Comments
Description
Transcript
D - 日本金属学会
ú{à®wï æ 65 ª æ 7 (2001)548_556 ÁWuGR}eAEZNVv ðà_¶ «ðl¶µ½»iÌÞ¿Ið År¬l ¼ºdíYÆ®ïÐçµÂ«JZ^[ J. Japan Inst. Metals, Vol. 65, No. 7 (2001), pp. 548_ 556 Special Issue on Ecomaterials Selection Ý 2001 The Japan Institute of Metals Materials Selection for Environmentally Conscious Products Narito Shibaike Human Environment Development Center, Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd., Kawasaki 214_ 8501 A rationalized methodology focusing on environmentally conscious materials selection for product design is described. This is a well_ tailored application of the famous methodology for materials selection in mechanical design built by M. F. Ashby. A new value, environmental performance, is defined as the `product performance per its environmental impact' in order to make a productive method, and is introduced into practical design process as well as a conventional value, cost performance. A case study on materials selection for TV's front cabinet is presented to show the method's effectiveness. According to the study magnesium alloys can be used for the component instead of the conventional material, polystyrene_ fireproof in compound aspects of perfor mance, cost and impact. An environmental impacts database of engineering materials to support the methodology is quite im portant and being created. A further approach on the development of a tool using a trial database for the efficient evaluation of materials is also presented. This software has a couple of benefits for average designers such as automatically creating of the per formance indices and value functions, and its menu system to designate the design and value conditions is really easy and swift to use even if not having professional knowledge. The case study on head arms of hard disk drives makes it clear that the tool is valu able to create green products, particularly in the early stage of design process. (Received January 24, 2001; Accepted February 15, 2001) Keywords: materials selection methodology, environmentally conscious products, environmental performance, value function, environ mental impacts database, materials evaluation tool ׫RXgptH[}XÆ«²a«ÆÌÖAÉ¢ÄÍ 1. Í ¶ ß É ïÌIÈñ¦ªÈ³êĢȢD±êÍCܸu«²a«v Æ¢¤ÚxÌè`ªs¾mÅ èCRÌÊƵļÒð ]CHÆ»iÉp¢çêéÞ¿ÌIèÉ ½ÁÄÍC» ¯É]¿·éè@ªm§³êĢȢ±ÆÉNö·éDÜ Ì»iªKvÆ·é@\ðÅáÌRXgÅÀ»·éÞ¿C ½CLCA ÉæéªÍÊðd·éÆCÁÉÆd»iâY é¢ÍeFµ¤éRXgàÅÅÌÁ«ðL·éÞ¿ªIÎ Æ@BÌæ¤É»ÌgpÉÛµÄGlM[ðÁï·éÞÌ êÄ«½DàRXgptH[}XÌÅàDê½Þ¿ªê HÆ»iÉ¢ÄÍC޿⻢vZXÌÅK»æèà» `IÉIè³êC»Ì½ßÌÞ¿]¿è@ªm§³ê½DR igpÌÈGlM[»ðißéûªLøÅ éÆ¢¤ XgÉÍÞ¿Ìwü¿iÉÁ¦ãÁHâ\ÊÉ©©é _ÉÈéꪽCÞ¿IðÌdv«ð©Æ·Â\«à ïpàgÝÜêéªCÞ¿Ìá¢ÉæéRXg·ª°É éÌÅÓªKvÅ éD ©çêÈ©Á½è䦪¬³©Á½èÆCÞ¿´¿Å]¿µ êûC»iÝvSÊÉÖíéû@_ÌJà·ñÅCT ÄÁÉâèÌÈ¢êརDµ½ªÁÄCóâÆÈéÞ¿ CNâ[Xðl¶·éCCO2 ÌroÊð}¦éCÕ Ìwü¿iÆÁ«ÆðärªÍ·êÎêÌÚIÍB¹çê ðÌ«ðDæ·éCÆ¢Á½Â«z¶^ÌeíTOð\tg ½Dµ©µßNÅÍC»iÌu«Æ̲avÖÌz¶ªs EFAãÉ\zµÄ»iÌCtTCNSÌ𢵽 ÂÆÈèCÁÉ޿ͻ̻¢C»iÖÌÁHC»iƵ èCÀS«âz«ɧrµ½Vµ¢]¿wWðñĵÄÝ ÄÌpCpüÈÇn «ÉεĽûÊÅe¿ðyÚ· vðð±o·éݪå¬ÉÈÁÄ¢é7_12)D±êçÌÉ Æ¢¤F¯©çCÞ¿Ið̽ßÌVµ¢]¿ÚxƵĻ ÍC»iÌ«\Æ«ÖÌe¿ð¯É]¿µ½áªXÉ iÌ«²a«ðl¶·éKvª¶¶Ä«½ÌÅ éD ©çêéæ¤ÉÈÁÄ«Ä¢éª11,12)CïÌIÈ»iJð «Éz¶µ½HÆ»iÉp¢éÞ¿ÌIèÉÖ·éá ¤à½©çêéæ¤ÉÈÁ½ 1_6) D±êçÌwÇÍ»i Ì LCA(Life Cycle Assessment)ðÀ{µÄ«É^¦ée zèµÄCRXgàìÉüê½VXe}eBbNÈ]¿ð À{µÄ¢éáÍܾȢD »±Å{ñÅÍCÞ¿IðÌVµ¢]¿ÚxÆÈé« ¿ðèÊ»µC±Ì«×ʪŬÉÈéæ¤ÉÞ¿ðI ²a«ð¾mÉè`µÄC]©çÌÚxÅ éRXgpt è·éè@ðÝÄ¢éªCÞ¿IðÌ 2 {Ìî²ÆÈé H[}XƯlÌIÈ]¿ðÂ\ƵC³çɼÒð 7 æ 549 «ðl¶µ½»iÌÞ¿Ið µÄÞ¿IðÌÅK»ðÂ\Æ·éÀHIÈè@É¢ ·ép[^ðoµÄ\¬µ½wWÅ èC@BÝvÌ ÄTàµCïÌIÈKpáðÐî·éDܽCf[^x[ vð¨ÄµÂÂÞ¿ÌÁ¥ð]¿·éãÅñíÉøÊI XÌg£âè@Ìc[»ÉæéÞ¿Iðû@_Ìx»¨ Å éDïÌIÉÍC»iÌgp`Ô(AÞCxCñ æÑy£iÌÝÉ¢Ä๹Äñ·éD ]VtgCfMÇCϳRC)Æ«\dl(«C xCfMÁ«C±d«CÏMÕ«)©ç¾çêé\¬û 2.  « ² a « ö®ðp¢ÄCÚIÖ(¿ÊCRXgCÅLU®CMe ÊC¥©§xðßéxzûö®)àÌ©RÏ(Þ¿Ìú ¯¶Þ¿ðp¢ÄàCprC`ÔCgppxCgpÊÉ ÝCC¼a)ðÁµÄ쬷éDÞ¿Ið`[gÍC æÁÄ»iÌ«Æ̲axÍÏ»·éÆl¦çêéD 2 íÞÌÞ¿¨«l é¢ÍÖ»³ê½Þ¿Á«ð X ²C éÞ¿Ì«×Ê(¹ÌÍCÞ¿»¢ÌGlM[ Y ²Ézµ½¼ÎOtãÉCeÞ¿ð»Ìf[^Ì Áïâ CO2 ÌroÉæÁÄø«N±³êén ·g»C ð¦·È~Åvbgµ½àÌÅ éD åCõÌ«ÖÌe¿ðèÊ»CwW»µ½eÞ¿ÅL Fig. 1 É«\wWÆÞ¿Ið`[gÆÌÖAð¦·DT Ìlf[^)ªóâÞ¿ÅŬŠÁÄàC»iÉÌp ^IÈáƵÄCÞ¿¨«l P1 ¨æÑ P2 (}Åͧx r ¨ ³ê½É»Ì«²a«ªPÉÅåÉÈéÆÍÀçÈ¢ æÑO¦ E )©ç\¬³êé«\wW M ðl¦éD± Å ë¤D«×ÊÍ ÜÅàÞ¿Ìê¤Êð¦·f[ Ì P1 ¨æÑ P2 ð X ²¨æÑ Y ²Ézµ½¼ÎOtã ^É߬ȢÌÅ èC»iÉp·éÛÉd³êéÞ¿ ÅÍ«\wW M ÍÎüƵÄ\³êéDȺÈçCÈPÈ Á«Ìl¶ÈµÉc_³êé׫ÅÍÈ¢D¾¢·¦êÎC «\wWÍÊíȺÌæ¤È`ðµÄ¢é©çÅ éD »iÌ«²a«ÆÞ¿Ì«×ÊÆðѯé̪ M uÝvvÅ éDRXgptH[}XªPÈéÞ¿¨«l ÆÞ¿RXgÆÌäÅÍÈCÝvðîµÄ¾çêé»iÆ µÄÌ«\ÆÞ¿RXgÆÌÎIÈ¿lÌärÅ éÆè `Å«éÌÈçC«²a«É¢Äà»ÌÎäɨ¢Ä¯ P n2 P1 ±Ì®Ì¼ÓÌÎðÆÁÄÏ`·êÎC log P2 1 (log P1{ log M ) n lÌè`ªÂ\Å éDÂÜèCHwIÈÚxðîÉ]¿ ÆÈéÌÅC¼ÎOtɨ¯éÎüÌX« 1/n ª P1, P2 ·é±ÆðOñÉ·êÎC ÌÖWð¦µC»ÌÊuÍ M ÌlÅè³êéDÎüð½ «²a«»iƵÄÌ«\/Þ¿Ì«×Ê sÚ®·êÎ M ªÏíéD±ÌÎüðIðÂ\ÈÞ¿ª¶ ÆÈéD±Ìè`ðp¢ÄÞ¿IððißéÉÍCÞ¿Hw Ý·éGAàÅ M ÌÅKl(ÊíÍÅål©Å¬lÉÝè ÆÝvHwÉ t¯çê½Vµ¢Ýv_ÌÌnIÈm§ªK ³êé)ÉÚ®³¹êÎÅKÈÞ¿ª©Â¯çêéDFig. 1 vÆl¦çêéªC@BnZpÒðSÆ·éÝvìÆÅÌ ÌáÅÍÞ¿ÌíÞÉf[^ª¾üÅÍÜêĨèCÜ Þ¿IðÉεÄÍCVè@Ì\zÉKvÈîb_ªùÉ ½CjüÅyÊ©ÂSÈÞðIð·é½ßÌ«\wWª m§³êÄ¢éÌÅ éD ñ¦³êÄ¢éD}É©çêéæ¤ÉCÍwI§ñðl¶· @BÝvɨ¯éÞ¿ÌIðè@ÍCpPubWå wÌ Ashby ÉæÁÄݳê½13_15)D±±ÅÍÝvvð éêÅÍ«\wWÌX«ªÝvð(fÊÌ`óâ×dÌ ×l®)Éæè¡í޶ݷéD ªÍµ¾mÅIÈÞ¿IððÀ»·éû@_ªxÉ® ±Ì«\wWÆÞ¿Ið`[gðp¢½Iðè@Í¡ ¬³êĨèCÝvÎÛàÍwICMICdCIC¡§ñ ÚIC·Èí¿êxÌÝvɨ¢Ä¡ÌÖA·éÚIðB ÉÎÅ«éÈÇpÍͪñíÉL¢DÈ©Åà±Ìû ¬µæ¤Æ·éêÉàKpÅ«é15) Dá¦ÎCâ ÉÌ @_Åp¢çêéÞ¿Ið`[gÍ Ashby maps ÆÄÎ fMÞ¿ðIð·éáÉ¢Äl@·é(ðÍÌÚ×Í¼Ì êC¢EÌåwâ¤@ÖÅp³êÄ¢éD»±ÅC± ¶£16)ðQƵÄÕ«½¢)DÝvÒÍCÞ¿RXgàŬ ̼ÈÞ¿Iðû@_É«²a«ÌTOð±üµC¶Y ɵ½¢µCgpÉâ ÉÌfMÇðʵÄUí·éGl »êÌÝvvZXðËöɨ¦½u«²a«ðl¶µ½ M[XàŬɵ½¢CÆl¦é¾ë¤D±ÌÆ«CÜ Þ¿Iðû@_vªñijêCP[XX^fBÉæè»ÌL ¸Þ¿RXg(¿ÊÉPÊ¿Ê ½èÌÞ¿¿i Cm ðæ¶ ø«ªmF³ê½16_18) D³çÉCû@_ÌîÕÆÈéÞ¿ Äßçêé)ðZo·é½ßÌÚIÖ©çæ 1 Ì«\w f[^x[XÌg£âè@Ìc[»ÉæègÞ±ÆÅCè W M1 ª\¬³êéDÉCGlM[XðZo·é½ß @Ìx»Æ»êÖÌyª½ûÊÅißçêÄ¢é19,20)D ÌÚIÖ©çæ 2 Ì«\wW M2 ª¯lÉ\¬³êC` ȺɻÌTvðq×éD [gðp¢Ä M1, M2 ªär³êéDÞ¿ÌIðÍCFig. 3. üð`±ÆÅÀs³êéD±ÌÈüÍCwIÉÍÉß 2 ɦ·æ¤ÉC¼ÎOtãÉ 2 ÂÌÚI𵽠«²a«ðl¶µ½Þ¿Iðû@_ 3.1 Þ¿Iðû@_Ìî{ ÄPÈ`ðµ½ÈºÌÖ V Ìlïüð¦µÄ¢éD VM1{CEM2 Ashby ÌÞ¿Iðû@_ÍÝvæ±^Å èC»Ìî{ ±±Å CE ÍKØÉIÎê½Ï·()WÅ éDêÊI IÈ_Í«\wWÆÞ¿Ið`[gÅð³ê ÉÍdÝt¯èÆàl¦çêéµC³çɳmɾ¤Èç é13_15) D«\wWÆÍCÝvÎÛÉv³êé@\Ƨñ ÎCæ 1 ÌÚIÆæ 2 ÌÚIÌÎIÈ¿lð¦µÄ¢ ððp¢ÄÚIÖð쬵C»±©çÞ¿Ì®«ÉÖA éD±ÌáÅ êÎCGlM[Xð CE ÅRXgÉÖA 550 ú { à ® w ï (2001) Fig. 1 æ 65 ª Ashby's materials selection chart (From the reference14)). Èüæ趺ɶݷéÞ¿(CE10 Èç B ¨æÑ C, CE 0.1 Èç B ¨æÑ D)ÍCîÞ¿æèSõ½ÅÌRXgª áÈéÆèÅ«éÞ¿Å èIðóâÉÈéDEãÉ éÞ¿Í»ÌtÅ éDÈüÌ`óÍ CE ÌlÉ˶µÄ¨ èC»ÌÊuÍ V ÌlÅè³êéD±Ìè@ÌÁ·ÍC öÝIÈÞ¿¿lð éðºÅ¾m©Â¼´IÉñ¦Å« é_É éD 3.2 «²a«ðIÉl¶·é½ßÌÀHIÈè@ â ÉÌáÅÍKØÈÏ·WÉæèGlM[XðR XgÉÖAt¯CúRXgÆ^pRXgÆ̪Ýç ê½D±Ìè@ðRXgptH[}XÆ«²a«Ì ¡]¿Ép·é17,18)DÔ²ð³·êÎCÞ¿ÌfM øÊðÝvdlÆl¦ÄM`±¦ l ÆfMÇÌúÝ tCâ ÉàO Ì·x· DT Ƨx r ðp¢½ÖƵÄ\» Å Fig. 2 Ashby's materials selection chart for compound objec tives (From the reference15)). «CúRXgðZo·éÚIÖÉgÝޱƪÂ\É ÈéD±ÌÊCÞ¿¨«l(±±ÅÍM`±¦ l ¨æѧ x r )Æ Cm ÆÌÖAªÈPÈ®Å\¹éÌÅCRXgÆ Þ¿Á«ð¨Äµ½«\wWC·Èí¿RXgptH[} t¯êÎSõ½ÅÌRXgªèÅ«é±ÆÉÈéDCE ð XwW(Ⱥ CPI)ð\¬·é±ÆªÂ\ÉÈéD³çÉC± PÊGlM[ÁïÊ ½èÌdCãƵCM1, M2 ð¤Ü Ì CPI Ì Cm ðPÊ¿Ê ½èÌ«×Ê Ci Éu«Ö¦ Ýè·êÎ V ÍSõ½ÅÌRXg𦴷é¾ë¤D êÎÞ¿ÌgpÊðl¶µ½Â«×ÊðZo·éÚIÖ ÜèCüãÉ é·×ÄÌÞ¿ÍCîÆÈéÞ¿(} ÉÈéÌÅCOqÌè`ð¥Ü¦½Â«²a«wW(Ⱥ Ì A)Ư¶¿l(Sõ½ÅÌRXgÉäá)ðLµÄ¢éD EPI)à¯É\¬Â\ÆÈéDCi ð Cm ƯlɵÁÄÞ æ 7 «ðl¶µ½»iÌÞ¿Ið ¿Á«ÆÌÖWðuPÊ«×Ê ½èÌ«\vÆ¢¤Ï 551 RXgl(Ⱥ TCV)ð¦·Æl¦çêéD±Ì]¿Ö _ÅwW»·éÌÅ é(Ashby ÍÈOæèÞ¿IðÌ« ðÞ¿Ið`[gãÉ`ÛÉîÆÈéÞ¿ãðÊß· ð¦·È©Å«ÖÌz¶ÉæéÏvð_¶C»ÌÎô éæ¤Ézu·êÎC»Ìî޿Ư¶ TCV ð¦·uR ƵıÌè@Ì´^ðñ¦µ21) Cܽ green design Ƶ XgêèÈüvª¾çêéDÏ·W CE ÌlÉÍCá¦Î Äì14)ÌÅàÐîµÄ¢é)DÉC±Ì CPI Æ EPIC «ÅÅ Á½èCãÖGlM[Ì»¢¿iÅ Á½èC ¨æÑæÙÇÌÏ·W CE ðp¢Ä¿lð¦·Ö V ðì ÀSÉpü·éïpÅ Á½èC»Ý ڵĢéÂ«× ¬µC¡]¿ðs¤(Ashby ÍOfÌìÌüùÅ22)ɨ ÊÉæÁÄlXÈ·ZlªzèÅ«éD ¢ÄC±Ìpè@É¢Äàáð°Ä¾yµÄ¢é)D ±¤µ½êAÌèð®·éÆ Fig. 3 ɦ·æ¤È` ±ÌÊC«\CRXgC«ÖÌe¿ð¯Él¶µ½Þ ®ð\¦éDܸÝvÉηév̾m»ðs¢CÝ ¿Iðû@_ª\z³êé̾ªC±êð¶Y»êÌÝvv vÎÛÌ@\CÚIC§ñððèßéDÉIðîÆÈ ZXÉKpÅ«éæ¤ÉCæèÀHIÈè@ƵÄm§· é 2 ÂÌ«\wWð±o·é½ßÉÝvÎÛÌîbðÍ© éÉÍC¡µHvªKvÅ éD çRXgÆ«×ÊðZo·éÚIÖ(ܽÍxzûö »iÉv³êéÞ¿Á«Æ¿i Cm Æðl»µÄ CPI ®)ð쬷éD»µÄÞ¿Ì®«ÉNö·ép[^ð ðvZ·êÎC]©çÌÀÑâo±Éæé]¿ªúÒÅ« oµÄ CPI, EPI ð\¬µCTu`[gðp¢ÄîÞ éDµ©µCEPI ÉÖµÄÍ¡ÌƱë¾mÈ]¿îª ¿ÉηéÎ]¿ðÂÊÉÀ{·éD¡]¿ÅÍC« ¶ÝµÈ¢D«ÖÌe¿ÍêÊIÉèÊ»·é̪ﵢ ×ÊðRXgÉÖAt¯éÏ·Wðp¢Ä]¿Ö(R Æ¢¤±Æà éªC¼É Ci ªÞ¿f[^ƵÄ\ªÉ XgêèÈü)ð쬵CÝvvð½·½ßÉ»ÌÞ¿ ¢¸xðLµÄ¢ÄàC]¿îÆÈélðÝè·éÌÍ ªKvÆ·é TCV ðC`[gãÅîÞ¿ÉÎ·é ¢ïÅ éD1 ÂÌóâƵÄÍCânû©¡ÌÌ§èµ Î ] ¿ Æ µ Ä s ¤ D ` [ g Í î Þ ¿ Ì CPI, EPI, Ä¢é«îâðáªl¦çêéªC±¤µ½lͬ TCV ÉæÁÄC}ɦ·æ¤ÉCÌæ A ©çÌæ E ÉªÞ ®IÅ©ÂÚªÀè³êĨèCê³ê½âÎIÈî ³êéDeÌæàÉÊu·éÞ¿ÌIðÉηéDæÊÍ ÉÍö¢D»±Å{û@_ÅÍC«\wWÌâÎIÈ]¿ Ìæ A ©çÌæ E ÌÉÈéªCÌæ C ÆÌæ D ÍóµÉ ÅÍÈCCPI â EPI ÌÂÊ]¿¨æÑ¡]¿Ì¢¸ê ¶Äªt]·éD§ñ𪡠éêÍCÈãÌ É¨¢ÄàCîÆÈéÞ¿ÉηéÎIÈ]¿ªÀs³ èðJèÔµÄÅKÈÞ¿ðièÞDïÌIÈ«\wW êéDÝvɨ¢ÄÞ¿IðªSÌóÔÅißçêé Ìì¬û@âÞ¿IðÌißûÉ¢ÄÍáðp¢Äྠ±ÆÍÈCÊíÍóâÞ¿â»ÌIèÉÖ·ém¯âî ·éD ñª éöxõíÁÄ¢éDdlÏXɺ¤ÝvÏXâC «ÖÌz¶ÉæèÝv𩼵Ģéóµðzè·éÈç 3.3 û@_ÌKpá\TV ÌtgLrlbg18)\ ÎCÝvÒÍ éÁèÌÞ¿ÉεÄCæèDê½Þ¿ðT TV ÌtgLrlbgÍàÉ CRT ðxµCÀ ·½ßÉÞ¿IðÆ¢¤s×ðs·éÌÅ é©çC»Ì ¿Å©h¦ªæC©ÂÀSÅȯêÎÈçÈ¢DêÊÉv ÁèÞ¿ÆÌÎ]¿ªÅ«êÎ\ªÅ ë¤DܽV½È X`bNÞ¿ÍR¦â·ïRܪYÁ³êé½ßC»s Ývɨ¢ÄàCWIÈÞ¿ÆÌärÆ¢¤`ÔÅÞ¿I Þ¿Å éïR«|X`(Ⱥ PS_F)Í¿iª ððÀs·êΫèéCÆ¢¤Ìª»ÌRÅ éD TCN¦àá¢D»±Å«ðl¶µ½ TV ÌÀ»Éü RXgptH[}XÆ«²a«Ì¡]¿ÍC»ê¼ ¯CTCN«ÆS«ðüã³¹CÀS«C¶Y«Cy êÌxzûö®©ç\¬µ½ÁêÈ«\wW CPI ¨æÑ Ê«Éz¶µÄCA~jEà(Ⱥ Al)Æ}OlVE EPI ðKpµC`[gãÌ X ²¨æÑ Y ²ÉeÞ¿Ì à(Ⱥ Mg)ðtgLrlbgÌ޿ƵÄÌp f[^ÉæéZÊðeµ½ÊóÔãÅsíêéD± ÌêÌÞ¿Ið`[gà¼ÎOtªÖÅ éD Ê]¿àÜßÄCíÉêûü(á¦ÎEã)ªDܵ¢Á«ð ¦·æ¤ÉßĨ¯ÎC¢ÂÅà`[gÌê(Eã)É ]ܵ¢Þ¿ªWÜèC]¿ÊÌðàeÕÉÈé¾ë ¤D±±ÅÍùÉ«\wW©ç¾çêéÎüͶݹ¸C CPI ð Pct, EPI ð Pev Ƶ½É¿l V ð¦·ÈºÌ]¿ ÖªÈüð`D Vf( Pct ){CE f( Pev ) 2 ÂÌ«\wW Pct, Pev ÍCOÌLq©ç¾ç©Èæ¤ÉC î{Iɯ¶`ðµÄ¢éÌÅC»ê¼êðÖ f ÉæÁÄ Ï·µ½ãCÏ·W CE ÉKØÈ·ZlðãüµCCPI Æ EPI ̳ðµ¦Ä«µ í¹éD±êÍC éKvÈ« \(Þ¿Á«)ð¾é½ßÉv·éÞ¿RXg(wü¿i)Æ «RXg(«×ÊðRXgÉ·Zµ½àÌ)Ì«µZÅ èC év«\Æ«ÖÌz¶ð½·ÌÉKvÈg[^ Fig. 3 Environmentally conscious materials selection metho dology (From the reference18)). 552 æ ú { à ® w ï (2001) «@\FÈ°[gÉϦéy¢ÂÞ «ÚIFÞ¿ÌRXgÆGlM[eÊðŬɷé P «§ñðFü CRT ðx·é« ª IC2t 3 Â\©Û©ª]¿ÌÎÛÆÈÁ½DܸCÝvÉηév ÍȺÌæ¤ÉÝè³ê½D 65 Å éDt ÍÞ¿ÌúÝCC2 Í`óÅÜéèÅ é© çC^¦ç꽫ðÛ·éÌÉKvÈÞ¿Ì¿Ê W ÍC WC3 trC3 ( ) ( ) l2 C1 C2 1/3 M d 1/3 r E 1/3 Q ü »¢ÉÏ`jóµÈ¢x ÆÈéD±±Å C3 Í`óÅÜéèCr Í޿̧xÅ R ü ¹ºÉe¿ðyڳȢU®Á« éD±Ì®©çŬɷ׫ W ÍCr Éäáµ E Ì 1/3 S ü à·xÌã¸ðð¯éúMøÊ æɽäá·é±Æªí©éD¼ÍSÄ`óÉÖ·éWC ±±ÅGlM[eÊÆÍC»Ì޿𻢷éÌÉKvÈ Ü½Í×dâcÝÊÉηéÝvdlÅ èC±ÌðÍÌÍ GlM[Æ»ÌÞ¿©ÌÉÜÜêéGlM[ÌaÅ Íàɨ¢ÄÍèÆl¦Ä·µx¦È¢D èCTCNðl¶µÈ¯êÎC»ÌÞ¿ð»iƵÄg ±ÌÊC1/r ð X ²CE ð Y ²Éz·éÆC¼ÎO pµ½±ÆÅn ã©çÁŵĵܤGlM[ÌÊÆ tÅîÞ¿ãðÊéX«|3 ÌÎüªCîÞ¿Å é l¦çêéDgp·éf[^¨æÑÞ¿Ið`[gÍ PS_F Ư¶¿Ê«\(PÊ¿Ê ½èÌ«)ð¦·D}Í Ashby çªJµ½ CMS \tgEFA23)ÉæéDãL§ñ Ȫ·éªCMg Í Al â PS_F