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Part 3 (PDF:590KB)
Chapter 2, Section 1. European Economies ~ Assessment of ECB Roles ~
 Deposit withdrawals and inter‐bank market tensions under the escalating crisis have prompted banks to depend on liquidity provision by the ECB. (Figs. 29‐30)
 The ECB has introduced unconventional monetary policy measures one after another. Among them, three‐year Long Term Refinancing operations in December 2011 and February 2012 had some effects. The future challenge is to prevent Eurozone banks from depending heavily on these measures. (Figs. 31‐32)
Fig. 29 Outstanding Deposits at Eurozone Banks (2008年1月=100)
(January 2008 = 100)
Italy
イタリア
Portugal
ポルトガル
140
Fig. 31 ECB Liquidity Provision and LIBOR
(1 trillion euros)
(兆ユーロ)
(%)
1.2
1.6
LIBOR
LIBOR (ユーロ)
(euro)
France
フランス
1.4
130
1.1
1.0
1.2
ECB’s liquidity ECBの
provision balance 資金供給残高
(右目盛)
(right scale)
120
1.0
スペイン
Spain
Germany
ドイツ
ギリシャ
Greece
110
100
0.9
0.8
LIBOR LIBOR
(dollar)
(ドル)
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.6
0.5
0.4
Ireland
アイルランド
90
0.4
0.3
0.2
80
2008
09
10
(Year)
12 (年)
11
2010
Fig. 30 ECB’s Liquidity Provision Balance
(% of total commercial bank assets in each country)
(各国の民間銀行総資産比、%)
22
Greece
ギリシャ
16
14
Portugal
ポルトガル
12
10
Spain
スペイン
Italy
イタリア
4
Italy
イタリア
200
2,000
アイルランド
Ireland
13
11
250
2,500
ポルトガル
Portugal
150
1,500
Spain
スペイン
100
1,000
7
50
500
2
0
買取残高
Outstanding purchases (右目盛)
(right scale)
9
8
6
(1 billion euros)
(億ユーロ)
(%)
15
Ireland
アイルランド
12
Fig. 32 ECB‐purchased Government Bonds and Yields in South European Countries
17
20
18
11
(Month)
(月)
(Year)
(年)
5
(Month)
1 3 5 7 9111 3 5 7 9111 3 5 7 9111 3 5 7 9111 3 5 7 9111 3(月)
(Year)
(年)
2007
08
09
10
11
12
3
00
(Month)
5 6 7 8 9 10 1112 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1112 1 2 3 4 5(月)
2010
11
12
(Year)
(年)
10
Chapter 2, Section 2. Asian Economies ~ China: Distortions Stemming from Investment-led Economic Growth ~
 Housing prices soared remarkably in major cities after the global financial crisis in 2008. Factors behind the hike included the presence of excess liquidity resulting from economic stimulus measures and monetary easing. However, housing prices differ from region to region. (Figs. 33‐35)
 The housing price upsurge has slowed down due to price‐limiting measures and monetary tightening since mid‐2011. (Fig. 36)
 Housing price hikes as compared with economic fundamentals are not necessarily interpreted as representing the overheating seen in Europe and the United States, which have experienced real estate bubbles. Strong demand remains in china. (Fig. 37)
Fig. 37 Comparison with Countries Experiencing Real Estate Bubbles Fig. 33 Trends of New Housing Prices
(January 2006 = 100)
(06年1月=100)
160
400
350
(M2/nominal GDP)
(M2/名目GDP)
150
2.0
1.9
1.8
1.7
1.6
Chengdu
成都
1.5
1.4
1.3
上海
Shanghai
1.2
1.1
1.0
0.9
1993 94
(Month)
(月)
130
120
110
Shenzhen
深セン
100
90
1 3 5 7 9111 3 5 7 9111 3 5 7 9111 3 5 7 9111 3 5 7 9111 3 5 7 9111 34
06
07
08
09
10
11
(2003 = 100)
(03年=100)(2003 = 100)
(03年=100)
Beijing
北京市
130
400
Urban population 都市人口
120
(right scale)
(右目盛)
350
Urban population 都市人口
(右目盛)
(right scale)
300
Disposable income
可処分所得
100
250
マーシャルのk
Marshall’s k
90
名目GDP
Nominal GDP
200
House‐for‐sale 分譲住宅
price
販売価格
Rent
家賃
150
100
2003
04
05
06
07
(1985 = 100)
(85年=100)
2000
02
04
06
08
(Year)
10 11(年)
08
09
10
250
(変動係数)
(Variation coefficient)
80
Fig. 36 Housing Price Changes from Previous Month in 70 Major Cities (Number of cities)
(都市数)
70
50
30
55
20
08
(2000 = 100)
(00年=100)
130
400
120
350
09
10
11
Rent
家賃
2003 04
Spain
スペイン
50
(年)
(Year)
50
110
Housing price
住宅価格
100
Nominal GDP
名目GDP
10
45
0
2003
04
05
06
07
08
09
10
11 (Year)
(年)
上昇
Rise
3
(Month)
1 4 7 10 1 4 7 10 1 4 7 10 1 4 7 10 1 4 7 10 1 4 7 10 1 34 (月)
(Year)
2006
07
08
09
10
11
12 (年)
150
100
50
09
10
(年)
11 (Year)
110
Housing price
住宅価格
100
Nominal GDP
名目GDP
90
80
70
60
Rent
家賃
Disposable income
可処分所得
50
(Year)
(年)
UK
英国
350
(1995 = 100)
(95年=100)
130
Urban population 都市人口
(右目盛)
(right scale)
120
110
300
Nominal GDP
名目GDP
250
100
90
Housing price
住宅価格
200
70
家賃
Rent
08
120
80
80
50
07
130
Urban population 都市人口
(右目盛)
(right scale)
150
100
120
06
(2000 = 100)
(00年=100)
USA
アメリカ
(1995 = 100)
(2000 = 100)
(00年=100) (95年=100)
130 400
Urban population 都市人口(右目
盛)
(right scale)
05
200
60
Disposable 可処分所得
income
50
(年)
(Year)
300
90
200
07
250
Disposable income
可処分所得
250
06
家賃
Rent
100
90
300
Leveling 横ばい
off
24
05
70
(2000 = 100)
(00年=100)
400
350
40
60
40
Decline
低下
43
200
70
100
50
Implementation of real estate 不動産価格抑制策実施
price‐limiting measures
60
65
Urban population 都市人口
(右目盛)
(right scale)
150
Disposable income
可処分所得
Nominal GDP
名目GRP
250
50
2003 04
80
100
300
60
(1985 = 100)
(85年=100)
Nominal GDP
名目GDP
110
House‐for‐
分譲住宅
販売価格
sale price
150
Disposable 可処分所得
income
Rent
家賃
200
75
70
70 150
50 50
11(Year)
(年)
Land price
地価
350
80
110
300
120
100
200
Shanghai
上海市
(2003 = 100)
(03年=100)
400
90
350
(Year)
12 (年)
Fig. 35 Housing Price Differences between Government‐ruled Municipalities/Provinces (variation coefficient) 250
日本
Japan
400
98
80
House‐for‐
分譲住宅
sale price
販売価格
名目GRP
Nominal GDP
60 100
50
96
(2003 = 100)
(03年=100)
130
110
300
Shenyang
瀋陽 Beijing
北京
鄭州
Zhengzhou
140
中国
China
(2003 = 100)
(03年=100)
Fig. 34 Marshall’s k
150
60
100
50
50
(Year)
(年)
70
Disposable income
可処分所得
Rent
家賃
60
50
(年)
(Year)
11
Chapter 2, Section 2. Asian Economies ~ China: Policies Focusing on Consumption Expansion ~
 The National People’s Congress in March 2012 positioned the expansion of domestic demand (particularly consumption) as the top priority. New measures are expected to be offered to promote consumption of such products as energy‐saving electrical appliances. (Fig. 38)
 Keys to expanding consumption include improving real income, raising rural income and developing the social security system to discourage household savings. (Figs. 39‐40).
Fig. 38 Outline of Proposals at National People’s Congress
Fig. 40 Room for Expanding Consumption
● An economic growth target, basic polices, a budget, etc. for 2012 were presented at the fifth session of the 11th National People’s Congress March 5‐14, 2012 (outlined below).
(1) Durable Goods Diffusion Rates 1) Urban Regions
2) Rural Regions
Major targets for 2012
2012 targets
7.5%
More than 9 million people
(2011 targets)
Around 8%
More than 9 million people
2011 results
9.2%
More than 9 million people
4.6% or less
4.6% or less
4.1% (year‐end)
Around 4%
14%
10%
Around 4%
16%
-
5.4%
13.6% (year‐end)
-
2010
10年
150
100
95 97
94 97
100
100
112
96
99
2008
08年
49
59
57
52
45
30
16
10
バ
イ
ク
パ
ソ
コ
ン
テカ
レラ
ビ
携
帯
電
話
Mobile phones
エ
ア
コ
ン
Motorcycles 冷
蔵
庫
Air conditioners 洗
濯
機
携
帯
電
話
Washers テカ
レラ
ビ
Refrigerators 0
パ
ソ
コ
ン
Mobile phones
バ
イ
ク
Color TVs Motorcycles Washers エ
ア
コ
ン
5
ー
冷
蔵
庫
ー
洗
濯
機
Air conditioners 0
Refrigerators 10
Personal computers
21 23
Color TVs 50
50
(2) Passenger Car Fleet
(Number of cars per 1,000 people)
(保有台数/1,000人)
500
(10,000 yuan)
(万元)
2.5
Urban per capita 都市部一人当たり
disposable income
可処分所得
Ratio of rural income to 農村部の都市部に対する所得比
urban income (right scale)
10
(右目盛)
1.5
1.0
Rural per capita 農村部一人当たり
net income
純収入
(%)
50
400
45
300
40
200
Japan
日本
35
0
30
0.5
-5
137
2010
10年
71
2.0
消費者物価上昇率
CPI growth
150
137
59
15
5
200
112
Fig. 39 Income Environment
(2) Urban and Rural Income Levels Average wage of Average wages of 平均賃金上昇率
employed persons employed (実質)
平均賃金上昇率(名目)
(nominal)
persons(real)
133
2008
08年
‐ Continuing proactive fiscal policy and moderate (neutral) monetary policy
1) Maintaining appropriate fiscal deficit and government bond levels
2) Implementing structural tax reduction measures
‐ Maintaining the stability of renminbi exchange rates while increasing their flexibility
‐ The top priority is the expansion of domestic demand (particularly consumption) (2011: Stabilization of overall price levels)
‐ Maintaining restrictions on speculative real estate demand
(前年同期比、%)
(Year on year, %)
20
189
172
Key points of government operations reports
(1) Average Wages
(100世帯当たり、台)
(Number per 100 households)
(100世帯当たり、台)
(Number per 100 households)
200
Personal computers
Economic growth
New urban employment
Registered urban unemployment rate
CPI M2
Trade value growth
(Quarter)
Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4(期)
0.0
(Year)
2007
08
09
10
11
(年)
2000
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
25
(Year)
10(年)
USA
アメリカ
China
中国
100
0
2004
05
06
07
08
09
10
(Year)
(年)
12
Chapter 2, Section 2. Asian Economies ~ India: Slowing of Economic Expansion ~
 The paces of consumption and investment expansion have slowed down mainly due to monetary tightening. Economic downside risks triggered monetary easing. (Figs. 41‐43)
 (1) The inward investment structure is vulnerable to international financial market fluctuations and is biased toward certain industries (Fig. 44). (2) Twin fiscal and current account deficits (Fig. 45) are challenges for sustainable growth.
