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Chapter 2, Section 1. European Economies ~ Assessment of ECB Roles ~ Deposit withdrawals and inter‐bank market tensions under the escalating crisis have prompted banks to depend on liquidity provision by the ECB. (Figs. 29‐30) The ECB has introduced unconventional monetary policy measures one after another. Among them, three‐year Long Term Refinancing operations in December 2011 and February 2012 had some effects. The future challenge is to prevent Eurozone banks from depending heavily on these measures. (Figs. 31‐32) Fig. 29 Outstanding Deposits at Eurozone Banks (2008年1月=100) (January 2008 = 100) Italy イタリア Portugal ポルトガル 140 Fig. 31 ECB Liquidity Provision and LIBOR (1 trillion euros) (兆ユーロ) (%) 1.2 1.6 LIBOR LIBOR (ユーロ) (euro) France フランス 1.4 130 1.1 1.0 1.2 ECB’s liquidity ECBの provision balance 資金供給残高 (右目盛) (right scale) 120 1.0 スペイン Spain Germany ドイツ ギリシャ Greece 110 100 0.9 0.8 LIBOR LIBOR (dollar) (ドル) 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.4 Ireland アイルランド 90 0.4 0.3 0.2 80 2008 09 10 (Year) 12 (年) 11 2010 Fig. 30 ECB’s Liquidity Provision Balance (% of total commercial bank assets in each country) (各国の民間銀行総資産比、%) 22 Greece ギリシャ 16 14 Portugal ポルトガル 12 10 Spain スペイン Italy イタリア 4 Italy イタリア 200 2,000 アイルランド Ireland 13 11 250 2,500 ポルトガル Portugal 150 1,500 Spain スペイン 100 1,000 7 50 500 2 0 買取残高 Outstanding purchases (右目盛) (right scale) 9 8 6 (1 billion euros) (億ユーロ) (%) 15 Ireland アイルランド 12 Fig. 32 ECB‐purchased Government Bonds and Yields in South European Countries 17 20 18 11 (Month) (月) (Year) (年) 5 (Month) 1 3 5 7 9111 3 5 7 9111 3 5 7 9111 3 5 7 9111 3 5 7 9111 3(月) (Year) (年) 2007 08 09 10 11 12 3 00 (Month) 5 6 7 8 9 10 1112 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1112 1 2 3 4 5(月) 2010 11 12 (Year) (年) 10 Chapter 2, Section 2. Asian Economies ~ China: Distortions Stemming from Investment-led Economic Growth ~ Housing prices soared remarkably in major cities after the global financial crisis in 2008. Factors behind the hike included the presence of excess liquidity resulting from economic stimulus measures and monetary easing. However, housing prices differ from region to region. (Figs. 33‐35) The housing price upsurge has slowed down due to price‐limiting measures and monetary tightening since mid‐2011. (Fig. 36) Housing price hikes as compared with economic fundamentals are not necessarily interpreted as representing the overheating seen in Europe and the United States, which have experienced real estate bubbles. Strong demand remains in china. (Fig. 37) Fig. 37 Comparison with Countries Experiencing Real Estate Bubbles Fig. 33 Trends of New Housing Prices (January 2006 = 100) (06年1月=100) 160 400 350 (M2/nominal GDP) (M2/名目GDP) 150 2.0 1.9 1.8 1.7 1.6 Chengdu 成都 1.5 1.4 1.3 上海 Shanghai 1.2 1.1 1.0 0.9 1993 94 (Month) (月) 130 120 110 Shenzhen 深セン 100 90 1 3 5 7 9111 3 5 7 9111 3 5 7 9111 3 5 7 9111 3 5 7 9111 3 5 7 9111 34 06 07 08 09 10 11 (2003 = 100) (03年=100)(2003 = 100) (03年=100) Beijing 北京市 130 400 Urban population 都市人口 120 (right scale) (右目盛) 350 Urban population 都市人口 (右目盛) (right scale) 300 Disposable income 可処分所得 100 250 マーシャルのk Marshall’s k 90 名目GDP Nominal GDP 200 House‐for‐sale 分譲住宅 price 販売価格 Rent 家賃 150 100 2003 04 05 06 07 (1985 = 100) (85年=100) 2000 02 04 06 08 (Year) 10 11(年) 08 09 10 250 (変動係数) (Variation coefficient) 80 Fig. 