構文と推意 ―助動詞タ形を中心に

➠ ᅂ୯᪝⌦ㄵゕㄊᏕ◂✪ఌⓆ⾪㈠ᩩ
2008 ᖳ 10 ᭮ 5 ᪝
ྜྷᚷ♣ኬᏕኬ㜨ࢦࢷࣚ࢕ࢹ
ᵋᩝ࡛᥆ណ ̿ຐິボࢰᙟࢅ୯ᚨ࡞̿
࠾ ࡛ ࠹
ࡊࡅ ࡥࢀ
ຊ⸠ 㔔ᗀ 㸝໪ᾇ㐠ኬᏕ࣬ኬᏕ㝌ᩝᏕ◂✪⛁㸞
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0. ฝⓆⅤ
ᩝ࠿ྱࡳ࿤㢗࠿⾪ࡌណ࿝ࢅ⩻࠻ࡾ࡛ࡀ㸡
ࠔᏊ⩇㏳ࡽࡡណ࿝(literal meaning) ࡞࡛࡜ࡱࡼ࡝࠷
ណ࿝ࠕ࡚⏕࠷ࡼࡿࡾࡆ࡛ࡢࡻࡂぜࡼࡿࡾࠊ
(1)
࠽࠾ࡅࡈࡱ࡚㸡モ㥺࡞ྙ᰹࡚ࡀࡱࡊࡒࠊ
(2)
᪺᪝㸡ୌ⥬࡞㈑࠷∸࡞⾔ࡄࡱࡌ࠾㸴
࿤㢗ࡡ⾪ࡌᏊ⩇㏳ࡽࡡណ࿝࡛ࡊ࡙よࡌࡾࡡ࡚࠵ࡿࡣ㸡(1)ࡢ㸡
ࠔモ㥺࡞ྙ᰹ࡌࡾࡆ࡛࠿ྊ⬗
࡚࠵ࡖࡒࠕ࡛࠷࠹ᖲཱུ࡚࠵ࡽ㸡(2)ࡢࠔ㈑࠷∸࡞⾔ࡂࡆ࡛࠿࡚ࡀࡾ࠾ࠕ࡛࠷࠹ၡ࠷࡚࠵ࡾࠊ
ࡊ࠾ࡊ㸡ୌ⯙࡞(1)ࡢ㸡
ࠔྙ᰹ࡊࡒࠕ࠵࡛ࡡ♡ࢅ㏑࡬࡙࠷ࡾ࡛よ㔐ࡈࡿ㸡ྊ⬗࡛࠷ࡖࡒ㟸஥ᐁ
(irrealis)࡚ࡢ࡝ࡂ㸡⌟ᐁⓏ஥㇗࡛ࡊ࡙ࡡ஥ᐁ(realis)ࢅ♟ࡊ࡙࠷ࡾ࡛よࡈࡿࡾࠊ
(3)
࠽࠾ࡅࡈࡱ࡚㸡モ㥺࡞ྙ᰹ࡊࡱࡊࡒࠊ
ᚉࡖ࡙㸡(1)ࡢᐁ㈻Ⓩ࡞(3)࡛ࡊ࡙ࡵណ࿝Ⓩ࡞ኬࡀ࡝ᕣࡢ࡝࠷ࠊྜྷᵕࡡ⌟㇗ࡢⱝㄊ࡞ࡵぜࡼ
ࡿࡾ(Horn1984:15)ࠊ
(4)
John was able to solve the problem.
(5)
John solved the problem.
(6)
John could solve the problem.
(7)
John didn’t solve the problem.
ౚ࠻ࡣ㸡(4)ࡢ(5)ࢅណ࿝࡞ྱࡳࡡ࠿ᬉ㏳࡚࠵ࡾ࠿㸡(6)ࡢࡳࡊࢀ(7)ࢅណ࿝࡞ྱࡳࡡ࠿ᬉ㏳࡚
➠ 15 ᅂ୯᪝⌦ㄵゕㄊᏕ◂✪ఌ ࠖᵋᩝ࡛᥆ណࠗ㸝ຊ⸠㔔ᗀ㸞
࠵ࡾ࡛ࡈࡿࡾࠊࡆࡿࢅ㸡Horn.1984 ࡢ㸡R-based inference ࡡౚ࡛ࡊ࡙♟ࡊ࡙࠷ࡾࠊHorn ࡡ R
ཋ⌦࡛ Q ཋ⌦ࡢ㸡Levinson.2000 ࡝࡜࡚ࡢ Q ᥆ណ࣬I ᥆ណ࣬M ᥆ណ࡞ᩒ⌦ࡈࡿ├ࡊ࡙࠷ࡾࠊ
᪝ᮇㄊ࡞࠽ࡄࡾࠒྊ⬗㸠ࢰࠓࡢ㸡୕࡞ぜࡾࡻ࠹࡞ྊ⬗≟ឺࡷ⬗ງಕᣚࢅ irrealis Ⓩ࡞⾪ࡌ
ሔྙ࠿࠵ࡾ࠿㸡ࡆࡿࡢ௧ୖࡡࡻ࠹࡞ཱིᾐྊ⬗࡚࠵ࡽ㸡ࡐࡡⅤ࡚㸡࠷ࢂࡹࡾ᥆ណ(implicature)
ࡡ᮪௲ࢅ‫ࠊࡌࡒ‮‬
(8)
ኯ㑳ࡢ㸡ࡍࡖ࡛࡮ࡊ࠷࡛ᛦࡖ࡙࠷ࡒ㸡ࡐࡡ㌬ࢅ㈑࠹ࡆ࡛࠿࡚ࡀࡒࠊࡊ࠾
ࡊ㸡㈋㔘ࢅධ㒂౐ࡖ࡙ࡊࡱ࠹ࡡ࠿᎒࡞࡝ࡖ࡙㸡⤎ᑻ㸡㉆ථࢅᛦ࠷࡛࡜ࡱࡖࡒࠊ
ࡆࡡౚᩝࡢ㸡⮤↓ࡈࡡⅤ࡚࠷ࡂࡗ࠾ࡡၡ㢗࠿࠵ࡾ࠿㸡realis/irrealis ࡛࠷࠹Ⅴ࡚ࡡࡲぜࡿࡣ㸡
ࠔࡊ࠾ࡊࠕ௧㜾ࡡ➠㸧ᩝ࠿࡝ࡄࡿࡣ㸡ࠔ㈑ࡖࡒࠕ࡛࠷࠹ realis よ㔐࡞࡝ࡾࡡ࡞ᑊࡊ㸡➠㸧ᩝ
࡞ࡻࡖ࡙ࡐࡡよ㔐ࡢཱིࡽᾐࡈࡿࡾࠊࡆࡿࢅᵋᩝ࡞ᅖ᭯ࡡ᥆ណ࡛ぜࡿࡣ㸡᪝ᮇㄊ࡚ྜྷࡋࡻ࠹
࡝⌟㇗࠿௙ࡡሔྙ࡞ࡵぜࡼࡿࡾࠊ
(9)
ൃࡒࡔࡢ㸡஋ࡽᥦ࠻ࡾ㞹㌬ࢅ㛣㐢࠻࡝ࡄࡿࡣ㸡ḿ༔࡞ࡢ┘Ⓩᆀ࡞╌ࡂࡢ
ࡍࡓࡖࡒࠊ
ࠔࡢࡍࡓࡖࡒࠕࢅྱࡳࡆࡡౚᩝࡡሔྙ㸡ࠔḿ༔ࡱ࡚࡞┘Ⓩᆀ࡞╌࠾࡝࠾ࡖࡒࠕ࡛࠷࠹⤎ᯕ
஥ᐁ࠿ඁເ࡝よ㔐࡛࡝ࡾࠊౚ࠻ࡣ㸡(10)(11)࠿(9)࡞⤾ࡂሔྙ࡞ࡢ㸡஢᝷ࡈࡿࡒよ㔐㏳ࡽ࡞㸡
ࠔ͐ࡡࡢࡍࡓࡖࡒ࠿㸡ࡐ࠹ࡢ࡝ࡼ࡝࠾ࡖࡒࠕ࡛࡝ࡾࠊ
(10)
ࡊ࠾ࡊ㸡྘㥈ೳ㌬࡛㛣㐢࠻࡙ᛄ㏷㞹㌬࡞஋ࡖ࡙㸡┘Ⓩᆀࢅ஋ࡽ㉲ࡊ࡙ࡊ
ࡱ࠷㸡ᡘࡖ࡙ࡂࡾࡡ࡞ᡥ㛣ཱིࡖࡒࡒࡴ࡞㸡⤎ᑻ㸦᫤㛣࡮࡜㐔ࡂ࡝ࡖ࡙ࡊࡱࡖࡒࠊ
(11)
஥๑࡞ࡻࡂ☔ヾࡊ࡙࠽࠷ࡒࡡ࡚஋ࡽᥦ࠻ࡾ㞹㌬ࡢ㛣㐢࠻࡝࠾ࡖࡒ࠿㸡ಘ
ྒᨶ㝸࡚᮶ᾇ㐠⥲࠿Ḿࡱࡖ࡙ࡊࡱ࠷㸡⤎ᑻḿ༔࡞ࡢ㛣࡞ྙࢂ࡝࠾ࡖࡒࠊ
ࠔࡢࡍࡓࠕ࠿ୌᏽࡡ▩ㆉ࡞ᇱࡘ࠷ࡒᖏㆉⓏ᥆ㄵ࠾ࡼᚋࡼࡿࡾᤴ௙Ⓩ᥆᩷㸝ຊ⸠.2006:65㸞
ࢅណ࿝ࡌࡾ࡛ࡌࡿࡣ㸡
ࠔ͐ࡢࡍࡓࠕ࡛࠷࠹ᩝධమࡢ irrealis ࡚࠵ࡾ࠿㸡(9)+(10)ࡷ(9)+(11)࡚ࡢ㸡
ࠔࡢࡍࡓࠕ࡚࣏࣭ࢠࡊ࡙࠷ࡾࠔḿ༔࡞ࡢ┘Ⓩᆀ࡞╌ࡂࠕ࠿⌟ᐁ࡛ୌ⮬ࡊ࡝࠷ୌ᪁࡚㸡(9)࡞
(12)࠿⤾ࡂሔྙ࡞ࡢ㸡ࠔࡢࡍࡓࠕ࡞ࡻࡖ࡙᥆᩷ࡈࡿࡾහᐖࡢ⌟ᐁ࡛ୌ⮬ࡌࡾࠊ
(12)
஥๑࡞ࡻࡂ☔ヾࡊ࡙࠽࠷ࡒࡊ㸡ᙔ᪝㸡ஹ㏳ᶭ㛭࠿஗ࡿࡾࡆ࡛ࡵ࡝࠾ࡖࡒ
ࡡ࡚㸡஢ᏽ㏳ࡽḿ༔ࡡᑛࡊ๑࡞┘Ⓩᆀ࡞฽╌ࡊࡒࠊ
ᮇㄵࡢ㸡ᵋᩝࡷࢰᙟ࡛࠷ࡖࡒᙟᘟⓏ≁ᚡ࡛㸡᥆ណࡡ㛭౿࡞ࡗ࠷࡙⩻࠻࡙ࡲࡒ࠷ࠊ