Fig. 41 Industrial Production
(1) Trends
($1 billion)
(億ドル)
30
300
(前年同期比、%)
(Year on year, %)
60
20
200
Durable goods
耐久財
40
Industrial machinery
Commerce
Chemicals (excluding fertilizers)
Drugs
Vehicle production
Electricity
Software
Real estate
Construction
Communications
Services 産業機 械
化学品 (除肥 料)
25
Reserve requirement ratio
-25
(Month)
(Year)
(Current account balance as % of GDP)
Repo rate’s cut from 8.50% to 8.00% announced on 17th April.
75
(Year)
(年)
11 12
商業
Fig. 45 Fiscal and Current Account Balances
50
10
医薬品
Repo rate
自動車 産業
(Quarter)
Q1Q2Q3Q4Q1Q2Q3Q4Q1Q2Q3Q4Q1Q2Q3Q4Q1Q2Q3Q4 (期)
(Year)
(年)
2007
08
09
10
11
電力
100
00
ソフト ウェア 等
証券投資
Portfolio investment
建設活 動
Commercial 商用車
vehicles
2006
06年
505
Fig. 43 Monetary Policy
-50
(期)
(Quarter)
Q1 Q3 Q1 Q3 Q1 Q3 Q1 Q3 Q1 Q3 Q1
09
2007
07年
100
10
‐10
-100
(Year on year, %)
(前年同期比、%)
Large‐scale 自動車メーカー
strikes at で大規模ストライ
automakers
キ発生
08
2009
09年
150
15
10
100
Q1 Q3 Q1 Q3 Q1 Q3 Q1 Q3 Q1 Q3 Q1(期)
(Quarter)
2007
08
09
10
11 12 (Year)
(年)
0
2007
10年
2010
不動産
Capital goods
資本財
30
0
250
25
通信
60
11年1~9月
January‐September 2011 サービ ス
90
(億ドル)
($1 billion)
300
30
200
20
(経常収支GDP比、%)
120
Outflow
流出
0
Fig. 42 Vehicle Sales
Commercial vehicles 商用車
(year‐on‐year 前年比
change) (right scale)
(右目盛)
Passenger 乗用車
cars (year‐on‐
前年比
year change) (right scale)
(右目盛)
Passenger 乗用車
cars
対内直接
Inward direct 投資
investment
全体
Total
0
(10,000 units)
(万台)
Inflow
流入
2008
08年
Nondurable goods
非耐久財
20
-20
Fig. 44 Inward Investment (2) Inward Direct Investment by Industry
30
Singapore
シンガポール
25
20
マレーシア
Malaysia
15
China
中国
2007
07年
Thailand
タイ
2011
11年
10
Taiwan
台湾
5
South Korea
韓国
India インド
0
Indonesia
インドネシア
-5
-8 -6 -4 -2
0
2 4 6 8 10 12
(Fiscal balance as % of GDP)
(財政収支GDP比、%)
13
Chapter 2, Section 2. Asian Economies ~ Other Asian Countries: Economic Contraction in Some Countries, Links
with Chinese Economy ~
 Some countries posted their economic contraction in the fourth quarter 2011 as foreign demand slowed due to the European sovereign debt crisis. (Fig. 46‐47)
 Trade between China and other Asian countries has expanded. The trade network has been developed for China to process intermediate goods from the rest of Asia for exporting to Japan, North America and Europe. The links between China and other
Asian countries have been enhanced. (Fig. 48)