36 Housing Price Changes from Previous Month in 70 Major Cities (Number of cities) (都市数) 70 50 30 55 20 08 (2000 = 100) (00年=100) 130 400 120 350 09 10 11 Rent 家賃 2003 04 Spain スペイン 50 (年) (Year) 50 110 Housing price 住宅価格 100 Nominal GDP 名目GDP 10 45 0 2003 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 (Year) (年) 上昇 Rise 3 (Month) 1 4 7 10 1 4 7 10 1 4 7 10 1 4 7 10 1 4 7 10 1 4 7 10 1 34 (月) (Year) 2006 07 08 09 10 11 12 (年) 150 100 50 09 10 (年) 11 (Year) 110 Housing price 住宅価格 100 Nominal GDP 名目GDP 90 80 70 60 Rent 家賃 Disposable income 可処分所得 50 (Year) (年) UK 英国 350 (1995 = 100) (95年=100) 130 Urban population 都市人口 (右目盛) (right scale) 120 110 300 Nominal GDP 名目GDP 250 100 90 Housing price 住宅価格 200 70 家賃 Rent 08 120 80 80 50 07 130 Urban population 都市人口 (右目盛) (right scale) 150 100 120 06 (2000 = 100) (00年=100) USA アメリカ (1995 = 100) (2000 = 100) (00年=100) (95年=100) 130 400 Urban population 都市人口(右目 盛) (right scale) 05 200 60 Disposable 可処分所得 income 50 (年) (Year) 300 90 200 07 250 Disposable income 可処分所得 250 06 家賃 Rent 100 90 300 Leveling 横ばい off 24 05 70 (2000 = 100) (00年=100) 400 350 40 60 40 Decline 低下 43 200 70 100 50 Implementation of real estate 不動産価格抑制策実施 price‐limiting measures 60 65 Urban population 都市人口 (右目盛) (right scale) 150 Disposable income 可処分所得 Nominal GDP 名目GRP 250 50 2003 04 80 100 300 60 (1985 = 100) (85年=100) Nominal GDP 名目GDP 110 House‐for‐ 分譲住宅 販売価格 sale price 150 Disposable 可処分所得 income Rent 家賃 200 75 70 70 150 50 50 11(Year) (年) Land price 地価 350 80 110 300 120 100 200 Shanghai 上海市 (2003 = 100) (03年=100) 400 90 350 (Year) 12 (年) Fig. 35 Housing Price Differences between Government‐ruled Municipalities/Provinces (variation coefficient) 250 日本 Japan 400 98 80 House‐for‐ 分譲住宅 sale price 販売価格 名目GRP Nominal GDP 60 100 50 96 (2003 = 100) (03年=100) 130 110 300 Shenyang 瀋陽 Beijing 北京 鄭州 Zhengzhou 140 中国 China (2003 = 100) (03年=100) Fig. 34 Marshall’s k 150 60 100 50 50 (Year) (年) 70 Disposable income 可処分所得 Rent 家賃 60 50 (年) (Year) 11 Chapter 2, Section 2. Asian Economies ~ China: Policies Focusing on Consumption Expansion ~ The National People’s Congress in March 2012 positioned the expansion of domestic demand (particularly consumption) as the top priority. New measures are expected to be offered to promote consumption of such products as energy‐saving electrical appliances. (Fig. 38) Keys to expanding consumption include improving real income, raising rural income and developing the social security system to discourage household savings. (Figs. 39‐40). Fig. 38 Outline of Proposals at National People’s Congress Fig. 40 Room for Expanding Consumption ● An economic growth target, basic polices, a budget, etc. for 2012 were presented at the fifth session of the 11th National People’s Congress March 5‐14, 2012 (outlined below). (1) Durable Goods Diffusion Rates 1) Urban Regions 2) Rural Regions Major targets for 2012 2012 targets 7.5% More than 9 million people (2011 targets) Around 8% More than 9 million people 2011 results 9.2% More than 9 million people 4.6% or less 4.6% or less 4.1% (year‐end) Around 4% 14% 10% Around 4% 16% - 5.4% 13.6% (year‐end) - 2010 10年 150 100 95 97 94 97 100 100 112 96 99 2008 08年 49 59 57 52 45 30 16 10 バ イ ク パ ソ コ ン テカ レラ ビ 携 帯 電 話 Mobile phones エ ア コ ン Motorcycles 冷 蔵 庫 Air conditioners 洗 濯 機 携 帯 電 話 Washers テカ レラ ビ Refrigerators 0 パ ソ コ ン Mobile phones バ イ ク Color TVs Motorcycles Washers エ ア コ ン 5 ー 冷 蔵 庫 ー 洗 濯 機 Air conditioners 0 Refrigerators 10 Personal computers 21 23 Color TVs 50 50 (2) Passenger Car Fleet (Number of cars per 1,000 people) (保有台数/1,000人) 500 (10,000 yuan) (万元) 2.5 Urban per capita 都市部一人当たり disposable income 可処分所得 Ratio of rural income to 農村部の都市部に対する所得比 urban income (right scale) 10 (右目盛) 1.5 1.0 Rural per capita 農村部一人当たり net income 純収入 (%) 50 400 45 300 40 200 Japan 日本 35 0 30 0.5 -5 137 2010 10年 71 2.0 消費者物価上昇率 CPI growth 150 137 59 15 5 200 112 Fig. 39 Income Environment (2) Urban and Rural Income Levels Average wage of Average wages of 平均賃金上昇率 employed persons employed (実質) 平均賃金上昇率(名目) (nominal) persons(real) 133 2008 08年 ‐ Continuing proactive fiscal policy and moderate (neutral) monetary policy 1) Maintaining appropriate fiscal deficit and government bond levels 2) Implementing structural tax reduction measures ‐ Maintaining the stability of renminbi exchange rates while increasing their flexibility ‐ The top priority is the expansion of domestic demand (particularly consumption) (2011: Stabilization of overall price levels) ‐ Maintaining restrictions on speculative real estate demand (前年同期比、%) (Year on year, %) 20 189 172 Key points of government operations reports (1) Average Wages (100世帯当たり、台) (Number per 100 households) (100世帯当たり、台) (Number per 100 households) 200 Personal computers Economic growth New urban employment Registered urban unemployment rate CPI M2 Trade value growth (Quarter) Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4(期) 0.0 (Year) 2007 08 09 10 11 (年) 2000 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 25 (Year) 10(年) USA アメリカ China 中国 100 0 2004 05 06 07 08 09 10 (Year) (年) 12 Chapter 2, Section 2. Asian Economies ~ India: Slowing of Economic Expansion ~ The paces of consumption and investment expansion have slowed down mainly due to monetary tightening. Economic downside risks triggered monetary easing. (Figs. 41‐43) (1) The inward investment structure is vulnerable to international financial market fluctuations and is biased toward certain industries (Fig. 44). (2) Twin fiscal and current account deficits (Fig. 45) are challenges for sustainable growth. Fig. 41 Industrial Production (1) Trends ($1 billion) (億ドル) 30 300 (前年同期比、%) (Year on year, %) 60 20 200 Durable goods 耐久財 40 Industrial machinery Commerce Chemicals (excluding fertilizers) Drugs Vehicle production Electricity Software Real estate Construction Communications Services 産業機 械 化学品 (除肥 料) 25 Reserve requirement ratio -25 (Month) (Year) (Current account balance as % of GDP) Repo rate’s cut from 8.50% to 8.00% announced on 17th April. 75 (Year) (年) 11 12 商業 Fig. 45 Fiscal and Current Account Balances 50 10 医薬品 Repo rate 自動車 産業 (Quarter) Q1Q2Q3Q4Q1Q2Q3Q4Q1Q2Q3Q4Q1Q2Q3Q4Q1Q2Q3Q4 (期) (Year) (年) 2007 08 09 10 11 電力 100 00 ソフト ウェア 等 証券投資 Portfolio investment 建設活 動 Commercial 商用車 vehicles 2006 06年 505 Fig. 43 Monetary Policy -50 (期) (Quarter) Q1 Q3 Q1 Q3 Q1 Q3 Q1 Q3 Q1 Q3 Q1 09 2007 07年 100 10 ‐10 -100 (Year on year, %) (前年同期比、%) Large‐scale 自動車メーカー strikes at で大規模ストライ automakers キ発生 08 2009 09年 150 15 10 100 Q1 Q3 Q1 Q3 Q1 Q3 Q1 Q3 Q1 Q3 Q1(期) (Quarter) 2007 08 09 10 11 12 (Year) (年) 0 2007 10年 2010 不動産 Capital goods 資本財 30 0 250 25 通信 60 11年1~9月 January‐September 2011 サービ ス 90 (億ドル) ($1 billion) 300 30 200 20 (経常収支GDP比、%) 120 Outflow 流出 0 Fig. 42 Vehicle Sales Commercial vehicles 商用車 (year‐on‐year 前年比 