➠ 15 ᅂ୯᪝⌦ㄵゕㄊᏕ◂✪ఌ ࠖᵋᩝ࡛᥆ណࠗ㸝ຊ⸠㔔ᗀ㸞
1. ᥆ណࡡ࡛ࡼ࠻᪁
implicature ࡢ㸡H.P.Grice ࠿ᥞ᱄ࡊࡒᴣᛍ࡚࠵ࡾࠊࢡࣚ࢕ࢪࡡ⩻࠻ࡾ᥆ណࡢ㸡௧ୖࡡࡻ࠹
࡞ぞᏽࡈࡿࡾ㸝Levinson(2000:13)1㸞
ࠊ
Girice’s theory of utterer’s meaning
S meansnn p by “uttering” U to A iff S intends:
a. A to think p
b. A to recognize that S intends (a)
c. A’s recognition of S’s intending (a) to be the prime reason for A thinking p
ౚ࠻ࡣ㸡ఫ⸠ྦ࠿Ꮽ⸠ྦ࡞(13)ࡡࡻ࠹࡞ゕࡖࡒ࡛ࡊࡻ࠹ࠊ
(13)
ࠔࡆࡡᮇࡢ㸡ᙲ࡞❟ࡗࠕ㸝= U㸞
ࡵࡊࡵ㸡ఫ⸠ྦ࠿(13)ࡡࡻ࠹࡞ゕ࠹ࡆ࡛࡚㸡ձᏭ⸠ྦ࠿ࠔࡆࡡᮇࡢᙲ࡞❟ࡗࠕ(= p)࡛⩻࠻
ࡾࡻ࠹࡞ఫ⸠ྦ࠿ណᅒࡊ࡙࠽ࡽ㸡ղࡐࡡఫ⸠ྦࡡណᅒࢅᏭ⸠ྦ࠿⌦よࡊ࡙࠽ࡽ㸡ճࠔࡆࡡ
ᮇࡢᙲ࡞❟ࡗࠕ࡛Ꮽ⸠ྦ࠿⩻࠻ࡾ୹ࡒࡾ⌦⏜࠿ఫ⸠ྦࡡណᅒࢅᏭ⸠ྦ࠿⌦よࡊ࡙࠷ࡾ࠾ࡼ
࡚࠵ࡿࡣ㸡(13)ࡡⓆリࡡࠒ㟸⮤↓Ⓩណ࿝ࠓ 2 ࡛ࡊ࡙ࠔࡆࡡᮇࡢᙲ࡞❟ࡗࠕ࡛࠷࠹࿤㢗࠿ᚋࡼ
ࡿࡾࡆ࡛࡞࡝ࡾࠊࠒ㟸⮤↓Ⓩណ࿝ࠓࡢ㸡࠷ࢂࡣណᅒࡈࡿࡒࡻ࠹࡞⌦よࡈࡿࡾ࡬ࡂណᅒࡈࡿࡒ
ណ࿝࡚࠵ࡽ㸡┘ⓏㄵⓏ࡝ఎ㐡ࢅリ⩽࡛⫀⩽࠿࡛ࡵ࡞஡よࡊࡒ୕࡚ࡡណ࿝࡚࠵ࡾࠊአⓏୠ⏲
࡞࠵ࡾ⮤↓Ⓩណ࿝࡞ᑊࡊ࡙㸡ࠒ㟸⮤↓Ⓩណ࿝ࠓࡢⓆリࡡゕㄊⓏ࡝ណ࿝࡚࠵ࡾࠊ
ࠒ⮤↓Ⓩ࡝ណ࿝ࠓ(natural meaning)ࡢ㸡አⓏୠ⏲࡞࠵ࡾࡵࡡ࡚࠵ࡾࠊゕ࠹࡝ࡼࡣ㸡࿤㢗 p
࠿⾪⌟࡞ࡻࡖ࡙ྱណ(entail)ࡈࡿࡾࡵࡡ࡚㸡ཱིࡽᾐࡊ࡚ࡀ࡝࠷ࡵࡡ࡚࠵ࡾࠊࢡࣚ࢕ࢪࡢ௧ୖࡡ
ౚ(Grice.1989;213f)ࢅᣪࡅ࡙࠷ࡾ࠿㸡ࡆࡿࡢⓆリࡡౚ࡚ࡢ࡝࠷ࡡ࡚㸡࠵ࡱࡽ㐲ว࡛ࡢゕ࠻࡝
࠷㸝ౚ♟ࢅᑛࡊን࠻࡙࠷ࡾ㸞ࠊ
ࠒ⮤↓Ⓩណ࿝ࠓ
(14)
ࡐࡡⓆ⑀ࡢ㸡ࡢࡊ࠾ࡓࠊ
(15) *
ࡐࡡⓆ⑀ࡢ㸡ࡢࡊ࠾ࡓ࠿㸡ᙴࡢࡢࡊ࠾࡞࠾࠾ࡖ࡙࠷࡝࠷ࠊ
(16)
࠵ࡡࣁࢪࡢ⾔ࡀ඙⾪♟࠿㉝࠷࠾ࡼ⤂ࣁࢪࡓࠊࠒ㟸⮤↓Ⓩណ࿝ࠓ
(17)
࠵ࡡࣁࢪࡢ⾔ࡀ඙⾪♟࠿㉝࠷࠾ࡼ⤂ࣁࢪࡓࠊ࡚ࡵ㸡ࡱࡓ⤂ࣁࢪࡡ᫤㛣࡚
ࡢ࡝࠷࠾ࡼ㸡㐘㌹ᡥ࠿⾪♟ࢅ㛣㐢࠻ࡒࡡ࡞㐢࠷࡝࠷ࠊ
ࡐࡊ࡙㸡᥆ណࡡ≁㈻࡛ࡊ࡙㸡௧ୖࡡࡵࡡ࠿♟ࡈࡿ࡙࠷ࡾࠊࡆࡿࡢ㸡ࢡࣚ࢕ࢪࡡ࠵ࡅࡒ
1
௙࡞ Huang(2003, 2007)ࡵཤ↯ࠊ
2
what the spaeker non-naturally means ࢅ non-natural meaning ࡛ࡊ࡙㸡meaning nn ࡛⾪⌟ࡌࡾࠊ
➠ 15 ᅂ୯᪝⌦ㄵゕㄊᏕ◂✪ఌ ࠖᵋᩝ࡛᥆ណࠗ㸝ຊ⸠㔔ᗀ㸞
(18)-(21)࡞㸡ࣝࣄࣤࢮࣤ࠿(22)(23)ࢅ㏛ຊࡊࡒࡵࡡ࡚࠵ࡾ(Levinson.2000:15)ࠊ
(18)
(19)
ཱིࡽᾐࡊྊ⬗ᛮ͐๑ᥞࡡ௛ຊ࡞ࡻࡽ᥆ㄵࢅ↋ຝ࡞࡚ࡀࡾࠊ
㟸ฦ㞫ྊ⬗ᛮ͐ࢤ࣭ࢺ໩ࡈࡿࡒහᐖ࠿ྜྷࡋ⾪⌟࡚࠵ࡿࡣྜྷࡋ᥆ណࢅఎ࠻
ࡾലྡྷ࠿࠵ࡾࠊ㸝ఢࡊ㸡ᵕឺࡡ᰹⋙࡞ࡻࡾࡵࡡࡢౚአ㸞
(20)
ゝ⟤ྊ⬗ᛮ͐ྙ⌦ᛮࡡ࠵ࡾఌリ࠿࡝ࡈࡿࡾࡆ࡛࡞ఔ࠹ㅎ๑ᥞ࠾ࡼࡡ᥆ㄵ
࡞ࡢࡐࡿ࡝ࡽࡡ㏩᪺ᛮ࠿࠵ࡾࠊ
(21)
ៈ⩞ᛮ͐᥆ㄵ࡞ࡢࢤ࣭ࢺ໩ࡈࡿ࡙࠷࡝࠷㟻࠿࠵ࡾ࠿㸡ࢤ࣭ࢺ໩ࡈࡿࡒහ
ᐖ࡞ࡢᐞ⏍Ⓩ࡞౪Ꮛࡌࡾࠊ
(22)
⿭ᙁྊ⬗ᛮ͐᥆ណࢅ᪺♟Ⓩ࡞ゕㄊ໩ࡊ࡙௛ຊࡌࡾ᪁࠿㸡ࢤ࣭ࢺ໩ࡈࡿࡒ
හᐖࢅ⧖ࡽ㏁ࡊ࡙ゕ࠹ࡻࡽࡵී㛏ࡈ࠿ᑛ࡝࠷ࠊ
(23)
ᬉ㐚ᛮ͐᥆ㄵࡢྙ⌦ᛮ࡞ࡵ࡛ࡘࡂࡵࡡ࡝ࡡ࡚㸡ᙁ࠷ᬉ㐚Ⓩലྡྷ࠿࠵ࡾ࡛
᭿ᙽ࡚ࡀࡾࠊఌリࡡ᥆ណࡢྙ⌦Ⓩິᶭ࠿࠵ࡽ㸡ᜓណⓏ࡝ࡵࡡ࡚ࡢ࡝࠷ࠊ
ࡆࡆ࡚ࠔ᥆ណࠕ࡛ࡊ࡙࠷ࡾࡵࡡࡢ㸡
ࠔఌリࡡ᥆ណࠕ(conversational implicature)࡚࠵ࡽ㸡ࡐࡿ
ࡢ᭞࡞㸧ࡗ࡞ฦࡄࡼࡿࡾࠊ
(24)
㟸⮤↓Ⓩណ࿝ࡡ㢦࡛⛸ (Genera and species of meaningnn)
Ⓠリහᐖ
What is SAID
Ⓠリ䛴ධណ࿝⾪♟
TOTAL
SIGNIFICATION
of an utterance
᥆ណහᐖ
What is
IMPLICATED
ៈ⩞Ⓩ᥆ណ
What is
COVENTIONALLY
implicated
