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A Philosophy of Intellectual Property
ᕳ㢌ㄽᩥ A Philosophy of Intellectual Property (1) Peter DRAHOS ᒣ᰿ ᓫ㑥ヂ ̿┠ ḟ̿ ➨㸯❶ ᗎ ࠸ࡃࡘࡢ༊ู ⤒῭Ꮫ⌮ㄽ ᮏ᭩ྛ❶ࡢᴫほ ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡢᑐ㇟ศ㔝㛵ࡍࡿࣀ࣮ࢺ ➨㸰❶ ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡢṇᙜ㸸㉳※㐳ࡗ࡚ ࡞ࡐṔྐ࡞ࡢ㸽 ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡢศ㢮㸸࣮࣐ࣟࡣ≀ㄒࡿ ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡢṇᙜ ⴭసᶒ ≉チᶒ ⤖ㄽ㸦௨ୖࠊᮏྕ㸧 ➨㸱❶ ࣟࢵࢡࠊປാࠊ▱ⓗࢥࣔࣥࢬ ➨㸲❶ ࣮࣊ࢤࣝ㸸▱ⓗ㈈⏘ࡢ⢭⚄ ➨㸳❶ ⏕⏘ⓗ⏕ά࠾ࡅࡿ㼍㼎㼟㼠㼞㼍㼏㼠㻌㼛㼎㼖㼑㼏㼠㼟㸸࣐ࣝࢡࢫࡢ㆟ㄽ ➨㸴❶ ㈈⏘ࠊᶵࠊᕫ⩏ ➨㸵❶ 㼍㼎㼟㼠㼞㼍㼏㼠㻌㼛㼎㼖㼑㼏㼠㼟ࡢຊ ➨㸶❶ ሗࡢṇ⩏ ➨㸷❶ ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒ㸸㐨ල⩏㈶ᡂࠊ㈈⏘ᶒඃ㉺⩏ᑐ ➨㸯❶ ᗎ㻌 ᡤ᭷⌮ㄽ the theory of property 㛵ࡋ࡚ࡣࠊࡇࢀࡲ࡛ᩘከࡃࡢⴭసࡀ᭩ ࡁ⾲ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋᡤ᭷ࡣࡇࢀࡲ࡛ࠊࡑࡋ࡚࡞࠾ࠊ♫⛉Ꮫ⌮ㄽࡘ࠸࡚ ࡢ᰿ᮏⓗ࡞ࢸ࣮࣐ࡢ ࡘ࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡑࡢᶒࡢᙧᘧ㸦ࡘࡲࡾࠊᡤ᭷ ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO ᕳ㢌ㄽᩥ ࡣᶒࡢ᮰࡛࠶ࡿ࠸࠺⪃࠼᪉㸧࠾࠸࡚ࠊᡤ᭷ࡣဴᏛⓗศᯒࡢせ࡞ 㻭㻌 㻼㼔㼕㼘㼛㼟㼛㼜㼔㼥㻌 㼛㼒㻌 㻵㼚㼠㼑㼘㼘㼑㼏㼠㼡㼍㼘㻌 㻼㼞㼛㼜㼑㼞㼠㼥㻌 㻰㼞㼍㼔㼛㼟 ࠶ࡿ࠸࠺ࡇࢆᥦ♧ࡍࡿࠋᮏ᭩࡛ࡣໟᣓⓗ࡞▱ⓗ㈈⏘⌮ㄽࡢᥦ♧ࡣ⾜ࢃ ᑐ㇟࡛࠶ࡾ⥆ࡅࡿࠋᡤ᭷㛵ࡍࡿᩥ⊩ࡣ⭾࡞ᩘࡢࡰࡿࡀࠊ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ ࡞࠸ࠋࡑࡢ௦ࢃࡾ᭱⤊❶࡛ࡣࠊ㐨ල⩏࠸࠺ဴᏛⓗጼໃࡀ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ ࡘ࠸࡚᫂♧ⓗㄽࡌࡓࡶࡢࡣẚ㍑ⓗᑡ࡞࠸ࠋࡶࡋࡍࡿࠊᡤ᭷ࡢ୍⯡⌮ 㛵ࡍࡿᏛ㝿ⓗࣉ࣮ࣟࢳࡸ⌮ㄽᯟ⤌ࡳࢆᵓ⠏ࡍࡿ࠺࠼࡛ᣦ㔪࡞ࡿࡁ ㄽࡀ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࢆྵࡴ࠶ࡽࡺࡿᡤ᭷ᙧែࢆ᫂ࡽࡍࡿ࠸࠺ࡇࡀ๓ ࡇࢆᙇࡍࡿࠋࡾࢃࡅࡇࡢࡇࡣࠊ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡢሙྜࡣࠊ≉ᶒ ᥦࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡢࡶࡋࢀ࡞࠸ࠋࡇࡢ๓ᥦࡣ࠾ࡑࡽࡃṇࡋ࠸ࡋࠊࡲࡓ࠾ࡑ privilege ࠸࠺⏝ㄒࡀ㈈⏘ᶒ࠸࠺᪤Ꮡࡢ⏝ㄒྲྀࡗ࡚௦ࢃࡿࡁ࡛ ࡽࡃṇࡋࡃ࡞࠸ࠋࡢ㈈⏘ᶒ property rights ྠࡌࡃࠊ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡣ⚾ ࠶ࡿ࠸࠺ࡇࢆពࡍࡿࠋ⩏ົࢆᖏࡧࡓ≉ᶒࡇࡑࡀ▱ⓗ㈈⏘⌮ㄽࡢ୰᰾ ே㛫ࡢ㛵ಀࢆつᚊࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡋࡋື⏘ἲ␗࡞ࡾࠊ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲ ࢆ࡞ࡍࡁ࡛࠶ࡿ࠸࠺ࡢࡀࠊᮏ᭩ࡢ᭱⤊❶ࡢᙇ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ ࡣᶒࢆ abstract objects㸦ᢳ㇟ⓗᑐ㇟ࠊ↓య≀㸧ᥐᐃࡍࡿࠋࣝࢦࣜࢬ ࣒ࡸ࣌ࢽࢩࣜࣥࡢ〇ἲ࠾ࡼࡧࡑࡢὴ⏕≀ࡣ abstract objects ࡢලయ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ ࠸ࡃࡘࡢ༊ู ከࡃࡢேࠎࡀ abstract objects ࢆᚲせࡋࠊ⏝ࢆࡋࠊ౫Ꮡࢆࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ⌧ ௦ࡢࠕ࣭࢜ࣥࣛࣥࠖ♫࠾ࡅࡿ♫⏕άࡸᴗࢆ≉ᚩ࡙ࡅࡿ┦౫Ꮡ ࣜ࣋ࣛࣝ࡞⣔㆕࠾ࡅࡿᡤ᭷⌮ㄽࡢᵓ⠏ࡣࠊ㏻ᖖࠊ㈈⏘ᶒ⌮ㄽࡢᵓ⠏ 㛵ಀࡢከࡃࡀࠊࡑࡢࡼ࠺࡞ abstract objects ⤖ࡧࡘ࠸࡚࠸ࡿࠋ㔜せ࡞ ࠸࠺ᙧࢆࡿࡇࡀከࡗࡓࠋࡇࡢࡼ࠺ᡤ᭷ࢆ୍✀ࡢᶒࡋ࡚ྲྀࡾᢅ abstract objects ࡢ⚾ⓗᨭ㓄ࢆチᐜࡍࡿᡤ᭷ᙧែࡣࠊࡾࢃࡅ♫࠾࠸࡚ ࠺ࡇࡣࠊᶒࡢ୍⯡⌮ㄽᡤ᭷⌮ㄽࡢࡁ࡞┦స⏝ࢆ⏕ࡳࡔࡍࡇ ከࡃࡢேⓗ౫Ꮡ㛵ಀࢆ⏕ࡳࡔࡍࠋࡑࢀࡣ⚾ⓗᶒຊࡢ⭾ᙇࢆࡶࡓࡽࡍࠋಶே ࡀணࡉࢀࡿࠋࡑࡋ࡚ࡑࡢࡇࡣࠊࡣࡓࡋ࡚࠶ࡽࡺࡿᶒࡣ㈈⏘ᶒ࡛࠶ࡿ ࡢᾘᴟⓗ⮬⏤ࠊࡘࡲࡾᖸ΅ࡉࢀ࡞࠸ᶒࡣࡲࡍࡲࡍࡁ࡞༴㝤┤㠃ࡍࡿࠋ ࡢ࠸࠺ၥ࠸ᡃࠎࢆㄏ࠺ࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋᶒᇶᗏⓗ࡞ᡤ᭷⌮ㄽᒓࡍ ᡤ᭷ࡀࡑࡢ⠊ᅖࢆ abstract objects ࡲ࡛ᣑࡍࡿࡁࠊከࡃࡢࡇࡀ༴ᶵ ࡿ◊✲ࡀࡑࡢᶒࡢ⠊ᅖ࠾ࡼࡧᑐ㇟ࡢቃ⏺ࢆᐃࡵࡿࡓࡵᆺⓗ⏝࠸ ࡉࡽࡉࢀࡿࠋࡇࢀࡽࡢ⌮⏤ࡽࠊᑡ࡞ࡃࡶḟࡢࡇࢆၥ࠺ࡇࡣ౯ ࡿ࠸ࡃࡘࡢ༊ูࡀᏑᅾࡍࡿࠋࡑ࠺ࡋࡓ༊ูࡢ✀㢮࠸࠺ࡢࡣࠊᏑᅾㄽⓗ ್ࡀ࠶ࡿࡼ࠺ᛮࢃࢀࡿࠋࡑࢀࡣࡍ࡞ࢃࡕࠊᡃࠎࡣᡤ᭷㛵ࡍࡿ᪤Ꮡࡢ ࣉ࣮ࣟࢳࠊゝㄒᏛⓗࣉ࣮ࣟࢳࠊศᯒⓗ㸦࡞࠸ࡋᴫᛕⓗ㸧ࣉ࣮ࣟࢳࠊ ࡘࡲࡓࡣ」ᩘࡢ୍⯡ⓗ࡞ㄝ᫂ࡢᯟෆ࡛▱ⓗ㈈⏘ࢆཷᐜࡍࡿࡇࡀ࡛ࡁࡿ ࠾ࡼࡧつ⠊ⓗࣉ࣮ࣟࢳ㛫࡛ࡢ༊ู࡛࠶ࡿࠋᡃࠎࡣ⌧ᅾࡢྲྀ⤌ࡳࡀࡇࢀࡽ ࡢࠊࡑࢀࡶᡃࠎࡣ▱ⓗ㈈⏘≉᭷ࡢ⌮ㄽࢆⓎᒎࡉࡏ࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ࡢ ࡢ༊ูࡢ㛵㐃࡛ࡇ⨨ࡍࡿࡢࡘ࠸࡚ࠊࡇࡇ࡛⡆༢࡛ࡶఱ࠸ ࠸࠺ࡇ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ ࡗ࡚࠾ࡃᚲせࡀ࠶ࡿࠋࡋࡋࠊࡲࡎࡣᙜヱ༊ู⮬యࡘ࠸୍࡚ゝ㏙ࡿࡇ ᮏ᭩ࡣࡇࡢၥ࠸ᑐࡍࡿゎ⟅ࡢ➃⥴ࢆᥦ♧ࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋᮏ᭩࡛ࡣࠊ ࡍࡿࠋ ࣟࢵࢡࠊ࣮࣊ࢤࣝࠊ࣐ࣝࢡࢫ࠸࠺ࠊᡤ᭷㛵ࡍࡿ୕ேࡢ㔜せ࡞ᛮᐙࡢ ᏑᅾㄽⓗศᯒࡣࠊᶒࡣᏑᅾࡍࡿྰࠊᏑᅾࡍࡿࡍࢀࡤࡢࡼ࠺࡞ ⴭసࢆྲྀࡾୖࡆࡿࠋࡑࡋ࡚⤖ㄽࡋ࡚ࠊ㦫ࡃࡇ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࡀࠊᡃࠎࡀ▱ⓗ ᪉ἲ࡛Ꮡᅾࡍࡿࡢ࠸࠺ၥ㢟↔Ⅼࢆᙜ࡚ࡿࠋ⮬↛ᶒࡸ⮬↛ᶒⓗ㈈⏘ᶒ ㈈⏘ࡢ⌧㇟ࡘ࠸࡚⌮ゎࡍࡿ࠺࠼࡛ࡇࢀࡽࡢⴭసࡣ㠀ᖖ᭷┈࡞ࡶࡢ࡛ ࡢᏑᅾࢆࡵࡄࡿㄽதࡣࠊᏑᅾㄽⓗၥ㢟ࡢලయ࡛࠶ࡿࠋゝㄒᏛⓗࣉ࣮ࣟ ᶒࡢ᮰࠸࠺㈈⏘ほࡣࠊࢣࣅ࣭ࣥࢢࣞKevin Grayࡢḟࡢࡼ࠺࡞୍⠇ࡀୖᡭ ࢳࡣࠊ㏻ᖖࡢゝㄒ⏝࠾࠸࡚ࡳࡽࢀࡿពࡸ༊ูࢆཧ↷ࡍࡿࡇ࡛ࠊ ᡤ᭷ࡸᶒࡢពࢆ☜ᐃࡋࡼ࠺ヨࡳࡿᡭἲࡢࡇ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ㝈ࡽࢀࡓ⣬ ࡃᤊ࠼࡚࠸ࡿࠋ࠸ࢃࡃࠊࠕ⚾ࡀ㡿✵ࡢ୍㒊ࢆ㈍ࡍࡿሙྜࠊ⫢ᚰ࡞ࡇࡣࠊᕼⷧ࡞ ᖜࡢ୰࡛ゝㄒᏛⓗࣉ࣮ࣟࢳศᯒⓗࣉ࣮ࣟࢳࡢ༊ูࢆ⾜࠺ࡇࡣ ẼࡢศᏊࢆูࡍࢀࡤࠊࡑࡇࡣ⤯ᑐⓗ˴Nj nothing Ꮡᅾࡋ࡞࠸࠸࠺ࡇ ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡶࡕࢁࢇ㔜せ࡞ࡇࡣࠊ⚾ࡣ࠶࡞ࡓ≀࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠗᶒࡢ᮰࠘a bundle of rightsࢆㆡΏࡋࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡾࠊ ࠗᶒࡢ᮰࠘ࡇࡑࡀ㈈⏘ࢆᵓᡂࡍࡿ࠸࠺ࡇ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࠖ losophy and Politics, 209, 211-216 (1994) ཧ↷ࠋ K. Gray, ‘Property in Thin Air’, 50 Cambridge Law Journal, 252, 259 (1991). ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO ࡇ࠺ࡋࡓ㆟ㄽࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊG.F. Gaus, ‘Property, Rights, and Freedom’, 11 Social PhiA. Reeve, Property (London, 1986), 10-12. ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO ᕳ㢌ㄽᩥ 㻭㻌 㻼㼔㼕㼘㼛㼟㼛㼜㼔㼥㻌 㼛㼒㻌 㻵㼚㼠㼑㼘㼘㼑㼏㼠㼡㼍㼘㻌 㻼㼞㼛㼜㼑㼞㼠㼥㻌 㻰㼞㼍㼔㼛㼟 ᅔ㞴࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡈࡃࡲ࠸࠼ࡤࠊศᯒⓗࣉ࣮ࣟࢳࡣࠊ㈨ᩱࡋ࡚ ࡶࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋࡑࢀࡣࡢဴᏛⓗၥ㢟ྠᵝࠊ᫇ࡽࡳࡽࢀࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ ࡢ㏻ᖖࡢゝㄒ⮬ࡽࢆ㛢ࡌࡇࡵࡿࡇ࡞ࡃࠊ⌮ᛶ࠾ࡼࡧ☜❧ࡉࢀࡓ᥎ㄽᢏ ࡿࠋ⚾ⓗᡤ᭷ᑐࡍࡿ⥅⥆ⓗ࡞㛵ᚰࡣࠊ⮬↛ἲࡢఏ⤫࠾࠸࡚◊✲ྲྀࡾ ἲ࠸࠺ไ⣙ࡢࡶ࡛ࠊ≉ูつᐃࡉࢀࡓከᵝ࡞༊ูࡸᴫᛕࣔࢹࣝࢆ᳨ウ ⤌ࡴ⪅ࡗ࡚㔜せ࡞ពࢆࡶࡘၥ࠸ࡅ➃ࢆⓎࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡑࢀ ࡢ⏝౪ࡍࡿࡇࢆᥦࡋᵓ⠏ࡍࡿࡶࡢᴫᣓࡍࡿࡇࡀチࡉࢀࡼ࠺ࠋศ ࡣࠊᡤ᭷ᶒࡢ㉳※ࡸᇶ┙ࢆ᥈ࡋồࡵࡿࡇࡽᵓᡂࡉࢀࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋ ᯒⓗࣉ࣮ࣟࢳࡣࠊᡤ᭷ࡸᶒࡢࡼ࠺࡞ᴫᛕࡢㄽ⌮ⓗ࡞ᛶ㉁↔Ⅼࢆᙜ࡚ ⮬↛ἲㄽ⪅ࡗ࡚ࠊᡤ᭷ᶒࡢ㉳※ࡢ✲᫂ࡣ࠶ࡽࡺࡿ☜❧ࡉࢀࡓಶேࡢ ࡿഴྥࡀ࠶ࡿࠋࡑ࠺ࡋࡓศᯒⓗࣉ࣮ࣟࢳࡣࠊᐃ⩏࠾ࡼࡧᴫᛕศᯒࡢࣉࣟ ㈈⏘ಖ᭷ࡢṇᙜᛶࢆ⬣ࡍྍ⬟ᛶࡀ࠶ࡿࠋࡑࡢࡼ࠺࡞㠉ⓗ࡞ᖐ⤖ࡀ㉳ࡇ ࢭࢫࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚ࠊࡼࡾࡼ࠸ᴫᛕࣔࢹࣝࡸᴫᛕࡢᵓ㐀ⓗࡘ㛵ಀⓗ⌮ゎࢆᚓࡼ ࡾ࠼ࡑ࠺࡛࠶ࡿࡇࡣࠊ⚄ࡢᏑᅾ⪷᭩ࡢෆᐜࢆ┿⪃៖ࡍࡿࡇࡽ ࠺ດࡵࡿࠋศᯒⓗྲྀࡾ⤌ࡴሙྜࠊဴᏛ⪅ࡣࠊㄡࡀᶒࢆࡶࡘࡇࡀ࡛ ⏕ࡌࡓࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋࣈࣛࢵࢡࢫࢺ࣮ࣥࡣࠊࡑࡢⴭ᭩ࠗࢠࣜࢫἲ㔘⩏࠘ ࡁࡿࡢࠊࡑࡋ࡚ࡑࢀࡣࡢࡼ࠺࡞᮲௳ࡢୗ࠾࠸࡚࠸ࡗࡓ㉁ၥࢆ⾜ Commentaries on the Laws of England ࡢ୰࡛ࠊၥ㢟ࡢᮏ㉁ࢆୖᡭࡃᤊ࠼࡚ ࠺ࠋ࠼ࡤࠊဴᏛ⪅ࡣࠊᶒࢆࡶࡘ࠸࠺ࡇࡣఱ࡛࠶ࡿࡢ࠸࠺ࡇ ࠸ࡿࠋᙼࡣḟࡢࡼ࠺ᣦࡍࡿࠋཝᐦ࠸࠼ࡤࠊࠕ࡞ࡐ⨺⓶⣬᭩ࢀࡓ ࠊࡢࡼ࠺࡞ᶒࢆᡃࠎࡣᢎㄆࡍࡁ࠸࠺ࡇࡢ༊ูࢆᥥࡁࡔࡑ ᩥ᭩ࡢᩥゝࡀᅵᆅࡢᨭ㓄ᶒࢆࡍࡿࡇ࡞ࡿࡢ࠸࠺ࡇࡘ࠸ ࠺ࡍࡿࠋᡤ᭷ࡸᶒࡢศ㔝࠾࠸࡚ࡁ࡞ᙳ㡪ຊࢆࡶࡘศᯒⓗࣉ࣮ࣟ ࡚ࡢࠊ⮬↛࡞࠸ࡋ⮬↛ἲୖࡢ᰿ᣐࡣఱࡶᏑᅾࡋ࡞࠸㹿㺁࢟ࣜࢫࢺᩍ࠾ࡅ ࢳࡢࡣࠊᶒ rightࠊ⩏ົ dutyࠊ≉ᶒ privilegeࠊ↓ᶒ no-right ࡿ⚄୰ᚰࡢୡ⏺࡛ࡣࠊࡇࡢၥ㢟ࡣ≉῝้࡛࠶ࡿࠋ࠸࠺ࡢࡶࠊ⚄ࡀᆅ ࠸ࡗࡓ┦ㄝ᫂ྍ⬟࡞ᴫᛕ㛫ࡢࠊἲⓗ┦㛵㡯ࡢ㞟ྜ a set of jural ࢆࡑࡢఫேඹ᭷ࡢࡶࡢࡋ࡚࠼ࡓࡇ࠸ࡣ࡞࠸ࡽ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡑࢀ correlatives ࡋ࡚ࡢࠊࡘࡲࡾ▩┪㡯 contradictories ࠾ࡼࡧ┦㛵㡯ࡢ▩┪ ࡛ࡣࠊ࠸ࡗࡓ࠸ࡢࡼ࠺ࡋ࡚ࠊࡇࡢୡ⏺࠾ࡅࡿಶࠎࡢᡤ᭷⪅ࡀࡑࡢᡤ 㡯ࡢ㞟ྜࡋ࡚ࡢࠊ࣮࣍ࣇ࢙ࣝࢻ Hohfeld ࡢᶒࣔࢹ࡛ࣝ࠶ࡿࠋ㸦ᡃࠎ ᭷≀ᑐࡋ࡚⤖ᯝⓗ⾜ࡍࡿࡇ࡞ࡿࠕ၏୍⤯ᑐࡢᨭ㓄ᶒࠖࢆṇᙜ ࡣ➨ ❶࠾࠸࡚ࡑࡢయ⣔▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡢࣥࣉࣜࢣ࣮ࢩࣙࣥࡘ࠸ ࡍࡿࡇࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࢁ࠺ࠋᐇ㝿ࡢࡇࢁࠊࣈࣛࢵࢡࢫࢺ࣮ࣥࡣࠕṇ ࡚ㄽࡌࡿணᐃ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ㸧᭱ᚋࠊᡤ᭷⌮ㄽࡸᶒㄽ࠾ࡅࡿつ⠊ⓗࣉࣟ ᙜࠖ࠸࠺ゝⴥࡣ⏝࠸࡚࠸࡞࠸ࠋࡴࡋࢁᙼࡣࠊ⚾ⓗᡤ᭷ᶒࡣᗈࡃᬑཬࡋ ࣮ࢳࡣࠊఱࡽࡢ⤖ㄽ฿㐩ࡍࡿࡓࡵࠊ࠶ࢀࡇࢀከᵝ࡞౯್ࢆ⏝ࡍ ࡚࠾ࡾࠊࡲࡓ୍⯡⾗ࡼࡗ࡚ᗈࡃཷᐜࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࡀࠊࡑࢀࡣ ࡿࠋつ⠊ⓗࣉ࣮ࣟࢳࡣฎ᪉⟢࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣṇᙜ㛵ಀࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡘࡲࡾ⾜ ㄝ᫂ࡀᚲせ࡞ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ⪃࠼࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡘࡲࡾ⚾ⓗᡤ᭷࠸࠺ࡶࡢࡣࠊἲ Ⅽࡢ࣮ࣝࣝࡀᥦࡉࢀࡿࠊ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣ᧦ㆤࡉࢀࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ ࡀྜ⌮ⓗ⛉Ꮫࡋ࡚ᶵ⬟ࡍࡿ௨ୖࠊ࡞࠾ㄝ᫂ࢆせࡍࡿ⌧㇟࡛࠶ࡿ࠸࠺ࢃ つ⠊ⓗᡤ᭷⌮ㄽࡢ༙ࡀ⚾ⓗᡤ᭷ᶒࡢṇᙜྍ⬟ᛶࡢ᳨ド↔Ⅼࢆᙜ ࡅ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ ࡚࡚ࡁࡓࠋࡇࡢ≉ᐃࡢྲྀ⤌ࡳࡢᙉ࠸㛵ᚰࡣࠊ༢⌧௦࠾࠸࡚ࡳࡽࢀࡿ ⮬↛ἲୖࡢᡤ᭷⌮ㄽ࠾ࡅࡿࡇ࠺ࡋࡓㄝ᫂ⓗศᯒ᪉ἲࡢ㔜せᛶࡣࠊࢢࣟ ࡑࡢ⌮⏤ࡢ ࡘࡣࠊࡑ࠺ࡋࡓ༊ูࢆ⾜࠾࠺ࡍࡿヨࡳࡀ┤ࡕဴᏛⓗศᯒࡑࢀ⮬ ࢸ࢘ࢫࡢᡤ᭷ㄽぢ࠸ࡔࡍࡇࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࠋࢢࣟࢸ࢘ࢫࡗ࡚ࠊᡓத ࡢཎᅉࡢ ࡘࡣࠊᡃࠎᖐᒓࡍࡿ≀ࡢᐖ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇ࠺ࡋࡓࡇ యࡢᛶ㉁ၥ㢟ࢆ⏕ࡳࡔࡍࡽ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡢၥ㢟㛵ࡍࡿᩥ⊩ࡋ࡚ࠊR. Rorty (ed.), The Linguistic Turn (Chicago, London, 1967) ࢆཧ↷ࠋ 1990) ࡀ࠶ࡿࠋ㆟ㄽࡢᴫほࡋ࡚ࠊA. Reeve, ‘Property’ in R.E. Goodin and P. Pettit (eds.), W.N. Hohfeld, Fundamental Legal Conceptions (Westport, Connecticut, reprinted 1978). A Companion to Contemporary Political Philosophy (Oxford, 1993), chapter 31 ࢆཧ↷ࠋ ⌧௦ࡢ㆟ㄽࡋ࡚ࡣࠊ࠼ࡤࠊL.C. Becke, Property Rights Philosophic Foundations Sir William Blackstone, Commentaries on the Laws of England (1765; 1783 ed., reprint- (London, Boston, 1977); A. Ryan, Property and Political Theory (Oxford, New York, ed by Garland Publishing, New York, London, 1978), Book II, chapter 1, 2. 1984); J.O. Grunebaum, Private Ownership (London, New York, 1987); J. Waldron, The Ibid. Right to Private Property (Oxford, 1988); S.R. Munzer, A Theory of Property (Cambridge, H. Grotius, De Hure Belli Ac Pacis Libri Tres (1625; F. W. Kelsey tr., New York, London, ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO ᕳ㢌ㄽᩥ 㻭㻌 㻼㼔㼕㼘㼛㼟㼛㼜㼔㼥㻌 㼛㼒㻌 㻵㼚㼠㼑㼘㼘㼑㼏㼠㼡㼍㼘㻌 㻼㼞㼛㼜㼑㼞㼠㼥㻌 㻰㼞㼍㼔㼛㼟 ࡽࠊࢢࣟࢸ࢘ࢫࡣࠊ࠶ࡿ≀ࡀㄡᖐᒓࡍࡿ࠸࠼ࡿࡢࡣࡢࡼ࠺࡞ ⬟࡞⏝ㄒࡋ࡚⏝࠸ࡽࢀࡿሙྜࡶ࠶ࡿ㸧࡛࠶ࡿࠋ࣮࣍ࣇ࢙ࣝࢻࡼࢀࡤࠊ ᮲௳ࡢୗ࠾࠸࡚࠸࠺ࡇࢆ◊✲ࡍࡿࡼ࠺࡞ࡾࠊࡑࢀࡣࡸࡀ࡚ࠊ ࠕᡤ ᡃࠎࡣᶒࢆࡑࢀᇶ࡙࠸࡚₇⧢ࢆጞࡵࡿᇶᗏⓗ࡞ࢱ࣮࣒ base terms ᭷ᶒ proprietorship ࡢ㉳※ࢆ▱ࡿࡇࡀྍḞ࡛࠶ࡿࠖ࠸࠺ᙼࡢ⪃࠼ ࡋ࡚ᢅ࠺ࡁ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊ୍㐃ࡢࡼࡾᇶᮏⓗ࡞࢝ࢸࢦ࣮ࣜศゎࡋ࠺ࡿ୍⯡ ࡘ࡞ࡀࡗ࡚࠸ࡃࡇ࡞ࡿࠋࢢࣟࢸ࢘ࢫࡀᛕ㢌࠾࠸࡚࠸ࡓ▱㆑ ⓗ࡞ࢱ࣮࣒ generic term ࡋ࡚ᢅ࠺ࡁ࡛࠶ࡿࠋᶒࡣࠊ㈈⏘ᶒࢆྵࡵ ࠸࠺ࡢࡣࠊṔྐⓗ࡞▱㆑࡛࠶ࡿࠋ ࠕ⚄⪷࡞ṔྐࠖࠊリேࠊဴᏛ⪅ࡽࢆᘬࡁྜ ࡚ࠊㄽ⌮࣮࢟ࢸࢡࢳ࣮ࣕ logical architecture ࢆ᭷ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࡢㄽ⌮ ࠸ฟࡋ࡞ࡀࡽࠊࢢࣟࢸ࢘ࢫࡣࠊ⚄ࡀே㛫ඹ᭷ࡢࡶࡢࡋ࡚࠼ࡓୡ ࣮࢟ࢸࢡࢳ࣮ࣕࡣ⩏ົㄽ⌮ deontic logic ࡢᙧែࢆࡿࠋ㈈⏘ᶒࡢ࣮ ⏺ࡽ⚾ⓗᡤ᭷ᶒࡀⓎᒎࡋ࡚࠸ࡃែᵝࢆᥥࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࡢṔྐⓗ࡞◊ ࢟ࢸࢡࢳ࣮ࣕࢆ≉ᐃࡍࡿ࠺࠼࡛ࡣࠊ」ᩘࡢ⩏ົㄽ⌮ࡢ㑅ᢥ⫥ࡀᏑᅾࡍࡿࠋ ✲ࡣ࠶ࡿ᰿ᮏⓗ࡞ཎ⌮ࢆ☜❧ࡋࡓࠋࡇࢀࡽࡣࢢࣟࢸ࢘ࢫࡼࡾࠊලయⓗ ᡤ᭷ᶒ⌮ㄽࡢᯟෆ࡛ࡣࠊ㏻ᖖࠊ࣮࣍ࣇ࢙ࣝࢻࡢయ⣔ࡀࡑ࠺ࡋࡓ┠ⓗࡢࡓࡵ ࡞つ⠊ⓗ⤖ㄽ㸦ᾏὒᶒࡸ㞴Ẹࡢᶒ࡞㸧ࢆ⏕ࡳࡔࡍࡓࡵ⏝࠸ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ 㑅ࡤࢀࡿࠋࡇࡇ࡛ࡣࡑࡢ័⩦ᚑ࠺ࡇࡍࡿࠋ ࡿࠋᑡ࡞ࡃࡶࢢࣟࢸ࢘ࢫ࠾࠸࡚ࠊ⮬↛ἲୖࡢᡤ᭷⌮ㄽࡣㄝ᫂࠾ࡼࡧ ᡤ᭷ࡣ≀ a thing ࡛࠶ࡿ࠸࠺⪃࠼ࡣࠊ᪥࡛ࡣྂࡃࡉ࠸ㄗࡗࡓぢ᪉ ṇᙜ࠸࠺୧᪉ࡢ┠ⓗࢆ᭷ࡍࡿࠋ ࡛࠶ࡿ⪃࠼ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋᑡ࡞ࡃࡶࡑ࠺ࡋࡓ⪃࠼ࡣ᭷┈࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࡉࢀ ࡀ⤒ࡘࡘࢀࠊ୍㝵 first order ࡢ㐨ᚨ⌮ㄽࡢᩥ⬦࡛ࡣࠊ⚾ⓗᡤ᭷ᶒ ࡿࠋᡤ᭷ࡣࠊ୍ᑐ୍ࡢ⚾ே㛫ࡢᶒ㛵ಀ㸦ࡘࡲࡾ single-place ࡢ㛵ಀ㸧ࠊ ࡢ㉳※ࢆᐇཎ⌮ࡽㄝ᫂ࡍࡿࡇࡢ㔜せᛶࡀⷧࢀ࡚࠸ࡗࡓࠋ୍᪉࡛ࠊ⚾ ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣ୍ᑐከࡢ⚾ே㛫ࡢᶒ㛵ಀ㸦ࡘࡲࡾ many-place ࡢ㛵ಀ㸧࡛࠶ࡿ ⓗᡤ᭷ᶒࡢṇᙜࢆ⾜࠺ࡇࠊࡍ࡞ࢃࡕ㈈⏘ྲྀᚓࡢṇᙜᛶࡘ࠸࡚ࡢㄝ᫂ ⪃࠼ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋᡤ᭷ࡣேࠎࡀᚲせ࡞࠸ࡋᕼᮃࡍࡿࠊࡑࡋ࡚ࡣಶே ࢆᥦ♧ࡍࡿࡇࡢ㛵ᚰࡣࠊ౫↛ࡋ࡚ᙉࡃṧࡗࡓࠋ㈈⏘ᶒࡢ㉳※ࢆㄝ᫂ ࡛࠶ࢀ㞟ᅋ࡛࠶ࢀࡑࡢ⏕Ꮡࡀ౫Ꮡࡍࡿࡇࡶ࠶ࡿࠊࡑࡢࡼ࠺࡞ᑐ㇟ࡢᨭ㓄 ࡍࡿ࠸࠺ㄢ㢟ࡣࠊᚰ⌮Ꮫࠊ♫Ꮫࠊ⤒῭Ꮫ࠸ࡗࡓ⤒㦂⛉Ꮫࡢศ㔝⛣ ࢆࡵࡄࡿத࠸࡛࠶ࡿࠋ࢜ࣀࣞ Honore ࡀᡃࠎẼ࡙ࡏ࡚ࡃࢀࡿࡼ࠺ࠊ ⾜ࡋ࡚࠸ࡗࡓࡼ࠺ᛮࢃࢀࡿ ࠋ ࠕᡤ᭷⪅ᡤ᭷≀ࢆ┤᥋ࡘ࡞ࡄࢹ࣒࢜ࡣࠊỴࡋ࡚↓ព࡞ࡶࡢ࡛ࡣ ௨ୖࡢࡼ࠺࡞ᡤ᭷⌮ㄽ㛵ࡍࡿ࠸ࡃࡘࡢᇶᮏⓗ༊ูࡢ⡆༢࡞ࢫࢣࢵ ࡞࠸ࠋࡍ࡞ࢃࡕࠊ⪅ࢆ㝖ࡍࡿᶒࡀᏑᅾࡍࡿࡇࢁࡣࠊᐇ㝿ࠊ㸦ἲ ࢳࢆࡶࡋ࡚ࠊᮏ᭩ࡀ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ࡢศᯒࢆࡢࡼ࠺Ⓨᒎࡉࡏࡿࡢࢆ ⓗࡣ㸧ᶒࡢಖ᭷⪅ᙜヱ≀ࡢ㛫㠀ᖖ≉ู࡞㛵ಀࡀᏑᅾࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ ࡽㄝ᫂ࡍࡿࡇࡋࡓ࠸ࠋᮏ᭩ࡢศᯒࣃ࣮ࢺࡣࠊ࠸ࡃࡘࡢ๓ᥦࡢୖ ࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ㹿㺁 ᡂࡾ❧ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡲࡎࠊ ࡘࡢ㔜せ࡞๓ᥦࡀ≉ᐃࡉࢀࡿᚲせࡀ࠶ࡿࠋ➨ ࡇࡇ࡛ࡣࡇࢀ௨ୖࡢ῝ධࡾࡣ㑊ࡅࠊḟ㐍ࡶ࠺ࠋᡃࠎࡢ➨ ࡢ๓ᥦࡣࠊ ࠊศᯒⓗᡤ᭷⌮ㄽࡣࠊᶒࡢᙧᘧ࠾ࡅࡿᡤ᭷ࢆᴫᛕศᯒࡢᑐ㇟ࡋ࡚ ㈈⏘ᶒࡣ⚾ே㛫ࡢ㛵ಀƴƘǘƑƯࠊேᑐ㇟ࡢ㛵ಀࢆࡶక࠺࠸࠺ࡶࡢ ᤊ࠼ࡿࠋㄝ᫂ࡢᑐ㇟ࡣ㈈⏘ᶒ㸦right of property; right of ownership ⨨ྍ ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲࡢሙྜࠊၥ㢟ࡢᑐ㇟ࡣ abstract objects ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡋࡶࠊ 1964), Book II, chapter 2, I. 㛵ࡍࡿ◊✲ࡑࡢᒎ㛤ࡢࡇ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ Ibid. Id. at Book II, chapter 2, II, 3. 1977) ࢆཧ↷ࠋ ࢹࡢᑓ᭷㛵ࡍࡿ⯆῝࠸ᚰ⌮Ꮫⓗㄝ᫂ࡋ࡚ࠊR.A. Wicklund, ‘The ᭱㏆ࡢࡋ࡚ࠊS.R. Munzer, A Theory of Property (Cambridge, 1990) ࢆཧ↷ࠋ Appropriation of Ideas’ in P.B. Paulus (ed.), Psychology of Group Influence (2nd ed., ᚋ⪅ࡢぢ᪉ࡀㄽ⌮ⓗㄗࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ⌮⏤ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊL. Lindahl, Position and Change Hillsdale, NJ; Hove, London, 1989) ࢆཧ↷ࠋࢤ࣮࣒⌮ㄽࢆ⏝࠸࡞ࡀࡽ㈈⏘ᶒࡢ㉳※ (Dordrecht, Boston, 1977), 37 ࢆཧ↷ࠋ ࡘ࠸࡚ࡶ୍㒊ྲྀࡾᢅ࠺ࠊ㈈⏘ᶒ㛵ࡍࡿ⤒῭Ꮫⓗㄝ᫂ࡋ࡚ࠊD. Friedman, ‘A Positive Account of Property Rights’, 11 Social Philosophy and Policy, 1 (1994) ࢆཧ↷ࠋ 1961), 106, 134. ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO ࡍ࡞ࢃࡕࠊ㐨ᚨⓗせㄳ㐨ᚨⓗᴫᛕࡢ㡿ᇦ࠾ࡅࡿࠊࣇ࢛࣮࣐ࣝ࡞㆟ㄽゝㄒ ࢧ࣮࣋࠾ࡼࡧ㆟ㄽࡋ࡚ࠊL. Lindahl, Position and Change (Dordrecht, Boston, A.M. Honoré, ‘Ownership’ in A.G. Guest (ed.), Oxford Essays in Jurisprudence (Oxford, ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO ᕳ㢌ㄽᩥ ࠶࠸ࡃ࡞ࡇࠊabstract objects ࡣᏑᅾࡋ࡞࠸ࠊ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣᑡ࡞ࡃࡶᡃࠎ 㻭㻌 㻼㼔㼕㼘㼛㼟㼛㼜㼔㼥㻌 㼛㼒㻌 㻵㼚㼠㼑㼘㼘㼑㼏㼠㼡㼍㼘㻌 㻼㼞㼛㼜㼑㼞㼠㼥㻌 㻰㼞㼍㼔㼛㼟 abstract objects ࡢᡤ᭷࠾ࡼࡧ⏝ࢆつᚊࡍࡿࠊ࣮ࣝࣝᨭ㓄ࡉࢀࡓ≉ᶒ ࡣࡑࡢࡼ࠺ᙇࡍࡿࠋ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲ࠾ࡅࡿ abstract objects ࡣᡭࡢࡼ࠸ rule-governed privileges ࡛࠶ࡿᐃ⩏ࡍࡿࡇࡋࡓ࠸ࠋࡇࡢᐃ⩏ࡣࡼࡾ ἲⓗࣇࢡࢩࣙࣥࡢᙧࢆࡿࠋࡇࡢⅬ㛵ࡍࡿ㆟ㄽࡣࠊ➨ ❶࠾ࡼࡧ➨ ୍ᒙᴫᛕⓗ࡞⤖ㄽ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡑࢀࡣࠊᚋ⥆ࡢ❶࡛ᥦ♧ࡉࢀࡿࠊ▱ⓗ㈈⏘㛵 ❶࡛ᒎ㛤ࡉࢀࡿࠋࡇࡢἲⓗࣇࢡࢩࣙࣥࡢᚰ⌮ⓗస⏝ࡣࠊ㐙⾜ⓗⓎヰㄽ ࡍࡿ≉ᐃࡢ⌮ㄽⓗどⅬᇶ♏ࢆ࠾ࡃࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ theory of performative utterances ࡢほⅬᇶ࡙࠸ࡓㄝ᫂ࢆ࡞ࡍࡇࡀ᭱ࡶ ᮏ᭩ࡢ㆟ㄽࡀᑟࡁࡔࡍつ⠊ⓗ⤖ㄽࡣࠊ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡣ⮬⏤ࢆᐖࡍࡿ≉ ᭷┈࡛࠶ࡿᛮࢃࢀࡿࡀࠊࡋࡋࠊࡑࢀࡣᡃࠎࡀࡇࡇ࡛㏣✲ࡍࡁၥ㢟࡛ ู࡞≉ᶒ liberty-intruding privileges of a special kind ࡛࠶ࡿ࠸࠺ࡶࡢ࡛ ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋ ࠶ࡿࠋ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡣὴ㛸⩏ࢆಁࡋࠊ༴㝤࡞⚾ⓗᶒຊࡢࣞ࣋ࣝࢆቑ㐍ࡉࡏ ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲ㛵ࡍࡿከࡃࡢࢸ࢟ࢫࢺࡣࠊ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ࡢᐃ⩏㛵ࡍࡿグ㏙ ࡿ࠸࠺㆟ㄽࡀᒎ㛤ࡉࢀࡿࠋศ㓄ⓗṇ⩏ࡢほⅬࡽࡣࠊ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡢಖㆤ ࡽጞࡲࡿࠋᐃ⩏࠸࠺ࡶࡢࡣࠊእᘏⓗࡶෆໟⓗࡶ࡞ࡍࡇࡀྍ⬟࡛ ⠊ᅖࡣไ㝈ࡉࢀࡿࡁ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡑ࠺ࡋࡓᶒࡘ࠸࡚⪃࠼ࡿ᪉ἲࡣࠊ⮬↛ ࠶ࡿࠋ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ࡢእᘏⓗᐃ⩏ extensional definitions ࡣࠊ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ࡢ࠸ࡃ ⩏ⓗ⤒㦂⩏ࡢࣞࣥࢬࢆ㏻ࡋ࡚࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࢀࡽࡢᙇ㛵ࡍࡿ㆟ㄽࡣ➨ ࡘࡢఏ⤫ⓗ࡞୰ᚰศ㔝ࢆᥖࡆࡿࡔࢁ࠺ࠋ࠼ࡤࠊⴭసᶒࠊ≉チࠊၟᶆࠊ 㹼❶࡛ᒎ㛤ࡉࢀࡿࠋᮏ᭩࡛ࡣࠊ⚾ⓗᡤ᭷ࡢ᪂ࡓ࡞ṇᙜ᰿ᣐࢆ᥈ồࡍࡿ ពࠊṇ➇த㜵Ṇἲࠊࢺ࣮ࣞࢻ࣭ࢩ࣮ࢡࣞࢵࢺࡢಖㆤ࡞࡛࠶ࡿࠋ㸦ᮏ ࡼ࠺࡞ヨࡳࡣ⾜ࢃ࡞࠸ࠋ࢚ࣉࢫࢱࣥ Epstein ࡀᣦࡍࡿࡼ࠺ࠊ ࠕ⚾ⓗ ❶ࡢ᭱⤊⠇ࡣࠊࡇࢀࡽࡢศ㔝㛵ࡍࡿ⡆༢࡞ㄝ᫂ࡢࣀ࣮ࢺࡀ࠶ࡿࠋ㸧 