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平成23年度研究報告書
ࡦ࠲ౣ㐿⸥ᔨࠪࡦࡐࠫ࠙ࡓ
ࠕࠫࠕߩౝ⊒⊛⊒ዷߩߚߦ
Japan’s International Cooperation for
Endogenous Development of Asian Countries
ળ႐ߩ᭽ሶ
ᜒỉಮ܇ᴾ
࠙ࠜ࡞࠲ࠫࠚࠗࡒ࠰ࡦ ᢎ
৾ ’↢ ᳁
㢬↰ ᶈ৻㇢
᳁
⭯ᧁ ਃ↢ ᢎ
࿖㓙ࡢ࡚ࠢࠪ࠶ࡊߩ᭽ሶ
ࠕࠫࠕ㐿⊒ㅜၞߦ߅ߌࠆ
ౝ⊒⊛⊒ዷᡰេᚻᴺߩ㐿⊒
ᐔᚑ 23 ᐕᐲ⎇ⓥႎ๔ᦠ
⋡ ᰴ
ࡍࠫ
╙৻ㇱ㩷 ࿖㓙↢␠ળ䉶䊮䉺䊷ⷐ㩷
Σ㧚⸳┙ਥᣦߣ⎇ⓥ✚ ർ⣁ ⑲ᢅ 㧔 ᧲ ᵗᄢ ቇ ࿖ 㓙 ↢ ␠ળ ⎇ ⓥ ࡦ࠲ 㐳 㧕 㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㧝㧝
Τ㧚⎇ⓥ⚵❱㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㧝㧥
Υ㧚ᐔᚑ 23 ᐕᐲᵴേ⸥㍳㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㧞㧟
╙ੑㇱ㩷 ⎇ⓥႎ๔㩷
Σ㧚ࠣ࡞ࡊ㧝㧙㧝
㧝㧚ᵴേⷐ ㊄ሶ ᓆ 㧔 ࠣ ࡞ ࡊ 㧝 ̆ 1 ࠳ 㧕 㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㧟㧟
㧞㧚⎇ⓥႎ๔
㧞㧙㧝㧚⨹Ꮞ ବ㧔᧲ᵗᄢቇ࿖㓙↢␠ળ⎇ⓥࡦ࠲⎇ⓥຬ㧕㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㧠㧝
ޟၞ᳃ߩㆬᅢࠍ⠨ᘦߒߚⅣႺࠗࡦࡈߩ⸘↹⺰ߦ㑐ߔࠆ⎇ⓥ
㧙᳓ଏ⛎ࠗࡦࡈߩㆡಾߥᢛߦߌߚ᳓㔛ⷐ੍᷹㧙ޠ
Environmental infrastructure planning with stakeholders’ preferences
—Water demand projection for appropriate water supply system—
㧞㧙㧞㧚ᳰ↰ ⺈㧔᧲ᵗᄢቇ࿖㓙↢␠ળ⎇ⓥࡦ࠲⎇ⓥຬ㧕㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㧠㧡
ޟ࿖㓙↢␠ળߦ㑐ߔࠆࡑ࡞࠴ࠛࠫࠚࡦ࠻ࠪࡒࡘ࡚ࠪࡦޠ
Multi-Agent Simulation on International Kyousei Society
㧞㧙㧟㧚㊄ሶ ᓆ㧔᧲ᵗᄢቇ࿖㓙↢␠ળ⎇ⓥࡦ࠲ࠣ࡞ࡊ 1-1 ࠳㧕㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㧠㧥
⊒ޟዷㅜ࿖ߦ߅ߌࠆౝ⊒⊛⊒ዷߩߚߩᐲߩᢛߩߚߩ⠨ኤ
㧙ㆇャㅢⴕߩࠟࡃ࠽ࡦࠬߩⷰὐ߆ࠄ㧙ޠ
A Study on Establishment of Administration System for Endogenous Development in Developing
Countries -A Study on the point of Governance on Transportation sector-
㧞㧙㧠㧚ർ⣁ ⑲ᢅ㧔᧲ᵗᄢቇ࿖㓙↢␠ળ⎇ⓥࡦ࠲㐳㧕㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㧡㧟
ޟᑄ᫈‛ಣℂಽ㊁ߩᐭ㐿⊒េഥߩ⚻㛎߆ࠄᓧࠄࠇߚᢎ⸠ޠ
Lessons Learned from Three Decades of Japan’s ODA Experiences
in Municipal Solid Waste Management
ࡍࠫ
㧞㧙㧡㧚ਭ⇐ፉ ᐢ㧔᧲ᵗᄢቇ࿖㓙↢␠ળ⎇ⓥࡦ࠲⎇ⓥຬ㧕㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㧡㧣
ޟ᷷ᥦൻ㒐ᱛ߳ߩ࿖㓙⊛ข⚵ߦ㑐ߔࠆ⺞ᩏޠ
Research on International Regime for Climate Change
㧞㧙㧢㧚ဈర ᶈ৻㧔᧲ᵗᄢቇ࿖㓙↢␠ળ⎇ⓥࡦ࠲⎇ⓥຬ㧕㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㧢㧝
ޟㅜ࿖⚻ᷣߩౝ⊒⊛⊒ዷߦ㑐ߔࠆ⎇ⓥޠ
Research on Development Patterns in Asian Countries
㧞㧙㧣㧚㜞ᨋ 㓁ዷ㧔᧲ᵗᄢቇ࿖㓙↢␠ળ⎇ⓥࡦ࠲⎇ⓥຬ㧕㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㧢㧡
⊒ޟዷㅜ࿖ߦ߅ߌࠆ♖ஜක≮㧙ࠗࡦ࠼ࠧࠕᎺߦ߅ߌࠆ NGO ࠨࡦࠟࠬߩᵴേ㧙ޠ
Mental Health in Developing Countries—A Mental Health NGO in Goa, India—
Τ㧚ࠣ࡞ࡊ㧝㧙㧞
㧝㧚ᵴേⷐ 㜞ᯅ ৻↵ 㧔ࠣ࡞ࡊ 1-2 ࠳㧕 㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㧣㧝
㧞㧚⎇ⓥႎ๔
㧞㧙 㧝㧚⑺⼱ ඳ 㧔 ᧲ ᵗ ᄢ ቇ ࿖ 㓙 ↢ ␠ ળ ⎇ ⓥ ࡦ ࠲ ⎇ ⓥ ຬ 㧕 㨯㨯㨯 㨯㨯 㨯㨯 㨯㨯 㨯㨯 㨯㨯 㨯㨯 㨯㨯 㨯㧣㧥
ࠆߌ߅ߦࠬࠝޟㇺᏒ⽺࿎ጀࠦࡒࡘ࠾࠹ࠖߩⅣႺᡷༀᬺߦ㑐ߔࠆ⎇ⓥޠ
Study on the Housing and Improvement Projects of Urban Poor Communities in Lao PDR
㧞㧙㧞㧚 ⋧᥊㧔᧲ᵗᄢቇ࿖㓙↢␠ળ⎇ⓥࡦ࠲⎇ⓥຬ㧕㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㧤㧟
ޟ㖧࿖ߦ߅ߌࠆၞ᳃ㆇേߣࠦࡒࡘ࠾࠹ࠖ㐿⊒ޠ
Continuity and Changing Approaches to the Urban Poor Movements and Community Development in
Korea
㧞㧙㧟㧚㜟ᯅ ৻↵㧔᧲ᵗᄢቇ࿖㓙↢␠ળ⎇ⓥࡦ࠲ࠣ࡞ࡊ 1-2 ࠳㧕㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㧤㧣
ࠖ࠹࠾ࡘࡒࠦࠆߌ߅ߦࠗ࠲ޟ㐿⊒ߩࡊࡠࠬߦ㑐ߔࠆ⎇ⓥޠ
Study on Process of Community Development in Thailand
㧞㧙㧠㧚ᒛ 㐳ᐔ 㧔 ᧲ ᵗ ᄢ ቇ ࿖ 㓙 ↢ ␠ ળ ⎇ ⓥ ࡦ ࠲ ⎇ ⓥ ຬ 㧕 㨯㨯㨯 㨯㨯㨯 㨯㨯㨯㨯 㨯㨯㨯 㨯㨯㨯 㨯㨯㨯 㨯㧥㧝
ޟⓨ㑆㊀ߺⴕߦၮߠߊ᧻ᚭᏒߩⓨ㑆᭴ㅧ⎇ⓥޠ
A Study of Urban Spatial Structure Based on Spatial Weight Matrix
㧞㧙 㧡㧚⮮ ᢅା 㧔 ᧲ ᵗ ᄢ ቇ ࿖ 㓙 ↢ ␠ ળ ⎇ ⓥ ࡦ ࠲ ⎇ ⓥ ຬ 㧕 㨯㨯㨯 㨯㨯 㨯㨯 㨯㨯 㨯㨯 㨯㨯 㨯㨯 㨯㨯 㨯㧥㧢
⺞࡞࠻ࡃࡦ࠙ޟᩏޠ
Research on Ulaanbaatar ࡍࠫ
㧞㧙㧢㧚ศ᳗ ஜᴦ 㧔᧲ᵗᄢቇ࿖㓙↢␠ળ⎇ⓥࡦ࠲⎇ⓥຬ㧕 㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㧝㧜㧝
ޟല₸⊛ߥ᳓㈩ಽߩߚߩ⚻ᷣ⊛ᚻᲑߦ㑐ߔࠆ⠨ኤޠ
Analysis on Economic Measures for Efficient Water Allocation
㧞㧙㧣㧚㩙㩢㨻㨯㩥㩅㩨㩢㨿㨯㩕㩩㩃㩥㨯㩔㩨㩤㩇㩀㩇㧔᧲ᵗᄢቇ࿖㓙↢␠ળ⎇ⓥࡦ࠲⎇ⓥຬ㧕㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㧝㧜㧡
The Responses to Global Crisis of Women, Elderly, and Children in Southeast Asian
Communities
Υ㧚ࠣ࡞ࡊ㧞
㧝㧚ᵴേⷐ ⭯ᧁ ਃ↢㧔ࠣ࡞ࡊ㧞࠳㧕ޔฎደ ⑲᮸㧔ࠣ࡞ࡊ 2 ⎇ⓥຬ㧕㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㧝㧝㧟
㧞㧚⎇ⓥႎ๔
㧞㧙㧝㧚ᎹẴ ෘᔒ㧔᧲ᵗᄢቇ࿖㓙↢␠ળ⎇ⓥࡦ࠲⎇ⓥຬ㧕㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㧝㧞㧝
ࠖ࠹࠾ࡘࡒࠦޟ㐿⊒ߦ߅ߌࠆዊⷙᮨ᳃⚵❱ߩലᕈޠ
A Study on Efficacy of Community Development Based on Activities of Small Neighborhood Groups
㧞㧙㧞㧚ፉᎹ ፏ㧔᧲ᵗᄢቇ࿖㓙↢␠ળ⎇ⓥࡦ࠲⎇ⓥຬ㧕 㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㧝㧞㧡
ࠆߌ߅ߦࡦࡇࠖࡈޟઍᦧක≮ⷰశ⺞ᩏޠ
A Research on Alternative Medical Tourism in Philippines
㧞㧙㧟㧚ฎደ ⑲᮸㧔᧲ᵗᄢቇ࿖㓙↢␠ળ⎇ⓥࡦ࠲⎇ⓥຬ㧕㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㧝㧞㧥
ⷰࠆߌ߅ߦࠕࠫࡏࡦࠞޟశᝄ⥝߳ߩข⚵ߺޠ
Outline of Tourism Development in Cambodia
㧞㧙㧠㧚ၳ 㓷ㅢ㧔᧲ᵗᄢቇ࿖㓙↢␠ળ⎇ⓥࡦ࠲⎇ⓥຬ㧕㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㧝㧟㧟
ޟ྾࿖ፉᎩㇱߦ߅ߌࠆ IC ࠞ࠼ਸ਼ゞߩዉޠ
Introduction of IC Ticket to Remote Island in Shikoku
㧞㧙㧡㧚᧻ ବᔒ 㧔᧲ᵗᄢቇ࿖㓙↢␠ળ⎇ⓥࡦ࠲⎇ⓥຬ㧕 㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㧝㧟㧣
⊒ޟዷㅜ࿖ߩⷰశ㐿⊒߇ౝ⊒⊛⊒ዷߦ߽ߚࠄߔน⢻ᕈ
㧙࠲ࠗߣࡈࠖࠫߩⷰశ㐿⊒ߩᲧセ⎇ⓥ́ޠ
Tourism Development's Probable Contributions to the Internal Development in Developing Countries -an
Comparative Study on Thai and Fiji Islands-
ࡍࠫ
IV㧚RA㧔ࠨ࠴ࠕࠪࠬ࠲ࡦ࠻㧕
㧝㧚⎇ⓥႎ๔
㧝㧙㧝㧚㊄ ᛚ⃨㧔᧲ᵗᄢቇ࿖㓙↢␠ળ⎇ⓥࡦ࠲RA࿖㓙ၞቇ⎇ⓥ⑼ඳ჻ᓟᦼ⺖⒟㧕㧝㧠㧡
ޟ᷷ᴰߦ߅ߌࠆ⾗ḮߣߒߡߩḮᴰ▤ℂࠪࠬ࠹ࡓߩ⎇ⓥޠ
A Study on management of Hot Spring as Common Resources in Resort Area
㧝㧙㧞㧚 ᩰ㧔᧲ᵗᄢቇ࿖㓙↢␠ળ⎇ⓥࡦ࠲RA࿖㓙ၞቇ⎇ⓥ⑼ඳ჻ᓟᦼ⺖⒟㧕㨯㨯㨯㨯㧝㧠㧥
ޟਛ࿖ౝࡕࡦࠧ࡞↞ḓᵹၞߦ߅ߌࠆᜬ⛯น⢻ߥ᳓↪ߦ㑐ߔࠆ⎇ⓥޠ
A Study on the sustainable water use in the Qigen Lake Basin in Inner Mongolia of China
㧝㧙㧟㧚᧡ ⪇㧔᧲ᵗᄢቇ࿖㓙↢␠ળ⎇ⓥࡦ࠲RA࿖㓙ၞቇ⎇ⓥ⑼ඳ჻ᓟᦼ⺖⒟㧕㨯㨯㧝㧡㧟
ޟਛ࿖ߩㇱᄢ㐿⊒ߦ߅ߌࠆ⾗ᧄᏒ႐ߩᓇ㗀ߦ㑐ߔࠆ⎇ⓥ㨪㒪⋭ߩ㨪ޠ
A Study on the Influence of the Capital Market in the Development of the Western Region in China
㧙A Case of Shaanxi㧙
㧝㧙㧠㧚㤛 ⽵ᷗ㧔᧲ᵗᄢቇ࿖㓙↢␠ળ⎇ⓥࡦ࠲RA࿖㓙ၞቇ⎇ⓥ⑼ඳ჻ᓟᦼ⺖⒟㧕㧝㧡㧣
ဳࠕࠫࠕޟㇺᏒዬⅣႺߦ㑐ߔࠆ⎇ⓥ㧙บḧบർᏒࠍߣߒߡ㧙ޠ
A Study on Living Environment of Asia City—The Case Study of Taipei,Taiwan —
㧝㧙㧡㧚⋿ሶ ጪ㧔᧲ᵗᄢቇ࿖㓙↢␠ળ⎇ⓥࡦ࠲RA࿖㓙ၞቇ⎇ⓥ⑼ඳ჻ᓟᦼ⺖⒟㧕㧝㧢㧝
⪭ࡘࠪ࠺ࠣࡦࡃޟㇱߦ߅ߌࠆోߥ᳓ଏ⛎ߦ㑐ߔࠆ⎇ⓥޠ
A Study on the Safe Water Supply in Rural Bangladesh
㧝㧙㧢㧚ഏ ⯗⧐㧔᧲ᵗᄢቇ࿖㓙↢␠ળ⎇ⓥࡦ࠲RA࿖㓙ၞቇ⎇ⓥ⑼ඳ჻ᓟᦼ⺖⒟㧕㨯㧝㧢㧡
ޟਛ࿖ߦ߅ߌࠆㄘ⾗Ḯߩᜬ⛯น⢻ߥⷰశ㐿⊒ߦࠃࠆၞᵴᕈൻߦ㑐ߔࠆ⎇ⓥ
̆ㆯካ⋭ߩㇺᏒㄭ㇠ㄘਛጊ㑆ㄘࠍߣߒߡ̆ޠ
A study on rural activization by the sustainable tourism development with utilization of rural
resources in China-The case study in Dalian & Jianchang, Liaoning province-
㧝㧙㧣㧚ഏ ബᢅ㧔᧲ᵗᄢቇ࿖㓙↢␠ળ⎇ⓥࡦ࠲RA࿖㓙ၞቇ⎇ⓥ⑼ඳ჻ᓟᦼ⺖⒟㧕㨯㨯㨯㨯㧝㧢㧥
ޟਛ࿖ㄘᬺ⚻༡ߦ߅ߌࠆㄘ᳃⚵❱ൻߩዷ㐿ߣߘߩߚߩᐲᢛߦ㑐ߔࠆ⎇ⓥޠ
A Study of Development of Agricultural Organization and Institutional Arrangement in the Chinese Farming
Management
ࡍࠫ
㧝㧙㧤㧚ୖ↰ 㚅㧔᧲ᵗᄢቇ࿖㓙↢␠ળ⎇ⓥࡦ࠲RA࿖㓙ၞቇ⎇ⓥ⑼ඳ჻ᓟᦼ⺖⒟㧕㨯㨯㨯㧝㧣㧟
ߩࠬ࠹ࠬࡎࠆߌ߅ߦࡉࠢࠤࠝࠞߩࡗ࠾࠲ޟᗵᖱഭߣ⡯ᬺ⊛ࠕࠗ࠺ࡦ࠹ࠖ࠹ࠖߦ
㑐ߔࠆ৻⠨ኤޠ
A study on hostesses emotional labor and identity in the Japanese style karaoke club in Thaniya street
㧝㧙㧥㧚ᒛ ඳ 㧔᧲ᵗᄢቇ࿖㓙↢␠ળ⎇ⓥࡦ࠲RA࿖㓙ၞቇ⎇ⓥ⑼ඳ჻ᓟᦼ⺖⒟㧕 㨯㨯㨯㧝㧣㧣
ⷰޟశࠠࡖࡦࠣࠠࡖࡄࠪ࠹ࠖߦ㑐ߔࠆ⎇ⓥޠ
Study of Tourism Carrying Capacity (TCC)
㧝㧙㧝㧜㧚ઃ ⪊㧔᧲ᵗᄢቇ࿖㓙↢␠ળ⎇ⓥࡦ࠲RA࿖㓙ၞቇ⎇ⓥ⑼ඳ჻ᓟᦼ⺖⒟㧕㨯㨯㨯㧝㧤㧝
ޟਛ࿖ᄢㅪᏒߦ߅ߌࠆ⋭ࠛࡀ࡞ࠡߣౣ↢น⢻ࠛࡀ࡞ࠡߦኻߒߡᏒ᳃ߩᗧ⼂ߦ㑐ߔࠆ
⎇ⓥޠ
Study on citizen consciousness of Energy saving and renewable energy in Dalian, China
V㧚ᄖ࿖ੱ߳⎇ⓥຬ
㧝㧚⎇ⓥႎ๔
㧝㧙㧝㧚ࠞࡁࠢ࠶࠲࠽ࡀ࠻ࡠࡓ࠙ࠜࡦࠣ㧔࠲ࠗ࿖࠲ࡑࠨ࠻ᄢቇࠞ࠶ࠫࠝࡉࠗࡁࡧࠚ࡚ࠪࡦ
ࡊࡠࠫࠚࠢ࠻ࠬࡍࠪࡖࠬ࠻㧕
