒࡴࡡᇱ┑࡛ࡾࡡࡢࠉ୕㏑ࡡᩝ❮࡞᭡࠾ࡿ࡙࠷ࡾ㏳ࡽࠉᨶᅗࢅࡻࡽⰃࡂࡊ ࡻ࠹࡛࠷࠹ࠔ⌦⩇⩽ࡒࡔࠕࡡ⾔Ⅵࡐࡡࡵࡡ࡚࠵ࡾࠊୌ᪁ࠉࡆࡿࡵ๑࡞りࡿ ࡒࡻ࠹࡞ expatriate ࡛࠷࠹ㄊࡢ exile ࡞⨠ࡀᥦ࠻ࡼࡿࡾ࡛ࠉ19 ୠ⣎ࡡ㠁ᐓࡡ ஷࡡ࣒࣭ࢩ࡛ࡾࠊࡐࡡ㛣࡞ᣫࡱࡾࣂࣤࢺࡷ࢙࢛ࣛࢴࢹࡡ expatriate ࡢࠉ ᪺ࡼ࠾࡞ᩝⓏࡵࡡ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ㏁ࡎࡣࠉᙴࡼࡢࡐࡡᛮྡྷ࡛ࡊ࡙࣒ࣛ࢜Ⓩ 44 ࡵࡡࢅṟࡊ࡙࠷ࡒ࡞ࡊࢀࠉ⡷ᅗࢅᏬࡾࡀ♵ᅗ࡛ࡊ࡙⩻࠻࡙ࡢ࠷࠾ࡖࡒ࡛࠷ ࠹ࡆ࡛ࡓࠊࡆࡿࡱ࡚ࡡᒈ㛜࡚ࢂ࠾ࡾࡻ࠹࡞ࠉࡆࡆ࡞ࡵࢦ࣭ࢺࣂࣤࢺࢅཱི ࡽ୕ࡅ࠾ࡖࡒ⌦⏜࠵ࡾࠊࡊ࠾ࡊࠉࡵࡖ࡛วᐁ⌦⏜࡞ࡵ࠵ࡾࠊࡆࡿࡢ ࢦ࣭ࢺࡡ࣓ࢱࢼࢫ࣑ࡡᏽ⩇࡞♟ြࡈࡿ࡙࠷ࡾࡡࡓࠉࣂࣤࢺࡡࡻ࠹ࡆ࠹ ࡊࡒ࣓ࢱࢼࢪࢹࢤࢪ࣓࣎ࣛࢰࢼࢪࢹ࡛⨠ࡀᥦ࠻ྊ⬗ࡓ࡛࠷࠹Ⅴ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ 㸪 ࠈࢤࢪ࣓࣎ࣛࢰࢼࢪࢹ࡛࠷࠹ㄊࡢࠉ⫧ᏽⓏ࡞ࡵྫྷᏽⓏ࡞ࡵᏽ⩇ฝᮮࡾㄊ࡚࠵ ࡾࠊ4 ࡵࡔࢀࢆࠉࢦ࣭ࢺࡢࡆࡿࢅ⫧ᏽⓏណ࡚⏕ࡊ࡙࠷ࡾࠊࢦ࣭ࢺ ࡻࡂᘤ⏕ࡌࡾゕⴝ࡞ࠉ࢙ࣜࣁࢴࣀಞ㐠ኃࢦࣤ㸲ࣥࢠࢹࣜࡡࣆ࣭ࢥ࣭ࡡ ࡵࡡ࡛ࡊ࡙ᘤ࠷࡙ࡀࡒࠉࠔᙴ⮤㌗ࡡᨶ㒋ࢅយ࠽ࡊࡳ⩽ࡢࠉࡱࡓᮅ⇅ิᚨ⩽࡞ ࡌࡁ࠷ࠊ࠵ࡼࡹࡾᅰᆀᙴࡡ⏍ࡱࡿࡒᅰᆀ࡚࠵ࡾ࡛ᛦ࠻ࡾ⩽ࡢࠉࡌ࡚࡞ᙁ㠆 ࡚࠵ࡾࠊࡄࡿࡵධୠ⏲ࢅአᅗ࡛ぜࡌࡆ࡛ฝᮮࡾ⩽ࡢᏰ⎅࡚࠵ࡾࠕ 㸝WT&C 7㸞5 ࠵ࡾࠊరฌ࡞ࡵᡜᒌࡊ࠷▩ㆉெࢅ⛘ᥥࡌࡾࡆࡡゕⴝࡢࠉᐁࡢࠉ๑࡞ ᘤ⏕ࡊࡒࠉࠔ࠷ࡱࡷࡍࡖ࡛⏍ࠍࡊࡂಘ㢏⨠ࡄࡾࡡࡢࠉᅗහࡡᑍโమโ࡛⌦ ⩇⩽ࡒࡔ࡛㜒ணࢅᒈ㛜ࡌࡾ㡷ᇡ࠾ࡼࡡሒ࿈࡚࠵ࡽࠉࣛࣛࢫ࣑࡛✭࡛ࡡ ␏⛸ΊஹⓏ⤎ྙࢅ㐡ᠺࡊࡒᩝ❮࡚࠵ࡽࠉᆀ⌦Ⓩࡵࡡ࡛⩻ཿᏕⓏࡵࡡ࡛ࢅྙ మࡈࡎࡒオ㏑࡚࠵ࡽࠉᐞࡾ㎰ࡀᨶ㒋႕మ㥺ࢅΊᠺⓏᙟᘟ㸝࢙ࢴࢬࠉࣄ ࢸ࢛ࠉ࠵ࡾ࠷ࡢ᫆⏤ࠉ┷ࠉᅂ㘋ࠉ∸ㄊࠉ⟷ゕ㸞ࢅ㏳ࡊ࡙᥀ịࡊࡒషဗ࡚࠵ ࡾࠕ࡛࠷࠹ゕⴝ࡛࠾ࡽࡡ㊝㞫࠵ࡾࠊࡆࡆ࡞ࡢᨶᅗࢅ㞫⬲ࡊࡒெ㛣ࡡࠉ⌟ᐁ ࡞ࡢᑽపᆀࢅዞࢂࡿࡗࡗࡵࠉ⢥♼Ⓩ࡞࠹࡞࠾౪ᣈฝᮮࡾሔࡡ᥀ị࡛࠷ࡖࡒ㉻ ࠵ࡽࠉࡐࡿࡢ☔࠾࡞⫧ᏽฝᮮࡾࠊ ࠈ࡛ࡆࢀࠉࡆࡡゕⴝ࡞ࡢࡐࡡୌ᪁࡚ࠉᨶᅗ࠾ࡼࡓࡄ࡚ࡂࠉୠ⏲ධమ࠾ࡼ㊝ 㞫ࢅ⨠࠷ࡒெ㛣ࡡ≁ᶊࡡࡻ࠹ࡵࡡࡵវࡋࡼࡿࡾࠊᙔ↓ࡼࠉࡆࡡ❟ሔࡢࢦ ࣭ࢺ⮤㌗౪ࡖ࡙❟ࡗሔᡜ࡚ࡵ࠵ࡾࠊࡆ࠹ࡊࡒ≁ᶊណㆉ᚜ዼ࡞ࣂࣤࢺࡡ ❟ሔ࡛㔔ࡖ࡙࠷ࡾࡻ࠹࡞វࡋࡼࡿࡾࡡࡢࠉഃ↓ࡓࢀ࠹࠾ࠊࣂࣤࢺ ABC of Reading ࡷ “How to Read” ࡚㐛ཡࡡᩝᏕషဗࡷషᐓ࡞ᑊࡊ࡙♟ࡌጶເࡢࠉ ୕ࡡゕⴝ࡚ゕ࠻ࡣࠉࠔ࠵ࡼࡹࡾᅰᆀᙴࡡ⏍ࡱࡿࡒᅰᆀ࡚࠵ࡾ࡛ᛦ࠻ࡾ⩽ࠕ࡚ ࠵ࡾ࠾ࡵࡊࡿ࠷ࠉࡆࡡᩝ⬞ࡡ୯࡞࠷ࡾࡡࡢ☔࠾ࡓࢀ࠹ࠊࡗࡱࡽࠉࢦ࣭ࢺ ࣭ࣗࢥ࣭ࡡゕⴝ࡞౪ᣈࡌࡿࡣࠉࡐࡿࡢ⮤ࡍ࡛࣓ࢱࢼࢪࢹ࡛ࣂࣚࣝࣜ࡞ࡼࡉ ࡾࢅᚋ࠷ࡡ࡚࠵ࡾࠊᙴࡡᘒ㆜ࢅࡌࡾ࡛ࡌࡿࡣࠉ㸸࣬㹁࣬㹇࣬ࢩ࣑࢘ࢫࡷࢩ 45 ࣭ࣘࢩ࣬ࣤࢹࢼࢪࡡ࡛㐢࠷ࠉ≺❟ࡷよᨲᚃࡡ᳔Ằᆀࠉ๑࡞ࡵ㏑ࡒ ࡻ࠹࡞ࡻࡽᅏ㞬≟Ἓ࡞࠵ࡽࠉ㞗ᅆⓏິࡀࡊࡘࡼࡂࠉࡐࡡࡎ࠷࡚▩ㆉெ Ꮣ≺㜒࠷ࢅᙁ࠷ࡼࡿ࡙࠷ࡾ⌟ᐁ࠵ࡾࠊ ࠈୌ᪁ࠉࣂࣤࢺࡡሔྙࠉ⮤ࡼ⩻࠻ࡾᩝᏕභྜྷమⓏ࣭ࣗࢹࣅ࡞ྡྷ࠾ࡖ࡙ࠉ ⌟ᐁࡡࡡࡵࡡࢅ≓∽࡞ࡊࡼ✲ࡀ㐅ࡳࠊࡐࡡ⣟₡ࡈࡢධ࡚࠵ࡾࡓࡄ࡞ࠉ ┘Ⓩࡡ㐺Ꮼ࡛࠷࠹Ⅴ࡚㟸ᖏ࡞ࠔධࠕࣆࢨࢫ࣑࡛ࣂࣚࣝࣜ࡞ࡖ࡙ࡊࡱࡖ ࡒࠊࣂࣤࢺࡡᝊࡢࠉ࢙ࣜࣁࢴࣀࡷࢺࣜࢿࡼࡡࢤࣤࢷࢠࢪࢹ࡛ࡖ࡙ ࠷ࡾ࡛ࢦ࣭ࢺᣞᦤࡌࡾࠉࠔᩝࢻࢨࣘࢻࣛࢫ࣑ࠕ㸝C&I 316㸞ࡡᅹ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ ࢦ࣭ࢺ࡞ࡻࡿࡣࠉࠔᩝࢻࢨࣘࢻࣛࢫ࣑ࠕࡡ┘Ⓩ࡛ࡢࠔ➠ୌ࡞ᅗẰᩝᏕࡡḿ ࢅ㐽ืࡊࠉḗ࡞ࡐࡡඁ㉲ᛮ࡛⨶Ⓩ⮤ᚂᛮࢅ⥌ᣚࡌࡾࡆ࡛ࠕ㸝C&I 316㸞ࡓࡖ ࡒࠊࢦ࣭ࢺࡢᣞᦤࡊ࡙࠷࠷ࠉࡐࡿࡢゕⴝࢅᥦ࠻ࡿࡣࠉኬ⾏ᩝ࡛ࡢୌ⥲ ࢅ⏤ࡊࡒ࣭ࣙࣞࢴࣂⓏࣇࣜࢩࣘெᩝ⩇࡚࠵ࡾࠊࡐࡿࡢࠔᩅ㣬ࢅಞᚋࡌࡾࡡ ࡞ᚪさጶເࡷゥ⦆ࠕ㸝C&I 316㸞ࡷࠔ୩ࡢࡍࡿࡒᏕၡ◂㛉ࠕ㸝C&I 316㸞ࢅさ ịࡌࡾࠊౚ࠻ࡣࠉࢺࣜࢿ㈠ᮇ⩇࡞࠽ࡄࡾណㆉ⏐ᴏ㸝ฝ∟ࡷ࣒ࢸ㸞࡛ ࡐࡡၛဗࢅᢀึࡊࠉࡐࡡஹᥦ౮ೋ࠾ࡼࡡ⮤⏜ࡡࡒࡴ࡞ࠔㄙࡵ㈑࠽࠹࡛ᛦࢂ ࠷ࣗࢼ࣭ࢠర࠾ࢅࡽ࡞ฝࡌ⩽ࡢࠉࡐࡡណ࡞ཬࡊ࡙ࠉஹᥦ࠾ࡼࡡ⮤⏜ࢅ㌗ࢅ ࡵࡖ࡙♟ࡊ࡙࠷ࡾࠕ㸝C&I 322㸞6 ࡛ゕ࠹࡛ࡀࠉࡱࡒࠉࡐࡡ⾪⌟ᙟᘟ࡛ࡊ࡙ࠉ ㏩᪺࡚ᫍᶅ⢮࡛ࡊ࡙㐋⬲Ⓩ࡚࠵ࡾࡆ࡛ࢅ᥆ዜࡌࡾ࡛ࡀࠉࢺࣜࢿ࡞ࡢ⌟≟ࡡ ᩝࡡኬ⾏࡞ᑊࡌࡾႿࡀ࡛ࠉࢂࡿࡒெᩝ⩇࡛࠷࠹㐛ཡࡡࢿࢪࢰࣜࢩ ࡡࠉṅ᭜ࡊࡒࣞࢼ࣭Ꮛᅹࡊࡒࡓࢀ࠹ࠊゕ࠷ᥦ࠻ࡿࡣࠉᾐ㈕♣ఌ࡞ࡻࡾහ ᐖࡡ႕ࠉᾐ㈕࡞ᑊࡌࡾᖹ⁓࡚࠵ࡾࠊ ࠈྜྷࡋࡻ࠹࡞ⰹ⾙ࡡၛဗࢅ᎒ࡖࡒࣂࣤࢺࠉࢺࣜࢿ࡛ࡢᑊᴗ࡞࠵ࡾ⾪⌟ ᙟᘟ࡞࠵ࡾࡢࡍ㸝le mot just㸞ࡡࡵࡡ࡚⾪⌟ࡊࡒࡢࡍࡡᙴࡡషဗ࡞ࡗ࠷࡙ࠉ⌦ よࡊࡒࡈ࡛࠷࠹Ⅴ࡚ࠉ⤎ᯕ࡛ࡊ࡙ࡢࢺࣜࢿ࡛㔔ࡽྙ࠹ᐁࡢࠉࣂࣤࢺ ✒ᴗⓏ࡞フ౮ࡊࡻ࠹࡛ࡊࡒ㐛ཡࡡ㐿⏐࡞ᑊࡊ࡙ࠉࢺࣜࢿ࡛ࡢ㏣࡞ࣂࣤࢺ Ṍྍᛮ࡛┞ப㏻㛭ᛮࢅᚥᗇⓏ࡞ዞࡊࡒࡎ࠷࡚࠵ࢀ࠹ࠊゕ࠷ᥦ࠻ࡿࡣࠉᙴࡡ ᘤ⏕ࡢᙴࡡషࡽ୕ࡅࡾୠ⏲࡞ᑊࡊ࡙ࡓࡄࡐࡡṌྍࢅࢂࡎࡾࠊࡐࡡⅤ࡚ࣂࣤ ࢺ⛘ᥥࡊࠉᘤ⏕ࡌࡾⰹ⾙షဗࡢࠉᙴࡡヤⓏୠ⏲࡞࠽࠷࡙⾪⌟ࡡᮞᩩ࡛࠷࠹㟻 ࡚ධ࡙➴౮ೋ࡞Ꮛᅹࡌࡾ࡛ゕ࠻ࡾ࠾ࡵࡊࡿ࠷ࠊࡐࡊ࡙ࠉࡐࡿࢅࣂࣤࢺష ဗ࡞ฺ⏕ࡌࡾࠉࡐࡡᮞᩩࡢ࠷ࡂࡼ࡚ࡵཱིࡽ᭨࠻ྊ⬗࡚࠵ࡾ࡛ゕ࠻ࡂࡵ࠷ࠊ ࡗࡱࡽࠉࣂࣤࢺ⾪⌟ࡊࡒ࠷හᐖࡡ࢛࣭࡛ࣚࡊ࡙ᶭ⬗ࡌࡾࡡ࡚࠵ࡾࠊᣈࡈ ࡿࡒ᭡∸⮤మࡷష⩽ࠉࡐࡡᙟᘟࠉ᭞࡞ࡢࡐࡡࡱ࡚ࣂࣤࢺࡡୠ⏲࡞ዅ 46 ࡌࡾࠊࡆࡿࡢ⓮⫏࡞ࡵࣂࣤࢺ᎒࠹㈠ᮇ⩇ࡡၛဗࡡ⏕౮ೋ࡛ஹᥦ౮ೋࡡ 㛭౿࡛ྜྷࡋ࡚࠵ࡾࡻ࠹࡞ぜ࠻ࡾࠊᾐ㈕⩽ࡡ㉆㈑ណḟࢅๆ⃥ࡌࡾࡒࡴࡡஹᥦ౮ೋ ࡢࠉ⏕౮ೋࡡ⠂␢ࢅ㉰࠻࡙ᵕࠍ࡞ᙟࢅን࠻ࡼ⾪㇗ࡈࡿࡾࠊࡐࡆ࡚ࢂࡿ ࡾṌྍࡢࠉ⏕౮ೋࡡ⌟ᐁ࠾ࡼ㐪ࡉ࠾ࡽࠉ࣭ࣗࢹࣅࢅᵋᠺࡌࡾࡡ࡚࠵ࡾࠊࡊ ࠾ࡊࠉࣂࣤࢺࡡషဗ㈠ᮇ⩇ࡡၛဗ࡛ỬᏽⓏ࡞␏ࡾࡡࡢࠉⰹ⾙షဗ࡛ࡊ ࡙⾪⌟ࡈࡿࡒහᐖỬࡊ࡙ୌᯓᒷ࡚ࡢࡂ࡙ࠉᵕࠍ□┢ࢅྱࡲࡼᠺ❟ࡊ ࡙࠷ࡾ࡛࠷࠹ࡓࡄ࡚ࡂࠉ୕࡚㏑ࡒㄵ࡞Ἒࡖ࡙ゕ࠻ࡣࠉࡐࡡ࢛࣭ࣚ⮤㌗㟸 ᖏ࡞㞬よ࡚࠵ࡖࡒࠉࡗࡱࡽᾐ㈕⩽࡞፷ࢅࡾࡻ࠹ࡵࡡ࡚ࡢࡂࠉ㏣࡞ᾐ㈕ࡊ ࡒ࠷ࡵࡡ࡚࠵ࡖࡒ࠾ࡼࡓࢀ࠹ࠊࡆࡆ࡞࣓ࢱࢼࢫ࣑ࡡ⬞࠵ࡾࠊ ࠈࡗࡱࡽࠉ࣓ࢱࢼࢫ࣑ࡐࡡᒌᛮ࡛ࡊ࡙࢙࣭ࣛࢹ⩇ࢅྱࡳ࡛࠷࠹ᐁࡢࠉ ㏁ࡎࡣ࣓ࢱࢼࢫ࣑࡞౪ᣈࡌࡾ▩ㆉெࡡ≁ᶊᛮ࡛ኬࡀࡂ㛭ࢂࡾࠊࡆࡿࡢᩝ࡛࠷ ࠹⠂␢ࢅ㉰࠻ࡒࠉゕࡖ࡙ࡲࡿࡣ㈠ᮇ⩇࡛࠷࠹మโ࡞࠽ࡄࡾ▩ㆉெࡡࢤ࣐ࢴࢹ ࣒ࣤࢹ࡛ࡵゕ࠹ࡀၡ㢗࡛ࡵ㛭౿ࡌࡾࠊࡐࡡⅤ࡚ࡢࠉහᐖࡡ㐢࠷ࡢ࠵ࡿࠉࣂ ࣤࢺ࡞ࡊࢀࢦ࣭ࢺ࡞ࡊࢀ▩ㆉெ࡛ࡊ࡙♣ఌ࡞ࢤ࣐ࢴࢹࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡞⮤てⓏࡓࡖ ࡒ࡛ゕ࠻ࡻ࠹ࠊࡊ࠾ࡊࡼࠉ୕࡚㏑ࡒࡻ࠹࡞ࠉࡐࡿࢅࠔࢤࢪ࣓࣎ࣛࢰࢼࢪ ࢹࠕ࡛ࡊ࡙ᣋࢀ࠹࡛ࡌࡾࠉࡐࡡゕⴝ࡞౪ᣈࡊࡒࡖ࡙࠷ࡾࡻ࠹࡞ぜ࠻ࡾࢦ ࣭ࢺࡡ᪁࡞ࡳࡊࢀ□┢㝷ࡓࡗࡻ࠹࡞ᛦ࠻ࡾࠊࡌࢂࡔࠉ♣ఌን㠁࡞ᦘࢂࡾெ 