ఌリⓏ᥆ណ
What is
COVERSATIONALLY
implicated
ୌ⯙Ⓩ᥆ណ(GCI)
GENERALZED
Coversational㻃 Implicature
≁ᏽⓏ᥆ណ(PCI)
PARTICULARIZED
Conversationl Implicature
ࣝࣄࣤࢮࣤࡢ㸡Ⓠリහᐖ(what is said)࡛ៈ⩞Ⓩ᥆ណ(what is conventionally implicated)ࡢ㸡ࢤ
࣭ࢺ໩ࡈࡿࡒࡆ࡛࡞ᙔࡒࡾ࡛ࡊ㸡ࢸࣆ࢚ࣜࢹࡡ᥆ណ࡞࠵ࡒࡾ GCI ࡆࡐ࠿ㄊ⏕ㄵࡡࡻࡽ㔔さ
࡝◂✪ࢷ࣭࣏࡚࠵ࡖ࡙㸡PCI ࡢ┞ᑊⓏ࡞㔔さ࡝ᆀనࢅ༥ࡴ࡝࠷࡛ࡌࡾࠊࢡࣚ࢕ࢪࡢ PCI ࡛
GCI ࡡሾ⏲⥲ࡢ࠵࠷ࡱ࠷࡚࠵ࡾ࡛ࡊ࡙ᤸࡽୖࡅ࡝࠾ࡖࡒ࠿㸡ࣝࣄࣤࢮࣤࡢ↋ᵾࡡ᥆ណ࡛᭯ᵾ
ࡡ᥆ណ࡛࡚ࡵゕ࠹࡬ࡀ༇ฦࢅ❟࡙㸡௧ୖࡡࡻ࠹࡝ౚࢅᣪࡅ࡙࠷ࡾࠊ
(25) ࠔర᫤࡚ࡌ࠾㸴ࠕ
ࠔࡵ࠹ᖉࡽ࠾ࡄ࡙࠷ࡾ࠽ᐂࡈࢆ࠿࠷ࡱࡌࠕ
ୖ⥲㒂ࡡ GCIࠔࡌ࡬࡙ࡡ࠽ᐂࡈࢆ࠿ᖉࡽ࠾ࡄ࡙࠷ࡾࢂࡄ࡚ࡢ࡝࠷ࠕ
ୖ⥲㒂ࡡ PCIࠔ㐔࠷᫤็࡞㐢࠷࡝࠷ࠕ
➠ 15 ᅂ୯᪝⌦ㄵゕㄊᏕ◂✪ఌ ࠖᵋᩝ࡛᥆ណࠗ㸝ຊ⸠㔔ᗀ㸞
(26) ࠔࢩࣘࣤࡢ࡜ࡆ࡚ࡌ࠾㸴ࠕࠔࡵ࠹ᖉࡽ࠾ࡄ࡙࠷ࡾ࠽ᐂࡈࢆ࠿࠷ࡱࡌࠕ
ୖ⥲㒂ࡡ GCIࠔࡌ࡬࡙ࡡ࠽ᐂࡈࢆ࠿ᖉࡽ࠾ࡄ࡙࠷ࡾࢂࡄ࡚ࡢ࡝࠷ࠕ
ୖ⥲㒂ࡡ PCIࠔࡒࡩࢆࢩࣘࣤࡢᖉࡖࡒࡡࡓࢀ࠹ࠕ
ࡆࡡᯗ⤄ࡲ࠾ࡼࡢ㸡௧ୖࡡࡻ࠹࡝≁ᛮࡡฦᕱ࠿᝷ᏽ࡚ࡀࡾࠊ
(27)
GCI ࡛ PCI ࡡ≁ᛮࡡ㐢࠷
ᙁ࠷
ᙁ࠷
☔ᏽⓏ
ᑚࡈ࠷
ᑚࡈ࠷
㞬ࡊ࠷
ᘽ࠷
ᘽ࠷
ᮅ☔ᏽ
ኬࡀ࠷
ኬࡀ࠷
ᐖ᪾
ៈ⩞ᛮ࣬ᅖ╌ᛮ
ᙟᘟ౪Ꮛᛮ
᥆ㄵᡥ㡨ࡡୌ⯙໩
᥆ㄵࡡࢤࢪࢹ
ᩝ⬞౪Ꮛᗐ
ཱིࡽᾐࡊᐖ᪾ᛮ
Generalized Conversational
Implicature (GCI)
Particularized Conversational
Implicature (PCI)
2. ᥆ណࡡ༇ฦ
ࢡࣚ࢕ࢪ࡞ࡻࡾఌリࡡ༝ㄢཋ⌦ࡢ㸡࣭࣌ࣤ࠿㸧ࡗ࡞㸡ࣝࣄࣤࢮࣤ࠿㸨ࡗ࡞ᩒ⌦ࡊ├ࡊ࡙
࠷ࡾࠊ
(28)
ࢡࣚ࢕ࢪ࡞ࡻࡾఌリࡡ༝ㄢཋ⌦(Grice.1975 ࡮࠾)
[A] Maxims of Quantity㸝㔖ࡡ᰹⋙㸞
1) Make your contribution as informative as is required.ࠔᚪさ࡝㔖ࡡ᝗ሒࢅⓆリ࡞┊ࡽ㎲ࡴࠕ
2) Do not make your contribution more informative than is required.ࠔᚪさ௧୕ࡡ᝗ሒࢅⓆリ࡞
┊ࡽ㎲ࡳ࡝ࠕ
[B] Maxims of Quality㸝㈻ࡡ᰹⋙㸞
1) Do not say what you believe to be false.ࠔ㛣㐢ࡖ࡙࠷ࡾ࡛ᛦ࠹ࡆ࡛ࢅゕ࠹࡝ࠕ
2) Do not say that for which you lack adequate evidence.ࠔ༎ฦ࡝ッᣈࡡ࡝࠷ࡆ࡛ࢅゕ࠹࡝ࠕ
[C] Maxims of Relation㸝㛭౿ᛮࡡ᰹⋙㸞
1) Be relevant.ࠔ㛭㏻ࡡ࠵ࡾࡆ࡛ࢅリࡎࠕ
[D] Maxims of Manner㸝᪁Ἢࡡ᰹⋙㸞
1) Avoid obscurity of expression.ࠔ᭍ᫍ࡝⾪⌟ࡢ㑂ࡄࡻࠕ
2) Avoid ambiguity.ࠔよ㔐࠿ฦ࠾ࡿࡾࡻ࠹࡝ゕ࠷᪁ࢅࡌࡾ࡝ࠕ
3) Be brief (avoid unnecessary prolixity).ࠔ⠾₡࡞リࡎࠕ
4) Be orderly.ࠔ㡨ᗆࡻࡂリࡎࠕ
ࡆࡿ࡞ᑊࡊ࡙㸡࣭࣌ࣤࡢ㸡㈻ࡡ᰹⋙ࡢㄌᐁ࡝ࢤ࣐ࣖࢼࢢ࣭ࢨࣘࣤࡡࡻࡽ᰷ᮇⓏ࡝᮪௲࡚
࠵ࡾ࡛ࡊ࡙㸡ṟࡽࢅ Q ཋ⌦࡛ R ཋ⌦࡞්⥽ࡊࡒ㸝Horn.1984 ࡝࡜㸞ࠊ
(29)
࣭࣌ࣤࡡ Q ཋ⌦࡛ R ཋ⌦
➠ 15 ᅂ୯᪝⌦ㄵゕㄊᏕ◂✪ఌ ࠖᵋᩝ࡛᥆ណࠗ㸝ຊ⸠㔔ᗀ㸞
(A) The Q-Principle㸝Q ཋ⌦㸞
Make your contribution sufficent. Say as much as you can. (given R)ࠔୌᏽࡡ R ᮪௲ୖ࡚
ࡢ㸡Ⓠリࢅ༎ฦ࡝ࡵࡡ࡛ࡎࡻࠊ࡚ࡀࡾࡓࡄኣࡂㄊࡿࠕ
(B) The R-Principle㸝R ཋ⌦㸞
Make your contibutoin necessary.