㧝㧤㧣
Report of the Research Trip in Japan
㧖㧖㧖㧖㧖 Ꮞ㗡౮⌀ 㧖㧖㧖㧖㧖
࿖㓙ࠪࡦࡐࠫ࠙ࡓ ⷰޟశߣౝ⊒⊛⊒ዷ㧦ᜬ⛯น⢻ߥⷰశߠߊࠅࠍ⋡ᜰߒߡޠ
㧖㧖㧖㧖㧖 ⾗ᢱ 㧖㧖㧖㧖㧖
࠾ࡘࠬ࠲ᢥ 25 ภ26 ภ27 ภ
࠾ࡘࠬ࠲⧷ᢥ 17 ภ18 ภ
᧲ᵗᄢቇ࿖㓙↢␠ળ⎇ⓥࡦ࠲▤ℂㆇ༡ⷐ✁
⑳┙ᄢቇᚢ⇛⊛⎇ⓥၮ⋚ᒻᚑᡰេᬺⷐ
╙৻ㇱ ᧲ᵗᄢቇ࿖㓙↢␠ળࡦ࠲ⷐ
Σ㧚⸳┙ਥᣦߣ⎇ⓥ✚
Τ㧚⎇ⓥ⚵❱
Υ㧚ᐔᚑ 23 ᐕᐲᵴേ⸥㍳
Σ㧚⸳┙ਥᣦߣ⎇ⓥ✚
ߩߢ߹ࠇߎޟᚑᨐߣᓟߩዷᦸޠ
᧲ᵗᄢቇ࿖㓙↢␠ળ⎇ⓥࡦ࠲
ࡦ࠲㐳 ർ⣁ ⑲ᢅ
ࡦ࠲ߩ⚻✲
᧲ᵗᄢቇ࿖㓙↢␠ળ⎇ⓥࡦ࠲ߪޔᢥㇱ⑼ቇ⋭ߩ⑳┙ᄢቇቇⴚ⎇ⓥ㜞ᐲ
ൻផㅴᬺߢࠆࠝࡊࡦࠨ࠴ࡦ࠲ᢛᬺߣߒߡᐔᚑ ᐕᐲߦ
ᒰೋ ᐕ㑆ߩ੍ቯߢ࿖㓙ၞቇ⎇ⓥ⑼ߦ⸳⟎ߐࠇߚ ߩߘޕᐕ㑆ߦ㐿⊒ㅜ࿖
㧔࠲ࠗޔࡦࡇࠖࡈޔࠕࠫࡏࡦࠞޔࡓ࠽࠻ࡌޔ࡞ࡕࠖ࠹᧲ޔࡘࠪ࠺ࠣࡦࡃޔ
࠙࠭ࡌࠠࠬ࠲ࡦޔਛ⪇ੱ᳃࿖ౝࡕࡦࠧ࡞⥄ᴦ╬㧕߿ᣣᧄ࿖ౝฦߩࡈࠖ
࡞࠼ߦ߅ߌࠆ⺞ᩏ⎇ⓥࠆࠃߦⴕ⊒ߩ࠲ࠬࡘ࠾ޔᖱႎ⊒ାޔ㐿⻠ᐳ߿
ᶏᄖߩ⪺ฬੱࠍߡߩ࿖㓙ࠪࡦࡐࠫ࠙ࡓߩ㐿⎇ޔⓥຬߩಽᜂၫ╩ߦࠃࠆᦠ
☋ߩ⊒ⴕߥߤᄙⷺ⊛ߥ⎇ⓥᵴേࠍ⛯ߌߡ᧪ߚߩߘޕᚑᨐ߇⹏ଔߐࠇޔᐔᚑ ᐕᐲ߆ࠄᵴേ⛮⛯߇ห⋭ࠃࠅนߐࠇߚޕᐔᚑ ᐕᐲ߆ࠄᣂߚߦ⑳┙ᄢቇᚢ⇛
⊛⎇ⓥၮ⋚ᒻᚑᡰេᬺߣߒߡណᛯߐࠇޔᵴേࠍౣ㐿ߒߚޕએਅޔଢቱ⊛ߦᐔ
ᚑ ᐕᐲ㨪 ᐕᐲࠍޔޠᦼ৻╙ޟᐔᚑ ᐕᐲએ㒠߆ࠄ⚳ੌߦ⥋ࠆ ᐕᐲ߹ߢ
ࠍ╙ޟੑᦼޔޠᐔᚑ ᐕᐲએ㒠ࠍ╙ޟਃᦼߣޠ⒓ߒߡߘߩᵴേࠍ⚫ߔࠆޕ
㧚ࡦ࠲ߩ⋡ᮡߣ⎇ⓥࡊࡠࠫࠚࠢ࠻
ࡦ࠲ߩᵴേౝኈߦߟߡߪ⊒⿷ᒰೋ߆ࠄ⎇ޟⓥ⠪ߩ㙃ᚑޔ㜞ᐲኾ㐷⡯ᬺ
ੱߩ㙃ᚑ⎇ޔⓥᚑᨐߩ㐿⋡ࠍޠᮡߦ╙৻ᦼ╙ੑᦼࠍㅢߓߡ৻⽾ߒߚᵴേࠍ
ⴕߞߡ᧪ߡࠆ╙ޕਃᦼ߆ࠄߪߦࠇߎޔട߃ߡ⎇ޟޔⓥὐᒻᚑࠍޠᣂߚߥ⋡
ᮡߣߒᵴേߒߡࠆ⎇ޕⓥࡊࡠࠫࠚࠢ࠻⎇ⓥࠣ࡞ࡊߦ㑐ߒߡߪ╙৻ᦼ╙ޔ
ੑᦼߦ߅ߡᒰೋߩ⋡⊛ࠍ㆐ߒߚ࠹ࡑ߿ޔᣂߒߊ࠾࠭߇↢ߓߚ⎇ⓥ࠹ࡑ
╬ࠍ⠨ᘦߒߡ╙ਃᦼߦᄢ߈ߊᡷᄌࠍⴕߞߚߩߘޕⷐࠍએਅߦ␜ߔޕ
ࡦ࠲⊒⿷ᤨߩ╙৻ᦼߦߪ⎇ⓥࡊࡠࠫࠚࠢ࠻ ᧄࠍ⸳ቯߒߚࡊޟߜࠊߥߔޕ
ࡠࠫࠚࠢ࠻㧝㧦ࠕࠫࠕᄢㇺᏒၞࠍኻ⽎ߣߒߚቯⅣႺߩᒻᚑᢛޔޠ
ࡊޟ
ࡠࠫࠚࠢ࠻㧞㧦ⅣႺ↢␠ળ⺰ߩ♽ൻޔޠ
࠻ࠢࠚࠫࡠࡊޟ㧟㧦ၞ㐿⊒࠺࠲
ࡌࠬߣ⸘↹ᚑ⹏ଔᡰេࠪࡒࡘ࠲ߩ㐿⊒ᢛࠍޠᐔⴕߒߡ⎇ⓥࠍㅴ
ߡ߈ߚޕ
ߎࠇߦኻߒ╙ੑᦼߢߪࠃࠅࡦ࠲ߩᵴേߩ⛔วᕈࠍᜬߚߖࠆߚߦࡊࡠࠫ
ࠚࠢ࠻ࠍ㧝ᧄߣߒޔᣂߚߥࡊࡠࠫࠚࠢ࠻ޟⅣႺ↢␠ળߩᒻᚑᣇ╷ߣߘߩᣂߚ
ߥዷ㐿ߩޠਅߦ⺖㗴⎇ⓥࠣ࡞ࡊࠍ⟎ߚ⎇ⓥߣߒߡࠆ╙ߜࠊߥߔޕ
৻ᦼߩ㧟ߟߩࡊࡠࠫࠚࠢ࠻ࠍ⺖ޟ㗴㧝㧦ⅣႺ↢␠ળߩᒻᚑᣇ╷ߩ⎇ⓥߒߣޠ
13
13
ߡ㓸⚂ߒ⎇ߩߢ߹ࠇߎޔⓥ〝✢ࠍ⛮ᛚߒߡߐࠄߦᷓߊ⎇ⓥߒߡࠆ⺖ޕ㗴㧝ߩ
ਛߦߪⅣႺ↢␠ળᒻᚑᚻᴺߩၮ␆⊛ߥ⎇ⓥࠍⴕ߁ࠣ࡞ࡊߣޔ⺖ߩޘ㗴ࠍ
ᔕ↪⊛ߦ⎇ⓥߔࠆࠣ࡞ࡊߦಽߌߡല₸⊛ߥ⎇ⓥࠍㅴࠆࠍߣߞߡࠆޕ
ߎࠇߦട߃╙ޔੑᦼߩᣂ⺖㗴ߣߒߡ⺖ޟ㗴㧞㧦࿖㓙↢␠ળᒻᚑߩߚߩᣂߚ
ߥࡄ࠳ࠗࡓߦ㑐ߔࠆ⎇ⓥ⸳ࠍޠቯߒⶄޔ㔀ߐࠍჇߔ࿖㓙␠ળߦ߅ߡኻᔕࠍ
ㄼࠄࠇࠆ㊀ὐⷐᡰេᲑ㓏ߩ࿖߿ޘ㊀ὐⷐᡰេၞߦ㑐ߔࠆ⎇ⓥࠍⴕߞߡࠆޕ
ߔߥࠊߜᤓߩ⇇ᖱ߆ࠄᔅⷐᕈ߇Ⴧߒߡࠆ⚗ޟ㓸⚿࿖ߥߤߩᄌㆫ⒖
ⴕᦼߦ߅ߌࠆ↢␠ળታߩߚߩ⎇ⓥߦޠട߃ߡޟ㊀ὐⷐᡰេၞߦ߅ߌࠆ
↢␠ળታߩߚߩ⎇ⓥࠞࡈࠕߡ߅ߦޠၞߩᡰេ߿ㅜ࿖ߩㄘ㐿⊒
ߦ㑐ߔࠆ⎇ⓥࠍⴕߞߚޕ
ᐔᚑ㧞㧝ᐕᐲߪหᬺߩታᣉᦼ㑆⚳ੌߦ৻ᤨᵴേࠍભᱛߒߚ߇ޔᐔᚑ㧞
㧞ᐕᐲߦߥࠅߩ࠲ࡦޔᵴേ⸘↹߇ᢥㇱ⑼ቇ⋭ߩ⑳┙ᄢቇᚢ⇛⊛ၮ⋚ᒻᚑᡰ
េᬺߣߒߡណᛯߐࠇޔ㧡ᐕ㑆ߩ੍ቯߢᣂߚߦᆎേߒߚޕᣂߚߥ⎇ⓥ࠹ࡑߪ
ࠕࠫࠕޟ㐿⊒ㅜၞߦ߅ߌࠆౝ⊒⊛⊒ዷᡰេᚻᴺߩ㐿⊒࠹ߩߎޔࠅߢޠ
ࡑߩ߽ߣ⎇ޟⓥὐࠍᒻᚑߔࠆ⎇ⓥ⎇ߩޠⓥⷰὐ߆ࠄࠕࠫࠕ⻉࿖ࠍਛᔃߣߔࠆ
࿖ౝᄖߩ⎇ⓥὐߩᒻᚑߣㅪ៤ߣߦ㊀ὐࠍ⟎ߚᵴേࠍⴕߞߡࠆޕ
ࠃࠅౕ⊛ߦߪޔ㐿⊒ㅜ࿖ࠍ⥄┙⊛ߦ⊒ዷߐߖࠆߚߦߪవㅴ࿖߆ࠄߩᄖ
ㇱេഥߦ㗬ࠆ᭴ㅧ߆ࠄ⣕ළߒޔㅜ࿖ౝㇱߩੱ⊛‛⊛⾗Ḯࠍᵴ↪ߒߚౝ⊒⊛
⊒ዷߩ⠨߃ߦၮߠߊߎߣ߇㊀ⷐߢࠅ╙ޔਃᦼࡦ࠲ߪߘߩᡰេᚻᴺࠍ㐿
⊒ታ〣ߔࠆߎߣࠍਥ⋡⊛ߣߔࠆ╙ޕਃᦼࡦ࠲ߦߪᏱൕᢎຬ߆ࠄߥࠆ⎇ⓥ
ຬޔ࿖ౝᄖ߆ࠄߩቴຬ⎇ⓥຬ⎇ޔⓥഥᚻޔോዪຬ╬߆ࠄ᭴ᚑߐࠇޔ㧟ߟߩ⎇
ⓥࠨࡉࠣ࡞ࡊ߇ࠅ߹ߔࠍ❱⚵ߩࠄࠇߎޕਛᔃߦߪߢ࠲ࡦޔㅜ࿖㐿⊒
╬ߩኾ㐷ኅࠍᶏᄖ߆ࠄ⡜ߒߡⴕ߁࿖㓙ࠪࡦࡐࠫ࠙ࡓ㧛ࡢ࡚ࠢࠪ࠶ࡊࠍᲤ
ᐕ㐿ߒߚ߹ޔ࿖ౝߦะߌߚᏒ᳃߿ታോ⠪ߌߩ㐿⻠ᐳߩ㐿⎇ޔⓥࡊࡠࠫ
ࠚࠢ࠻ߩᖱႎ⊒ାࠍ⋡⊛ߣߒߚ⧷࠾ࡘ࠭࠲ߩ⊒ⴕޔᐕᰴႎ๔ᦠߩ⊒ⴕ
ࠍⴕ߁ࠆߌ߅ߦࠕࠫࠕޔߪߦ⊛⚳ᦨޕౝ⊒⊛⊒ዷߩ⁁ߦ㑐ߔࠆᦠ☋ߩೀⴕ߿
ᶏᄖὐߦ߅ߌࠆౝ⊒⊛⊒ዷᡰេߩታᣉ⎇ޔⓥᚑᨐߩ␠ળ߳ߩㆶరߥߤࠍ᭴ᗐ
ਛߢࠆޕ
ੱ
㧔㧝㧕ࡦ࠲㐳
ࡦ࠲ߪ᧲ᵗᄢቇᄢቇ㒮࿖㓙ၞቇ⎇ⓥ⑼ߦᧄࠍ⟎ߊߚ࠲ࡦޔ㐳
ߪේೣߣߒߡ⎇ⓥ⑼ᆔຬ㐳߇ᜂᒰߒߡࠆ᧻ߪᦼ৻╙ߜࠊߥߔޕየ⍱㧔ቇ
㐳⿷⊒ޔᒰᤨ࿖㓙ၞቇ⎇ⓥ⑼ᆔຬ㐳㧕╙ޔੑᦼ╙ޔਃᦼߪർ⣁⑲ᢅ࿖㓙ၞ
ቇ⎇ⓥ⑼ᆔຬ㐳ߣߥߞߡࠆޕ
14
14
㧔㧞㧕ࡦ࠲⎇ⓥຬ
ࡦ࠲ߩ⎇ⓥຬᢙߩᄌൻߪએਅߩㅢࠅߢࠆޕ
ᐔᚑ ᐕᐲߦ࿖㓙ၞቇ⎇ⓥ⑼ߩ ฬ㧔⮮⿒ޔႦޔർ⣁ޔဈరޔጊਅޔ
ዊᶉޔ㐳ựޔਛ᎑ޔฎ↰ޔᯅᧄ᧻ޔየޔ㊄ሶ㧕ߢ⊒⿷ޕ
ᐔᚑ ᐕᐲߦ࿖㓙ၞቇኾ߆ࠄ ฬ㧔㜞ᯅ㧕ޔ࿖㓙ၞቇㇱࠃࠅ ฬ㧔㧕
ࠍㅊട ⸘ޔฬޕᐔᚑ ᐕᐲᧃࠍ߽ߞߡ ฬ㧔⿒Ⴆޔਛ᎑㧕ㅌ⡯ޕ
ᐔᚑ ᐕᐲߦ࿖㓙ၞቇኾ߆ࠄ ฬ㧔ᳰ↰ޔᄥ↰ޔਭ⇐ፉ㧕ޔ࿖㓙ⷰశቇ
ኾ߆ࠄ ฬ㧔⭯ᧁޔᧁޘ㧕ㅊടޔ࿖㓙ⷰశቇ⑼ࠃࠅ ฬ㧔᧻㧕ㅊടޔ
⸘ ฬޕᐔᚑ ᐕᐲᧃࠍ߽ߞߡ ฬ㧔ዊᶉޔጊਅ㧕ㅌ⡯ޕ
ᐔᚑ ᐕᐲߪ⎇ⓥຬߩ᭴ᚑߦᄌൻߥߒޕ
ᐔᚑ ᐕᐲᧃࠍ߽ߞߡ ฬ㧔ฎ↰ޔᧁޘ㧕છᦼ⚳ੌޕ
ᐔᚑ ᐕᐲߦ࿖㓙ၞቇኾ߆ࠄ ฬ㧔ศ᳗ޔᒛޔਛᝋ㧕ㅊട ⸘ޔฬޕ
ᐔᚑ ᐕᐲߦ࿖㓙ⷰశቇኾ߆ࠄ ฬ㧔ၳ᧲ޔᶏᨋ㧕ㅊട ⸘ޔฬޕ
ᐔᚑ ᐕᐲߦ࿖㓙ⷰశቇ⑼߆ࠄ㧝ฬ㧔᧻ᧄ㧕ㅊട ⸘ޔฬޕ
ᐔᚑ ᐕᐲߦ࿖㓙ၞቇኾ߆ࠄ ฬ㧔Ⓑ↢㧕ㅊട ⸘ޔฬޕ
ᐔᚑ ᐕᐲߩࡔࡦࡃߪએਅߩㅢࠅޕ࿖㓙ၞቇ⎇ⓥ⑼ࠃࠅ⨹Ꮞޔޔᳰ↰ޔ
Ⓑ↢ޔᧁ⭯ޔ㊄ሶޔർ⣁ޔਭ⇐ፉޔဈరޔ㜟ᯅޔᒛ⮮ޔࠬࠞࠬࡃޔޔฎ
ደޔၳ᧻ޔޔศ᳗ޔ࿖㓙ၞቇㇱࠃࠅ⑺⼱ޔᎹẴ ⸘ޔฬޕ
㧔㧟㧕⎇ⓥഥᚻ
⎇ⓥഥᚻߪ ฬࠍᏱᤨណ↪ߒߡࠆޕㆊߩណ↪⠪ߪએਅߩㅢࠅߢࠆޕ
ᐔᚑ ᐕ 㨪ᐔᚑ ᐕ 㧦⮎ⴼᄹ⟤ሶ㧔ᐔᚑ ᐕ ࠃࠅᄢቇ
Ꮏቇㇱᑪ▽ᑪ⸳Ꮏቇ⑼㧕
ᐔᚑ ᐕ 㨪ᐔᚑ ᐕ 㧦ಽ㧔ᐔᚑ ᐕ ࠃࠅ࿖㓙⚻ᷣഭ
⎇ⓥᚲ㧕
ᐔᚑ ᐕ 㨪ᐔᚑ ᐕ 㧦ㄭ⮮ਭᵗ㧔ᐔᚑ ᐕ ࠃࠅ᧲੩࿖㓙ᄢቇ
࿖㓙㑐ଥቇㇱ㧕
ᐔᚑ ᐕ 㨪ᐔᚑ ᐕ 㧦દ⮮ᔀ㧔ᐔᚑ ᐕ ࠃࠅ┙ᱜᄢቇ
ⅣႺቇㇱ⻠Ꮷ㧕
ᐔᚑ ᐕ 㨪ᐔᚑ ᐕ 㧦᧻ᧄዏਯ㧔ᐔᚑ ᐕ ࠃࠅᧄቇ࿖㓙ၞ
ቇㇱഥᢎ㧕
ᐔᚑ ᐕ 㨪ᐔᚑ ᐕ 㧦㜞ᨋ㓁ዷ㧔ᐔᚑ ᐕ ࠃࠅቇⴚᝄ⥝ળ․
⎇ⓥຬ㧕
ᐔᚑ ᐕ 㨪ᐔᚑ ᐕ 㧦㜞ᨋ㓁ዷ
15
15
㧔㧠㧕ὐᒻᚑ
ᒰࡦ࠲ߪޔᒰ࠹ࡑߦ㑐ߔࠆࠕࠫࠕၞߩ⎇ⓥὐᒻᚑࠍផㅴߔࠆ⋡
⊛߆ࠄޔᐔᚑ ᐕᐲߦ߅ߡࡘࠪ࠺ࠣࡦࡃޔᎿ⑼ᄢቇࠗ࠲ޔ࿖ࠦࡒࡘ࠾
࠹ࠖ⚵❱㐿⊒ᯏ᭴ߣߩቇⴚᵹදቯࠍ✦⚿ߒߚޕ
㧔㧡㧕㧾㧭㧔ࠨ࠴ࠕࠪࠬ࠲ࡦ࠻㧕
ᐔᚑ ᐕ ޔᒰࡦ࠲߇Უߣߔࠆ᧲ᵗᄢቇᄢቇ㒮࿖㓙ၞቇ⎇ⓥ⑼ߦ
ඳ჻ᓟᦼㆊ⒟߇⊒⿷ߒߚߩࠍฃߌߡޔඳ჻ᓟᦼ⺖⒟ߩᄢቇ㒮↢ࠍ㧾㧭ߣߒߡណ
↪ߒߡ߈ߚޕ⡯⠪ߪએਅߩㅢࠅޕ
ᐔᚑ ᐕᐲ㧦৾ਃᧁޔᢧ⮮ޔ⍫శޔᄤ㊁
ᐔᚑ ᐕᐲ㧦৾ਃᧁޔᢧ⮮ޔ⍫శޔᄤ㊁⬿ޔ⼱⑺ޔ
ᐔᚑ ᐕᐲ㧦৾ਃᧁޔᢧ⮮ޔ⍫శޔᄤ㊁ޔᧉޔ₺ޔ᧘ޔ⬿ޔ⼱⑺ޔḡ
ᐔᚑ ᐕᐲ㧦৾ਃᧁޔ⍫శޔᄤ㊁ޔᧉޔ₺ޔ᧘ޔ⬿ޔ⼱⑺ޔᎹẴޔᵩ
ᐔᚑ ᐕᐲ㧦৾ਃᧁޔ⍫శޔᧉޔ₺ޔ᧘ޔ⬿ޔ⼱⑺ޔᎹẴޔ↰ޔ
ᐔᚑ ᐕᐲ㧦⬿ޔ₺ޔᎹẴޔޔ↳ޔศ↰ޔዊᣧᎹޔ㊄ޔޔഏ
ᐔᚑ ᐕᐲ㧦⋿ሶޔޔޔ㤛ޔ᧡ޔഏ㧔⯗㧕ޔഏ㧔ബ㧕↰ୖޔ
ᐔᚑ ᐕᐲ㧦⋿ሶޔޔޔ㤛ޔ᧡ޔഏ㧔⯗㧕ޔഏ㧔ബ㧕ޔ↰ୖޔᒛޔઃ
㧔㧢㧕⡜ᄖ࿖ੱ⎇ⓥຬ
ࡦ࠲߇ᶏᄖߩ⎇ⓥ⠪ߣߩ⎇ⓥࡀ࠶࠻ࡢࠢࠍ᭴▽ߔࠆߚߦᲤᐕᄖ࿖ੱ
⎇ⓥຬࠍ㧝ฬ⡜ߒߡࠆޕ⡜⠪ߪએਅߩㅢࠅޕ
ᐔᚑ ᐕᐲ㧦ࡃࡦࠣ࠺ࠪࡘᎿ⑼ᄢቇ㧔ࡃࡦࠣ࠺ࠪࡘ㧕ߩ &T/CHK\WT4CJOCP
㧔ⅣႺᎿቇㇱḰᢎ㧕
ᐔᚑ ᐕᐲ㧦ࡄࡅࡖࡦࠟࡦࠞ࠰࠶ࠢᄢቇ㧔ࠗࡦ࠼ࡀࠪࠕ㧕ߩ /U;CUOKP
5WTKCPULCJ㧔ᑪ▽ቇㇱ⚖⻠Ꮷ㧕
ᐔᚑ ᐕᐲ㧦࠺ࠖᄢቇ㧔᧲࠹ࠖࡕ࡞㧕ߩ /T/CTVKP$GPLCOKP㧔ᧁᎿ
ቇ⑼ኾછ⻠Ꮷ㧕
ᐔᚑ ᐕᐲ㧦ࡄࡅࡖࡦࠟࡦࠞ࠰࠶ࠢᄢቇ㧔ࠗࡦ࠼ࡀࠪࠕ㧕ߩ /U
$GTPCFGVVC-YKPVKCPC#PG㧔Ꮏᬺᛛⴚቇㇱ⚖⻠Ꮷ㧕
ᐔᚑ ᐕᐲ㧦␠ળഭߣࠦࡒࡘ࠾࠹ࠖ㐿⊒⺞ᩏ⋧⺣ࡦ࠲㧔ࡌ࠻࠽ࡓ㧕ߩ
/U#[/[6TCP㧔⚖⡯ຬ㧕
ᐔᚑ ᐕᐲ㧦ࡌ࠻࠽ࡓ࿖┙ᄢቇᖱႎᎿ⑼ᄢቇ㧔ࡌ࠻࠽ࡓ㧕ߩ &T0IWGP2JK
-JW㧔ඳ჻㧕⑼ࡦ࠲ࠬࠠࡌ࠭࠙ޔቇࠕࠞ࠺ࡒ᳓㗴⎇ⓥᚲⅣႺක≮ⴡ↢⎇ⓥ
ቶ㐳㧔࠙࠭ࡌࠠࠬ࠲ࡦ㧕ߩ &T&KNQTQO(C[\KGXC㧔කቇඳ჻㧕
ᐔᚑ ᐕᐲ㧦࠲ࠗ࠲ࡑࠨ࠻ᄢቇࠗࡁࡧࠚ࡚ࠪࡦࠞ࠶ࠫ ࡊࡠࠫࠚ
ࠢ࠻ࠬࡍࠪࡖࠬ࠻ߩ -CPQMTCVVCPC0GVNQOYQPI ᳁
16
16
㧔㧣㧕ቴຬ⎇ⓥຬ
ࡦ࠲ߢߪ╙ੑᦼࠃࠅⓍᭂ⊛ߦቴຬ⎇ⓥຬࠍછߒޔห⎇ⓥࠍⴕߞߡ
ࠆޕᐔᚑ ᐕ ߦߪ㧔․ᵴ㧕ࡉ࠶ࠫࠛࠪࠕࠫࡖࡄࡦߩࡎ࠴ࡒࡦ㚢
ຬߢࠆ ጊᕺ⟤ሶ᳁ࠍቴຬ⎇ⓥຬߦછߒߡ߅ߦࡓ࠽࠻ࡌ߇࠲ࡦޔ
⺞ᩏ⎇ⓥᵴേࠍⴕ߁㓙ߩࠞ࠙ࡦ࠲ࡄ࠻ߣߒߡߩᵴേࠍછߖߡࠆޕᐔᚑ ᐕ߹ߢߦ⡜ߒߚᄖ࿖ੱ⎇ⓥຬ㧔㧢ࠍෳᾖ㧕ߦട߃ࡓ࠽࠻ࡌޔ࿖┙ᄢቇᖱႎᎿ
ቇᄢቇߩ &T0IW[GP2JK-JW㧔⑼ቇㆇ↪࿖㓙දജቇㇱ㐳㧕ࠍછߒߚޕ
╙ਃᦼߦ߅ߡߪ⎇ޔⓥὐᒻᚑߩ⋡⊛ߩਅޔቴຬ⎇ⓥຬߩⓍᭂ⊛ߥછࠍ
ⴕޔ㧔․ᵴ㧕ࡉ࠶ࠫࠛࠪࠕࠫࡖࡄࡦߩࡎ࠴ࡒࡦ㚢ຬߢࠆ ጊᕺ
⟤ሶ᳁ޔᮮᵿ࿖┙ᄢቇᢎ⢒ቇㇱಎᢎ᧻ᧄዏਯ᳁ࡘࠪ࠺ࠣࡦࡃޔᎿ⑼ᄢቇᢎ
//ࡑࡦ᳁╬ࠍᐔᚑ ᐕᐲߦቴຬ⎇ⓥຬߦછߒߚޕᐔᚑ ᐕᐲߦ߅
ߡߪޔᄢ㒋ᄢቇቇ㓙Ⲣวᢎ⢒⎇ⓥࡦ࠲ಎᢎ᧻ⴕノ᳁ޔካᄐᄢቇ⻠Ꮷ
⬿ᔒാ᳁ᧄޔቇඳ჻ภขᓧ⠪ᘮ↢᳁ࠍછߒߚޕ
㧔㧤㧕ോዪ⡯ຬ╬
ോዪߩㆇ༡ߦߟߡߪ╙ޔᦼ৻╙ޔੑᦼ╙ޔਃᦼㅢߒߡࡈ࡞࠲ࠗࡓߩࠕ࡞
ࡃࠗ࠻ോⷐຬࠍㅢᐕߢ㓹↪ߔࠆ߶߆ޔㆡቱቇ↢ࠕ࡞ࡃࠗ࠻╬ࠍㅊട㓹↪ߒޔ
ㅴⴕߐߖߡ߈ߚޕ
ᵴേౝኈߩⷐ
㧔㧝㧕ോㆇ༡
ߎࠇ߹ߢ⎇ߩ࠲ࡦޔⓥᵴേߩㆇ༡ࠍṖߦⴕ߁ߴߊޔㅳ ࿁⎇ޔⓥຬ⧯
ᐓฬ⎇ޔⓥഥᚻ߅ࠃ߮ോⷐຬߢ᭴ᚑߐࠇࠆോዪળ⼏ࠍ ߚ߹ޔ࿁⎇ޔⓥ
ຬ⎇ޔⓥഥᚻޔോⷐຬޔᄢቇᢎቇ⺖⡯ຬ╬ߢ᭴ᚑߐࠇࠆోળ⼏ࠍ㐿ߒߡ
߈ߚ᧲ޟ߅ߥޕᵗᄢቇ࿖㓙↢␠ળ⎇ⓥࡦ࠲▤ℂㆇ༡ⷐ✁⸥ߦޠタߐࠇߡ
ࠆޟㆇ༡ᆔຬળޔߪߣޠਔળ⼏ߩ✚⒓ߢࠆޕ
㧔㧞㧕⎇ⓥࡊࡠࠫࠚࠢ࠻
ࡊࡠࠫࠚࠢ࠻ߩ⋡⊛ߦᴪߞߡ⎇ⓥຬߦࠃࠆᶏᄖ⺞ᩏ߿࿖ౝߢߩ⾗ᢱ㓸╬ޔ
߹ߚᄖ࿖ੱ⎇ⓥຬޔ4#⎇ޔⓥഥᚻ╬ߣߩหᬺߦࠃࠆ⎇ⓥࠍ⛮⛯ߒߡⴕߞߡ
᧪ߡࠆߪ⚦ޕឝߩㅢࠅߢࠆޕ
㧔㧟㧕⎇ⓥᚑᨐߩ
Ԙࠪࡦࡐࠫ࠙ࡓߩ㐿
ᐔᚑ ᐕᐲ㨪 ᐕᐲߦฦᐕ㧝࿁ߕߟ㐿ߒߡ߈ߚᒰࡦ࠲ਥߩ࿖㓙ࠪ
17
17
ࡦࡐࠫ࠙ࡓߪޔ࿖㓙↢␠ળߦ㑐ߔࠆℂ⸃ࠍᷓࠆ႐ߣߒߡቯ⌕ߒߡࠆޕᐔ
ᚑ ᐕ ߦߪࡦ࠲ᵴേౣ㐿⸥ᔨࠪࡦࡐࠫ࠙ࡓߩࠕࠫࠕޟౝ⊒⊛⊒ዷߩ
ߚߦ᧲ޔࠍޠᵗᄢቇቇⴚ⎇ⓥផㅴࡦ࠲ߣߢ㐿ߒߚߪࡑ࠹ߩߎޕ
╙ਃᦼߩ⺖㗴ߢࠆࠕࠫࠕޟၞߩౝ⊒⊛⊒ዷᚻᴺߩ㐿⊒৻ߩޠⅣߣߒߡ⸳ቯ
ߒߚ߽ߩߢࠆޕᐔᚑ ᐕ ߦߪޔ࿖㓙ࠪࡦࡐࠫ࠙ࡓⷰޟశߣౝ⊒⊛⊒ዷ㧦
ᜬ⛯น⢻ߥⷰశߠߊࠅࠍ⋡ᜰߒߡࠍޠ㐿ߒⷰޔశቇߩⷞὐ߆ࠄౝ⊒⊛⊒ዷ
ᚻᴺߩᬌ⸛ࠍⴕߞߚޕ
ԙ⎇ⓥᚑᨐ‛ߩೀⴕ
ᐔᚑ ᐕᐲߦ࿑ᦠޡⅣႺ↢␠ળቇޢ ޔᐔᚑ ᐕᐲߦ⛯✬ޡ࿖㓙ⅣႺ
↢ቇᦠୖᦺࠍޢᐫࠃࠅ ߦࠄߐޔᐔᚑ ᐕ ߦߪ ޔౠ⋡ߣߥࠆޡ࿖㓙
↢␠ળቇࠍޢหᦠᐫࠃࠅೀⴕߒߚޕᐔᚑ ᐕᐲߦ߅ߡߪޔᐔᚑ ᐕᐲᄐ
ߩೀⴕࠍ⋡ᜰߒߡޡ࿖㓙㐿⊒ߣⅣႺ㧙ࠕࠫࠕߩౝ⊒⊛⊒ዷߦะߌߡޢ
㧔㗴㧕ࠍ
ᚑਛߢࠆޕ
Ԛࡢ࡚ࠢࠪ࠶ࡊ㐿⻠ᐳߩ㐿
ࡦ࠲ߩ⎇ⓥౝኈࠍᐢߊ৻⥸ߦ⚫ߔࠆߚߩࡢ࡚ࠢࠪ࠶ࡊ߿㐿⻠ᐳ
ࠍᲤᐕ㐿ߒߡ߈ߚ╙ޕਃᦼೋᐕᐲߢࠆᐔᚑ ᐕᐲߦߪޔᐔᚑ ᐕ ߦ
ޟㇺᏒᢛߩࠣࡦൻߦ㑐ߔࠆࡢ࡚ࠢࠪ࠶ࡊࠍޠ㐿ߒߚޕหᐕ ߦߪޔ
ࡈࠖࡇࡦࡉᏒߦ߅ߡࠖ࠹࠾ࡘࡒࠦߩࠕࠫࠕޟ㐿⊒ޔޠหᐕ ߦߪ
࿖㓙ࡢ࡚ࠢࠪ࠶ࡊⷰޟశߣౝ⊒⊛⊒ዷ㧦ᜬ⛯น⢻ߥⷰశߠߊࠅࠍޠ㐿ߒ
ߚޕ
ԛ࠾ࡘࠬ࠲ߩ⊒ⴕ
ࡦ࠲⊒⿷ᒰೋࠃࠅ⎇ߩ࠲ࡦޔⓥႎ๔߿ࠪࡦࡐࠫ࠙ࡓ╬ߩ᩺ౝߩߚ
ߦ࠾ࡘࠬ࠲ࠍᢥߣ⧷ᢥߢߦᚑߒޔ࿖ౝᄖߩኾ㐷ኅ╬ߦࡦ࠲
ߩᵴേౝኈࠍ⚫ߒߡࠆޕ
Ԝࡎࡓࡍࠫߩㆇ༡
ࡦ࠲ߩᵴേࠍ⚫ߔࠆ⋡⊛ߢᐔᚑ ᐕᐲߦࡎࡓࡍࠫࠍ┙ߜ
ߍߚ߹ޔᐔᚑ ᐕᐲߦߪ⧷ޔᢥࡎࡓࡍࠫߩᄢߥᒝൻࠍⴕߞߚ╙ޕਃᦼೋ
ᐕᐲߦߚࠆᐔᚑ ᐕᐲߦ߅ߡߪޔᵴേౝኈߩ৻ᣂࠍⴕߞߚߎߣࠍฃߌߡޔ
ࡎࡓࡍࠫߩో㕙⊛࠾ࡘࠕ࡞ࠍⴕߞߚޕ
㧔㧠㧕ࡦ࠲ᵴേߩᄖㇱ⹏ଔ
ࡦ࠲ߢߪቇౝᄖߩ⼂⠪ߦᆔབྷߒޔᄖㇱ⹏ଔᆔຬળࠍ⚵❱ߒߡࠆ⹏ޕ
ଔᆔຬળߪᐕ㧝࿁㐿ߐࠇߩ࠲ࡦޔㆇ༡ߦኻߒߡࠕ࠼ࡃࠗࠬࠍⴕ߁⻁ᯏ
㑐ߣߒߡߘߩછߦᒰߚߞߡ߈ߚޕ
18
18
Τ㧚⎇ⓥ⚵❱
᧲ᵗᄢቇ ࿖㓙↢␠ળ⎇ⓥࡦ࠲⎇ⓥຬ㧔2012 ᐕ 3 31 ᣣ㧕
ฬ೨0COG
ኾ㐷ಽ㊁㧛2TQHGUUKQP
ㅪ⛊వ
ࠣ࡞ࡊ 㧙㧦
٧
⨹Ꮞ ବ
5JWP[C#4#/#-+
ᳰ↰ ⺈
/CMQVQ+-'&#
Ⓑ↢ ା↵
0QDWQ+PQW
㊄ሶ ᓆ
#MKTC-#0'-1
ർ⣁ ⑲ᢅ
*KFGVQUJK-+6#9#-+
ਭ⇐ፉ ᐢ
/QTKJKTQ-7475*+/#
ဈర ᶈ৻
-QKEJK5#-#/161
㜞ᨋ 㓁ዷ
#MKPQDW6CMCDC[CUJK
ㇺᏒⅣႺᎿቇ
7TDCPCPF'PXKTQPOGPV'PIKPGGTKPI
╷⑼ቇ
2QNKE[5EKGPEG
╷⑼ቇ
2QNKE[5EKGPEG
␠ળ⾗ᧄ⸘↹
+PHTCUVTWEVWTG2NCPPKPICPF/CPCIGOGPV
ㅜ࿖ⅣႺදജ
'PXKTQPOGPVCN%QQRGTCVKQPHQT&GXGNQRKPI%QWPVTKGU
CTCOCMK"VQ[QLR
ౝ✢ KMGFC"VQ[QLR
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ౝ✢ ࠛࡀ࡞ࠡ⾗Ḯ⺰
5VWF[QH'PGTI[CPF4GUQWTEG
㐿⊒⚻ᷣቇ
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␠ળ╷ቇ
5QEKCN2QNKE[
MWTWK"VQ[QLR
ㇺᏒ⸘↹
7TDCP2NCPPKPI
ㇺᏒ⸘↹
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␠ળቇ
5QEKQNQI[
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ㄘᬺㄘ㐿⊒