ᡤ᭷ࡢᮃࡲࡋࡉࡣࠊࡇࢀࡲ࡛Ꮫၥศ㔝ࢆ㉸࠼࡚ᘏࠎ㆟ㄽࡉࢀ࡚ࡁࡓࠋࠖ ࡢ⤒㐣ࡶࠊ᪂ࡓ࡞ᑐ㇟ศ㔝ࡀࡇࡢࣜࢫࢺ⌧ࢀ࡚ࡁࡓࠋ㞟✚ᅇ㊰㓄 ⚾ⓗᡤ᭷ࢆᨭᣢࡍࡿ⌮㊰ᩚ↛ࡋࡓဴᏛⓗᥦゝ࡛࠶ࡩࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡑࢀࡽ ⨨ࡢಖㆤࡸ᳜≀᪂ရ✀ࡢಖㆤ࡞ࡣࡑࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ୍᪉ࠊ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ࡢෆ ࡣከࡍࡂࡿࡄࡽ࠸ࡶࡋࢀ࡞࠸࣋ࢵ࣮࢝ Becker ࡣ᭱㏆ࡢㄽᩥ࠾࠸ ໟⓗᐃ⩏ intentional definitions ࡘ࠸࡚య⣔ⓗ㏙ࡿࡇࡣࡼࡾ㞴ࡋ ࡚♧၀ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡑࡋ࡚࣋ࢵ࣮࢝ࡀࡑࢀ࡞ࡃࡵࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡼ࠺ࠊ ࠸ ࠋࡇࡇ࡛ࡣࠊ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡣࠊከ᪉㠃ࡢศ㔝ࡢேⓗάື࠾ࡅࡿ ᡃࠎࡣ⏝ྍ⬟࡞⚾ⓗᡤ᭷ࡢ㐨ᚨⓗṇᙜㄽࡢᩘࢆቑࡸࡍࡇࡼࡾࡶࠊࡉ Ḣࣜࣜࢬ࣒ἲᏛࡢఏ⤫ᒓࡍࡿᏛ⪅ࡣࠊ㐙⾜ⓗⓎヰㄽࢆ⏝ࡋ࡚ἲᚊ⏝ㄒࡢ ࡲࡊࡲ࡞♫⏕άศ㔝࠾࠸࡚⚾ⓗᡤ᭷ࡀࡶࡓࡽࡍ⤒㦂ⓗỴᐃࡋ࠺ࡿ ᮏ㉁ࢆㄝ᫂ࡋࡓࠋK. Olivecrona, ‘Legal Language and Reality’ in R.A. Newman (ed.), ❧᮲⣙㸧ࡢ➨ ᮲Ͽ࠾࠸࡚ࡳࡽࢀࡿࠋྠ᮲㡯ࡣࠊࠕ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ࠖࡣ௨ୗ㛵㐃 Essays in Jurisprudence in Honor of Roscoe Pound (Indianapolis, New York, 1962), 151; K. ࡍࡿᶒࢆྵࡴࡶࡢࢆ࠸࠺ࠊつᐃࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ Olivecrona, Law as Fact (2nd ed., London, 1971) ࢆཧ↷ࠋ ࠕᩥⱁࠊ⨾⾡ཬࡧᏛ⾡ࡢⴭస≀ ᐇ₇ᐙࡢᐇ₇ࠊࣞࢥ࣮ࢻཬࡧᨺ㏦ ᚑ᮶ࠊᕤᴗᡤ᭷ᶒࡸ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡪࡇࡀ័࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋࠕᕤᴗࠖindustrial ࠸࠺⏝ㄒࡣࠊ≉チࡸពࡢࡼ࠺࡞ࠊᢏ⾡࣮࣋ࢫࡢᑐ㇟ศ㔝ࢆ࢝ࣂ࣮ࡍࡿࡓࡵ⏝ ேⱁࡢάືࡢࡍ࡚ࡢศ㔝࠾ࡅࡿⓎ᫂ ࠸ࡽࢀࡓࠋ ࠕ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ࠖintellectual property࠸࠺⏝ㄒࡣࠊⴭసᶒࡸࡑࡢᩥⓗಖ ⛉ᏛⓗⓎᒎ ㆤᑐ㇟ゝཬࡍࡿࡓࡵ⏝࠸ࡽࢀࡓࠋ࡛ࡣከࡃࡢேࠎࡣࠊᕤᴗᡤ᭷ᶒ࠾ࡼࡧ▱ⓗ ព ㈈⏘ࡢ࠶ࡽࡺࡿศ㔝ࢆ࢝ࣂ࣮ࡍࡿࡓࡵࠊࠕ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ࠖ࠸࠺⏝ㄒࢆ୍⯡ⓗ⏝࠸ ၟᶆࠊࢧ࣮ࣅࢫ࣭࣐࣮ࢡཬࡧၟྕࡑࡢࡢၟᴗୖࡢ⾲♧ ࡚࠸ࡿࠋᮏ᭩࡛ࡶࡇ࠺ࡋࡓ⌧௦ࡢ័ᚑ࠺ࡇࡍࡿࠋ ṇ➇தᑐࡍࡿಖㆤ 㛵ࡍࡿᶒ୪ࡧ⏘ᴗࠊᏛ⾡ࠊᩥⱁཪࡣ⨾⾡ࡢศ㔝࠾ࡅࡿ▱ⓗάືࡽ⏕ࡎ ୧⪅ࡣ࠸ࡎࢀࡶᅜ㝿᮲⣙ࡢᑐ㇟࡛࠶ࡿࠋᖺ᭶ ᪥ಟṇࡉࢀࡓ᳜≀ࡢ᪂ရ ✀ࡢಖㆤ㛵ࡍࡿᅜ㝿᮲⣙ࠊ࠾ࡼࡧ㞟✚ᅇ㊰ಀࡿ▱ⓗᡤ᭷ᶒ㛵ࡍࡿ᮲⣙㸦࣡ࢩ ࣥࢺࣥࠊ㸧ࢆཧ↷ࠋ ໟᣓⓗ࡞ᙧ࡛⾲⌧ࡉࢀࡓࠊ࡞ࡾᗈ⠊࡞▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡢᐃ⩏ࡢ୍ࡣࠊᖺ ᭶ ᪥ࢫࢺࢵࢡ࣒࡛࣍ࣝ⨫ྡࡉࢀࡓୡ⏺▱ⓗᡤ᭷ᶒᶵ㛵ࢆタ❧ࡍࡿ᮲⣙㸦㼃㻵㻼㻻 タ ࡿࡢࡍ࡚ࡢᶒࠋࠖ R.A. Epstein, ‘On the Optimal Mix of Private and Common Property’, 11 Social Philos- ophy and Policy, 17(1994). L.C. Becker, ‘Too Much Property’, 21 Philosophy and Public Affairs 196 (1992). ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO ᕳ㢌ㄽᩥ 㻭㻌 㻼㼔㼕㼘㼛㼟㼛㼜㼔㼥㻌 㼛㼒㻌 㻵㼚㼠㼑㼘㼘㼑㼏㼠㼡㼍㼘㻌 㻼㼞㼛㼜㼑㼞㼠㼥㻌 㻰㼞㼍㼔㼛㼟 ᖐ⤖ࠊࡼࡾከࡃࡢ㛵ᚰࢆᡶ࠺ࡁ࡛࠶ࢁ࠺ࠋ⚾ⓗᡤ᭷ᶒࢆᨭᣢࡍࡿᙉຊ 㞧࡞ᴫᛕ࡛࠶ࡿ࠸࠺ࡇࢆㄆࡵࡿࠋබඹ㑅ᢥㄽࡣࠊᑡ࡞ࡃࡶࡑࡢ᧦ ࡞⌮⏤ࡣ☜Ꮡᅾࡍࡿࡀࠊᡃࠎࡣࡑ࠺ࡋࡓ⌮⏤࡙ࡅࢆ᮲௳ࡘࡁࡢᖐ⤖ ㆤ⪅ࡽࡳࢀࡤࠊᨻ⌮ㄽ㊊ࢆ㋃ࡳධࢀ࡚ᐇࡾ࠶ࡿᡂᯝࢆᣲࡆ࡚ࡁࡓࡇ ⩏ⓗ࡞ᛮ⪃᪉ἲ࡛⾜࠺ࡁ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡶࡋ⚾ⓗᡤ᭷ᶒࡢ୍✀࡛࠶ࡿ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ ࡣ᫂ࡽ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࢩ࢝ࢦᏛὴࡣࠊἲࡢᛶ㉁ࡘ࠸࡚ࡢ㔜せࡘ่⃭ⓗ ᶒࡀࠊᾘᴟⓗ⮬⏤ࢆ⬣ࡍࡼ࠺࡞⤌⧊ࡢࣃࢱ࣮ࣥࡸ័⩦ࢆಁ㐍ࡍࡿ࠸ ࡞ᙇࢆ⏕ࡳࡔࡋ⥆ࡅ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ୍㐃ࡢ㔜せ࡞ᐇド◊✲ࡶᏑᅾࡋࠊᅗࡽࡎ ࠺ࡇࡀุ᫂ࡍࢀࡤࠊࡇࢀࡽࡢᶒࡢಖㆤ⠊ᅖࢆཝ᱁ไ㝈ࡋࡓࡾࠊࡑࡢ ࡶࡑࡢ㒊ศࡣ≉チไᗘ㛵ࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ ୰ࡢ࠸ࡃࡘࡢᶒࢆᗫṆࡋࡓࡾࡍࡿࡇࢆᨭᣢࡍࡿ᰿ᣐࡀᏑᅾ ࡋࡓࡀࡗ࡚ࠊᡤ᭷⌮ㄽࢆᒎ㛤ࡍࡿ⤒῭Ꮫእࡢㄽ⪅ࡗ࡚ࡣࠊ⏝ࡋ࠺ ࡍࡿࡇ࡞ࡿࠋᮏ᭩ࡣࠊ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡀࡇ࠺ࡋࡓ⬣ጾࢆ࠼ࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ ࡿ◊✲ࡢᩘࡀከࡍࡂࡿ࠸࠼ࡿࠋᮏ᭩ࡣ⤒῭Ꮫ㛵ࡍࡿ᭩≀࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃ▱ⓗ ⪃࠼ࡿㄽᣐࢆᥦ♧ࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡋࡋ࡞ࡀࡽࠊ⤖ᒁࡢࡇࢁࠊࡇࢀ ㈈⏘ࡢဴᏛ㛵ࡍࡿ᭩≀࡛࠶ࡿࡢ࡛ࠊ㑅ᢥࢆ࡞ࡍࡇࡀᚲせ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ ࡣ⚾ⓗᡤ᭷ࡢ࣭ࣉࣜ࢜ࣜ࡞ṇᙜᇶ࡙࠸ุ࡚᩿ࡍࡿࡇࡀ࡛ࡁࡿၥ㢟 ከࡃࡢ▱ⓗ㈈⏘❧ἲࡀ᭷ࡍࡿ᫂ࡽ࡞⤒῭Ꮫⓗᛶ㉁ࢆ⪃࠼ࡿࠊ᳨ウ ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋᡃࠎࡀᛕ㢌࠾ࡃࣉ࣮ࣟࢳࡣࠊ♫⏕άࡸẸ⩏ᩥ࠾ ್ࡍࡿ ࡘࡢྍ⬟ᛶࡣࠊఱࡽࡢ⤒῭Ꮫ⌮ㄽࡀྛ✀ࡢ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡢไᐃࢆ ࠸࡚ᡤ᭷ࡀᯝࡓࡍᙺࡘ࠸࡚ࡢࠊဴᏛⓗ᧦ㆤྍ⬟࡞どⅬࡼࡗ࡚ᑟ ṇᙜࡍࡿ᰿ᣐࢆᥦ౪ࡍࡿࡶࡋࢀ࡞࠸࠸࠺ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡶࡕࢁࢇࠊࡇ ࢀࡿࠋࡇࡢⅬ㛵ࡍࡿᡃࠎࡢᥦゝࡣࠊࣄ࣮࣐ࣗࢽࢬ࣒ࡢཎ๎㈶ྠࡍࡿ㐨 ࢀࡽࡢᶒࡣἲᚊࡢヲ⣽ࡸᛶ㉁࠾࠸࡚┦ࡁ࡞┦㐪ࡀ࠶ࡿࠋ≉チ ල⩏ instrumentalism ࡢᙧ࡛ࡶࡓࡽࡉࢀࡿࠋ ࡼࡿ⊂༨ࡣྠ୍Ⓨ᫂ࢆ⊂⮬Ⓨぢࡋࡓ⪅ᑐࡋ࡚ࡶ⾜ྍ⬟࡞⚗Ṇᶒࢆ ⤒῭Ꮫ⌮ㄽ nomics of Information (Harmondsworth, UK, 1971); D.M. Lamberton (ed), The Economics of Communication and Information (Cheltenham, UK, 1996) ࢆཧ↷ࠋ ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡣᕷሙ⥭ᐦ㛵ಀࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡣࠊሗᕷሙࢆᙧ ᡂࡍࡿ࠺࠼࡛㔜せ࡞ᙺࢆᯝࡓࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ⤒῭Ꮫ⌮ㄽࡣࠊ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡢဴ stitutional Economics (New York, 1934) ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ Ꮫⓗ㆟ㄽ࠾࠸࡚↓どࡍࡿࡇࡀ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸㠀ᖖ㔜せ࡞㈨ᩱ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ ྠ⌮ㄽࡣࡲࡓࠊ ࡘࡢ◊✲࡛࢝ࣂ࣮ࡍࡿࡇࡀ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸㠀ᖖつᶍ ࡞㈨ᩱ࡛ࡶ࠶ࡿࠋ⤒῭Ꮫࡣࣉ࣮ࣟࢳᐩࢇࡔᏛၥ㡿ᇦ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡑࡢ⠊ᅖ ࢆ⊃࠸࡞ホࡍࡿࡇࡣ࡚ࡶ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ࠋ࠼ࡤࠊࢲࢢࣛࢫ࣭ࣀ࣮ࢫ Douglass North ࡢ◊✲௦⾲ࡉࢀࡿ᪂ࡓ࡞⤒῭ྐ࠸࠺ࡶࡢࡣࠊ᪂ྂ ὴ⤒῭Ꮫࡢࣉ࣮ࣟࢳᑐࡍࡿࡅᐜ㉧࡞࠸ᢈุ࡛࠶ࡿࠋሗ⤒῭Ꮫࡣࠊ ᪂ྂὴ⤒῭Ꮫࡢࣃࣛࢲ࣒ࡗ࡚༴㝤࡞⿵ᶵ⬟ࢆᯝࡓࡍࡼ࠺ࡳ ࠼ࡿࠋไᗘὴ⤒῭Ꮫࡣࠊpower ࠸࠺ࡶࡢࡣ༢࡞ࡿᕷሙᨭ㓄ຊࡼࡾࡶ」 ࡇࡢ✀ࡢ◊✲ࣥࢫࣆ࣮ࣞࢩࣙࣥࢆ࠼ࡓྂⓗᩥ⊩ࡣࠊJ.R. Commons, InI. McLean, Public Choice: An Introduction (Oxford,1991); D.A. Farber and P.P. Frickey, Law and Public Choice: A Critical Introduction (Chicago, 1991) ࢆཧ↷ࠋ R.A. Posner, Economic Analysis of Law (4th ed., Boston, 1992) ࡀࠊࡇ࠺ࡋࡓࣉ࣮ࣟ ࢳࡢ㇟ᚩ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ ࡘࡢྂⓗ࡞◊✲ࡣࠊF. Machlup, An Economic Review of the Patent System (Study No. 15 of the Subcommittee on Patents, Trademarks, and Copyrights of the Committee on the Judiciary, U.S. Senate, 85th Congress, Washington, D.C., 1958) ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡢࡶ 㔜せ࡞◊✲ࡋ࡚ࠊ࠼ࡤࠊE.T. Penrose, The Economics of the International Patent System (Baltimore, 1951); J. Schmookler, Patents, Invention, and Economic Change (Z. Griliches and L. Hurwicz eds., Cambridge, Mass., 1972); C.T. Taylor and Z.A. Silbertson, The Economic Impact of the Patent System (Cambridge, 1973) ࡀ࠶ࡿࠋ࣮࢜ࢫࢺࣛࣜࡢ ࣀ࣮ࢫࡢⴭసࡋ࡚ࡣࠊD.C. North and R.P. Thomas, The Rise of the Western World: A ❧ሙࡽࡳࡓ≉チࡢ⤒῭Ꮫࡢ㆟ㄽࡋ࡚ࠊT. Mandeville, D. Lamberton and J. Bishop, New Economic History (Cambridge, 1973); D.C. North, Structure and Change in Economic ‘The Use of Patent Information: Economics of Disclosure’ in The Economic Implications of History (New York,1981); D.C. North, Institutions, Institutional Change and Economic Patents in Australia (Canberra, 1981), 271 ࢆཧ↷ࠋ≉チไᗘࡀⓎᒎ㏵ୖᅜࡶࡓࡽࡍᙳ Performance (Cambridge, New York, 1990) ࡀ࠶ࡿࠋ 㡪㛵ࡍࡿ㆟ㄽࡋ࡚ࠊA.S. Oddi, ‘The International Patent System and Third World Development: Reality or Myth?’, Duke Law Journal, 831 (1987) ࢆཧ↷ࠋ ሗ⤒῭Ꮫࡢ㔜せ࡞㈉⊩㛵ࡍࡿᩥ⊩ࡋ࡚ࠊD.M. Lamberton (ed.), The Eco- ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO ᕳ㢌ㄽᩥ 㻭㻌 㻼㼔㼕㼘㼛㼟㼛㼜㼔㼥㻌 㼛㼒㻌 㻵㼚㼠㼑㼘㼘㼑㼏㼠㼡㼍㼘㻌 㻼㼞㼛㼜㼑㼞㼠㼥㻌 㻰㼞㼍㼔㼛㼟 ≉チᶒ⪅ࡍࡿࡢᑐࡋࠊⴭసᶒࡣ」〇⾜Ⅽࢆ⚗Ṇࡍࡿᶒࢆࡋ ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ಖㆤ㛵ࡍࡿࣇ࢛࣮࣐ࣝ࡞ࣔࢹࣝࢆᵓ⠏ࡍࡿࡇࡶ࡛ࡁࡿࠋࣇ ࡚࠸ࡿࡀࠊྠ୍ⴭస≀ࢆ⊂⮬సࡍࡿ⾜Ⅽࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࡇࢀࢆ⚗Ṇࡋ࡚࠸ ࢛࣮࣐ࣝ࡞ࣔࢹࣝࡣ⯆῝࠸ศᯒⓗ┿ᐇࢆఏ㐩ࡍࡿࡇࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࡅࢀ ࡞࠸ࠋࡇࢀࡽࡢ㔜せ࡞┦㐪ࡶࢃࡽࡎࠊ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡣᇶᮏⓗ࡞ᛶ㉁ࢆ ࡶࠊࡇࡢୡ⏺ࡘ࠸࡚ࡢ┿┦ࢆ☜ㄆࡍࡿࡓࡵࡣࠊ⤫ィⓗᐃ㔞࠾ࡼࡧ㸭 ඹ᭷ࡍࡿࠋࡍ࡞ࢃࡕࠊ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡣ abstract objects ᑐࡍࡿᶒ࡛࠶ࡿ ࡲࡓࡣᐇドⓗ◊✲ࡀᚲせ࡞ࡿࠋ⤒῭Ꮫࡣࠊࡑࡢࣇ࢛࣮࣐ࣝ࡞ࣔࢹࣝᵓ ࠸࠺ࡇ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞㢮ఝᛶࡼࡾࠊ⤒῭Ꮫ⪅࠾ࡼࡧဴᏛ⪅ࡣྠ୍ ⠏ᇶ࡙ࡃつ⠊ⓗ࡞࢘ࢺࣉࢵࢺࡀ⏕ࡁ㛗ࡽ࠼ࡿ㐠࠶ࡿࡢࠊࡑࢀ ࡢ㉁ၥࢆ࡞ࡍࡇࡀྍ⬟࡞ࡿࠋࡍ࡞ࢃࡕࠊabstract objects ㈈⏘ᶒࢆ ࡶᜥ⤯࠼ࡿ㐠࠶ࡿࡢࢆỴࡍࡿࠊጇ༠ࢆチࡉ࡞࠸ཝ᱁࡞ᐇドⓗഃ㠃ࡀ タࡍࡿࡇࢆṇᙜࡍࡿ᰿ᣐࡣఱ࠸࠺ၥ࠸࡛࠶ࡿࠋ ࠶ࡿࠋ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡢಖ᭷ࢆᨭᣢࡍࡿ࣭ࣉࣜ࢜ࣜ࡞⤒῭Ꮫⓗ㆟ㄽࢆᒎ㛤ࡍ ࡇࡢၥ࠸ᑐࡋ࡚⤒῭Ꮫ⪅ࡣࠊே㛫ᛶࡘ࠸࡚ࡢᇶᮏⓗ࡞┤ほࠊ࠶ࡿ࠸ ࡿࡇࡣྍ⬟࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡋࡋࠊࡑࢀ࡛ࡀ⤊ࢃࡿࢃࡅ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ ࡣᙧ⪋ୖᏛ࠸ࡗ࡚ࡶࡼ࠸ࡀࠊࡑ࠺ࡋࡓࡶࡢࡽศᯒࢆጞࡵࡿࠋேࡣࣥ ᶒ㛵ࡍࡿ⤒῭Ꮫⓗุ᩿ࡣࠊ᭱⤊ⓗࡣ㈝⏝౽┈ィ⟬ࡢ⤖ᯝᇶ♏ࢆ࠾ࡃ ࢭࣥࢸࣦࡸሗ㓘ᑐࡋ࡚࣏ࢪࢸࣈᛂࡍࡿࠋࡶࡋ abstract objects ࡢ ࡶࡢ࡛࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ࠋࢩࣥࣉࣝ࡞࡛⪃࠼࡚ࡳࡼ࠺ࠋពἲࡢಖㆤࡀ 㐀࠾࠸࡚ಶேⓗ┈ࢆᮇᚅࡍࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࢀࡤࠊࡑࢀࡽࡢ abstract objects ⮬ື㌴ࡢࢫ࣭࣌ࣃ࣮ࢶࡣཬࡤ࡞࠸࠸࠺ࢣ࣮ࢫࢆᐃࡋ࡚ࡳࡼ࠺ࠋ ࡣఱࡽࡢ᪉ἲ࡛ࠊᑡ࡞ࡃࡶ୍ⓗᅖ࠸㎸ࡲࢀ࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ࠋࡇ ࡇࢀࡣከࡃࡢἲᇦᙜ࡚ࡣࡲࡿ≧ἣ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ⮬ື㌴࣓࣮࣮࢝ࡢᅋయ㞠ࢃ ࡢࡇࡣࠊ⤒῭Ꮫ⪅ᑐࡋ࡚ࠊ㈈⏘ᶒࡀ abstract objects ࡢ㐀ྥࡅࡓಶ ࢀࡓ⤒῭Ꮫ⪅ࡀࠊពἲࡢಖㆤࡀࢫ࣭࣌ࣃ࣮ࢶࡲ࡛ᣑࡉࢀࡿࡍࢀ ேࡢࣜࢯ࣮ࢫᢞධࢆ༑ศࡘ☜ᐇ࡞ࡶࡢࡍࡿ᭱Ⰻࡢ᪉ἲ࡛࠶ࡿࡶࡋ ࡤࠊࢹࢨ࣭ࣥࣀࣦ࢙࣮ࢩࣙࣥࡗ࡚ࢿࢵࢺࡢ┈ࢆᮇᚅࡋ࠺ࡿࡇ ࢀ࡞࠸ྍ⬟ᛶࡘ࠸᳨࡚ウࡍࡿࡼ࠺ࠊാࡁࡅࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡇ࠾࠸ ࢆ♧ࡍࣔࢹࣝࢆᵓ⠏ࡋࡓࡋࡼ࠺ࠋࡇࡇ࡛ྠࡌ⤒῭Ꮫ⪅ࡀࡑࡢࣔࢹࣝ㛵 ࡚ᡃࠎࡣࠊ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡢฟࢆᨭᣢࡍࡿ᰿ᣐࢆᥦ౪ࡍࡿ⤒῭Ꮫⓗ㆟ㄽࢆᴫ ࡍࡿ࠸ࡃࡘࡢ๓ᥦࡘ࠸᳨࡚ドࢆ⾜࠺ࠋࡑࡋ࡚ᙼࡣ࠶ࡿせ࡞๓ᥦࡀㄗ ␎࡞ࡀࡽᡭࡍࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋᡃࠎࡣࡑ࠺ࡋࡓ㆟ㄽࢆ➨ ❶࠾࠸᳨࡚ドࡍ ࡾ࡛࠶ࡿࡇࢆⓎぢࡍࡿࠋලయⓗࡣࠊ࣓࣮࣮࢝ࡀࢹࢨࣥ⥅⥆ⓗᢞ ࡿࠋ ㈨ࢆ⾜࠺ືᶵ࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡶࡢࡣࠊ୍ᐃࡢࢹࢨࣥಖㆤࡢỈ‽࠸࠺ࡼࡾ ⤒῭Ꮫ⪅ࡣࠊࡢ♫⌮ㄽᏛ⪅ࡸᨻ⌮ㄽᏛ⪅ྠᵝࠊpower 㛵ᚰࡀ ࡶࠊࡴࡋࢁᕷሙࡢᅽຊ࡛࠶ࡿ࠸࠺ࡇࢆⓎぢࡍࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡉࡽࠊ⌧ ࠶ࡿࠋ⤒῭Ꮫ⪅ࡣࡋࡤࡋࡤᕷሙᨭ㓄ຊࠊࡘࡲࡾࡈࡃ⡆༢࠸࠼ࡤࠊ㝈⏺㈝ ᐇࡢࢹࢨࣥᢞ㈨Ỉ‽ࡀ⾲ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡶࡢࡣࠊᐇ㝿ࡣ⮬ື㌴࣓࣮࣮࢝ࡢ㈝ ⏝ࢆୖᅇࡿ౯᱁ࢆࡘࡅࡿࡇࡀ࡛ࡁࡿ power ᭱ࡶ㛵ᚰࢆᐤࡏ࡚࠸ࡿࠋไ ⏝ࡢ࠺ࡕࡢࡈࡃ୍㒊ࠊලయⓗࡣ ࣃ࣮ࢭࣥࢺ௨ୗࡢࡶࡢࡍࡂ࡞࠸ࠋࡇ ᗘὴ⤒῭Ꮫ࠾࠸࡚ࡣࠊpower ࡣ༢౯᱁ᶵᵓࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚ࡶࡓࡽࡉࢀࡿࡶࡢ ࡢࡇࡀពࡍࡿࡢࡣࠊࢹࢨࣥάືࡢᦆኻ࠸࠺Ⅼ㛵ࡋ࡚ࣇ࣮ࣜࣛ ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊᕷሙࢆᙧᡂࡋฟࡍࡿࡶࡢࡋ࡚ࠊࡼࡾᗈࡃᤊ࠼ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡼ ࢲ࣮ࡀࡶࡓࡽࡍ㈝⏝ࡢᙳ㡪ࡣ㠀ᖖᑠࡉ࠸ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ࠸࠺ࡇ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ ࠺ࡳ࠼ࡿࠋ➨ ❶࠾࠸࡚ᡃࠎࡣࠊ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ power ࡢ㛵ಀ㛵ࡍࡿศ ࡇ࠺ࡋ࡚ࠊࢹࢨࣥಖㆤࢆᣑࡍࡿࡇࡽᚓࡽࢀࡿࡣࡎࡢຠ⋡ᛶࡢྥୖ ᯒࢆⓎᒎࡉࡏࡿࡓࡵࠊྂⓗไᗘᏛὴࡢㄽ⪅ࡢ୍ே࡛࠶ࡿ࣋ࣈࣞࣥࡢᴗ⦼ ࡣᐇ㝿ࡣᮇᚅ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸࠸࠺ࡇࡀ᫂ࡽ࡞ࡿࠋ⮬ື㌴࣓࣮࣮࢝ࡣ ࢆ⏝ࡍࡿࠋ ⤒῭Ꮫ⪅ࡣࡲࡓࠊㄽ⌮㛵ಀࠊᙧᘧⓗ≉ᛶࠊࡑࡋ࡚₇⧢ⓗ┿ᐇ㛵ᚰࢆᐤ ࠼ࡤࠊW.M. Landes and R.A. Posner, ‘An Economic Analysis of Copyright Law’, 18 ࡏࡿࠋᡃࠎࡀඛᴫ␎ࢆ㏙ࡓ▱ⓗ㈈⏘㛵ࡍࡿ⤒῭Ꮫⓗṇᙜࡢ㆟ㄽ Journal of Legal Studies, 325 (1989); W.M. Landes and R.A. Posner, ‘Trademark Law: An ࡣࠊ᥎ㄽⓗ࡞࠸ࡋศᯒⓗ㆟ㄽࡢ୍࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡉࡽ᥎ࡋ㐍ࡵ࡚ࠊ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ Economic Perspective’, 30 Journal of Law and Economics, 265 (1987) ࢆཧ↷ࠋ ᶒࡀ࠸ࡋ࡚ཌ⏕యࡢ┈ࢆಁ㐍ࡍࡿࡢ࠸࠺ࡇࡢㄝ᫂ࢆ⾜࠺ࠊ ࢧ࣮࣋ࡋ࡚ࠊAustralian Law Reform Commission, Designs (DP 58, Australia, 1994), chapter 14 ࢆཧ↷ࠋ Industry Commission, Report on Vehicle and Recreational Marine Craft Repair and ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO ᕳ㢌ㄽᩥ 㻭㻌 㻼㼔㼕㼘㼛㼟㼛㼜㼔㼥㻌 㼛㼒㻌 㻵㼚㼠㼑㼘㼘㼑㼏㼠㼡㼍㼘㻌 㻼㼞㼛㼜㼑㼞㼠㼥㻌 㻰㼞㼍㼔㼛㼟 ᙜ࡚ࡀࡣࡎࢀࠊⴠ⫹ࡋࠊἲᚊᐙࠕ㐺ษ࡞ࠖࢆࡉࡏ࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ ➨ ❶ࡢ๓༙ࡣࠊᡤ᭷㛵ࡍࡿࣟࢵࢡࡢⴭసࡘ࠸࡚ࡢࡁࡃ␗࡞ࡗࡓ ࡞ࡪࡘࡪࡘᖹࢆ࠸࠺ࡍࡿࡇࡀ࡞ࡃ࡞ࡿࡔࢁ࠺ࠋ ࡘࡢゎ㔘ࡢㄝ᫂࠶࡚ࡽࢀࡿࠋࡇࢀࡽࡢゎ㔘ࡣࠊ࠸ࢃࡺࡿࣟࢵࢡປാᡤ᭷ ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ࡢศ㔝࠾࠸࡚ࠊࡇ࠺ࡋࡓ㈝⏝౽┈ࣉ࣮ࣟࢳࡢࡣࡶ ⌮ㄽࡀࡑࡢࡶࡗࡶࡽࡋࡉࡢᇶ┙ࢆປാࡼࡾࡶඹྠయࡢᴫᛕ a concept of ᩘከࡃࡳࡽࢀࡿࠋ᭱㐺࡞ಖㆤᮇ㛫ࢆࡵࡄࡿ㆟ㄽࡣࡑࡢ ࡘ࡛࠶ࡿ ࠋ࠾ࡑ community ࠾࠸࡚࠸ࡿ࠸࠺ࡇࢆ᫂ࡽࡍࡿࡓࡵ⏝࠸ࡽࢀࡿࠋ ࡽࡃࠊ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ศ㔝࠾࠸࡚⤒῭Ꮫࡀ࡛ࡁࡿ᭱ࡶࡁ࡞㈉⊩ࡣࠊ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ ປാ࠸࠺ࡶࡢࡣࠊ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡢᙉຊ࡞ṇᙜ⌮ㄽࢆᵓ⠏ࡍࡿࡣ࠶ࡲࡾ 㛵ࡍࡿࡉࡲࡊࡲ࡞ྲྀỴࡵࡢᖐ⤖ࢆ⤒㦂ⓗ㊧࡙ࡅࡿࡇ࡛࠶ࡿࠋᮏ᭩ࡢ ☜ᐃ࡞ᇶ┙࡛࠶ࡿ࠸࠺ࡢࡀᡃࠎࡢᙇ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡗ࡚ ᭱⤊❶࡛ᡃࠎࡀᥦ♧ࡍࡿ㐨ල⩏࠸࠺⪃࠼᪉ࡣࠊࡑࡢࡼ࠺࡞⤒῭Ꮫࡢ㈉ ࣟࢵࢡࡀ᭷ࡍࡿᐇ㉁ⓗ࡞㛵㐃ᛶ࠸࠺ࡢࡣࠊࣟࢵࢡࡸࡢ⮬↛ἲᛮᐙࡀ ⊩࠸㢗ࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡶࡋ㈝⏝౽┈ࣉ࣮ࣟࢳࢆࡶࡓ࡞ࡅࢀࡤࠊ▱ ぢ࠸ࡔࡋࡓࠊ✚ᴟⓗ࠾ࡼࡧᾘᴟⓗඹ᭷ᴫᛕᡤ᭷ࡢ㐃㛵ࠊࡘࡲࡾඹ᭷≀ ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡣ㏱᫂࡞ไᗘࡲࡿࡔࢁ࠺ࠋࡾࢃࡅࠊᅜᐙࠊ㆟ࠊࡑࡋ ࡀேࡼࡗ࡚ᡤ᭷ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿඹྠయඹ᭷≀ࡀேࡢᡤ᭷㛤ࢀ࡚ ุ࡚ᐁࡀ abstract objects ࡢቃ⏺ࢆኚ᭦ࡋࠊ▱ⓗࢥࣔࣥࢬ࠾ࡅࡿ᪂ࡓ࡞ ࠸ࡿඹྠయࡢ㐃㛵࠶ࡿࠋ➨ ❶ࡢᚋ༙ࡣࠊඹྠయࠊ▱ⓗࢥࣔࣥࢬࠊࡑ ᅖ࠸㎸ࡳࡢቃ⏺⥺ࢆタᐃࡍࡿሙྜࠊㄡࡀ┿ࡢ⪅࡛࠶ࡾᩋ⪅࡛࠶ࡿࡢ ࡋ࡚▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡢ┦㛵ಀࡘ࠸࡚᥈ồࡍࡿࠋ ࠸࠺ࡇࡀศࡽ࡞ࡃ࡞ࡗ࡚ࡋࡲ࠺ࡔࢁ࠺ࠋ ࣟࢵࢡ␗࡞ࡾࠊ࣮࣊ࢤࣝࡣ༢ᡤ᭷ࡢ㉳※ࢆ⌮ゎࡍࡿࡇࡢࡳ࡞ࡽࡎࠊ ♫ࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࡢᩥ⬦࠾ࡅࡿࡑࡢⓎᒎ⤖ᯝࡶ㛵ᚰࡀ࠶ࡿࠋ࣮࣊ࢤࣝ ᮏ᭩ྛ❶ࡢᴫほ ࡗ࡚ᡤ᭷ࡣࠊࡲࡎ➨ ಶேࡢ⏕Ꮡࡗ࡚ᇶ┙࡞ࡿ࣓࢝ࢽࢬ࣒࡛࠶ࡿࠋ ࡋࡋᡤ᭷ࡣࡲࡓࠊࡉࡲࡊࡲ࡞ᙧ࡛ඹྠయࢆỴࡉࡏࡿྍ⬟ᛶࢆ᭷ࡍࡿࡶ ᡃࠎࡣࠊ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲ࠾ࡅࡿ abstract objects ࡢṔྐࡘ࠸࡚ࡈࡃ⡆༢ ࡢ࡛ࡶ࠶ࡿࠋ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ࡣ≉ࡇࡢ✀ࡢ༴㝤ࢆࡶࡓࡽࡍࠋ ㄽࡌࡿࡇࡽጞࡵࡿࠋࡑࡢ┠ⓗࡣࠊⱥᅜἲࡀࡢࡼ࠺ࡋ࡚ abstract ࣐ࣝࢡࢫࡣࠊ࣮࣊ࢤࣝ௨ୖࠊᡤ᭷ᙧែࡘ࠸࡚ࡢㄝ᫂ⓗ࡞どⅬࢆᥦ౪ object ࡢ࢝ࢸࢦ࣮ࣜࠊ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣἲᚊᐙࡢ⏝ㄒ࡛࠸࠺ࡇࢁࡢ incorporeal ࡍࡿࠋ➨ ❶ࡣࠊ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ࡘ࠸࡚ࡢ⌮ゎࢆ῝ࡵࡿ࠺࠼࡛ࠊ࣐ࣝࢡࢫࡢ㝵 rights ࢆసࡾࡔࡍࡼ࠺࡞ࡗࡓࡢࢆ♧ࡍࡇ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇ࠺ࡋࡓᴫᛕࢆ ⣭⌮ㄽࡣ᭷┈࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࡀࠊಶே㈨ᮏᐙࡢ㌟㏕ࡿ➇தᅽຊࡘ࠸࡚ࡢ࣐ࣝ ฟࡋࡓ㉳※ࡣ࣮࣐ࣟἲ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ➨ ❶ࡣࡲࡓࠊࢥ࣭࣮ࣔࣥࣟࡢุỴ࠾࠸ ࢡࢫࡢศᯒࡣ᭷┈࡛࠶ࡿᛮࢃࢀࡿࠊ࠸࠺ࡇࢆㄽࡌࡿࠋ࣐ࣝࢡࢫࡣ⏕ ࡚ぢ࠸ࡔࡉࢀࡿ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡢṇᙜ᰿ᣐࡘ࠸࡚ᢅ࠺ࠋࢥ࣭࣮ࣔࣥࣟࡣⴭ ⏘ࡢ≀㉁ᛶᅛᇳࡋࡓࡓࡵࠊ㈨ᮏ⩏ࡢၟရ✚ࣉࣟࢭࢫࡗ࡚ࡢ సᶒ࠾ࡼࡧ≉チᶒࡢṇᙜࡢၥ㢟ྲྀࡾ⤌ࡲ࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞ࡗࡓࠋ࠸ abstract object ࡢ㔜せᛶࢆ┳㐣ࡍࡿࡇ࡞ࡗࡓࠋࡋࡋࠊ㈨ᮏ⩏ࡀᏑ⥆ ࠺ࡢࡶࠊⴭసᶒࡸ≉チᶒࡣࠊ≉ไᐃἲ௨๓ࡢᙧែ࠾࠸࡚ࡣࢥ࣭ࣔࣥࣟ ࡍࡿࡓࡵࡣ㐀ⓗປാ creative labor ࡀ㔜せ࡛࠶ࡿ࠸࠺࣐ࣝࢡࢫࡢ ࣮ࡢᇶᮏཎ๎ࠊࡘࡲࡾႠᴗࢆ⾜࠺ᅜẸࡢᶒࠊࡼࡾṇ☜ࡣྲྀᘬᕷሙཧ ㄆ㆑ࡣࠊಶࠎࡢ➇தయࡋ࡚㈨ᮏᐙࢆᤊ࠼ࡿᙼࡢ⌮ゎ┦ࡲࡗ࡚ࠊ▱ⓗ ධࡍࡿᶒࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࡽ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡢၥ㢟ᑐฎࡍࡿᴫᛕ ㈈⏘ᶒࡢ௵ົࢆ᫂☜≉ᐃࡍࡿࡇࢆྍ⬟ࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠊ࠸࠺ࡢࡀ ⨨ࡣ⮬↛ἲࡢఏ⤫ࡼࡗ࡚ࡶࡓࡽࡉࢀࡓࠋࡑࡋ࡚ࡇ࠺ࡋࡓఏ⤫ࡢᯟෆ࠾ ᡃࠎࡢᙇ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ ࠸࡚ࠊᑐ↷ⓗ࡞ṇᙜࡢࣉ࣮ࣟࢳࡀ⏕ࡳࡔࡉࢀࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ ➨ ❶ࡣࠊ⤒῭Ꮫ⪅ᑐࡍࡿ῝้࡞ᢈุࢆᥦ♧ࡍࡿࠋࡑࢀࡣࠊ⤒῭Ꮫ⪅ ࡑ࠺ࡋࡓఏ⤫ࡢ࣓ࣥࣂ࣮ࡢ୍ேࡀࠊࢪ࣭ࣙࣥࣟࢵࢡ John Locke ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ ࡣಶேࡢᕫⓗ࡞⾜ືࢆ̿ᑡ࡞ࡃࡶ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡢሙྜࡣ̿༑ศ┿ ⪃៖ࡋ࡚࠸࡞࠸࠸࠺ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡑࡢ⤖ᯝࠊ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡀࡶࡓࡽࡍ⌧ Insurance Industries (Australia,1994), 123 ࢆཧ↷ࠋ ᐇࡢ㈝⏝ࡣࠊ᭱ึᐃࡉࢀࡿࡶࡢࡼࡾࡶࡎࡗࡁ࡞ࡶࡢ࡞ࡿྍ⬟ᛶ ࡇࡢⅬࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊL. Kaplow, ‘The Patent-Antitrust Intersection: A Reappraisal’, 97 Harvard Law Review, 1815, 1823-1829 (1984) ࡢ㆟ㄽࢆཧ↷ࠋ ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO ࡀ㧗࠸ࠋࡇࢀࡽࡢ㈝⏝ࡢせᅉࡣࠊᕷሙ࠾ࡅࡿᶵ⩏ⓗ࡞ࢡࢱ࣮ࡀ᥇ ⏝ࡍࡿᢚṆᡓ␎࠶ࡿࠋ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡣࡇ࠺ࡋࡓᡓ␎ࢆ⏕ࡳࡔࡍ※Ἠ࡞ࡢ࡛ ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO ᕳ㢌ㄽᩥ 㻭㻌 㻼㼔㼕㼘㼛㼟㼛㼜㼔㼥㻌 㼛㼒㻌 㻵㼚㼠㼑㼘㼘㼑㼏㼠㼡㼍㼘㻌 㻼㼞㼛㼜㼑㼞㼠㼥㻌 㻰㼞㼍㼔㼛㼟 ࠶ࡿࠋ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡣࡢᡤ᭷ᙧែࡼࡾࡶὴ㛸ࡢၥ㢟ࢆᣍࡁࡸࡍ࠸ࠋ 〇ᶒࡸබࡢᐇ₇ᶒ࡞ࡀ࠶ࡿࠋⴭసᶒࡢಖㆤࡣࠊᚑ᮶ࡢᶒࡢᣑᙇ㸦࠼ ➨ ❶࠾࠸࡚ᬯ♧ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡢࡣࠊ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ power ࡢ㛵ಀ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ ࡤࠊᩥᏛసရࡋ࡚ࢥࣥࣆ࣮ࣗࢱ࣭ࢯࣇࢺ࢙࢘ࢆಖㆤࡍࡿࡇ㸧ࢆ㏻ࡌ ࡇࡢ㛵ಀࡢᮏ㉁ࡣࠊ➨ ❶࠾࠸࡚ศᯒࡀ࡞ࡉࢀࡿࠋᡃࠎࡢᙇࡣࠊᡤ᭷ ࡚ḟ➨ᣑࡉࢀࠊࡲࡓ᪂ࡓ࡞ᑐ㇟ศ㔝㸦࠼ࡤࠊࢧ࢘ࣥࢻ࣭ࣞࢥ࣮ࢹ ࡣᨭ㓄ᶒ࣓࢝ࢽࢬ࣒ sovereignty mechanism ࡛࠶ࡾࠊࡑࢀࡣ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ࡢ ࣥࢢࡸᫎ⏬㸧ࡶᣑࡉࢀ࡚ࡁࡓࠋ ሙྜࡣᨭ㓄ᶒຠᯝ sovereignty effects ࢆࡶࡘ࠸࠺ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡢ➨ ≉チἲࡣⓎ᫂ࢆಖㆤࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡑࡢಖㆤࡣࠊⓎ᫂ᛶࡸ᪂つᛶࢆࡣࡌࡵ ❶࡛ࡣࠊabstract object ࡢᮏ㉁ࡘ࠸࡚➨ ❶ࡼࡾࡶヲࡋ࠸ศᯒࢆ⾜࠺ࠋ ࡍࡿࡉࡲࡊࡲ࡞せ௳ࡢ㊊ࢆ᮲௳ࡍࡿࠋពἲࡣᕤᴗ〇ရࡢእほࡘ࠸ abstract objects ࡣ୍✀ࡢ㔜せ࡞㈨ᮏ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ↓య≀ࡣࡉࡽࠕேⓗ౫Ꮡࠖ ࡚ᢅ࠺ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ㸦ࢺࣞࡢ౽ჾࡢእほࡣពⓏ㘓ࡢᑐ㇟࡞ࡾ࠺ࡿࠋ 㛵ಀࢆࡶసࡾࡔࡍࠋࡑ࠺ࡍࡿࡇ࡛ࠊabstract objects ࡣ࠶ࡿ✀ࡢᙉไⓗ࡞ ᙮ീࡢᙧ≧ࡣⴭసᶒಖㆤࡢၥ㢟࡞ࡿࠋ㸧ၟᶆἲࡣᴗ⪅ࡀ⮬ၟရ࣭ᙺ ㄳồࢆᐇ⌧ྍ⬟࡞ࡶࡢࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ ົࢆ㆑ูࡍࡿࡓࡵ⏝࠸ࡿᶆ㆑ sign ࢆಖㆤࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ ࠕᶆ㆑ࠖࡣ abstract objects ࡣᇶᮏ㈈ primary good ࡢ ࡘ࡛࠶ࡿࠋᡃࠎࡣࡑࢀࡽࡢ ࡛ࡣᗈ⠊࡞ពࢆ᭷ࡋ࡚࠾ࡾࠊࡑࢀࡣ㤶ࡾࡸ㡢ࡶྵࡲࢀࡿࠋ ศ㓄ࡘ࠸࡚つ⠊ⓗ⪃࠼࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ࠋ➨ ❶ࡣࠊ࣮ࣟࣝࢬࡢṇ⩏ ṇ➇த㜵Ṇἲࡣ₍↛ࡋࡓ㡿ᇦ࡛࠶ࡿࠋᕤᴗᡤ᭷ᶒࡢಖㆤ㛵ࡍࡿࣃ ㄽࡢࡶ࡛▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡢ㐠⏝ࡣࡢࡼ࠺࡞ࡿࡢ࠸࠺ࡇࢆᑜࡡࡿࠋ ࣜ᮲⣙ ᖺ ࡢᨵṇᚋࡢ᮲ࡢ ࡣࠊᕤᴗୖࡲࡓࡣၟᴗୖࡢබṇ࡞័ ᭱⤊❶ࡣࠊ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲࡢⓎᒎࢆᨭ㓄ࡍࡿࡼ࠺࡞ࡗࡓಙ᮲ࡢ ࡘࡀ㈈⏘ᶒ ⩦ࡍࡿࡍ࡚ࡢ➇த⾜Ⅽࡣṇ➇த⾜Ⅽࢆᵓᡂࡍࡿࠊつᐃࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ ඃ㉺⩏ proprietarianism ࡛࠶ࡿࡇࢆㄽࡌࡿࠋࡑࡋ࡚ྠ❶࡛ࡣࠊ㈈⏘ᶒ ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡢศ㔝ࡢ୰࡛ࡣ୍␒ࠊṇ➇த㛵㐃ࡍࡿἲᚊࡀྛᅜ࡛ᴟࡵ࡚ ඃ㉺⩏ࡢ௦᭰ࡋ࡚㐨ල⩏ࢆᥦࡍࡿࠋ㐨ල⩏ࡣ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࢆ⮬ ከᵝ࡞᪉ྥⓎᒎࢆ㐙ࡆ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ ⏤ࢆᐖࡍࡿ≉ู࡞≉ᶒ࡛࠶ࡿࡳ࡞ࡍࠋ㈈⏘ᶒඃ㉺⩏ࡢᙳ㡪ࡢࡶ࡛ ࢺ࣮ࣞࢻ࣭ࢩ࣮ࢡࣞࢵࢺἲࡣࠊ㠀㛤♧㑅ᢥࡀ࡞ࡉࢀࡓၟᴗⓗ᭷⏝࡞ᢏ ࡣࠊࡇࢀࡽࡢ≉ᶒࡣᾘᴟⓗ⮬⏤ᑐࡋ࡚ࡁ࡞⬣ጾࢆࡶࡓࡽࡍࡼ࠺࡞ࡿࠋ ⾡ሗᑐࡍࡿಖㆤࢆᥦ౪ࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋྠ୍ࡢ abstract object ࡣ」ᩘ ᮏ᭩ࡀᥦၐࡍࡿ㐨ල⩏ࡣࠊࣄ࣮࣐ࣗࢽࢬ࣒ࡢཎ๎ࡼࡗ࡚ᑟࢀࡿ⮬↛ ࡢ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲศ㔝ࡢࡶ࡛ಖㆤࢆཷࡅࡿྍ⬟ᛶࡀ࠶ࡿࠋࣝࢦࣜࢬ࣒ࡣࠊ ⩏ⓗ⤒㦂⩏ࡢᙧࢆࡿࠋ ≉チἲࠊⴭసᶒἲࠊࢺ࣮ࣞࢻ࣭ࢩ࣮ࢡࣞࢵࢺἲࡢࡶ࡛ಖㆤࢆཷࡅࡿྍ⬟ ᛶࢆ⛎ࡵ࡚࠸ࡿࠋᶆ㆑ࡣࠊၟᶆ࡛࠶ࡿྠⱁ⾡సရ࡛࠶ࡿࡶࡋࢀ࡞ ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡢᑐ㇟ศ㔝㛵ࡍࡿࣀ࣮ࢺ ࠸ࠋ࠶ࡿᑐ㇟ᑐࡍࡿಖㆤࡢ㑅ᢥࡣࠊࣅࢪࢿࢫᡓ␎ࡢၥ㢟࡛࠶ࡿࠋྛἲไ ᗘࡣ␗࡞ࡗࡓ࣓ࣜࢵࢺࢹ࣓ࣜࢵࢺࢆ᭷ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࣜࣂ࣮ࢫ࣭࢚ࣥࢪࢽ ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡢఏ⤫ⓗ࡞せศ㔝㥆ᰁࡳࡢ࡞࠸ㄞ⪅ࡢࡓࡵࠊࡇࡇ࡛࠶ ࣜࣥࢢࡀᐜ᫆࡞〇ရ㸦࠼ࡤᶵᲔ㸧ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊࢺ࣮ࣞࢻ࣭ࢩ࣮ࢡࣞࢵࢺ ࠼࡚㐣ᗘ༢⣧ࡋࡓゎㄝࢆᒎ㛤ࡋ࡚࠾ࡇ࠺ࠋࡇࢀࡽࡢศ㔝ࡣ㏻ᖖࠊไᐃ ࡢಖㆤࡼࡾࡶ≉チಖㆤࢆ㑅ᢥࡍࡿ࠺ࡀᮃࡲࡋ࠸ࠋ࡞ࡐ࡞ࡽࠊࢺ࣮ࣞࢻ࣭ ἲࡼࡗ࡚つᚊࡉࢀࡿࠋࡇࢀࡽࡢไᐃἲࡢෆᐜࡣྛᅜࡢᅜᐙᨻ⟇ࡢၥ㢟࡛ ࢩ࣮ࢡࣞࢵࢺἲࡣࠊ⊂❧ࡢ㛤Ⓨ⪅ᑐࡍࡿᶒ⾜ࢆㄆࡵ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࡽ࡛ ࠶ࡿࡀࠊ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒಖㆤࡢ᭱పỈ‽ minimum standards ࢆつᐃࡍࡿᅜ㝿 ࠶ࡿࠋ≉チಖㆤక࠺ ࡘࡢၥ㢟ࡣࠊ᭷㝈ࡢಖㆤᮇ㛫࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡶࡋࣜࣂ࣮ ᮲⣙ࡣቑຍࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ୍⯡ࠊ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲࡣ㛵㐃ࡍࡿᑐ㇟⚾᭷㈈⏘ᶒࢆ ࢫ࣭࢚ࣥࢪࢽࣜࣥࢢࡀᐜ᫆ࡣ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸〇ရ࡛࠶ࢀࡤ㸦ࢥ࣭࢝ࢥ࣮ࣛࡢ タࡍࡿࠋࡇࡢࡇࡣࠊ࠼ࡤࠊ≉チᶒࡢㆡΏࡸࣛࢭࣥࢫࡀྍ⬟࡛࠶ࡿ ࣞࢩࣆࡀࡇࡢ࢝ࢸࢦ࣮ࣜධࡿ࠸ࢃࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ㸧ࠊࢺ࣮ࣞࢻ࣭ࢩ࣮ࢡࣞࢵ ࠸࠺ࡇࢆពࡍࡿࠋ≉チᶒࡢࡼ࠺࡞୍㒊ࡢᶒࡣಖㆤᮇ㛫ࡀ㝈ᐃࡉࢀ ࢺࡢಖㆤ㢗ࡿ࠺ࡀᮃࡲࡋ࠸ࠋ࡞ࡐ࡞ࡽࠊ୍ᐃࡢ᮲௳ࢆ㊊ࡍࢀࡤࠊࡑ ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࢀᑐࡋࠊࡢᶒࠊ࠼ࡤၟᶆᶒࡣಖㆤᮇ㛫ࡢ㝈ᐃࡀ࡞࠸ࠋ ࡢಖㆤࡣ↓㝈⥆ࡃࡽ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ ⴭసᶒࡣࠊᩥᏛసရࡸⱁ⾡సရࡢࡼ࠺࡞ఏ⤫ⓗᩥⓗⴭస≀ᑐࡍࡿⴭస ⪅ࡢᶒࢆྲྀࡾᢅ࠺ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋⴭస⪅ࡀྲྀᚓࡍࡿᶒࡢࡋ࡚ࡣࠊ」 ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO ᕳ㢌ㄽᩥ 㻭㻌 㻼㼔㼕㼘㼛㼟㼛㼜㼔㼥㻌 㼛㼒㻌 㻵㼚㼠㼑㼘㼘㼑㼏㼠㼡㼍㼘㻌 㻼㼞㼛㼜㼑㼞㼠㼥㻌 㻰㼞㼍㼔㼛㼟 ➨㸰❶ ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡢṇᙜ㸸㉳※㐳ࡗ࡚㻌 ࡿࠋࢫ࢟ࢼ࣮ࡢ᪉ἲㄽⓗᙇࡣࠊᨻဴᏛࡢᇶᮏⓗㅖᴫᛕ㛵ࡍࡿ⌧ ᅾࡢពࡣࠊࡇࢀࡽㅖᴫᛕࡢṔྐⓗ⣔ิࢆࡑࢀࡒࢀࡓࡾࠊࡑࢀࡽࢆ ࡞ࡐṔྐ࡞ࡢ㸽 ⏝ࡍࡿ⪅ࡢ♫ⓗࢥࣥࢸࢡࢫࢺࡑࢀࡽࡢ⏝ࢆྲྀࡾᕳࡃ๓ᥦࡢ᪉ࢆ ᫂ࡽࡍࡿࠊゝㄒᏛⓗศᯒࢆ㏻ࡋ࡚ࡢࡳ⌮ゎ࡛ࡁࡿ࠸࠺ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ ṔྐࡣဴᏛࡗ࡚㔜せ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡶࡋࡑ࠺࡛࡞ࡅࢀࡤࠊဴᏛⓗ࡞ศᯒస ࢫ࢟ࢼ࣮ࡀᛕ㢌࠾࠸࡚࠸ࡿࠊဴᏛⓗࠊṔྐⓗࠊゝㄒᏛⓗศᯒࡽ࡞ࡿ」 ᴗࡣࡼࡾ༢⣧࡞ࡶࡢ࡞ࡿ࡛࠶ࢁ࠺ࡽࠊ࠸ຓࡿࡢࡔࡅࢀࡶࠋ࡞ ྜⓗ࡞ࢤ࣮࣒ศᯒࡣࠊ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡢᩥ⬦࠾࠸࡚ᐇࡉࢀࡓࡇࡣ࡞࠸ࠋ ࡐ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡢศᯒఱࡽࡢṔྐࡀᑟධࡉࢀࡿࡁ࠸࠺ࡇ㛵 ࡑ࠺ࡋࡓศᯒࡣᮏ᭩࡛ࡶ⾜ࢃ࡞࠸ࠋࡇࢀࡣ᫂ࡽᑓ㛛ᐙࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ ࡋ࡚ࡣࠊᑡ࡞ࡃࡶ ࡘࡢ⌮⏤ࡀ࠶ࡿࠋ➨ ࠊศᯒసᴗࢆ⾜࠺࠺࠼࡛㑅 ࡋࡋࠊࢫ࢟ࢼ࣮ࡢ୍⯡ⓗ࡞᪉ἲㄽⓗᙇࡣࠊ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡢဴᏛࡀ࡞ࡐṔ ᢥࡉࢀࡿࡶࡋࢀ࡞࠸୍㒊ࡢဴᏛⓗᯟ⤌ࡳࡣࠊᚲ↛ⓗṔྐࢆ⏝ࡍࡿࡶ ྐ⫼ࢆྥࡅ࡚ࡣ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ࡢ࠸࠺ࡇ㛵ࡍࡿูࡢ⌮⏤ࢆᥦ౪ࡍࡿࠋ ࡢࡔࡽ࡛࠶ࡿࠋྐⓗ၏≀ㄽ࠸࠺࣐ࣝࢡࢫࡢ⌮ㄽࢆ㸦༢⣧ࡘᶵᲔⓗ㸧 ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡢဴᏛࡀᑡ࡞ࡃࡶఱࡽࡢṔྐࢆᚲせࡍࡿ࠸࠺ࡇ 㐺⏝ࡋ࡞ࡀࡽࠊ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡣ㈨ᮏ⩏♫ࡢⓎᒎ࠾ࡅࡿᕤᴗ㸦࠾ࡑࡽ ࡢㄽドࢆࡋ⤊࠼ࡿࠊࡍࡄࡑࡢḟࡢసᴗࡋ࡚ࠊᡃࠎࡣ⌧ᅾࡢ┠ⓗ㚷 ࡃࡣ⬺ᕤᴗ㸧ẁ㝵ᑐᛂࡍࡿୖ㒊ᵓ㐀⌧㇟࡛࠶ࡿ࠸࠺ᙇࢆ࡞ࡍ⪅ࡀ ࡳ࡚ྐᩱࡢ⏝⠊ᅖࢆ㝈ᐃࡋ࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ࠋ᫂ࡽࠊⴭసᶒࡸ≉チ ࠸ࡿࡶࡋࢀ࡞࠸ ࠋࡑࡢࡼ࠺࡞ㄝ᫂ࡣࠊṔྐⓗドᣐࡼࡗ࡚ࡢࡳጇᙜ࡞ ไᗘࡢࡼ࠺࡞ࠊ࠶ࡿ ࡘࡢ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ไᗘ㛵ࡍࡿᅜᐙࡢṔྐ࠸࠺ࡶࡢࡣࠊ ࡶࡢ࡞ࡾ࠼ࡿࡔࢁ࠺ࠋ ࡑࢀࡔࡅ࡛⊂❧ࡋࡓ◊✲ᑐ㇟࡞ࡾ࠺ࡿࡔࢁ࠺ࠋࡾṔྐⓗ◊✲ࡢ⠊ᅖ ➨ ࠊṔྐࡣ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡢ⤒῭ศᯒࡸᖐ⤖⩏ⓗศᯒࡗ࡚ࡶ㔜せ ࢆ࣮ࣚࣟࢵࣃㅖᅜ࠾ࡅࡿไᐃἲࡸุᐁࡢ㐀ࡋࡓἲ judge-made law ࡔࡽ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࢀࡽࡢࢱࣉࡢࣉ࣮ࣟࢳࡣࠊ⚟♴ࠊ⤒῭ᡂ㛗ࠊᩥಖ ไ㝈ࡋࡓࡋ࡚ࡶࠊఱୡ⣖ࡶཬࡪ⭾࡞ྐᩱࡀᏑᅾࡍࡿࠋ ࠕ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ࠖ ㆤࠊࢡ࢚ࣜࢸࣅࢸᑐࡍࡿሗዡ➼࠸ࡗࡓ୍ᐃࡢつᐃࡉࢀࡓ┠ᶆࡢ intellectual property ࠸࠺ㄒࡣࠊ࠸⊂❧ࡋ࡚ࠊ␗࡞ࡿ௦␗࡞ࡿ ᐇ⌧ࡗ࡚᭷┈࡛࠶ࡿࡇࢆ⌮⏤ࠊ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡢタࢆṇᙜࡍࡿ࡛ ሙᡤ࡛ㄌ⏕ࡋࡓἲไᗘ⩌ࢆᣦࡋ♧ࡍࠊୡ⣖࠾ࡅࡿ୍⯡ྡ⛠࡛࠶ࡿࠋ ࠶ࢁ࠺ࠋࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞ࣉ࣮ࣟࢳࡗ࡚ࠊṔྐୖࡢᐇ㝿ࡢࢹ࣮ࢱࡣࠊ࣭ ࠼ࡤࠊࣥࢢࣛࣥࢻࡣࠊᖺࣥἲ Act of Anne ࡤࢀࡿⴭస ࣉࣜ࢜ࣜ࡞⌮ㄽࡼࡾࡶ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡢຠᯝࢆ⌮ゎࡍࡿ࠺࠼࡛ዲࡲࡋ࠸㈨ᩱ ᶒἲࢆୡ⏺࡛ึࡵ࡚ไᐃࡋࡓᅜ࡛࠶ࡿࡋࡤࡋࡤㄆࡵࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡲࡓࠊ ࡞ࡿ࡛࠶ࢁ࠺ࠋ➨ ࠊṔྐⓗ࡞どⅬࡣࠊࢡ࢙ࣥࢸ࣭ࣥࢫ࢟ࢼ࣮ ࣋ࢿࢳேࡣୡ⏺࡛᭱ึࡢ≉チἲࢆไᐃࡋࡓ⪃࠼ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡋࡋࠊ Quentin Skinner ࡀᨻဴᏛࡢ㛵ಀ࡛ㄝ᫂ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡼ࠺࡞⌮⏤࡛ࠊ▱ⓗ ࡢࡼ࠺࡞ሙྜ࡛ࡶࠊ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲࡢṔྐࡣไᐃἲࡽጞࡲࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࢃࡅ࡛ ㈈⏘ᶒࡢဴᏛⓗ┦㛵ࡍࡿᡃࠎࡢ⌮ゎࢆ῝ࡵ࡚ࡃࢀࡿࡶࡢࡔࡽ࡛࠶ ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋࣥࢢࣛࣥࢻ࠾ࡅࡿⴭసᶒࡸ≉チᶒࡣࠊࡶࡶᅜ⋤ᶒ Tully (ed.), Meaning and Context: Quentin Skinner and his Critics (Cambridge, 1988) ࢆཧ ࡇࢀࡣࠊ࣐ࣝࢡࢫ⩏⪅ࡀ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᑐࡋ࡚ᚲ↛ⓗࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞᪉ἲ࡛ࣉ࣮ࣟ ⢭⚄ྐ࠾࠸࡚⏕ࡌ࡚࠸ࡿࡼ࠺ࡳ࠼ࡿࡇ࠺ࡋࡓ㆟ㄽࡢ㞺ᅖẼࡋ࡚ࠊJ. ࢳࡍࡿ࠸࠺ࡇࢆ࠸ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࢃࡅ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋ࣐ࣝࢡࢫࡢឤࢆཷࡅࡓఏ⤫ࡢ୰ ↷ࠋࡇࡢࠊD. LaCapra and S. Kaplan (eds.), Modern European Intellectual History: ࡣࠊࡼࡾ」㞧ࠊࡘࡼࡾࢽࣗࣥࢫࢆࡶ࡞ࡗࡓἲࡢศᯒࢆ⾜࠺㆟ㄽࡶᏑᅾࡍࡿࠋ Reappraisals and New Perspectives (Ithaca, N.Y., 1982) ࡶཧ↷ࠋ ࠼ࡤࠊK. Renner, The Institutions of Private Law (O. Kahn-Freunded., A. Schwarzchild tr., London, 1949); E.B. Pashukanis, Law and Marxism: A General Theory (C. Arthur ed., B. ⏝ࡉࢀࡓࡢࡣࠊᖺ௦ධࡗ࡚ࡽ࡛࠶ࡿࡼ࠺ᛮࢃࢀࡿࠋA. Bogsch, Brief Einhorn tr., London, 1978) ࢆཧ↷ࠋⴭసᶒἲࢆ⏝࠸࡚ࡑࡢἲ⌮ㄽࡢ୍㒊ࡢせ⣲ࢆᵓ⠏ History of the First 25 Years of the World Intellectual Property Organization (Geneva, ࡍࡿ࣐ࣝࢡࢫ⩏ⓗ࡞ㄽἲࡋ࡚ࠊB. Edelman, Ownership of the Image (E. Kingdom 1992), 8 ࢆཧ↷ࠋ tr., London, Boston, Henley, 1979) ࢆཧ↷ࠋ ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO ᕤᴗᡤ᭷ᶒⴭసᶒࡢ᪉ࢆᣦࡋ♧ࡍ⏝ㄒࡋ࡚ࠕ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ࠖ࠸࠺ㄒࡀึࡵ࡚ S. Ricketson, The Law of Intellectual Property (Sydney, 1984), 860-861. ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO ᕳ㢌ㄽᩥ 㻭㻌 㻼㼔㼕㼘㼛㼟㼛㼜㼔㼥㻌 㼛㼒㻌 㻵㼚㼠㼑㼘㼘㼑㼏㼠㼡㼍㼘㻌 㻼㼞㼛㼜㼑㼞㼠㼥㻌 㻰㼞㼍㼔㼛㼟 prerogativeࠊ≉ᶒ privilegeࠊ࠾ࡼࡧ⊂༨ monopoly ࠸࠺」㞧࡞ไᗘ ࣮࢜ࢯࢻࢵࢡࢫ࡞ṇᙜ᰿ᣐࡢホ౯ࢆᨭࡍࡿⅬ࠶ࡿࡔࢁ࠺ࠋ⌧ࠊᮏ ࡽ⏕ࡲࢀࡓࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋྠᵝࠊࣟࢩࢆྵࡵࡓከࡃࡢ࣮ࣚࣟࢵࣃㅖᅜ ᭩᳨࡛ウࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿṔྐࡣࠊࡉࡲࡊࡲ࡞♫ࡀࡑࡢไᗘⓗ࡞⤌⧊࠾ࡼࡧつ ࡛ࡣࠊᕤⱁᢏ⾡ࢆつไࡍࡿᅜ⋤௧ royal decrees ࡸ≉ᶒ࠸࠺」㞧࡞ไᗘ ⠊ࡢほⅬࡽே㢮ࡢࢡ࢚ࣜࢸࣅࢸ̿⛉Ꮫⓗ࠾ࡼࡧ㠀⛉Ꮫⓗ࡞ࡶࡢ ࡀᏑᅾࡋࡓ ࠋ ࡢ୧᪉ࢆྵࡴ̿ࢆዡບࡋ⏝ࡋ࡚ࡁࡓ㐣⛬㛵ࡍࡿࠊ୍㐃ࡢṔྐ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ ᮏ❶࡛ࡣࠊ ࡘࡢసᴗࡀྐᩱࡢ㑅ูࢆつᐃࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ➨ ࡢసᴗࡣࠊ▱ ࢆᣲࡆ࡚ㄝ᫂ࡍࡿࠊ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡢタࢆṇᙜࡍࡿࡓࡵ⏝࠸ࡽࢀࡿ ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡢἲⓗศ㢮㛵ಀࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ ࡘࡢྍ⬟ᛶࡣࠊⱥᅜ㈈⏘ἲ ᇶᮏⓗ࡞㆟ㄽࡢᙧࡣࠊ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡣ≉ᐃࡢᶒࡢ㐺⏝ᑐ㇟࡞ࡿάືᚑ ࠾ࡅࡿ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡢศ㢮᪉ἲࡽࠊᡃࠎࡣ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡢఱࡽࡢဴᏛ ࡍࡿࣥࢭࣥࢸࣦࢆேࠎ࠼ࡿ࠸࠺ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡢ㆟ㄽࡼࢀ ⓗὝᐹࢆᚓࡽࢀࡿࡶࡋࢀ࡞࠸࠸࠺ࡇ࡛࠶ࡿࠋⱥᅜ㈈⏘ἲࡢෆ㒊ࡳ ࡤࠊ≉チᶒࡣⓎ᫂ࢆዡບࡍࡿࡓࡵࡢࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋⓎ᫂ࡸࣀࣦ࢙࣮ࢩࣙࣥ ࡽࢀࡿ⊂⮬ࡢศ㢮ᵓ㐀ࡣࠊᡃࠎࡀ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡢᛶ㉁ࢆ⌮ゎࡍࡿࡢ᭷┈࡛ ࡢಁ㐍ࢆᮃࡴ♫ࡗ࡚ࠊ㈈⏘ᶒ࠸࠺ࡶࡢࡀ၏୍ࡢᡭẁ࡛࠶ࡿࡢ ࠶ࡿࡶࡋࢀ࡞࠸ࠋࡇࡢࡇࡣࠊࡑࡢࡼ࠺࡞ἲⓗᛶ㉁ࡑࢀ⮬యࡀ୍ᐃࡢ᪤ ࠺ࢆṔྐࡣᡃࠎᩍ࠼࡚ࡃࢀࡿࡔࢁ࠺ࠋ୰⳹ᖇᅜ Imperial China ࡣࠊ ᏑࡢဴᏛⓗᛮࡸస⏝ᇶ♏ࢆ࠾ࡃࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࡍࢀࡤࠊࡾࢃࡅᙜ࡚ࡣ ⛉Ꮫࣀࣦ࢙࣮ࢩࣙࣥ࠾࠸࡚┠ぬࡲࡋ࠸ᡂᯝࢆᣲࡆࡓ♫ࡢ୍࡛ ࡲࡿࠋࡇ࠺ࡋࡓྍ⬟ᛶࡣ㍍どࡉࢀࡿࡁ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋᚋ࡛ࡳࡿࡼ࠺ࠊ▱ⓗ ࠶ࡿࡀࠊ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡸࡑࢀྠ➼ࡢ័⩦㢗ࡗ࡚࠸࡞ࡗࡓࠋ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ ㈈⏘ᶒࢆ incorporeal rights ࡋ࡚ἲⓗศ㢮ࡍࡿࡇࡣࠊ┤ࡕ abstract ᶒࠊ⛉Ꮫࠊ⤒῭Ⓨᒎ࠸࠺୕⪅ࡢ㛵㐃ᛶࡣࠊᚲ↛ⓗࡘᬑ㐢ⓗ necessary objects ࠸࠺ဴᏛⓗᴫᛕ⤖ࡧࡘࡃࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡢဴᏛⓗᴫᛕ㈈⏘ and universal ࡞ࡶࡢ࠸࠺ࡼࡾࡣࠊഅⓎⓗࡘᆅᇦⓗ contingent and ᴫᛕࡢ⼥ྜࡣࠊ➨ ❶࡛㏙ࡿࡼ࠺ࠊ⌧௦ࡢ⤒῭ࢩࢫࢸ࣒࠾ࡅࡿᶒ local ࡞ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ࠸࠺ࡇࢆṔྐࡣᡃࠎᩍ࠼࡚ࡃࢀࡿ࡛࠶ࢁ࠺ࠋ ຊࡢᇶ♏ࡀ abstract objects ࡢᨭ㓄ᶓࡓࢃࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ࠸࠺㆟ㄽࡗ࡚㔜 ࡑ࠺ࡋࡓṔྐⓗᢈุⓗ◊✲ࡀᐤࡋ࠺ࡿࡢ┠ⓗࡶᏑᅾࡍࡿࠋࡑ࠺ࡋࡓ せ࡞ࡶࡢ࡞ࡿࠋ ◊✲ࡣࠊ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒ㛵ࡍࡿᡃࠎࡢศᯒࡀ㝗ࡾࡀࡕ࡞࣮ࣚࣟࢵࣃ୰ᚰᚿྥ ἲⓗྐᩱࡘ࠸࡚ࡢ➨ ࡢ⏝㏵ࡣࠊึᮇࡢⱥᅜⴭసᶒἲࡸ≉チἲࡳࡽ ࡢぢ᪉ࢆ⦆ࡋ࡚ࡃࢀࡿࡔࢁ࠺ࠋࡑࡇࡽᚓࡽࢀࡿドᣐࡣࠊ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ࡣ ࢀࡿṇᙜ᰿ᣐࢆ᳨ドࡍࡿ࠸࠺ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋᙜ↛࡞ࡀࡽࠊဴᏛ⪅ࡣࡇࢀ ࡉࡲࡊࡲ࡞♫ࡼࡾࡉࡲࡊࡲ࡞ᙧ࡛タᐃࡉࢀ࡚ࡁࡓከᵝ࡞ᴫᛕ࡛࠶ࡿ ࡽࡢṇᙜ᰿ᣐᣊ᮰ࡉࢀࡿࡶࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋࡇ࠺ࡋࡓྐᩱࡣࠊ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒ ࠸ ࠺ ࡇ ࢆ ♧ ၀ ࡋ ࡚ ࠸ ࡿ ࠋ ࣟ ࣮ ࢘ Lowie ࡢ ே 㢮 Ꮫ ⓗ ◊ ✲ ࡣ ࠊ 㛵ࡍࡿึᮇࡢṇᙜࣉ࣮ࣟࢳࡀᴟࡵ࡚㐨ලⓗ࡞ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡗࡓ࠸࠺ incorporeal property㸦↓య㈈⏘㸧࠸࠺ᴫᛕࠊࡾࢃࡅ≉チ࠾ࡼࡧⴭసᶒ ᙇࢆ࡙ࡅࡿࡓࡵ⏝࠸ࡽࢀࡿࠋᮏ᭩ࡢ᭱⤊❶࡛ࡣࠊ㐨ලⓗ࡞ែᗘࡀ▱ ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒ࠾ࡅࡿ⌮ㄽⓎᒎࢆ≉ᚩ࡙ࡅࡿࡁ࡛࠶ࡿ࠸࠺つ⠊ⓗ㆟ㄽࢆ ᒎ㛤ࡍࡿࡓࡵࠊࡇ࠺ࡋࡓྐᩱࡀࡼࡾ㢖⦾⏝ࡉࢀࡿࡇ࡞ࡿࠋ Science and Civilization in China (Cambridge at the University Press, 1954 v.1) ࢩ࣮ࣜࢬ సᴗࢆ㛤ጞࡍࡿ๓ࠊ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒไᗘࡢᢈุⓗホ౯࠾࠸࡚Ṕྐࡀᯝࡓ ࡋ࠺ࡿᙺࡘ࠸࡚ࡢࠊࡼࡾ୍⯡ⓗ࡞⪃ᐹࢆಠ▔ࡋ࡚࠾ࡇ࠺ࠋṔྐ࠸࠺ ࡢࡣ୍✀ࡢ≉Ṧ࡞≀ㄒ࡛࠶ࡿࡀࠊ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡣࡼࡾከࡃࡢṔྐⓗᢈุⓗ≀ J. Needham, The Grand Titration (London, 1969)ࢆཧ↷ࠋࡇࡢࠊJ. Needham, ࡢྛᕳࡶཧ↷ࠋ ࡇࡢࡇࡣḟࡢࡼ࠺࡞ၥ㢟ࢆᥦ㉳ࡍࡿࠋࡍ࡞ࢃࡕࠊ୰⳹ᖇᅜࡣ࠸ࡋ࡚ࠊ▱ⓗ ㈈⏘ᶒࡀᏑᅾࡋ࡞࠸≧ἣ࠾࠸࡚ࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞㍤ࡋ࠸ᐇ⦼ࢆᡴࡕ❧࡚ࡿࡇࡀ࡛ ࡁࡓࡢࠊ࠸࠺ࡇ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࢀࡣ⛉Ꮫᢏ⾡ྐࡢ◊✲⪅ࡗ࡚ࡢㄢ㢟࡛࠶ࡿࠋ ㄒࢆᚲせࡍࡿศ㔝࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡑ࠺ࡋࡓ≀ㄒࡢ ࡘࡢ┠ⓗࡣࠊ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡢ ࡋࡋࠊ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡀఱࡽᙺࢆᯝࡓࡉ࡞ࡗࡓ࠸࠺ࡇࡣ࠸ࡀ࡞࠸ࠋ୰⳹ ᖇᅜࡣ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒ┦ᙜࡍࡿἲⓗ࡞࠸ࡋ័⩦ⓗ࡞ไᗘࡣᏑᅾࡋ࡞ࡗࡓࡽ࡛ F. Machlup and E. Penrose, ‘The Patent Controversy in the Nineteenth Century’, 10 The ࠶ࡿࠋW.P. Alford, ‘Don’t Stop Thinking About … Yesterday: Why There was No Indige- Journal of Economic History, 1, 2 (1950) ࢆཧ↷ࠋࣟࢩ㛵ࡋ࡚ࡣࠊJ. Vojacek, A nous Counterpart to Intellectual Property Law in Imperial China’, 7 Journal of Chinese Survey of the Principal National Patent Systems (London, 1936) ࢆཧ↷ࠋ Law, 3 (1993) ࢆཧ↷ࠋ ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO ᕳ㢌ㄽᩥ 㻭㻌 㻼㼔㼕㼘㼛㼟㼛㼜㼔㼥㻌 㼛㼒㻌 㻵㼚㼠㼑㼘㼘㼑㼏㼠㼡㼍㼘㻌 㻼㼞㼛㼜㼑㼞㼠㼥㻌 㻰㼞㼍㼔㼛㼟 ࠸࠺ᴫᛕࡀࠊࣥࢲ࣐ࣥㅖᓥࡢఫẸ the Andaman Islandersࠊ࢝ே the gible property ᭷ᙧ㈈⏘ ┦ᙜ㸧 incorporeal property㸦࠾࠾ࡼࡑ intan- Kaiࠊࢥ࣮ࣜࣖࢡ᪘ the Koryakࠊ࠾ࡼࡧࣉ࣮ࣞࣥࢬ࣭ࣥࢹࣥ the gible property ↓ᙧ㈈⏘ ┦ᙜ㸧ࡢ༊ูࡘ࠸࡚ᩍࢃࡾࠊࡑࡋ࡚▱ⓗ㈈⏘ Plains Indians ࡢ㛫࡛㧗ᗘⓎᒎࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࡇࢆ᫂ࡽࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࢀ ᶒࡣ incorporeal rights ࡢ୍࡛࠶ࡿᩍࢃࡿࠋࡇࡢࡇࡀ┤ࡕᘬࡁ㉳ࡇ ࡽࡢ♫ࡣࠊすὒࡢࣉ࣮ࣟࢳࡣᑐ↷ⓗࠊࡑ࠺ࡋࡓᶒࡢㆡΏྍ⬟ᛶ ࡍศᯒⓗ࡞㞴ၥࡣࠊcorporeal rights ᭷యࡢᶒ ࡢྍ⬟ᛶࡑࡢࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ ࢆไ㝈ࡍࡿࡇࡁ࡞㛵ᚰࢆᡶࡗ࡚࠸ࡓࠋ ࡞ࡐ࡞ࡽࠊ࠶ࡽࡺࡿᶒࡣ incorporeal rights ࡛࠶ࡿ⪃࠼ࡿࡢࡀ᭱ࡶ㐺ษ ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡢṔྐࡣࡲࡓࠊ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡢ⌮ゎࢆ⤒῭Ꮫࡢࢫࢺ࣮࣮࣭ࣜࢸ ࡛࠶ࡿࡼ࠺ᛮࢃࢀࡿࡽ࡛࠶ࡿ㸦ᶒࢆ㗟࡛⪔ࡍࡢࡣᅔ㞴࡛࠶ࡿ㸧ࠋࡇ ࣮ࣛ㐣ᗘ౫ᏑࡍࡿࡇࡽᏲࡗ࡚ࡃࢀࡿࡔࢁ࠺ࠋఏ⤫ⓗ࡞⤒῭ࢼࣜ ࡢ㞴ၥᑐࡍࡿྖἲࡢゎ⟅ࡣࠊࡇࢀࡣ㞧ᢕ࡛ࡣ࠶ࡿࡀ୍⯡ⓗ࡞ゝ࠸᪉࡛ ࢫࢺࡀ㈈⏘୍⯡㛵ࡍࡿ⌮ゎࡢᡭࡀࡾࡋ࡚ṧࡍᣦᶆࡣࠊࡉࡲࡊࡲ࡞౯ ࠶ࡾࠊඛࡢ༊ูࡣᶒࡢᛶ㉁╔┠ࡋࡓࡶࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊᶒࡀゝཬࡋ࡚࠸ ್㈈⏘ ࡢ 㐃㛵ࡘ ࠸࡚ ᫂♧ⓗ ྲྀࡾ ᢅ࠺ࡶࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࡋࠊᶒຊ ࡿᑐ㇟ࡢᛶ㉁╔┠ࡋࡓࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ࠸࠺⟅࠼࡛࠶ࡿࠋ࠶ࡽࡺࡿᶒࡣ powerࠊ⤫ dominationࠊᦢྲྀ exploitationࠊ⤫ไ control ࠸ࡗࡓ incorporeal ࡛࠶ࡿࡀࠊ㈈⏘ࡢ୍㒊ࡣࡑ࠺࡛ࡣ࡞࠸࠸࠺ࢃࡅ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ ࢸ࣮࣐ࠊࡘࡲࡾṔྐᐙࡗ࡚ࡣ㠀ᖖ㥆ᰁࡳࡢ࠶ࡿࢸ࣮࣐ࢆ᫂♧ⓗྲྀ corporeal things incorporeal things ࡢ༊ูࡣࠊྂ௦࣮࣐ࣟ⚾ἲ࠾࠸࡚ ࡾᢅ࠺ࡶࡢ࡛ࡶ࡞࠸ࠋ㈈⏘ࡢ࣮ࣝࣝࡣࠊࡢ༙ࡢ࣮ࣝࣝ௨ୖࠊ୍ᐃ ࡳࡽࢀࡿࠋᡃࠎࡣࠗ࢞࢘ࢫἲᏛᥦせ࠘Institutes of Gaius ࡽ▱ࡗ࡚࠸ ࡢ♫ࡢᇶᮏⓗ࡞㐨ᚨ᰿ࡊࡍࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ࠼ࡤࠊすὒࡢⴭసᶒἲࡣࠊ ࡿࡼ࠺ࠊྂ௦࣮࣐ࣟἲࡣࠊ࠶ࡽࡺࡿἲࢆࠊேࡢἲ the law of personsࠊ ಶேࡢࢡ࢚ࣜࢸࣅࢸࡸಶேࡢᶒࡢ㔜せᛶࢆዡບࡍࡿⱁ⾡ほࢆ ≀ࡢἲ the law of thingsࠊッゴࡢἲ the law of actions ࠸࠺ ࡘศ㢮 ᫎࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡀࠊࡑࢀࡣᮾὒࡣᐇ㉁ⓗ㢮ఝࡍࡿࡶࡢࡀ࡞࠸⪃࠼᪉࡛࠶ࡿࠋ ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࠋcorporeal incorporeal ࡢ༊ูࡣࠊ≀ࡢἲ࠾࠸࡚⏕ࡌࡿࠋࡇࡢ すὒᆺࡢ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ไᗘࡀ㠀すὒㅖᅜ⛣᳜ࡉࢀࡿࡁࠊ⤒῭Ꮫࡢࢫࢺ࣮ࣜ ࡇࡣ࢞࢘ࢫࡼࡗ࡚ḟࡢࡼ࠺グ㏙ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ ࣮࣭ࢸ࣮ࣛࡢᣦᶆࡣࠊྠไᗘࡢᑟධࢆ⾜࠺ேࠎࡼࡗ࡚ᢈุⓗㄞࡳྲྀࡽ ࢀࡿᚲせࡀ࠶ࡿࠋእᅜࡢἲไᗘࣔࢹࣝࡢᑟධ㛵ࡍࡿỴᐃࡣࠊ࠸ࢃࡤ ࣥࣇ࢛࣮࣒ࢻ࣭ࢥࣥࢭࣥࢺࡶ⾜ࢃࢀ࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ࠋṔྐⓗᢈุ ⓗ≀ㄒࢆグ㏙ࡍࡿࡇࡣࠊ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡢἲⓗఏ⤫ࢆཷᐜࡍࡿேࠎࡀࡑࡢࡇ ࡀࡶࡓࡽࡍᖐ⤖యࡘ࠸࡚⌮ゎࢆ῝ࡵࡿࡇᐤࡋ࠺ࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ ࡇࢀࡣࠊ࢘ࣥࢹุ࣮ࣖ Windeyer J ࡀ Pacific Film Laboratories Pty. Ltd. v. Federal Commissioner of Taxation (1970) 121 C.L.R. 154, at 168 ࠾࠸࡚ᙜヱၥ㢟ᑐ ฎࡋࡓ᪉ἲ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ ࠕྂ௦ࠖclassical period ࠸࠺⾲⌧ࡣࠊఱேࡢⴭ⪅ࡼࡗ࡚ࣉࣜࣥ࢟ࣃࢺ ࢫ̿࢘ࢢࢫࢺࢫୡ㸦㻞㻣㻌㻮㻚㻯㻚㸧ࡽࢹ࢜ࢡࣞࢸࢾࢫୡ㸦㻞㻤㻠㻌㻭㻚㻰㻚㸧 ࡢึࡵࡲ࡛ࡢᮇ㛫̿ࢆᣦࡍ⾲⌧ࡋ࡚⏝࠸ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋF. Schulz, Classical Roman ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡢศ㢮㸸࣮࣐ࣟࡣ≀ㄒࡿ Law (Oxford at the Clarendon Press, 1951), 1 ࢆཧ↷ࠋ ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࢆᏛࡪࡓ࠸࡚࠸ࡢᏛ⏕ࡣࠊcorporeal property㸦࠾࠾ࡼࡑ tan- Book II, 12-14.ࡇࡢ༊ูࡣࠊJustinian’s Institutes (translated with an Introduction by Peter ࡿࠋࡍ࡞ࢃࡕࠊ The Institutes of Gaius (F. De Zulueta (ed. and tr.), Oxford at the Clarendon Press, 1946), Birks and Grant McLeod, Ithaca, New York,1987), 2.2 ࠾࠸࡚ࡶྠᵝグ㏙ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ R.H. Lowie, Primitive Society (New York, 1920), 235-243. corporeal ࡞≀ࡶ࠶ࢀࡤࠊincorporeal ࡞≀ࡶ࠶ࡿࠋ㸬corporeal things ࡣᐇ㝿ゐ A. Hauser, The Social History of Art (S. Godman tr., London, 1951), volume 1, 65-66 ࢆ ࢀࡿࡇࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ̿࠼ࡤࠊᅵᆅࠊያ㞔ࠊ⾰᭹ࠊ㔠ࠊ㖟ࠊ࠾ࡼࡧ ཧ↷ࠋ ࡑࡢከᩘࡢ≀࡛࠶ࡿࠋ㸬incorporeal things ࡣゐࢀࡿࡇࡀ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ ࡿࠋࡑࢀࡽࡣἲⓗᶒࡽ࡞ࡿ̿࠼ࡤࠊ┦⥆㈈⏘ࠊ⏝┈ᶒࠊྛ✀ࡢዎ⣙ୖࡢ ࡇ࠺ࡋࡓࢢ࣮ࣟࣂࣜࢮ࣮ࢩࣙࣥࡢ᭱ࡶ᫂ⓑ࡞ࡣࠊᖺ ᭶᪥࣐ࣛࢣࢩࣗ ࡛ᐉゝࡉࢀࡓ࢘ࣝࢢ࣭ࣛ࢘ࣥࢻከゅⓗ㈠᫆΅ࡢ⤖ᯝࢆ㘓ࡍࡿ᭱⤊ᩥ᭩ࡢ മᶒമົ࡞࡛࠶ࡿࠋ┦⥆㈈⏘ࡀ corporeal things ࢆྵࡴྍ⬟ᛶࡀ࠶ࡿ࠸࠺ࡇ ᒓ᭩ 㻝㻌㻯㻌ྵࡲࢀࡿࠊ▱ⓗᡤ᭷ᶒࡢ㈠᫆㛵㐃ࡢഃ㠃㛵ࡍࡿ༠ᐃ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ ࡣ㔜せ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋ͐͐⫢ᚰ࡞ࡇࡣࠊ⌧ᐇࡢ┦⥆ᶒࡀ incorporeal ࡛࠶ࡿ࠸ ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO ᕳ㢌ㄽᩥ 㻭㻌 㻼㼔㼕㼘㼛㼟㼛㼜㼔㼥㻌 㼛㼒㻌 㻵㼚㼠㼑㼘㼘㼑㼏㼠㼡㼍㼘㻌 㻼㼞㼛㼜㼑㼞㼠㼥㻌 㻰㼞㼍㼔㼛㼟 㸬ࡲࡓࠊ≀ࡣ corporeal incorporeal ศࢀࡿࠋ㸬corporeal things ࠸ࡔࡍࡇࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࠋࡋࡓࡀࡗ࡚ࠊ࣮࣐ࣟἲୖࡢ incorporeal things ࡢ࢝ ࡣ᥋ゐ࡛ࡁࡿ≀ tangible ࢆ࠸࠺ࠋ࠼ࡤࠊᅵᆅࠊያ㞔ࠊ⾰᭹ࠊ㔠ࠊ ࢸࢦ࣮ࣜࡣࠊincorporeals 㛵ࡍࡿࢫࢺဴᏛࡢほᛕ⏤᮶ࡋࡓࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ 㖟ࠊ࠾ࡼࡧࡑࡢከᩘࡢ≀࡛࠶ࡿࠋ㸬incorporeal things ࡣ᥋ゐ࡛ࡁ ྍ⬟ᛶࡀ࠶ࡿࠋࢫࢺဴᏛ࠾࠸࡚ࡣࠊ ࡘࡢࡶࡢࡀ incorporeal ࡛࠶ࡿ ࡞࠸≀ intangible ࢆ࠸࠺ࠋࡍ࡞ࢃࡕࠊᶒࡋ࡚Ꮡᅾࡍࡿࡶࡢࡀࡑࢀ ࠸ࢃࢀ࡚࠸ࡓࠋࡍ࡞ࢃࡕࠊ㛫ࠊ✵㛫ࠊ✵ࡉࠊlekta㸦༢ㄒࡸᩥ❶ࡢព ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ࠼ࡤࠊ┦⥆㈈⏘ࠊ⏝┈ᶒࠊྛ✀ዎ⣙ୖࡢമᶒമົ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ 㸧ࡢ ࡘ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࢫࢺဴᏛࡀᚭᗏⓗ࡞၏≀ㄽ materialism ࡢဴᏛ࡛ ࠶ࡿࡇࢆ๓ᥦࡍࢀࡤࠊࡑࡢࢫࢺὴࡀ incorporeal ࡢ࢝ࢸࢦ࣮ࣜࢆ᭷ࡋ ࡋࡓࡀࡗ࡚ࠊcorporeal incorporeal ࡢ༊ู࠸࠺ࡢࡣࠊtangible objects ࡚࠸ࡓ㐪࠸࡞࠸࠸࠺ࡇࡣࠊ୍ぢࡍࡿ㦫ࡃࡁࡇ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ⚄㨦 intangible object ࡢ༊ู࡛࠶ࡿ ࠋࡇ࠺ࡋࡓ༊ูࡣྂ࠸ࡶࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋ ࡣࢫࢺဴᏛࡗ࡚ corporeal ࡢᏑᅾ≀࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋcorporeal ࡢᏑᅾ≀ࡢ ࠸࠺ࡢࡶࠊcorporalis ࠾ࡼࡧ incorporalis ࠸࠺ゝⴥࡣࠊ⚄⪷࣮࣐ࣟᖇᅜࡢ ࡳࡀᐇᅾࡍࡿࡶࡢ real ࡛࠶ࡗࡓ ࠋincorporeal things ࡣᐇᅾࡍࡿࡶࡢ ௦࡞ࡗ࡚ึࡵ࡚Ⓩሙࡋࡓࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࡽ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ existent ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊ⮬Ꮡࡍࡿࡶࡢ subsistent ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋࡑࢀࡽࡣே㛫ࡢ ࡑࢀ࡛ࡣࠊྂ௦࣮࣐ࣟࡢἲᏛ⪅ࡣࡇ࠺ࡋࡓ༊ูࢆࡇࡽᚓࡓࡢࡔࢁ࠺ ⢭⚄⏕άࡼࡗ࡚⮬Ꮡࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡾࠊࡲࡓࠊ⢭⚄ࡼࡗ࡚ corporeal ࡢ ࠋࡇࡢၥ࠸ࡣྂᏛ⪅ྥࡅࡽࢀࡓၥ࠸࡛࠶ࡿࠋ ࡘࡢྍ⬟ᛶࡣࢫࢺ ୡ⏺㔜ࡡྜࢃࡉࢀࡓࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋ ဴᏛ Stoicism ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࢫࢺဴᏛࡣἲᩥࢆྵࡴ࣮࣐ࣟࡢᩥࡸဴ ၏≀ㄽⓗဴᏛ࠾ࡅࡿ incorporeal things ࡞ࡿ࢝ࢸࢦ࣮ࣜࡣࠊ⯆㊃ࢆࡑࡑ Ꮫᗈ⠊࡞ᙳ㡪ຊࢆ᭷ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࠋඛࡢ༊ูࡶࢫࢺဴᏛࡢᛮ࠾࠸࡚ぢ ࡿ୪ิⓗ㓄⨨࠸࠼ࡿࠋࡑࡢศᯒⓗ࡞≉ᚩࡢ ࡘࡣࠊࢫࢺὴࡀࣉࣛࢺࣥ ࡞ࡃࠊᬑ㐢ⓗ࡞ࡶࡢ universals ࡘ࠸࡚ࡢㄝ᫂ࢆ࡞ࡍࡇࢆྍ⬟ࡋࡓ Plato ࡢࡼ࠺ᢳ㇟ⓗ࡞ࢹ Ideas or Forms ࡢᐇᅾࢆ☜⣙ࡍࡿࡇ ࠺ࡇ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ͐͐ Ⅼ࠶ࡿࠋࣉࣛࢺࣥࡗ࡚ࠊᩘᏐࡢ ࠊ┤ゅᗘࡢᛶ㉁ࠊṇ⩏ࡢࡼ࠺࡞ ⌧௦࠾ࡅࡿ tangible intangible ࡢ༊ูࡣࠊឤぬࡼࡗ࡚▱ぬࡍࡿࡇࡀ࡛ࡁ ࡿ≀ࠊ༢⢭⚄ࡢ㐀≀ࡍࡂ࡞࠸≀ࡢ༊ู࡛࠶ࡿࠋ࣮࣐ࣟἲ࠾࠸࡚ࡣࠊ tangible ࡣ᥋ゐࡸ⏝ࢆࡍࡿࡇࡀྍ⬟࡞≀ࢆពࡋࡓࡼ࠺ᛮࢃࢀࡿࠋP. Warmelo, ‘The Institutes of Justinian as Students’ Manual’ in P.G. Stein and A.D.E. Lewis Arnold, Roman Stoicism (London, 1911, reissued 1958) ࢆཧ↷ࠋ (eds.), Studies in Justinian’s Institutes in Memory of J.A.C. Thomas (London, 1983), 164, 169 ࢆཧ↷ࠋ ࣆࣜࢡࢫࡢᴗ⦼ࡽ▱ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋSextus Empiricus, Adversus Dogmatico, ii, 11-13, in W.W. Buckland, The Main Institutions of Roman Private Law (Cambridge at the Univer- ࣮࣐ࣟࡢᛮࡸᩥᑐࡍࡿࢫࢺဴᏛࡢᙳ㡪ࡢ୍⯡ⓗ࡞㆟ㄽࡋ࡚ࠊE.V. ᡃࠎࡣࢫࢺဴᏛࡀࡇ࠺ࡋࡓ༊ูࢆ᭷ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓ࠸࠺ࡇࢆࢭࢡࢫࢺࢫ࣭࢚ࣥ Sextus Empiricus (R.G. Bury tr., London, Cambridge, Mass., 1935), vol. 2, 247-249 ࢆཧ↷ࠋ sity Press, 1931), 91.ࣈࢵࢡࣛࣥࢻࡢ⪃ᐹࡼࢀࡤࠊࡇࢀࡽࡢゝⴥࡀἲᏛᩥ⊩௨እ࡛ ⏝࠸ࡽࢀࡿࡇࡣ⛥࡛࠶ࡗࡓ࠸࠺ࠋ ࡚࠸ࡿࠋJ.M. Rist, Stoic Philosophy (Cambridge, 1969), 152-153 ࢆཧ↷ࠋࡇࡢࠊ ࠕ⾲ ⌧ࡉࢀ࠺ࡿࡶࡢࠖthat which can be expressedࡸࠕពࡉࢀࡿࡶࡢࠖwhat is meant ⌧௦࣮࣐ࣟἲࡢࢸ࢟ࢫࢺࡣࠊ࣮࣐ࣟἲࡢဴᏛⓗ㉳※ࡼࡾࡶἲࡢෆᐜ㛵ᚰࡀ࠶ࡿ lekta ࠸࠺ㄒࡣࠊࣜࢫࢺࡢ᭩≀࡛ࡣࠕពࡉࢀࡿࡶࡢࠖthings meant ヂࡉࢀ ࡓࡵࠊࡇࡢၥ㢟ࡣྲྀࡾ⤌ࢇ࡛࠸࡞࠸ࠋ ࠸࠺ヂࡶࡳࡽࢀࡿࠋG. Watson, The Stoic Theory of Knowledge (Belfast, 1966), 41 ࢆཧ↷ࠋ ࢪ࣭࣮ࣙࣥ࢜ࢫࢸࣥࡣࠊࡇ࠺ࡋࡓ༊ูࡣࢫࢺဴᏛ Stoics ࠾ࡼࡧᛌᴦ⩏ဴ ୍⯡ⓗ࡞㆟ㄽ㛵ࡋ࡚ࠊD.E. Hahm, The Origins of Stoic Cosmology (Columbus, Ohio, Ꮫ Epicureans ࡽ⏝ࡋࡓࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ☜ಙࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋJ. Austin, Lectures on 1977) ࢆཧ↷ࠋ Jurisprudence (5th ed., London, 1885), Lecture XIII ࢆཧ↷ࠋࡇࡢࡼ࠺⪃࠼ࡿࡢࡣ࣮࢜ ࢫࢸࣥࡔࡅ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋࡇࡢ༊ูࡀࢫࢺဴᏛ⏤᮶ࡍࡿࡇࢆ♧၀ࡍࡿࡶࡢࡋ 1966), chapter 2 ࢆཧ↷ࠋࡇࡢࠊJ.M. Rist, Stoic Philosophy (Cambridge, 1969), ࡇࡢⅬ㛵ࡍࡿ㆟ㄽ㛵ࡋ࡚ࠊG. Watson, The Stoic Theory of Knowledge (Belfast, ࡚ࠊP. Colquhoun, A Summary of the Roman Civil Law (London, author’s preface 1851), chapter 9 ࡶཧ↷ࠋ vol. 2, 13, section 931 ࡶཧ↷ࠋ ࢫࢺဴᏛࡀᬑ㐢ⓗ࡞ࡶࡢࡘ࠸࡚ࡢ⌮ㄽࢆ᭷ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓ࠸࠺㆟ㄽࡋ࡚ࠊD. ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO ᕳ㢌ㄽᩥ 㻭㻌 㻼㼔㼕㼘㼛㼟㼛㼜㼔㼥㻌 㼛㼒㻌 㻵㼚㼠㼑㼘㼘㼑㼏㼠㼡㼍㼘㻌 㻼㼞㼛㼜㼑㼞㼠㼥㻌 㻰㼞㼍㼔㼛㼟 㐨ᚨⓗ⏝ㄒ࠸ࡗࡓᬑ㐢ⓗ࡞ࡶࡢࡣࠊỌ㐲ኚࡢࢹࡋ࡚ᐇᅾࡍࡿࡶ ᑐ㇟㛵ࡍࡿఱࡽࡢලయⓗ࡞᫂☜ specification ࡀᏑᅾࡋ࡚ึࡵ࡚ࠊ ࡢ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋ୍᪉ࠊࢫࢺဴᏛࡢᙧ⪋ୖᏛࡢ⌮ㄽ࠾࠸࡚ࡣࠊ≉Ṧ࡞ࡶࡢ ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡢᙇࢆ࡞ࡍࡇࡀྍ⬟࡞ࡿ࠸࠺ࡇ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡢ᫂☜ particulars ࡢࡳࡀᐇᅾࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋᬑ㐢ⓗ࡞ࡶࡢࡣ incorporeal ࣉࣟࢭࢫࡣࠊ୍ᐃࡢᙧᘧࢆࡶ࡞࠺ሙྜ㸦࠼ࡤࠊ≉チᶒࡢⓏ㘓㸧ࡶ࠶ࢀ things ࡋ࡚ᐯ܍Ƣǔ subsist ᡭࡢࡼ࠸ࣇࢡࢩࣙࣥࠊࡘࡲࡾᮏ㉁ⓗ ࡤࠊᙧᘧࢆࡶ࡞ࢃ࡞࠸ሙྜ㸦ࢺ࣮ࣞࢻ࣭ࢩ࣮ࢡࣞࢵࢺࡢಖㆤᑐ㇟࡞ࡾ ࡣほᛕⓗ࡞ᵓ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋ ࠺ࡿሗࡢ༢࡞ࡿฟ㸧ࡶ࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡢಖㆤᑐ㇟㛵ࡍࡿ᫂☜ࡣࠊ ࡘࡢ ⌧௦ࡢ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡣࠊ⚾ே㛫ࡢ୍㐃ࡢ㛵ಀࢆᵓᡂࡍࡿࡔࡅ࡛࡞ࡃࠊ୍ᐃ ᙺࢆᯝࡓࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ ࡘࡣࠊពࢆ⾲ࡍࡶࡢ signifiers:≀⌮ⓗ࡞⾲⌧ ࡢཋ thing ᑐࡍࡿ㈈⏘ᶒࡢ㛵㐃ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ࠸࠺ࡇࢆࠊᡃࠎࡣ ≀ ࡢฟ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡶ࠺ ࡘࡣࠊࢫࢺဴᏛࡢゝⴥ࡛࠸࠺ࠕ⾲⌧ྍ⬟࡞ ᚰ␃ࡵ࡚࠾࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ࠋࡋࡋࠊࡇࡢ≀ࡢᛶ㉁ࡣఱ࡛࠶ࢁ࠺ࠋ ࡶࡢࠖan expressible ࡢ㐀┦ᙜࡍࡿࠊලయⓗ࡞ពࢆࡶࡗࡓᐇయ an ࡑࢀࡣ≀㉁ⓗ࡞ᑐ㇟࡛ࡣ࠶ࡾ࠼࡞࠸ࠋ࠸࠺ࡢࡶࠊࡍ࡚ࡢἲᏛ㒊⏕ࡀᩍ entity ࡢฟ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ⾲⌧ྍ⬟࡞ࡶࡢࡣᢳ㇟ⓗ࡞ᐇయ࡛࠶ࡾࠊᡭࡢࡼ࠸ ࢃࡿࡼ࠺ࠊ⚾ࡀ࠶ࡿᮏࡢ≀㉁ⓗ」〇≀ࢆᡤ᭷ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ࠸࠺ᐇࡣࠊ⚾ ほᛕⓗ࡞ࣇࢡࢩ࡛ࣙࣥࡶ࠶ࡿࠋࡑࢀࡣࠊ⢭⚄ࡢᵓᡂ≀ࡋ࡚⮬Ꮡࡍࡿࠋ ࡀࡑࡢᮏࡢⴭసᶒࢆᡤ᭷ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ࠸࠺ࡇࢆྵពࡋ࡞࠸ࡽ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡉ abstract object ࡣ corporeal ࡢୡ⏺࡛ࡣᏑᅾࡋ࡞࠸ࠋࡋࡋࠊ࠸ࡗࡓࢇ abstract ࡽ࠸࠼ࡤࠊ⚾ࡣ≀㉁ⓗ࡞」〇≀ࢆᡤ᭷ࡋ࡚࠸࡞ࡃ࡚ࡶࠊࡑࡢᮏࡢⴭసᶒ object ࡀල⌧ࡉࢀࡓಙᛕ࡞ࡿࡇ࡛ corporeality ᭷యᛶ ࢆ⋓ᚓࡍࡿ ࢆᡤ᭷ࡍࡿࡇࡣ࡛ࡁࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ㸦࠼ࡤࠊ⚾ࡀ᭩࠸࡚㏦ࡗࡓᡭ⣬ࡣࡢ ࠊᑡ࡞ࡃࡶࢫࢺဴᏛࡢ≀ࡢࢫ࣮࣒࡛࢟ࡣࠊேࠎࡢ♫ⓗ⏕⏘㛵ಀ ㄡࡼࡾᡤ᭷ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ㸧ࠋ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࢆㄆࡵࡿࡇࡼࡗ࡚ࠊἲࡣࠕᗃ ࠾࠸࡚ᅉᯝⓗᙺࢆᯝࡓࡍࡇࡀྍ⬟࡞ࡿࠋࡑࢀྠࠊabstract 㟋ࡢࡼ࠺࡞ࠖᐇయ ‘spooky’ entitiesࠊࡘࡲࡾᬑ㐢ⓗ࡞ࡶࡢࢆㄆࡵࡊࡿࢆ࠼ object ࡣே㛫ࡢ⾜ືᙳ㡪ࢆ࠼ࡿࡇࡽࠊἲⓗつไࡢ₯ᅾⓗ࡞ೃ⿵ ࡞࠸ࡢ࡛࠶ࢁ࠺ࠋ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣࢫࢺဴᏛࡢᛮࡣࠊincorporeal things ᑐ ࡞ࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ ࡍࡿ㈈⏘ᶒࡘ࠸࡚ࠊࡼࡾྜ⌮ⓗ࡞ㄝ᫂ࢆᥦ౪ࡋ࠺ࡿࡔࢁ࠺ࠋ せ⣙ࡍࡿࠊ ࡘࡢ⪃࠼᪉ࡣࠊ⢭⚄ࡢᵓᡂ≀ࡀ▱ⓗ㈈⏘㛵ಀࡢᮏ㉁࡛࠶ ᭱ࡶ⯆῝࠸ࢫࢺဴᏛࡢ incorporeal ࡢ࢝ࢸࢦ࣮ࣜࡣࠊlekta ព ࡢ ࡿ࠸࠺ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋゝࡍࢀࡤࠊ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡣᡃࠎࡢ⢭⚄ࡢᢞᙳᑐࡍ ࢝ࢸࢦ࣮࡛ࣜ࠶ࡿࠋពࡣ⾲⌧ྍ⬟࡞ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋࡶࡗࡶࠊ ࡿᶒ࡛࠶ࡿ࠸࠺ぢ᪉࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡢ㑅ᢥ⫥ࡣࠊࡇࢀࡽࡢ abstract things ᩥ᭩ࡸࢫࣆ࣮ࢳ࠾ࡅࡿ≀㉁ⓗ࡞ᩥ❶⾲⌧ࠊ࠼ࡤ࣓ࣔᖒグࡉࢀࡓゝⴥ 㛵ࡋ࡚ࠊ࠶ࡿ✀ࡢᐇᅾㄽⓗ realist ࡞ㄝ᫂ࢆ᥇⏝ࡍࡿࡇ࡛࠶ࡿࠋᡭ▷ ࡸ₇ࡢヰࡋゝⴥ࡞ΰྠࡋ࡚ࡣ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ࠋlekta ࡣࠊࡑࡢ≀㉁ⓗ࡞⾲⌧ ࠸࠼ࡤࠊࡇࡢぢ᪉ࡣࠊabstract entities ࡣἲᚊ᭩⡠ࡸࢸࢽࢫ࣮࣎ࣝࡢࡼ࠺ ࡸࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢣ࣮ࢩࣙࣥࡣㄽ⌮ⓗ␗࡞ࡿࠊ᫂♧ࡉࢀࡓព࡛࠶ࡿࠋlekta ࡞ᐇᅾࡍࡿᐇయ࡛࠶ࡿ࠸࠺ᙇࢆࡶ࡞࠺ࡔࢁ࠺ࠋᚋ⪅ࡢᐇᅾㄽⓗ࡞❧ ࡣ incorporeals ࡛࠶ࡿࡢ࡛ࠊࡇࡢୡ⏺࡛ࡣάືࡋ࠼࡞࠸ࠋlekta ࡣᅉᯝⓗ ሙᚑ࠼ࡤࠊabstract objects ᑐࡋ࡚ࠊ⊂❧ࡋࡓᏑᅾㄽⓗ ontological ࡞ άᛶ࡞ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡋࡋࠊពࡣ࠸ࡗࡓࢇேࠎࡢಙᛕࡢ୍㒊ࢆᙧᡂࡍ ᆅࡀࡾᙜ࡚ࡽࢀࡿᚲせࡀ࠶ࡾࠊࡉࡽࡣࡑࡢᏑᅾ㛵ࡍࡿෆᅾⓗ࡞ㄝ ࡿࠊᅉᯝⓗせ⣲࡞ࡾ࠺ࡿࠋincorporeal ࡢ⾲⌧ྍ⬟࡞ࡶࡢࡀேࡢಙᛕ ᫂㸦ࣜࢫࢺࢸࣞࢫὴ㸧ࠊ㉸㉺ⓗ࡞ㄝ᫂㸦ࣉࣛࢺࣥὴ㸧ࡢ࠸ࡎࢀࡢ ධࡾ㎸ࡴẁ㝵࡛ࡣࠊࡑࢀࡣ corporeal ࡢຊ࡞ࡿࠋࡋࡓࡀࡗ࡚ࠊࡇࡇ ㄝ᫂ࡀ⾜ࢃࢀࡿᚲせࡀ࠶ࢁ࠺ࠋࡕࡽࡢㄝ᫂ࡶဴᏛⓗᇶ┙ࢆ᭷ࡍࡿࡀࠊࡇ incorporeal things ࡢἲⓗ࢝ࢸࢦ࣮ࣜ㛵ࡍࡿᙧ⪋ୖᏛⓗᛶ㉁ࡘ࠸࡚ࡢ ࠺ࡋࡓ abstract objects ᑐࡍࡿᐇᅾㄽⓗ࡞ぢ᪉ࡣࠊ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲࢆᙧ⪋ୖᏛ ࡘࡢぢ᪉ࡀᏑᅾࡍࡿࠋⴭసᶒ࡛࠶ࢀࠊ≉チᶒ࡛࠶ࢀࠊពᶒ࡛࠶ࢀࠊಖㆤ ࡢୡ⏺ࡣࡿ῝ࡃࡲ࡛ධࡾ㎸ࡲࡏࡿࡇ࡞ࡿࠋࡑࡢࡓࡵࠊ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲ ࡣࠊほ ྍ⬟࡞ᐇయ㛵ࡍࡿ⊂❧ࡋࡓᏑᅾࢆ῝ࡃ⪃៖ࡋ࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞ Sedley, ‘The Stoic Theory of Universals’ in R.H. Epp (ed.), Recovering the Stoics, XXIII, Supplement, Southern Journal of Philosophy, 87-92 (1985) ࢆཧ↷ࠋ 22-33 ࢆཧ↷ࠋ F.H. Sandbach, The Stoics (London, 1975), 92. ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO G. Verberke, The Presence of Stoicism in Medieval Thought (Washington, D.C., 1983), ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO ᕳ㢌ㄽᩥ 㻭㻌 㻼㼔㼕㼘㼛㼟㼛㼜㼔㼥㻌 㼛㼒㻌 㻵㼚㼠㼑㼘㼘㼑㼏㼠㼡㼍㼘㻌 㻼㼞㼛㼜㼑㼞㼠㼥㻌 㻰㼞㼍㼔㼛㼟 ࠸ࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ ࠾ࡅࡿ dominium ࡣ res incorporales ࡛࠶ࡿணࡍࡿ⪅ࡀ࠸ࡿࡶࡋࢀ ࣮࣐ࣟἲࡣࠊres incorporales ࠸࠺࢝ࢸࢦ࣮ࣜࢆࡾࡔࡍࡇ࡛ࠊ㈈⏘ ࡞࠸ࠋࡋࡋ࡞ࡀࡽࠊ࣮࣐ࣟἲࡢ◊✲⪅ࡀ㡻ᣦࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡼ࠺ࠊ ἲࢆᙧ⪋ୖᏛࡢศ㔝┤᥋᳜࠼ࡘࡅࡓࠋࡑࡋ࡚ࡍࡄᚋ࡛ࡳࡿࡼ࠺ࠊⱥᅜ dominium ࡣ res corporales ࡢ࢝ࢸࢦ࣮ࣜ࠾࠸࡚ࡳࡽࢀࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇ ἲࡣࠊⱥᅜ㈈⏘ἲ㠀ᖖᰂ㌾࡞࢝ࢸࢦ࣮ࣜࢆࡘࡅຍ࠼ࡿࡓࡵࠊࡇࡢ res ࡇ࡛ࡣࠊᐈయࡀᡤ᭷ᶒ ownership ௦⏝ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠊ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣࠊ࠾ࡑࡽ incorporales ࡢ࢝ࢸࢦ࣮ࣜࢆ⏝ࡋࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡋࡋླྀ㏙ࢆ㐍ࡵࡿ๓ࠊ ࡃᐈయᡤ᭷ᶒࡣ௦᭰≀ࡳ࡞ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ࠸࠺ࡇ࡛࠶ࢁ࠺ࠋ㏆௦ࣟ ࡇࡇ࡛࢞࢘ࢫࡸࣘࢫࢸࢽࢾࢫ Justinian ࠾ࡅࡿ incorporeal things ࣮࣐ἲࡢ◊✲⪅ࡣࠊࡑࡢㄽ⌮ⓗḞ㝗ࢆᣦࡍࡿ௨እࡣᐈయᡤ᭷ᶒࡢ ࡢᴫᛕࡀἲⓗᶒゝཬࡋ࡚࠸ࡿⅬࡘ࠸࡚᫂ࡽࡍࡿᚲせࡀ࠶ࡿࠋ࢞ ༊ูᑐࡋ࡚ࡑࢀὀពࢆᡶࢃ࡞ࡗࡓࠋࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞≧ἣࡣࠊୡ⣖ ࢘ࢫࡸࣘࢫࢸࢽࢾࢫࡣࠊᶒ rights ࠸࠺ㄒࢆࠊᡃࠎࡀ୍⯡⪃ ࡢἲᏛ⪅࣮࢜ࢫࢸࣥ Austin ࡣᡃ៏ࡀ࡞ࡽ࡞ࡗࡓࡼ࠺࡛࠶ࡿࠋ࣮࢜ ࠼ࡿࡇࢁࡢ㈈⏘ᶒࡢࡳ࡞ࡽࡎዎ⣙ୖࡢᶒࢆྵࡴࡶࡢࡋ࡚⏝ࡋ࡚ ࢫࢸࣥࡣࠊᙜヱ༊ูࢆࠊࠕ࡞ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠊࡉࡶ࡞ࡅࢀࡤ▩┪ ࠸ࡿࠋࣘࢫࢸࢽࢾࢫࡽᙉࡃ♧၀ࡉࢀࡿࡶࡢࡣࠊincorporeal things ࡣ ‶ࡕࡓࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠖ㏙࡚ࠊࡃᙺ❧ࡓ࡞࠸ࡶࡢࡋ࡚ྰᐃࡍࡿࠋ corporeal ࡢᑐᛂ≀ࢆ᭷ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ࠸࠺ࡇ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡘࡲࡾࠊincorporeal ࣮࣐ࣟ㈈⏘ἲయ⣔ࡣᐈయᡤ᭷ᶒࢆ⼥ྜࡉࡏ࡚࠸ࡿࡀࠊ㏻⾜ᆅᙺᶒࡢ things ࡣ corporeal objects ᙉ࠸㛵㐃ᛶࡀ࠶ࡿ⪃࠼ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ ࡼ࠺࡞ࡢᶒࡣࠊࡶࡣࡸᐇ㝿ࡢ㏻⾜㊰ࡋ࡚ලయⓗᤊ࠼ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࢃ ⱥᅜ㈈⏘ἲ࠾࠸࡚ incorporeal rights incorporeal objects㸦ࡘࡲࡾᡃࠎࡀ ࡅ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊintangible rights ࡋ࡚ࡳ࡞ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ୍㒊ࡢⴭ⪅ࡣࠊ abstract objects ࡪࡶࡢ㸧ࡢ⤖ࡧࡘࡁࡀ๓㠃⌧ࢀࡿࡼ࠺࡞ࡗࡓࡢࡣࠊ ከᵝ࡞▱ⓗ㈈⏘ࡢᙧែࡀമᶒⓗ㈈⏘ chose in action ࡋ࡚ศ㢮ࡉࢀࠊື ⏘ chattel ࠾ࡅࡿ㈈⏘ᶒὀព῝ࡃ༊ูࡉࢀࡓࡁ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋ▱ⓗ㈈ W.W. Buckland, A Text-Book of Roman Law from Augustus to Justinian (3rd ed., revised by Peter Stein, Cambridge, 1963), 186. ⏘ᶒࡣ incorporeal things ࡛࠶ࡿࡀࠊḟ➨ abstract objects 㛵㐃ࡋࡓ in- corporeal rights ࢆពࡍࡿࡼ࠺࡞ࡗࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ ᡤ᭷ᶒࡢᐈయࢆ᫂☜༊ูࡍࡿᚲせࡣ࡞࠸♧၀ࡍࡿࠋࡑࡢ⤖ᯝࠊᐈయᡤ᭷ᶒ ࡲࡉฟⓎⅬࡽࠊincorporeal things ࡢ࢝ࢸࢦ࣮ࣜࡣἲⓗ᭕ࡉࢆ⏕ࡳ ࡔࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ࢞࢘ࢫࡣࠗἲᏛᥦせ࠘࠾࠸࡚ࠊዎ⣙ୖࡢമᶒമົ㛵ಀࢆ ࠶ࡿ⟠ᡤ࡛ࡣ res incorporales ྵࡵࡓࡾࠊูࡢ⟠ᡤ࡛ࡣྵࡵ࡞ࡗࡓࡾࡋ ࡚࠸ࡿࠋୖ㏙ࡢࡼ࠺࡞༊ูᇶ࡙ࡃሙྜࠊdominium ᡤ᭷ᶒ ࡣᶒ㛵 ಀࡋ࡚࠾ࡾࠊᶒࡣ᥋ゐࡋ࠼࡞࠸ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࡇࡽࠊphysical objects ࢽࢥࣛࢫࡣࠊcorporeal thing ࡢࡳᡤ᭷ࡍࡿࡇࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࡽࠊᡤ᭷ᶒ ࡣ┦ྲྀࡾ᭰࠼ྍ⬟࡞⏝ㄒࡋ࡚ࡳ࡞ࡉࢀࡿࡼ࠺࡞ࡿࠋB. Nicholas, An Introduction to Roman Law (Oxford University Press, 1962), 107 ࢆཧ↷ࠋ ࡇࡢ༊ูࡣㄽ⌮ⓗ࡞ࡶࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸࠸ࢃࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ࡞ࡐ࡞ࡽࠊࡑࢀࡣᡤ᭷ᶒᡤ ᭷ᶒࡢᐈయࢆྠ୍どࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡽ࡛࠶ࡿࠋB. Nicholas, An Introduction to Roman Law (Oxford University Press, 1962), 107 ࢆཧ↷ࠋࡑࡢࠊH.F. Jolowicz and B. Nicholas, Historical Introduction to the Study of Roman Law (3rd ed., Cambridge, 1972), 412-413; W.W. Buckland, A Text-Book of Roman Law from Augustus to Justinian (3rd ed., revised by ⱥᅜἲ࠾࠸࡚ࠊ≉チࡣമᶒⓗ㈈⏘ chose in action ࡛࠶ࡿࠋIn re Heath’s Patent Peter Stein, Cambridge, 1963), 185-186; W.W. Buckland, The Main Institutions of Roman Private Law (Cambridge at the University Press, 1931), 91-92 ࡶཧ↷ࠋ [1912] W.N. 137 ࢆཧ↷ࠋࡇࡢᶒࡣࠊ≉チᇶ࡙࠸࡚〇㐀ࡉࢀࡿ≀⌮ⓗ࡞≀ᑐࡍ ࡿᡤ᭷ᶒࡣษࡾ㞳ࡉࢀࡓࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋEdwards & Co. v. Picard [1909] 2 K.B. ࢫࢸࣥࡢ㠀㞴ࡣࠊ࣮࣐ࣟἲ࠾࠸࡚ corporeal things ࡢពࡀࠊ▱ぬ࡛ᐹࡍࡿࡇ 903, 905 ࢆཧ↷ࠋ ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿᑐ㇟ຍ࠼࡚ࠊ⾜Ⅽ acts ࡸసⅭ forbearances ࡲ࡛ᣑࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ ࡇᇶ࡙࠸࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡶࡋసⅭࡀ corporeal ࡢᑐ㇟ࡢ୍㒊ࢆᵓᡂࡍࡿࡍࢀࡤࠊ W.W. Buckland, A Text-Book of Roman Law from Augustus to Justinian (3rd ed., revised J. Austin, Lectures on Jurisprudence (5th ed., London, 1885), Lecture XLVI, 777.࣮࢜ by Peter Stein, Cambridge, 1963), 186 ࢆཧ↷ࠋ࢞࢘ࢫࡀࡇࡢ༊ูࢆᚲࡎࡋࡶᚭᗏࡋ tangible intangible ࡀྠิᢅࢃࢀࡿࡇ࡞ࡗ࡚ࠊ▩┪ࡀᏑᅾࡍࡿࡇ࡞ࡿࠋ ࡚࠸࡞ࡗࡓࡇ㛵ࡋ࡚ࡣࠊR. Zimmermann, The Law of Obligations (Cape Town, ࡶࡋసⅭࡀ corporeal ࡢᑐ㇟ࡢ୍㒊࡛࡞࠸ࡍࢀࡤࠊ༊ูࡍࡿᑐ㇟ࡀ࡞ࡃ࡞ࡗ࡚ࡋ Wetton, Johannesburg, 1990), 26 ࢆཧ↷ࠋ ࡲ࠺࣮࢜ࢫࢸࣥࡣ࠸࠺ࠋ ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO ᕳ㢌ㄽᩥ 㻭㻌 㻼㼔㼕㼘㼛㼟㼛㼜㼔㼥㻌 㼛㼒㻌 㻵㼚㼠㼑㼘㼘㼑㼏㼠㼡㼍㼘㻌 㻼㼞㼛㼜㼑㼞㼠㼥㻌 㻰㼞㼍㼔㼛㼟 corporeal / incorporeal ࡢ༊ูࢆࠊྂ௦ࡢἲᏛ⪅ࡢぢゎࡀ୍⯡࠸࡞ࡿᢳ മᶒⓗ㈈⏘࠸࠺ேⓗ㈈⏘㛵ࡍࡿ࢝ࢸࢦ࣮ࣜࡣࠊ୰ୡ࠾ࡅࡿ㈈⏘ᴫᛕ ㇟ࡢഴྥࢆ♧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓ࠸࠺ᙇࢆ࡙ࡅࡿࡓࡵ⏝࠸ࡿ ࠋࡇࡢᙇ ᑐࡍࡿែᗘࢆ≉ᚩ࡙ࡅࡓࠕ≀㢮ఝࡋࡓᛶ㉁ࠖthinglikeness ࢆ࠸ࡘ࡛ ࡀṇࡋ࠸ࡢ࠺ࡣูࡢၥ㢟࡛࠶ࡿࡀࠊᡃࠎࡣḟࡢࡇࢆᣦ࡛ࡁࡼ࠺ࠋ ࡶ႙ኻࡍࡿࡇࡢ࡛ࡁࡿ≧ែࡢᩚࡗࡓࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋࡑࡋ࡚ࡑࡢ⤖ᯝࠊ㈈ ࡍ࡞ࢃࡕࠊ㈈⏘ἲࡢᩥ⬦࠾࠸࡚ res incorporales ࠸࠺࢝ࢸࢦ࣮ࣜࡀㄆ㆑ ⏘ࡣ≀࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊேேࡢ㛫ࡢ୍㐃ࡢ㛵ಀ࡛࠶ࡿ࠸࠺⌧௦ἲᏛࡢⓎ ࡉࢀࠊ୍㒊ࡢᶒࡀ intangible ࡋ࡚ᙧᘧୖศ㢮ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡇࡣࠊᑡ࡞ ぢࡢ㐨ࡀ㛤ࡅࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ ࡃࡶ㈈⏘ࡢᴫᛕࡘ࠸࡚ࡼࡾᢳ㇟ⓗ࡞ἲⓗᛮ⪃ᵝᘧࡀⓎᒎࡍࡿྍ⬟ᛶ ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࢆമᶒⓗ㈈⏘ࡪࡇ࡛ࠊ┤ࡕၥ㢟ࡀゎỴࡍࡿࢃࡅ࡛ࡣ ࢆṧࡍࡶࡢ࠸࠼ࡿࡔࢁ࠺ࠋ ࡞࠸ࠋࡑࡢ⌮⏤ࢆ⡆₩࠸࠼ࡤࠊമᶒⓗ㈈⏘࠸࠺ᴫᛕࡣࠊᵓᡂ࣓ࣥࣂ࣮ corporeal/incorporealࡢ༊ูࡣࠊୡ⣖࣮࣎ࣟࢽࣕ࠾࠸࡚ࣝࢿࣜ࢘ ࢆ⮬ࡽయⓗ㑅ᢥࡍࡿࡇࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࡼ࠺࡞ᐃ⩏࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊࡑࡢᵓᡂ࣓ࣥ ࢫIrneriusࡑࡢ㛛ୗ⏕ࡀྂ௦࣮࣐ࣟἲࡢⓎぢ࠾ࡼࡧࣜࣂࣂࣝࢆᡂ ࣂ࣮ࢆグ㏙ࡍࡿࡇࡼࡗ࡚ึࡵ࡚⌮ゎࡋ࠺ࡿ㞟ྜࡍࡂ࡞࠸ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠊ ࡋ㐙ࡆࡿࡲ࡛ఇṆ≧ែ࠶ࡗࡓࠋࡋࡋࡇࡇࡽࠊ࣮࣐ࣟἲࡢ᪂ࡓ࡞ᚁ᭹ ἲ⌮ㄽᏛ⪅ࡼࡗ࡚⤖ㄽ࡙ࡅࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡓࡽ࡛࠶ࡿࠋമᶒⓗ㈈⏘ࡢㄝ ࡢ᪑ࡀጞࡲࡗࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ࣮࣐ࣟἲࡣࠊࡉࡲࡊࡲ࡞௦࠾࠸࡚ࠊࡲࡓࡉ ᫂ࡋ࡚ࠊമᶒⓗ㈈⏘ࡣື⏘chose in possession࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊ㔠㖹മົ ࡲࡊࡲ࡞ࣞ࣋ࣝ࠾࠸࡚ࠊ࣮ࣚࣟࢵࣃࡢἲไᗘධࡾ㎸ࢇࡔࠋres incor- ࡢࡼ࠺ッゴࡼࡗ࡚ᅇࡀᅗࡽࢀࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ࠸࠺ㄝ᫂ࡀ࡞ࡉࢀࡿ porales ࠸࠺࢝ࢸࢦ࣮ࣜࡶࠊࡑࡢᮍ㛤ᣅࡢྍ⬟ᛶࢆ⛎ࡵ࡞ࡀࡽࠊ㝣ἲ࠾ ࡇࡀከ࠸ࠋࡋࡋࠊࡍ࡚ࡢッᶒright of actionࡀമᶒⓗ㈈⏘࡛࠶ࡿ ࡼࡧࢥ࣭࣮ࣔࣥࣟࡢ᪉ࡢἲᚊ⏝ㄒධࡾ㎸ࢇࡔ ࠋࡑࡋ࡚ incorporeal ࢃࡅ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋമᶒⓗ㈈⏘ࡣࠊἲⓗᇶ♏㛵㐃ࡋࡓ᭕ࡉࡢ⛬ᗘ㛵ࡋ࡚ࠊ things ࡣࠊࡼࡾཝᐦ࠸࠼ࡤ incorporeal things ࠸࠺࢝ࢸࢦ࣮ࣜࡣࠊⱞປ ㏻ᖖ௨ୖࡢ᭕ࡉࢆྵࢇ࡛࠸ࡿࡼ࠺ᛮࢃࢀࡿࠋ༨᭷ࢆ᭷ࡋ࡞࠸ື⏘ᡤ᭷ ࡋ࡞ࡀࡽࡶࠊമᶒⓗ㈈⏘࠸࠺ྠᵝ᭕࡞ἲⓗ࢝ࢸࢦ࣮ࣜ⼥ྜࡍࡿࡇ ⪅ࡢࡼ࠺࡞ࠊ୍ぢࡍࡿ༢⣧࡞ࢣ࣮ࢫࡢศ㢮ࡀࡇࢀࡲ࡛㆟ㄽࡢᑐ㇟࡞ࡗ ࡼࡗ࡚ࠊ㎞࠺ࡌ࡚ⱥᅜἲ⣮ࢀ㎸ࢇࡔࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ ࠋఱࡶࡲࡋ࡚ࡇࡢ H.F. Jolowicz and B. Nicholas, Historical Introduction to the Study of Roman Law (3rd ed., Cambridge, 1972), 412 ࢆཧ↷ࠋࡋࡋࠊᑐࡢぢゎࡋ࡚ࠊF. Schulz, History of Roman Science (Oxford at the Clarendon Press, 1946), 130-131 ࢆཧ↷ࠋ ࣘࢫࢸࢽࢾࢫࠗἲᏛᥦせ࠘ࡀⱥᅜ࠼ࡓᙳ㡪ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊA. Watson, ࡚ࡁࡓࠋcorporeal/incorporealࡢ༊ูࡣࠊമᶒⓗ㈈⏘ࡢ࢝ࢸࢦ࣮ࣜ࠾࠸ ࡚ㄆ㆑ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡀࠊ᫂☜ᛶ࠸࠺Ⅼ࡛ࡣࡉࡋࡓࡿ㈉⊩ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋമᶒⓗ㈈ ⏘ࡣintangible propertyࠊࡍ࡞ࢃࡕ≀⌮ⓗ࡞༨᭷ࢆ⋓ᚓࡍࡿࡇ࡛ࡣㄳồࡀ ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ࡶࡢ㛵㐃ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡢᑐࡋࠊື⏘ࡣcorporeal things࡞࠸ࡋ tangible things㛵ಀࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ࠸ࢃࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ ‘Justinian’s Institutes and some English Counterparts’ in P.G. Stein and A.D.E. Lewis (eds.), 㛵ࡍࡿἲⓗ☜❧ࡉࢀࡓពᇶ࡙࠸࡚ࠊ㛵㐃ࡍࡿᶒࢆேⓗ㈈⏘ศ㢮ࡋ࡚࠸ Studies in Justinian’s Institutes in Memory of J.A.C. Thomas (London, 1983), 181-186 ࢆཧ ࡿࠋ࣮࢜ࢫࢺࣛࣜࡢࡋ࡚ࠊᖺ≉チἲ᮲ࠊᖺⴭసᶒἲ᮲ࠊ ↷ࠋ ࠾ࡼࡧᖺ᳜≀⫱ᡂ⪅ᶒἲ᮲ࢆཧ↷ࠋⱥᅜேⓗ㈈⏘ἲࡢ㆟ㄽ㛵ࡋ࡚ࡣࠊA.P. Bell, Modern Law of Personal Property in England and Ireland (London, Edinburgh, 1989) ⱥᅜ㈈⏘ἲ࠾࠸࡚ࡣࠊື⏘ேⓗ㈈⏘࡛༊ศࡀ࡞ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋື⏘ࡣᅵ ᆅࡢ┈⤖ࡧࡘࡅࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡢᑐࡋࠊேⓗ㈈⏘ࡣື⏘௨እࡢ㈈⏘ࢆᣦࡍࡶࡢ ࢆཧ↷ࠋ࣮࢜ࢫࢺࣛࣜࡢ㆟ㄽ㛵ࡋ࡚ࡣࠊJ.W. Carter et al, Helmore Commercial Law ࡋ࡚ᾘᴟⓗᐃ⩏ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋேⓗ㈈⏘ࡣࡉࡽࠊື⏘㛵ࡍࡿேⓗ㈈⏘ and Personal Property in New South Wales (10th ed., Sydney, 1992) ࢆཧ↷ࠋ chattels real ື⏘㛵ಀࡋ࡞࠸ேⓗ㈈⏘ chattels personal ศ㢮ࡉࢀࡿࠋ ື⏘㛵ࡍࡿேⓗ㈈⏘ࡣࠊື⏘㈤㈚ࡀṔྐⓗ࡞⌮⏤ࡽேⓗ㈈⏘ศ㢮ࡉࢀࡓ ᶒⓗ㈈⏘㛵ࡍࡿಶࡢከᵝ࡞ᐃ⩏ࡀᥖ㍕ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿྠ᭩ 㹼 㡫ࡶཧ↷ࠋ ࡇᇶ࡙ࡃ≉␗࡞࢝ࢸࢦ࣮࡛ࣜ࠶ࡿࠋື⏘㛵ಀࡋ࡞࠸ேⓗ㈈⏘ࡣࡉࡽࠊື Halsbury’s Laws of England (4th ed.) vol. 6, 2, para. 1. ⏘മᶒⓗ㈈⏘ศ㢮ࡉࢀࡿࠋࡑࡋ࡚ࡇࡢᚋ⪅ࡢ࢝ࢸࢦ࣮ࣜࠊ≉チࡸⴭసᶒࢆ O.R. Marshall, The Assignment of Choses in Action (London, 1950), 8-16 ࢆཧ↷ࠋ ጞࡵࡍࡿከࡃࡢ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ไᐃἲࡀྵࡲࢀࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋไᐃἲࡣ୍⯡ࠊࡑࡢ⏝ㄒ A.P. Bell, Modern Law of Personal Property in England and Ireland (London, Edin- ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO O.R. Marshall, The Assignment of Choses in Action (London, 1950), 33. ࡇࡢࠊമ ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO ᕳ㢌ㄽᩥ 㻭㻌 㻼㼔㼕㼘㼛㼟㼛㼜㼔㼥㻌 㼛㼒㻌 㻵㼚㼠㼑㼘㼘㼑㼏㼠㼡㼍㼘㻌 㻼㼞㼛㼜㼑㼞㼠㼥㻌 㻰㼞㼍㼔㼛㼟 ࡞ࡐ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡣമᶒⓗ㈈⏘ࡳ࡞ࡉࢀࡿࡼ࠺࡞ࡗࡓࡢࡔࢁ࠺ࠋࡑ ⏘ incorporeal hereditament ࡋ࡚ᢅࢃࢀ࡚࠸ࡓࡶࡋࢀ࡞࠸ᙇࡍ ࡢ⟅࠼ࡣࠊㄽ⌮ࡢᙜ࡚ࡣࡵ࠸࠺ࡼࡾࡶࠊഅ↛ࡸṔྐࠊⱥᅜἲไᗘࡢෆ㒊 ࡿࠋࡇࢀᑐࡋ࡚ࡣࠊ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡀമᶒⓗ㈈⏘ศ㢮ࡉࢀࡿࠊࡑࢀ ຊᏛ࠸ࡗࡓࡶࡢ㛵ಀࡀ࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡢศ㢮ࡢ㐣⛬ࡣ㛗ᮇ㛫ཬࡪࡶࡢ࡛࠶ ࡶ↓యἲᐃ┦⥆⏘ศ㢮ࡉࢀࡿ࠸࠺ࡇࡣࠊࡕࡽࡶ㈈⏘࢝ࢸࢦ࣮ࣜ ࡗࡓࠋ࠸࠺ࡢࡶࠊⱥᅜ࡛ࡣࠊ࠼ࡤⴭసᶒࡣᮏᙜമᶒⓗ㈈⏘࠺ ࡞ࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࡽ㔜せ࡞ၥ㢟࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠊ࠸࠺ぢ᪉ࡶ࠶ࡾ࠼ࡼ࠺ࠋࡋࡋࠊ ࠸ࡗࡓㄽதࡀୡ⣖ࡢึ㢌࠾࠸࡚ࡶ࡞࠾㟼㐍⾜ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࡽ࡛ ࠾ࡑࡽࡃࡣྛ࢝ࢸࢦ࣮ࣜࡀ⾲ࡍᢳ㇟ᛶࡢࣞ࣋ࣝ࠾࠸࡚┦㐪ࡀᏑᅾࡍࡿࠋ ࠶ࡿࠋ ࣈࣛࢵࢡࢫࢺ࣮ࣥ Blackstone ࡀิᣲࡍࡿ↓యἲᐃ┦⥆⏘㸦࠼ࡤࠊᆅᙺ ࢥ࣭࣮ࣔࣥࣟࡢṔྐࡢึᮇ࠾࠸࡚ࡣࠊമᶒㆡΏࢆ⚗Ṇࡍࡿ࣮ࣝࣝࡀᏑ ᶒࡸ᥇ྲྀᶒ㸧ࡣࠊᙉ࠸ᒓᆅᛶࢆ᭷ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ㒊ศࡢ↓యἲᐃ┦⥆⏘ࡣࠊ ᅾࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࠋࡑࡢ࡞⌮⏤ࡣࠊമᶒࡣㆡΏ┦ᛂࡋࡃ࡞࠸㧗ᗘே ఱࡽࡢᙧ࡛ቃ⏺ࢆ᭷ࡍࡿື⏘㛵㐃ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࢀᑐࡋࠊമᶒⓗ㈈ ⓗ࡞മົ࡛࠶ࡿ⪃࠼ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡓࡽ࡛࠶ࡾࠊࡲࡓࠊ࠸ࡎࢀࡏࡼമᶒࡢ ⏘ࡣࠊࡢ㈈⏘ᙧែࡢ㛵ಀ࡛Ꮡᅾࡍࡿᒓᆅᛶࡸ᭷యᛶࡢ㊧࣏̿ࣟࢵࢡ ㆡΏࡀᚲせ௨ୖッゴࢆᘬࡁ㉳ࡇࡍྍ⬟ᛶࡀ࠶ࡿࡽ࡛࠶ࡗࡓ ࠋࡋࡋࠊ Pollock ࡀⱥᅜ㈈⏘ࡢࠕ≀㢮ఝࡋࡓᛶ㉁ࠖࢇ࡛࠸ࡿࡶࡢ̿ࢆᾘኻ ≉チࡸⴭసᶒࡀⓏሙࡋࡓᮇࡣࠊമᶒࡢ㠀ㆡΏᛶ࣮ࣝࣝࡣ࢚ࢡࢸ ࡍࡿࡢࡼࡾ㐺ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇ࠺ࡋࡓ᪂ࡓ࡞ᙧែࡢேⓗ㈈⏘ࡣࠊ័⩦ⓗᙧᘧ ุᡤࡼࡗ࡚ᐇ㉁ⓗ⾶㏥ࡉࡏࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡓࠋࡇࡢࡇࡣࠊ≉チࡸⴭసᶒࢆ ࠾ࡼࡧᑒᘓⓗᙧᘧࡢ㈈⏘ࡳࡽࢀࡿࡼ࠺࡞ᙉ࠸ែᵝ࡛ඹྠయࢆᣊ᮰ࡋ࡞ മᶒⓗ㈈⏘ࡢ࢝ࢸࢦ࣮ࣜᙜ࡚ࡣࡵࡿࡇࢆᐜ᫆ࡋࡓࠋࡲࡓࠊࡇࢀࡽࡢ ࠸ࡇࡽࠊ࠶ࡿព࡛ࡣேⓗഃ㠃ࡢᙅ࠸ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋࡋࡋࡇࢀࡽࡢ ㈈⏘ᙧែࡀㆡΏྍ⬟࡛࠶ࡿࡇࡣၟᴗୖࡢせㄳ࡛ࡶ࠶ࡾࠊㆡΏ⚗Ṇ࣮ࣝࣝ ᪂ࡓ࡞ᙧែࡣࠊᡤ᭷⪅➨୕⪅ࡢ༏ྡⓗࡘ㠀ಶேⓗ࡞㐃㛵ࠊࡍ࡞ࢃࡕ ࡣᚎࠎ⾶㏥ࡋ࡚࠸ࡗࡓࠋ≉チࡸⴭసᶒࡢമᶒⓗ㈈⏘ࡋ࡚ࡢศ㢮ᙳ㡪 ୡ⣖࠾࠸࡚㏻ᖖࡢ㈈⏘㛵ಀࡢᒓᆅᛶࢆᡴࡕ◚ࡗ࡚┿ࡢࢢ࣮ࣟࣂࣝ ࢆ࠼ࡓูࡢせᅉࡣࠊࡑࡢ incorporeal ࡞ᛶ㉁࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋ ࢆᐇ⌧ࡋࡓ㐃㛵ࢆྍ⬟ࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋ ࡑ࠺ࡔࡍࡿࠊ≧ἣࡣࡃ㐪ࡗࡓࡶࡢ࡞ࡗࡓྍ⬟ᛶࡶ࠶ࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ മᶒⓗ㈈⏘ࡢ㔜せᛶࡢ㧗ࡲࡾࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚⏕ࡌࡓᚰ⌮ⓗ࠾ࡼࡧᴫᛕⓗኚ ࠼ࡤࠊ࣮࣍ࣝࢬ࣮࣡ࢫ Holdsworth ࡣࠊࡶࡋ࢚ࢡࢸุᡤࡀമᶒㆡ ࡢࡁࡉࡣࠊ㐣ᑠホ౯ࡉࢀࡿࡁ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋ࣓ࢺࣛࣥࢻ Maitland ࣏ Ώࢆ⚗Ṇࡍࡿ࣮ࣝࣝࡢ⤖ㄽࢆಟṇࡋ࡞ࡅࢀࡤࠊ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡣ↓యἲᐃ┦⥆ ࣟࢵࢡࡣࡶࠊⱥᅜ≀ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒἲ real property law ࡢ㒊ศࡣࠊ୰ୡ burgh, 1989), 21-22. H.W. Elphinstone, ‘What is a Chose in Action?’, 9 Law Quarterly Review, 311 (1893); C. Sweet, ‘Choses in Action’, 10 Law Quarterly Review, 303 (1894); F. Pollock, ‘What is a ࠾࠸࡚ࡣᶒࡢ⛣㌿≀ࡢ⛣㌿ࢆ༊ูࡍࡿࡇࡀ࡛ࡁ࡞ࡗࡓ࠸ ࠺ࡇࢆ㋃ࡲ࠼ࢀࡤᐜ᫆⌮ゎ࡛ࡁࡿᙇࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ㏻⾜ᆅᙺᶒࡢࡼ ࠺࡞↓యἲᐃ┦⥆⏘ࡢሙྜ࡛ࡉ࠼ࠊࠕ≀㢮ఝࡢࠖᛶ㉁ࢆࡑࢀࡽ㉳ᅉࡍࡿ ࡶࡢࡳ࡞ࡋࠊࡑࡢ㈈⏘ࡢᛶ㉁ࢆᅵᆅࡢ㢮ẚ࡛ㄝ᫂ࡍࡿഴྥࡀ࠶ࡗࡓࠋ Thing?’, 10 Law Quarterly Review, 318(1894); S. Brodhurst, ‘Is Copyright a Chose in ࠼ࡤࠊᆅேࡼࡿ᪂ᶒ⪅ࡢᢎㄆ attornment ࡢࡼ࠺࡞័⾜ࡣࠊ↓య Action?’, 11 Law Quarterly Review, 64 (1895); T.C. Williams, ‘Property Things in Action, ἲᐃ┦⥆⏘ࡢ⛣㌿ࢆྲྀࡾᅖࡴࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࡀࠊࡑࢀࡣࡇ࠺ࡋࡓἲᐃ┦⥆⏘ࡀ and Copyright’, 11 Law Quarterly Review, 223 (1895); C. Sweet, ‘Choses in Action’, 11 Law Quarterly Review, 238 (1895) ࢆཧ↷ࠋ O.R. Marshall, The Assignment of Choses in Action (London, 1950), chapter 3 ࢆཧ↷ࠋ ッゴᖝຓ maintenance ᑐࡍࡿ␗㆟ࡋ࡚▱ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋLanpet’s Case (1612) W.S. Holdsworth, ‘The History of the Treatment of Choses in Action by the Common Law’, 33 Harvard Law Review, 997(1920). 10 Co. Rep. 46b at 48a; 77 ER 994 at 997 ࢆཧ↷ࠋമᶒㆡΏࡣࠊッゴᖝຓࡘࡲࡾᖸ΅⪅ ࡼࡿッゴࡢ᥎㐍ࢆຓ㛗ࡍࡿࡔࢁ࠺⪃࠼ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡓࠋッゴᖝຓࡣ≢⨥࡞ࡾࠊ printed by Garland Publishing, New York, London, 1978), Book II, chapter 3. ࡘἲ⾜Ⅽࡀᡂ❧ࡋࡓࠋ University Press, 1898, reissued 1968), 124-125. E. Jenks, A Short History of English Law (6th ed., London,1949), 281 ࢆཧ↷ࠋ ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO Sir William Blackstone, Commentaries on the Laws of England (1765; 1783 ed., reF. Pollock and F.W. Maitland, The History of English Law (2nd ed., Cambridge at the ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO ᕳ㢌ㄽᩥ 㻭㻌 㻼㼔㼕㼘㼛㼟㼛㼜㼔㼥㻌 㼛㼒㻌 㻵㼚㼠㼑㼘㼘㼑㼏㼠㼡㼍㼘㻌 㻼㼞㼛㼜㼑㼞㼠㼥㻌 㻰㼞㼍㼔㼛㼟 ᐇ㝿ࡣᶒ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃ≀ࡋ࡚ࡳ࡞ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡓ࠸࠺ࡇࢆ᫂ࡽࡍ ࡶࡓࡽࡉࢀࡓࠋⱥᅜࡢࢥ࣭࣮ࣔࣥࣟࡣࠊࡑࡢࣉࣛࢢ࣐ࢸࢬ࣒࡛᭷ྡ࡛࠶ ࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ࣓ࢺࣛࣥࢻࡣ♧၀ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ ࠋ ࡿࡀࠊ༴㝤ࢆෑࡋ࡚ᙧ⪋ୖᏛ㡿ᇦࡢዟ῝ࡃࡲ࡛❧ࡕධࡾࠊ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ࡢ ⱥᅜἲࡣࠊ࣮࣐ࣟἲࡢ incorporeal thing ࡢ࢝ࢸࢦ࣮ࣜࢆമᶒⓗ㈈⏘ࡢ࢝ abstract objects ࢆ incorporeal things ࡢࣜࢫࢺࡘࡅຍ࠼ࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡑ࠺ࡍ ࢸࢦ࣮ࣜ⤖ࡧࡘࡅࡿࡇࡼࡗ࡚ࠊ㠀ᖖᰂ㌾࡞ேⓗ㈈⏘ᴫᛕࢆฟࡋ ࡿࡇ࡛ࠊ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ࡣ material objects ࡲ࡛ࡑࡢᡭࢆఙࡤࡋࡓࠋⱁ⾡ᐙࠊ ࡓࠋⱥᅜἲࡀᰂ㌾࡛࠶ࡿ⌮⏤ࡣࠊࡲࡉṇ☜≉ᐃࡉࢀࡓ୍ᐃࡢᒓᛶࡼ సᐙ࠾ࡼࡧⓎ᫂ᐙࡣࠊࡇࡢୡ⏺࡛⤒῭ⓗ⏕Ꮡࡋ࡚࠸ࡃࡓࡵࡣࡑࡢ ࡗ࡚ࡑࡢᣑᙇࡀไ㝈ࡉࢀ࡚࠸࡞ࡗࡓࡽ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡑࡢ㠀㝈ᐃᛶ indefi- intangible assets ࢆ material assets ᭷ᙧ㈨⏘ ㌿ࡋ࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ࠋ niteness ࡣࠊ㈈⏘ไᗘࡢᶵ⬟ⓗᙉࡳࡢ※Ἠ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋࡑࡢ⤖ᯝࠊⱥᅜἲࡣ ࠸ࡗࡓࢇ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲࡀ abstract objects ࠾ࡅࡿ㈈⏘ࢆᢎㄆࡋࡓᚋࡣࠊ≀㉁ ᕷሙࡸ♫㛵ಀࡢከᵝ࡞ศ㔝ࡲ࡛ᗈࡀࡿࡇࡀ࡛ࡁࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ ࠋࡇࢀ ୡ⏺࠾ࡅࡿ㈈⏘㛵ಀࢆᨭ㓄ࡍࡿ≀㉁ᛶ materiality ࡢ㔜せᛶࡀࡼࡾ୍ ࡣ㝣Ẹἲไᗘࡣᐇ㝿┦ᙜࡍࡿࡶࡢࡀ࡞࠸ᴫᛕ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋ ᒙᙉࡲࡗࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡗ࡚ࠊᙅࡲࡗࡓࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋࡑࡢ㔜せᛶࡀᙉࡲࡗࡓ⌮⏤ ᭱ᚋ ࡘ᳨ウࡋ࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ࡇࡀ࠶ࡿࠋ࠶ࡿぢゎࡼࢀࡤࠊ ࡣࠊabstract objects ࢆ㏻ࡋ࡚ࠊࡲࡍࡲࡍከࡃࡢ material objects ࡀࠊᩘ࠾ ᡃࠎࡀࡳ࡚ࡁࡓ incorporeal things ࡢⓎᒎ㛵ࡍࡿ▷࠸ࢫࢺ࣮࣮ࣜࡣࠊ㈈⏘ ࠸࡚ࡶ✀㢮࠾࠸࡚ࡶࠊಶே㈈⏘ᡤ᭷⪅ࡢᙳ㡪ୗ࠾ࢀ࠺ࡿࡼ࠺࡞ࡗ ἲࡣࡑࡢ㛗࠸Ⓨᒎ㐣⛬࠾࠸࡚ḟ➨㠀≀㉁ࡉࢀࠊ୍ᒙᢳ㇟ⓗ࡞ࡶࡢ ࡓࡽ࡛࠶ࡿࠋabstract object ࡣ material object ࢆᨭ㓄ࡍࡿ ࡘࡢ᪉ἲ࡞ ࡞ࡾࠊ࣏ࣟࢵࢡࡢゝⴥࢆ⏝࠸ࡿ࡞ࡽࡤࠊࡑࡢࠕ≀㢮ఝࡋࡓᛶ㉁ࠖࢆ႙ኻ ࡗࡓࠋ ࡘࡢ≉チࡣ↓ᩘࡢ physical objects 㛵㐃ࡋ࠺ࡿࠋ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡢ ࡋ࡚ࡁࡓ࠸࠺⪃࠼᪉ࢆᨭᣢࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࡼ࠺ᛮࢃࢀࡿࡶࡋࢀ࡞ corporeality ࡣࠊἲⓗ࠸࠼ࡤࠊࡣࡿ㐲ࡃ࠶ࡿࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊabstract object ࠸ࠋࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞⤖ㄽࢆୗࡍࡢࡣ⡆༢࡛࠶ࡿࡀࠊࡋࡋᯝࡓࡋ࡚ᡃࠎࡣࡇࡢ ≀㉁ᛶࢆㄢࡍࡉࡲࡊࡲ࡞せ௳࡞ࡗ࡚⌧ࢀࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ ࡼ࠺࡞⤖ㄽࢆୗࡍࡁ࡛࠶ࢁ࠺ࠋᡃࠎࡀ㏙ࡓࢫࢺ࣮࣮ࣜ࠾ࡅࡿฟ᮶ ࠸࠺ࡢࡣࠊ⌧ᐇࡢၥ㢟ᑐࡍࡿ⌧ᐇࡢゎỴ⟇ࢆᵓ⠏ࡍࡿࡓࡵ࣮࣐ࣟ ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡢṇᙜ ἲୖࡢ࢝ࢸࢦ࣮ࣜࡀⱥᅜἲᏛ⪅ࡼࡗ࡚⏝࠸ࡽࢀࡓ࠸࠺ࡇ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ ࢹࡢ㇏ᐩ࡞ே࠸࠺ࡢࡣࠊᗈ࠸ព࡛ࡣ㈨⏘ assets ࢆ᭷ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡢሙྜࠊabstract objects ࡣ⚾ே㛫ࡢ㈈⏘㛵ಀࢆ፹ࡍࡿࠕ≀ࠖ ࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡑ࠺ࡋࡓேࡀᕷሙ⤒῭࡛⏕ィࢆ❧࡚ࡿࡇࢆྍ⬟ࡍࡿࡓࡵ things ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ⏝ࡼࡿᯤῬࢆほᛕࡋ࠼࡞࠸㈨※ࡢ᭱㐺࡞࡛࠶ࡿࡶ ࡣࠊࡑࡢ intangible assets ↓ᙧ㈨⏘ ࡀၟᴗⓗ⏝ྍ⬟࡞ࡿࡼ࠺ࠊࡑ ࡢ㈈⏘ᶒࢆタࡍࡿࡇࢆṇᙜࡍࡿ᰿ᣐࡣࠊ⤖ᒁࡢࡇࢁఱ࡛࠶ࢁ࠺ ࢀࡽࡢ㈨⏘ࡣఱࡽࡢ᪉ἲ࡛㈈⏘ᶒࡋ࡚ᢎㄆࡉࢀ࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ࠋࡇ ࠋtangibles ࡢሙྜࡣࠊேࡣࡑࡢ≀ࢆ⏝ࡍࡿࡇ࡛⪅ࡽ≀ࢆዣ࠺ ࡢࡼ࠺࡞┠ⓗࡗ࡚ᴟࡵ࡚㔜せ࡞ᴫᛕ⨨ࡢ୍㒊ࡀ࣮࣐ࣟἲࡼࡗ࡚ ࡇࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࠋࡋࡋࠊabstract objects ࡢᛶ㉁ࡣࡑࡢ≀ࢆྠ⏝ࡍࡿ F.W. Maitland, ‘The Mystery of Seisin’ in Select Essays in Anglo-American History (edited by a committee of the Association of American Law Schools, Cambridge at the University Press, 1909), 591-610. ᚲせࡀ࠶ࡿࠋⓎ᫂⮬యࡣࠊ≀㉁ࢆႏ㉳ࡍࡿࡼ࠺࡞⏝ㄒ࡛ᐃ⩏ࡉࢀࡿࡇࡀከ࠸ࠋᑓ 㠀㝈ᐃᛶࡇࡑࡀ㈈⏘ࡢᮏ㉁࡛࠶ࡿ࣮࢜ࢫࢸࣥࡣᙇࡍࡿࠋࡋࡋᙼࡣࠊࡑࢀ ᮲ Statute of Monopolies ࡣࠊ ࠕ࠸࡞ࡿែᵝࡢࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࢀࠊ᪂ࡓ࡞〇㐀≀ࠖany ࡀ࠶ࡓࡶࡍ࡚ࡢἲᇦࡢ㈈⏘ᙜ࡚ࡣࡲࡿࡢࡼ࠺グ㏙ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋJ. Austin, manner of new manufactures ゝཬࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࡢᩥゝࡣᖺ࣮࢜ࢫࢺࣛࣜ≉ ࠼ࡤࠊ≉チฟ㢪࠾࠸࡚ࡣᙜヱⓎ᫂ࡘ࠸࡚ㄝ᫂ࡋᐃ⩏ࡋࡓ᫂⣽᭩ࢆῧࡍࡿ Lectures on Jurisprudence (5th ed., London, 1885), Lecture 48 ࢆཧ↷ࠋ チἲࡶ⥅ᢎࡉࢀ࡚࠾ࡾࠊྠἲ᮲DࡣⓎ᫂ࢆࠕᑓ᮲ ᮲ࡢព࠾ࡅࡿ ࢥ࣭࣮ࣔࣥࣟไᗘ㝣ἲไᗘࡢ㈈⏘ᑐࡍࡿࣉ࣮ࣟࢳࡢ┦㐪㛵ࡍࡿඃࢀ 〇㐀ࡢែᵝࡢࡶࡢࠖa manner of manufacture within the meaning of section 6 of the ࡓ㆟ㄽࡋ࡚ࠊ‘Introduction’ by O. Kahn-Freund (ed.) in K. Renner, The Institutions of Statute of Monopoliesᐃ⩏ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋⴭసᶒἲࡶ୍⯡ⴭస≀㛵ࡋ࡚≀㉁ⓗᙧែ Private Law (A. Schwarzschild tr., London, 1949) ࢆཧ↷ࠋ ࡢせ௳ࢆㄢࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO ᕳ㢌ㄽᩥ 㻭㻌 㻼㼔㼕㼘㼛㼟㼛㼜㼔㼥㻌 㼛㼒㻌 㻵㼚㼠㼑㼘㼘㼑㼏㼠㼡㼍㼘㻌 㻼㼞㼛㼜㼑㼞㼠㼥㻌 㻰㼞㼍㼔㼛㼟 ࡇࢆㄆࡵࡿࡓࡵࠊ⏝ࡼࡿ abstract objects ࡢዣ࠸࠺ែࡣ⏕ࡌ࠼ ୡ⣖ࣥࢢࣛࣥࢻ࠾ࡅࡿ᭩⡠ࡢ༳ๅ࠾ࡼࡧฟ∧ࡣࠊṇᘧࡣ᭩⡠ฟ ࡞࠸ࠋ ∧ᴗ⪅ the Stationers ࡋ࡚▱ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡓᡭᕤᴗ⪅ࢠࣝࢻ a craft guild ⱥᅜἲࡣࠊ≉チᶒ࠾ࡼࡧⴭసᶒࡢᩥ⬦࠾࠸࡚ࠊࡇ࠺ࡋࡓṇᙜ᰿ᣐࡢ ࡼࡗ࡚Ⴀࡲࢀ࡚࠸ࡓࠋࡍ࡚ࡢᡭᕤᴗ⪅ࢠࣝࢻྠᵝࠊ᭩⡠ฟ∧ᴗ⪅ ၥ㢟᭱ึᑐᓖࡋ࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞ࡗࡓࠋࡇࢀࡽࡢྛᩥ⬦࠾࠸࡚ࠊࡇ ࡣࠊ⊂༨┈ᙉ࠸㛵ᚰࡀ࠶ࡾࠊࡲࡓࡑࢀྠࡌࡃࡽ࠸➇தࡢᜍᛧᚰࢆ ࡢၥ㢟ᑐࡍࡿゎ⟅ࡣࠊ࢟ࣜࢫࢺᩍࡢᙳ㡪ࢆᙉࡃཷࡅࡓἲⓗఏ⤫ࡢ୰࡛ࠊ ᢪ࠸࡚࠸ࡓࠋࡇࡢࡼ࠺⊂༨┈ࡢ㛵ᚰ➇தࡢᜍᛧᚰࡀ⤌ࡳྜࢃ ࡑࡋ࡚ࡲࡓ⮬↛ἲୖࡢ㈈⏘⌮ㄽࡢᙳ㡪ࢆཷࡅࡓゝㄝࡢ୰࡛ᥦ♧ࡉࢀࡓࠋࡇ ࡉࡗࡓ⤖ᯝࠊ᭩⡠ฟ∧ᴗ⪅ࡢࢠࣝࢻࡢ࣓ࣥࣂ࣮ࡣࠊࡸࡀ࡚ᖺἲே ࡢࡼ࠺࡞ఏ⤫ࡢ୰࡛ࠊṇᙜ᰿ᣐࡢၥ㢟ࡣ≉チᶒⴭసᶒ࡛␗࡞ࡿ㆟ㄽ ສチ≧ a royal charter of incorporation ࡢྲྀᚓྥࡅ࡚ㄳ㢪ࢆ⾜࠺⮳ࡗ ࡀ⾜ࢃࢀࡓࠋࡇࢀࡽࡢᙇࢆㄝ᫂ࡍࡿࡓࡵᮏ᭩࡛ࡣࠊⴭసᶒ㛵ࡋ࡚ࡣ ࡓࠋ࣓࣮ࣜዪ⋤ Queen Mary ࡣࠊ᭩⡠ฟ∧ᴗ⪅ࡢㄳ㢪ࢆ႐ࢇ࡛ཷࡅධ ࣥἲ Millar v. Taylor ௳ࡢ㆟ㄽࠊ≉チᶒ㛵ࡋ࡚ࡣᑓ᮲ Statute ࢀࡓࠋ༳ๅࡢ⤫ไᶒ㝈ࢆ᭩⡠ฟ∧ᴗ⤌ྜ Stationers’ Company ࡍࡿ of Monopolies The Case of Monopolies ࡢ㆟ㄽࠊࡑࢀࡒࢀ㝈ᐃࡋ࡚⪃ᐹ ࡇࡣࠊᡪືⓗࠊ␗➃ⓗሗࡢᣑᩓࢆ⤫ไࡋ࠺ࡿูࡢᡭẁࢆࡶࡓࡽࡍࡇ ࢆ⾜࠺ࡇࡋࡓ࠸ ࠋࡶࡕࢁࢇࠊࡇࢀࡔࡅࡢ࡛ࡣᩘࡀᑡ࡞࠸࠸࠺ ࡞ࡗࡓࡽ࡛࠶ࡿ㸦ࡶࡗࡶࠊᅜ⋤ࡀ᪩࠸ᮇࡽ᭩⡠ฟ∧ᴗ⪅ࢆ⏝ ࡇࡣㄆࡵࡊࡿࢆ࠼࡞࠸ࡀࠊࡋࡋࡑ࠺ࡣ࠸ࡗ࡚ࡶࠊุࡸไᐃἲࡢ୰ ࡋࡼ࠺ࡋࡓࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊࡴࡋࢁᣝၥࡸẅᐖࡢࡼ࠺࡞ࡼࡾᡭⲨ࠸ᡭẁ㢗 ࡣᙜࡢᗈ⠊࡞ἲⓗୡ⏺ࡘ࠸࡚ከࡃࡢࡇࢆ᫂ࡽࡍࡿࡶࡢࡶ࠶ ࡿࡇࢆዲࢇࡔⅬࡣᣦࡋ࡚࠾ࡃᚲせࡀ࠶ࡿࠋ ࡿࠋᮏ᭩࡛ྲྀࡾୖࡆࡿ ௳ࡢุࡣࠊⱥᅜἲ࠾࠸࡚᭱ࡶ᭷ྡ࡞ࡶࡢ࡛ ⤌ࡢ⮬ᕫ┈㛫┦⿵㛵ಀࡀࡳࡽࢀࡓࡇࢆ⫼ᬒࡋ࡚ࠊฟ∧ᴗࢆ⤫ ࠶ࡗ࡚ࠊဴᏛⓗ㆟ㄽᐩࡴࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡾࠊṇᙜ᰿ᣐࡢၥ㢟ࢆゎỴࡍࡿࡓࡵ ไࡍࡿࡓࡵ≉ᶒࢆ⏝ࡍࡿࢣ࣮ࢫࡀୡ⣖ࣥࢢࣛࣥࢻ࠾࠸࡚⌧ࢀ ⏝࠸ࡽࢀࡓἲⓗ‽ᣐᯟࢆ᫂☜ᥦ♧ࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ ࡓࠋࡍ࡞ࢃࡕࠊ୍᪉࡛ࠊᅜ⋤ࡣࡑࡢᨻⓗᏳᐃࡗ࡚༳ๅࡢᨭ㓄ᶒ㝈ࡀ ྍḞ࡛࠶ࡿ⪃࠼࡚࠸ࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡾࠊ᪉࡛ࠊ᭩⡠ฟ∧ᴗ⪅ࡣࣟࣥࢻࣥࢆ ᓸ˺ೌ ୰ᚰࡍࡿᙼࡽࡢ⊂༨ࢆ⥔ᣢࡋࠊᆅᇦⓗࠊࡉࡽࡣᅜቃࢆ㉺࠼࡚ࢫࢥࢵ ࢺࣛࣥࢻࡲ࡛ᙼࡽࡢᙳ㡪ຊࢆᣑࡍࡿࡓࡵࡢᡭẁࡋ࡚ࠊ≉ᶒไᗘࡳ ⴭసᶒࡽጞࡵࡿࡇࡋࡼ࠺ࠋⱥᅜⴭసᶒࡢṔྐࡘ࠸࡚ࡣᩘከࡃࡢ ࡞ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋⴭసᶒࡢṔྐ࠾ࡅࡿࡇࡢẁ㝵࡛ࡣࠊⴭస⪅ࡣࢇ ඃࢀࡓᩥ⊩ࡀᏑᅾࡍࡿࠋࡋࡓࡀࡗ࡚ࡇࡇ࡛ࡣࠊᡃࠎࡀศᯒᑐ㇟ࡋ࡚㑅ᢥ ࡋࡓ⣲ᮦྲྀࡾࡿࡢඛࡔࡗ࡚ࠊⱥᅜࡢⴭసᶒྐࢆࡈࡃ⡆༢═ࡵࡿ ⛬ᗘࡵࡓ࠸ࠋ Ages 1476-1600 (New York, 1962); H. Ransom, The First Copyright Statute (Austin, 1956) ࡀ࠶ࡿࠋ E. Arber (ed.), A Transcript of the Registers of the Company of Stationers of London 1554-1640 A.D. (London, 1875-94, privately printed, 5 volumes), vol. 1, xxviii 㘓ࡉ ࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋᖺἲேສチ≧ࡣࠊḟࡢࡼ࠺࡞ෑ㢌࡛ጞࡲࡿࠋ Millar v. Taylor (1769) 4 Burr. 2303, 98 E.R. 201; Act of Anne 8 Anne, c. 19 (1709); The ࠕᅜ⋤⋤ድࡣࠊ͐͐Ợࡽࡢࡇࢆ▱ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡘࡲࡾᅜ⋤⋤ድࡣࠊ࠸ࡃࡘ Case of Monopolies (1602)11 Co. Rep. 84b, 77 E.R. 1260: Statute of Monopolies 21 Jac 1 c. 3 (1623). ࡢ୰യⓗࡘ␗➃ⓗ࡞᭩≀ࡸリ࠾ࡼࡧㄽᩥࡀࠊࡉࡲࡊࡲ࡞ᣮᡓⓗ࡛ᝏព‶ࡕ ࡓ㞳ᩍⓗࡘ␗➃ⓗ࡞ேࠎࡼࡗ࡚᪥ࠎฟ∧ࡉࢀ㓄ᕸࡉࢀ࡚࠾ࡾࠊ⮧Ẹࡸᐙ⮧ࢆࠊ ➨୍ḟ㈨ᩱ㛵ࡍࡿඃࢀࡓࢯ࣮ࢫࡣࠊE. Arber (ed.), A Transcript of the Registers of ᅜ⋤ᅜᐙࡢጾಙᑐࡍࡿ㏫᭹ᚑ၀ࡍࡢࡳ࡞ࡽࡎࠊ⪷ẕᩍࡢ┿ᐇ the Company of Stationers of London 1554-1640 A.D. (London, 1875-94, privately printed, 5 volumes) ࡛࠶ࡿࠋᑓ㛛ⓗ࡞ࢸ࢟ࢫࢺࡢࡋ࡚ࡣࠊC. Blagden, The Stationers’ ࡘ࡞࢝ࢯࣜࢵࢡࡢᩍ⩏ᑐࡋ࡚ࠊࡑࢀࢆసࡾኚ࠼ኚ㠉ࡋࡼ࠺࠸࠺ࠊ᭱ࡶ Company: A History, 1403-1959 (Cambridge, 1960); L.R. Patterson, Copyright in Histori- ࡑࢀࡓࡴࡁ␗➃၀ࡍ࠸࠺ࡇࢆ⪃៖ࡋࠊ᫂ⓑᢕᥱࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ ࠖ cal Perspective (Nashville, 1968); G. Putnam, Books and their Makers During the Middle Ibid at xxvii. ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO ᕳ㢌ㄽᩥ 㻭㻌 㻼㼔㼕㼘㼛㼟㼛㼜㼔㼥㻌 㼛㼒㻌 㻵㼚㼠㼑㼘㼘㼑㼏㼠㼡㼍㼘㻌 㻼㼞㼛㼜㼑㼞㼠㼥㻌 㻰㼞㼍㼔㼛㼟 ࡢ⬥ᙺࡍࡂ࡞ࡗࡓࠋ୰ᚰⓗᙺࢆ₇ࡌࡓࡢࡣᅜ⋤༳ๅᴗ⪅࡛࠶ࡾࠊ ࢆุ᩿ࡍࡿ㝿ࠊุᡤࡣⴭసᶒಖㆤࡢ᰿ᣐࡘ࠸࡚┿ṇ㠃ࡽྲྀࡾ⤌ ࡑࡢ୧⪅ࡶⴭస⪅ࡢᶒࡸ⤒῭࠾ࡼࡧᩥࡗ࡚ࡢ」〇ᶒࡢ౯್ ࡴᚲせ㏕ࡽࢀࡓࡽ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡑࡢ⤖ᯝࠊุᡤࡣဴᏛⓗ࡞㡿ᇦ❧ࡕ ࡣ≉㛵ᚰࢆ♧ࡉ࡞ࡗࡓࠋⴭస⪅ࡀಶேⓗ࡞≉ᶒࢆᡭධࢀࡿᜨࡲ ධࡽࡊࡿࢆ࠼࡞ࡗࡓࠋ᭩⡠ฟ∧ᴗ⪅ࡼࡿッゴࡣࠊ᭩⡠ࡢ㈈⏘ᶒ࠶ࡿ࠸ ࢀ࡚࠸ࡿሙྜࢆ㝖࠸࡚ࡣࠊⴭస⪅ࡢ❧ሙࡣᙅࡃࠊࡶࡋཎ✏ࡀබ㓄ᕸࡉࢀ ࡣࠕᩥⱁⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࠖliterary property 㛵ࡍࡿᗈ⠊࡞♫ⓗㄽதࡢ୍㒊࡛ ࡿࡇⴭస⪅ࡀྠពࡋࡓࡍࢀࡤࠊ᭩⡠ฟ∧ᴗ⤌ྜࡢ࣓ࣥࣂ࣮ࡀᙜヱཎ ࠶ࡗࡓࠋࡇࡢㄽதࡣࠊୡ⣖ᚋ༙ࡽୡ⣖ࡅ࡚ࡢⱥᅜྐ࠾࠸࡚ࠊ ✏ࡢⴭసᶒࢆⓏ㘓ࡋࠊࡑࢀࢆ⏝ࡍࡿࡇࢆ⚗Ṇࡍࡿࡢࡀྍ⬟࡞࡛ ᭱ࡶ㛗ᮇࢃࡓࡿࠊ᭱ࡶ㗦ࡃពぢࡢᑐ❧ࡋࡓㄽதࡢ ࡘ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋᐇ㝿ࠊ ࠶ࡗࡓࠋ᭩⡠ࢆ༳ๅࡍࡿᶒࡣࠊⴭస⪅࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊ≉ᐃࡢసရࢆⓏ㘓ࡍ ฟ∧ᴗ⏺ᐖ㛵ಀࢆࡶࡘேࠎࡔࡅ࡛࡞ࡃࠊ୍⯡ࡢ▱ⓗࢧ࣮ࢡࣝᒓࡍࡿ ࡿ᭩⡠ฟ∧ᴗ⤌ྜࡢ࣓ࣥࣂ࣮ᖐᒓࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࠋ ேࠎࡲ࡛ࡶࡀࡇࡢㄽதຍࢃࡗࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋᩘከࡃࡢࡇࡀၥ㢟ࡉࢀࡓࠋ ࡇࡢ≉ᶒไᗘࡣ⤖ᒁ◚⥢ࡋࡓࠋࡑࡢ⌮⏤ࡢ୍➃ࡣࠊฟ∧⏘ᴗࡢ⮳ࡿࡇ ୍㒊ࡢேࠎࡗ࡚┿ࡢၥ㢟ࡣࢹࡢᬑཬᑐࡍࡿ⤫ไ࠶ࡗࡓࠋ ࢁ࡛≉ᶒࡀᆒ➼ࡤࡽࡲࢀ࡚࠾ࡾࠊྠ⏘ᴗ࠾࠸࡚┈ࡢ㧗࠸ࡁ࡞ ἲᘐ࠾ࡅࡿ㆟ㄽࡣࠊⴭస⪅ࡀ⮬ᕫࡢⴭస≀ࢆฟ∧ࡋࡓᚋ࠾࠸࡚ࢥࣔ ࢩ࢙ࢆࡶࡘேࠎࠊྠ⏘ᴗࡢ⦕࡛⏕ࡁᘏࡧ࡚࠸ࡿேࠎࡢ㛫࡛ࠊ㌵㎚ࢆ ࣭࣮ࣥࣟୖࡢⴭసᶒ common law copyright ࡣᏑᅾࡍࡿࡢ࠺࠸࠺ ⏕ࡳࡔࡋࡓ࠸࠺Ⅼồࡵࡿࡇࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࠋᖺࡢࣥἲࡣࠊ≉ᶒไᗘ ࡇࢆ᰿ᮏⓗၥ࠺ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋ᭩⡠ฟ∧ᴗ⪅ࡣࠊ⊂༨≧ែࡀᔂࢀࡿࡢ ྲྀࡗ࡚௦ࢃࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋࣥἲࡣࠊⴭసᶒᑐࡍࡿබඹ┈ࡢ┦ ࢆ᎘ࡀࡾࠊḟࡢࡼ࠺ᙇࡋࡓࠋࡍ࡞ࢃࡕࠊࢥ࣭࣮ࣔࣥࣟࡣ࠸࡞ࡿไᐃ ࡢ฿᮶ࢆ࿌ࡆࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࡇࡽࠊ⏬ᮇⓗ࡞ไᐃἲ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋࣥἲ ἲࡶ⊂❧ⴭస⪅ᑐࡋ࡚Ọஂࡢⴭసᶒ㸦᭩⡠ฟ∧ᴗ⪅ࡀⴭస⪅ࡽ⋓ ࡢ๓ᩥࡣࠊⴭసᶒࢆࠕᏛၥࡢዡບࠖEncouragement of Learning ⤖ࡧࡘ ᚓࡍࡿࡇࡢ࡛ࡁࡿⴭసᶒ㸧ࢆࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡾࠊࡇࡢࢥ࣭࣮ࣔࣥࣟୖ ࡅࡓࠋࣥἲࡣࠊⴭసᶒࡢಖㆤᮇ㛫ࢆไ㝈ࡍࡿࡇࡼࡗ࡚ࠊࣃࣈࣜࢵࢡ࣭ ࡢⴭసᶒࡣฟ∧࠾ࡼࡧࣥἲࡢ࠸ࡎࢀࡢᙳ㡪ࡶཷࡅ࡞࠸ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠊࠋ ࢻ࣓ࣥࡢᏑᅾࢆᢎㄆࡋࡓ ࠋࣥἲࡣࠊࡲࡔ༳ๅࡉࢀ࡚࠾ࡽࡎࡇࢀࡽ ⤖ᒁࠊ᭩⡠ฟ∧ᴗ⪅ࡢࡇ࠺ࡋࡓᙇࡣཷࡅධࢀࡽࢀ࡞ࡗࡓࡀࠊᙼࡽࡣἲ ฟ∧ࡉࢀࡿ᭩⡠㛵ࡋ࡚ࠊⴭస⪅ࠕ༳ๅࡢ⊂༨ⓗ⮬⏤ࠖsole Liberty of ᘐ࠾࠸࡚ࡑ࠺ࡋࡓᙇࢆᒎ㛤ࡋࡓࡢ࡛ࠊⱥᅜࡢุᐁࡗ࡚ࡣࠊⴭస printing ࢆ࠼ࡓࠋࣥἲయࡢ㊃ࡣࠊ㐨ලⓗࡘᐇ⏝ⓗ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋⴭస ≀࠾ࡅࡿⴭస⪅ࡢᶒࡢᛶ㉁ࡘ࠸࡚ពぢࢆ㏙ࡿᶵࡀ࠼ࡽࢀࡓࠋ ᶒࡢᙺࡣⴭస⪅ࡢసࢆಁࡍࡇ࡛࠶ࡾࠊࡑࢀࡼࡗ࡚Ꮫၥࢆዡບࡋࠊ ࡑࡋ࡚᭱⤊ⓗࡣࠊDonaldson v. Beckett ௳࠾࠸࡚ࠊ 㸦 ᑐ ࠸࠺㸧ഹ Ꮫၥ᪂ࡓ࡞ࡶࡢࢆࡘࡅຍ࠼ࡿ࠸࠺ࠊࡼࡾࡁ࡞┠ⓗዊࡍࡿࡇ࡛ ᕪࡢከᩘពぢ࡛ࡣ࠶ࡗࡓࡀࠊࣥἲࡣࢥ࣭࣮ࣔࣥࣟୖࡢⴭసᶒࢆᗫṆࡋࡓ ࠶ࡗࡓࠋ᪤ฟ∧ࡉࢀࡓ᭩⡠ᑐࡍࡿ᭩⡠ฟ∧ᴗ⪅ࡢ⊂༨ⓗ࡞ᨭ㓄ࡣࠊ ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ࠸࠺ุ᩿ࢆୗࡋࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋᮏ௳ࡣࡇࡢၥ㢟ࡘ࠸ุ࡚ ࣥἲࡀ᪤Ꮡ᭩⡠ᑐࡍࡿಖㆤࢆ㹙ᖺ ᭶᪥ࡽ㹛ᖺ㛫ไ㝈ࡍࡿ ࡇࡼࡗ࡚㝖ࡉࢀࡓࠋ᭩⡠ࡢ౯᱁⤫ไ᮲㡯ࡶᑟධࡉࢀࠊᏛࡢㅖ┈ ࡣ᫂☜Ᏺࡽࢀࡓࠋ ࣥἲࡢ฿᮶ࡣࠊ᭩⡠ฟ∧ᴗ⪅ࡗ࡚࠸࡞ࡿḼ႐ࡢ✀࡛ࡣỴࡋ࡚࡞ ࡗࡓࠋࡑࡢᚋࠊᩘ༑ᖺࢃࡓࡾࠊࣥἲࡣⱥᅜุᡤ࠾࠸᳨࡚ドࡀ⾜ ࢃࢀࡓࠋୡ⣖࠾ࡅࡿࡇࢀࡽࡢุࡣࠊ㠀ᖖ⌧௦ⓗ࡞ព⩏ࢆ᭷ࡋ࡚ ࡇࡢㄽத㛵㐃ࡍࡿ᭩⡠ࡢࢱࢺࣝࡣࠊS. Parkes (ed.), The English Book Trade 1660-1853 (New York, London, 1974) ࡢ୰ࡢࡶࡢᕳ㘓ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡾࢃࡅ ⯆῝࠸ࡢࡣࠊ௨ୗࡢࢱࢺ࡛ࣝ࠶ࡿࠋࡍ࡞ࢃࡕࠊ‘English Publishing, the Struggle for Copyright and the Freedom of the Press: Thirteen Tracts, 1666-1774’; ‘The Literary Property Debate: Seven Tracts 1747-1773’; ‘The Literary Property Debate: Six Tracts 1764-1774’; ‘The Literary Property Debate: Eight Tracts, 1774-1775’ ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ ࠸ࡿࠋ࠸࠺ࡢࡶࠊⴭస⪅ࡀࣥἲไᐃᚋࡶᏑ⥆ࡍࡿᶒࢆࡶࡘࡢ࠺ ࠾ࡅࡿ࢙࣮ࢶุᐁࡢᑐពぢࢆཧ↷ࠋ L. Ray Patterson and Stanley W. Lindberg, The Nature of Copyright (Athens, London, 1991), 29-31. ࡇ࠺ࡋࡓᙳ㡪ᑐࡍࡿุᡤࡢぢゎࡋ࡚ࠊMillar v. Taylor 98 E.R. at 229-250 (1774) 4 Burr. 2408, 98 E.R. 257.ᮏ௳࠾࠸࡚㈗᪘㝔ࡣࡑࡶࡑࡶⴭస⪅ࡀࢥࣔ ࣭࣮ࣥࣟୖࡢⴭసᶒࢆಖ᭷ࡍࡿࡇࡘ࠸࡚ᨭᣢࡋ࡞ࡗࡓࡍࡿぢゎࡋ࡚ࠊL. ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO ᕳ㢌ㄽᩥ 㻭㻌 㻼㼔㼕㼘㼛㼟㼛㼜㼔㼥㻌 㼛㼒㻌 㻵㼚㼠㼑㼘㼘㼑㼏㼠㼡㼍㼘㻌 㻼㼞㼛㼜㼑㼞㼠㼥㻌 㻰㼞㼍㼔㼛㼟 ᡤࡢぢゎࡀ♧ࡉࢀࡓ᭱ᚋࡢุ࠸࠺ࢃࡅ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࡀࠊⴭసᶒࡀไᐃἲ ྠࡋ࡞࠸ࠖㄆࡵࡓ࠺࠼࡛ࠊ࢘ࣞࢫุᐁࡣḟࡢࡼ࠺࡞㆟ㄽࢆᥦ♧ࡍࡿࠋ ࡢ⏘≀࡛࠶ࡿ⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࡼ࠺࡞ࡿᛮ⪃ࡢ㐨➽ࢆ☜❧ࡋࡓࡢࡣࡲࡉ ࠸ࢃࡃࠊࠕ࠸࡞ࡿᅜ࠾࠸࡚ࡶࠊᏛ㆑࠶ࡿ⪅ࡓࡕࡢᏛၥࡸ㦵ࡢᢡࢀࡿ◊ ᮏุỴ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋ ✲ࢆዡບࡍࡿࡇࡣ㈼࡛᫂࠶ࡿࠋ᭱ࡶ⡆༢࡛᭱ࡶᖹ➼࡞᪉ἲࡣࠊᙼࡽ⮬ ࡑࢀ࡛ࡣࡇࡇ࡛ࠊᮏ⠇ࡢෑ㢌࡛㏙ࡓ᭱ึࡢ௳ࡢ᳨ド⛣ࡿࡇࡋ ᕫࡢᡂᯝᑐࡍࡿ㈈⏘ᶒࢆಖ㞀ࡍࡿࡇ࡛࠶ࡿ㹿㺁ṇᙜ᰿ᣐࡢ➨ ࡢ ࡼ࠺ࠋᖺࡢ Millar v. Taylor ௳ࡣࠊDonaldson v. Beckett ௳ඛ⾜ࡍ ❧ሙࡣࠊࢫࢺุࣥᐁࡼࡗ࡚ᥦ♧ࡉࢀࡓࠋࢫࢺุࣥᐁࡣࠊⴭస⪅ ࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡾࠊ࠸ࢁ࠸ࢁ࡞ព࡛ᩥⱁⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࢆࡵࡄࡿ㆟ㄽࡢᮏ㉁ࢆᤊ࠼ ࡣ▱ⓗປാࡢᡂᯝࢆᡤ᭷ࡍࡿ࠸࠺ࡇᶒࡢᏑᅾࡢᇶ♏ࢆ࠾ࡃࠋࡇ ࡓ௳࡛࠶ࡿࠋMillar v. Taylor ௳ࡣࠊḟࡢ ࡘࡢၥ㢟ࢆᥦ㉳ࡋࡓࠋࡍ࡞ ࡢぢゎࡣࠊ࡞ࡐປാࡀࡇ࠺ࡋࡓ㈈⏘ᶒࡢ࠸ࡗࡓᛶ㉁ࢆࡶࡘࡁ࡞ࡢ ࢃࡕࠊⴭస⪅ࡣࢥ࣭࣮ࣔࣥࣟୖࡢ」〇ᶒ a right of copy at common law ࢆ ࠸࠺ၥ࠸ࢆᘬࡁ㉳ࡇࡍࠋࡇࡢⅬ㛵ࡍࡿࢫࢺุࣥᐁࡢㄽᣐࡣ᫂ࡽ ᭷ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡔࢁ࠺ࠋࡶࡋ᭷ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡍࢀࡤࠊࡇࡢࢥ࣭࣮ࣔࣥࣟୖࡢ」 ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࡀࠊᚋࠊ㈈⏘ᶒࡢᐖࡣ⮬↛ࡢ⌮ᛶࡍࡿ࠸࠺⮬ࡽࡢ 〇ᶒࡣࣥἲࡼࡗ࡚ዣࡉࢀࡓࡢࡔࢁ࠺ࠋᮏ௳࠾ࡅࡿཎ࿌࣑࣮ࣛࡣࠊ ᙇࢆࢧ࣏࣮ࢺࡍࡿࡓࡵࠊ⮬↛ἲࢆᘬ⏝ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࢫࢺุࣥᐁࡢศ ࠕᅄᏘࠖThe Seasons ࠸࠺リࡢⓏ㘓ⴭసᶒࡢಖ᭷⪅࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋ⿕࿌ࢸ ᯒࡣࠊ᫂ࡽࣟࢵࢡ Locke ࡢ⣔㆕ᒓࡍࡿࡼ࠺ぢཷࡅࡽࢀࡿࡋࠊᐇ ࣮ࣛࡣࠊ࣑࣮ࣛࡢチㅙࢆᚓ࡚࠸࡞ࡗࡓࡀࠊᙜヱリࡢ」〇≀ࢆಖ᭷ࡋ࡚࠸ 㝿ࠊᙼࡣࠗ⤫ㄽ࠘➨⠍ Book II of the Two Treatises of Government ࡓࡢ࡛ࠊࡑࢀࡽࢆ㈍ࡍࡿࡇࡀ࡛ࡁࡓࠋࣥἲࡼࡗ࡚࠼ࡽࢀࡓಖㆤ ࠾ࡅࡿࣟࢵࢡࡢᡤ᭷ᶒ㛵ࡍࡿ㆟ㄽゐࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡶࡗࡶࠊࡑࢀࡣࣟࢵ ᮇ㛫ࡣ‶ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࠋ࣑࣮ࣛࡀッࡍࡿ၏୍ࡢᮃࡳࡣࠊࣥἲࡢᙳ㡪ࢆཷ ࢡࡢᡤ᭷ᶒ㛵ࡍࡿ㆟ㄽࡀᩥⱁⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡣ㛵㐃ࡋ࡞࠸ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ㏙ ࡅ࡞࠸ࢥ࣭࣮ࣔࣥࣟୖࡢⴭసᶒࡀᏑᅾࡍࡿࡇࢆド᫂ࡍࡿࡇ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋ ࡿࡓࡵࡍࡂ࡞࠸ࠋࡑࢀࡶࢃࡽࡎࠊⴭస⪅ࡢ▱ⓗປാࡣ㈈⏘ᶒ ࣑࣮ࣛࡣࡇ࠺ࡋࡓド᫂ᡂຌࡋࡓࠋ ே୰ ேࡢุᐁࡣࠊ࣑࣮ࣛッࡢ ࢆ⏕ࡳࡔࡍ࠸࠺ࢫࢺุࣥᐁࡢ㆟ㄽࡣࠊḟ❶࡛ࡳࡿࡼ࠺ࠊ┦ᙜ⛬ᗘࠊ ุỴࢆୗࡋࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ ࣟࢵࢡࡢᡤ᭷ᶒࡢ㉳※㛵ࡍࡿศᯒ㢮ఝࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ ࢥ࣭࣮ࣔࣥࣟୖࡢⴭసᶒࢆᨭᣢࡍࡿุ᩿ࢆୗࡋࡓุᐁࡽࡣࠊከᵝ࡞ せ⣙ࡍࢀࡤࠊMillar v. Taylor ௳࠾࠸࡚ࡣࠊṇᙜ᰿ᣐ㛵ࡍࡿ ࡘ ṇᙜࡢ㆟ㄽࡀᥦ♧ࡉࢀࡓࠋ࣐ࣥࢬࣇ࣮ࣝࢻ௵ุᐁ Mansfield CJ ࡢ❧ሙࡀࡳࡽࢀࡿࠋᡃࠎࡣࡑࢀࡽࢆṇ⩏ࡼࡿṇᙜࠊࣥࢭࣥࢸࣦ ࡣࠊฟ∧ࡉࢀࡿ๓࡛࠶ࢀᚋ࡛࠶ࢀⴭస⪅ࡢᶒࡢῡ※ࡣྠࡌ࡛࠶ࡿ㏙ ࡼࡿṇᙜࠊ࠾ࡼࡧ⮬↛ᶒࡼࡿṇᙜࡪࡇࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࠋࡇࢀࡽࡣ᫂ ࡓ࠺࠼࡛ࠊᶒࡢᇶ♏ࡣṇ⩏࠶ࡿᙇࡍࡿࠋࡍ࡞ࢃࡕࠊࠕⴭస⪅ࡣ⮬ ࡽ⊂❧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ㈈⏘ᶒࡀసࡢࣥࢭࣥࢸࣦ࡛࠶ࡿ࠸࠺ࡇ ᕫࡢពປാ㛵ࡍࡿ㔠㖹ⓗ┈ࢆᡭධࢀࡿࡁࡔࡍࡿࡇࡀṇ ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣྰᐃࡋ࡞ࡀࡽࡶࠊస⪅ሗ࠸ࡿ reward ࡓࡵ㈈⏘ᶒࢆタ ⩏࡞࠺ࠋࡑࡋ࡚ࡲࡓࠊ⪅ࡣྠព࡞ࡃࡋ࡚ⴭస⪅ࡢྡ๓ࢆ࠺ࡁ࡛ ࡍࡿࡇࡣṇ⩏ࡢせㄳ࡛࠶ࡿᙇࡍࡿ⪅ࡀ࠸ࡿࡶࡋࢀ࡞࠸ࠋࣥࢭࣥ ࡣ࡞࠸ࡍࡿࡇࡀṇ⩏࡞࠺ࠋࠖᙇࡍࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡢุᐁ ࡶṇ⩏ッ࠼ࡅ࡚࠸ࡿࡅࢀࡶࠊᙼࡽࡣ㏣ຍⓗ࡞ㄽᣐࢆᥦ♧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ Id., at 218. ࢭࣥࢸࣦ⤖ࡧࡘࡅ࡚⪃࠼ࡿࠋ⮬ࡽ✀ࢆࡲ࡞ࡗࡓࡶࡢࡽ⪅ࡀ Id., at 221. ┈ࢆᚓࡿࡇࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࡢࡔࡍࢀࡤࠊࠕࡑࡢࡼ࠺࡞⮬↛ἲୖࡢṇ⩏ࡣ㈶ Id., at 222. Id., at 220-221.ࢫࢺุࣥᐁࡀࡇࡢࡼ࠺⪃࠼ࡿ⌮⏤ࡣࠊࣟࢵࢡࡢ⌮ㄽࡀࠕ⏕ άᚲ㟂ရࠖ㐺⏝ࡉࢀࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࡽ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡉࡽࠊࣟࢵࢡ⌮ㄽࡢࡼ࠺࡞⌮ㄽ ࢘ࣞࢫุᐁ Willes J ࡣࠊ㐨ලⓗ㆟ㄽࢆᥦၐࡋࡓࠋᙼࡣ㈈⏘ᶒࢆࣥ Ray Patterson and Stanley W. Lindberg, The Nature of Copyright (Athens, London, 1991), ࡣࠊ୍ᐃࡢ༨᭷⾜Ⅽࡘࡲࡾ㌟యⓗ࡞᥋ゐ⾜Ⅽᇶ♏ࢆ࠾࠸࡚࠸ࡿࠋ༨᭷ࡣᩥᏛⓗస 36-46 ࢆཧ↷ࠋ ရ࠾ࡅࡿ㈈⏘ᶒࡢ⋓ᚓࡗ࡚㛵㐃ᛶࢆ᭷ࡋ࡞࠸ࡇࢆࢫࢺุࣥᐁࡣ♧၀ ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡼ࠺ࡳ࠼ࡿࠋ 98 E.R., at 252. ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO ᕳ㢌ㄽᩥ 㻭㻌 㻼㼔㼕㼘㼛㼟㼛㼜㼔㼥㻌 㼛㼒㻌 㻵㼚㼠㼑㼘㼘㼑㼏㼠㼡㼍㼘㻌 㻼㼞㼛㼜㼑㼞㼠㼥㻌 㻰㼞㼍㼔㼛㼟 ࢸࣦࡼࡿṇᙜࡣࡑࡢᛶ㉁ୖࠊ㐨ලⓗ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ㈈⏘ᶒࡣ♫ⓗ᭷┈ ἲ᫂☜㛵㐃࡙ࡅ࡚⪃࠼࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡋࡋࠊྠࡌ⮬↛ἲࡢᯟෆ࡛⪃࠼࡞ ࡞άືࢆ⋓ᚓࡍࡿࡓࡵࡢᱳᏊ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ⮬↛ᶒࡼࡿṇᙜࡣࠊࡑࡢᮃࡲࡋ ࡀࡽࡶࠊࢫࢺุࣥᐁ࢙࣮ࢶุᐁࡣṇᑐࡢ⤖ㄽࢆᑟࡁࡔࡍࠋ ࡉࢆࠊ⮬↛ἲࡢᏑᅾࡑࢀࢆ㆑ูࡍࡿࡇࡢ࡛ࡁࡿே㛫ࡢ⌮ᛶࡢᏑᅾ౫ ࢫࢺุࣥᐁࡣࠊⴭస⪅ࡣ abstract objects ㈈⏘ᶒࢆ᭷ࡍࡿ⤖ㄽ࡙ࡅࡿ Ꮡࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࢀࡽࡢṇᙜ᰿ᣐࡣⴭసᶒࡢᩥ⬦࠾࠸ุ࡚ᐁࡼࡗ࡚ ࡢᑐࡋࠊ࢙࣮ࢶุᐁࡣࠊබ⾲ publication ࡼࡗ࡚ࡇࡢ㈈⏘ᶒࡣᾘ ⪃࠼ฟࡉࢀࡓࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࡅࢀࡶࠊࡑࢀࡽࡣ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡢࡢศ㔝ࡶ➼ ⁛ࡍࡿᙇࡍࡿࠋ୧⪅ࡢ㛫ࡣࠊ⮬↛ἲ㛵ࡍࡿ▱ⓗ㞟ᡂ≀ࡢ⏝࠸᪉ ࡋࡃ㐺⏝ࡍࡿࡇࡀྍ⬟࡛࠶ࡿࠋᚋࡢ❶࡛ࡣࠊࡇࢀࡽࡢṇᙜ᰿ᣐࡢࡑࢀ ࠾࠸࡚ᩘከࡃࡢ┦㐪ࡀᏑᅾࡍࡿࡀࠊ࡞࡛ࡶỴᐃⓗ㔜せ࡞┦㐪ࡣࡑࢀࡒ ࡒࢀࡀࡼࡾヲ⣽࡞ホ౯ᑐ㇟࡞ࡿࡔࢁ࠺ࠋࡶ࠶ࢀᕪࡋᙜࡓࡗ࡚ࡣࠊMillar ࢀࡢඹྠయᴫᛕࡢ⏝࠸᪉࡛࠶ࡿࠋࢫࢺุࣥᐁࡣࠊⴭస⪅ࡀⴭస≀ࢆࡇ v. Taylor ௳ࡢศᯒࢆ⥆ࡅࡿࡇࡋࡓ࠸ࠋ࡞ࡐ࡞ࡽࠊ㈈⏘ࡘ࠸࡚ࡢ⮬ ࡢୡࡶࡓࡽࡋࡓ▐㛫ࡽᩥⱁⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡀⴭస⪅ᖐᒓࡍࡿᙇࡍࡿࠋ ↛ἲⓗᛮ⪃ⴭసᶒࡢ㛵ಀࡘ࠸࡚ࠊከࡃࡢࡇࢆ᫂ࡽࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ ࢫࢺุࣥᐁࡣࡇ࠺ࡋࡓᩥⱁⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࢆࠊඹ᭷≧ែࡽጞࡲࡾ୍ᐃࡢ༨ ࡽ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ ᭷⾜Ⅽࢆ㏻ࡌ ࡚ಶேᡤ᭷ ⮳ࡿࡶࡢᙼࡀ࠸࠺ࡇࢁࡢࠊtangible Millar v. Taylor ௳ࡢ ࡘࡢ⯆῝࠸≉ᚩࡣࠊྛุᐁࡀ⮬↛ἲୖࡢ㈈ property ᑐẚࡍࡿࠋḟࡢ୍⠇ࡣࠊࢫࢺุࣥᐁࡀ࡞ࡍ✀㢮ࡢ㈈⏘㛫 ⏘⌮ㄽࢆ⏝ࡍࡿ᪉ἲࡀࡑࢀࡒࢀ␗࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡛࠶ࡿࠋุᐁࡣဨ ࡢᑐẚࢆ♧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ ࡇࡢ▱ⓗఏ⤫ྥࡁྜࢃ࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞ࡗࡓࠋࡑࡢ⌮⏤ࡣࠊ ࡘࡣࠊ ᘚㆤኈࡀࡑࡢ⟅ᘚ࠾࠸࡚┦ᙜ⛬ᗘࠊ⮬↛ἲୖࡢ㈈⏘⌮ㄽ౫ᣐࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ ࡇࡢ✀ࡢ㈈⏘ࡣࠊ༨᭷ࡼࡗ࡚⋓ᚓࡉࢀࡿ㈈⏘ࠊࡘࡲࡾࡶࡶࡣ ࠸࠺ࡇࡀᮏ௳ࡽ᫂ࡽࡔࡽ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡲࡓࡶ࠺ ࡘࡣࠊ⮬↛ἲୖ ඹ᭷ࡢࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡾࠊಶேᡤ᭷ࡢࡶࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࡀࠊࡋࡋಶேࡢ୍ᐃࡢ ࡢ㈈⏘⌮ㄽࡀᙜࡢᨭ㓄ⓗ࡞ఏ⤫࡛࠶ࡗࡓࡽ࡛࠶ࡿࠋᡤ᭷ᶒࡑࡢṇᙜ ⾜Ⅽࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚ಶேᡤ᭷ࡢࡶࡢኚᐜࡍࡿ㈈⏘ࡢ㛫࠾࠸࡚ࠊ㔜せ ࡘ࠸࡚ࡢၥ㢟㛵ᚰࡀ࠶ࡿሙྜࠊ⌧௦ࡢホ⪅ࡀࡇࡢ௳ࡽᚓࡽࢀ ࡞┦㐪ࡀ࠶ࡿࠋ࠸࠺ࡢࡶࠊࡇࡢ✀ࡢ㈈⏘ࡣཎጞⓗࡣⴭస⪅ࡢࡶࡢ ࡿ ࡘࡢᩍカࡣࠊࡑ࠺ࡋࡓၥ㢟ࡢศᯒ⤖ᯝࡣࠊ㐨ᚨ⌮ㄽࡢ㑅ᢥࡣࡑࢀ ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡋࡓࡀࡗ࡚ࠊⴭస⪅⮬㌟ࡢ⾜Ⅽࡲࡓࡣࡑࡢ࡞ྠពࡼࡗ ౫Ꮡࡋ࡚࠾ࡽࡎࠊࡴࡋࢁ≉ᐃࡢṇᙜ⌮ㄽࡀᣐࡗ࡚❧ࡘඹྠయࡢ≉ᚩࡸ ࡚᫂☜ඹ᭷ࡢࡶࡢࡉࢀ࡞࠸㝈ࡾࠊࡑࡢ㈈⏘ࡣ౫↛ࡋ࡚ⴭస⪅ᮏ ேࡢᡤ᭷≀࡛࠶ࡿࡣࡎ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ グ㏙ࡁࡃ౫Ꮡࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ࠸࠺ࡇ࡛࠶ࡿࠋඛࡢ ࡘࡢุỴࢆࡼࡾ⦓ᐦ ᳨ウࡍࢀࡤࠊࡇ࠺ࡋࡓ≉ᚩࡀᾋࡧୖࡀࡿࠋ ࢫࢺุࣥᐁ࢙࣮ࢶุᐁ㸦ᑐពぢࢆ㏙ࡓ၏୍ࡢุᐁ㸧ࡣ ࡶࠊࢢࣟࢸ࢘ࢫ Grotiusࠊࣉ࣮ࣇ࢙ࣥࢻࣝࣇ Pufendorfࠊࣟࢵࢡ ᭷ᶒࢆ⋓ᚓࡍࡿീୖࡢែᵝࠖࢆࡵࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ98 E.R., at 218 ࢆཧ↷ࠋࡇࢀࡣ࠾ ࡽࡢ⌮ㄽࢆ⏝ࡍࡿࠋ࢙࣮ࢶุᐁࡣࠊⱥᅜேⓗ㈈⏘ἲࡢⓎᒎࢆ⮬↛ ࡑࡽࡃࠊࢻࣥࢢࣜ┤᥋ゝཬࡍࡿࣟࢵࢡࡢᡤ᭷ᶒࡢ㆟ㄽࢆཧ⪃ࡋࡓࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ㸦J. Locke, The Second Treatise of Government (P. Laslett (ed.), Cambridge, 1988), Book II, chapter 5, section 28 ࢆཧ↷㸧 ࠋࡋࡋ࠸࡞ࡿሙྜ࡛ࡶࠊ࢘ࣞࢫุᐁࡣࠊ⮬↛ἲ ࢫࢺุࣥᐁࡣࠊ98 E.R., at 220 ࠾࠸࡚ࠊࣟࢵࢡࡢ The Second Treatise of ࡢఏ⤫ࡘ࠸࡚ࡢ᫂♧ⓗ࡞㆟ㄽࡣ physical objects ࡢࡳ㛵㐃ᛶࢆ᭷ࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ Government (1690) ࠾ࡅࡿᡤ᭷ᶒ㛵ࡍࡿ㆟ㄽ᫂♧ⓗゐࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋྠุᐁࡣ ࡿᙇࡋ࡚ࠊࡑ࠺ࡋࡓ㆟ㄽࢆᅇ㑊ࡍࡿࡇࢆ㑅ᢥࡍࡿࠋ୍᪉ࠊ࣐ࣥࢬࣇ࣮ࣝࢻ ࡲࡓࠊࢢࣟࢸ࢘ࢫࡢ De Jure Belli Ac Pacis Libri Tres (1625) ࠾ࡅࡿᡤ᭷ᶒࡢ㉳※ ุᐁࡣࠊ⮬ᕫࡢ⤖ㄽࢆṇᙜࡍࡿࡓࡵࠊ⮬↛ἲࡢཎ๎ࡸ㐨ᚨⓗṇ⩏౫ᣐࡍࡿࠋ 㛵ࡍࡿ㆟ㄽࡸࠊࣉ࣮ࣇ࢙ࣥࢻࣝࣇࡢ De Jure Naturae et Gentium Libri Octo (1672) ࡶࡗࡶࠊྠุᐁࡣࠊࢢࣟࢸ࢘ࢫࠊࣉ࣮ࣇ࢙ࣥࢻࣝࣇࠊ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣࣟࢵࢡࡢ㆟ㄽ ࡶゝཬࡍࡿࠋ98 E.R., at 220-221 ࢆཧ↷ࠋ࢙࣮ࢶุᐁࡣࠊ98 E.R., at 231 and 233 ࢆ᫂♧ⓗᘬࡁྜ࠸ࡔࡍࡇࡣࡋ࡞࠸ࠋ ࠾࠸࡚ࠊࣉ࣮ࣇ࢙ࣥࢻࣝࣇࢆ᫂♧ⓗ⏝ࡍࡿࠋ࢘ࣞࢫุᐁࡣࠊࠕᘚㆤேࡢ 98 E.R., at 229. 㐀ຊࠖࢆ⏝࠸ࡓࡶࡢᙼࡀ࠸࠺ࡇࢁࡢᙧ⪋ୖᏛⓗ㆟ㄽゝཬࡋࠊࠕࢻࣥࢢࣜࡢᡤ Id., at 221. ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO ᕳ㢌ㄽᩥ 㻭㻌 㻼㼔㼕㼘㼛㼟㼛㼜㼔㼥㻌 㼛㼒㻌 㻵㼚㼠㼑㼘㼘㼑㼏㼠㼡㼍㼘㻌 㻼㼞㼛㼜㼑㼞㼠㼥㻌 㻰㼞㼍㼔㼛㼟 ୖグࡢᙇࢆ࡞ࡍ࠶ࡓࡾࠊࢫࢺุࣥᐁࡣࠊࢢࣟࢸ࢘ࢫࠊࣉ࣮ࣇ ࠼ࡿᙇࡍࡿࠋabstract objects ࡀ㈈⏘࡞ࡾ࠺ࡿ࠸࠺ᐇࡣࠊࢫࢺ ࢙ࣥࢻࣝࣇࠊࣟࢵࢡࡢࡼ࠺࡞⮬↛ἲㄽ⪅ࡗ࡚ᴟࡵ࡚㔜せ࡞ၥ㢟㛵ࡍ ุࣥᐁࡗ࡚ၥ㢟࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ࠋ࡞ࡐ࡞ࡽࠊࢫࢺุࣥᐁࡣࣉ࣮ࣇ࢙ ࡿ㆟ㄽࢆᘬ⏝ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࢀࡽࡢ⌮ㄽᐙࡓࡕࡣࠊ⚾᭷㈈⏘ᶒࡢⓎᒎࡘ࠸ ࣥࢻࣝࣇ౫ᣐࡋ࡞ࡀࡽࠊ㈈⏘ᶒࡢᑐ㇟ࡣࡢ⤒㐣ࡶゎỴࡉࢀࡿ ࡚ㄝ᫂ࡋࡼ࠺ࡋࡓࠋ⚄ࡣᆅࡑࡢෆᐜ≀ࢆඹ᭷ࡢࡶࡢࡋ࡚ࠊࡘࡲࡾ ᙇࡍࡿࡽ࡛࠶ࡿࠋゝࡍࢀࡤࠊ⮬↛ἲཎ⌮ࡣࠊ♫ࡀࡑࡢᐇᐃἲୖࡢ ඹྠᡤ᭷ᶒ࠸࠺ᙧ࡛ࠊཎጞⓗඹྠయ࠼ࡓࡢࡔࢁ࠺ࠋ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣࠊࡇ ㈈⏘࣮ࣝࣝࢆ᪂ࡓ࡞≧ἣ㐺ྜࡉࡏࡿࡓࡵㄪᩚࡍࡿࡇࢆ⚗Ṇࡋࡓࡾ ࡢࡣ༢ᆅࢆ⏝ྍ⬟ࡍࡿࡇࡔࡅࢆ┠ⓗࡋ࡚࠾ࡾࠊᡤ᭷ᶒࡢ ࡋ࡞࠸ࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋⓎぢࠊⓎ᫂ࠊ࠾ࡼࡧⱁ⾡ࡣࠊ㈈⏘ᶒࡢ⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿᑐ㇟⠊ ၥ㢟ࡣᚋࡢẁ㝵࡛ே㛫ࡼࡗ࡚Ỵᐃࡍࡁࡶࡢ࡞ࡢ࡛࠶ࢁ࠺ࠋ๓⪅ࡢඹ ᅖࢆᣑࡋࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ ྠయᵓࠊࡘࡲࡾ✚ᴟⓗඹྠయ positive community ࡣࠊಶேࡼࡿ㈈⏘ ୍᪉ࠊ࢙࣮ࢶุᐁࡣࠊࢫࢺุࣥᐁྠᵝ⮬↛ἲ⌮ㄽࡳࡽࢀ ࡢྲྀᚓࢆ⪅ࡢྠពࡁࡃ౫Ꮡࡋࡓࡶࡢࡍࡿࡔࢁ࠺ࠋ࡞ࡐ࡞ࡽࠊಶே ࡿ㈈⏘ᶒࡢ୍⯡⌮ㄽ౫ᣐࡍࡿࡀࠊⴭస⪅ࡣࣥἲࢆ㉸࠼࡚ࢥ࣭࣮ࣔࣥࣟ ࡣேᖐᒓࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡶࡢࢆྲྀᚓࡋࡼ࠺ࡍࡿࡽ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࢀᑐࡋࠊ ୖࡢⴭసᶒࢆ᭷ࡋ࡞࠸ㄝ♧ࡋ࡚ࠊࢫࢺุࣥᐁࡣṇᑐࡢ⤖ㄽࢆᑟ ᚋ⪅ࡢඹྠయᵓࠊࡘࡲࡾᾘᴟⓗඹྠయ negative community ࡣࠊಶேࡀ ࡃࠋabstract objects ࡣ༨᭷࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࡽࠊ༨᭷ࡣᙜヱᶒࡢᇶ♏ ປാࢆ㏻ࡋ࡚㈈⏘ࢆྲྀᚓࡍࡿࡇࡢ࡛ࡁࡿ⠊ᅖࢆࡼࡾᗈࡆࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ ࡞ࡾ࠼࡞࠸ࠋabstract objects ౯್ࡀ࠶ࡿ࠸࠺ᐇࡼࡗ࡚ࠊᙜヱᑐ ࡞ࡐ࡞ࡽࠊಶேࡣࠊேࡑࡢྲྀᚓࡀ㛤ࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡀࠊㄡ୍ಶேᖐᒓ ㇟ࡀಶேࡢ㈈⏘ኚࢃࡿࡇࡣ࡞࠸ࠋ࡞ࡐ࡞ࡽࠊࠕ༢࡞ࡿ౯್ࡣ㈈⏘ࢆᵓ ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࢃࡅ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࡶࡢࢆྲྀᚓࡋࡼ࠺ࡍࡿࡽ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡇ࡛ࡣ ᡂࡋ࡞࠸ࠖࡽ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ࢙࣮ࢶุᐁࡀࢥ࣭࣮ࣔࣥࣟୖࡢⴭసᶒࢆྰ ⪅ࡢྠពࡣ✚ᴟⓗඹྠయ࠾ࡅࡿᙉ࠸ᙺࢆ᭷ࡋ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࠋ ᐃࡍࡿ⌮⏤ࡣࠊ ࡘࡣ abstract objects ࡢᛶ㉁ᇶ࡙࠸࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡍ࡞ࢃࡕࠊ ࢫࢺุࣥᐁࡣࠊᾘᴟⓗඹྠయࡢ᧦ㆤ⪅࡛࠶ࡿࣉ࣮ࣇ࢙ࣥࢻࣝࣇࢆ⫯ ࢙࣮ࢶุᐁࡀḟࡢ୍⠇࡛᫂ࡽࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡼ࠺ࠊabstract objects ࡣ ᐃⓗᘬ⏝ࡋࠊⴭస⪅ࡢ⢭⚄ⓗປാࡣᩥᏛసရ࠾ࡅࡿ㈈⏘ᶒࡢ᰿ᣐࢆ ࢢࣟࢸ࢘ࢫࡣࠊཎጞⓗඹྠయࡢᛶ㉁ࡢၥ㢟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣⱝᖸ᭕࡛࠶ࡿࠋMare Liberum ࠾࠸࡚ࢢࣟࢸ࢘ࢫࡣࠊࡑࡢඹྠᡤ᭷ᶒࡢᛶ㉁ࢆ᫂☜ࡍࡿࡇ࡞ࡃࠊ ᡤ᭷ࡍࡿࡇࡀྍ⬟ࡔࡽ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ ࡋࡋࠊࡇࡇ࡛ᙇࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ㈈⏘ࡣࡃࡶࡗ࡚ほᛕⓗ࡞ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ ࡘࡲࡾࡑࢀࡣࠊఱࡽࡢቃ⏺ࡸ┠༳ࢆࡶࡓࡎࠊ┠ࡳ࠼ࡿᙧ࡛༨᭷ࡍࡿ ࠕேࡀாཷࡋ࠺ࡿඹ᭷ࡢࠖࡶࡢࡀ࠸ࡃࡘᏑᅾࡍࡿ㏙࡚ヰࢆጞࡵࡿࠋࡑࡢᚋ ࡇࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࡶࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊ㈈⏘ࡋ࡚ࡢᛶ㉁ࡸ㝶᮲௳ࢆఱ୍ࡘ⥔ ࢢࣟࢸ࢘ࢫࡣࠊཎጞ≧ែ࠾࠸࡚ࠕඹ᭷ࡢࡶࡢࠖࡣேࡀᡤ᭷ᶒࢆඹ᭷ࡋ࡚࠸ ᣢࡍࡿࡇࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࡶࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡑࡢᏑᅾࡣࡍ࡚㢌ࡢ୰ ࡿࡇ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊ༢ᡤ᭷ᶒࡀࡃᏑᅾࡋ࡞࠸ࡇࢆពࡍࡿࡍࡂ࡞࠸♧၀ࡋ ࡚࠸ࡿࠋH. Grotius, Mare Liberum (1608; R. Van Deman Magoffin tr., New York, 1916) at 2, and 22-25 ࢆཧ↷ࠋ⚾ⓗᡤ᭷ᶒࡢ㉳※࠾ࡼࡧⓎᒎ㛵ࡍࡿ㆟ㄽࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊH. Grotius, De Jure Belli Ac Pacis Libri Tres (1625; F.W. Kelsey tr., New York, London, 1964), Book II, chapter 2 ࡶཧ↷ࠋࡑࡇ࡛ࢢࣟࢸ࢘ࢫࡣࠊࣘࢫࢸࢾࢫ Justin ࢆᘬ⏝ࡋ࡚ࠊ ≀ࡣࡶࡶඹ᭷ࡢ≀࡛࠶ࡗ࡚ࠊே㢮ࡢᡤ᭷ࡿศྍ⬟࡞≀࡛࠶ࡗࡓ S. Pufendorf, De Jure Naturae et Gentium Libri Octo (1672; translation of 1688 ed. by C.H. ཎጞⓗඹྠయࡣᾘᴟⓗඹྠయ࡛࠶ࡿࡍࡿࣉ࣮ࣇ࢙ࣥࢻࣝࣇࡢᙇ㛵ࡋ࡚ࡣࠊ ㏙ࡿࠋࢢࣟࢸ࢘ࢫࡣࡇࢀ⥆ࡅ࡚ࠊࠕྛேࡣ⮬ᕫࡢᚲ㟂ရࡋ࡚ḧࡍࡿࡶࡢ and W.A. Oodfather, New York, London, 1964), IV. 4. 3. ࢆཧ↷ࠋ ࡣఱ࡛࠶ࢀ┤ࡕྲྀᚓࡍࡿࡇࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࠖᙇࡍࡿࠋࡇࢀࡣᾘᴟⓗඹྠయᩚྜ ⓗ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ⮬↛ἲࡢ◊✲⪅ࡼࡿᾘᴟⓗ࠾ࡼࡧ✚ᴟⓗඹྠయࡢ⏝㛵ࡋ࡚ࡣࠊthe ᣢࡍࡿ⾜Ⅽ࡛ࠖ࠶ࡿᣦࡍࡿࠋSir William Blackstone, Commentaries of the Laws of commentary by K. Haakonssen on Thomas Reid, Practical Ethics (K. Haakonseen ed., England (1765; 1783 ed., reprinted by Garland Publishing, New York, London, 1978), Princeton, New Jersey, 1990), 323-326 ࢆཧ↷ࠋ⮬↛ἲ࠾ࡅࡿᡤ᭷⌮ㄽ㛵ࡍࡿඃࢀ Book II, Chapter 16, 258. ࡓ㆟ㄽࡋ࡚ࠊS. Buckle, Natural Law and the Theory of Property (Oxford, 1991) ࢆཧ↷ࠋ ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO ࣈࣛࢵࢡࢫࢺ࣮ࣥࡣࠊ༨᭷ࡣࠕࡑࢀ௨๓ࡣㄡࡶᖐᒓࡋ࡚࠸࡞ࡗࡓ≀ࢆᡤ 98 E.R., at 230. ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO ᕳ㢌ㄽᩥ 㻭㻌 㻼㼔㼕㼘㼛㼟㼛㼜㼔㼥㻌 㼛㼒㻌 㻵㼚㼠㼑㼘㼘㼑㼏㼠㼡㼍㼘㻌 㻼㼞㼛㼜㼑㼞㼠㼥㻌 㻰㼞㼍㼔㼛㼟 ࠶ࡿࡢࡳ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ ࠺ᙇࡣࠊ㈈⏘ᶒࡢ୍⯡⌮ㄽࡣࡃ┦ᐜࢀ࡞࠸ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ☜ࠊṇ ⩏ࡣⴭస⪅ࡀఱࡽࡢሗ㓘ࢆཷࡅࡿࡁࡇࢆせồࡍࡿࡀࠊ㆟ࡣⴭస⪅ ࢙࣮ࢶุᐁࡢ㆟ㄽࡢࡼࡾ᰾ᚰⓗ࡞㒊ศࡣࠊࢹࡣே㛤 ᭷㝈ᮇ㛫ࡢ⊂༨ࢆ࠼ࡿࣥἲࢆ❧ἲࡋࡓࡇ࡛ࠊṇ⩏ࡢせㄳࢆ‶㊊ ࢀࡓࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ࠸࠺ࡇࢆ᫂☜๓ᥦࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡇࢁ࠶ࡿࠋࢹ ࡋࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ⊂༨ࡢࡣࠊࡑࢀࡀṇ⩏୍⮴ࡋࠊᏛၥ࠾ࡼࡧ⛉Ꮫࢆዡ ࡢᛶ㉁ࡣࡲࡉࠊ࠸ࡗࡓࢇබ⾲ࡉࢀࡿࠊࡶࡣࡸࡑࢀࡽࡣ⊂༨ⓗ ບࡍࡿࡇࡽṇᙜࡉࢀࡿࠋࡋࡋࠊࡇࡢ⊂༨ᶒࡢ⾜ࡣࠊࡑࢀࡀ⪅ ⏝ࡋࡓࡾாཷࡋࡓࡾࡍࡿࡇࡀ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸࠸࠺ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋබ⾲࠸࠺⾜ ࡢ⮬↛ᶒ୧❧ࡋ࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸࠸࠺ࠊ᭱ඃඛࡢ᮲௳ࡢไ⣙ࢆཷࡅࡿࠋ Ⅽࡣࠊᚲ↛ⓗࠕබ⾗ࡢ㉗ࡾ≀࡛ࠖ࠶ࡾࠊࡑ࠺ࡋࡓࢹࡣࢥࣔࣥ ⪅ࡣࢹࢆ⏝ࡍࡿᶒࢆ᭷ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡾࠊ⊂༨ᶒࡢᑐ㇟≀ ࢬຍ࠼ࡽࢀࡿ ࠋࡋࡋࠊ௨ୖࡢࡇࡽࠊⴭస⪅ࡣ⮬ᕫࡢປຊᑐࡍ ࢆྲྀᘬࡍࡿᶒࢆ᭷ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ࢙࣮ࢶุᐁࡢㄝ♧ᬯ♧ࡉࢀ ࡿሗ㓘ࢆཷࡅࡿ㈨᱁ࡀ࡞࠸࠸࠺ࡇࡣ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ࠋ࢙࣮ࢶุᐁࡣࠊ ࡚࠸ࡿඹྠయࡢ⪃࠼᪉ࡣࠊࢫࢺุࣥᐁࡢศᯒࡳࡽࢀࡿࡼ࠺࡞ᙉ࠸ᾘ ࡍ࡚ࡢ⪅ࡣ⮬ᕫࡢປാࡢᡂᯝᑐࡍࡿᶒࢆྲྀᚓࡍࡿ࠸࠺ཎ⌮ࢆ ᴟⓗඹྠయᴫᛕ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋabstract objects ࡣࠊ౫↛ࡋ࡚ேࡀ⏝ࡍࡿ ⏝ࡋ࡚ࠊⴭస⪅ࡣሗ㓘ࢆཷࡅࡿᶒࢆࡶࡘ࠸࠺ࡇ㈶ྠࡍࡿࠋࡋࡋࠊ ㈨※࡛࠶ࡾ⥆ࡅࡿࠋࡑࢀࡽࡣࠊேࡀࢡࢭࢫࡋ࡚⏝ࡍࡿ⮬↛ᶒࢆࡶࡘ ࡇࡢሗ㓘ࡣࠕே㛫ࡢ୍⯡ⓗᶒࠊ࠾ࡼࡧ㈈⏘ࡢ୍⯡ⓗ࣮ࣝࣝࠖࢆ๓ᥦࡋ ࢥࣔࣥࢬࡢ୍㒊࡞ࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ ࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ㄝࡃ ࠋ Millar v. Taylor ௳ࡣࠊᑡ࡞ࡃࡶ ࡘࡢࣞ࣋ࣝ࠾࠸࡚ၨⓎⓗ࡞ุ ࢙࣮ࢶุᐁࡣࠊ⮬↛ἲཎ⌮ࢆᕦጁࡘ⯆῝࠸᪉ἲ࡛⏝ࡍࡿࠋࡲ ࡛࠶ࡿࡇࡀࢃࡿࠋ ࡘࡢ࡛ࣞ࣋ࣝࡣࠊᮏ௳࠾࠸࡚ࡳࡽࢀࡿࠊࢥࣔ ࡉேⓗ㈈⏘ἲࡀ⮬↛ἲཎ⌮ࢆᇶ♏ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡓࡵࠊࢥ࣭࣮ࣔࣥࣟୖࡢ ࣭࣮ࣥࣟୖࡢⴭసᶒࡢᏑᅾࢆṇᙜࡍࡿ ࡘࡢ␗࡞ࡗࡓㄽᣐࡀࠊ⌧௦ⓗ࡞ ᩥⱁⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡣᏑᅾࡋ࠼࡞࠸ࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ࢙࣮ࢶุᐁࡼࢀࡤࠊ㈈⏘ᶒ 㛵㐃ᛶࢆ᭷ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿⅬ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ࢘ࣞࢫุᐁࡢࣥࢭࣥࢸࣦࡢ㆟ㄽࡣࠊ ࡣ⌧ᐇࡢ༨᭷ᇶ♏ࢆ࠾ࡃࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࡀࠊabstract objects ࡣ༨᭷ࡍࡿࡇ ࢡ࢚ࣜࢸࣅࢸᑐࡍࡿືᶵ࡙ࡅࡣ abstract objects ᑐࡍࡿ㈈⏘ᶒࢆ ࡀ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ࠋ࢙࣮ࢶุᐁࡀࡑࡢุỴࡢᮎᑿ࡛᫂ࡽࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡼ࠺ ⏝ࡍࡿࡇࡼࡗ࡚㧗ࡵࡽࢀࠊࡑ࠺ࡋࡓ㈈⏘ᶒࡀ࡞࠸ሙྜࡣᙅࡵࡽࢀ ࠊࡑࡢࡼ࠺࡞㹙༨᭷ࡋ࠼࡞࠸ࡶࡢᇶ♏ࢆ࠾࠸ࡓ㹛ᶒࡀᏑᅾࡍࡿ࠸ ࡿ⪃࠼ࡿࠊ⌧௦⤒῭Ꮫࡢ㆟ㄽࡢඛ㥑ࡅ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࢫࢺุࣥᐁࡢ⮬↛ ᶒࡼࡿṇᙜࡣࠊ୍㒊ࡢ⌧௦ࣜࣂࢱࣜࣥࡀᙇࡍࡿ⚾ⓗᡤ᭷ᶒࡢṇᙜ ᰿ᣐ㢮ఝࡋࡓ❧ሙ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡶ࠺ ࡘࡢ࡛ࣞ࣋ࣝࡣࠊᮏ௳ࡣḟࡢࡇ Id., at 233. Ibid. ࢆ᫂ࡽࡋࡓࠋࡍ࡞ࢃࡕࠊ㈈⏘ᶒ㛵ࡍࡿ୍㝵 first order ࡢṇᙜࡢ Ibid. ศᯒࡀࡓࡿྍ⬟ᛶࡢ㧗࠸㐍㊰ࡣࠊࡑࡢศᯒࡀྵࡲࢀࡿᙧ⪋ୖᏛࡢࢫ࣮࢟ Id., at 230.༨᭷ࡢᴫᛕࡣࠊࢢࣟࢸ࢘ࢫࣉ࣮ࣇ࢙ࣥࢻࣝࣇࡢ࠸ࡎࢀࡗ࡚ࡶࠊ ࣒῝ࡃ౫Ꮡࡋ࡚࠾ࡾࠊࡲࡓඹྠయࡘ࠸࡚ࡢ≉ᚩࡸ๓ᥦ≉౫Ꮡࡋ࡚ ⚾ⓗᡤ᭷ᶒࡢⓎ⏕ࡘ࠸࡚ࡢㄝ᫂ࡢᙜྰࢆỴࡍࡿ㔜せ࡞࣏ࣥࢺ࡛࠶ࡿ⪃࠼ࡽ ࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࢢࣟࢸ࢘ࢫࡢḟࡢ୍⠇ࡀࠊࡲࡉࡑࡢド࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࠕ㈈⏘࡞࠸ ࡋᡤ᭷ᶒࡀ⪃ࡉࢀࡓࡁࠊ⮬↛⏺ࡢ≧ែࢆᡭᮏࡋ࡚㈈⏘㛵ࡍࡿἲࡀไᐃࡉࢀ ࡓࠋ㌟యⓗ࡞ᚲせᛶ㛵㐃ࡋ࡚㈈⏘࠸࠺ᴫᛕࡢ⏝ࡀ㛤ጞࡉࢀࡓࡇࡀࠊ๓㏙ࡋ ࠸ࡿ࠸࠺ࡇ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡢ౫Ꮡ㛵ಀࡀ࠶ࡲࡾࡶᙉ࠸ࡓࡵࠊ⮬↛ἲ࠸ ࠺ྠࡌ୍㝵ࡢ㐨ᚨ⌮ㄽࡢᯟෆ࡛࠶ࡗ࡚ࡶࠊඹྠయࡘ࠸࡚ࡢぢ᪉ࡀ␗࡞ࢀ ࡤ≉ᐃࡢ㈈⏘ᶒࡢྲྀỴࡵࢆṇᙜࡋ࠺ࡿྰࡘ࠸࡚ࡢ⤖ㄽࡀ␗࡞ࡗ ࡓࡼ࠺ࠊ㈈⏘ࡢ᭱ึࡢ㉳※࡛࠶ࡿࡢࡔࡀࠊࡑࢀྠᵝࡢ㛵ಀᇶ࡙࠸࡚ࠊ≀ࡀಶ ࡚ࡃࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ ேࡢ㈈⏘࡛࠶ࡿ࠸࠺ࡇࡀỴᐃࡉࢀࡓࠋࡇࡢ㛵ಀࡇࡑࡀࠗ༨᭷࠘ࡤࢀࡿࡶࡢ ࡛࠶ࡾࠊࡑࢀࡣࠊࡘ࡚ࡣඹ᭷≀ࡋ࡚ಖᣢࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡓ≀ᑐࡍࡿ⏝ㄒࡋ࡚᭱ࡶ 㐺ษ࡞ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ ࠖH. Grotius, Mare Liberum (1608; R. Van Deman Magoffin tr., New ern World: A New Economic History (Cambridge, 1973) ࢆཧ↷ࠋ York, 1916), 25 ࢆཧ↷ࠋ ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO ㈈⏘ᶒࡢ㔜せᛶ୍⯡ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊD.C. North and R.P. Thomas, The Rise of the WestR. Nozick, Anarchy, state, and Utopia (Oxford, 1974). ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO ᕳ㢌ㄽᩥ 㻭㻌 㻼㼔㼕㼘㼛㼟㼛㼜㼔㼥㻌 㼛㼒㻌 㻵㼚㼠㼑㼘㼘㼑㼏㼠㼡㼍㼘㻌 㻼㼞㼛㼜㼑㼞㼠㼥㻌 㻰㼞㼍㼔㼛㼟 ࢥ࣭࣮ࣔࣥࣟୖࡢⴭసᶒ㛵ࡍࡿึᮇࡢุࡀᢪ࠼ࡿ ࡘࡢ㞴ၥࡣࠊ ࣮ࣟୖࡢⴭస⪅ࡢᶒࢆไ㝈ࡍࡿ㐨ࢆ㑅ࢇࡔࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡲࡓࠊⴭసᶒ ࡑࢀࡽࡀⓎࡍࡿ᫂ࡽ▩┪ࡋࡓࢩࢢࢼ࡛ࣝ࠶ࡿࠋ࣮࣍ࣝࢬ࣮࣡ࢫࡀᣦ ᑐࡍࡿ⤒῭ⓗぢᆅࡢࡣࠊኚࡍࡿ⤒῭ⓗࠊᢏ⾡ⓗ≧ἣ㐺ྜࡋࡓ⌧ᐇ ࡍࡿࡼ࠺ࠊࢇࡢⱥᅜุᐁࡣࢥ࣭࣮ࣔࣥࣟୖࡢⴭసᶒࢆᨭᣢࡋࡓ ⓗ࡞ゎỴ⟇ࢆసࡾࡔࡍࡓࡵ⮬↛ἲୖࡢ㈈⏘ཎ๎ࡢㄪᩚࡀ࠸ࡋ࡚⾜ ࡀࠊࡑࢀࡶࢃࡽࡎⱥᅜἲ࠾࠸࡚ࡣ᭱⤊ⓗ⤒῭ⓗ࡛ᐇ⏝ⓗ࡞ⴭస ࢃࢀࡓࢆ♧ࡍࠊ ࡘࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ࠸࠺ࡇࡶࢃࡿࠋⱥᅜἲࡣࠊⴭసᶒ ᶒἲᴫᛕࡀࡋࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ࡞ࡐࡇ࠺ࡋࡓࡇࡀ⏕ࡌࡓࡢ࠸࠺ၥ ࡢ⤒῭ⓗᴫᛕࢆ᥇⏝ࡍࡿ㝿ࡋ࡚ࠊᐇ㝿⮬↛ᶒⓗṇᙜࢆྰᐃࡋࡓࢃࡅ 㢟ࡘ࠸࡚◊✲ࢆ⾜࠺౯್ࡣ༑ศ࠶ࡿࠋࡶ࠶ࢀࠊࣟࢵࢡὶࡢ⮬↛ᶒࢆ ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋࡴࡋࢁⱥᅜἲࡣࠊ⮬↛ἲཎ๎ࢆ᥇⏝ࡋࡓ࠺࠼࡛ࠊⴭస⪅ࡀ⮬ᕫ ᇶ♏ࡍࡿ㈈⏘ᶒࡢㄝ᫂ࡣࠊୡ⣖ࡢࣥࢢࣛࣥࢻ࠾࠸࡚ᗈࡃཷࡅධࢀ ࡢປാᑐࡋ୍࡚ᐃࡢሗ㓘ࢆ⋓ᚓࡍࡿ୍᪉ࠊ⪅ࡶࡲࡓ⮬ᕫࡢႠᴗࡢ⮬⏤ ࡽࢀࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋከᩘࡢⱥᅜุᐁࡣࠊࡑࡢฟⓎⅬࡋ࡚ࠊಶேࡢປ ᑐࡍࡿ⮬↛ᶒࢆ㏣ồࡋ࠺ࡿࡼ࠺ྲྀࡾィࡽ࠺ࠊࡑࡢࡼ࠺࡞⌧ᐇⓗ࡞ゎ㔘ࢆ ാ⚾ⓗᡤ᭷ᶒࡢᏑᅾࡢᙉ࠸㛵㐃ᛶࠊࡘࡲࡾ⮬↛ἲࡢఏ⤫ࢆᘬࡁ⥅ࡄ⌮ ⮬↛ἲཎ๎࠼ࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡑࡋ࡚ࡑࢀࡣ⤖ᒁࠊᣑࡢ୍㏵ࢆࡓࡗࡓ ㄽᐙࡀࡇࢀࡲ࡛㆟ㄽࡋ࡚ࡁࡓ㛵㐃ᛶࢆ๓ᥦࡍࡿぢゎࢆࡗࡓࠋJefferys v. ୡ⣖ᚋ༙ࡢ⏘ᴗ⤒῭㐺ྜࡍࡿゎ㔘࡛࠶ࡗࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ Boosey ௳࠾࠸࡚࣏ࣟࢵࢡุᐁࡀᥦၐࡋࡓࡼ࠺࡞ࠊⴭసᶒࡣࠕࡃே ᕤⓗ࡞ᶒ࡛ࠖ࠶ࡿ࠸࠺ぢゎࢆࡗࡓุᐁࡢᩘࡣᴟࡵ࡚㝈ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡓ ཎᚩೌ ࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ ࠋ ⴭసᶒἲࡢ⤒῭ⓗᴫᛕࡣ࠾ࡑࡽࡃࠊ⮬↛ἲཎ⌮ࡋ࡚࠸࠺ࡼࡾࡶࠊ ព⩏῝࠸ࡇࠊⓎ᫂⪅ࡣⴭస⪅ྠᵝỌ⥆ࡍࡿᶒࢆாཷࡍࡁ࡛ ࡴࡋࢁ⮬↛ἲཎ⌮ࡢ࠾ࡆ࡛ⱥᅜἲ฿᮶ࡋࡓࠋႠᴗࢆ⾜࠺ேࡢᶒࡣࠊ ࠶ࡿ࠸࠺㆟ㄽࡀ┿࡞ࡉࢀࡓࡇࡣ࡞ࡗࡓࠋⓎ᫂⪅ࡢᶒࡀᅜ⋤ 㛗࠸㛫ࢥ࣭࣮ࣔࣥࣟࡢ୍㒊ࢆᙧᡂࡋࠊࡢ᪉ࡢᶒࡼࡾࡶᇶᮏⓗ࡞ᆅ ᶒࡸ㆟ไᐃἲ౫ᣐࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ࠸࠺ࡇࡣᐃ╔ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࠋࡇࡢ ࢆாཷࡋ࡚ࡁࡓࠋࢥ࣭࣮ࣔࣥࣟୖࡢⴭసᶒࡢၥ㢟ࡘ࠸࡚ゎỴࢆ㏕ࡽࢀ ⌮⏤ࡣ࠾ࡑࡽࡃࠊⓎ᫂ࡣ♫ⓗ᭷⏝ᛶࡢほⅬࡽ㠀ᖖ㔜せ࡞ࡶࡢࡋ࡚ ࡓุᐁࡣࠊᩥⱁⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡼࡿỌஂࡢ⊂༨ࡀࡶࡓࡽࡍ⤒῭ⓗᙳ㡪ࢆ⪃៖ ⪃࠼ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡓࡓࡵࠊⓎ᫂⪅ࡢᡭጤࡡ࡚࠾ࡃࡇࡀ࡛ࡁ࡞ࡗࡓࡽ࡛ ࡏࡊࡿࢆ࠼࡞ࡗࡓࠋᙼࡽࡣࠊฟ∧⪅ⴭస⪅ࡢ┈ࢆศ㞳ࡍࡿࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞ ࠶ࢁ࠺ࠋࢥ࣭࣮ࣔࣥࣟୖࡢᩥⱁⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࢆᨭᣢࡋࡓุᐁࡣࠊⓎ᫂ᑐࡍ ࡃࠊࣥἲࡢ⾜ࢆᨭᣢࡍࡿࡇࡼࡗ࡚ࠊ₯ᅾⓗࡣ⤯ᑐⓗ࡞ࢥ࣭ࣔࣥ ࡿ㈈⏘ᶒ᭩⡠ᑐࡍࡿ㈈⏘ᶒࡢ༊ูࢆᅗࡿ࠸࠺ㄢ㢟ࢆᢪ࠼㎸ࡴࡇ ࡞ࡗࡓࠋࡇࢀࡣ㞴ࡋ࠸ศᯒୖࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ࠸࠺ࡢࡶࠊⓎ᫂ⴭ W.S. Holdsworth, A History of English Law (2nd ed., 1937, London), vol. 6, 379 ࢆཧ↷ࠋ ⡿ᅜࡘ࠸࡚ࡶྠࡌࡇࡀ࠸࠼ࡿࠋ⡿ᅜ࡛ࡣࠊWheaton v. Peters, 33 U.S. (8 Peters) 591 (1834) ࠾࠸࡚㐃㑥᭱㧗ࡀࢥ࣭࣮ࣔࣥࣟୖࡢⴭసᶒࢆᗫṆࡋࡓࠋ ࣟࢵࢡࡢᙳ㡪㛵ࡋ࡚ࡣࠊR. Larkin, Property in the Eighteenth Century (Dublin, Cork, 1930) ࢆཧ↷ࠋ 4 H.L.C. 815, 10 E.R. 681 at 729. Ⴀᴗࡢ⮬⏤㸦ྲྀᘬࡢ⮬⏤freedom of trade㸧ࡢᶒࡣࠊMillar v. Taylor ௳ࡢ୰࡛ సࡢ᪉ࡶ⢭⚄ࡢປാࢆࡶ࡞࠺ࡽ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ୍᪉ࡢປാࡣᅜᐙࡀ≉チ ࠸࠺ᙧ࡛≉ᶒࡢࢆỴᐃࡋ࡞࠸㝈ࡾࠊఱࡢᶒࡶ☜❧ࡋ࡞࠸ࡢᑐࡋ ࡚ࠊ࡞ࡐ᪉ࡢປാࡣ⮬↛ᶒⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࢆ☜❧ࡍࡿ⪃࠼ࡿࡁ࡞ࡢ࡛࠶ࢁ ࠺ࠋⱥᅜἲࡀ᥇⏝ࡋࡓဴᏛⓗ࡞ゎ⟅ࡣࠊⓎ᫂⪅ࡣ༢᪤Ꮡࡢ≀ࢆⓎぢࡍ ࡿࡍࡂ࡞࠸ࡢᑐࡋ࡚ࠊⴭస⪅ࡣఱࢆ⏕ࡳࡔࡍࡽ࡛࠶ࡿࠊ࠸࠺ࡶ ࢙࣮ࢶุᐁࡼࡗ࡚⮬↛ᶒࡋ࡚ᥥࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ98 E.R. at 250 ཧ↷ࠋᮏ❶࠾ ࠸࡚ᚋ㏙ࡍࡿ The Case of Monopolies ࡶࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞ぢゎࡗ࡚ࡢᣐ࡞ࡿࠋࡇࡢ ཎ๎ࡢᇶᮏⓗᛶ㉁ࢆㄝࡃࡢุࡋ࡚ࡣࠊThe Case of the Tailors, etc. of Ipswich Patterson, Copyright in Historical Perspective (Nashville, 1968) ࢆཧ↷ࠋ (1614) 11 Co. Rep. 53a, 77 E.R. 1218ࡸNorris v. Staps (1616) 11 Co. Rep. 53a, 80 E.R. Jefferys v. Boosey (1854) 4 H.L.C. 815, 10 E.R. at 745. 