Say no more than you must. (given Q)ࠔୌᏽࡡ Q ᮪
௲ୖ࡚ࡢ㸡Ⓠリࢅᚪさ࡝ࡵࡡ࡛ࡎࡻࠊゕࢂࡠࡣ࡝ࡼ࡟ࡆ࡛ࡡࡲㄊࡿࠕ
࠷ࢂࡣ㸡Q ཋ⌦ࡢ⪲ࡀᡥ࡞࡛ࡖ࡙ࡡ⤊ῥᛮ㸡R ཋ⌦ࡢリࡊᡥࡡ࡛ࡖ࡙ࡡ⤊ῥᛮࢅịࡴࡾࡵ
ࡡ࡚࠵ࡽ㸡๑⩽ࡢណ࿝᝗ሒࢅ᭩ኬ໩ࡌࡾࡻ࠹ịࡴ㸡ᚃ⩽ࡢゕㄊᙟᘟࢅ᭩ᑚ໩ࡌࡾࡻ࠹ịࡴ
࡙࠷ࡾ࡛ゕ࠻ࡾࠊ
᭞࡞㸡࣭࣌ࣤࡢ Zipf’s Law ࢅ㊻ࡱ࠻࡙㸡௧ୖࡡᑊ❟㛭౿ࢅᥞ၌ࡊ࡙࠷ࡾࠊ
(30) Horn’s division of pragmatic labour 㸝࣭࣌ࣤ࡞ࡻࡾㄊ⏕Ⓩຘງࡡฦ໩㸞
The use of a marked (relatively complex and/or prolix) expression when a corresponding
unmarked (simpler, less ‘effortful’) alternate expression is available tends to be interpreted
as conveying a marked message (one which the unmarked alternative would not or could
not have converyed).
ࠔᑊᚺࡌࡾ↋ᵾᙟᘟ࠿࠵ࡾࡡ࡞᭯ᵾᙟᘟࢅ౐࠹࡛㸡↋ᵾࡡ⾪⌟ᙟᘟ࡚ࡢఎ࠻ࡼࡿ
࡝࠷ࡻ࠹࡝㸡᭯ᵾࡡ࣒ࢴࢬ࣭ࢩࢅఎ࠻࡙࠷ࡾ࡛よ㔐ࡈࡿࡷࡌ࠷ࠕ
࣭࣌ࣤࡢ㸡ࡆࡿࢅㄊᙙమ⣌ࡡ࡚ࣝ࣊ࣜࡵ㸡ྀ࡝࡜ࡡ࡚ࣝ࣊ࣜࡵ⩻࠻࡙࠽ࡽ㸡(32)ࡢ᭯ᵾࡡ
⾪⌟ᙟᘟ࡚࠵ࡽ㸡㏳ᖏࡡ᪁Ἢ࡚࡝࠷ࡷࡽ᪁ࢅ⏕࠷࡙㌬ࢅḾࡴࡒ࡛よ㔐ࡈࡿࡷࡌ࠷࡛࠷࠹ࠊ
(31) Lee stopped the car.
(32) Lee got the car to stop.
ࡈࡼ࡞㸡ࣝࣄࣤࢮࣤࡢ࣭࣌ࣤࢅᢀึⓏ࡞᳠ゞࡊ࡙㸡㔖࡞㛭ࢂࡾ Q ཋ⌦㸡᝗ሒᛮ࡞㛭ࢂࡾ I
ཋ⌦㸡ᵕឺ࡞㛭ࢂࡾ M ཋ⌦࡛࠷࠹㸡㸨ࡗࡡཋ⌦࡞ᩒ⌦ࡊ├ࡊࡒࠊ
(33)
Q ཋ⌦
ࡻࡽᙁ࠷㝖㏑ࢅᥞ♟ࡌࡾࡆ࡛࠿㸡I ཋ⌦࡛□┢ࡊ࡝࠷㝀ࡽ㸡リࡊᡥࡢ⮤ฦࡡୠ⏲▩
ㆉ࠿セࡈ࡝࠷࡮࡜᝗ሒᛮࡡᘽ࠷㝖㏑ࢅࡊ࡙ࡢ࠷ࡄ࡝࠷ࠊ⪲ࡀᡥࡢ㸡リࡊᡥ࠿ࡐࡡ
▩ㆉ࡛ୌ⮬ࡌࡾ᭩ࡵᙁ࠷㝖㏑ࢅ⾔ࡖࡒ࡛஡よࡎࡻࠊ
(34)
I ཋ⌦
リࡊᡥࡢ㸡Q ཋ⌦ࢅᛍ㢄࡞⨠࠷࡙ᚪさ࡝ࡆ࡛ࡡࡲゕ࠻㸝㸲ఎ㐡┘Ⓩࢅᯕࡒࡊ࠹ࡾ᭩
ᑚࡡゕㄊⓏ᝗ሒࢅ୙࠻ࡻ㸞ࠊ⪲ࡀᡥࡢ㸡᭩ࡵරమⓏ࡝よ㔐ࢅぜ࠷ࡓࡌࡆ࡛࡚リࡊᡥ
➠ 15 ᅂ୯᪝⌦ㄵゕㄊᏕ◂✪ఌ ࠖᵋᩝ࡛᥆ណࠗ㸝ຊ⸠㔔ᗀ㸞
ࡡⓆリࡡ᝗ሒහᐖࢅቌᖕࡎࡻࠊ
(35)
M ཋ⌦
リࡊᡥࡢ㸡↋ᵾࡡ⾪⌟࡛ᑊ❟ࡌࡾ᭯ᵾࡡ⾪⌟ᙟᘟࢅ౐࠹ࡆ࡛࡚㸡ᬉ㏳࡚࡝࠷㟸඼
ᆵⓏ࡝≟Ἓࢅ♟ࡎࠊᬉ㏳࡚࡝࠷᪁Ἢ࡚ゕࢂࡿࡒࡆ࡛ࡢᬉ㏳࡚࡝࠷≟Ἓࢅ♟ࡊ㸡᭯
ᵾࡡ࣒ࢴࢬ࣭ࢩࡢ᭯ᵾࡡ≟Ἓࢅ♟ࡌ࡛⪲ࡀᡥࡢ⩻࠻ࡻࠊ
ࡆࡡ࠹ࡔ㸡M ཋ⌦ࡢ㸡ㄊ⏕ຘງࡡฦ໩ࢅ㊻ࡱ࠻ࡒࡵࡡ࡛ぜࡾࡆ࡛࠿࡚ࡀࡾࠊ
3. ྊ⬗⾪⌟࠾ࡼ஥ᐁ⾪⌟࡫
᪝ᮇㄊࡡྊ⬗⾪⌟ࡢࢰᙟ࡞ࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡚㸡irrealis ࠾ࡼ realis ࡞㌹ࡋࡷࡌ࠷ࡡࡢ඙࡞ぜࡒ࡛࠽
ࡽ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ
(36)
஢ᏽ㏳ࡽㄵᩝࢅ᭡ࡀ୕ࡅࡼࡿࡱࡊࡒࠊ
(37)
஢ᏽ㏳ࡽㄵᩝࢅ᭡ࡀ୕ࡅࡒࠊ
(38)
඙㍦ࡡゕ࠹࡛࠽ࡽࡷࡖ࡙࠷ࡿࡣ㸡஢ᏽ㏳ࡽㄵᩝࢅ᭡ࡀ୕ࡅࡼࡿࡱࡊࡒࠊ