㛣࡛ࡊ࡙ࠉࢦ࣭ࢺࡢᩝࡡᣚࡗ┞ᑊⓏ౮ೋ࡞⮤てⓏ࡚࠵ࡽࡼࠉ᭩⤂Ⓩ࡞ ࡢୌⓏ࡚࠵ࡿࡐࡡ౮ೋࢅ⤧ᑊࡌࡾࡻ࠹❟ሔ࡞౪ᣈࡎࡉࡾࢅ࠻࠾ࡖࡒࡻ ࠹࡞ぜ࠻ࡾࡡ࡚࠵ࡾࠊࡐࡡࢦ࣭ࢺ࡞࠽࠷࡙࣓ࢱࢼࢫ࣑ኬ࠷ࡾన⨠ࢅ༥ ࡴ࡙࠷ࡾࠊࡆࡿࡢࣂࣤࢺࡡᛦ࠷ࢂࡣᖼࡗ࠾ࡡಕ⏻ࢅ๑ᥞ࡛ࡊ࡙⩻៎ࡈࡿ ࡾࡡ࡞ᑊࡊࠉᖏ࡞࡞⌟ᐁⓏ࡞ࢤ࣐ࢴࢹࡊ࡙ࡀࡒࢦ࣭ࢺࡼ࡚ࡢࡡࡆ࡛࠾ ࡵࡊࡿ࠷ࠊ ࠈࡆࡡࡻ࠹࡞ࠉ࣓ࢱࢼࢫ࣑ࢅᕙࡾၡ㢗ࡢࠉ㈠ᮇ⩇ࡡ㐅ᒈ࡛ᐠ࡞㔔ࡽྙࡖ ࡙࠷ࡾࠊࢦ࣭ࢺࡢࠉᖀᅗ⩇࡛ࡡ㛭౿࡚ࠉ᳔Ằᆀࡡᩝࡡ㏣Ὦ࡛ࡊ࡙ࡡ࣓ࢱ ࢼࢫ࣑࡞ࡗ࠷࡙ࡢㄕᚋງࡡ࠵ࡾㄕ᪺ࢅࡊࡒࠉ㈠ᮇ⩇࡛ࡡ㛭㏻࡚ࡢ࡛ࢆ ᡥࡗ࠾ࡍࡓࡖࡒ࡛ゕࢂࡉࡾࢅᚋ࠷ࠊࡐࡡḖⴘࡊࡒ㒂ฦ࡞ࣂࣤࢺᏋᅹࡊࡒ ࡡ࡚࠵ࡾࠊࢦ࣭ࢺࡢࠉᢀフࡡᡥἪ࡛ࡊ࡙ࡢ࣎ࢪࢹᵋ㏸⩇ࡷ࣐࣌࣬ࣁ࣭ࣁ࡛ ࠷ࡖࡒ࣎ࢪࢹࢤࣞࢼࣛࢪࢹᛦᐓࡱ࡚࡞⮫ࡾᵕࠍᛦࢅཤ↯ࡊࠉฺ⏕ࡊ ࡼࡵࠉ⮤ฦࡡ౪ᣈࡌࡾ࣓ࢱࢼࢫ࣑ࢅࡆࡡᮇ࡚ࡢᚥᗇⓏ࡞㏛ཀྵࡌࡾ࡞ࡢ⮫ࡼ ࠾ࡖࡒࠊࡆࡿࡢࠉࡆࡡㄵᩝࡡ᭩ิ࡞ᘤ⏕ࡊࡒࠔᖀᅗ⩇ṋࡡ⮤ಘ࡞⤊ࡒࡔ 㥺࠾ࡼ⏍ࡲฝࡈࡿ࡙ࡀࡒ∸ㄊࢅࠉ⮤ណㆉ࡛᩷⤧࡛⮤ᕤゕཀྵᛮ࡛⭁㣏Ⓩࣞࢼ 47 ࣭࠾ࡼࡾᴗ㝀≟ឺ࡛ንᐖࡈࡎࡒࠕ࡛࠷࠹ᙴࡡ࣓ࢱࢼࢫ࣑ࡡᏽ⩇࡛ࡵ㛭ࢂࡾࠊ ࠈࡐࡿࢅ࣓ࢱࢼࢫ࣑ࡡᠺᯕࡓ࡛ࡌࡾ࡛ࠉࡐࡡୌ᪁࡚ࡆࡡᏽ⩇ໜྱࡌࡾྊ⬗ᛮ ࢅᣚࡗࡡࡢࢼࣃࣛࢫ࣑ࡓ࡛ࡵゕ࠻ࡾࡡ࡚ࡢ࠷࠾ࠊࢼࣃࣛࢫ࣑ࢅ㏠ࡿࡾ⾙࡛ࡊ ࡙ࢤࢪ࣓࣎ࣛࢰࢼࢫ࣑࡛࠷࠹っⅤࢅࢦ࣭ࢺࡢᣚࡔࡓࡊ࡙ࡀࡒࢂࡄࡓࠉࡐࡡ ୦⩇ᛮࢅよỬࡊ࠷ࡱࡱ࡚ࢤࢪ࣓࣎ࣛࢰࢼࢫ࣑ࢅᣚࡔฝࡊ࡙ࡀ࡙ࡵࠉ࠷ࢂࡣ༰ ㇗࡛ࡊ࡙ṟࡾࡡࡢ࢙࣭ࣛࢹ⩇࡞౪ᣈࡌࡾெ⩇࡚ࡢ࠷ࡓࢀ࠹࠾ࠊࡆ࠹ࡊ ࡒ㏛✪ࡡ⏉ࡈࡢࠉౚ࠻ࡣࢸࣛࢱࡷࣁ࣭ࣁᖏ࡞ᢀึࡡᑊ㇗࡛ࡊࡒこὊࡡ㡧ᑊ ❟Ⓩᛦ⩻᪁Ἢࢅࠉࢦ࣭ࢺࡊࡣࡊࡣ⮤ฦࡡ❟⬦Ⅴ࡛ࡊ࡙⏕ࡊ࡙࠷ࡒࡆ࡛࡞ ࡵ㛭౿ࡌࡾࡡ࡚ࡢ࠷࠾ࠊ㸝ᙴࡢࡐࡿ࡞ࡗ࠷࡙ࠔ ᑊ న Ἢ ࠕ ࡛࠷࠹ゕⴝࢅᙔ࡙ ࡾ㸞ࠊ7 ࢦ࣭ࢺ⌟ᐁᨳࡡⲠἴࡡ୯࡚ⱖຘࡊࡼࠉࡻࡽⰃ࠷よỬࢅ┘ᣞ ࡊ࡙ዢ㜒ࡊ࡙࠷ࡒᐁࡢㄙࡡ┘࡞ࡵ᪺ࡼ࠾ࡓࠊࡐࡡ㝷ࠉᙴࡡࠔᑊనἪࠕࡢࡐࡡ 㒌ᗐࡡ≟Ἓึ᩷࡞࠽࠷࡙ኬࡀṂჹ࡞ࡖ࡙࠷ࡒ࡞㐢࠷࠷ࠊࡊ࠾ࡊࡼࠉ ࢦ࣭ࢺᩝࢅㄊࡾࠉ࣓ࢱࢼࢫ࣑㝏ࡾ㝏✮ࢅࠉ᳔Ằᆀ࡛ᏺᅗ࡛࠷࠹ᑊ Ẓࡡ୯࡚ࡐࡿࢅࡽ㉲࠻ࡒ࠾࡞ぜ࠻ࡾషᐓࢅཱིࡽ୕ࡅࡾࡆ࡛࡚ᅂ㑂ࡊ࡙࠷ࡾࡻ ࠹࡞ぜ࠻ࡾࠊࡐࡊ࡙ࣂࣤࢺ࡛࠷࠹␏⬗ࡡヤெࡢࠉࡐ࠹ࡊࡒ㡧ᑊ❟ⓏっⅤ࡛ ࡢ㐢ࡖࡒഁ㟻ࢅᣚࡔྙࢂࡎࡾࠊ ࠈࢦ࣭ࢺࡡࣂࣤࢺ࡞ࡗ࠷࡙ࡡฦᯊࡢࠉࢦ࣭ࢺࣂࣤࢺ࡛භ᭯ࡌࡾࢤࢪ ࣓࣎ࣛࢰࢼࢫ࣑࡛㛭ࢂࡼࡉࡾࢅ࠻ࡍࠉ࠷ࢂࡣࢦ࣭ࢺ⮤మࡡ❟⬦Ⅴࢅࡵၡ㢗࡛ ࡌࡾࡻ࠹ࡒ࠷ࢆ࡞ཀࡵࡡ࡚࠵ࡖࡒࡓࢀ࠹ࠊṌྍࢅ㡧ᑊ❟࡞ᤂ࠻ࡾࡆ ࡛ࡡ༱㝜ᛮࡢࠉࡐࡆ࡞࠵ࡾ⛸ࡡ౮ೋふࠉౚ࠻ࡣඁࡷᙁ⩽ᘽ⩽࡛࠷࠹ᑊ❟ᴣᛍ ࢅྱࡲࡷࡌ࠷࡛࠷࠹Ⅴ࡞࠵ࡾࠊࡵࡔࢀࢆࡐࡿ㉫Ⅴ࡛ࡖ࡙⌟ᐁࡡ㐘ິ⏍㉫ ࡌࡾࡡࡓࠉࡊ࠾ࡊࡼᘽ⩽ᙁ⩽࡞ࡖࡒࠉࡐࡡᨥ㒼ྜྷࡋ㎅ࢅ㊻ࡲࡷ ࡌ࠷࡛࠷࠹ᐁࡢᙔࡡṌྍッ᪺ࡊ࡙࠷ࡾࠊࢦ࣭ࢺࡢᙔ↓ࡆ࠹ࡊࡒᐁ࡞Ẵ ࡘ࠷࡙࠷࡙ࠉᙴࡡゕ࠹ᑊనἪࡢ㐛ཡࡡᩃࢅ⧖ࡽ㏁ࡈ࠷ࡒࡴࡡࡵࡡ࡚ࡵ࠵ࡾ ࡓࢀ࠹ࠉࡐࡿ࡛࡙ࡵࡐࡡṌྍⓏ⤊㐛ࡡ㔔Ⲭ࡞ࡻࡖ࡙ࡱࡱࡼ࠷ࠊ ࠈୌ᪁ࠉࣂࣤࢺࡢࠉୌゕ࡚ゕ࠻ࡣᙴࡡ㏳ᖏࡡṌྍណㆉࡡḖዯᨶ࡞⦢ᶋ࡞Ṍྍ ࢅ࠹ࡆ࡛ฝᮮࡾࡡ࡚࠵ࡾࠊࣥࣜࢰ࣭࣐࣬࣊ࣤࣕࣤࡢ᭩ᬄᖳࡡࠔṌྍࡡᴣ ᛍ࡞ࡗ࠷࡙ࠕ㸝1940㸞ࡡ୯࡚ࠉṌྍࡡኮࢅ㏸ࡊࠉᮅᮮ࡞⫴ࢅྡྷࡄࡒࡆࡡኮ ࡢ࢜ࢰࢪࢹࣞࣆ࡞ᅹࡊ࡙Ṓ⩽ࢅ┘てࡴࡈࡎࠉ◒ቪࡈࡿࡒࡵࡡࢅ⤄ࡲ❟࡙ࡻ ࠹࡛ࡌࡾࡡࡓࠉᴞᅧ࠾ࡼྻࡂᙁ㢴ࡡࡒࡴ࡞ࠉᗣቐࡡᒜࢅṟࡊࡒࡱࡱᮅᮮ࡛ 㐘ࡣࡿ࡙ࡊࡱ࠹ࠊ࣐࣊ࣤࣕࣤࡢࡆࡡᙁ㢴ࢅࠔ㐅Ṅࠕ࡛ࡩࡡࡓࠉࣂࣤࢺࡢ ࡆ࠹ࡊࡒ㐅Ṅࡡᙁ㢴ࢅུࡄ࠷ኮ࡚࠵ࡾ࡛ゕ࠻ࡾ࠾ࡵࡊࡿ࠷ࠊࣂࣤࢺࡡ 48 ࡆ࠹ࡊࡒ㉰Ṍྍᛮࡢࠉᙴ⮤㌗ࡡᮆ㊪ࡢ࡛ࡵ࠾ࡂࠉࡆ࠾ࡊࡼኬࡀྊ⬗ᛮࢅ⛆ ࡴ࡙࠷ࡾࡻ࠹࡞ࡵᛦ࠻ࡾࠊࡐࡿర࠾ࡢ≁ᏽ࡚ࡀ࠷࡞ࡎࡻࠉࢦ࣭ࢺࡡࣂ ࣤࢺ࡞ᑊࡌࡾ⏻ಕࡢࠉࡐ࠹ࡊࡒវࢅࢦ࣭ࢺ⮤㌗វࡋ࡙࠷ࡒࡡ࠾ࡵࡊࡿ ࠷࡛᥆ῼࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡞ࡢ↋⌦࠵ࡾࡓࢀ࠹࠾ࠊࢦ࣭ࢺࡡ࣓ࢱࢼࢫ࣑ࡡᇮ╌࡞ ࡢࠉᮅࡓよ᪺ࡈࡿ࡙࠷࠷࣓ࢱࢼࢫ࣑ࡡྊ⬗ᛮࢅࡆ࠾࡚ಘࡋ࡙࠷ࡾࡻ࠹࡞ࡵ ぜ࠻ࡾࠊࡐࡡහ㒂࡚ࣂࣤࢺࡢࣤࣄࣁࣝࣤࢹᙟ࡚ྦ⮣ࡊ࡙࠷ࡾࡡ࠾ࡵࡊࡿ ࠷ࠊ オ ࠈࡆࡡㄵᩝࡢࠉ2004 ᖳ࢙ࢫࣚ࣬ࣂࣤࢺ༝ఌ➠ 26 ᅂධᅗኬఌ㸝ᩝዥᏄኬᏕ㸞࡞࡙ Ⓠ⾪ࡊࡒහᐖࢅඔ࡞ຊ➱ࡊࡒࡵࡡ࡚ࡌࠊⓑࡈࢆࡡ㈏㔔ࡇណぜࠉࡇ㈻ၡࢅཤ⩻࡞ࡈࡎ ࡙࠷ࡒࡓࡀࡱࡊࡒࠊ࠵ࡽ࡛࠹ࡇࡉ࠷ࡱࡊࡒࠊ Ἰ 1ࠈࢦ࣭ࢺࡡషဗ࡞ࡗ࠷࡙ࡢ Works Cited ࡞オࡊࡒ␆ྒࢅ⏕࠷ࡾࠊᑠࠉ࣭࣋ࢩᩐࡢཋ ⴥࠉゼࡢኬᶣὊୌゼࢅ⏕ࡊࡒୌ㒂ን࠻࡙࠵ࡾࠊ 2ࠈࡆࡡ㒂ฦࡢࢦ࣭ࢺࡡゕⴝࢅࡐࡡࡱࡱᘤ⏕ࡊࡒࠉ࣭ࣜ࢜ࢲࡡよ㔐࡞ࡗ࠷࡙ࡢࠖᑚ ㄕࡡ⌦ㄵࠗ 㸝1920㸞 