æèyÄ«ÌDê½L ð̤¿C«ÉÖ·é]¿áð Fig. 4 ðp¢ÄÐî· rlbgÉÈè¾é±Æªí©éD±±Å r É Cm ðæ¸ éÆC«ÉÖ·éRXgptH[}Xª]¿Å«C}Ì éD à ·é CRT ðx¦é½ßÉC^¦çê½È°[ EºÉ»Ìʪ¦³êÄ¢éDAl Í PS_F æèDêÄ¢ gÉϦ髪v³êéªCпÀóÔÅ»Ìæ[É F ÆÙÚ¯¶©ââòéöxÅ éDêûC éªCMg Í PS_ ×dª©©éàÌÆ·éD±ÌCÈ°[g M ÉÎ r ÉÞ¿Ì¿Ê ½èÌGlM[eÊ q ðæ¸éÆPÊG ·écÝÊ d ð^¦ée«È°Ì\¬ûö®ÍC lM[eÊ ½èÌ«ª]¿Å«éD³çÉeÞ¿Ì d l2 M C1EI Å éD±±Å C1 Í×dÌÝèÅÜéèCE ÍO ¦CI ÍÀÌfÊ 2 [gCl ÍÀÌ·³Å éDÀ Ìfʪ½ÂÅúÝÌÝÂÏÅ éƼè·éÆC Fig. 4 TCNøÊ R ðæ¸êÎTCN«àl¶µ½Â«² a«ª]¿Å«CÊÍ}̶ãɦ³êÄ¢éDAl Æ Mg ÍÆàÉ PS_F æèà«ÉDµ¢Þ¿Å éD Èãðµ CPI( Pct ), EPI( Pev ), TCV(V )ðȺÌæ ¤É\¬µÄRXgêèÈüð`ÆCEãÌC`[ Case study on materials selection for TV's front cabinet (From the reference17)). æ 7 «ðl¶µ½»iÌÞ¿Ið 553 Fig. 5 Result of compound evaluation by cost and environmental performance indices in stiffness of materials for TV's front cabinet. Table 1 Evaluation results of materials for TV's front cabinet (From the reference18)). Comparison with polystyrenefireproof Comparison between Al and Mg Aluminium alloys Magnesium alloys in unit mass Al Mg Stiffness Area A Area B Ì»fÉÍTCNøÊÌl¶ªOñðÆÈÁÄ¢éD à®Þ¿ÍvX`bNÞ¿Éä×ÄÄpâTCNÉ Íü¢Ä¢éDÏv«Íà¿ëñCÄ»¢É\z³êé ·ânÜͻ̰ÈáÅ éD³çÉCAl â Mg Mg ÍTCNÞÌ»¢GlM[ªo[WÞ¿Ì»¢ ÉärµÄiiɬ³Cµ¢øʪ éD Strength Area A Area B Mg Vibration Area A Area B Mg Heat conduction Area A Area A Equal 4. «×ÊÉÖ·éf[^x[X ÈãÉྵ½û@_ÌKpÍÍðgåµyð£i·é ½ßÉÍC»ÌîÕÆÈéf[^x[X(Þ¿¨«lC¿ gªì¬³êCRXgptH[}XÆ«²a«ð¯É iC«×ÊCeí«RXg)ÌJ®õªdvÅ l¶µ½¡]¿ªÂ\ÉÈéDFig. 5 ÉC`[gÉ éDƱëªC«×ÊÉ¢ÄÍüèÅ«éf[^ªÜ æé]¿ððèâ·\¦·éD ¾ÈCܽsÌf[^x[XÔÅÌlÌÎç«à©ç Pct ê é24_27) DM «Æ Äp« ª ¢EW ÆÈ éæ¤ È E 1/3 rCm 1/3 f[^x[XÌoêªÒ½êéƱëÅ éªCggÝƵ ÄȺÌæ¤ÈÏ_Å®³ê½à̪]ܵ¢D 1/3 E E R rCi rq Pev Vf (Pct ){CE f (Pev ) 1 CE r { Pct Pev E 1/3 ( Cm{CE q R ) 4.1 ÈGlM[« ÈGlM[ͽÌHÆ»iɨ¢Ä»ÌgpÉd }ÅÍ Mg ÍÌæ B àɶݵĨèCCPI Å PS_F Éá ³êé׫ŠéÆl¦çêÄ¢éªCÞ¿ÌIèÉàô ±òÁÄÍ¢½ª EPI ÅÍDêCÏ·W CE ÉGlM[ ©l¶·×«f[^ª éDêGlM[eÊ[MJ/ ÌãRXg(±±ÅÍ 1.6 ~/MJ ƵĢé)ðÌp·é kg]Ío[W޿𻢷éÌÉKvÈGlM[Æ»Ì Æ TCV ɨ¢Ä»FÌÈ¢Þ¿ÆÈé±Æªí©éDµ© Þ¿©ÌÉÜÜêéGlM[ÌaÅ éDà®ÅÍÙÚ à¿Ê«\ÅÍ Al æèDêÄ¢éDµ½ªÁÄC«ÉÖ »¢GlM[ɵ¢Æl¦ÄÇ¢ªCªqÞ¿ÅÍÞ ·é]¿ÆµÄTCN«CS«CyÊ«Ì_©ç]¿ ¿©ÌÌGlM[à³Å«È¢DTCNðµÈ¯ê F ÉÖíè¤éÞ¿Å éÆ»f³êéD ·éÆCMg Í PS_ ÎCÊIÉ»ÌÞ¿ðgp·é±ÆÅn ã©çÁ¦é Table 1 É«CxCU®Á«CúMøÊÌe]¿Ê GlM[Êð¦·Æl¦çêéDñGlM[eÊ[MJ 𦵽D«ÈOÌ]¿ÌÚ×ͼ̶£18) ðQÆµÄ /kg]͹ÌÌ@âæêIÈ»¢GlM[Êð·µø Õ«½¢DîÞ¿Å é PS_F Éηé Mg ÌDÊ«Í ¢½CTCNÞ¿ðOªÉu¢½GlM[eÊÅ «RXgð±ü·êξÉÈèCAl ÉεÄÍíÉyÊ éDÅánZGlM[[MJ/kg]ÍTCNGlM[ »Ì_ÅDÁÄ¢éDܽCMg ͸øÊɨ¢Äà®Þ ÌÚÀÆÈéÞ¿ÌÅánZGlM[Å éD±Ìlª ¿ÅÍoFÅ é±Æ©çàC«z¶^ TV ÌLr å«¢ÙÇC޿ƵÄÌÄpÉKvÈGlM[à lbg޿ƵÄÌIðɳ«ªFßçêéD½¾µC± ÈéD 554 4.2 ú { à ® w ï (2001) ȹ« Þ¿ÌgpÆ¢¤_ŹÌÍÍÀ´µâ·¢Â«× æ 