࡚ࡵ㸡඙㍦ࡡຐゕࢅ↋っࡊࡒࡡ࡚㸡⤎ᑻ஢ᏽ㏳ࡽ࡞ࡢ᭡ࡀ୕࠿ࡽࡱࡎࢆ࡚ࡊࡒࠊ
ࡗࡱࡽ㸡(36)ࡡよ㔐࡞ࡢ(37)࠿↋ᵾࡡよ㔐࡛ࡊ࡙ྱࡱࡿ㸡ࡊ࠾ࡵ(38)ࡡࡻ࠹࡞๑ᥞࡡ㏛ຊ
࡞ࡻࡖ࡙(37)ࡢཱིࡽᾐࡊ࠹ࡾよ㔐࡚࠵ࡾࠊࡆࡿࡢ㸡ࣝࣄࣤࢮࣤ࠿ゕ࠹ఌリࡡ᥆ណࡡ࠹ࡔ㸡ୌ
⯙Ⓩ࡝ఌリ᥆ណ࡛ぜ࡝ࡌ᮪௲ࢅങ࠻࡙࠷ࡾࠊࡗࡱࡽ㸡ࡆࡆ࡚ࡢ㸡௧ୖࡡࡻ࠹࡞⩻࠻ࡾࡆ࡛
࠿࡚ࡀࡾࠊ
(39)
᪝ᮇㄊ࡞࠽࠷࡙ྊ⬗⾪⌟ࡡࢰᙟࡢ㸡⤎ᯕⓏ࡝ິష㐑⾔ࢅ᥆ណ(GCI)࡛ࡌࡾࠊ
᪝ᮇㄊࡡྊ⬗⾪⌟࡛ࡊ࡙ࡢ㸡ձ࡛ࣝࣜ࣬ࣚࣝࣜ࠷࠹ຐິボࢅ⏕࠷ࡾ㸡ղྊ⬗ິボᙟ㸝஫
ṹິボࡡࡲ㸞ࢅ⏕࠷ࡾ㸡ճࠔ͐ࡌࡾࡆ࡛࠿࡚ࡀࡾࠕ࡛࠷࠹ᙟᘟࢅ⏕࠷ࡾ㸡࡝࡜࠿୹࡝ࡵࡡ
࡚࠵ࢀ࠹ࠊ஫ṹິボࠔㄖࡳࠕ࡚࠵ࡿࡣ㸡ձࠔㄖࡱࡿࡾࠕ㸡ղࠔㄖࡴࡾࠕ㸡ճࠔㄖࡳࡆ࡛࠿࡚
ࡀࡾࠕ࡛࡝ࡾ࠿㸡ࡆࡡ࠹ࡔ㸡஫ṹິボ㸝Ꮔ㡚ㄊᖷິボ㸞ࡡሔྙࡢձࡢ᪺ࡼ࠾࡞ᬉ㏳࡚ࡢ࡝
ࡂ㸡ղ㸳ճ㸳㸳㸳ձ࡛࡝ࡾࠊୌṹິボࡡሔྙ㸡ྊ⬗ິボᙟ࠿࡝࠷࠿㸡ࡼᢜࡀᙟ࠿ࡆࡿᑊᚺ
ࡊ㸡ձࠔ㣏࡬ࡼࡿࡾࠕ㸡ղࠔ㣏࡬ࡿࡾ(㟸ᵾ‵)ࠕ㸡ճࠔ㣏࡬ࡾࡆ࡛࠿࡚ࡀࡾࠕ࡞ࡗ࠷࡙㸡㸝ղ
㸳㸞ճ㸳ձࡡࡻ࠹࡝ᗆา࠿⩻࠻ᚋࡾࠊ
ၡ㢗ࡢ㸡(36)ࡡ௥ࢂࡽ࡞(40)ࡡࡻ࠹࡞ゕࡖ࡙ࡵ(37)࠿ GCI ࡛࡝ࡾࡆ࡛࡚࠵ࢀ࠹ࠊ
(40)
஢ᏽ㏳ࡽㄵᩝࢅ᭡ࡀ୕ࡅࡾࡆ࡛࠿࡚ࡀࡱࡊࡒࠊ
ࡱࡒ㸡
ࠔ㈑࠹ࠕࡡࡻ࠹࡝஫ṹິボ࡚ࡢ(41)(42)ࡢྜྷࡋࡻ࠹࡞ GCI ࡛ࡊ࡙(44)ࢅᣚࡗࠊࡵࡖ࡛
➠ 15 ᅂ୯᪝⌦ㄵゕㄊᏕ◂✪ఌ ࠖᵋᩝ࡛᥆ណࠗ㸝ຊ⸠㔔ᗀ㸞
ࡵ(43)ࡢࡷࡢࡽྊ⬗⾪⌟࡛ࡊ࡙⮤↓࡚࡝࠷࠿㸡ࡵࡊྊ⬗ࡡណ࿝࡚⮤↓࡞౐࠻ࡾ࡛ࡊࡒࡼ(44)
ࢅ GCI ࡛ぜ࡝ࡊ࡙ࡻ࠷ࡓࢀ࠹ࠊ
(41)
ࡐࡡᮇࡢ㸡⣎௿ᅢᒁ᭡ᗉ࡚㈑࠻ࡒࠊ
(42)
ࡐࡡᮇࡢ㸡⣎௿ᅢᒁ᭡ᗉ࡚㈑࠹ࡆ࡛࠿࡚ࡀࡒࠊ
(43)
ࡐࡡᮇࡢ㸡⣎௿ᅢᒁ᭡ᗉ࡚㈑ࢂࡿࡒࠊ
(44)
ࡐࡡᮇࡢ㸡⣎௿ᅢᒁ᭡ᗉ࡚㈑ࡖࡒࠊ
ࡗࡱࡽ㸡ࡆࡡሔྙ㸡M ཋ⌦ࡢᠺ❟ࡊ࡞ࡂ࠷ࡆ࡛࠿ࢂ࠾ࡾࠊࡱࡒ㸡(39)ࡢ GCI ࡛ࡊ࡙࠾࡝
ࡽᙁᅖ࡝ࡵࡡ࡛ゕ࠻ࡾࡓࢀ࠹ࠊ
4. ஥๑᮪௲࡛ࡊ࡙ࡡྊ⬗
࢛࣭ࢪࢷ࢔ࣤࡢ㸡Ⓠリࢅ┷അ࡛࠷࠹┷⌦ೋ࡚ぜࡾࡡ࡚ࡢ࡝ࡂ㸡㐲ว࠾࡜࠹࠾࡛࠷࠹ふⅤ
࡚ᤂ࠻ࡾࡒࡴ࡞㸡㐲วᛮ᮪௲ࢅ᱄ฝࡊࡒࠊࡐࡊ࡙㸡ࡆࡡ㐲วᛮ᮪௲ࢅ‫࠷࡝ࡈࡒ‮‬ሔྙࡢ㸡
ࠔ୘
㐲ว࡝Ⓠリࠕ࡚࠵ࡾ࡛ࡊ㸡ࡆࡿࢅ㸧ࡗ࡞ୖనฦ㢦ࡊࡒࠊ
(45)
୘
୘Ⓠ(misfire)
㐲
ว
୘㐲วᛮࡡ༇ฦ
ㄏⓆິ(misinvocation)
ㄏᇮ⾔(misexecution)
⃻⏕(abuse)
≟Ἓࡡ㐲วᛮ࡞㛭ࢂࡾ
ㄌᐁᛮ࡞㛭ࢂࡾ
୘Ⓠ࡛ࡢ㸡㐑⾔ࢅណᅒࡊ࡙࠷ࡒࡵࡡࡡ㸡ᚪさ࡛ࡈࡿࡾៈ⩞୕ࡡぞ์ࡷᡥ⤾ࡀ࠿Ꮼࡼࡿ࡝
࠾ࡖࡒࡒࡴ࡞↋ຝ࡞⤂ࢂࡖࡒࡵࡡࢅᕣࡊ㸡ㄏⓆິ࡛ㄏᇮ⾔࡞ฦࡄࡼࡿࡾࠊ
࢛࣭ࢪࢷ࢔࠿㸡ៈ⩞࡞ᚉࡖࡒຝᯕࢅᣚࡔ࠹ࡾᩝࡡᠺ❟᮪௲ࢅ㐲วᛮ᮪௲࡛ࡊ࡙♟ࡊࡒࡡ
࡞ᑊࡊ࡙㸡ࢦ࣭ࣜࡢ᪝ᖏࡡⓆリ⾔Ⅵ࡞ࡻࡖ࡙㸡Ⓠリහງ࠿⏍ࡋࡾ࡞ࡢ௧ୖࡡࡻ࠹࡝ぞ์ࢅ
⩻࠻ࡾ࡬ࡀࡓ࡛ࡊࡒࠊࡆࡿࡢ㸡ୌᏽࡡ⾔ິ࡞ណ࿝ࢅ୙࠻࡙ᠺ❟ࡈࡎࡾࡻ࠹࡝ぞ์ࢅᣞࡊ㸡
⾔ິࢅโ⣑ࡌࡾ⤣โⓏ࡝ぞ์࡚ࡢ࡝ࡂ㸡ぞ์ࢅᏬࡾࡆ࡛࡚⾔ິ࠿ᠺ❟ࡊ㸡ណ࿝ࢅ୙࠻ࡾࡆ
࡛࠿࡚ࡀࡾࡻ࠹࡝ᵋᠺⓏ࡝ぞ์࡝ࡡࡓ࡛ࡊࡒࠊࢦ࣭ࣜࡡᯗ⤄ࡲࡢ㸮ࡗࡡ㐲วᛮ᮪௲࡚ᵋᠺ
ࡈࡿ࡙࠷ࡾ࠿㸡≁࡞㔔さ࡝ࡡࡢ௧ୖࡡ㸩ࡗ࡚࠵ࡾ࡛ࡈࡿࡾࠊࢦ࣭ࣜࡢ㸡ࡆࡿࢅࠔ⣑ᮨࠕ࡛
࠷࠹Ⓠリහ⾔Ⅵࢅౚ࡞ㄕ᪺ࡊ࡙࠷ࡾ3ࠊ
(46)
3
୹ࡒࡾ㐲วᛮ᮪௲ࡡ༇ฦ
Searle.1969:112ff㸡ᯐᏩ⏠ 2002 㸡ຊ⸠.2004