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ౝ✢ CVCMCDC[CUJK"VQ[QLR
ౝ✢ ࠣ࡞ࡊ 㧙㧦
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⑺⼱ ඳ
-KOKJKTQ#-+;#
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㜟ᯅ ৻↵
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⮮ ᢅା
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ࡑࠕࡠࠩࠝࡇࠤ
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21
21
ౝ✢ CP"VQ[QLR
ౝ✢ MVCMCJCUJK"VQ[QLR
ౝ✢ ER\JCPI"VQ[QLR
ౝ✢ VHWLKK"VQ[QLR
ౝ✢ OCTKC"VQ[QLR
ౝ✢
[MGPLK"VQ[QLR
ౝ✢ ฬ೨0COG
ኾ㐷ಽ㊁㧛2TQHGUUKQP
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ࠣ࡞ࡊ 㧦
٧
⭯ᧁ ਃ↢
/KVUWQ757-+
ᎹẴ ෘᔒ
#VUWUJK-#9#57/+
ፉᎹ ፏ
6CMCUJK5*+/#-#9#
ฎደ ⑲᮸
*KFGMK(747;#
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/CUCOKEJK*14+ ᧻ ବᔒ
5JWPUJK/#657<101
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ౝ✢ OJQTK"VQ[QLR
ౝ✢ OCVUWU"VQ[QLR
ౝ✢ 4#4GUGCTEJ#UUKUVCPV
㊄ ᛚ⃨
ᘮ↢
ᩰ
᧡ ⪇
㤛 ⽵ᷗ
⋿ሶ ጪ
ഏ ⯗⧐
ᒛ ඳ
ઃ ⪊
ഏ ബᢅ
ୖ↰ 㚅
FT"VQ[QLR
SKSKIG"[CJQQEQLR
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5KNKMC"JQVOCKNEQO
ICMWAOCPCIQ"NKXGLR
.KW[CPI"JQVOCKNEQO
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.KNNKCPCRRNG"JQVOCKNEQO
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ോዪ5GETGVCTKCV
㣮㊁ ⟤ᨑ
/KG5JKMCPQ
ᵈ㧕 ٧ ࠣ࡞ࡊߩ⽿છ⠪
22
22
Υ㧚ᐔᚑ 23 ᐕᐲᵴേ⸥㍳
ᐔᚑ 23 ᐕᐲᵴേ⸥㍳
㧝㧚ࠪࡦࡐࠫ࠙ࡓߩ㐿
㧔࠾ࡘࠬ࠲ᢥ27ภޔ࿖㓙ࠪࡦࡐࠫ࠙ࡓႎ๔ᦠෳᾖ㧕
࠹ࡑ㧦ⷰశߣౝ⊒⊛⊒ዷ㧙ᜬ⛯น⢻ߥⷰశߠߊࠅࠍ⋡ᜰߒߡ㧙
ᣣ
ᤨ㧦ᐔᚑ 23 ᐕ 10 28 ᣣ㧔㊄㧕
ળ
႐㧦⊕ጊ╙ੑࠠࡖࡦࡄࠬ B212 ᢎቶ
⻠Ṷ⠪㧦࠙ࠜ࡞࠲ࠫࠚࠗࡒ࠰ࡦ(࠲ࡑࠨ࠻ᄢቇࠗࡁࡧࠚ࡚ࠪࡦࠞ࠶ࠫᢎ
)
㢬↰ᶈ৻㇢㧔NPO ᴺੱࡂ࠶࠻࠙ࠝࡦࡄࠢઍޔᐭᏒ)
৾’↢㧔ᣣᧄᐭⷰశᐡⷰశၞᝄ⥝⺖⺖㐳㧕
⭯ᧁਃ↢㧔᧲ᵗᄢቇ࿖㓙↢␠ળ⎇ⓥࡦ࠲ࠣ࡞ࡊ 2 ࠳㧕
ෳട⠪㧦330 ฬ
㧞㧚ࡢ࡚ࠢࠪ࠶ࡊߩ㐿
1. ࡢ࡚ࠢࠪ࠶ࡊ
㧔࠾ࡘࠬ࠲ᢥ25ภࡊ࠶࡚ࠪࠢࡢޔႎ๔ᦠෳᾖ㧕
࠹ࡑ㧦ᜬ⛯น⢻ߥⷰశᒻᚑߦߌߡ㧙࠲ࠗࠞࡦࡏࠫࠕߦ߅ߌࠆⷰశቇⷰశ㐿
⊒⺞ᩏߩ⚻㛎߆ࠄ㧙
ᣣ ᤨ㧦 2011 ᐕ 6 24 ᣣ㧔㊄㧕
ળ ႐㧦᧲ᵗᄢቇ ⊕ጊ╙ੑࠠࡖࡦࡄࠬ B 1 㓏╙྾ળ⼏ቶ
⻠Ṷ⠪㧦ർ⣁⑲ᢅ 㧔ᧄࡦ࠲ࡦ࠲㐳㧕
ฎደ⑲᮸㧔ᧄࡦ࠲ࠣ࡞ࡊ 2 ⎇ⓥຬ㧕
ᎹẴෘᔒ㧔ᧄࡦ࠲ࠣ࡞ࡊ 2 ⎇ⓥຬ㧕
⭯ᧁਃ↢㧔ᧄࡦ࠲ࠣ࡞ࡊ 2 ࠳㧕
2.࠹ࡑ㧦ࠕࠫࠕߦ߅ߌࠆࠦࡒࡘ࠾࠹ࠖ㐿⊒ߩ⁁
㧔ࡢ࡚ࠢࠪ࠶ࡊႎ๔ᦠෳᾖ㧕
ᣣ ᤨ㧦 2011 ᐕ 9 30 ᣣ㧔㊄㧕
ળ ႐㧦ࡎ࠹࡞ࠛࠩࡌࠬ 㧞㓏ࡃࡦࠤ࠶࠻࡞ࡓ
㧔ࠕ࠴ࡇ࡚ࠪ࠶ࡊࠗࠛࠬࠕࡌ࠾ࡘ࠰ࡊࡦࠞޔࡦࡇࠖࡈޔ
ࡉᏒ㧕
⻠Ṷ⠪㧦ࠕ࡞ࡆࡦ࠺ࠖ࠰ࡦ㧔ࡉᏒ⼏ળ⼏ຬ㧕
࠾࠳ࠞࡉ㧔ࡉᏒ⼏ળ⼏ຬ㧕
ዊᣧᎹሶ㧔᧲ᵗᄢቇ࿖㓙↢␠ળ⎇ⓥࡦ࠲ቴຬ⎇ⓥຬ㧕
25
25
㜞ᯅ৻↵㧔᧲ᵗᄢቇ࿖㓙↢␠ળ⎇ⓥࡦ࠲ࠣ࡞ࡊ 1-2࠳㧕
⋧᥊㧔᧲ᵗᄢቇ࿖㓙↢␠ળ⎇ⓥࡦ࠲ࠣ࡞ࡊ 1-2⎇ⓥຬ㧕
ࡆࡦࡏࡈࠚ࡞࠽ࡦ࠺ࠬ᳁㧔ࡄࠣ࠲ࡦࡃࡗ࡛ࡦ⽷࿅ઍ㧕
3.࠹ࡑ㧦ⷰశߣౝ⊒⊛⊒ዷ㧦ᜬ⛯น⢻ߥⷰశߠߊࠅ
ᣣ ᤨ㧦2011 ᐕ 10 29 ᣣ㧔㧕
ળ ႐㧦᧲ᵗᄢቇ ⊕ጊ╙ੑࠠࡖࡦࡄࠬ B 2 㓏 203 ᢎቶ
⻠Ṷ⠪㧦ฎደ⑲᮸㧔ᧄ⎇ⓥࡦ࠲⎇ⓥຬ㧕
ࡀࠬࡃࡠࡔࠗ㧔₺┙ࡊࡁࡦࡍࡦᄢቇⷰశቇ⑼㐳ᢎ㧕
ࡄ࠙ࠖ࠾ࠬ࠽ࠗ㧔࠲ࡑࠨ࠻ᄢቇࠕࠫࠕⷰశ⸘↹⽺࿎ᷫ⎇ⓥᚲ
⎇ⓥຬ㧕
ፉᎹ ፏ 㧔ᧄ⎇ⓥࡦ࠲⎇ⓥຬ㧕
⭯ᧁਃ↢㧔ᧄ⎇ⓥࡦ࠲ࠣ࡞ࡊ 2 ࠳㧕
࠙ࠜ࡞࠲ࠫࠚࠗࡒ࠰ࡦ(࠲ࡑࠨ࠻ᄢቇࠗࡁࡧࠚ࡚ࠪࡦࠞ࠶ࠫᢎ
)
ෳട⠪㧦20 ฬ
㧟㧚⺞ᩏ⎇ⓥᵴേ
Σ. ࠣ࡞ࡊ㧝㧙㧝
1. ㊄ሶ ᓆ
ᐔᚑ 23 ᐕ 10 18 ᣣ㨪10 23 ᣣ
⋡⊛㧦 ࠞࡦࡏࠫࠕࡊࡁࡦࡍࡦߦ߅ߌࠆၞ㐿⊒ߩ⁁⺞ᩏ
႐ᚲ㧦₺┙ࡊࡁࡦࡍࡦᄢቇࡦࠦࡔޔᄢቇޔᬺㆇャ⋭
2. ਭ⇐ፉ ᐢ
ᐔᚑ 23 ᐕ 6 10 ᣣ㨪6 14 ᣣ
⋡⊛㧦࿖ㅪ᳇ᄌേᨒ⚵ߺ᧦⚂✦⚂࿖ળ⼏೨ળวߦ߅ߌࠆ CTI ᳇ᄌേᛛⴚ
ᵴേ߮ࠕࠫࠕ㐿⊒㌁ⴕਥޟㅜ࿖߳ߩⅣႺᛛⴚ⒖ォࡒ࠽ࠆߌ߅ߦޠᖱ
ႎ㓸
႐ᚲ㧦࠼ࠗ࠷ࡏࡦ࿖㓙ળ⼏႐
ᐔᚑ 24 ᐕ 3 18 ᣣ㨪3 22 ᣣ㧔੍ቯ㧕
⋡⊛㧦࠙ࠢࠗ࠽࿖ߣਛᄩࠕࠫࠕ⻉࿖ߩ࠰ࡆࠛ࠻፣უᓟߩౝ⊒⊛⊒ዷߦ㑐ߔࠆ⎇
ⓥ
႐ᚲ㧦࠙ࠢࠗ࠽ࠠࠛࡈᎿ⑼ᄢቇࠛࡀ࡞ࠡ⎇ⓥࡦ࠲
3. ർ⣁ ⑲ᢅ
26
26
ᐔᚑ 23 ᐕ 10 16 ᣣ㨪10 19 ᣣ
⋡⊛㧦࿖㓙ᑄ᫈‛ቇળ߅ࠃ߮ࠕࠫࠕᄥᐔᵗᑄ᫈‛ኾ㐷ኅળ⼏ߦ߅ߌࠆ⎇ⓥ⊒
ᖱႎ㓸
႐ᚲ㧦㖧࿖ᄢ㇑
4. 㜞ᨋ 㓁ዷ
ᐔᚑ 23 ᐕ 11 26 ᣣ㨪11 27 ᣣ
⋡⊛㧦࿖㓙㐿⊒ቇળ╙ 22 ࿁ో࿖ᄢળߦ߅ߡ⺰↱⥄ޔ㗴ญ㗡ႎ๔♖ޟஜක
≮ߣ࿖㓙㐿⊒ߚ߁ⴕࠍޠ
႐ᚲ㧦ฬฎደᄢቇ
ᐔᚑ 24 ᐕ 3 16 ᣣ㨪3 22 ᣣ㧔੍ቯ㧕
⋡⊛㧦ᄢ⧷࿑ᦠ㙚ࡓࠞ࡞ࠚ࠙ޔකቇ࿑ᦠ㙚ߦ߅ߌࠆ࿖㓙㐿⊒ߦ߅ߌࠆ♖ක≮
ߦ㑐ߔࠆᢥ₂⾗ᢱ⺞ᩏ
႐ᚲ㧦⧷࿖ᄢ⧷࿑ᦠ㙚ࡓࠞ࡞ࠚ࠙ޔකቇ࿑ᦠ㙚
Τ.ࠣ࡞ࡊ㧝㧙㧞
1. ⮮ ᢅା ⋧᥊
ᐔᚑ 23 ᐕ 6 26 ᣣ㨪6 30 ᣣ
⋡⊛㧦ਛ࿖ᢥൻᄢቇߦ߅ߌࠆޟᷙว↪ޔᷙⅣႺޠࠖ࠹ࠪ࠻ࠢࡄࡦࠦޔ
ߦ㑐ߔࠆࠪࡦࡐࠫ࠙ࡓ㐿ޔหᄢቇߣߩ⎇ⓥὐᒻᚑߦ㑐ߔࠆળว
႐ᚲ㧦ਛ࿖บḧ
2. 㜟ᯅ ৻↵ ⋧᥊ࡑࠕࡠࠩࠝࡇࠤࡠࡃࠬࠞࠬ⑺⼱ ඳ
ዊᣧᎹ ሶ
ᐔᚑ 23 ᐕ 9 29 ᣣ㨪10 2 ᣣ
⋡⊛㧦ࡈࠖࡇࡦࡉᏒߦ߅ߌࠆࡢ࡚ࠢࠪ࠶ࡊ࠹࠾ࡘࡒࠦࠆߌ߅ߦࠕࠫࠕޟ
ࠖ㐿⊒ߩ⁁ߩ߳ޠෳട߮ㇺᏒ⽺࿎ࠦࡒࡘ࠾࠹ࠖߦ㑐ߔࠆ⺞ᩏ
႐ᚲ㧦ࡈࠖࡇࡦࡉ
Υ.ࠣ࡞ࡊ㧞
1. ፉᎹ ፏᎹẴ ෘᔒ㧔੍ቯ㧕
ᐔᚑ 24 ᐕ 2 24 ᣣ㨪3 1 ᣣ㧔੍ቯ㧕
⋡⊛㧦ࠕࠫࠕ㔡ἴᓳ⥝ၞߦ߅ߌࠆⷰశߩᨐߚߔᓎഀߩ⺞ᩏ
႐ᚲ㧦࠲ࠗࡊࠤ࠶࠻Ꮢޔห࿖ࡄࡦࠟޔਛ࿖บḧ
+8ࡦ࠲⺞ᩏࡒ࠶࡚ࠪࡦ
27
27
1㧚㊄ሶ ᓆ㜞ᨋ 㓁ዷ
ᐔᚑ 24 ᐕ 2 22 ᣣ㨪2 24 ᣣ㧔੍ቯ㧕
⋡⊛㧦2012 ᐕ 7 20 ᣣ㧔㊄㧕ߦ㐿ࠍ੍ቯߔࠆ࿖㓙ࠪࡦࡐࠫ࠙ࡓࠕࠫࠕޟ
ၞߦ߅ߌࠆ㔡ἴᓳ⥝ߣౝ⊒⊛⊒ዷޠ
㧔㧕ߩ⻠Ṷ⠪㒙ㇱ⑲᧲᧻
ፉᏒ㐳߳ߩෳടᷤ߮᧲ർ㔡ἴၞߦ⺞ᩏ
႐ᚲ㧦ችၔ⋵᧲᧻ፉᏒ
̪⸥ߪ࿖ౝߦ߅ߌࠆ੍⊛ࡒ࠶࡚ࠪࡦߢࠅߦࠕࠪࡀ࠼ࡦࠗߪࡦ࡚ࠪ࠶ࡒᧄޔ
ߡᰴᐕᐲೋ㗡ߦታᣉ੍ቯޕ
28
28
╙ੑㇱ ⎇ⓥႎ๔
Σ㧚ࠣ࡞ࡊ㧝㧙㧝
Τ㧚ࠣ࡞ࡊ㧝㧙㧞
Υ㧚ࠣ࡞ࡊ㧞
Φ㧚RA
Σ㧚ࠣ࡞ࡊ㧝㧙㧝
㧝㧚ᵴേⷐ
ᐔᚑ ᐕᐲ࿖㓙↢␠ળ⎇ⓥࡦ࠲ ᵴേⷐ
ࠣ࡞ࡊ㧝㧙㧝 ᵴേⷐ
࿖㓙↢␠ળ⎇ⓥࡦ࠲ ࠣ࡞ࡊ 1-1 ࠳
ᄢቇ㒮࿖㓙ၞቇ⎇ⓥ⑼ ᢎ ㊄ሶ ᓆ
㧝㧚⎇ⓥ⋡⊛ߣᣇᴺ
ࠣ࡞ࡊ 1.1 ߦ߅ߡߪ⻉ࠕࠫࠕޔ࿖ࠍਛᔃߣ
ߩᣇ╷ࠍឭ᩺ߔࠆޕ
ߔࠆᜬ⛯น⢻ߥౝ⊒⊛⊒ዷߩߚߩᚻᴺߦߟ
٨㊄ሶ ᓆ㧔ࠣ࡞ࡊ࠳㧕
ߡ⎇ⓥߔࠆߜࠊߥߔޕౝ⊒⊛⊒ዷߣߞߡ߽ᄖ߆
⎇ⓥߩ࠹ࡑ㧦ࠕࠫࠕߩౝ⊒⊛ߥ⊒ዷߩߚߩ⚻
ࠄಾࠅ㔌ߐࠇߚᒻߢ⊒ዷߔࠆࠊߌߢߪߥߊޔ᭽ޘ
ᷣ⊛ᐲ⊛ᚻᲑߦ㑐ߔࠆ⎇ⓥ
ߥᄖㇱߣߩ߿ࠅߣࠅߩਛߢ⁛⥄ᕈߩࠆ⊒ዷࠍ
⎇ⓥߩⷐ㧦ౝ⊒⊛ߥ⊒ዷࠍ㐿ᆎߔࠆߚߩ⚻ᷣ
ⴕ߁ߣߣ߽ߦޔᐲ߿⸘↹ߥߤߩ⏕┙ߦࠃࠅߘࠇ
⊛ᚻᲑߣߒߡਛ࿖ߦ⌕⋡ߒޔౝ㒽ㇱߦ┙ߒߚᣣ
߇ᜬ⛯น⢻ߥ⊒ዷߣߥࠆߣ⠨߃ࠄࠇࠆߚߩߎޕ
♽ਛዊડᬺ߇ၞߩౝ⊒⊛⊒ዷߩᒁ߈㊄ߣߥࠆ
ߦ࡞ࡃࡠࠣޔൻ⥄↱ൻߩਛߢߩౝ⊒⊛⊒ዷޔ
߆ޔㄘ᳃Ꮏߦࠃࠆ⋵ၞ⚻ᷣߩౝ⊒⊛⊒ዷߩน⢻ᕈ
ౝ⊒⊛ߥ⊒ዷߩߚߩ⚻ᷣ⊛ᐲ⊛ᚻᲑߐࠄߦ
ߥߤߥߤࠍ⎇ⓥߒޔౝ⊒⊛⊒ዷߩࠬ࠲࠻ࠍࠄ
ᣂࠛࡀ࡞ࠡ㐿⊒╬ߦࠃࠆౝ⊒⊛⊒ዷߩᣇᴺ⺰
߆ߦߔࠆ⊒ߦࠄߐޕዷㅜ࿖ߩ⚻ᷣᚑ㐳ߦࠃࠆ↢
ߥߤࠍ⎇ⓥߒߡߊޕ
ᵴߩᄌൻ߇ၞߩౝ⊒⊛⊒ዷߩᒁ߈㊄ߣߥࠅ߁
ᰴߢᜬ⛯น⢻ߥౝ⊒⊛⊒ዷߦ߅ߡߪၞ
ࠆ߆ߦߟߡ߽ࠄ߆ߦߒߡߊ⊒ޔߚ߹ޕዷㅜ
ߩࠗࡦࡦ࠹ࠖࡉߦࠃࠆⅣႺ㐿⊒߿␠ળ㐿⊒߇
࿖ߦ߅ߡౝ⊒⊛⊒ዷࠍน⢻ߦߔࠆߚߦߪ
ਇนᰳߢࠆߚߩߎޕⅣႺ⸘↹ޔක≮ᐲ߿Ⅳ
ᴺᐲߩᢛ߇㊀ⷐߢࠅޔᴺᐲᡰេߩࠅᣇ
Ⴚᛛⴚߦߟߡ␠ળ⚻ᷣ⊛ߦᜬ⛯น⢻ߥ߽ߩߦ
߿⊒ዷࠍᡰេߔࠆࠨࡆࠬߩᐲߩᢛߦ
ߒߡߊߚߩࠪࠬ࠹ࡓߩ㐿⊒ࠍ⎇ⓥߒߡߊޕ
ߟߡ⎇ⓥߔࠆޕ
ᦨᓟߦᜬ⛯น⢻ߥౝ⊒⊛⊒ዷࠍㅴߡߊߚ
٨ਭ⇐ፉ ᐢ
ෳടဳ⸘↹ߩߚߩ⸘↹ᚻᴺߩ㐿⊒ࠍⴕ߁ޕ
⎇ⓥ࠹ࡑ㧦ㅜ࿖ߦ߅ߌࠆ⾗Ḯᣂࠛࡀ࡞ࠡ
ߎࠇࠄߪᜬ⛯น⢻ߥᒻߢߩౝ⊒⊛⊒ዷࠍㅴ
㐿⊒╬ߦࠃࠆౝ⊒⊛⊒ዷߦ㑐ߔࠆ⎇ⓥ
ߡߊߚߩᚻᴺߣߒߡౕ⊛ߥᒻߢߩㆡ↪߇
⎇ⓥߩⷐ㧦ㅜ࿖ߣߒߡߪ␠ޔળ⚻ᷣߩၮ⋚
น⢻ߥ߽ߩߣߥࠆߎߣࠍߑߒߡ߅ࠅ⁛⥄ᕈߩ
ߚࠆࠛࡀ࡞ࠡଏ⛎⏕ߦ߅ߡޔ⍹ᴤ╬ൻ⍹Ά
㜞߽ߩߣ⠨߃ߡࠆޕ
ᢱャଐሽߩ⣕ළ߇ᄢ߈ߥ⺖㗴ߢࠆߚ߹ޕ࿖ౝ
⾗Ḯࠍᵴ↪ߒߚ⚻ᷣ⊒ዷߣⅣႺ⺞ဳ␠ળࠛࡀ
㧞㧚⎇ⓥຬߩ⎇ⓥ࠹ࡑ
࡞ࠡࠪࠬ࠹ࡓߩዉ߇ᔅ㗇ߢࠅߩߚߩߘޔ
٨ဈర ᶈ৻
ᣧᕆߥኻᔕ߇ࠊࠇߡࠆޔߚߩߎޕᚲⷐߩᛛ
⎇ⓥ࠹ࡑ㧦ㅜ࿖⚻ᷣߩౝ⊒⊛⊒ዷߦ㑐ߔࠆ⎇
ⴚ⒖ォߣߣ߽ߦ㑐ㅪᴺᐲ␠ળၮ⋚ᢛ߇೨ឭ
ⓥ
ߢࠅߩߘޔᐲ⸳⸘ߣၮ⋚᭴▽╬ߦߟ߈⺞ᩏ
⎇ⓥߩⷐ㧦⚻ᷣ㊄Ⲣߩࠣࡠࡃ࡞ൻ߇ㅴਛ
ᬌ⸛ࠍⴕ߁ޕ
ߢ৻ޔ࿖߿৻ၞ߇ߤߩࠃ߁ߦ⊒ዷߒߡߊ߆ᮨ
٨⨹Ꮞ ବ
⚝ߐࠇߡࠆޔߦ․ޕᄖ߆ࠄߩߎߩࠃ߁ߥജߩ
⎇ⓥ࠹ࡑ㧦ၞ᳃ߩㆬᅢࠍ⠨ᘦߒߚⅣႺࠗ
ਛߢޔฦ࿖߿ฦၞߩ⚻ᷣ߇ᜬߟ࿕ߩ⾗Ḯࠍ
ࡦࡈߩ⸘↹⺰ߦ㑐ߔࠆ⎇ⓥ
↪ߒߚ⊒ዷ߇ᔅⷐߣߥߞߡࠆ⎇ᧄޕⓥߦ߅ߡ
⎇ⓥߩⷐ㧦㐿⊒ㅜၞߦ߅ߡޔ᳓ଏ⛎߿
ߪ࡞ࡃࡠࠣޔൻ⥄↱ൻߩਛߢ⊒ޔዷㅜ࿖ߩ
ⴡ↢ᣉ⸳ޔᑄ᫈‛▤ℂߥߤߩ↢ᵴⅣႺߩᡷༀ߇
⚻ᷣోߣ↥ᬺࠍኻ⽎ߣߒߡޔౝ⊒⊛⊒ዷߩߚ
ߐࠄߦ᳞ࠄࠇࠆߣߣ߽ߦ߿ࡀࠛ⋭ޔ᷷ቶലᨐ
35
ࠟࠬߩឃᷫߥߤᣣ⊛ߥⅣႺ㗴߳ߩ
ߚߩߘޕὐ߆ࠄޔක≮ᐲߩ᭴▽ߪ㐿⊒ㅜ
ኻᔕ߽หᤨߦ⠨߃ߡߊᔅⷐ߇ࠆ߁ࠃߩߎޕ
࿖ߦ߅ߌࠆౝ⊒⊛⊒ዷߩⷐઙߣ⸒߃ࠆ⎇ᧄޕⓥߪޔ
ߥਛߢޔⅣႺࠗࡦࡈߩᒻᚑߦ߅ߡ߽ⴕ
ㄭᐕޔ⇇ஜᯏ᭴ࠍਛᔃߦ⹜ߺࠄࠇߡࠆ㐿⊒
߆ࠄߩ࠻࠶ࡊ࠳࠙ࡦ⊛ߥࠕࡊࡠ࠴ߛߌߢߥߊޔ
ㅜ࿖ߦ߅ߌࠆᐲߩల♖ߦ․ޔක≮
ၞ᳃ߩᗧ⼂߿ㆬᅢߥߤࠍ⠨ᘦߒߚࡏ࠻ࡓࠕ
ᐲߩዉࠍኻ⽎ߣߒߡޔౝ⊒⊛⊒ዷߩߚߩක≮
࠶ࡊ⊛ߥࠕࡊࡠ࠴ߩਅߦ㗴ࠍᬌ⸛ߒߡߊ
ᐲߩㆡᱜߥᐲ⸳⸘ߣㆇ༡ᣇᴺߦߟߡ
ߎߣ߽᳞ࠄࠇߡࠆ⎇ᧄޕⓥߢߪޔ᳓㔛⛎߇
ᬌ⸛ߔࠆޕ
ㅼㄼߒߡࠆࡂࡁࠗㇺᏒࠍኻ⽎ߣߒߡޔၞ
㧟㧚ᐕᐲߩᵴേౝኈ
᳃ߩᗧ⼂߿ㆬᅢࠍ⠨ᘦߒߚ᳓ᓴⅣޔ᳓ଏ⛎ߩ
ᧄᐕᐲߪฦ⎇ⓥຬ߇ฦߞ߇ߚߒߦࡑ࠹ߩޘ
ࠅᣇߦߟߡ⎇ⓥࠍታᣉߔࠆޕ
٨ർ⣁ ⑲ᢅ㧔ࡦ࠲㐳㧕
ߡ⎇ⓥࠍㅴߚޕฦ⎇ⓥຬߩ⎇ⓥࠍ߹ߣࠆߣ
⎇ⓥ࠹ࡑ㧦㐿⊒ㅜ࿖ߩ↢ᵴⅣႺߩᡷༀߣౝ⊒
ฦߩޘಽ㊁ߦ߅ߡౝ⊒⊛⊒ዷߦߟߥ߇ࠆᐲޔ
⊛⊒ዷߦ㑐ߔࠆ⎇ⓥ
⚻ᷣ⽷ޔߣߩ㑐ㅪ߇⎇ⓥߐࠇߡࠆޕฦ⎇ⓥຬ
⎇ⓥߩⷐ㧦ㅜ࿖ߩᄙߊߢߪ᳓ߩଏ⛎ߣⴡ↢⸳
ߩ⎇ⓥ⁁ᴫߦߟߡߪ⎇ⓥႎ๔ᦠ╬ߦ␜ߐࠇߡ
ߩਇߦ߁ஜᐽⵍኂ߇㗴ߣߥߞߡࠆᧄޕ
ࠆ߇ⷐߪએਅߩߣ߅ࠅߢࠆޕ
⎇ⓥߦ߅ߡߪߘࠇࠄߩ↢ᵴⅣႺߩਛߢ߽ߦ․ޔ
ဈరᶈ৻⎇ⓥຬߪޔౝ⊒⊛⊒ዷߩ㊀ⷐߥⷐ⚛ߢ
ࡃࡦࠣ࠺ࠪࡘ߿ࠞࡦࡏࠫࠕ╬ߩࠕࠫࠕ⻉࿖ߩ
ࠆ⽷ߩ╷⹏ଔߦ㑐ߒߡ⎇ⓥࠍㅴߚࠇߎޕ
⪭ㇱߦ߅ߡᷓೞߥஜᐽⵍኂࠍ߷ߒߡࠆ
߹ߢߩဈర⎇ⓥຬߩ⎇ⓥᚑᨐߩᢛℂߣ࿖ౝߢ
ਅ᳓ਛߩࡅ⚛ኻ╷ࠍਛᔃߦᬌ⸛ࠍⴕ߁⎇ᧄޕⓥ
ᚻน⢻ߥᖱႎ߿⛔⸘ࠍࠨࡌࠗߒߚߢޔᐔᚑ ߢߪනߦࡅ⚛ኻ╷ⵝ⟎ߩᕈ⢻ࠍ⹜ߔߩߢߪߥߊޔ
ᐕ ߦࡈࠖࡇࡦߡ߅ߦ࠾ࡑޔ⺞ᩏࠍ
ߢ↢↥น⢻ߥㆡᱜᛛⴚࠍ᥉ߐߖࠆㆊ⒟ߢ
ታᣉߒߚࡦࡇࠖࡈޕᄢቇᢎߦኻߒߡ⽷ോ࠺
ߤ߁႐↥ᬺ߇⢒ᚑߐࠇޔౝ⊒⊛⊒ዷ߇߈ࠆ߆
࠲ߦߟߡࡅࠕࡦࠣࠍⴕޔᏒ↸᳓Ḱߩ⽷
ߣ߁ὐߦ㊀ὐࠍ⟎ߡᬌ⸛ߔࠆޕ
⛔⸘ࠍ㓸ߒߚߦ ޔߚ߹ޕਛ࿖ߩർ੩ࠍ⸰
٨ᳰ↰ ⺈
ߒߡޔห࿖ߩ⽷ോ࠺࠲ࠍᚻߒ⎇ޔⓥᯏ㑐ߩ⎇
⎇ⓥ࠹ࡑ㧦ࠕࠫࠕ㐿⊒ㅜၞߦ߅ߌࠆౝ⊒⊛
ⓥ⠪߿ᄢቇᢎຬߦࡅࠕࡦࠣࠍⴕߞߚޕ
㊄ሶᓆ⎇ⓥຬߪ⊒ޔዷㅜ࿖ߩౝ⊒⊛⊒ዷߩߚ
⊒ዷࠍᡰេߔࠆߚߦࠪࡒࡘ࡚ࠪࡦࡕ࠺࡞
ߩ㐿⊒
ߦᔅⷐߥㆇャㅢⴕߩᐲߩᢛߩߚߩ
⎇ⓥߩⷐ㧦ࠕࠫࠕ㐿⊒ㅜၞߦ߅ߌࠆౝ⊒⊛
⎇ⓥࠍㅴߡࠆߚߩߎޕታോߦ߅ߡᐲߩ
⊒ዷࠍᡰេߔࠆߚߦࡄ࠰ࠦࡦߦࠃࠆࠪࡒࡘ
ᢛࠍᬌ⸛ߒߡࠆ⚵❱ߣࠍ߰ߊᢙᰴߦ
࡚ࠪࡦࠍ↪ߚ⎇ⓥᢎ⢒↪ࡕ࠺࡞ࠍᚑߒޔ
ࠊߚࠆᗧ឵ࠍⴕߞߚޔߚ߹ޕᐲߩᢛߩߚ
ၞߠߊࠅߩലߥ࠷࡞ߣߔࠆޕ
ߩ৻⥸⊛ᚻᴺߣߒߡࠅߣࠍޠ࠻ࠬࠢ࠶ࠚ࠴ޟ
ࡕ࠺࡞ߪਥߦࡑ࡞࠴ࠛࠫࠚࡦ࠻ࠪࡒࡘࠪ
ߍߘߩലᕈࠍᬌ⸛ߒߚߩࠄࠇߎޕᚑᨐࠍቇળ
࡚ࡦ MAS ߣࠪࠬ࠹ࡓ࠳ࠗ࠽ࡒ࠶ࠢࠬ SD ࠍ↪
ߢ⊒ߒߚޕ
ਭ⇐ፉᒄ⎇ⓥຬߪᧄᐕᐲߪޔ᷷ᥦൻߦኻ
ߡ㐿⊒ߔࠆ߇ੱ৻ੱ৻ޕౝ⊒⊛ߥၞߠߊࠅߦ
ෳട⽸₂ߔࠆ᭽ሶࠍ MAS ߢᚑߒޔၞߩ↥ᬺ
ᔕߒߚ࿖㓙ᨒ⚵ߺߩേะߦߟ߈⺞ᩏߒߚޕ
ߎߩߚ ޔᐕ ⸥ࡏࡦળว߮หᐕ
⚻ᷣ߿ஜᐽዬⅣႺߥߤߩੱ㑆㐿⊒ᜰᮡߦ
⋧ᒰߔࠆో⊛ߥᄌൻߩ᭽ሶࠍ SD ߢᚑߔࠆޕ
࠳ࡃࡦ %12 ߦෳടߔࠆߣߣ߽ߦ +'#㧔࿖
٨㜞ᨋ 㓁ዷ
㓙ࠛࡀ࡞ࠡᯏ㑐㧕ߩⅣႺᛛⴚࠗ࠾ࠪࠕ࠹ࠖࡉታ
⎇ⓥ࠹ࡑ㧦ක≮╷ߦࠃࠆౝ⊒⊛⊒ዷߦ㑐
ᣉදቯ㧔%NKOCVG6GEJPQNQI[
+PKVKCVKXG㧦%6+㧕ߩਅߢߩ᳇ᄌേᛛⴚኻᔕ
ߔࠆ⎇ⓥ
⎇ⓥߩⷐ㧦ஜᐽߪ⽺ޔ࿎ᷫޔ㓹↪ഃ␠ޔળ
ᵴേ㧔ᣣ☨᰷╬ߦࠃࠆ࿖㓙ᵴേ㧧╩⠪߇ോ
⊛⛔วߩߚߩ೨ឭ᧦ઙߣᝒ߃ࠄࠇࡓࠕ࠾ࡒޔ
ዪ㧕ߩࡢ࡚ࠢࠪ࠶ࡊࠍ㐿ߒᚲⷐߩᖱႎ㓸╬
㐿⊒⋡ᮡߢ߽㊀ⷐ⺖㗴ߣߒߡ⟎ߠߌࠄࠇߡ߈
ࠍታᣉߒߚߩߘޕᵴേߩᣇะߪޔవㅴ࿖߆ࠄߩᛛ
36
ⴚ⒖ォߦട߃ޔ࿖㓙ද⺞ߦࠃࠆᛛⴚ⒖ォߣߒߡࡢ