change) (right scale) (右目盛) Passenger 乗用車 cars (year‐on‐ 前年比 year change) (right scale) (右目盛) Passenger 乗用車 cars 対内直接 Inward direct 投資 investment 全体 Total 0 (10,000 units) (万台) Inflow 流入 2008 08年 Nondurable goods 非耐久財 20 -20 Fig. 44 Inward Investment (2) Inward Direct Investment by Industry 30 Singapore シンガポール 25 20 マレーシア Malaysia 15 China 中国 2007 07年 Thailand タイ 2011 11年 10 Taiwan 台湾 5 South Korea 韓国 India インド 0 Indonesia インドネシア -5 -8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 (Fiscal balance as % of GDP) (財政収支GDP比、%) 13 Chapter 2, Section 2. Asian Economies ~ Other Asian Countries: Economic Contraction in Some Countries, Links with Chinese Economy ~ Some countries posted their economic contraction in the fourth quarter 2011 as foreign demand slowed due to the European sovereign debt crisis. (Fig. 46‐47) Trade between China and other Asian countries has expanded. The trade network has been developed for China to process intermediate goods from the rest of Asia for exporting to Japan, North America and Europe. The links between China and other Asian countries have been enhanced. (Fig. 48) Fig. 46 Real Economic Growth (Annualized quarter‐ (前期比年率、%) シンガ 40on‐quarter growth, %) Singapore ポール Taiwan 台湾 9.9% 30 1.1% (Q1) (Q1) 20 Fig. 48 Growing Linkage with Chinese Economy South Korea 韓国 3.7% (Q1) (1) Share for Exports to China and ASEAN (Comparison between 2000 and 2011) 10 タイ Thailand -36.4% (Q4) -10 -20 60 Taiwan 台湾 20 (前年同期比、%) (Year on year, %) Others その他 20 ASEAN5 ASEAN5 Year on year 15 前年比 30 25 20 (3) Singapore Japan 日本 15 10 5 15 ASEAN6 ASEAN6 Others その他 Others その他 ASEAN ASEAN 10 Year on year 前年比 Year on year 前年比 10 アメ USA 5 リカ -5 Q1 Q2 China 中国 Q3 -5 (期) Q1 (Quarter) Q4 2011 12 (Year) (年) China 中国 アメ USA Japan 日本EU EU リカ Q1 Q2 Q3 Others その他 ASEAN ASEAN 中国 China 0 -10 アメ USA リカ Q1 Q3 2011 10 その他 Others 8 6 Q3 2011 Q4 Q1 (Quarter) (期) 4.0 (年) 12 (Year) 80 2 (Quarter) Q1 (期) (Year) 12 (年) ASEAN5 ASEAN5 前年比 Year on year China 中国 0 Q1 8.8 9.6 60 Japan 日本 -4 Q4 Q2 4 -2 EU EU Q2 10 20 12.1 22.5 20.9 33.5 12.9 18.0 EU27 EU27 ASEAN5 ASEAN5 Japan 日本 South Korea, 韓国、台 Taiwan, 湾、シンガ 33.1 Singapore 34.8 0 30 40 50 (% share for exports to China) (中国向け輸出シェア、%) (% share) (シェア、%) 100 (5) Malaysia Year on year 前年比 5 -5 0 China 中国 日本 Japan EU EU (年) 12 (Year) 12 10 アメ リカ USA Q1 (Quarter) (期) (前年同期比、%) (Year on year, %) Japan 日本 15 0 9.5 7.6 12.0 ポール South Korea 韓国 (3) China’s Exports Q1 Q4 2011 (Year on year, %) (前年同期比、%) 20 Malaysia マレーシア 0 -5 (4) Thailand 25 10 7.6 11.2 2000 05 10 (Year) (年) 5 EU 0 EU 0 20 (Year on year, %) (前年同期比、%) (Year on year, %) (前年同期比、%) 40 Thailand タイ (2) Taiwan 9.1 13.3 Fig. 47 Export Trends (1) South Korea 80 30 Q1Q2Q3Q4Q1Q2Q3Q4Q1Q2Q3Q4Q1Q2Q3Q4Q1Q2Q3Q4Q1 (Quarter) (期) (Year) 2007 08 09 10 11 12 (年) Others その他 outside 域外 Asia USA アメリカ (% share) (シェア、%) 100 (% share for exports to ASEAN nations) (ASEAN向け輸出シェア、%) 40 Singapore シンガポール 0 (2) China’s Intermediate Goods Imports アメ USA EU EU リカ Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 (Quarter) (期) (年) 2011 12 (Year) 28.1 40 20 4.0 7.7 9.5 4.8 7.8 7.4 28.6 37.8 32.5 2000 05 26.3 26.9 Others その他 outside 域外 Asia ASEAN5 South Korea, 韓国、台 Taiwan, 湾、シンガ Singapore ポール Japan 日本 EU27 EU27 (4) Correlation between Exports to China and Those from South Korea and Taiwan 2000~05年 2000‐2005 06~11年 2006‐2011 South 韓国 Korea 0.94 0.86 Taiwan 台湾 0.47 0.92 USA アメリカ 0 10 (Year) (年) 14