357 ࡀ࠶ࡿࠋ ⱝᖸࡢヨࡳࡋ࡚ࠊMillar v. Taylor 98 E.R. at 216 and 226 ࢆཧ↷ࠋ ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO ฟ∧⪅ⴭస⪅ࡢ┈ࢆษࡾ㞳ࡋ࡚⪃࠼ࡿᚲせࡀ࠶ࡿࡇࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊL.R. ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO ᕳ㢌ㄽᩥ 㻭㻌 㻼㼔㼕㼘㼛㼟㼛㼜㼔㼥㻌 㼛㼒㻌 㻵㼚㼠㼑㼘㼘㼑㼏㼠㼡㼍㼘㻌 㻼㼞㼛㼜㼑㼞㼠㼥㻌 㻰㼞㼍㼔㼛㼟 ࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡢゎ⟅ࡣࠊ≉ㄝᚓⓗ࡛࠶ࡿࢃࡅ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋⓎ᫂⪅ࡣఱࡶ ᅜ⋤ࡼࡿ⊂༨ᶒࡢᶒ㝈⾜ࡀ㠀ᖖៅ㔜࡞ࡉࢀ࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽ ⏕ࡳࡔࡉ࡞࠸࠸࠺Ⓨࡣࠊ⮬↛ἲ๎ࡢඛᅾࡑࡢ᪂ࡓ࡞ᛂ⏝ࢆΰྠࡋ ࡞ࡗࡓ⌮⏤ࡣࠊThe Case of Monopolies ࡀ᫂ࡽࡋࡓࡼ࠺ࠊᶒ㝈⮬య ࡚࠸ࡿࠋᚋ⪅ࡢ⾜Ⅽࡣᐇ㝿సⓗປാࢆᚲせࡍࡿࠋⓎ᫂సⓗせ⣲ ࡀ࡞ࡾไ㝈ࡉࢀࡓࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࡽ࡛࠶ࡿࠋᅜ⋤ᶒࡀࠊ⌮ࡢほⅬ ࡀᏑᅾࡍࡿࡶࢃࡽࡎࠊⱥᅜἲࡣ౫↛ࡋ࡚ࠊ≉チᶒࡢྲྀᢅ࠸࠾࠸ ࡽᅜẸࡢᾘᴟⓗ⮬⏤ࡢಖㆤࢆពᅗࡋࡓ࣐ࢢࢼ࣭࢝ࣝࢱ࠾ࡼࡧࢥ࣭࣮ࣔࣥࣟ ࡚㧗ᗘ㐨ල⩏ⓗ࡛࠶ࡗࡓ࠸࠼ࡿࠋ≉チᶒࡣఱୡ⣖ࡶࢃࡓࡾࠊ≉ᶒ ࡢไ⣙ࢆཷࡅ࡚࠸ࡓࡇࡣ᫂ࡽ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋᅜ⋤ᶒᇶ࡙ࡃ⊂༨ᶒࡣࠊ ࠸࠺ゝⴥࡽỴࡋ࡚㞳ࢀࡿࡇࡣ࡞ࡗࡓࠋࡇࡢࡇࡀⴭసᶒࡘ࠸࡚ ྛᅜẸࡀ࠶ࡿ✀ࡢႠᴗࢆ⾜࠺ࡇࢆጉࡆࡿࡇࡽࠊᾘᴟⓗ⮬⏤ ࡶᙜ࡚ࡣࡲࡿࡢ࠺㹙ⴭసᶒࡶࡲࡓ≉ᶒ࡛࠶ࡿࡢ࠺㹛㛵ࡋ࡚ ᑐࡍࡿⴭࡋ࠸ᖸ΅࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋఏ⤫ⓗ࡞㈈⏘ᶒࡣࠊྲྀᘬࡸႠᴗࢆ⾜࠺㐣⛬࡛ ࡣࠊࡉࡽከࡃࡢྖἲୖࡢᑐࡀᏑᅾࡋࡓࡀࠊ᭱⤊ⓗࡣⴭసᶒࡶ≉チᶒ ✚ࡉࢀࡓ㈈⏘ಖ᭷ࢆಖㆤࡍࡿࡼ࠺ᶵ⬟ࡋࡓࡇࡽࠊᾘᴟⓗ⮬⏤ᑐ ྠᵝࠊ⮬↛ᶒ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃ≉ᶒ࡛࠶ࡿ⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࡼ࠺࡞ࡗࡓࠋ ࡍࡿྠᵝࡢ༴㝤ࢆᢪ࠼ࡿࡇࡣ࡞ࡗࡓࠋఏ⤫ⓗ࡞㈈⏘ᶒࡣࠊ⪅ࡀྲྀᘬ ≉チἲࡣࠊⴭసᶒἲྠᵝࠊ୰ୡࣥࢢࣛࣥࢻ࠾ࡅࡿᅜ⋤ᶒᇶ࡙ ࡸႠᴗࢆ⾜࠺ࡢࢆጉࡆࡓࡾࡋ࡞ࡗࡓࠋ ࡃ≉ᶒไᗘ㉳※ࢆ᭷ࡍࡿࠋᅜ⋤ࡣࠊ≉ᶒ㛵ࡍࡿᅜ⋤ᶒᇶ࡙࠸ ࢥุ࣭࣮ࣔࣥࣟᡤࡀ⊂༨ᶒᑐࡋ࡚♧ࡋࡓᛂࡣࠊࡓ࠼ዎ⣙ࡢ ࡚ࠊᅵᆅࡢᶒࠊከᵝ࡞බ⫋ࠊ୍ᡭ㈍ᶒ franchises ࡢࢆྵࡴ࠶ࡽ ⮬⏤ࡢᖸ΅࡞ࡿࡼ࠺࡞ሙྜ࡛ࡶࠊႠᴗࡢ⮬⏤ freedom of trade ࡢཎ๎ ࡺࡿࡶࡢࢆࡋ࠼ࡓࠋࡇ࠺ࡋࡓ≉ᶒࡢᶒ㝈ࡢ⠊ᅖࡣᗈ⠊࡞ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ ࢆ᭱㔜せどࡍࡿ࠸࠺ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋࡋࡋ࡞ࡀࡽࠊุᡤࡣࠊᅜ⋤ ࡗࡓࡀࠊ⊂༨ᶒࡢ㛵ࡋ࡚ࡣៅ㔜⾜ࢃࢀ࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸࠸࠺ࡢ ᶒ⾜ࡢ᭷ຠᛶࢆุ᩿ࡍࡿྖἲᶒࢆ᭷ࡋ࡚࠸࡞ࡗࡓࡓࡵࠊ⊂༨㛵ࡍࡿ ࡀᘓ๓࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋၥ㢟ࡣ⌧ᐇࡣࡑ࠺࡞ࡽ࡞ࡗࡓࡇ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋ௦ࠎࡢ ἲᐉゝࡢᶵࢆᚅࡓ࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞ࡗࡓࠋุᡤࡣࠊᖺⓎᕸࡉ ⱥᅜᅜ⋤ࡗ࡚ࠊ⊂༨ᶒࡢࡣ㒔ྜࡢࡼ࠸ධ※࡞ࡗࡓࠋ࣮࣍ࣝࢬ ࢀࡓዪ⋤ࡢペສࡼࡗ࡚ࠊ⊂༨㛵ࡍࡿၥ㢟ࢆྲྀࡾᢅ࠺ྖἲᶒࢆ࠼ࡽࢀ ࣮࣡ࢫࡣࠊᅜ⋤ࡀ⌮ㄽୖࡣไ㝈ࡉࢀࡓ⊂༨ᶒࡢᶒ㝈ࢆᕦࡳ⏝ࡋ࡚ ࡓࠋࡑࡋ࡚⩣ᖺࠊⱥᅜἲୖ᭱ࡶ᭷ྡ࡞௳ࡢ ࡘ࡛࠶ࡿ The Case of 㔠ඈࡅࢆ⾜࠺ጼໃࢆ㐺ษᥥࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ Monopolies ࡀࠊዪ⋤ᗙ㒊ุᡤ࡛ᑂ⌮ࡉࢀࡓࠋࡇࡢุࡢࢫࢺ࣮࣮ࣜ ࡣࡇࢀࡲ࡛ࡶ㢖⦾ㄒࡽࢀ࡚ࡁࡓࠋᮏ᭩ࡣࠊᮏ௳࠾࠸࡚ࠊⱝᖸࡢእ ࢪ࢙࣮࣒ࢬϨୡ James I ࡣ⤯࠼ࡎ㈈ᨻ㞴ႍ࠸࡛࠾ࡾࠊᑐ౯ࢆ┠ᙜ ࡣ࠶ࡿࡀ⊂༨ࡣࢥ࣭࣮ࣔࣥࣟ㐪ࡍࡿࠊ࠸࠺⤖ㄽࢆᨭᣢࡍࡿ㝿⏝࠸ ࡚ࠊᨻᗓ㛵ಀ࠾ࡼࡧ⏘ᴗ㛵ಀࡢ᪉ࡘ࠸࡚ከᩘࡢ≉ᶒࢆࡍࡿ ࡽࢀࡓ㆟ㄽ㛵ᚰࡀ࠶ࡿࠋ ⏝ពࢆࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࠋ͐͐ࡇ࠺ࡋࡓࡉࡲࡊࡲ࡞≉ᶒࡢ࠺ࡕᚋ⪅ࡢ⏘ᴗ 㛵ಀࡢࡋ࡚ࠊ∵㠉ࡢ㍺ฟ㛵ࡍࡿ⊂༨ᶒࡢࠊࢱࣛࣜࣥࢢࡢ ㍺ධ㛵ࡍࡿ⊂༨ᶒࡢࠊࣇ࣮ࢪࣥࢢ㖡㈌ࡢ〇㐀㛵ࡍࡿ⊂༨ᶒ nopolies, 77 E.R., at 1263 ࠾࠸࡚ゝཬࡉࢀࡓࠊDavenant v. Hurdis (1599) ࡀ࠶ࡿࠋ ࡢ➼ࢆᣲࡆࡿࡇࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࠋ ࢥ࣭࣮ࣔࣥࣟୖࡢႠᴗࡢ⮬⏤ࢆᐉゝࡋࡓึᮇࡢࢣ࣮ࢫࡋ࡚ࠊThe Case of MoNordenfelt v. Maxim Mordenfelt Guns and Ammunition Company [1894] A.C. 535, per Lord Watson at 552 ࢆཧ↷ࠋࡇࡢࠊTrego v. Hunt [1896] A.C. 7, per Lord Macnaghten at 24 ࡶཧ↷ࠋ ࠕࡶࡋ࣑ࣝࢺࣥ Miltonࡀࠗኻᴦᅬ࠘Paradise Lost ࢆ᭩࡞ࡗࡓ࡞ࡽࡤࠊࡑࢀ K. Boehm, The British Patent System, I: Administration (Cambridge at the University ࡣỌ㐲⌧ࢀ࡞ࡗࡓࡔࢁ࠺ࠋࡶࡋ࣡ࢵࢺ Watt ࡀ㧗ᅽẼ⏝ࡘ࠸࡚Ⓨ᫂ࢆ Press, 1967), 15 ࢆཧ↷ࠋ ࡋ࡞ࡗࡓࡋ࡚ࡶࠊࡢㄡࡀࡑࢀࢆⓎ᫂ࡋࡓࡔࢁ࠺ࠋࠖHalsbury, The Laws of England (London, 1912), vol. 22, p.127, para. 267 ࢆཧ↷ࠋ E.R., 1131; Darcy v. Allen (1602) Moore K.B. 671, 72 E.R. 830 ࡋ࡚ࡶグ㘓ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ W.S. Holdsworth, ‘The Commons Debates 1621’, 52 Law Quarterly Review, 481, 487 (1936). ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO (1602) 11 Co. Rep. 84b, 77 E.R. 1260. ᮏ௳ࡣࡲࡓࠊDarcy v. Allen (1602) Noy 173, 74 W.S. Holdsworth, A History of English Law (2nd ed., 1937, London), vol. 4, 349-353 ࢆ ཧ↷ࠋ ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO ᕳ㢌ㄽᩥ 㻭㻌 㻼㼔㼕㼘㼛㼟㼛㼜㼔㼥㻌 㼛㼒㻌 㻵㼚㼠㼑㼘㼘㼑㼏㼠㼡㼍㼘㻌 㻼㼞㼛㼜㼑㼞㼠㼥㻌 㻰㼞㼍㼔㼛㼟 ᮏ௳ࡣࠊࢲ࣮ࢩ࣮ Darcy ࡀࠊࣥࢢࣛࣥࢻ࠾࠸࡚ࢺࣛࣥࣉࡢ౪⤥ࢆ ࡢ┠ⓗ࡛࠶ࡿㄆ▱ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡓ࠸࠺ࡇ㛵ࡍࡿ᫂☜࡞ᣦᶆࡀᏑᅾ ⾜࠺ᶒࠊࡾࢃࡅࢺࣛࣥࣉࡢ㍺ධࠊ㈍ࢆ⾜࠺ᶒࢆࡍࡿ≉チ ࡍࡿࠋࡘࡲࡾࡑࢀࡣࠊ౯್࠶ࡿၟᴗࡸᢏ⾡ࢆࣥࢢࣛࣥࢻᑟධࡍࡿࡇ ≧ࢆྲྀᚓࡋࡓࡇ㛵ಀࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࢲ࣮ࢩ࣮ࡣࠊࣞࣥ Allen ࡀ ࢆዡບࡍࡿ࠸࠺ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋᅜ⋤ࡣࠊᅜ⋤ᶒࢆ㐺ษ⾜ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ ࢺࣛࣥࣉࢆ↓᩿࡛㈍ࡋࠊ⮬ᕫࡢ≉チᶒࡢ┈ࢆブྲྀࡋࡓᙇࡋ࡚ࠊ ࡍࢀࡤࠊఱࢆⓎ᫂ࡋࡓ⪅ࡸእᅜࡽⓎ᫂ࡸၟᴗࢆᑟධࡋࡓ⪅ᑐࡋ࡚ ࣞࣥࢆッ࠼ࡓࠋཎ࿌ࢲ࣮ࢩ࣮ࡢ⊂༨ࡣᮃࡲࡋ࠸ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࡢྰ࠸࠺ ࡢࡳ⊂༨ᶒࢆࡍࡿ࡛࠶ࢁ࠺ࠋࡋࡓࡀࡗ࡚ࠊⓎぢ⾜Ⅽࡢࡳ࡞ࡽࡎࠊእ ୍⯡ⓗ࡞ၥ㢟ࡘ࠸࡚ࠊ⿕࿌ࣞࣥࡢᘚㆤኈࡀ㝞㏙ࡋࡓᘚㄽࡢ୰ࡣࠊุ ᅜ࡛Ⓨぢࡉࢀࡓ≀ࢆ㍺ධࡍࡿᴗᐙࡢάືᑐࡋ࡚ࡶࠊࡇࡢẁ㝵࠾࠸࡚ Ỵྲྀࡾධࢀࡽࢀࡓᙇࡀ࠸ࡃࡘᏑᅾࡋࡓࠋࡑࡢ ࡘࡣࠊ㞠⏝㛵ಀ ᜠᜨࡀ࠼ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ≉チไᗘࡢ㔜せ࡞┠ⓗࡣࠊᐇ㝿ࡢࡇࢁࠊ ࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋ⪅ࡢປാࢆጉࡆࡿ⊂༨ᶒࡣ⋤ᅜࡢ┈ࡍࡿࡶࡢ ேⓗ㈨ᮏࡢⓎᒎࢆಁ㐍ࡍࡿࡇ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋࡓࡔࡋࠊ࠸ࡗࡓࢇ㛵㐃ࡋࡓ▱㆑ ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࢥ࣭࣮ࣔࣥࣟ࠾࠸࡚ࠊࡍ࡚ᅜẸࡣ㐺ἲ࡞Ⴀᴗࢆ⾜࠺ᶒࢆ᭷ ࡀ♫యᬑཬࡍࡿࠊ⊂༨ᶒࡣၟᴗࢆ㜼ᐖࡍࡿࡇ࡞ࡿࡓࡵࠊᅜ⋤ ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ ࠋࡶ࠺ ࡘࡢᘚㄽࡣࠊ➃ⓗ⤒῭ⓗ࡞ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋ⊂༨ᶒࡣ ࡣ⊂༨ᶒࡢ᭦᪂ࢆ⾜࠺ࡇࡀ࡛ࡁ࡞ࡗࡓࠋ ✲ᴟⓗࡣ⚾ⓗ┈ࢆ┠ⓗࡋ࡚࠾ࡾࠊࡇࢀࡣ⊂༨ᶒࡀ୍ᐃࡢᮃࡲࡋࡃ࡞ ௨ୖࡢࡼ࠺࡞≉チไᗘࡢ㐨ල⩏ⓗṇᙜࡢࡶࠊ⊂༨ᶒࡢᙺࢆ ࠸ᛶ㉁ࢆ᭷ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡇࢆពࡍࡿࠋࡾࢃࡅࠊ⊂༨ᶒࡣ౯᱁ࡢ㧗㦐ࢆᣍ ไ㝈ࡍࡿ⌮⏤ࢆࡶࡓࡽࡍࠊ᐀ᩍୖࡢ㐨ᚨᛶᇶ࡙ࡃ㔜せ࡞ㄽἲࡀᏑᅾࡍࡿࠋ ࡃࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡲࡓࠊ࠸ࡗࡓࢇ⊂༨ᶒࡀࡢㄡࡉࢀࡿࠊࡶࡣ ⿕࿌ࣞࣥࡢᘚㆤኈࡣࠊッゴ࠾࠸࡚ࠊᮏ௳⊂༨ᶒࡣ⚄ࡢἲࡍࡿࡶࡢ ࡸᙜヱႠᴗࢆႠࡴࡇࡀ࡛ࡁ࡞ࡃ࡞ࡿࡇࡽࠊ⊂༨ᶒࡣࡑࡢ๓ࡣ ࡛࠶ࡿ࠸࠺ࡇࢆㄽドࡋࡼ࠺ࡋࡓࠋࡑࡢᙇࡣࠊḟࡢࡼ࠺࡞ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ ᙜヱႠᴗࢆႠࡴࡇࡀ࡛ࡁࡓேࠎࡢᬽࡽࡋྥࡁࢆᝏࡃࡋࡀࡕ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࢥࣔ ࡗࡓࠋ⮬ᕫࡸ⮬ᕫࡢᐙ᪘ࡀ⏕ࡁṧࡿࡓࡵປാࢆࡍࡿ࠸࠺ࡇࡣ⚄ࡢ ࣭࣮ࣥࣟ࠾ࡼࡧࠕ࢚ࢡࢸࡋ࡚ࡢ⚄ࡢἲࠖࡣࡶࠊࡇ࠺ࡋࡓ⊂༨ᶒ ௧࡛࠶ࡿࠋே㛫ࡢປാࡣࡉࡲࡊࡲ࡞Ⴀᴗᢏ⾡ࢆ⏕ࡌࡉࡏࡿࡀࠊࡇࢀࡣ⚄ࡢ ࡢᛶ㉁ࢆ㠀㞴ࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ ࠋ ᵓࡢ୍㒊࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡑࡢࡓࡵࠊ⮬ࡽ㑅ᢥࡋࡓႠᴗࢆႠࡴࡇࢆ⚗Ṇࡍࡿࡶ ᮏ௳࠾ࡅࡿ ࡘࡢ᫂☜ࡘ㔜せ࡞㢟ࡣࠊ⊂༨ᶒࡣᅜẸࡢႠᴗࡢ⮬⏤ ࡢࡣࠊࡍ࡚⮬⏤ࡢᖸ΅࡛࠶ࡿࡔࡅ࡛࡞ࡃࠊ⚄ࡢἲࡢᐖ࡛ࡶ࠶ࡿࠋ௨ ᑐࡍࡿ㔜࡞ᖸ΅࡛࠶ࡾࠊࡑ࠺ࡋࡓ⌮⏤ࡽࢥ࣭࣮ࣔࣥࣟୖ↓ຠ࡛࠶ࡿࠊ ୖࡢᙇࡣࠊ⡆₩㏙ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡀࠊࡇࢀࡲ࡛࡞࠸ᙉ࠸ཱྀㄪ࡛⊂༨ᶒ ࠸࠺ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ≉ᶒࢆタᐃࡍࡿᅜ⋤ᶒࡀࠊᅜẸࢆⱞࡋࡵࡿࡓࡵ⾜ ࢆ㠀㞴ࡋ࡚ࡁࡓᩍࡢᩍ࠼ࢆ⏝ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡇࡽࠊ࠾ࡑࡽࡃࡣุᡤࡢ ࡉࢀࡿࡇࡣチࡉࢀ࡞࠸ࡔࢁ࠺ࠋࣞࣥࡢᘚㆤኈࡣࠊ⊂༨≉チࡢ᭷ຠᛶ ⫈⾗ᑐࡋ࡚┦ᙜࡢㄝᚓຊࢆ᭷ࡋࡓᛮࢃࢀࡿࠋᩍࡀከࡃࡢ⊂༨ᶒࢆ⨥ 㛵ࡋ࡚ ࡘࡢእࡀᏑᅾࡍࡿᙇࡋࡓࠋ࠶ࡿಶேࡀ᭷⏝࡞ၟᴗࡸⓎ᫂ ࡳ࡞ࡋ࡚ࡁࡓ⌮⏤ࡣࠊ࠸ࡃࡘᏑᅾࡋࡓࠋ⊂༨ᶒಖ᭷⪅ࡢ౯᱁Ỵᐃ⬟ ࢆ⋤ᅜෆᑟධࡍࡿሙྜࡣࠊࠕᅜ⋤ࡣࠊᙜヱⓎ᫂ࡼࡗ࡚⋤ᅜෆࡶࡓ ࡽࡉࢀࡿ┈㚷ࡳ࡚ࠊᅜẸࡀྠᵝࡢⓎ᫂ࢆ⩦ᚓࡍࡿࡲ࡛ࡢྜ⌮ⓗ࡞ᮇ㛫ࠊ ࡇࡢࡇࢆ᫂☜㏙ࡿࡶࡢࡋ࡚ࠊThe Clothworkers of Ipswich Case (1615) ᙼ⊂༨≉チࢆࡍࡿࡔࢁ࠺ࠋࡋࡋࠊࡑࢀ௨እࡢሙྜࡣ⊂༨≉チࢆ Godbolt, 252, 78 E.R. 147 ࢆཧ↷ࠋึᮇࡢ≉チㄢࡉࢀࡓ୍ᐃࡢカ⦎᮲௳ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊ ࡋ࡞࠸ࡔࢁ࠺㹿㺁ࡇࡇࠊᙜࡢࣥࢢࣛࣥࢻ࠾࠸࡚ఱࡀ≉チไᗘ E.W. Hulme, ‘The History of the Patent System under the Prerogative and at Common Law’, 12 Law Quarterly Review, 141-154 (1896) ࢆཧ↷ࠋ The Clothworkers of Ipswich Case (1615) Godlbolt, 252, 78 E.R. 147. ᐀ᩍࡢᛮࡸ⌮ࡀၟྲྀᘬཬࡰࡋࡓᙳ㡪ࡘ࠸࡚ࡢྂⓗࡔࡀ୍⯡ⓗ࡞グ㏙ ⿕࿌ഃࡢᘚㆤኈࡀ㝞㏙ࡋࡓᘚㄽࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊNoy 173, 74 E.R. 1131 グ㘓ࡉࢀ࡚ ࠸ࡿࠋ ࡋ࡚ࠊR.H. Tawney, Religion and the Rise of Capitalism (West Drayton, Middlesex, 1938 77 E.R., at 1263 ࢆཧ↷ࠋ ed.) ࡀ࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡢࠊD.J. Gerber, ‘Prometheus Born: The High Middle Ages and the Id. Relationship Between Law and Economic Conduct’, 38 Saint Louis University Law Journal, 74 E.R., at 1139. 673, 720-725 (1994) ࡶཧ↷ࠋ ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO ᕳ㢌ㄽᩥ 㻭㻌 㻼㼔㼕㼘㼛㼟㼛㼜㼔㼥㻌 㼛㼒㻌 㻵㼚㼠㼑㼘㼘㼑㼏㼠㼡㼍㼘㻌 㻼㼞㼛㼜㼑㼞㼠㼥㻌 㻰㼞㼍㼔㼛㼟 ຊࡣࠊබṇ࡞౯᱁⌮ㄽࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋ⊂༨ᶒࡣࠊᢞᶵⓗ⤒῭ⓗ ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋᑓ᮲ࡣከࡃࡢⅬ࡛⤒῭ᨻ⟇ࢆ⣧⢋ᫎࡋࡓࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡗ ࡞ᛶ㉁ࢆ᭷ࡍࡿࡶࡢࡳ࡞ࡉࢀࠊ㧗㈚ࡋྥࡅࡽࢀࡓ㐨ᚨⓗᢈ୍ุ⯡ࡢ ࡓࠋ ᑐ㇟࡞ࡗࡓࠋࡲࡓࠊከᩘࡢ⊂༨ᶒࡣ㣗⣊㛵ಀࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋࡑࡢ ❧ἲᗓࡀ≉チᶒࢆ⮬↛ᶒ࠸࠺⏝ㄒ࡛⾲⌧ࡍࡿࡢࢆ㌋㌉ࡗࡓ⌮⏤ࡣࠊᅜ ࡓࡵࠊᚲ㟂ရࡢ㊊ࢆ⏕ࡳࡔࡍ⊂༨ᶒಖ᭷⪅ࡢ⬟ຊࡣࠊබඹࡢ⚟♴ࡢ୍㒊 ⋤ࡼࡿ≉ᶒไᗘࡢ℃⏝࠸࠺ほⅬࡽ⌮ゎ࡛ࡁࡿࠋ⮬↛ᶒᴫᛕࡀ ࡣ࡞ࡾ࠼࡞࠸⪃࠼ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡓࠋ 㠉ᮇᨻⓗᙳ㡪ຊࢆⓎࡋ࡚࠸ࡓ⡿ᅜࡸࣇࣛࣥࢫࡢࡼ࠺࡞ㅖᅜ࠾ ⊂༨ᶒࡣ⚄ࡢἲ㐪ࡍࡿ࠸࠺㆟ㄽࡣࠊປാࢆ᭱㔜せ࡞ࡶࡢࡋ࡚ ࠸࡚࡛ࡉ࠼ࠊ⮬↛ᶒࡀ≉チᶒཬࡰࡍᙳ㡪ຊࡢ⛬ᗘࡣࠊࡇࢀࡽࡢἲᇦ࠾ ⨨࡙ࡅࡿࠋ࢟ࣜࢫࢺᩍ♫࡛ࡣࠊ⪅ࡢປാࡣ≉チᶒࡢᙺࡢせ࡞タᐃ ࡅࡿึᮇࡢ≉チἲࢆᇶ‽⪃࠼ࢀࡤᙅࡲࡗ࡚ࡁࡓࡼ࠺ᛮࢃࢀࡿࠋ⮬⏤ᶒ ࡸᣑࢆ㜵Ṇࡍࡿ⌮⏤࡞ࡿࠋ≉チᶒࡣࠊ⪅ࡢປാᖸ΅ࡍࡿࡽࡇࡑࠊ ࡢࡼ࠺࡞ྂⓗ࡞⮬↛ᶒࡣᶒࡢ᭷ຠᮇ㝈ࡀ࠶ࡿࡣ⪃࠼ࡽࢀ࡚࠸࡞ ≉ᶒ࡞ࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ≉チᶒࡢタᐃࡣࠊ⪅ࡢປാᶒㄪࡋ࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞ ࡗࡓࡀࠊ⡿ᅜࡸࣇࣛࣥࢫ࡛ࡣࠊ≉チᶒࡣᙜึࡽᐇᐃἲࡼࡗ࡚ᐜ᫆ ࠸ࠋ⿕࿌ࣞࣥࡢᘚㆤኈࡀᙇࡋࡓࡼ࠺ࠊே㛫ࡢປാ⬟ຊࡣ⚄ࡢᵓࡢ タࡉࢀࠊไ㝈ࡉࢀࠊࡑࡋ࡚᭱⤊ⓗࡣᾘ⁛ࡉࢀࡿྍ⬟ᛶࡢ࠶ࡿᶒࡋ ୍㒊࡞ࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ≉チᶒࡣࡇ࠺ࡋࡓ⚄ࡢᵓᖸ΅ࡍࡿྍ⬟ᛶࡀ࠶ࡿࡓࡵࠊ ࡚ࡳ࡞ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ ≉チᶒࡢタᐃᶒ㝈ࢆ᭷ࡍࡿ⪅ࡀㄡ࡛࠶ࢀࠊ㈐௵ࢆࡶࡗ࡚⾜ືࡋ࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ ࡽ࡞࠸ࠋ 㸦≉チᶒࡢタᐃ⏝࠸ࡽࢀࡓ㸧ᅜ⋤ᶒࡣࠊ ࠕᅜẸࢆᐖࡍࡿṇᙜ࡞ ⤖ ㄽ ⌮⏤࡞ࡿࡶࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠖࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ ࢥุ࣭࣮ࣔࣥࣟᡤࡢ⊂༨ᶒᑐࡍࡿࣉ࣮ࣟࢳࡢ୰᰾ࢆᢸ࠺㐨ල⩏ ࡇࡇࡲ࡛ࡢ⪃ᐹࡼࡾࠊⱥᅜἲ࠾࠸࡚࡞ࡐ≉チᶒࡢṇᙜࡀࡇࢀ ⓗែᗘࡣࠊᖺࡢᑓ᮲㐍ࢇ࡛࠸ࡗࡓࠋᑓ᮲ࡢ➨ ᮲ࡣࠊ ࠕබ 㧗ᗘ㐨ලⓗ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࡢࠊࡲࡓ୍ᐃࡢ㆟ㄽࡢᚋࠊ࡞ࡐⴭసᶒࡶྠࡌ㐨ࢆ ඹ㈈ࠖpublique good ࡢᬑཬࢆಁ㐍ࡍࡿ࠸࠺ពᅗࡉࢀࡓᙺࢆ⊂༨ᶒࡀ Ṍࢇࡔࡢ࠸࠺Ⅼࡘ࠸࡚ࠊ⌮ゎࡀࡼࡾᐜ᫆࡞ࡗࡓ࠸࠼ࡼ࠺ࠋಶே ᯝࡓࡋ࡚ࡇ࡞ࡗࡓࡇࢆ᫂ࡽࡋࠊࡋࡓࡀࡗ࡚ࠊࡍ࡚ࡢ⊂༨ᶒࡣࡇ ࡣ⮬ᕫࡢປാࡼࡗ࡚⏕ࡁ࡚࠸࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸࠸࠺ࡇࡣࠊᙜࡢ ࡢ⋤ᅜࡢἲࡋࠊ↓ຠ࡛࠶ࡿᐉゝࡋࡓࠋࡓࡔࡋࠊእࡀ ࡘ࠶ࡾࠊ➨ ♫࠾࠸࡚ࡣㄽதࡢᑐ㇟࡞ࡽ࡞ࡗࡓࠋࡇࢀࡣ⚄ࡢᵓࡢ୍㒊࡛࠶ࡗ ᮲ࡢᐉゝࡣ᪂ࡋ࠸〇㐀᪉ἲࡢⓎ᫂⪅ᑐࡍࡿ≉チࡣཬࡤ࡞࠸ࡉ ࡓࠋⓎ᫂⪅ࡸⴭస⪅ࡣ⪅ྠᵝࠊປാࢆࡋ࡚ሗ㓘ࢆᚓࡿᶒࢆ᭷ࡋ࡚࠸ ࢀࡓࠋ≉チࡢࡣࠊࡑࢀࡀἲࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࡇࠊ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣࠊ ࡓࡀࠊ⚄ࡢᵓᩚྜࢆᅗࡿᙧ࡛ᙼࡽㄆࡵࡽࢀࡓሗ㓘ࡣ୍ⓗ࡞≉ᶒ ఱࡽࡢᙧ࡛ࠕᅜᐙᐖࢆ࠼ࡿࠖࡶࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࡇࢆ᮲௳ࡋࡓࠋᑓ ࡍࡂ࡞ࡗࡓࠋࡇࢀ௨ୖࡢࡶࡢࡣࠊ⪅ࡢປാᑐࡍࡿ㐣ᗘࡢᖸ΅࡞ࡾࠊ ᮲ࡣࠊ≉チࡀ⮬↛ᶒ࠸ࡗࡓ㢮ࡢࡶࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊ≉ᶒࡋ࡚Ⓨ᫂⪅ᖐ ࡋࡓࡀࡗ࡚⚄ࡢἲࡸⱥᅜࡢᇶᮏἲࡍࡿࡇ࡞ࡿࡔࢁ࠺ࠋⓎ᫂⪅ࡸⴭ ᒓࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࡇࢆ᫂☜ࡋࡓࠋࡑࡋ࡚ࠊࡑࡢ➨ ᮲࠾࠸࡚ࠊ⊂༨ స⪅ࡣࡏ࠸ࡐ࠸⪅ᑐࡋ࡚࠶ࡿ✀ࡢ୍ⓗ࡞ඃ㉺ࢆᮇᚅࡋ࠼ࡓࡍࡂ ࡀࡇࡢ⋤ᅜࡢࠕྂࡃࡽ࠶ࡿᇶᮏἲࠖauncient and fundamental lawes ࡞࠸ࠋࡇࡢඃ㉺ࡢᛶ㉁ࡀ≉ᶒ࡞ࡢ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋࡑ࠺ࡋࡓ≉ᶒࡣࡑࢀ௨ୖࡢࡶ ࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࡇࢆ᫂グࡋࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࢀࡣࠊࡾ⊂༨ᶒࡀチᐜࡉ ࢀࡿࡍࢀࡤࠊබඹ㈈ࡢᬑཬ㈉⊩ࡍࡿሙྜ㝈ࡽࢀࡿ࠸࠺ࡇࢆྵព W.R. Cornish, Intellectual Property (2nd ed., London, 1989), 67. ึᮇࡢ⡿ᅜ≉チἲ㛵ࡍࡿ㆟ㄽࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊB.W. Bugbee, Genesis of American Patent and Copyright Law (Washington, D.C., 1967) ࢆཧ↷ࠋࡲࡓࠊࣇࣛࣥࢫࡢᖺ ࡘࡢㄝ᫂ࡋ࡚ࠊR. De Roover, ‘Monopoly Theory Prior to Adam Smith: A Revi- sion’, 65 Quarterly Journal of Economics, 492, 500 (1951) ࢆཧ↷ࠋ ࡢ≉チᶒ㛵ࡍࡿᅜẸ㆟ࢹࢡࣞࡣࠊ⮬↛ᶒ࠸࠺ゝⴥࢆ⏝࠸ࡿ୍᪉࡛ࠊⓎ᫂⪅ࡢ 74 E.R., at 1139. ᛮࡀ᭷⏝࡛࠶ࡿࡇࢆせồࡋࠊࡘᙜヱᶒࡢಖㆤࢆ≉ᐃࡢᮇ㛫ไ㝈ࡍࡿࡶࡢ Section 6. ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋBugbee at 153 ࢆཧ↷ࠋ ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO ᕳ㢌ㄽᩥ ࡢࡣ࡞ࡾ࠼࡞ࡗࡓࠋ࡞ࡐ࡞ࡽࠊࡑࡢࡇࡣࠊ≉ၟྲྀᘬศ㔝࠾࠸࡚ ⪅ࡢᾘᴟⓗ⮬⏤ࢆ㐣ᗘ⬣ࡍࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿゎࡉࢀࡿࡽ࡛࠶ࡿࠋႠᴗ ࡢ⮬⏤ࡢᶒࡣࢥ࣭࣮ࣔࣥࣟୖࡢᇶᮏⓗᶒ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡑࢀࡣᑡ࡞ࡃࡶ⌮ ㄽୖࡣࠊேࠎࡀປാຊཧධࡍࡿᶒࢆ᭷ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓ࠸࠺ࡇࢆពࡍࡿࠋ abstract objects ᑐࡍࡿ୍ⓗ࡞≉ᶒࡣࡢேࠎࡢ⏘ᴗࢆቑࡉࡏࡿ㛗ᮇ ⓗ࡞ຠᯝࢆࡶࡘ⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡓࠋࡑ࠺ࡋࡓ≉ᶒࡣᇶᮏἲࡸ⚄ࡢᵓᩚྜⓗ ࡞ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋࡋࡋࠊabstract objects ᑐࡍࡿ⮬↛ᶒⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡣࡑࢀ ࡽᩚྜᛶࡀࢀࡿࡶࡢ࡛ࡣỴࡋ࡚࡞ࡗࡓࠋேࡢປാࡀ⏕ࡳࡔࡋࡓ physical objects ᑐࡍࡿ⮬↛ᶒⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡣ⚄ࡢᵓᩚྜᛶࡀࢀࡿࡶࡢ ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋ ≉チᶒࡸⴭసᶒࡢ㐨ලⓗṇᙜࡢ⯆῝࠸≉ᚩࡣࠊࡑ࠺ࡋࡓṇᙜࡀ⮬ ↛ἲࡢఏ⤫ࡢᩥ⬦࠾࠸࡚ࠊࡘࡲࡾ୍ぢࡍࡿேࡢປാࡢ⢭⚄ⓗᡂᯝ≀ࢆ 㐨ලⓗྲྀࡾᢅ࠺ࡇࢆᨭᣢࡍࡿࡼ࠺ࡣᛮࢃࢀ࡞࠸ఏ⤫ࡢᩥ⬦࠾࠸ ࡚⾜ࢃࢀࡓ࠸࠺ࡇ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡑࡢࡼ࠺࡞ṇᙜࡀ⌧ࢀࡓ࠸࠺ࡇࡣࠊ ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ᶒࡢṇᙜࢆ⾜࠺ሙྜࠊ㔜せ࡞㑅ᢥࡣࠊ୍㝵ࡢ㐨ᚨ⌮ㄽࡢ㛫㸦⮬ ↛ἲᑐຌ⩏㸧࠶ࡿࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊࡴࡋࢁඹྠయᴫᛕࡑࡢඹྠయᴫᛕ ࡀ౫ᣐࡋ࡚࠸ࡿᙧ⪋ୖᏛࡢయ⣔ࡢ㛫࠶ࡿ࠸࠺ࡇࢆ♧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋഅ ↛ࡶࠊṇᙜ᰿ᣐࡢၥ㢟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡢ⌧௦ࡢ㔜Ⅼࡣ୍㝵ࡢ㐨ᚨ⌮ㄽࡢࣞ࣋ ࣝ࠾ࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡋࡋࠊࡇࡢࡇࡣඹྠయᴫᛕࡀṇᙜ᰿ᣐࡢၥ㢟 ↓㛵ಀ࡛࠶ࡿ࠸࠺ࡇࢆពࡋ࡞࠸ࠋࡴࡋࢁࡑࡢࡇࡣࠊඹྠయᴫᛕࡀ ṇᙜ᰿ᣐࢆࡵࡄࡿ㆟ㄽࢆ㟼᧯సࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ࠸࠺ࡇࢆ♧၀ࡋ࡚࠸ ࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ ▱ⓗ㈈⏘ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 9RO