ߥߤߦ⊒ߔࠆઁ᭽ߥޘᒻߢᚑᨐߩࠍⴕߞ
ࡦࠬ࠻࠶ࡊࠨࡆࠬ㧔ᛛⴚ㊄Ⲣ␠ળᐲߩ
ߡߊߦࠄߐޕน⢻ߢࠇ߫ᶏᄖߢࡢ࡚ࠢࠪ࠶
৻⊛⒖ォ㧕ࠍᔒะߒߡ߅ࠅޔㅜ࿖ߩࠛࡀ࡞ࠡ
ࡊߥߤࠍ㐿ߒ⎇ⓥᵹࠍⴕ߁ߎߣߣߒߡࠆޕ
ቯଏ⛎⏕ߣၞ␠ળ⚻ᷣߩ⊒ዷߦࠃࠆ࿖
ߎࠇࠄࠍㅢߓߡ⎇ߩޘⓥຬߩ⎇ⓥᚑᨐࠍ♽
㓙↢␠ળߩታࠍߑߒߡࠆޕ
ൻߒౝ⊒⊛⊒ዷߣߘߩᜬ⛯น⢻ᕈࠍࠄ߆ߦߒޔ
⨹Ꮞବ⎇ⓥຬߪ⊒ޔዷㅜ࿖ߩⅣႺࠗࡦࡈ
ࠣ࡞ࡊ ోߣߒߡߩ⎇ⓥ♽ࠍࠄ߆ߦߒ
ߩᢛߦ߅ߡ⚻ᷣ⊒ዷߦࠃࠅ㔛ⷐ᭴ㅧ߇ᄢ߈
ߡߊߎߣߣߔࠆޕ
ߊᄌൻߒߟߟࠆߎߣࠍ⢛᥊ߦࡓ࠽࠻ࡌޔ࿖ࡂࡁ
ࠗᏒߩ᳓ࠪࠬ࠹ࡓߩᢛࠍኻ⽎ߣߒߡޔၞ
᳃ߩㆬᅢࠍ⠨ᘦߒߚⅣႺࠗࡦࡈߩᢛ⸘↹⺰
ߦߟߡߩ⎇ⓥࠍⴕߞߡࠆᧄޕᐕᐲߪᤓᐕᐲታ
ᣉߒߚ੍⺞ᩏߩ⚿ᨐࠍෳ⠨ߦߒߡࠗࡁࡂޔᏒߩ
৻⥸ኅᐸࠍኻ⽎ߣߒߚࠕࡦࠤ࠻⺞ᩏߣዊဳᵹ
㊂⸘ࠍ↪ߚታ᷹⺞ᩏࠍታᣉߒޔ᳓㔛ⷐߩ᧪੍
᷹ߦ㑐ߔࠆၮ␆⊛ߥᖱႎࠍขᓧߔࠆߎߣ߇ߢ߈
ߚޕ
ർ⣁⑲ᢅ⎇ⓥຬߪޔᤓᐕᐲ߆ࠄ㐿ᆎߒߚ⊒ዷㅜ
࿖ߦ߅ߌࠆ $12 ጀߦኻߔࠆోߥ᳓ଏ⛎ߩ᥉
ߩߚߩ⎇ⓥࠍ⊒ዷߐߖߢࡘࠪ࠺ࠣࡦࡃޔታ⸽
⹜㛎ࠍ㐿ᆎߒߚߓߪࠍࡘࠪ࠺ࠣࡦࡃߚ߹ޕ
⇇ฦ࿖ߦ߅ߌࠆᑄ᫈‛ಣℂߣࠊ߇࿖ߩ 1&# ߦࠃࠆ
ᡰេߣߩߘޔㆊ⒟ߦ߅ߡᓧࠄࠇߚᢎ⸠ߦߟߡ
⎇ⓥߒߩߘޔᚑᨐࠍߣࠅ߹ߣߚޕ
㜞ᨋ㓁ዷ⎇ⓥຬߪ⊒ޔዷㅜ࿖ߩ㐿⊒ߣ♖
ஜක≮ߦߟߡ⎇ⓥࠍⴕߞߚޕ೨ᐕᐲߦᒁ߈⛯߈ޔ
ᢥ₂⺞ᩏࠍ⛮⛯ߒߩߘޔᚑᨐࠍޟ࿖㓙㐿⊒ቇળ╙
࿁ో࿖ᄢળޠ
㧔 ᐕ ᣣ㧔ᣣ㧕
ޔᣈฬ
ฎደᄢቇ㧕ߦ߅ߡญ㗡ႎ๔ࠍⴕߞߚ㧔ᩏ⺒ࠅ㧕
ޕ
߹ߚߩߎޔߪߦ ޔญ㗡ႎ๔ߩౝኈࠍ߹ߣߚ
⺰⠨ࠍޡ࿖㓙㐿⊒⎇ⓥޢ㧔࿖㓙㐿⊒ቇળળ㧕ߦ
ᛩⓂߒߚߦࠄߐޕᰴᐕᐲߦ߅ߌࠆ⺰ᢥᛩⓂߦะߌ
ߡ ޔᐕ ߦታᣉߒߚࠗࡦ࠼⺞ᩏߩᚑᨐ
ࠍ߹ߣࠆᬺࠍታᣉߒߚޕ
㧠㧚᧪ᐕᐲߩዷᦸ
એߦ ᐕᐲߦ߅ߌࠆ⎇ⓥᵴേࠍㅀߴߚߣ
ߎࠈߢࠆ߇ ޔᐕᐲߦ߅ߡߪฦ⎇ⓥຬߪߐࠄ
ߦౕ⊛ߥ⎇ⓥࠍㅴࠆߎߣߣߥࠆޔߜࠊߥߔޕ
⛮⛯⊛ߦᶏᄖߦ߅ߌࠆࡈࠖ࡞࠼⺞ᩏ߿㑐
ଥᯏ㑐ߣߩᗧ឵ࠍⴕᧄᐕᐲࠄ߆ߦߐࠇ
ߚౝኈࠍౕ⊛ߦ⎇ⓥߒᣇะࠍࠄ߆ߦߒߡ
ߊޕ
߹ߚᧄޔᐕᐲⴕߞߚ⎇ⓥᚑᨐࠍߣࠅ߹ߣቇળ
37
㧞㧚⎇ⓥႎ๔
ᐔᚑ ᐕᐲ࿖㓙↢␠ળ⎇ⓥࡦ࠲ ⎇ⓥⷐ
ၞ᳃ߩㆬᅢࠍ⠨ᘦߒߚⅣႺࠗࡦࡈߩ⸘↹⺰ߦ㑐ߔࠆ⎇ⓥ
㧙᳓ଏ⛎ࠗࡦࡈߩㆡಾߥᢛߦߌߚ᳓㔛ⷐ੍᷹㧙
࿖㓙↢␠ળ⎇ⓥࡦ࠲ ࠣ࡞ࡊ 1㧙1 ⎇ⓥຬ
ᄢቇ㒮࿖㓙ၞቇ⎇ⓥ⑼ ᢎ ⨹Ꮞ ବ
Environmental infrastructure planning with stakeholders’ preferences
—Water demand projection for appropriate water supply system—
ߪߓߦ
ߊࠃ߁ߦߥࠆߣޔㅀߒߚᣇᴺߢߪ᧪ߩ᳓㔛ⷐ
㐿⊒ㅜၞߦ߅ߡޔ᳓ଏ⛎߿ⴡ↢ᣉ⸳ޔᑄ
ࠍ߁߹ߊౣߢ߈ߥޕ
᫈‛▤ℂߥߤߩ↢ᵴⅣႺߩᡷༀ߇ߐࠄߦ᳞ࠄ
ᧄ⎇ⓥߢߪࠗࡁࡂߩࡓ࠽࠻ࡌޔㇺᏒࠍኻ⽎ߣ
ࠇࠆߣߣ߽ߦ߿ࡀࠛ⋭ޔ᷷ቶലᨐࠟࠬߩឃᷫ
ߒߡ↢ߩߣ߮ߣ߭ޔᵴ᭽ᑼ߿ᗧ⼂ࠍ⠨ᘦߒߚ᳓
ߥߤᣣ⊛ߥⅣႺ㗴߳ߩኻᔕ߽หᤨߦ⠨
↪㊂ߩ᧪ផ⸘ࠍⴕ߁ࠗࡁࡂޕᏒߪੱญ⚂ ਁ
߃ߡߊᔅⷐ߇ࠆߥ߁ࠃߩߎޕਛߢޔⅣႺࠗࡦ
ੱߩࡌ࠻࠽ࡓߩ㚂ㇺߢࠆ߇ޔᕆㅦߥੱญߩᵹ
ࡈߩᒻᚑߦ߅ߡ߽ⴕ߆ࠄߩ࠻࠶ࡊ࠳࠙
ߣ⚻ᷣ⊒ዷ߇ㅴࠎߢࠆߢ߹ࠇߎޕਅ᳓ࠍ᳓ଏ
ࡦ⊛ߥࠕࡊࡠ࠴ߛߌߢߥߊޔၞ᳃ߩᗧ⼂߿
⛎ߩ᳓Ḯߣߒߡߚ߇ޔ⋚ᴉਅ߇ᷓೞߥ㗴ߣ
ㆬᅢߥߤࠍ⠨ᘦߒߚࡏ࠻ࡓࠕ࠶ࡊ⊛ߥࠕࡊࡠ
ߥࠆߣߣ߽ߦޔਅ᳓ߩࠕࡦࡕ࠾ࠕᕈ⓸⚛߿ࡅ⚛
࠴ߩ߽ߣߦ㗴ࠍᬌ⸛ߒߡߊߎߣ߽᳞ࠄࠇ
ߦࠃࠆᳪᨴ߽㗴ߣߥߞߡ߅ࠅޔᵹ᳓߳ߩォ឵
ߡࠆޕ
߇⺖㗴ߣߥߞߡࠆޕㄭᐕㇱߩጊጪᏪߦᴡᎹ
᳓ߥߤߩ᳓ଏ⛎ࠗࡦࡈߦߟߡߪޔవㅴ࿖
᳓ࠍ᳓Ḯߣߔࠆᵺ᳓႐ࠍᑪ⸳ߒߡᏒߩ৻ㇱၞ
ߢߪᄙߊߩၞߢᣢߦᢛ߇⚳ࠊࠅޔ㜞ᐲൻߣ⛽
ߦଏ⛎ߒߡࠆ߇ޔᓟߩ᳓㔛ⷐߩჇടߦኻߒߡޔ
ᜬ▤ℂ߇⺖㗴ߣߥߞߡࠆ߇ޔㅜ࿖ߢߪ߹ߛਇ
ᣂߚߥᵹ᳓Ḯߩ㐿⊒ࠍ⸘↹ߒߡࠆޔߒ߆ߒޕ
චಽߥၞ߽ᄙੱߦ․ޕญߩ㓸ਛ߇ㅴᄢㇺᏒ
ࡂࡁࠗᏒㄭㄝߦࠆᴡᎹᵹߢߪㄭᐕዋ㔎ะ
ߢߪᘟᕈ⊛ߥ᳓ਇ⿷ߦᖠࠎߢࠆၞ߽ࠅޔ
߇⛯ߡᷢ᳓߇㗫⊒ߒߡࠆߣߣ߽ߦޔ࿖㓙ᴡᎹ
ㄦㅦ߆ߟㆡಾߥ᳓ଏ⛎ࠪࠬ࠹ࡓߩᢛ߇ㇺᏒߩ
ߢࠆߎߣߚ߹ޔ᳓ജ⊒㔚↪᳓ߣߒߡߩ↪߇ᣢ
⊒ዷߦߌߡਥⷐߥ⺖㗴ߣߥߞߡࠆߦ․ޕㆡಾ
ߦⴕࠊࠇߡࠆߎߣ߆ࠄޔᵹ᳓ࠍቯߦ⏕ߔ
ߥᢛߣ߁ⷰὐߢߪޔၞ᳃ߩ᳓㊂ޔ᳓⾰ߦ
ࠆߎߣߦߟߡ߽ߐ߹ߑ߹ߥ⺖㗴߇ࠆޔߡߞࠃޕ
ኻߔࠆⷐ᳞ߣޔ᳓ଏ⛎ߦኻߔࠆᡰᛄน⢻㗵ࠍ⠨
᳓⾗Ḯߩല↪ߣㆡಾߥ᳓ଏ⛎ࠗࡦࡈߩᢛ
ᘦߒߥ߇ࠄޔၞ᳃ߦߣߞߡᦨ߽ㆡಾߥࠪࠬ࠹
߇Ꮢߩ⊒ዷߦะߌߚ㊀ⷐߥⷐ⚛ߣߥߞߡࠆޕ
ࡓࠍㆬᛯߒߥߌࠇ߫ߥࠄߥޕ
ᧄᐕᐲߪࠗࡁࡂޔᏒߦ߅ߡ᧪ߩ᳓㔛ⷐࠍㆡ
ㆡಾߥ᳓ଏ⛎ࠪࠬ࠹ࡓࠍᬌ⸛ߔࠆ߁߃ߢߪ߹ޔ
ಾߦផ⸘ߔࠆߚߦࠗࡁࡂޔᏒߩㇺᏒਛᔃㇱ߅ࠃ
ߕ᧪ߤࠇߊࠄߩ᳓㊂߇ᔅⷐߣߥࠆ߆ࠍ⏕
߮㇠ᄖߦ߅ߡ⥸৻ޔኅᐸߦኻߒߡࠕࡦࠤ
ߦߔࠆᔅⷐ߇ࠆޕᣣᧄߩ⥄ᴦߥߤߢⴕࠊࠇߡ
࠻⺞ᩏࠍታᣉߒߚޔߦࠄߐޕኅᐸౝߦ߅ߌࠆ↪ㅜ
ࠆ᳓㔛ⷐ㊂ߩ᧪ផ⸘ߢߪޔᏪੱຬߣᚲᓧ᳓
᳓↪㊂ߦߟߡዊဳᵹ㊂⸘ߦࠃࠅ⸘᷹ߔࠆ
Ḱࠍ߽ߣߦ৻ੱᒰߚࠅ᳓㔛ⷐ㊂ࠍ੍᷹ߒޔ᧪ߩ
⺞ᩏࠍ㐿ᆎߒߚᧄޕႎߢߪ⺞ߩߎޔᩏߩⷐߣߎ
ੱญផ⸘߆ࠄ੍ޔ᷹୯ࠍ▚ߒߡࠆޔߒ߆ߒޕ
ࠇ߹ߢߦᓧࠄࠇߚ⚿ᨐߦߟߡ⚫ߔࠆޕ
ኅᐸߦ߅ߌࠆ᳓↪㊂ߪߘߩၞߩ↢ᵴ᳓Ḱ߿
↢ᵴ᭽ᑼߦࠃࠅ⇣ߥࠆ⚻ޔߚ߹ޕᷣ⊒ዷ߇චಽߥ
Ბ㓏߹ߢㅴߺ▵ߩߣ߮ߣ߭ޔ᳓ᗧ⼂ߥߤ߇ᒝߊ
41
㧞㧚⺞ᩏߩⷐ
࿑ ߦ␜ߔࡂࡁࠗᏒߩㇺᏒㇱߣ㇠ᄖㇱߩ ࠞᚲ
ߦ߅ߡ ᐕ ࠃࠅ⺞ᩏࠍ㐿ᆎߒߚޕᤓᐕ ߦታᣉߒߚ੍⺞ᩏߦ߅ߡߎࠇࠄߩ ࠞᚲߩ
ၞߦ߅ߡ イ⒟ᐲߦ⛉ࠅㄟࠎߛኻ⽎ኅᐸ߆
ࠄᓟㅀߔࠆᵹ㊂⸘ߩ⸳⟎น⢻ᕈࠍ⠨ᘦߒߡ イ
ࠍㆬᛯߒ⺞࠻ࠤࡦࠕޔᩏࠍⴕߞߚ㧔࿑ 㧕
ࠄߐޕ
ߦฦኅᐸߩบᚲ߿ࠪࡖࡢޔᵞữᯏߥߤߩⰬญߦ
ዊဳᵹ㊂⸘ࠍ⸳⟎ߒߚߩߎޕᵹ㊂⸘ߪࡊࡠࡍဳ
ߩⓍ▚ᵹ㊂⸘ߢࠆ㧔࿑ 㧕
৻ࠍࠇߎޕቯᦼ㑆⸳⟎
ߔࠆߎߣߦࠃࠅᦼߩߘޔ㑆ਛߩว⸘ᵹ㊂ࠍࠞ࠙ࡦ
࿑ ৻⥸ኅᐸߦ߅ߌࠆࠕࡦࠤ࠻⺞ᩏߩ᭽ሶ
࠻ߢ߈ࠆ㧔࿑ 㧕
ޕฦⰬญߩ↪ㅜߪޔἺࡖࠪޔ
ࡢޔᵞữߥߤ࿕ቯߐࠇߡࠆߎߣ߇ᄙߚޔ
ߎߩᵹ㊂⸘ߦࠃࠅ⺞ᩏᦼ㑆ਛߩ↪ㅜߏߣߩ᳓
↪㊂ߩ᷹ቯ߇น⢻ߣߥࠆޔ߅ߥޕบᚲߦߟߡߪ
⸳⟎ࠬࡍࠬ߇㒢ࠄࠇߡࠆ႐ว߇ᄙߚޔᏒ
⽼ߩᵹ㊂⸘ઃ߈ᵺ᳓ེࠍᡷ⦟ߒߡ↪ߒߚޔߚ߹ޕ
᳓ᵞ࠻ࠗߦߟߡߪ࠲ࡦࠢౝߦ↪࿁ᢙࠍ᷹
ࠆࠞ࠙ࡦ࠲ࠍ⸳⟎ߔࠆߣߣ߽ߦ ޔ࿁ߩࡈ࠶
ࠪࡘߢᔅⷐߣߥࠆᵹ㊂ࠍฦ࠻ࠗߦ߅ߡ⏕
ߒߚޕ
࿑ 3 ታ᷹⺞ᩏߦ↪ࠆዊဳᵹ㊂⸘
㩷
࿑ 4 ዊဳᵹ㊂⸘ߩ⸳⟎ߩ᭽ሶ 1
࿑ 1 ኻ⽎ၞ࿑
42
ᵞữ↪ࡢࡖࠪޔ᳓ߥߤ
ዊဳᵹ㊂⸘ߦࠃࠆታ᷹⚿ᨐߢߪޔฦኅᐸߦ߅ߌ
ࠆฦ↪ㅜߩ᳓↪㊂ߪኻᢙᱜⷙಽᏓߦᓥߞߡ
ߚޕฦ↪ㅜߏߣߩ↪㊂ߩᐔဋ୯ߣ᭴ᚑᲧࠍ ߦ␜ߔޕ
ฦ↪ㅜߩ↪㊂ࠍว⸘ߔࠆߣ৻ੱ৻ᣣߚࠅ
࠶࠻࡞㧔৻Ꮺ৻ߚࠅ O㧕ߢࠅࠕޔ
ࡦࠤ࠻⺞ᩏߢ⺞ߴߚฦኅᐸߩ᳓↪㊂ߣㄭ
୯ߣߥߞߡߚޕ࿑ ߦ␜ߔవㅴ࿖ߩㇺᏒߢߪ
࿖ߦࠃࠆ㆑߇ࠆ߽ߩߩ৻ੱ৻ᣣߚࠅ
࿑ 5 ዊဳᵹ㊂⸘ߩ⸳⟎ߩ᭽ሶ 2
࠶࠻࡞ࠍ߃ߡࠆㇺᏒ߇ᄙߊߩߎޔ୯ߣᲧセߔ
ࠆߣ࿁ߩ⺞ᩏ⚿ᨐߪૐ߽ߩߢߞߚ⊛⥸৻ޕ
1 ↪ㅜߏߣߩ᳓↪㊂ߣ᭴ᚑᲧ
ߦㅜ࿖ߢߪ᳓᥉ၞߦ߅ߡ߽వㅴ࿖ࠃ
↪㊂㧔L/m3㧕
᭴ᚑᲧ (%)
ࠅ৻ੱᒰߚࠅ᳓↪㊂߇ዋߥะ߇ࠆߣ⠨
࠻ࠗ
19
20
߃ࠄࠇߡ߅ࠅޔ࿁ߩ⺞ᩏ⚿ᨐߪߘࠇߣ৻⥌ߔࠆ
ᵞữ
16
17
߽ߩߢߞߚޕ
ࠪࡖࡢ㧔ᶎ㧕
20
21
↪ㅜߏߣߩ᳓↪㊂ߪ․ߦ⋡┙ߞߡᄢ߈߽
บᚲ
16
17
ߩߪߥߊޔవㅴ࿖ߩㇺᏒߣᲧߴࠆߣో⊛ߦዋߥ
ᵞ㕙
11
11
߆ߞߚޕ᳓ᵞ࠻ࠗߦߟߡ߽߶ߣࠎߤߩኅᐸߢ
ደᄖߥߤ
14
15
࠶࠻࡞⒟ᐲߩ▵᳓ဳߩ࠻ࠗ߇᥉ߒߡ߅ࠅޔ
↪ㅜ
వㅴ࿖ߣᲧセߒߡ↪㊂߇ዊߐⷐ࿃ߦߥߞߡ
ᵹ㊂⸘߿ࠞ࠙ࡦ࠲ߪ ᐕ ߹ߢߩ ࡩ
ࠆ߽ߩߣᕁࠊࠇࠆޕ
㑆⸳⟎ߒߩߘޔ㑆ቯᦼ⊛ߦޔᱜᏱߦ⸘᷹ߢ߈ߡ
৻ᣇߢࠗࡁࡂޔᏒߦ߅ߡߪᕆỗߥ⚻ᷣ⊒ዷߦ
ࠆ߆ߤ߁߆ߩ⏕ࠍⴕߞߚ⺞ޔ߅ߥޕᩏᦼ㑆ߪ
ߞߡᏒ᳃ߩ↢ᵴ᳓Ḱ߽ะߒߡࠆߦࠇߘޕ
ࡂࡁࠗᏒߦ߅ߡޔᤐቄ߆ࠄᄐቄߦᒰߒޔᲧセ
ޔᓟ৻ੱᒰߚࠅ᳓↪㊂ߪవㅴ࿖ਗߺߦჇട
⊛᳓↪߇ᄙᦼ㑆ࠍࠎߢࠆޕ
ߒߡߊߎߣߦߥࠆ߽ߩߣᕁࠊࠇࠆޕ
㧚⺞ᩏ⚿ᨐ
㧚߹ߣ
ߎߎߢߪ⸃ޔᨆㅜਛߢߪࠆ߇⺞࠻ࠤࡦࠕޔ
ᧄႎߢߪޔᐕ 㨪 ߦⴕࠊࠇߚฦኅᐸߢߩ
ᩏ߅ࠃ߮ታ᷹⺞ᩏࠃࠅᓧࠄࠇߚ⚿ᨐࠍ⚫ߔࠆޕ
᳓↪ߦ㑐ߒߡߩࠕࡦࠤ࠻⺞ᩏߣታ᷹⺞ᩏߩ
ⷐࠍ⚫ߒߚޕ
࠻ࠗߦ߅ߌࠆ᳓↪
ታ᷹⺞ᩏߩ⚿ᨐ߆ࠄߪ߅߅ࠃߘᅷᒰߥ୯߇ᓧ
ࠕࡦࠤ࠻⺞ᩏߩ⚿ᨐߦࠃࠆߣ⺞ޔᩏኻ⽎ߩో
ࠄࠇߡߚ߇ޔታ᷹⺞ᩏߢߪᵹ㊂⸘ࠍ⋧ᒰᦼ㑆⸳
ኅᐸߢ᳓ᵞ࠻ࠗ߇↪ߐࠇߡߚߩޕኅᐸ
⟎ߒߥߌࠇ߫ߥࠄߥߎߣ߆ࠄޔᯏེߩᢙ߿⸳⟎
ߪ 5GRVKEVCPM㧔⣣ᢌᮏ㧕ࠍ⸳⟎ߒߡߚ߇ޔᱷ
ߦ߆߆ࠆᤨ㑆ޔදജኅᐸᢙߩߤߥޔ㗴߆ࠄࠨࡦ
ࠅߩ 㧑ߩኅᐸߪ㓸วቛߩዬ⠪ߢࠆ߇ޔ⣣
ࡊ࡞ᢙࠍჇ߿ߔߩ߇㔍ߒ⁁ᴫߦࠆޕ
ᢌᮏࠍ↪ߒߡߥ߆ߞߚޕ
ߘߎߢ↪ߡ߅ߦ࠻ࠤࡦࠕޔㅜߏߣߩ᳓↪
ࠞ࠙ࡦ࠲ߦࠃࠆ⺞ᩏ⚿ᨐߢߪޔฦኅᐸߦ߅ߌ
㊂߇ផ᷹ߢ߈ࠆࠃ߁ߥᖱႎࠍᓧࠆߎߣ߇ߢ߈ࠆ
ࠆ᳓ᵞ↪᳓↪㊂ߪኻᢙᱜⷙಽᏓߦᓥߞߡ߅ࠅޔ
ࠃ߁ࠕࡦࠤ࠻ౝኈࠍᎿᄦߔࠆߣߣ߽ߦޔK2CF ߦ
㗅ᒰߥಽᏓߣߥߞߡߚޕ㧑એߩኅᐸߢ৻ੱ
ࠕࡦࠤ࠻ࠍታⵝߒޔᏒ᳃߇╵߃߿ߔߊߥࠆࠃ߁
৻ᣣߚࠅ ࠶࠻࡞એਅߣߥߞߡ߅ࠅޔᐔဋ
ߥᡷ⦟ࠍⴕߞߡࠆޕ
୯ߪ ࠶࠻࡞ߢߞߚޕ
43
Toilet
Laundry
Others
300
250
Bath&Shower
Cooking
200
150
100
Prague
Helsinki
Stockholm
France
Zurich
Hamburg
Amsterdam
Vienna
East Anglian(UK)
Fukuoka
Singapore
Kobe
Osaka
Tokyo
Melbourne
Winnipeg
Walnut Valley WD
Las Virgenes MWD
Scottsdale/Tempe
Phoenix,
Denver
San Diego
Boulder
Eugene
Lompoc
Tampa
Seattle
0
Waterloo/Cambridge
50
Atlanta
Water Consumption (l/capita/day)
350
࿑ 6 ⇇ 30 ㇺᏒߩฦኅᐸߦ߅ߌࠆ↪ㅜ᳓↪㊂ 1)
ᓟߪ߽࠻ࠤࡦࠕޔᵴ↪ߒߥ߇ࠄ⺞ᩏኻ⽎ᢙ
2TQURGEVUHQT+ORNGOGPVKPI*QWUGJQNF9CVGT7UG
ࠍჇ߿ߒߡ↪ㅜ᳓↪㊂ߩផቯ♖ᐲࠍߍࠆ
&GOCPF/CPCIGOGPVKP*CPQK%KV[̍㧔⪺⠪㧦2JCO
ߣߣ߽ߦޔฦ↪ㅜߏߣ᳓↪㊂ߦᓇ㗀ࠍਈ߃ߡ
0IQE$CQ6QUJK[C#TCOCMK;WTKPC1VCMKCPF
ࠆⷐ࿃ࠍ⸃ᨆߒࠅࠃޔㆡಾߥ᧪᳓㔛ⷐߩផቯࠍ
/CUCJKTQ1VCMK㧕ߣߒߡ⊒ߐࠇߚ߽ߩߢࠆޕ
ⴕ߁੍ቯߢࠆޕ
ෳ⠨ᢥ₂
ࡂࡁࠗߦ߅ߌࠆ᳓↪ߩታᘒ⺞ᩏߪߩ⨥߅ޔ᳓
1VCMK ; 1VCMK / #TCOCMK 6 CPF
ᅚሶᄢቇߩᄢἏ㓷ኡಎᢎߩ⎇ⓥࠣ࡞ࡊߣ
5CMWTC1
4GUKFGPVKCNYCVGTFGOCPF
หߢታᣉߒߡࠆ߽ߩߢࠆᧄޔߚ߹ޕႎ๔ߩౝ
CPCN[UKU D[ JQWUGJQNF CEVKXKVKGU PF
ኈߪޔ
ᐕ ߦ᧲੩ߦ߅ߡ㐿ߐࠇߚ 6JG
+PVGTPCVKQPCN %QPHGTGPEG QP 'HHKEKGPV 7UG
VJ+9##52+4'EQPHGTGPEGCPFGZJKDKVKQP ߦ߅
CPF /CPCIGOGPV QH 7TDCP 9CVGT 5WRRN[
ߡ̍ޔ#P#PCN[UKUQH9CVGT%QPUWORVKQPCPF
'HHKEKGPV%CPCT[+UNCPFU5RCKP
44
ᐔᚑ ᐕᐲ࿖㓙↢␠ળ⎇ⓥࡦ࠲ ⎇ⓥⷐ
࿖㓙↢␠ળߦ㑐ߔࠆࡑ࡞࠴ࠛࠫࠚࡦ࠻ࠪࡒࡘ࡚ࠪࡦ
࿖㓙↢␠ળ⎇ⓥࡦ࠲ ࠣ࡞ࡊ 1-1 ⎇ⓥຬ
ᄢቇ㒮࿖㓙ၞቇ⎇ⓥ⑼ ᢎ ᳰ↰ ⺈
Multi-Agent Simulation on International Kyousei Society
㧝ࡍࠫ⋡ߩ㧞㧤ⴕಽ
⺑ߣ᧦ઙ⸳ቯࠍⴕ߁ᔅⷐ߇ࠆࡘࡒࠪޕ
1㧚ߪߓߦ
IEA[1]߿ OECD[2]ߩࡐ࠻ߢߪޔᣢߦ ࡚ࠪࡦߩ೨ឭ᧦ઙ߿⢛᥊ߦࠆᔃℂቇߩ
㧞㧤ⴕ
ⴕേ․ᕈ⺰[7]߿ᢥൻᔃℂቇߩଔ୯㘃ဳ[8]ޔ
ࡇࠢࠝࠗ࡞ᓟߩ⇇ߦੱ㘃ߪ⿷ࠍ〯ߺ
ࠇߡࠆߣࠊࠇߡࠆ⤘ޕᄢߥ⍹ᴤ⾗Ḯ ᓧⴕߩ୯ߘߩ߽ߩ߇ᄌൻߔࠆࠥࡓℂ
㧔
ߦଐሽߒߚઍᢥߪᄢ߈ߥጘ〝ߦ┙ߚߐ ⺰ߥߤߩ⺑ߪ⚕㕙ߩㇺว⋭⇛ߔࠆޕ
ࠇߡࠆߣ߃ࠃ߁⾗ߥ߁ࠃߩߘޕḮ⚂ ߒߊߪ╩⠪ߩዊ⺰[9]߿ HP[10]ࠍෳᾖޕ㧕
߇⪺ߒߊ㜞߹ߞߡߊ࿖㓙␠ળߦ߅ߡ 2㧚ၮᧄࠪࡒࡘ࡚ࠪࡦߩ⚿ᨐߦߟߡ
↢␠ળ߇ߤߩࠃ߁ߥᗧࠍᜬߟߩ߆ౕޕ ࿑㧝ߪޔᐔဋኼ 50 ᱦߢઍઍߔࠆ
⊛ߦߪޔ⣕⍹ᴤᢥࠍ⋡ᜰߔၞߠߊࠅ࠻ࡦࠚࠫࠛߩੱ ޔ㧔#IV㧕߇ޔ1,000 ࠬ
߃߫⧷࿖ߩ࠻ࡦ࡚ࠫࠪࡦ࠲࠙ࡦߥߤ ࠹࠶ࡊ㧔ᐕ㧕
ޔቇ⠌ᯏ⢻ࠍ↪ߥ߇ࠄࠥࡓ
NGO ߿Ꮢ᳃ߩ⹜ߺ߇⇇ਛߢ 2,000 ࠍ➅ࠅߒ⚿ߩߘޔᨐߣߒߡⴕേ․ᕈ߇ᄌ
એ߽ࠆߣࠊࠇߡࠆ[3] ߥ߁ࠃߩߎޕൻߔࠆߎߣߢߩߘޔ㓸⸘୯ߢࠆᢥൻଔ୯
⹜ߺߩᢥ⺰⊛ߥᗧߦߟߡᧄޔⓂߢߪ 㘃ဳ߇ᄌൻߔࠆࡕ࠺࡞ߩ৻ߟߩ⚿ᨐߢࠆޕ
ࡑ࡞࠴ࠛࠫࠚࡦ࠻ࠪࡒࡘ࡚ࠪࡦ ⇟ߩࠣࡈߪⴕޔേ․ᕈ ࿃ሶੱᢙ
㧔MAS㧕ߦࠃࠆࠛࡊࠬ࠲ࠗࡦࠄߩᱧผ⎇ⓥ ߩ߁ߜ╙ ࿃ሶߩᭉⷰߣᖤⷰߩ␜ߢ [4]ߥߤࠍෳ⠨ߦ MAS ࠰ࡈ࠻ artisoc[5]ߣᄌ ᦼ߹ߢߩ # ߢߪᖤⷰ߇ᭉⷰࠍ࿁ߞߡ
឵࠰ࡈ࠻ SimTaKN2artisoc[6]ࠍ↪ߚ⎇ ࠆޕ# ߢߪㅒォߒޔ# ߢ߹ߚㅒォߒߡ
ࠆޕ߆ࠄ ⇟⋡ߩࠣࡈߪ ╙ޔ࿃ሶߩ
ⓥ⚿ᨐࠍ⚫ߔࠆޕ
ߩ࿖㓙␠ળߪ৻ޔᣇߢߪ᰷ㄭઍᢥ ቴⷰߣਥⷰߩ․ᕈੱᢙࠍࠊߒߡࠆޕ
ߩ⥄↱ਥ⟵Ꮢ႐⚻ᷣߣ࿖ኅో㓚ࠍਥ $ ߩࠃ߁ߦ ᦼ߽ߩ㐳ᦼߦࠊߚߞߡቴⷰ
ゲߦዷ㐿ߐࠇࠆ┹ว࿖ኅ߇ࠅઁޔᣇ ⊛ߥ࿃ሶ߇ఝߦߥࠆߎߣ߽⊒↢ߔࠆઁޕ
ߢߪߘߩࠃ߁ߥଔ୯ⷰߣߪోߊ⇣ߥ ߩ ࿃ሶߦߟߡߪ⋭⇛ߒߚޕ߆ࠄਃ⇟
ࠆᢥൻ߿ᢥ߇ࠆ ߡߒߣߟ৻ߩߘޕNGO ⋡ߩࠣࡈߪޔ㨀㧚ࡄ࠰ࡦ࠭ߩ೨ㄭઍߣ
╬ߩᏒ᳃ᵴേ߇ࠆ߽ߩߣᗐቯߒߚ ޕㄭઍࠍࠊߔࡄ࠲ࡦᄌᢙࠍࠪࡘࡢ࡞࠷ߩ
ⶄ㔀ߦ㍲ߒ⋧సߔࠆ⇇ߩ⁁ᘒࠍޔੱ ᢥൻଔ୯㘃ဳߩಽ=?ࠍ↪ߡ⛔⸘⊛ߦ
ࠍේනߣߒߡᢥൻଔ୯ࡌ࡞ߩࠪࡒࡘ ߽ᬌ⸽น⢻ߥ ᜰᮡߦಽ㘃ߒߚฦᦼߩᓧ
࡚ࠪࡦࠍⴕ߁ߦߪࠅߥ߆ޔᕁಾߞߚ
ߩว⸘୯ߢࠆޕ
㧔೨ㄭઍߪᖱ✜⊛ޔਥⷰ⊛ޔ
45 ⚻㛎⊛ޔ㓸࿅⊛⊛ⷰ⋥ޔ࿃ሶߣߒޔㄭઍߪ
ᢥൻଔ୯㘃ဳߩ⇇߇ᣣὼߦ߽ఝߢ
ᭉⷰ⊛ޔቴⷰ⊛ⴕ⹜ޔ㍲⺋⊛┹ޔ⊛ޔว
ࠆߛߌ߆߽ߒࠇߥߎߣߪ␜ໂߐࠇࠆࠃ
ℂ⊛࿃ሶߣߔࠆಽߦ߶߷ኻᔕߒߡࠆ߇