➠ 15 ᅂ୯᪝⌦ㄵゕㄊᏕ◂✪ఌ ࠖᵋᩝ࡛᥆ណࠗ㸝ຊ⸠㔔ᗀ㸞
᮪௲ࡡ⛸㢦
ձ࿤㢗හᐖ᮪௲
(propositional content
condition)
ղ‵ങ᮪௲
(preparatory
condition)
᮪௲ࡡහᐖ
Ⓠリࡡ࿤㢗හᐖࢅ㐲ว࡝
ࡵࡡ࡞ࡌࡾࡒࡴࡡ᮪௲
ճㄌᐁ᮪௲
(sincerity condition)
Ⓠリ⩽ࡡណᅒ࠿ㄌᐁ࠾࡜
࠹࠾࡞㛭ࡌࡾ᮪௲
մᮇ㈻᮪௲
(essential condition)
Ⓠリ࡞ࡻࡖ࡙࠵ࡾ⾔Ⅵ࠿
⏍ࡋࡾ࠾࡜࠹࠾࡞㛭ࡌࡾ
᮪௲
ఌリࡡཤຊ⩽ࡷఌリࡡ≟
Ἓ࡞㛭ࡌࡾ᮪௲
ࠔ⣑ᮨࠕࢅౚ࡞ࡊࡒሔྙࡡㄕ᪺
Ⓠリࡢ࠵ࡾ࿤㢗ࢅ⾪ࡊ࡙࠽ࡽ㸡ࡐࡡහ
ᐖࡢリࡊᡥ࠿⾔࠹ᑑᮮࡡ⾔Ⅵ࡞㛭ࡌ
ࡾࡵࡡ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ
⪲ࡀᡥࡢࡐࡡ⾔Ⅵࢅࡊ࡙ḟࡊ࠷࡛ᛦ
ࡖ࡙࠽ࡽ㸡リࡊᡥࡵ⪲ࡀᡥ࠿ࡐࡡḟị
ࢅᣚࡗ࡛ಘࡋ࡙࠷ࡾࠊࡱࡒ㸡リࡊᡥ࡛
⪲ࡀᡥࡡཫ᪁࡞࡛ࡖ࡙㸡リࡊᡥ࠿⣑ᮨ
ࡡ⾔Ⅵࢅࡌࡾࡆ࡛ࡢᙔ↓ࡡࡆ࡛࡚ࡢ
࡝࠷ࠊ
リࡊᡥ࡞ࡢ⣑ᮨࡡ⾔Ⅵࢅᐁ⾔ࡌࡾណ
ᚷ࠿࠵ࡽ㸡ࡐࡿࢅᐁ⾔ࡌࡾࡆ࡛࠿ྊ⬗
࡚࠵ࡾ࡛ಘࡋ࡙࠷ࡾࠊ
Ⓠリࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡞ࡻࡖ࡙㸡࠵ࡾ⾔Ⅵ㸝⣑
ᮨࡌࡾ⾔Ⅵ㸞ࢅᐁ⾔ࡌࡾ⩇ຸࢅㇿ࠹ࡆ
࡛࡞࡝ࡾࠊ
ࡆࡿࡼࡡ᮪௲ࡢ㸡ࡐࡡࡱࡱぞ์࡛ࡊ࡙スᏽࡌࡾࡆ࡛࠿࡚ࡀࡾ࡛ࡈࡿࡾࠊࡗࡱࡽ㸡࿤㢗හ
ᐖぞ์࣬஥๑ぞ์࣬ㄌᐁᛮぞ์࣬ᮇ㈻ぞ์ࡡ㸩ࡗࡡぞ์࠿⩻࠻ࡼࡿࡾࡆ࡛࡞࡝ࡾࠊ
ࡐࡊ࡙㸡ర࠾ࡡິషࡷ⾔Ⅵࢅ㐑⾔ࡌࡾ࡞ࡢ㸡ࡐࡡິషࡷ⾔Ⅵࡡ㐑⾔࠿ྊ⬗࡚࡝ࡄࡿࡣ࡝
ࡼ࡝࠷ࠊ㐑⾔ࡡ஥๑ぞ์࡛ࡊ࡙㐑⾔ྊ⬗ᛮࢅ❟࡙ࡾࡆ࡛࠿࡚ࡀࡾࠊࡐࡊ࡙㸡㐑⾔ࡡ㝖㏑࡚
ࡵ㸡㐑⾔ࡡ౪㢏࡝࡜࡚ࡵ㸡ࡆࡡ஥๑ぞ์ࡡ≁ᛮࡢንࢂࡼ࡝࠷ࠊ
(47)
ࡐࡡ௘஥ࡢ㸡ኯ㑳࡞㢏ࡳࡆ࡛࠿࡚ࡀࡒࠊ㢏ࡳࡆ࡛࠿࡚ࡀࡒ࠾ࡼ㢏ࢆࡓࠊ
(48)
ᙴࡡ௺ࡲࡢ㸡ࡌࡃ࡞ぜᢜࡄࡒࠊぜᢜࡂࡆ࡛࠿࡚ࡀࡒ࠾ࡼぜᢜ࠷ࡒࠊ
(49)
௑ᗐࡡᏕఌ࡞ཤຊ࡚ࡀࡱࡌ࠾㸴 ཤຊ࡚ࡀࡾ࡝ࡼཤຊࡊ࡙ḟࡊ࠷㸤ཤ
ຊ࡚ࡀࡾ࡝ࡼཤຊࡊࡒ᪁࠿ࡻ࠷
(50)
ࡐࡡ㈠ᩩࢅᣇぜ࡚ࡀࡱࡌ࠾㸴 ぜࡾࡆ࡛࠿ྊ⬗࡝ࡼぜࡎ࡙ḟࡊ࠷
஥๑᮪௲ࡡᠺ❟ࢅ☔ヾࡌࡾࡆ࡛࠿㸡ࡐࡡິషࡡᐁ⌟ࢅịࡴࡾ⾪⌟ࡡ௥᭨࡛ࡊ࡙⏕࠷ࡼࡿ
ࡾࡆ࡛ࡢࡴࡍࡼࡊࡂ࡝࠷ࠊິషࡡᐁ⌟ࢅịࡴࡾ࡛㸡ᕵị㸝ᕵ᭻ࡡ⾪᪺㸞ࡡ࡮࠾㸡セྊさị㸡
౪㢏⾔Ⅵࡷさị⾔Ⅵ࡝࡜࡞࡝ࡾࠊ
(51)
ࣚ࢕ࢰ࣭ࢅ࠽ᣚࡔ࡚ࡌ࠾㸴  ࣚ࢕ࢰ࣭ࢅᣚࡖ࡙࠷ࡒࡼ⚶࡞㈒ࡊ࡙ḟ
ࡊ࠷࠘౪㢏࠙
(52)
㈠ᩩ㸡ఴࡖ࡙ࡾ㸴  ㈠ᩩ࠿ఴࡖ࡙࠷ࡾ࡝ࡼ㸡⚶࡞ୖࡈ࠷ࠊ
࠘ᕵị࣬さị࠙
ୌ᪁㸡஥๑≟ឺࢅ㝖㏑ࡌࡾ᫤㸡ᖲཱུᩝࡡ㟸ࢰᙟ࡚ࡢ GCI ࠿࠵ࡱࡽ᪺☔࡚࡝࠷ࠊ
(53)
ࡐࡡ௘஥ࡢ㸡ኯ㑳࡞㢏ࡴࡾࠊ
➠ 15 ᅂ୯᪝⌦ㄵゕㄊᏕ◂✪ఌ ࠖᵋᩝ࡛᥆ណࠗ㸝ຊ⸠㔔ᗀ㸞
(54)
ྦࡡ⩻࠻࡙࠷ࡾࡆ࡛࡝ࢆ࠾㸡ࡌࡃぜᢜࡄࡾࡻࠊ
(55)
ࡆࡡ◂✪ᐄ࡞࠵ࡾᮇࡢ㸡ೇࡽࡼࡿࡱࡌࡻࠊ
ౚ࠻ࡣ(53)ࡢࠔኯ㑳࡞㢏ࡳࡗࡵࡽࡓࠕ࡛࠷࠹ណྡྷ㸡(54)ࡢࠔࡗࡱࡼ࡝࠷௺ࡲࡢࡌࡾ࡝ࠕ࡛
࠷࠹㆑࿈㸡(55)ࡢࠔ㈒ࡊ࡙࠵ࡅࡾ࣬ೇࡽࡾ࡛ࡻ࠷ࠕ࡛࠷࠹⏞ࡊฝࡷ໅ዜ࡞よ㔐࡚ࡀࡾ࠿㸡᥆
ណࡡᠺ❟さ௲࠾ࡼࡌࡾ࡛ GCI ࡻࡽ PCI ࡞㎾࠷࡛ぜࡾ࡬ࡀࡓࢀ࠹ࠊ
௧୕ࡡふᐳࢅ㸡ࡆࡆ࡚ࡢ௧ୖࡡࡻ࠹࡞ࡱ࡛ࡴ࡙࠽ࡀࡒ࠷ࠊࡒࡓࡊ㸡࣓ࢱࣛࢷ࢔ຐິボࢅ
⏕࠷࡝࠷༟⣟࡝ᖲཱུᩝࡷ␪ၡᩝࢅ᝷ᏽࡊࡒሔྙࡡୌ⯙໩㸝௫ㄕ㸞࡛ࡌࡾࠊ
(56)
஥๑≟ឺࡡ᥆ណよ㔐࡞㛭ࡌࡾ௫ㄕ