65 ª ¦xÈm¯ðL³¸Æà«Él¶µ½»iÌÀ»ðÂ\ Æ·éc[ª¡ãK{ÉÈéD»Ì½ßÉÍ@\CÚIC §ñðÉæÁľmÉÈÁ½Ývvð»ÌÜÜC é¢ f[^Å éD zÊ[Mt]ͶݪmF³êĨèC» Íæèu[N_EµÄü͵ÄÞ¿IðªÅ«éæ¤É ÝÌZpÅÌ@ªÂ\ÅC©ÂoÏIÉ©¤Æl¦çêé IðîðêÊ»µCܽC¶Y»êÌj[YÉà¦çê ¹Ì Êð¢¤DNÔ¶Y[Mt/year]Í 1 NÔÌS¢ éæ¤ÈHvªKvÅ éD Eɨ¯é¹Ì¶YÊ(»¢Ê)Å èC±Ìlª¬³¢ CPI Æ EPI Í»i¿Ê(ÌŬ»)ðÚIÖÆ·é«\ ÙÇl¶ÌÞ¿ÌgpÉæée¿Íå«ÈèÓªKv wWC·Èí¿¿Ê«\wW(Ⱥ MPI)©çßçêéD ÉÈéD¹ÍwW[years]Í»ÝÌy[XÅÌ@ðp± MPI Í»iÌ@\ðÀ»·éOñð(fÊ`óÆ×l µ½êɹªÍµÄµÜ¤ÜÅÌNðàÆÉZo³ ®)Æ«\ðS©·é§ñðÅèÅ«éDá¦ÎCfÊ êéwWÅCl¶ÌÞ¿ÌgpÊÆÍÖWªÈ¢D ÌÆúÝÌäªêèÅ éêCfÊÏ A Í©RÏ( 4.3 á«׫ LCA ]¿Åá«׫ƵÄd³êé·ºøÊw ܽÍúÝ)t Ì 2 æÉäáµCfÊ 2 [g I ¨æ ÑfÊ˶è[g K Í t Ì 4 æÉäá·éÌÅC Ç A Í I ¨æÑ K Ì 1/2 æÉäá·éDܽCfʪé` WC_«»wWCåCõwWCxh{»wWÍeíro ÅúÝÌÝÂÏÅ êÎCA Í©RÏ(úÝ) t ÉäáµC ¨ÌroÊÆ×|eVðàÆÉZo³êéDñ_» I Í t Ì 3 æÉCK Í t ÌÙÚ 3 æÉäá·éÌÅCA Í I Yf(·ºøÊwWÉe¿)Cê_»Yf(åCõwWÉe ¨æÑ K Ì 1/3 æÉäá·éD×l®É¢ÄàC×d ¿)Coº(åCõwWÉe¿)CY» f(åCõwWÉ Ìxû@ƵÄÊíl¦çêé²ûü×dCÈ°[ e¿)C^(·ºøÊwWÉe¿)Cf_»¨(_«»w gC˶è[g(gN)CܽCàO³C»µÄÁê WCåCõwWCxh{»wWÉe¿)C°©_»¨(_« ÈêƵÄÀüàl¶·éKvª é¾ë¤Dµ½ªÁ »wWCåCõwWÉe¿)Ìf[^ÍÂÊÌf[^à ÄCÊízè³êéfÊ`óÆ×l®ð}gbNXóÉ dv¾ªC±¤µ½wWÉÁH³êÄæèå«ÈÓ¡ðÂD zµÄe§ñðÌ MPI ð»ê¼êßĨ«C^¦ç 4.4 ÀS« ê½ÛèªÇÌðÉ·é©ðèµÄKp·êÎC» ÌsxÊ|ÈðÍðµÈÄàÏÞD ÀS«Í¼´IÈwWÅ éªCèÊ]¿ªïµHwI §ñðÅà¯lÉzè³êéâèð\ßp^[»µÄ ɵ¢É¢f[^Å éDÁÉÅ«É¢ÄlÌÖÌe¿ ¨Æ¢¤ÎªÂ\Å éDÍâcÝðµ¤ÍwI§ ÜÅl¶µæ¤Æ·êÎCÊIÈc_ÅÍÈCÌp©s ñƵÄÍ«CxCU®Ce«GlM[ÉÖ·él ©Æ¢¤öxÌ»fµ©Å«È¢Ìª»óÅ éDCJh ¶ªKv¾ë¤ªCÁÉÝvÆÌÖAª¢ÌÅfÊ`óâ ~EC âCZ¿NCAXxXgCPCB, PVC Í ×l®ÉÓµÈÄÍÈçÈ¢DMÌÚ®ðº¤MI§ Å©çIðÍÍOÉÊut¯Ä¨×«Þ¿Å éDൠñƵÄÍfMøÊCMeÊCMc£CMcÝÉÖ·él »¤µÈ¢ÌÈçCÞ¿IðÌSÒÍ»ÌÈwIȪ𠶪zè³êCMÌÚ®ûüÉηéÞ¿ÌúÝðêl¶ ¦³ÈÄÍÈçÈ¢D ·éêÍ éªCfÊ`óâ×l®Éæée¿ÍÈ¢D 5. ³êCMÌêƯlCd¬ÌÚ®ûüÉηéÞ¿ÌúÝ dCI§ñƵÄͱd«Câ«CUd¦É¢ÄS© Þ¿Iðû@_Ìï»»c[ 5.1 IðîÌêÊ» ðêl¶·éDÍwI§ñÆMI§ñÌ¡IȧñƵ ÄMÍCMÕÉ¢Äàl¶·éKvª é¾ë¤ «²a«ðl¶µ½Þ¿Iðû@_ɨ¢Ä«\wWÆ ªC±êçÍÞ¿Á«ÌÝÅ]¿ªÂ\Å èÝvÆÌÖA ]¿Ö̱oÍÅàdvÈvZXÅ éªCÈ©ç¸ ªÈ¢DãLÌ¡I§ñÌæ¤ÈêâCSS©vfð êåIÈm¯ðKvÆ·é½ßCû@_ÌKpÍ éöxÌ ÝèµÈ¢êÍ MPI ªè`Å«È¢ÌÅCÞ¿Ì¿ÊÌ Àçê½ÍÍɨ¢ÄÌÝúÒ³êéDÀCAshby çÍ Ýðl¶µÄ MPI ð§x r ¾¯ÌÖƵÄè`µCÊr SÒü¯É½ÌP[XX^fBðñ¦µÄ¢éªC¯ ]¿³êéD±¤µÄÝvððªðµ\ß MPI ðßÄ É¸§@íÌU®âMcÝÌâèÅÍxÈðͪKv ¨¯ÎCCPI, EPI ¨æÑ TCV ðÝvðÆ]¿ðÆ© ÆÈé±ÆàñµÄ¢é28,29)DÝvÆÌÖAÉd«ð¨¢ ç©®IÉnoµÄÞ¿]¿ìÆðv¬©Â³mÉÀs·é ½GLXp[gVXeƵÄÌÞ¿Ið\tgEFAÅ \tgEFAªÀ»Å«é19)D ÍCf[^¨æÑ`[gì¬Épµ½OqÌ CMS Æ» ÌW^Å é CES30) ÈOÉÍ FUZZYMAT31) ªmç 5.2 ]¿ðÌÝè êÄ¢éªCÊíÌðÍ\tgª»¤Å éæ¤ÉC¢¸ê Þ¿Ì]¿ÉÍãLÌÝvðÆÆàÉ]¿ðÌÝèª à éöxÌÞ¿ÍwIm¯ðL·éÒÅÈ¢Æg¢±È· KvÉÈéD]¿ðÅÍl¶·é«×ÊÌíÞ(« ÌÍïµ¢Dµ©µC«âèÍlÞSĪ¼Êµ©ÂÙ} ×öq)âîÆÈéÞ¿ÌÝèÉÁ¦C±ÌîÞ¿É ðv·éÛèÅ èC»ÌÎôÉÍ]ÌwâÌæðz¦½ ηé¸ÌelðÝèµÄ]¿Ìlð[Uªì¬· Av[`ªKvƳê32) CܽCÀçê½êåÆÌÝÅ éD±ÌvZXÍ[UÌÙÊÉæé]¿ðÂ\Æ·éà ÎÅ«éóµÉÈ¢±Æà¾Å éDµ½ªÁÄC½Æ ÌÅ èCæêIÈ]¿É×çÈ¢½ßÌdvÈXebvÅ 7 æ 555 «ðl¶µ½»iÌÞ¿Ið éDá¦ÎîÞ¿Éηé¿Ê̸eðßê A_[C̪ÉÖ·é]¿ÌÝñ¦·éDHDD ÎCî޿Ư¶«\ðÛ·é]¿ÎÛÌeÞ¿Ì¿Ê (n[hfBXNhCu)Ìæ¤È¸§@BÅÍU®Éη ªCîÞ¿Ì¿ÊÉεÄÇÌöx¸µÄàÇ¢©ð éÀè«\ÍÉßÄdvÅ éDVXe\¬Ì§ñ©ç [UªßéÌÅ éD¯lɵÄRXgâ«×ÊÌ A[ÍyCȯêÎÈçÈ¢D±Ì½íÝU®ª ¸ð©RÉÝè·é±ÆàÂ\ÈÌÅCîÞ¿ÆÌÎ NeBJÈÅLU® f ð^¦éÌÅC±Ìlª\ªÉ ]¿Å èȪçC»êÌÓüðÅåÀÉl¶µ½Þ¿]¿ ¢±Æªv³êé28) Dµ½ªÁÄC\Ìæ¤Èvª ÉîÃIðìƪÀ»Å«é20)D ÝvÒÉ^¦çêCc[Ìj [ÉÁÄKvÚð` «×öqÉÍCOÍÅq×½æ¤ÈÏ_Å«ÖÌe FbN·éÆ Fig. 6 ɦ³êéæ¤È]¿Otªñ¦³ ¿ðèÊ»µ½f[^ðp¢éDevöÍîbIÈf[^ êéDãÉðÝèàeª¦³êCȺCeÞ¿Ì]¿ (l»Ìà̪ÀÌðº¤àÌ)CLQ¨ÈÇÌroÊf[ ʪf[^x[XàÌSÞ¿É¢ÄA±IÉ\¦³êé ^(eíÌf[^©çvZ³êÄÜé 2 IÈàÌ)C¨ (}ÍêÌÝ)DeÞ¿ÍC»Ì®«ð\·JeS[ɪ æÑeíÌwW(«ÖÌe¿ð é@¥Ål»µ½ÚÀ ÆÈéàÌ)ÉJeSCY³êĨèCüÍÌóµâíª ãÌR©çÝvÎÛÌ«×ÊÆµÄ Ú·×«× öqðIñÅÝè·éD±êÅ CPI ¨æÑ EPI ªvZ³ êCÝè³ê½Â«×öqÉæÁÄ©®IÉKØÈ«R XgªIè³êÄ TCV àvZªÂ\ÉÈéD]¿ÊÍC îÞ¿Éeelðl¶µ½]¿îÌlÉηéeÞ¿ ÌvZlðCÞ¿Ið`[gÌÌæªÞɶ½]¿_Å ñ¦³êéÌÅC`[gÌðàsvÅ éD 5.3 c[ðp¢½]¿á\HDD ÌwbhA[\ Table 2 Éc[ðp¢½Þ¿IðÌáð¦·D±±ÅÍ Fig. 6 Table 2 Selection criteria of materials for head arms for HDD. « Precision component such as head arms for HDD « Design conditions Section shape: Rectangle(Thickness free, plate), Like figures Bending moment, Twisting moment Mode of loading: Constraints: Stiffness (High stiffness) Vibration (High resonant frequency) Thermal distortion (Minimum thermal distortion) « Value conditions Wrought ferritic stainless steel Reference material: Allowance value: Mass 90÷, Cost 110÷, Impact 100÷ Environmental impact: Primary energy content, SOx emission, Resource depletion index Example of output from environmentally conscious materials evaluation tool (From the reference20)). 556 ú { à ® w ï (2001) Þ³êÄ¢éD _Ot̳ÍeÞ¿Ì]¿_ð¦µÄ¨èC»Ì_ Í¡]¿ÌÌæÉεÄÌæ¤Ét^³êÄ¢éDÌæ AF4CÌæ BF3.5CÌæ DF3CÌæ CF2.5CÌæ E ÌE ¼ªF2CÌæ E ̶¼ªF1DܽC0.5 _Í«²a«ð ]¿·éÌÉKvÈ«×ÊÌf[^@ð¦µC0 _Í Þ¿Á«Ìf[^@ð¦µÄ¢éD_OtÌFÆ»Ìh èûÍTCNøÊðl¶·é©Û©C¨æÑyÊ«(à µÍÞ¿Á«C@\ƧñðÌÝèàeÉæèÇ¿ç© ð¦·)ÌDòð¦µÄ¢éDàÞÅÍ Al àÆ Mg àªîÞ¿Å étFCgnXeX|ÉÏíéóâ Þ¿ÆÈè¾é±Æª}ɦ³êÄ¢éD 6. ¨ í è É ÈãCRXgptH[}XÆÌÎäɨ¢Ä«²a« ðè`µCù¶ÌÞ¿Iðû@_ðW³¹½u«²a« ðl¶µ½Þ¿Iðû@_vÆ»ÌpC¨æÑï»»c[ É¢Äñµ½Dû@_ªm§µ½ÆÍ¢¦CÞ¿Íw Ì\¬ûö®ðìgµÄ«\wWð±o·évZXÍC ¶Y»êÌZpÒÉÍæègÝÉ¢Dµ½ªÁÄCc[ ªõ¦é«\wWÌ©®\¬@\â]¿îÌelÝè@ \Í»êÅÌÀHÉÆÁÄøÊIÅ èCg¢èÌüãÆ ¢¤ÊÅàêÌ®¬æÉBµÄÄ¢éÆl¦çêéD µ©µÈªçClXÈ_ÅÞ¿Á«â«ÖÌe¿ð] ¿·é±ÆÍf[^ª®õ³êêÎÂ\ÉÈÁ½ªC»Ì½ ªÉµ·éŠ뤡Ì]¿ÊðêÂÌÓvèÉ Wñ·é_ªÜ¾ð³êĨç¸C»ÀIÉÍÝvÒ é ¢ÍJgDÌíªÉÏËéCÆ¢¤èiÉç´éð¾È ¢D«âèͽlÅCܽöÊÖWªBÈêཀྵ çêCsmèÈvfª½¢D»óð³µ»fµCKØÈÝ v(Þ¿Ið)ÉÑt¯Ä¢ÉÍCöÊÖWÉîøk È_»æèàC½ÌÖAÛÉîÃÀpIÈfð v¬É\zµCùÌf[^x[XðpµÄ]¿Æ\ªð ÀsµCImÈðôð±o·éggݪKvÅ èC ¡ãÌÞ¿Iðɨ¯édvÈÛèÆÈë¤D ¶ £ 1) T. Sano, A. de Winter, T. Saiki, S. Horikoshi, S. Fuchizawa and S. Sado: Advanced Technology of Plasticity, Vol., Proc. 6th ICTP (1999) pp. 589_594. æ 65 ª 2) ãìMRCÅì OCå¼ GFæ 10 ñpü¨wï¤\ ïã_¶WC(ú{pü¨wïC1999) pp. 135_137. 