߁ߦᕁࠊࠇࠆߩߢߎߎޕቯߦ⺖㗴߇ᄙ
ห৻ߢߪߥޕ
㧕% ߩࠃ߁ߦ೨ㄭઍ߇ㄭઍ
ߎߣ߽〯߹߃ߡߡ߃ޔ㒝⸒ߔࠆߣߔࠇ߫ޔ
ߩࡄ࠲ࡦᄌᢙߩᓧว⸘ࠃࠅ߽࿁ߞߡ
ㄭઍ⊛ߥᢥൻଔ୯ߣߒߡ৻⥸⊛ߦࠊࠇߡ
ࠆᦼ㑆߽ࠇ߫ޔ% ߩࠃ߁ߦㅒ߽ࠆޕ
ࠆᭉⷰቴⷰ⚻㛎Ꮖᔃ߿┹ว
ߎߩߢߪ㗫❥ߦࠇᦧࠊߞߡࠆ⇟৻ޕ
ℂᕈߩ࠶࠻߇ఝߥ⁁ᘒߢࠆߎߣߪᱧ
ਅߩࠣࡈߪ ޔ࿃ሶߦࠃࠆࠪࡘࡢ࡞࠷ߩ
ผ⊛ߥὼߢࠅ⁁ࠆߥ⇣ޔᘒޔහߜޔ೨
ᢥൻଔ୯㘃ဳߩㄭૃᜰᮡࠍࠊߒߡࠆޕ
ㄭઍ⊛ߣߐࠇࠆᖱ✜ਥⷰㆆᚨઁᔃ
& ߩࠃ߁ߦ೨ㄭઍߩᢥൻଔ୯㘃ဳ߇ఝߥ
߿ද⺞㕖วℂ߿⋥ⷰᗵᕈߩ࠶࠻߇ఝ
ᤨᦼ߆ࠄߦ߁ࠃߩ &ޔㄭઍ߇ఝߥᤨᦼߥ
ߥ⁁ᘒߦߥࠆߎߣ߽ࠅᓧࠆߣ߁ߎߣ
ߤޔߦࠇᦧࠊࠅ߇ࠆޕ
ߢࠆޔߪߣߎߩߎޕታ⸽⊛วℂਥ⟵ߣߪ
એߩ⚿ᨐ߆ࠄޔ೨ㄭઍ㧔߃߫ D4㧕߆
⇣ߥࠆၮḰ߇ఝߦߥࠆน⢻ᕈ߽␜ໂߒߡ
ࠄㄭઍ㧔D5㧕
ߦࠄߐޔ࿖㓙↢␠ળ㧔D6㧕
ࠆޕᓥߞߡ⋧ޔኻ⊛ߥᢥൻᄙరਥ⟵߿ੑ
߇ഃ⊒ߐࠇࠆ⁁ᘒࠍࠪࡒࡘ࡚ࠪࡦߢ߈
⠪ᛯ৻⊛ߦ৻ᣇࠍఝߥᢥൻଔ୯㘃ဳߣߒ
ߡࠆߣ߹ߢߪหᗧࠍᓧࠄࠇߥߢࠈ߁ޕ
ߡ⇇߿ᢥࠍߺࠆߩߢߪߥߊ⋧ޔቢ
ߒ߆ߒ⚿ߩߎޔᨐ߆ࠄㄭઍ⊛ߥᢥൻଔ୯㘃
⊛ߢߦߒᓧߩఝᕈ߽ઍߔࠆ
ဳߩ␠ળࠆߪ⇇߇ᔅߕߒ߽㜞ᓧ
ࠃ߁ߥ࠳ࠗ࠽ࡒ࠶ࠢߥᢥൻଔ୯㘃ဳߩ⇇
߿ᢥߣߺࠆߎߣ߇␜ໂߢ߈ߚߣ߃ࠃ߁ޕ
ࠍᓧࠆߣߪ߃ߥߎߣޔහߜޔㄭઍ⊛ߥ
࿑ 㧦೨ㄭઍߣㄭઍߩᢥൻଔ୯㘃ဳߩࠪࡒࡘ࡚ࠪࡦ⚿ᨐ㧔㧝⹜ⴕߩ␜㧕
㧭․ᕈੱᢙ㧔ᭉⷰ㧦Ớޔᖤⷰ㧦᷆㧕
#
#
#
#
#
㧮․ᕈੱᢙ㧔ቴⷰ㧦Ớޔਥⷰ㧦᷆㧕
$
$
$
$
$
$
㧯ฦᐕߩᓧ㧔ㄭઍ㧦Ớޔ೨ㄭઍ㧦᷆㧕
%
%
%
%
% %
%
%
㧱ᢥൻଔ୯㘃ဳ㧔ㄭઍ㧦Ớޔ೨ㄭઍ㧦᷆㧕
&
&
&
&
&
⾗ᢱ㧦SimTaKN2artisoc ߣ artisoc ࠍ↪ߡ╩⠪ᚑ
46
&
% %
ߎߩࠃ߁ߥ೨ឭߣ೨▵ߩၮ␆ࡕ࠺࡞ࠍޔ
㧚᧪߳ߩᔕ↪ࠪࡒࡘ࡚ࠪࡦ
೨ឭ᧦ઙߣߒߡੱ৻ޔᒰࠅ⚻ᷣ᳓Ḱߣੱ
ᦨᄢߢජੱ⒟ᐲߩੱ߇ޘኅᣖ߿ၞ㓸࿅ࠍ
ญჇട₸ߩផ⸘߆ࠄ ᐕ㗃ߦ⇇ੱญ
ᒻᚑߒ㘩♳ߩ⏕㈩ಽࠍⴕ↢ᱫߣ
ߪ ంੱࠍ㒢ߣߒߩߘޔᓟᷫዋߦォߓ
㘫㙈߿㙈ᱫߩ⁁ᘒࠍࠊߔේೋ⊛ߥ␠ળࡕ
ࠆน⢻ᕈ߇ࠆઁޕᣇߢޔ⇇ੱญ߇ࠛࡀ
࠺࡞ߦዉߒߡࡘࡒࠪߡߟߦࠬࠤ ޔ
࡞ࠡߦቢోߦଐሽߔࠆߣ߁ផ⸘ᣇᴺ߆
࡚ࠪࡦߔࠆߣ࿑ ߩㅢࠅߢࠆޕᏀߪ
ࠄޔ⍹ᴤᄤὼࠟࠬ╬ߩᨗᷢࠍᦨ߽ᣧ
ࠤࠬ # ࠍ೨ឭߦߒߚ⚿ᨐߢޔㄭઍߩᢥൻ
⺑ߢ ᐕߦ⚂ ంੱߣផ⸘ߔࠆ
㧔࿑ 㧕
ޕ
ଔ୯㘃ဳ߇ ♿ߩ ᐕ㑆ఝࠍ⛽ᜬߔ
ߎߩࠃ߁ߥਔᭂ┵ߩᗐቯ߆ࠄޔઍᢥ߇
ࠆ⚿ᨐ߽ࠇࠆ߇ޔᏀਅߩࠃ߁ߦㄭઍߣ೨
ᓟ߽ᚑ㐳ߒ⛯ߌࠆࠤࠬ # ߪߺ⹜ߩߘޔ
ㄭઍ߇ỗߒߊࠇᦧࠊࠆỗേߩ♿ࠍ੍ᗵ
߇ᄬᢌߔࠆࠤࠬ % ߣ߁ㆊᄢߥࠬࠢߣ
ߐߖࠆ⚿ᨐ߽ࠇࠆ ࠬࠤޕ$ ߪਛᄩਅߩ
ⵣ৻ߣߥߞߚᢥߢࠆߣ⸒߃ࠃ߁ޕ
ࠃ߁ߦỗߒߊઍߒߡࠆ ࠬࠤޕ% ߪฝ
ߎࠇߦኻߒߡ࿖㓙↢␠ળߪޔᚑᨐߪᄢ
ਅߩࠃ߁ߦߥࠆ߽ߡߒߦࠇߕޕᄙ᭽ߥ⚿
߈ߊߥ߇߽ࠬࠢߘࠇ߶ߤᄢ߈ߊߥࠤ
ᨐߩਛ߆ࠄߒߚ৻ߢࠆߩߢޔනߥ
ࠬ $ ߩ⇇ߣ߃ࠆߩߢߪߥߛࠈ߁߆ޕ
ࠆෳ⠨ߣߒߡߺࠆߎߣ߇ᔅⷐߢࠆޕ
࿑ 2㧦ࠛࡀ࡞ࠡੱญ⺰ࠍ↪ߚන⚐ផ⸘ߣ࿖㓙↢␠ળߩࠗࡔࠫ࿑
ంੱ
㧭
㧮
㧯
⑼ቇᛛⴚ
Ꮢ႐⚻ᷣ
ㄭઍᢥ
ᚑഞࠤࠬ
ᢥൻଔ୯
↢␠ળ
ㆶᵹᢥ
ォ឵ࠤࠬ
⑼ቇᛛⴚ
Ꮢ႐⚻ᷣ
ㄭઍᢥ
ᄬᢌࠤࠬ
⾗ᢱ㧦#ࡑ࠺ࠖ࠰ࡦ⪺⚻ޡᷣ⛔⸘ߢࠆ⇇⚻ᷣ ᐕผߩ?=ޢ㐳ᦼ⛔⸘ࠍ߽ߣߦࠛࡀ࡞ࠡੱญ⺰ߩ
⺑ߣධർ㑆ߩᐔဋᚲᓧߦࠃࠆੱญჇട₸ߩቯ⺑ࠍ↪ߡ╩⠪ផ⸘ޕ
࿑㧟㧦ੱญߣᢥൻଔ୯㘃ဳߩᄌൻ㧔Ꮐ㧦 ంੱ߹ߢੱญჇടޔਛᄩ㧦 ంੱ৻ቯޔฝ㧦ੱญỗᷫ㧕
㪈㪇㪇
㪎㪌
㪎㪌
㪌㪇
㪌㪇
㪉㪌
㪉㪌
㪎㪌
㪌㪇
㪉㪌
㪇
㪈㪏㪌㪇㩷 㩷 䇭 㪈㪐㪇㪇㩷 㩷 㩷 䇭 㪈㪐㪌㪇㩷 㩷 䇭 㩷 㪉㪇㪇㪇㩷 㩷 㩷 䇭 㪉㪇㪌㪇䇭 㩷 㩷 㪉㪈㪇㪇
㪇
㪇
㪈㪏㪌㪇㩷 㩷 䇭 㪈㪐㪇㪇㩷 㩷 㩷 䇭 㪈㪐㪌㪇㩷 㩷 䇭 㩷 㪉㪇㪇㪇㩷 㩷 㩷 㩷 䇭 㪉㪇㪌㪇䇭 㩷 㩷 㩷 㪉㪈㪇㪇 㪈㪏㪌㪇㩷 㩷 䇭 㪈㪐㪇㪇㩷 㩷 㩷 䇭 㪈㪐㪌㪇㩷 㩷 㩷 䇭 㩷 㪉㪇㪇㪇㩷 㩷 㩷 䇭 㪉㪇㪌㪇䇭 㩷 㩷 㩷 㪉㪈㪇㪇
㪈㪇㪇
㪎㪌
㪎㪌
㪌㪇
㪌㪇
㪉㪌
㪉㪌
㪎㪌
㪌㪇
㪉㪌
㪇
㪈㪏㪌㪇㩷 㩷 䇭 㪈㪐㪇㪇㩷 䇭 㩷 㪈㪐㪌㪇㩷 䇭 㩷 㪉㪇㪇㪇㩷 㩷 䇭 㪉㪇㪌㪇㩷 䇭 㩷 㪉㪈㪇㪇
㪇
㪈㪏㪌㪇㩷 㩷 䇭 㪈㪐㪇㪇㩷 䇭 㩷 㪈㪐㪌㪇㩷 䇭 㩷 㪉㪇㪇㪇㩷 㩷 䇭 㪉㪇㪌㪇㩷 䇭 㩷 㪉㪈㪇㪇
⾗ᢱ㧦╩⠪ᚑ
47
㪇
㪈㪏㪌㪇㩷 㩷 䇭 㪈㪐㪇㪇㩷 䇭 㩷 㪈㪐㪌㪇㩷 䇭 㩷 㪉㪇㪇㪇㩷 㩷 䇭 㪉㪇㪌㪇㩷 䇭 㩷 㪉㪈㪇㪇
4㧚⚿߮
⋧ᒰߥ࿎㔍੍߽ᗐߐࠇࠆޕ
ᓟᬌ⸽ߔߴ߈⺖㗴ߪᄙ߽ߩߩޔએ
ᦨᓟߦ⎇ᧄߢ߹ࠇߎޔⓥߢߪޔ㧹㧭㧿ߦ
ߩ⚿ᨐࠍⷐ⚂ߔࠆߣޔᣣߩ⇇ߪޔA ߆
ߟߡ᧲੩ᄢቇߩጊᓇㅴవ↢߶߆ޔⅣᵹᢥ
B ߆ߩㆬᛯߢߪߥߊޔA ߿ B ࠍᏗ᳞ߔࠆ
ߦߟߡߪᲧセᢥቇળߩᨴ⼱⤿వ↢
ੱ߿ NGOડᬺ࿖ኅߥߤߩਥ߇ᷙߔ
߶߆ߩᄙߊߩ⻉వ↢ᣇߦ᭽ߏߥޘᜰዉࠍ⾦
ࠆᷙᴋߣߒߚࠕ࠽ࠠࠞ࡞ߥ⁁ᘒߢࠆߣ
ߞߚ ޕᐕ ᣣߦᲧセᢥቇળߣ
߃ࠃ߁⎇ᧄޕⓥߪߥ߁ࠃߩߎޔᄙ᭽ߥਥ
ᧄࡦ࠲ߩ⎇ⓥળ߽㐿ߐࠇߚ⊝ޕ
߇㍲ߔࠆ⇇ࠍޔන⚐ߥᔨࠍ↪ߚ
᭽ߦᔃ߆ࠄᗵ⻢ߩᗧࠍߒߡ⚿߮ߣߔࠆޕ
⼏⺰߿ੱޔญߩࠃ߁ߦ৻ߟߩᜰᮡߦ㓸⸘ߐ
ෳ⠨ᢥ₂㧦
ࠇߚ⛔⸘㊂ߦࠃࠆࡕ࠺࡞ൻ࠹ࠬࠪ߫߃ޔ
=?+'# ോዪ㐳㧦↰ਛિ↵ޟ⇇ࠛࡀ࡞ࠡዷᦸ
ࡓ࠳ࠗ࠽ࡒ࠶ࠢࠬ(SD)ߩ⇇ࡕ࠺࡞[12]
ޠ
ޔᐕ JVVRYYYKGCQTIURGGEJ
߿ࡕ࠺࡞ࠬࠠࠄߩࡕ࠺࡞[13]╬ߢߪ߃
6CPCMCYGQAVQM[QALRRFH
ߡߎߥ߆ߞߚ㕙ࠍ⸃߈߆ߔᣂߚߥ⇇
=?2QUV2GCM1KN(QTGECUV+/(̌9QTNF'EQPQOKE
ࡕ࠺࡞ߢࠆߣ߃ࠆޕ
1WVNQQM̍#RTJVVRYYYKOHQTI
70 ంੱࠍ߃ࠆੱ㑆ߣડᬺ࿖ኅNGO
GZVGTPCNRWDUHVYGQRFHERFH
ߥߤᄙ᭽ߥਥ߇㍲⛱ߔࠆਛߢߪߢ⁁ޔ
=?ࡢ࡞࠼࠙ࠜ࠶࠴⎇ⓥᚲޡ⊕ᦠ ᷷ᥦൻ㒐ᱛ߿⾗Ḯ▵⚂ޔᩰᏅ⸃ᶖߥߤ
․㓸㧦ᜬ⛯น⢻ߥᢥൻޢ㨃㨃ࠫࡖࡄࡦޔ
ⷙᮨߩ㗴⟲ߦขࠅ⚵ੱ߿ NGOડ
=?,/'RUVGKP ̌)GPGTCVKXG 5QEKCN 5EKGPEG
ᬺ࿖ኅߪ߆ߒ߆ߥࠇߘޔߒ߆ߒޕ
5VWFKGUKP#IGPV$CUGF%QORWVCVKQPCN/QFGNKPI̍
ࠄߩขࠅ⚵ߺ߇⚿ࡦ࡚ࠪࡘࡒࠪޔᨐߩ
2TKPEGVQP7PKXGTUKV[RTGUU
ࠃ߁ߦਥᵹߦォߓࠆ߆߽ߒࠇߥ৻ߩߘޕ
=?ጊᓇㅴ⪺ੱޡᎿ␠ળ᭴▽ᜰධ☋ᦠޢᎿᚱᣧጊޔ
ᣇߢ⚿ߩߘޔᨐ߇࡙࠻ࡇࠕ⊛ߥ⇇ߣ
ోߊ⇣ߥࠆߩߪޔᄙ᭽ߥᢥൻଔ୯㘃ဳߩ
=?ਛᎺ↵ *2㧦http://simtakn.exblog.jp/
᭽ߥޘਥ߇Ᏹߦሽߒߡ⋧ޔߦ㝚߉ว
=?㑆ᱞବᄖ✬ޡᕈᩰߩℂ⺰ࡦࡉޢ ޔ
ߥ߇ࠄޔᷙᴋߣߒߚ⁁ᘒߩ⇇߇⛮⛯ߔ
=?ਃብ㓉⪺ޡᲧセᢥൻߩᔃℂቇࡗࠪ࠾ࠞ࠽ޢ
ࠆߣ߁ὐߢࠆޔߪߦࠄߐޕ࿖㓙↢␠
ޔ
ળ߇ਥᵹߦߥߞߡ߽៊ᄬ߇⊒↢ߒ⛯ߌࠆ߆
=?ᳰ↰⺈⪺ޟⅣᵹᢥߣࡑ࡞࠴ࠛࠫࠚࡦ࠻ࠪ
߽ߒࠇߥߎߣޔහߜޔਥᵹߦߥߞߚᢥൻ
ࡒࡘ࡚ࠪࡦޠ
ޡᲧセᢥ ޢᲧセᢥቇળ ଔ୯㘃ဳߩ␠ળߩᓧ߇ૐࠤ߽ࠬࠆ
=?ᳰ↰⺈ *2JVVRYYYVQ[QCELR`OKMGFC
ߎߣࠍ࿁ߩ⚿ᨐ߆ࠄ⺒ߺขߞߡ߅߆ߥߌ
=?#ࡑ࠺ࠖ࠰ࡦ⪺ޔ㊄ਭ㓶⋙⸶⚻ޡᷣ⛔⸘ߢ
ࠇ߫ߥࠄߥޔߪߢࠬࠤߥ߁ࠃߩߘޕ࿖
ࠆ⇇⚻ᷣ ᐕผޢᨰᦠᚱޔ
㓙↢␠ળࠍ᭴ᚑߔࠆᗵ߿ㅪᏪޔදޔ
=?&ࡔ࠼࠙࠭߶߆⪺ޔᄢ᧪ᱞ㇢⋙⸶ޡᚑ㐳ߩ
ో߳ߩ㈩ᘦߥߤ߇⛽ᜬߐࠇࠆߚߦ៊ޔ
㒢⇇ޔ␠࠼ࡦࡕࡗࠗ࠳ޢ
ᄬࠍࠞࡃߢ߈ࠆࠃ߁ߥ♖⊛ᢥൻଔ୯ߥ
=?)/QFGNUMǨ).1$#.+<#6+10#5'81
ߤ߇ਇนᰳߣ߃ࠃ߁߽ߡߒߦࠇߕޕ࿖
.76+10#4;241%'55/QFGNKPIINQDCN
㓙↢␠ળ߳ߩォ឵߿ߘߩ⛽ᜬ⛮⛯ߦߪޔ
EJCPIG̍4QWVTKGFIG
48
ᐔᚑ ᐕᐲ࿖㓙↢␠ળ⎇ⓥࡦ࠲ ⎇ⓥⷐ
⊒ዷㅜ࿖ߦ߅ߌࠆౝ⊒⊛⊒ዷߩߚߩᐲߩᢛߩߚߩ⠨ኤ
㧙ㆇャㅢⴕߩࠟࡃ࠽ࡦࠬߩⷰὐ߆ࠄ㧙
࿖㓙↢␠ળ⎇ⓥࡦ࠲ ࠣ࡞ࡊ㧝㧙㧝 ࠳
ᄢቇ㒮࿖㓙ၞቇ⎇ⓥ⑼ ᢎ ㊄ሶ ᓆ
A Study on Establishment of Administration System for Endogenous Development in Developing
Countries -A Study on the point of Governance on Transportation sectorߪߓߦ
ߦ߅ߌࠆࠟࡃ࠽ࡦࠬߩ⺖㗴ࠍ⼏⺰ߒߩߘޔߢ
⊒ዷㅜ ࿖ߦ߅ ߌࠆౝ ⊒⊛⊒ዷ ߩߚ ߦߪ
ࠊ߇࿖ߩᐲࠍࡌࠬߣߔࠆ㓙ߩࠟࡃ࠽ࡦࠬߩ
᭽␠ߥޘળࠪࠬ࠹ࡓ߇ᔅⷐߢࠆߦߟ৻ߩߎޕᴺ
ࡐࠗࡦ࠻߆ࠄߩ⺖㗴ࠍ␜ߔޕหᤨߦ⊒ޔዷㅜ࿖
ᐲ߇ߍࠄࠇࠆޕᴺᐲ߇ᢛߐࠇࠆߎߣߦࠃ
ࠍኻ⽎ߣߔࠆࠟࡃ࠽ࡦࠬߩ⺖㗴ߦߟߡ߽ᢛℂ
ࠅฦಽ㊁ߢߩ⊒ዷ߇ᜬ⛯น⢻ߣߥࠅߘࠇ߇ౝ⊒
ߔࠆ⊒ޔߡ߃߹߰ࠍࠄࠇߎޕዷㅜ࿖ߦ߅ߌࠆㆇ
⊛⊒ዷߩࠗࡦࡦ࠹ࠖࡉߣߥࠆޕ
ャㅢߦ㑐ߔࠆᐲߩᢛߦ߅ߌࠆࠟࡃ࠽ࡦࠬ
ߒ߆ߒઍ⊛ߥᴺᐲߘߩ߽ߩ߇ᄙߊߩㅜ
ߩⷰὐ߆ࠄߩ᧦ઙߣ⺖㗴ࠍᢛℂߔࠆߎߣࠍ⋡⊛
࿖ߦߣߞߡߪᄖ↢⊛ߥ߽ߩߣߥߞߡࠆߒ߆ߒޕ
ߣߔࠆޕ
ઁߩ࿖ߩޘ᭽⚻ߥޘ㛎߿ታ❣ࠍࡌࠬߦߒߟߟ
⥄࿖ߦㆡวߒߚᐲࠍ᭴▽ߔࠆߎߣߘߩ߽ߩ߇
ࠊ߇࿖ߦ߅ߌࠆ㐿⊒ߣࠟࡃ࠽ࡦࠬ
ᒰಽ㊁ߦ߅ߌࠆౝ⊒⊛ߥ⊒ዷߩࠬ࠲࠻ߣ⠨
ࠊ߇࿖ߦ߅ߌࠆ㐿⊒ߣࠟࡃ࠽ࡦࠬߩ⢛᥊
߃ࠄࠇࠆߩߘߦࠄߐޕᐲߩᢛߦࠃࠅᄙᣇ㕙ߦ
ߣਥߥ⺰ὐ
߅ߌࠆౝ⊒⊛⊒ዷࠍᡰ߃ߡߊߎߣߣߥࠆޕ
ࠊ߇࿖ߩ␠ળ⾗ᧄᢛ߿㑐ㅪߔࠆ㐿⊒ߩߚ
╩⠪ߪߘߩ৻ߟߣߒߡㆇャㅢࠍߣࠅߍ⎇
ߩᐲߪ㓸ᮭ⊛ߥᚻᴺ߇㗴ߣߐࠇޔෳടޔಽᮭޔ
ⓥࠍ߅ߎߥߞߡ߈ߚ⎇ߩߢ߹ࠇߎޕⓥߩਛߢ⊒ዷ
ࠦࡒࡘ࠾࠹ࠖ߇⺖㗴ߣߐࠇߦࠇߎޔኻߔࠆᡷ㕟߇
ㅜ࿖ߦ߅ߌࠆㆡಾߥㆇャㅢࠨࡆࠬߩߚ
ߥߐࠇߡ߈ߚޕᄙߊߩᐲߦ߅ߡෳട߇ዉߐ
ߦߪᐲߩᢛ߇㊀ⷐߢࠆߎߣߩߚߩߘޔද
ࠇߚ߹ޔᣇಽᮭ߽ㅴࠄࠇߡ߈ߚߦ߁ࠃߩߎޕ
ജߦ߅ߡవㅴ࿖ߩ⚻㛎ߪലߢࠆ߇ޔవㅴ࿖
ᐲߩᢛ߇ㅴࠎߢ߈ߚ߇ޔታᣉߦߟߡߪએਅ
ߩᐲߪ⋥ធㆡ↪ߢ߈ߥߎߣࠇߎߡߞ߇ߚߒޔ
ߢㅀߴࠆࠃ߁ߦ⺖㗴߇ᱷߞߡࠆޕ
߹ߢߩవㅴ࿖ߩ⚻㛎ߥߤࠍ߰߹߃ౕ⊛ߥ㗄⋡
ߦಽ⸃ߒ⋧ޔᚻ࿖ߩㆇャㅢࠨࡆࠬ߮ో⥸⊛
ෳടߣࠟࡃ࠽ࡦࠬ
ߥᴺᐲᢛߩ⁁ᴫ߆ࠄᔅⷐߥ㗄⋡ࠍ᭴ᚑߔࠆ
ෳടߦߟߡߺࠆߣ߇ࠊޔ࿖ߢߪේ⑼ߩ╙ 4 Ბ
⠨߃ᣇࠍឭ᩺ߒߡ߈ߚޕ
㓏ߢࠆޟᗧࠆᔕ╵ࠆߔߣ߁ࠈߦޠᲑ㓏ߣ
ߎߩ႐วౕޔ⊛ߦᛛⴚ⊛ߥᬌ⸛ࠍⴕ߁೨ߦኻ
⠨߃ࠄࠇࠆ⹏ߪߣߎߩߎޕଔߐࠇࠆ߇৻ޔᣇߢ
⽎࿖ߩᴺᐲߩ⁁ߣ⺖㗴ࠍࠄ߆ߦߔࠆߎߣ
ᐲ⊛ߦߪෳടߪ⟵ോߣߐࠇࠆ߇ⴕߣߒߡߩ್
߇᳞ࠄࠇࠆߩޠࠬࡦ࠽ࡃࠟޟ߇ࠇߎޕ㗴ߢ
ᢿߪෳടߦࠃࠆ⼏⺰ߩ⚿ᨐߦ⚂ߐࠇߥ߽ߩ
ࠆߦࠄߐޕవㅴ࿖ߩᐲ⥄ߦ߽ࠟࡃ࠽ࡦࠬߩⷰ
ߣߥߞߡࠆߎߣޔෳടߦࠃࠆ⼏⺰ߩ⚿ᨐߣⴕ
ὐ߆ࠄߪᤨὐߢ⋥ߐࠇࠆߴ߈ౝኈ߽ዋߥߊ
߇ᦸ߹ߒߣ⠨߃ࠆ⚿ᨐ߇⇣ߥࠆ႐วߩታ⊛
ߥ ޕ
ߥኻᔕᣇᴺ߇⏕ߢߥߎߣߥߤ⺖㗴߇ዋߥߊ
ߒߚ߇ߞߡ⎇ᧄޔⓥߦ߅ߡߪࠊ߇࿖ߩࠗࡦࡈ
ߥޔߚ߹ޕታᣉᲑ㓏ߢߩᬺߩᄌᦝޔਛᱛߦኻ
49
ߔࠆᐲ߇↪ᗧߐࠇߡߥὐ߽⺖㗴ߢࠆߎ
᥉ㆉ⊛ߥଔ୯ߣߒߡߩ᳃ਥਥ⟵ߩቯ⌕ޔല₸⊛ߥ
ߣ߇ࠄ߆ߦߥߞߡࠆޕ
េഥߩታᣉߩߚߦ߽ࠟࡃ࠽ࡦࠬ߇ᔅⷐߣߩ
⼂߇ߥߐࠇޔᣂߚߥ㐿⊒ᚢ⇛ ߣߒߡࠟࡃ࠽ࡦࠬ
ಽᮭߣࠟࡃ࠽ࡦࠬ
ⷐ⚛ࠍਛᔃߣߒߚ⚻ᷣ㐿⊒␠ޔળ㐿⊒߇㊀ⷞߐࠇ
ಽᮭߩᔅⷐᕈߪㅀߴࠆ߹ߢ߽ߥߊޔⅣႺߩ┙႐
ߡ߈ߚߩߎޕ⠨߃ᣇߪ㊀ⷐߢࠆ߇⺖㗴߽ዋߥߊ
߆ࠄߪಽᮭ߇ࠟࡃ࠽ࡦࠬߩࠦࠕߢࠆߣ߁ਥ
ߥ ޕ
ᒛ߇ߥߐࠇߡࠆޕಽᮭߦߟߡ߽ᴺᐲߩᡷ㕟
߇ㅴࠄࠇߡࠆ߇ޔᐢၞ⊛ߥኻ⽎ߩᣉ⸳ߩᢛ
ࠟࡃ࠽ࡦࠬߩኻ⽎
ߥߤၞ㑆ߩኂߩਇ৻⥌ߥߤಽᮭߛߌߢߪ⸃
ࠟࡃ࠽ࡦࠬะߩߚߦߑߔߴ߈㗄⋡ߣߒ
ߢ߈ߥ⺖㗴߇ࠆޕ
ߡࡌ࡞ߥ᳃ਥਥ⟵ߩቯ⌕ޔᴺߩᡰ㈩ߩ⏕┙ޔ
Ꮢ᳃␠ળߩ⏕┙ޔᐭߩା㗬ᕈߩะ㧔ᐭߩ
ࠦࡒࡘ࠾࠹ࠖߣ⸘↹ࡠࠞ࡞࡞࡞
╷ታⴕ⺑ޔ⽿છㅘᕈޔല₸⊛ߥㇱ㐷㧕
ޔ
⸘↹ߥߤ▸࿐߇㒢ቯߐࠇࠆߣหᤨߦኻ⽎
ᳪ⡯⣣ᢌߩᛥߤߥ࡞ࡠ࠻ࡦࠦࡦࠕࡆࠪޔ
ߣߔࠆࠦࡒࡘ࠾࠹ࠖߦᄢ߈ߥᓇ㗀߇ࠆ߽ߩߦ
߇ߍࠄࠇߡࠆ⋧ߒߛߚޕߦ㑐ㅪߒߡࠆߎ
ߟߡߪࠦࡒࡘ࠾࠹ࠖߩࠗ࠾ࠪࠕ࠹ࠖࡉߦࠃࠆ
ߣߪ߁߹ߢ߽ߥޕ
⸘↹ߠߊࠅ߇ᐲൻߐࠇߡࠆ․ޔߚ߹ޕߩ
ᐲൻߦࠃࠅో࿖৻ᓞߩᴺᐲߦኻߒߡ߽ࡠࠞ
េഥታᣉߦ߅ߌࠆࠟࡃ࠽ࡦࠬ
࡞࡞࡞ࠍㆡ↪ߔࠆߎߣ߇ᐲൻߐࠇߡࠆ߶
߹ߕ╙㧝ߦេഥߩౝኈࠍࠟࡃ࠽ࡦࠬᡷ㕟ߦะ
߆ⴕޔᐲߩᄢᨒߩ▸࿐ߢ␠ળታ㛎ߣߒߡᐲ
ߌࠆߎߣ߇ߍࠄࠇޔᴺᐲߩ⏕┙ޔᐲ⚵❱
ൻߩ⹜ⴕ߇ⴕࠊࠇߡࠆޕ
ᡷ㕟߇ขࠅߍࠄࠇࠆ╙ޕ㧞ߦេഥߩታᣉߦ߅
ߡࠟࡃ࠽ࡦࠬߦ㈩ᘦߔࠆߎߣߢᣣᧄߩេഥߦ߅
ࠊ߇࿖ߩㆇャㅢߦ㑐ߔࠆᐲߣࠟࡃ࠽
ߡߪࠝ࠽ࠪ࠶ࡊߩ⏕ߣࠠࡖࡄࠪ࠹ࠖࡆ
ࡦࠬ ࡞࠺ࠖࡦࠣࠍ㊀ⷞߔࠆ߇ઁవㅴ࿖ߦ߅ߡߪవ
એ߆ࠄࠊ߇࿖ߩㆇャㅢߦ㑐ߔࠆᐲߦߟ
ㅴ࿖ࡕ࠺࡞ߩߡߪࠍⴕ߁ะߦࠆޕ
ߡߪࠟࡃ࠽ࡦࠬߩᄢ߈ߥ⺖㗴ߢࠆෳടޔಽᮭࠬࡦ࠽ࡃࠟ ޔ㊀ⷞេഥߩ⺖㗴
ࠦࡒࡘ࠾࠹ࠖߩฦߡߟߦޘᴺᐲ߇ᡷༀߐࠇ
ߟߟࠆ߇ታോ⊛ߥ⚻㛎߇චಽߣߪ߃ߥߣ
ࠟࡃ࠽ࡦࠬ㊀ⷞេഥߩ⺖㗴ߣߒߡߪ╙㧝ߦ
หᤨߦߎࠇߛߌߢ⸃ߢ߈ߥ⺖㗴߽ᄙޕታ㓙
ᴦ⊛ߩ߅ߘࠇߔߥࠊߜଔ୯ⷰߩᒝߩ߅ߘ
ߩㆡ↪ߦ߅ߡߪԘߩ⨲ޟᩮᣇᑼߡߒߣޠෳടߦ
ࠇ߇ߍࠄࠇࠆߒߛߚޕᣣᧄߪ᰷☨ߣߪዋߒ⇣ߥ
ࠃࠆၞߩࠗ࠾ࠪࠕ࠹ࠖࡉࠍၮߦᬺൻߔࠆᣇ
ࠆኻᔕߣ߁ᜰ៰߇ࠆ╙ޕ㧞ߦⵍេഥ࿖ߩታᖱ
ᑼԙో࿖⊛ߥᐲ߿ᐢၞ⊛ߥᣉ⸳ߥߤߦߟߡ
ߣߩࠡࡖ࠶ࡊ߇ߍࠄࠇࠆߜࠊߥߔޕㆡ↪߇น⢻
ߪⴕߩࠗ࠾ࠪࠕ࠹ࠖࡉߣ⽿છ߇ᔅⷐߢࠆߎ
ᕈ߆ޔታ㓙ߩ࠾࠭ߣߩࠡࡖ࠶ࡊ߅ࠃ߮ᢥൻߩ㆑
ߣ߆ࠄෳടߦࠃࠆ⼏⺰ߣหᤨߦࡔࠦࠢ࠶ࡉࡄޟ
߇ߍࠄࠇࠆ╙ޕ㧟ߦߪၮᧄ⊛ߥᐭߩ⢻ജਇ
ࡦ࠻ᣇᑼ߇ޠㆡ↪ߐࠇߡࠆߚ߹ޕԚ᳃㑆ߩෳ↹
⿷߇ߍࠄࠇេഥ⚳ੌᓟ߽េഥߦࠃࠆࠟࡃ࠽ࡦ
ࠍᄢߔࠆⷙޟ✭߇ޠㅴࠄࠇߡ߈ߚޕᚑᨐ
ࠬᡷ㕟߇ቯ⌕ߔࠆ߆ߍࠄࠇࠆ╙ޕ㧠ߣߒߡេഥ
ߩඨ㕙ቯ⊛ߥࠨࡆࠬߩଏ⛎߆ࠄߩ⺖㗴߽
࿖㑆ߩ⺞ᢛਇචಽߥߎߣ߇ߍࠄࠇ․ߦᣂ⥝េ
ࠆޕ
ഥ࿖ߪߩ⠨߃߆ࠄេഥߒߡࠆߣߩᜰ៰߇
ࠆޕ
ㅜ࿖េഥߣࠟࡃ࠽ࡦࠬ
ࠟࡃ࠽ࡦࠬ߇㊀ⷞߐࠇࠆ⢛᥊
⊒ዷㅜ࿖ߩㆇャㅢߦ㑐ߔࠆᐲߩᢛ
1980㨪90 ᐕઍߦ߅ߡߪޔ಄ᚢ⚳⚿ߣవㅴ࿖
ߦ߅ߌࠆࠟࡃ࠽ࡦࠬߩⷰὐ߆ࠄߩ᧦ઙ
ߩេഥ∋ࠇߦࠃࠅ⊒ዷㅜ࿖߳ߩេഥ߇ᷫዋߒ
ࠟࡃ࠽ࡦࠬߩⷰὐ߆ࠄߩ㧠ߟߩ᧦ઙ
ߡ߈ߚߩߘޕਛߢޔ࿖ㅪ߿ EU ߥߤࠍਛᔃߣߒߡ
╩⠪ߩ⠨߃ߢߪޔㆇャㅢߦ㑐ߔࠆᐲߩᢛ
50
߇ߑߔ߽ߩߣߪޟᏒ႐⚻ᷣࠍ೨ឭߣߒߡ㒢ࠄࠇ
ߔࠆߚߩᐲ߿ߘߩㆇ↪߇ᔅⷐߣߐࠇࠆߒޕ
ߚ⾗Ḯߣᤨ㑆ߩਛߢ↪⠪ߩ࠾࠭ߦวߞߚࠃ
ߚ߇ߞߡㆇャㅢߦ㑐ㅪߔࠆេഥߦ߅ߡᣉ⸳
ࠅࠃㆇャㅢࠨࡆࠬࠍឭଏߔࠆߎߣࠍน⢻