(i) ஥๑≟ឺࡡ㝖㏑ᩝ࠿ࢰᙟ࡚⌟ࡿࡾ࡛ࡀ㸡㐡ᠺ࡞ᚪさ࡝᮪௲ࡡᠺ❟ࢅណ
࿝ࡌࡾ஥๑≟ឺࡡ㝖㏑ᩝ࠿㐡ᠺࡡ᥆ណ࡛࡝ࡾࠊ
(ii) ஥๑≟ឺࡡ☔ヾࢅ␪ၡᩝࡡᙟ࡚⾔࠹࡛ࡀ㸡㐡ᠺࡡịࡴࡾᕵị࣬౪㢏࣬
さị࡝࡜ࡡゕㄊ⾔Ⅵࡡ᥆ណ࡛࡝ࡾࠊ
(iii) ஥๑≟ឺࡡ㝖㏑ᩝ࠿㟸ࢰᙟ࡚⌟ࡿࡾ࡛ࡀ㸡᥆ណࡢᚋࡼࡿࡾ࠿㸡PCI
Ⓩ࡝ࡣࡼࡗࡀ࠿࠵ࡾࠊ
ࡵࡔࢀࢆ㸡஥๑≟ឺࡡ㝖㏑ᩝ࠿ࢰᙟࡡ࡛ࡀ㸡ᖏ࡞㐡ᠺࡡ᥆ណ࠿ᚋࡼࡿࡾࢂࡄ࡚ࡢ࡝࠷ࠊ
಴ืࡡ࡚ࡀࡇ࡛࡛ࡊ࡙㏑࡬࡙࠷ࡾ㸝ຊ⸠.2003 ࡚ࠔࢷࣤࢪࢅᣚࡗࠕ࡛࿣ࡩࡵࡡ࡚࠵ࡾ㸞ᚪさ
࠿࠵ࡾࠊ
(57)
ࡐࡡᮇࡢ㸡㎾ᡜࡡᅒ᭡㤃࡚ೇࡽࡼࡿࡒࠊ
㸝≁ᏽ᫤Ⅴࡡฝᮮ஥㸞
(58)
⚶࠿Ꮥ⏍ࡓࡖࡒࡆࢀ㸡ᅹᏕ⏍ࡢᅒ᭡㤃࡚஦༎෇ࡱ࡚ᮇ࠿ೇࡽࡼࡿࡒࠊ㸝≁
ᏽ᫤᭿ࡡ≟ឺ㸞
(59)
ࡒࡊ࠾㸡࠹ࡔࡡ௛ᒌᅒ᭡㤃࡚ࡢ㸡Ꮥ㒂⏍ࡢ஫෇ࡱ࡚ᮇ࠿ೇࡽࡼࡿࡒࡻࠊ
㸝⌟
ᅹࡡ≟ឺ࡝࠷ࡊ↋᫤㛣Ⓩ≟ឺ࡞ࡗ࠷࡙ࡡᛦ࠷ฝࡊ㸞
಴ืࡡ࡚ࡀࡇ࡛࡛よ㔐ࡈࡿ࡝࠷(58)(59)࡚ࡢ㸡
ࠔೇࡽࡾࠕ࡛࠷࠹⾔Ⅵࢅ㐑⾔ࡊࡒ࡛࠷࠹᥆ណ
ࡢᚋࡼࡿ࡝࠷ࠊ(59)ࡢ㸡ຊ⸠.2008 ࠿㛏᭿オ᠀᝗ሒࡡཤ↯࣏࣭࣭࡛࢜ࡌࡾࢰࡡ⏕Ἢ࡚࠵ࡾ࠿㸡
ࡆࡡ⏕Ἢࡡࢰࡢ㸡≟ឺᛮࡡ㏑ㄊ࡞ࡊ࠾௛࠾࡝࠷࡛࠷࠹โ⣑࠿࠵ࡾࠊ㸝≟ឺᛮ࡚࠵ࡿࡣ㸡ࡆࡡ
⏕Ἢࡡࢰ࡞࡝ࡾࢂࡄ࡚ࡢ࡝ࡂ㸡≟ឺᛮ㏑ㄊ࡚࠵ࡾࡆ࡛࠿ᚪさ᮪௲࡚࠵ࡾ࡞㐛ࡁ࡝࠷ࠊ㸞
(60)
ࡐ࠹࠷࠻ࡣ㸡᪺᪝㸡ఌ㆗࠿࠵ࡖࡒ࡝ࠊ
(61)
ኯ㑳ࡢ㸡࢕ࢰࣛ࢓ㄊ㸡ㄖࡴࡒ࠾࡝ࠊ
(62)
්ᮮ㐄㸡♼ᡖ࡞ฝᘿࡌࡾ஢ᏽࡓࡖࡒࡠࠊ
(63) *
ࡐ࠹࠷࠻ࡣ㸡᪺᪝㸡ఌ㆗࡞ฝࡒ࡝ࠊ
➠ 15 ᅂ୯᪝⌦ㄵゕㄊᏕ◂✪ఌ ࠖᵋᩝ࡛᥆ណࠗ㸝ຊ⸠㔔ᗀ㸞
(64) *
්ᮮ㐄㸡♼ᡖ࡞ฝᘿࡊࡒࡠࠊ
(65)
ࡐ࠹࠷࠻ࡣ㸡᪺᪝㸡ఌ㆗࡞ฝࡾࢆࡓࡖࡒ࡝ࠊ
(66)
්ᮮ㐄㸡♼ᡖ࡞ฝᘿࡓࡖࡒࡠࠊ
5. 㛭㏻ࡌࡾၡ㢗
࡮࠾࡞ࡵ㸡irrealis よ㔐ࡡຐິボ㢦࠿ࢰᙟ࡞࡝ࡾࡆ࡛࡚㸡ິష㐡ᠺ࣬⾔ⅥᏰ㐑࣬ᐁ⌟࡞㛭
ࡌࡾ᥆ណ࠿ GCI ࡛ࡊ࡙ᠺ❟ࡊ࡙࠷ࡾ࡛ぜ࡙ࡻࡈࡐ࠹࡝ౚ࠿࠵ࡾࠊ
(67)
⚶ࡢࡐࡡ᭡㢦ࢅⰴᏄ࡞ῳࡊࡒࡢࡍࡓࡖࡒࠊ
(68)
⚶ࡢࡐࡡ᭡㢦ࢅⰴᏄ࡞ῳࡊࡒࡢࡍࡓࡖࡒࠊࡊ࠾ࡊ㸡ⰴᏄࡢུࡄཱིࡼ࡝࠾
ࡖࡒ࡛ゕ࠹ࠊ
(69)
⚶ࡢࡐࡡ᭡㢦ࢅⰴᏄ࡞ῳࡊࡒࡢࡍࡓࡖࡒࠊオ᠀࠿᭍ᫍ࡝ࡡ࡚㸡☔ヾࡊ࡙
ࡲࡾ࡛㸡☔࠾࡞ⰴᏄࡢུࡄཱིࡖࡒ࡛ゕ࠹ࠊ
ࠔࡢࡍࡓࡖࡒࠕࡢ㐡ᠺ࣬㐑⾔࣬ᐁ⌟࠿ᠺ❟ࡊ࡝࠷࡛࠷࠹᥆ណ࠿ᚋࡼࡿࡾࠊࡊ࠾ࡊ㸡ࡐࡿ
ࡢ㸡(69)ࡡࡻ࠹࡞㸡ཱིᾐྊ⬗࡚࠵ࡾࠊ
(70)
ⰴᏄࡢኯ㑳ࡡㄇ࠷ࢅ᩷ࡾ࡬ࡀࡓࡖࡒࠊ
(71)
ⰴᏄࡢኯ㑳ࡡㄇ࠷ࢅ᩷ࡾ࡬ࡀࡓࡖࡒࠊࡐࡿ࡝ࡡ࡞㸡ᙴዥࡢ᩷ࡼ࡝࠾ࡖࡒࠊ
(72)
ⰴᏄࡢኯ㑳ࡡㄇ࠷ࢅ᩷ࡾ࡬ࡀࡓࡖࡒࠊࡐࡊ࡙㸡ᙴዥࡢࡐࡡࡆ࡛ࢅࡻࡂヾ
ㆉࡊ࡙࠷ࡒࡡ࡚㸡ࡢࡖࡀࡽ᩷ࡖࡒࠊ
ࠔ࡬ࡀࡓࡖࡒࠕࡵ㐡ᠺ࣬㐑⾔࣬ᐁ⌟࠿ᠺ❟ࡊ࡝࠷࡛࠷࠹᥆ណ࠿ᚋࡼࡿࡾࠊࡷࡢࡽ㸡(72)
ࡡࡻ࠹࡞㸡ࡐࡡ᥆ណࡢཱིᾐྊ⬗࡚࠵ࡾࠊ
ࠔࡢࡍࡓࡖࡒࠕࠔ࡬ࡀࡓࡖࡒࠕࡢ㸡ᤴ௙Ⓩ᥆᩷࣬ᙔⅥึ᩷࠿㐛ཡࡡୌ᫤Ⅴ࡞࠽ࡄࡾࡵࡡ࡚
࠵ࡖࡒࡆ࡛ࢅ♟ࡌࠊࡆࡿ࠿㸡࣭࣌ࣤࡷࣝࣄࣤࢮࣤࡡゕ࠹ࡻ࠹࡞㸡᭯ᵾ࡚࠵ࡿࡣ㸡↋ᵾ࡚࠵
ࡾࠔࡢࡍࡓࠕ
ࠔ࡬ࡀࡓࠕࡡึ᩷ࡻࡽࡵ≁Ṟ໩ࡌࡾࡆ࡛ࡢ⩻࠻ᚋࡾࠊ
(73)
ᐨ࠷ᮈᖙࡡ⾜࡞ࡵ᫋࠿ᮮࡱࡊࡒࠊ
(74)
ᐨ࠾ࡖࡒᮈᖙࡡ⾜࡞ࡵ᫋࠿ᮮࡱࡊࡒࠊ
(75)
ᫎእࡢ㸡⃥ࡊ࠷㞭࠿㜾ࡽࡱࡊࡒࡠࠊ
(76) *
ᫎእࡢ㸡⃥ࡊ࠾ࡖࡒ㞭࠿㜾ࡽࡱࡊࡒࡠࠊ
(77)
⃥ࡊ࠷㞭ࡵ᪜࡞ࡷࢆ࡚࠷ࡱࡌࠊ
(78)
⃥ࡊ࠾ࡖࡒ㞭ࡵ᪜࡞ࡷࢆ࡚࠷ࡱࡌࠊ