Fig. 46 Real Economic Growth (Annualized quarter‐
(前期比年率、%)
シンガ
40on‐quarter growth, %)
Singapore
ポール
Taiwan
台湾
9.9%
30
1.1%
(Q1)
(Q1)
20
Fig. 48 Growing Linkage with Chinese Economy
South Korea
韓国
3.7%
(Q1)
(1) Share for Exports to China and ASEAN (Comparison between 2000 and 2011)
10
タイ
Thailand
-36.4%
(Q4)
-10
-20
60
Taiwan
台湾
20
(前年同期比、%)
(Year on year, %)
Others
その他
20
ASEAN5
ASEAN5
Year on year
15
前年比
30
25
20
(3) Singapore
Japan
日本
15
10
5
15
ASEAN6
ASEAN6
Others
その他
Others
その他
ASEAN
ASEAN
10
Year on year
前年比
Year on year
前年比
10
アメ
USA 5
リカ
-5
Q1
Q2
China
中国
Q3
-5
(期)
Q1 (Quarter)
Q4
2011
12
(Year)
(年)
China
中国
アメ
USA Japan
日本EU
EU
リカ
Q1
Q2
Q3
Others
その他
ASEAN
ASEAN
中国
China
0
-10
アメ
USA
リカ
Q1
Q3
2011
10 その他
Others
8
6
Q3
2011
Q4
Q1 (Quarter)
(期)
4.0
(年)
12 (Year)
80
2
(Quarter)
Q1 (期)
(Year)
12 (年)
ASEAN5
ASEAN5
前年比
Year on year
China
中国
0
Q1
8.8
9.6
60
Japan
日本
-4
Q4
Q2
4
-2
EU
EU
Q2
10
20
12.1
22.5
20.9
33.5
12.9
18.0
EU27
EU27
ASEAN5
ASEAN5
Japan
日本
South Korea, 韓国、台
Taiwan, 湾、シンガ
33.1
Singapore
34.8
0
30
40
50
(% share for exports to China)
(中国向け輸出シェア、%)
(% share)
(シェア、%)
100
(5) Malaysia
Year on year
前年比
5
-5
0
China
中国
日本
Japan
EU
EU
(年)
12 (Year)
12
10
アメ
リカ
USA
Q1 (Quarter)
(期)
(前年同期比、%)
(Year on year, %)
Japan
日本
15
0
9.5
7.6
12.0
ポール
South Korea
韓国
(3) China’s Exports
Q1
Q4
2011
(Year on year, %)
(前年同期比、%)
20
Malaysia
マレーシア
0
-5
(4) Thailand
25
10
7.6
11.2
2000
05
10
(Year)
(年)
5
EU 0
EU
0
20
(Year on year, %)
(前年同期比、%)
(Year on year, %)
(前年同期比、%)
40
Thailand
タイ
(2) Taiwan
9.1
13.3
Fig. 47 Export Trends (1) South Korea
80
30
Q1Q2Q3Q4Q1Q2Q3Q4Q1Q2Q3Q4Q1Q2Q3Q4Q1Q2Q3Q4Q1 (Quarter)
(期)
(Year)
2007
08
09
10
11
12 (年)
Others その他
outside 域外
Asia
USA
アメリカ
(% share)
(シェア、%)
100
(% share for exports to ASEAN nations)
(ASEAN向け輸出シェア、%)
40
Singapore
シンガポール
0
(2) China’s Intermediate Goods Imports
アメ
USA
EU
EU
リカ
Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 (Quarter)
(期)
(年)
2011
12 (Year)
28.1
40
20
4.0
7.7
9.5
4.8
7.8
7.4
28.6
37.8
32.5
2000
05
26.3
26.9
Others その他
outside 域外
Asia
ASEAN5
South Korea, 韓国、台
Taiwan, 湾、シンガ
Singapore
ポール
Japan
日本
EU27
EU27
(4) Correlation between Exports to China and Those from South Korea and Taiwan
2000~05年
2000‐2005
06~11年
2006‐2011
South 韓国
Korea
0.94
0.86
Taiwan
台湾
0.47
0.92
USA
アメリカ
0
10 (Year)
(年)
14
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