ᢛߥߤߩࡊࡠࠫࠚࠢ࠻ߦ߽ᐢߊขࠅࠇࠄࠇ
ߦߔࠆⷰߩࠬࡦ࠽ࡃࠟߦߚߩߎޕࠆߢߣߎޠ
ߡࠆߒߛߚޕෳടߦ߅ߡߪߪኂߩ⺞ᢛߣല
ὐ߆ࠄᐲߩᢛߦ߅ߡ⠨ᘦߔߴ߈᧦ઙߣߒ
₸ᕈߩ⏕ߩ⚵ߺߣߘߩㆇ↪߇ታോ⊛ߦ㊀ⷐ
ߡԘⴕߩല₸ᕈޔԙㅘᕈߣ੍น⢻ᕈޔԚಽ
ߢࠆޕ
ᮭޔԛෳട߇ߍࠄࠇࠆޕ
⊒ዷㅜ࿖ߩㆇャㅢߦ㑐ߔࠆᐲߩᢛ
ⴕߩല₸ᕈ
ߦ߅ߌࠆࠟࡃ࠽ࡦࠬߩⷰὐ߆ࠄߩ⺖㗴
ᤨὐߢ⦟ࠨࡆࠬឭଏߦᔅⷐߥⷙߩⷰ
⊒ዷㅜ࿖ߦ߅ߌࠆ⺖㗴ߣ⢛᥊
ὐ߆ࠄߎࠇ߹ߢߩㆊߥⷙߩ✭߿ᰳߌߡ
೨ㅀߩߎߣࠍ߰߹߃ࠆߣ⊒ޔዷㅜ࿖ߦ߅ߌ
ࠆᔅⷐߥⷙ߇ᔅⷐߢࠅޔᔅⷐᦨዊ㒢߆ߟน
ࠆㆇャㅢߦ㑐ߔࠆᐲߩᢛߦ߅ߡߪࠟ
⢻ߥⷙߩᬌ⸛ࠍⴕ߁ޔߚ߹ޕታോ⊛ߥេഥߩ
ࡃ࠽ࡦࠬߩⷰὐ߆ࠄᬌ⸛ߔࠆߎߣ߇ᔅⷐߢࠆޕ
৻ߟߩ㊀ὐߣߒߡၫⴕߩല₸ᕈߩะࠍߑߒ
ߎߩਛߢవㅴ࿖ߩᐲࠍࡌࠬߦߒߡߊ႐
⚵❱ੱຬޔᢎ⢒⸠✵ޔၫⴕࡊࡠࠬߩ⏕┙
วߢ߽ᣣ⊛ߥࠟࡃ࠽ࡦࠬߩⷰὐ߆ࠄߩ⺖㗴ࠍ
ࠍᬌ⸛ߔࠆޕ
੍ࠄ߆ߦߒߘߩኻᔕߦߟߡᬌ⸛ߒߡ߅ߊ
ߎߣ߇㊀ⷐߣ⠨߃ࠄࠇࠆޕ
ㅘᕈߣ੍น⢻ᕈ
⊒ዷㅜ࿖ߩㆇャㅢߦ㑐ߔࠆᐲߩᢛߦ
ᳪ⡯ߣ⣣ᢌ߇ஜోߥᏒ႐ߩᒻᚑࠍᅹߍᚑ㐳ߩ
߅ߌࠆࠟࡃ࠽ࡦࠬߩⷰὐ߆ࠄߩ⺖㗴ߣߒߡߪએ
ࡀ࠶ࠢߣߥߞߡࠆߦ․ޔડᬺߩෳ߇㒖ኂߐ
ਅߦߩߴࠆࠃ߁ߦ
ࠇߘߩࠦࠬ࠻ߪᄢᄌᄢ߈ߣ߁⺞ᩏ⎇ⓥ⚿ᨐ
Ԙᴺᐲో⥸ߦ߅ߌࠆ⺖㗴ޔ
߇ࠆߩߎߡߞ߇ߚߒޕὐ߇ࠟࡃ࠽ࡦࠬߩ⼏⺰
ԙኻ⽎ߣߔࠆᴺᐲᢛߦ߅ߌࠆ⺖㗴ޔ
ߩਛᔃߢࠆߦࠄߐޕᏒ႐⚻ᷣࠍࡌࠬߣߒߚ
Ԛኻ⽎ߣߔࠆᴺᐲታᣉߦ߅ߌࠆ⺖㗴
ࠨࡆࠬឭଏࠍน⢻ߦߔࠆߚㅘᕈߣ੍น
ߩ 3 ߟߦᢛℂߒߡ⠨߃ࠆᔅⷐ߇ࠆޕ
⢻ᕈ߇ਇนᰳߣ⠨߃ࠄࠇޔ㐿ߐࠇߚ⸘↹
ᐲޔᱜߥᐲߩㆇ↪߇ᔅⷐߢࠆޕߦᳪ⡯
ᴺᐲో⥸ߦ߅ߌࠆ⺖㗴
ߣ⣣ᢌ߇ߥߊߡ߽ᐭߩⵙ㊂ߩ▸࿐߇ᄢ߈ߔ߉
3.ߦ␜ߒߚࠟࡃ࠽ࡦࠬߩⷰὐ߆ࠄᐲߩᢛ
࡞࡞ߦೣߞߚㆇ↪߇ߥߣ߈Ꮢ႐ෳട⠪ߩ
ߦ߅ߡ⠨ᘦߔߴ߈ 4 ߟߩ᧦ઙߪᴺᐲో⥸ߦ
ࠬࠢߪᄢ߈ߣ⠨߃ࠄࠇࠆޕ
߅ߌࠆ⺖㗴ߢࠅޔㆇャㅢߦ㑐ߔࠆᐲߪߘ
ߩㆡ↪ߢࠆޕᴺᐲో⥸ߩᢛߦߟߡߪࠟ
ಽᮭ
ࡃ࠽ࡦࠬߩ⏕┙ߩⷰὐ߆ࠄදജ߇ⴕࠊࠇߡࠆޕ
ၞߦࠃߞߡ⇣ߥࠆ↪⠪ߩ࠾࠭ࠍࠃࠅ
ߚߛߒ␠ળ⊛ߥ࠾࠭߆ࠄߪၮᧄ⊛ߥᴺᐲ
ᤋߒޔၞߦ߅ߡᗧᕁቯ߇ߢ߈ࠆᐲ߇ࠃ
ߩ⏕┙ߣਗⴕߒߡㆇャㅢߦ㑐ߔࠆታോ⊛ߥ
ࠅㆡಾ߆ߟല₸⊛ߣ⠨߃ࠄࠇࠆߎߣ߆ࠄᣇಽ
ᐲࠍᢛߒߡߊᔅⷐ߇ࠆ႐ว߇ࠆޕ
ᮭ߽ࠟࡃ࠽ࡦࠬߩ⼏⺰ߩਛᔃ⊛⺖㗴ߢࠆߚޕ
♽⊛ߥᴺᐲߩ⏕┙ߩⷰὐ߆ࠄߪ㗴߽ᱷࠆ߇
ߛߒㆇャㅢߦ㑐ߔࠆᐲߦ߅ߡߪੱ⊛⽷
ᴺᐲߩߥ߹߹ታ㓙ߩⴕ߇ㅴࠄࠇࠆߣ
⊛ࠠࡖࡄࠪ࠹ࠖߩ⚂߿ో࿖ࡀ࠶࠻ࡢࠢޔၮ
ⵙ㊂⊛ߥⴕߣߥࠅࠟࡃ࠽ࡦࠬߩ⏕┙ߩⷰὐ
ᐙࠗࡦࡈ߿ᛛⴚ⊛ߥၮḰߥߤߘߩኻ⽎ߦࠃߞ
߆ࠄߪ㗴ߢࠆޕ
ߡߪ⚂߇ࠆޕ
ኻ⽎ߣߔࠆᴺᐲᢛߦ߅ߌࠆ⺖㗴
ෳട
3.ߦߪ 4 ߟߩ⺖㗴ࠍ␜ߒߚޕᴺᐲᢛߦߟ
ෳട߽ࠟࡃ࠽ࡦࠬߩ⼏⺰ߩਛᔃ⊛⺖㗴ߢࠅޔ
ߡㆇャㅢߦ․ߦ㑐ㅪߔࠆ㗄⋡ࠍࡃࠬࠢ࠶࠻ޔ
࡙ࠩ߿㑐ㅪߔࠆੱߦ⏕⊛ࠍ࠭࠾ߩޘᤋ
ߥߤߩㆇャᬺࠍߣߒߡ␜ߔߣએਅߩߣ߅ࠅ
51
ߣߥࠆޕ
ࠆߎߣߦߪ৻ቯߩ㒢ᐲ߇ࠆߣ߃ࠆߣߎߩߎޕ
Ԙⴕߩല₸ᕈ㧦ㆇャᬺߦኻߔࠆᔅⷐ߆ߟน⢻
߇ᧄ࠹ࡑ߇⊒ዷߣߓࠂ߁ߎߊߦ߅ߌࠆౝ⊒⊛
ߥⷙߩߚߩᴺᐲ
⊒ዷߣߟߥ߇ߞߡࠆߎߣࠍ␜ߒߡࠆޕ
ԙㅘᕈߣ੍น⢻ᕈ㧦ㆇャᬺߦኻߔࠆෳߩ
ၮḰ߅ࠃ߮ࡊࡠࠬߥߤߩᴺᐲ
ෳ⠨ᢥ₂
Ԛಽᮭ㧦ၞߩ․ᕈߦኻᔕߒߚㆇャᬺࠍน⢻ߦ
ේ⑼ᐘᒾࠆߌ߅ߦ↹⸘ޟෳടߩ⺖㗴ޠ
㧔ේ
ߔࠆߚߩಽᮭ⊛ߥᴺᐲ
⑼ᐘᒾ✬⪺ޟᏒ᳃ෳടߣวᗧᒻᚑ┨ ╙ޠᚲ
ԛෳട㧦࡙ࠩ߿㑐ଥ⠪ߩ࠾࠭ߦኻᔕߔࠆߚ
㧕 ቇ⧓ ␠
ߩෳടߩߚߩᴺᐲ
㊁⋥ᒾỈാ✬⪺ࡃࠟ࡞ࡖࠪ࠰ޟ
ߎߩߚߦߪᐲ᭴▽߳ߩදജߣߣ߽ߦᐭ⡯
࠽ࡦࠬ᧲ ޠᵗ⚻ᷣᣂႎ␠ ᚲฦ⪺
ຬߩᐲ᭴▽ߩ⢻ജߩะߥߤ߽㊀ⷐߥදജߩ
↰㊁㑆ች✬⪺ޟㇺᏒߩࠟࡃ࠽
ኻ⽎ߣߥࠆޕ
ࡦࠬ ޠጤᵄᦠᐫ ᚲฦ⪺
᧻ਅᄦޟⅣႺࠟࡃ࠽ࡦࠬ ޠጤᵄᦠᐫ
ኻ⽎ߣߔࠆᴺᐲታᣉߦ߅ߌࠆ⺖㗴
ખஜ৻ޟᶰᎹ᳓♽ࠍߋࠆኻ┙ߣวᗧᒻ
ߎߩಽ㊁ߦߟߡߪᣉ⸳ޔᯏེߩᢛޔታോᜂ
ᚑⴕ↹⸘ޟ
ޠ ޠᏎ ภᚲ ᣣᧄ
ᒰ⠪ߩ⢻ജะߥߤߔߢߦߦޘදജ߇ㅴࠄ
⸘↹ⴕቇળ
ࠇߡࠆߒߛߚޕߩදജߦߟߡߪ♽⊛ߢ
ᣣᧄㇺᏒ⸘↹ቇળޟㇺᏒ⸘↹ ޠภ ലᨐ߇ߢߡࠆ߇ߩࠬࡦ࠽ࡃࠟޔะߣߞߚో
ᣣᧄㇺᏒ⸘↹ቇળ ᚲฦ⺰ᢥ
⊛ߥ⺖㗴ߣߩ㑆ߦࠡࡖ࠶ࡊ߇ࠆน⢻ᕈ߇
┻ౝવผ߇ࠊޟ࿖ㅢၮ⋚ᢛߩᣣ⊛⺖㗴
ࠆޕᴺᐲታᣉߦߟߡㆇャㅢߦ․ߦ㑐ㅪߔࠆ
㨪ᚑᾫ␠ળߦ߅ߌࠆ␠ળ⾗ᧄᢛߩࠅᣇ
㗄⋡ࠍᣉ⸳ᢛࠍߣߒߡ␜ߔߣએਅߩߣ߅ࠅ
ࠍ᳞ߡ㨪ޠ
㧔ޟᚑᾫ␠ળߦ߅ߌࠆ␠ળ⾗ᧄᢛ
ߣߥࠆޕ
ߩᣇะᕈߣᐲᡷ㕟ޠᚲ㧕 ᚑᾫ␠
Ԙⴕߩല₸ᕈ㧦㑐ଥᯏ㑐ߥߤߩ⺞ᢛߩല₸ᕈ
ળߩ␠ળ⾗ᧄᢛߩࠅᣇ⎇ⓥળ
ԙㅘᕈߣ੍น⢻ᕈ㧦ᧅ߅ࠃ߮ታᣉᤨߦ߅ߌ
ၳ㊄↱⟤ߩࠕࠫࠕ᧲ޟᄸ〔ߣࠣ࠶࠼ࠟࡃ࠽ࡦ
ࠆౕ⊛ߥࡊࡠࠬߥߤߩ㐿ᕈ
ࠬ ޠ࿖㓙දജᬺ࿅࿖㓙දജ✚ว⎇ୃᚲ
Ԛಽᮭ㧦ၞ߇㒢ቯߐࠇࠆᣉ⸳ߥߤߩಽᮭ⊛ߥᢛ
ㄭ⮮ᱜⷙߣࠬࡦ࠽ࡃࠟޟ㐿⊒េഥ㧙ਥⷐ࠼࠽
ߩេഥ╷ߣᜰᮡ᭴▽ߩ⹜ߺ㧙 ޠ࿖
ԛෳട㧦ࡊࡠࠫࠚࠢ࠻ߩ⸘↹ޔታᣉߦ߅ߌࠆታ⾰
㓙දജᬺ࿅࿖㓙දജ✚ว⎇ୃᚲ
⊛ߥෳടߩ⏕
ᧄ⎇ⓥႎ๔ߪᐔᚑ ᐕ ᣣߦർᶏᧅᏻᏒ
߅ࠊࠅߦ
ߩᧅᏻᄢቇߢ㐿ߐࠇߚ╙ ࿁ᣣᧄ⸘↹ⴕቇ
ㅀߩߎߣ߆ࠄԘㆇャㅢߦ㑐ߔࠆᐲᢛ
ળߦ߅ߡ㊄ሶ߇ⴕߞߚ⊒ޟዷㅜ࿖ߦ߅ߌࠆㆇ
ߦ߅ߌࠆࠟࡃ࠽ࡦࠬߩⷰὐߩ㊀ⷐᕈޔԙ⊒ዷㅜ
ャㅢߦ㑐ߔࠆᐲߩᢛߩߚߩ⠨ኤ
㧙ࠟ
࿖ߩㆇャㅢߦ㑐ߔࠆࠟࡃ࠽ࡦࠬߩⷰὐ߆ࠄߩ
ࡃ࠽ࡦࠬߩⷰὐ߆ࠄ㧙ߣޠ㗴ߒߚ⊒ߦട╩ୃᱜ
ᴺᐲᢛߩ᧦ઙޔԚ⊒ዷㅜ࿖ߩㆇャㅢߦ㑐
ߒߚ߽ߩߢࠆޕ
ߔࠆࠟࡃ࠽ࡦࠬߩⷰὐ߆ࠄߩᴺᐲᢛ߅ࠃ߮
ߘߩㆡ↪ߩ⺖㗴߇ᢛℂߐࠇߚޕ
ᧄႎ๔ߢߪ⚦ࠍ␜ߐߥ߇ᓟߩ⎇ⓥߩਛ
ߢⷰߩࠬࡦ࠽ࡃࠟޠὐ߆ࠄߩ⊒ዷㅜ࿖ߦ߅ߌࠆ
ㆇャㅢߦ㑐ߔࠆᐲߩᢛߦ㑐ㅪߔࠆ⎇ⓥ߇
ᔅⷐߣߐࠇࠆࠪ࠽ࠝߪߦࠬࡦ࠽ࡃࠟߦࠄߐޕ
࠶ࡊ߇㊀ⷐߢࠅᦨ⚳⊛ߦߪኻ⽎࿖߇⥄ࠄߩᗧ
ᕁߢቯⴕޔേߔࠆߎߣ߇ਇนᰳߢេഥ࿖ߩߢ߈
52
ᐔᚑ ᐕᐲ࿖㓙↢␠ળ⎇ⓥࡦ࠲ ⎇ⓥⷐ
ᑄ᫈‛ಣℂಽ㊁ߩᐭ㐿⊒េഥߩ⚻㛎߆ࠄᓧࠄࠇߚᢎ⸠
࿖㓙↢␠ળ⎇ⓥࡦ࠲ ࠣ࡞ࡊ㧝㧙㧝 ⎇ⓥຬ
ᄢቇ㒮࿖㓙ၞቇ⎇ⓥ⑼ ᢎ ർ⣁ ⑲ᢅ
Lessons Learned from Three Decades of Japan’s ODA Experiences
in Municipal Solid Waste Management
1. INTRODUCTION
More than three decades have passed since Japan's first ODA projects in SWM. During the period, it has
contributed much to the betterment of urban environment and public health. However, it also encountered
technical, economical and sociological difficulties which made project implementation difficult. Since 1984, the
author has been engaged in Japan's various ODA projects in Asian, African, Latin American and Middle East
countries. In retrospect, a number of good practices, stories behind stories, suggestions for the betterment of
forthcoming project have been arisen. In this paper, such lessons learned from Japanese experiences are reviewed.
2. CONDITIONS OF RECIPIENT COUNTRIES
Sages of SWM Development Level: SWM can be improved step-wise as if improvement stages are upgraded like
a ladder. They can be classified as follows (Kitawaki, 2004);
Stage 1: SWM is at a primitive stage in which public sector is not involved.
Stage 2: Systematic waste collection is introduced but final disposal sites are not controlled.
Stage 3: Sanitary landfill is implemented but candidate sites becomes scarce.
Stage 4: Intermediate treatment is introduced and separate collection becomes necessary.
Stage 5: Maturation of society causes complicated technical/sociological problems in SWM.
Stage 6: Material-cycle society with 3Rs becomes target of SWM.
In some countries, SWM is improved following above mentioned stages chronologically. However, other
countries have these stages simultaneously. For example, even in the same countries, stage 6 may be demanded in
the capital cities or tourism spots, but 1st stage still remains in rural areas. In lower stages, a provision of
equipments is an urgent need and in higher stages an environmental education plays an important role.
Various Constraints of Recipient Countries: Each recipient country has its own climate, topography, economic
and socio-cultural features, according to which appropriate assistance measures should be chosen. Economic and
financial constraints are always problem yet there are other problems as below (Kitawaki, 2000);
-Topographical constraints: In hilly areas, collection services have difficulties because of poor operation
efficiency of vehicles and poor land availability for treatment/disposal facilities etc. In low-land, inundation
becomes obstacle to collection services and cover soil is difficult to obtain at landfill sites. Erosion of solid waste
occurs in coastal area.
-Climatic constraints: Dry climate causes lack of vehicle washing water and spontaneous combustion at disposal
sites. Heavy rainfall reduces accessibility to landfill sites and increases leachate amount. Cold climate prevents
53
smooth operation of collection vehicles. High generation rate of coal ash from heating equipments becomes
burden to collection services.
-Socio-cultural constraints: Existence of waste pickers is a commonly recognized problem in developing
countries. The problem is linked with poverty, religion and social problems. The governance, management of
SWM should be improved, otherwise the best use of available fund cannot be attained.
3. CAN JAPANSE EXPERIENCES HELP RECIPIENT COUNTRIES?
As the Japanese archipelago extends from north east to south west with a length of about 3,000 kilometers,
its climate varies from subarctic in north to subtropical in south. It means that Japan has a potential to transfer
technology to many countries with different climates. For example, experts in Hokkaido can offer expertise for
cold countries whereas Okinawa can help Pacific Island.