㸝㑝ゼࡢࡔࡂࡱᏕⰹᩝᗔ㸞ࢅཤ↯ࡈࡿࡒ࠷ࠊ 3ࠈゕⴝࡐࡡࡵࡡࡢࢤࣤࣚࢴࢺ࠾ࡼࡡᘤ⏕ࠊ 4ࠈ௧ୖࠉࢦ࣭ࢺ࡛ࢤࢪ࣓࣎ࣛࢰࢼࢫ࣑࡛ࡡ㛭౿࡞ࡗ࠷࡙ࡢࠉKaplan ࡛ᮟᒜࢅཤ⩻ ࡞ࡊࡒࠊ 5ࠈᑠࠉゼࡢᣃゼࠊ 6ࠈࢦ࣭ࢺࡡᘤ⏕ࡢ Adorno 68 ࠾ࡼࠊᑠࠉࢺࣜࢿ࡞㛭ࡌࡾㄵ⩻ࡢ Adorno and Horkheimer ࡛ Jay ࢅཤ⩻࡞ࡊࡒࠊ 7ࠈౚ࠻ࡣࠉSaid, Freud and the Non-European (2003)ࠊ 49 Works Cited Adorno, Theodore W. Minima Moralia: Reflections from Damaged Life. London: Verso, 1984. Adorno, Theodore W. and Max Horkheimer. Dialectic of Enlightenment. New York: Herder & Herder, 1972. Benjamin, Walter,͆Theses on the Philosophy of History.͇ Illuminations. New York: Schocken Books, 1968. 253-64. Cowley, Malcolm. Exile’s Return: A Literary Odyssey of the 1920s. 1934 New York: Viking, 1951. Jay, Martin. Adorno. Cambridge: Harvard UP, 1984 Kaplan, Caren. Questions of Travel: Postmodern Discourses of Displacement. Durham: Duke UP, 1996. Lentricchia, Frank. Modern Quartet. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1994. ᮟᒜῗᙢࠔා㝜㸤Ὦᾁ㸤ஷ㸤㞫ᩋࠉ࠵ࡾ࠷ࡢᖀᅗ⩇ᘤࡀ㉫ࡆࡌ⛛ິ࡞ࡱࡗࢂࡾ ᩝⓏḟ᭻̿̿⚶ࡡ᪉∸ㄊㄵ㐚ṌࠕNew Perspective 172 (2000): 32-40. Said, Edward W.,. Culture and Imperialism. New York: Vintage, 1994.