➠ 15 ᅂ୯᪝⌦ㄵゕㄊᏕ◂✪ఌ ࠖᵋᩝ࡛᥆ណࠗ㸝ຊ⸠㔔ᗀ㸞
ᚃ⩽ࡢ㸡ࠔᐨ࠾ࡖࡒᮈᖙࡡ⾜ࠕ࡛ࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡚ࠔ⌟᫤Ⅴ࡚ࡢᮈᖙࡢᐨࡂ࡝࠷ࠕ࡛࠷࠹᥆ណ࠿
ᚋࡼࡿࡾ࠿㸡↋ᵾࡡࠔᐨ࠷ᮈᖙࡡ⾜ࠕࡡሔྙࡢࡐࡡࡻ࠹࡝᥆ណࡢ⏍ࡋ࡝࠷ࠊ(76)ࡢࠔᫎእࠕ
ࡡ஥㇗ࢅ㏑࡬࡙࠽ࡽ㸡
ࠔ⌟᫤Ⅴ࡚ࡢ⃥ࡊࡂ࡝࠷ࠕ࡛࠷࠹᥆ណ࡛୦❟ࡊ࡝࠷ࡒࡴ㸡᭯ᵾᙟᘟࢅ
⏕࠷ࡾࡓࡄࡡࢤࢪࢹࡡㇿᢰ࡞ぜ㏁ࡽ࠿࡝࠷ࡆ࡛࡞ࡻࡖ࡙Ი༴ࡈࡿࡾ࡛ぜࡾࡆ࡛ࡵ࡚ࡀࡾࠊ
(78)ࡢ(77)ࡻࡽࡳࡊࢀ⮤↓࡝ࡂࡼ࠷࡚࠵ࡾ࠿㸡ࡆࡿࡢࠔ⌟᫤Ⅴ࡚ࡢࡵ࠹㞭ࡢ⃥ࡊࡂ࡝࠷ࠕ࡛
࠷࠹᥆ណ࠿ᚋࡼࡿ㸡᭯ᵾᙟᘟࢅ౐࠹ࡆ࡛࡞ࡻࡾ௛ຊⓏណ࿝࠿ᠺ❟ࡌࡾ࡛࠷࠹⤊ῥᛮࡡふⅤ
࠾ࡼㄕ᪺ࡌࡾࡆ࡛࠿࡚ࡀࡾࠊ
࡮࠾࡞㸡ྊ⬗⾪⌟ࡢ㸡ཱིᾐྊ⬗ᛮࢅὩ࠾ࡊ࡙ࠔ࡚ࡀࡾ࠾ࡼ࡛ゕࡖ࡙㸡ࡐ࠹ࡌࡾ࡛ࡢ㝀ࡼ
࡝࠷ࠕ࡛࠷࠹ࣉࢴࢩ⾪⌟࡞ࡵ࡝ࡽ࠹ࡾࠊࡆࡿࡼࡡ⌟㇗ࢅ⥑⨮Ⓩ࠾ࡗ⤣ྙⓏ࡞ㄕ᪺ࡌࡾ࡞ࡢ㸡
ࡈࡼ࡝ࡾ᳠ゞ࠿ᚪさ࡚࠵ࢀ࠹ࠊ
ཤ⩻ᩝ⊡
ᯐᏩ⏠. 2002 ࠔⓆリ⾔Ⅵ⌦ㄵࠕ ࠖࣈࣚࢡ࣏ࢷ࢔ࢴࢠࢪࡡ᩺ᒈ㛜ࠗ㧏ཋ⬮࣬ᯐᏩ⏠࣬ᯐ♡Ꮔ
⥽㸡຤ⲙ᭡ᡛ㸡➠㸨❮㸦⟿࡞཭㘋
Horn. Laurence R. 1984 “Toward a New Taxonomy for Pragmatic Inference: Q-based and R-based
Implicature,” Meaning, Form, and Use in Context: Linguistic Application, Deborah
Schiffrin(ed.), Washington D.C. Georgetown University Press, pp.11-48
Huang, Yan. 2003. “On Neo-Gricean Pragmatics” International Journal of Pragmatics 14.
Pragmatics Association of Japan
Huang, Yan. 2007. Pragmatics, Oxford: OUP
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L. Morgan (eds.),
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Logic and Conversation (Syntax and Semantics, vol.3 ) , Peter Cole and Jerry
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ຊ⸠㔔ᗀ. 2003 ࠖ᪝ᮇㄊಞ㣥ᵋ㏸ࡡㄊ⏕ㄵⓏ◂✪ࠗ ᮶ா㸯ࡥࡗࡋ᭡ᡛ
ຊ⸠㔔ᗀ. 2004 ࠖ᪝ᮇㄊㄊ⏕ㄵࡡࡊࡂࡲࠗ ᮶ா㸯◂✪♣
ຊ⸠㔔ᗀ. 2006 ࠖ᪝ᮇㄊᩝἪ ථ㛓ࣀࣤࢺࣇࢴࢠࠗ ᮶ா㸯◂✪♣
ຊ⸠㔔ᗀ. 2008 ࠔ㛏᭿オ᠀ཤ↯࣏࣭࣭࡛࢜ࡊ࡙ࡡࢰࡡ⏕Ἢࠕࠖ⛁Ꮥ◂✪㈕⿭ຐ㔘࣬ᇱ┑◂
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ណ࡞㛭 ࡌࡾ ㄊ⏕ ㄵⓏ ཋ⌦ࡡ オ㏑ Ⓩ◂ ✪ࠗ 㸝 ໪ᾇ 㐠ኬᏕ ᩝᏕ 㒂ゕ ㄊ᝗ ሒᏕㅦ ᗑ 㸞
pp.61-78
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