Nevertheless, what is appropriate in Japan is not always appropriate to other countries. Japanese technology
has adapted itself in order to cope with Japan's constraints. For example, Incineration is Japanese main treatment
system which is best to reduce disposal rate because land scarcity is the main problem. As Japanese ODA projects
are implemented in various areas with different constraints, Japanese experiences cannot be directly applied but
should be adapted to local situation.
Six stages of development in SWM were already shown in this paper. Japan's development stage is already
at the final stage now, however, there were stories behind stories before present situation has been actualized. It's
not before 30-40 years ago that SWM situation was improved as the current situation. During the development
process, Japan has experienced all above stages including stage 1. Japanese experiences in such a development
process are compiled into a documentary film and made full use in group training courses etc. Trainees in
developing countries are happy to see such movies whereas they are discouraged if only a very sophisticated
technologies are introduced. Senior volunteers over 60 years old can also effectively disseminate such information
because they have seen such improvement stages as their own primal experiences.
Semi-aerobic landfill method or "Fukuoka method" is one of the most successful technologies which has
been transferred to many developing countries with various climates. Disaster waste management is another
important area which Japan has expertise acquired from two great earthquakes which took place in 1995 and
2011. As disasters like earthquake or hurricane damages may happen any time at any country, Japan is in a
position to disseminate its own bitter experiences to raise awareness and to minimize forthcoming damages.
4. LESSONS LEARNED AND CONSIDERATION TOWARDS SUSTAINABILITY
During three decades, many donor countries have been enthusiastically involved in ODA projects in Asian,
African and Latin American countries. During the process they have faced a lot of difficulties to leave "ruins of
foreign aid", which are negative legacies of inappropriate technology transfer. For example, many fully
mechanized treatment facilities have been abandoned due to high operation and maintenance cost, which are
known as "white elephants". With this concern, Japan's ODA is not keen to construct treatment facilities.
However, if appropriate supporting measures are taken, even sophisticated technologies have potential to become
"leap frog". In this paper, such lessons learned and some recommendations are described. However, appearance of
real names is avoided not to cause inconvenience to relevant authorities.
Features and Constraints in Japanese ODA Schemes: Japanese ODA projects have some typical features. Large
projects have been formulated basically on the base of recipient country's request. In the finding and formulation
process of such projects, of course, various Japanese public/private organizations are involved. However, final
decisions are made by the government of recipient countries in which sometimes SWM projects have lower
54
priority. This makes it difficult to forward ODA request to Japan even if Japanese side is keen to implement one.
In addition, it takes years to formulate, plan and implement an ODA project, which is a concern of recipient
countries. On the contrary, a PFI projects is fast in the implementation because it doesn't require diplomatic
formalities. It sometimes becomes ODA's competitor even in SWM. PFI projects extend services to the most
profitable parts of capital cities, whereas ODA projects have to take care of excluded areas with difficulties like
urban slam areas. Another constraint for an ODA projects is a rigid time frame for project implementation
because its budget should be executed within the fiscal year if no extraordinary event happens. In a SWM project,
there may be critical paths such as community involvement or behavior change. Most of such time consuming
activities are followed by additional follow-up projects.
Project Cycle Management: In the earliest yeas of Japanese ODA in SWM began, the idea of project cycle
management was not introduced, however, nowadays project design matrix (PDM) is used in a process of project
management from a preparation stage of proposal through an evaluation stage. In the finding/formation stage of
projects, various parties are involved. Each entity has its own aim and priority which sometimes has contradiction.
It may sometimes cause competition among parties. In a planning stage, steering/advisory committee plays an
important role not only for offering technical advice but for providing pressure on study teams to enforce projects
smoothly. As for an implementation stage, project teams face numerous difficulties and obstacles including
security problems and interferences. In an operation/maintenance stage, normally ODA projects are already over
and recipient countries/municipalities are responsible. However, even at this stage donor country's monitoring
mission, if possible, seems to be effective in pushing recipients to manage and maintain their assets from
cooperation projects. At an evaluation stage, evaluation missions are dispatched for the comprehensive evaluation
of the projects, however, it is rather difficult to evaluate long range efficiency.
Government Structure and SWM Sector: Each country has its own administrative formation, which sometimes
causes confusion. SWM is under the jurisdiction of Environmental Ministries in a country, however, in another
country it may be mandatory of other ministry such as Health Ministry or Public Works Ministry etc. Actually in
Japan, the supervising ministry of SWM is the Ministry of the Environment whereas the Ministry of Health and
Welfare was in the position before 2001. What makes the matter complicated is that many of the ministries have
something to do with SWM in various manners. For example, 3R activities involve Industrial Ministries,
Education Ministries, Agricultural Industries, Science Ministries and Home Affairs Ministries etc. In ODA