(C&I) ___. The World, the Text, and the Critic. Cambridge: Harvard UP, 1983. (WT&C) Said, Edward W., Christopher Bollas and Jacqueline Rose. Freud and the Non-European. New York: Verso, 2004. 50 The Existence of Modernism and the Absence of Pound: The Views from E. W. Said Toshiro INOUE The purpose of this essay is to show how Modernism has influenced this world where the wave of globalism is surging forward. For that purpose, I choose Edward W. Said, who was one of the influential post-colonialists and resisted the U.S.-led globalism, and I analyze how he treated Ezra Pound as the champion of Modernism. In Culture and Imperialism, he seldom refers to Pound. So, I seek for the reason why Said does not take up Pound for his purposes. What Said wants to explain in Culture and Imperialism is that Modernism has some effective roles in the liberation of the colonies and that cosmopolitanism as one of the stances of Modernists is in the vantage point about how the intellects of Postcolonialism face the reality of the world and he names James Joyce, W. B. Yeats, E. Auerbach, and so on, as examples. However, these categorizations by Said, unfortunately, are supposed to include Pound, who apparently is opposed to Said’s intention. That problem might be rooted in the characteristics of Modernism and Said’s methods of analysis. As for the former, Modernism is elitist and individualistic. So one could easily find conflicting factors in Modernism, and cosmopolitanism should also have been defined in the light of these factors. As for the latter, his dualistic method may tend to avoid Pound as one without suzarain-colony recognition. In other words, there are some affinities between Said and Pound. If Said had taken up Pound for his intention, he would have needed other concepts such as capitalism, history, or progress. In doing so, Said could have treated Pound rightly, and might have known how his affinities with Pound would be used in the future.