3) D. J. Harris: Building & Environment 34(1999) 751_758. 4 ) â c õ _C ª c p ¶ C å ¼ Í C ã ¡ P ³ FG R f U C 2000 WpV|WE_¶WC(GRfUCwïAC 2000) pp. 88_ 89. 5) ª{_mvCcêYC½ÇÉ¡CöJa¾Fæ 4 ñGRo XÛïcuWC(¢¥ÈwZp¦ïC2000) pp. 67_70. 6) S. Chubbs, M. van Schaik, J. Harrington and P. PetersonFæ 4 ñGRoXÛïcuWC(¢¥ÈwZp¦ïC2000) pp. 87_ 90. 7) ì \CËRFiCRÛNVFæ 17 ñÝvV|WEu _¶W(1999) pp. 88_95. 8) icçC¤VmCóª FGRfUC 2000 Wp V | W E _ ¶ W C ( G R f U C w ï A C 2000 ) pp. 188_191. 9) ÉØ¿GCît ÖFGRfUC 2000 WpV|WE _¶WC(GRfUCwïAC2000) pp. 202_205. 10) J. P. Rombouts, F. W. Jansen and J. A. M. RemmerswaalFæ 4 ñGRoXÛïcuWC(¢¥ÈwZp¦ïC2000) pp. 71_74. 11) ² ì § C¼ ì H YC s ì q FF ¾ ½ mZ g ¤ ñ 138(2000) 16_23. 12) ìÁsqCOY_VCacÀFF«Èwï 13(2000) 141_153. 13) M. F. Ashby: Acta Metall. 39(1991) 1025_1039. 14) M. F. Ashby: Materials Selection in Mechanical Design, (Perga mon Press, Oxford, 1992)DMó)àqêCå˳vF@BÝ v̽ßÌÞ¿IèC(àcVßÞC1997). 15) M. F. Ashby: Am. Soc. Test. Meas. Standard Technical Publica tion 1311 (1997) pp. 45_ 62. 16) P. M. Weaver, M. F. Ashby, S. C. Burgess and N. Shibaike: 17. Materials & Design 17(1996) 11_ 17) År¬lCóì²GFæ 8 ñÝvHwEVXeåuïu _¶WC(ú{@BwïC1998) pp. 469_472. 18) År¬lCóì²GCDctCìätvFMatsushita Tech J 45(1999, June) 130_137. 19) År¬lCóì²GCM. F. AshbyFGRfUC 99 Wp V | W E _ ¶ W C ( G R f U C w ï A C 1999 ) pp. 96_ 99. 20) År¬lFGRfUC 2000 WpV|WE_¶WC 55. (GRfUCwïAC2000) pp. 52_ 21) M. F. Ashby: Phys. Status. Solidi. (a) 131(1992) 625_638. 22) M. F. Ashby: Materials Selection in Mechanical Design 2nd Edit., Heinemann, Oxford, 1999). (Butterworth_ 23) Cambridge Materials Selector Ver. 2.0, (Granta Design, Cam bridge, 1994). 24) I. Boustead and G. F. Hancock: Handbook of Industrial Energy Analysis, (Ellis Horwood, Chichester, 1979). 25) BUWAL: Life Cycle Inventories for Packagings, (Swiss Agency for the Environment, Forests and Landscape, 1998). 26) IDEMAT '98, (Delft University of Technology, Delft, 1998). 27) JEMAI_ LCA, (YÆ«ǦïC2000). 28) D. Cebon and M. F. Ashby: Meas. Sci. & Tech. 5(1994) 296_ 306. 29) M. F. Ashby and D. Cebon: Case Studies in Materials Selection, (Granta Design, Cambridge, 1996). 30) Cambridge Engineering Selector Ver. 3.0, (Granta Design, Cambridge, 1999). 31) FUZZYMAT 2.0, (SNC Bassetti et Isaac, Grenoble, 1995). 56. 32) gìOVFILLUME 4(1992) 41_