projects, sometimes supervising ministry of a recipient country is different from that of a donor country, which
makes discrepancy in the aim of the project. Intersectoral coordination is easy to advocate, however, difficult to
actualize.
Development of Japanese Experienced Personnel: Many of individual experts to be sent to developing countries
have been selected from the public sector, which sometimes became obstacles for them to become repeaters.
Public service personnel follow personal rotation of their affiliation. Technical know-how is accumulated rather in
private sector such as consulting firms, which implement projects under the order of aid agencies. Therefore, it is
important for an aid agency to have in-house consultants. For this purpose, JICA has "development specialists"
system to give technical support to program officers who are mainly consisting of administrators.
Importance of "Soft Component": There are a number of important key words with which we can make aid
projects successful. For example, project team should consider genuine demand, awareness raising, introduction
of peer pressure, raising willingness to pay, strengthen ownership, community participation, etc. In the
International Drinking Water Supply and Sanitation Decade in the 1980's, much emphasize was placed on such
"soft components" since it had been proved that hardware alone did not work. A sound balance of such "hardware
and software" is a key to the success. Too much emphasis should not be placed on one over another.
55
Encouragement of Behavior Change: In SWM projects, people's behavior change is always required. For
example, ban of littering, separation of solid waste for recycling etc., is crucial. However, behavior change is one
of the most difficult thing and it may require a long time and big efforts before people change their attitude. In
ODA projects, awareness program and campaign are designed to stimulate people's curiosity. Videos and teaching
materials were prepared and meetings were held actively. However, continuation is more important than
temporary promotion. For example, solid waste education should be involved in primary school formal textbooks
so that environmental education could reach all children. They become parents in ten years and teach their own
children what they have learned at school, only when environmental education is completed. ODA project cannot
continue for such a long time, however, such systems can be established within a project period. To encourage
behavior change, legal action such as the enactment of ordinances will be helpful. ODA projects can help
counterpart officials to draft such regulations.
Change in People's Concept towards SWM: People may have objection if SWM facilities are located near their
premises. It ranges from slightest NIMBY (not in my backyard) to medium strong LULUS (locally unwanted land
uses) and strongest BANANA(build absolutely nothing anywhere near anybody). One reason why such a
phenomena occur is that there is the reduction in the value of people's property such as real estate because the
environment becomes deteriorated by the influences from SWM facilities. In many cases, affections are magnified
by widespread rumors. To ameliorate this vicious circle, it is necessary to introduce environmentally sound
technology together with environmental education to raise people's awareness change their concept towards
SWM.
Tariff Collection: People's willingness to pay (WTP) for SWM is relatively low compared with that for electricity,
water supply etc. It is because payers and service receivers are identical in the latter whereas payers and
beneficiaries are different in SWM. Therefore, nonpayment of solid waste charge is always a serious problem.
However, the charge can be collected with electricity charge, with some commission to an electricity company. In
such a case, information telephone lines should be increased because users' complaints are expected to increase.
Likewise, community organization can also be a tool to collect tariff. Community chief knows everybody in the
community, which makes it possible to collect tariff efficiently. In an Asian city, solid waste tariff was collected
by the community and 10% of commission was paid to the community organization, which used the portion in
purchasing insecticides to be sprayed in the community.
5. CONCLUSION
In this paper, conditions and constraints of recipient countries were reviewed. Furthermore, discussion was
made whether Japan’s domestic experiences can help recipient countries. Subsequently, main discussions were
made with focus on the difficulty Japan has faced during their ODA activities. From above mentioned discussion,
recommendations were made on future research needs. Although it is not an easy job to make a change, efforts
should be continuously paid to make future ODA project successful and sustainable.
REFERENCES
H., Kitawaki (2000): Appropriate Aid for Solid Waste Management in Developing Countries, Journal of Japan
Environmental Facilities Manufactures Association No.43, 25-31 (In Japanese)
H., Kitawaki (2004): Solid Waste Management in Developing Countries, Proceedings of the 19th Symposium of
Joint Environmental Engineering, Science Council of Japan, 107-114 (In Japanese)
56
ᐔᚑ ᐕᐲ࿖㓙↢␠ળ⎇ⓥࡦ࠲ ⎇ⓥⷐ
᷷ᥦൻ㒐ᱛ߳ߩ࿖㓙⊛ข⚵ߦ㑐ߔࠆ⺞ᩏ
࿖㓙↢␠ળ⎇ⓥࡦ࠲ ࠣ࡞ࡊ 1㧙1 ⎇ⓥຬ
ᄢቇ㒮࿖㓙ၞቇ⎇ⓥ⑼ ᢎ ਭ⇐ፉᐢ
Research on International Regime for Climate Change
%12 ߹ߢߩേะߣዷᦸ
࿖ߩਥᒛߢࠅ'ޔ7 ߪၞౝߩឃᨒขᒁᐲ
'7'65 ࠍᜬ⛯ߐߖࠆߚ ޔᐕએ㒠ߦឃ㊂
⇇ߩ %1 ឃ㊂ߪᕆỗߦჇടߒߡ߅ࠅ ޔᐕ
ᷫߩᴺ⊛᜔᧤ജ߇ߥߊߥࠆⓨ⊕ᦼ㑆ࠍㆱߌࠆߚ
೨ߩ⚂ ߣߥߞߡࠆޔߌࠊࠅߣޕਛ࿖ࠗ
'7 ߩߺߢน⢻ߥ߽ߩߩޔᣂߚߥวᗧߪ࿎㔍ߣ
ࡦ࠼ࠍߪߓᕆㅦߦ⊒ዷߔࠆࠕࠫࠕߢߩჇട߇
ߩ੍᷹ߢߞߚޕ
㗼⪺ߢࠅޔᓟߩ᷷ᥦൻኻ╷ߩ㎛ߢࠆߣ
㧚ࡏࡦળว߮࠳ࡃࡦ %12 ߩᚑᨐ
⸒ࠊࠇߡࠆޕ
৻ᣇ߇ࠊޔ࿖ߦ߅ߡߪ᧲ޔᣣᧄᄢ㔡ἴߦࠃࠆ
੩ㇺ⼏ቯᦠߩ⟵ോᦼ㑆㧦ࡐࠬ࠻੩ㇺ ᐕએ
ේሶജ⊒㔚ᚲߩᱛߥߤߦࠃࠅޔᣢߦᛕಎߒߡ
㒠ߩ⚂᧤ߦߟߡߩߡోޔ᷷ᥦൻࠟࠬਥⷐឃ࿖
ࠆ੩ㇺ⼏ቯᦠㆩߩኻᔕߦ߅ߡߐ߃࿎㔍ߥዪ
ߦᷫ⟵ോࠍ⺖ߔᣂߚߥᨒ⚵ߺࡊࡦࡃ࠳ޟ
㕙ߦ⋥㕙ߒߡࠆޕ
࠶࠻ࡎࡓ߇ޠቯߐࠇߚ߿ࠞࡔࠕޔߪࠇߎޕ
⁁ߩ⸥࿖㓙ࠬࠠࡓߪ ޔᐕ੩ㇺߢ㐿
ਛ࿖ࠍኻ⽎ߣߒߚ߽ߩߢࠅ ޔᐕ߹ߢߦᷤ
ߐࠇߚ╙ ࿁᳇ᄌേᨒ⚵᧦⚂✦⚂࿖ળ⼏ %12
ࠍ⚳߃ ޔᐕߦ⊒ലߔࠆ߽ߩߣߐࠇߚోߩߎޕ
ߢណᛯߐࠇߚޔߪࠇߎޕవㅴ࿖ోߩ %1ͅߥߤ᷷
ߡߩਥⷐឃ࿖ࠍኻ⽎ߣߒߚᗧ⟵ߪᄢ߈ߊޔ੩ㇺ
ቶലᨐࠟࠬឃᷫ⟵ോࠍ ޔᐕ㧙 ᐕ߹
⼏ቯᦠߩࠃ߁ߦవㅴ࿖ߛߌ߇⟵ോࠍ⽶߁ᣇᴺߢ
ߢߩᦼ㑆ਛߦ ޔᐕߦᲧߴߡዋߥߊߣ߽
ࠇ߫ޔਛ࿖ࠗࡦ࠼ࡔࠠࠪࠦࡉࠫ࡞ߥߤ
ᷫߔࠆ߽ߩߢࠆޕ
ᄙߊߩ⚻ᷣᄢ࿖߇⟵ോ߆ࠄ߽ࠇࠆޔߚ߹ޕ੩ㇺ⼏
ߘߩᓟ ޔᐕࠦࡍࡦࡂࠥࡦߢ㐿ߩ %12
ቯᦠߩᦼ᧤᜔ ╙ޟ㑆㧔 ᐕ߆ࠄ ᐕ㧔߹ߚ
ߢߪ↥ޔᬺ㕟એ㒠ߩ᳇᷷߇ ͠એౝߦᛥ߃
ߪ ᐕ㧕߹ߢ㧕'ޔߪߢޠ7 ઁߪࠆ߇ᣣᧄࠞ
ࠆߴߊណᛯߐࠇߚࠦࡍࡦࡂࠥࡦวᗧߪޔ⇇ో
࠽࠳ࡠࠪࠕߪࠄߥߎߣࠍޕ੩ㇺ⼏ቯᦠ
ߩ㐳ᦼ⋡ᮡߣߒߡ↥ᬺൻએ೨߆ࠄߩ᳇᷷
߇ޔ⇇ోߩឃ㊂ߦභࠆഀวߩ 㧔
ࠍ ͠એౝߦᛥ߃ࠆߎߣޔవㅴ࿖ߦࠃࠆㅜ࿖߳
ᐕᒰᤨ㧕ࠍࠞࡃߒߡߚߩߦኻߒߡ᧤⚂ ╙ޔ
ߩᡰេ╬ࠍቯߚޕ
᜔ᦼ㑆ߢߪ ⒟ᐲߦߣߤ߹ࠆߎߣߦߥࠅޔ᳇
⥸ߩ╙ ࿁᳇ᄌേᨒ⚵✦⚂࿖ળวߣ╙ ᄌേ߳ߩࠗࡦࡄࠢ࠻ߪዊߐߊߥࠆ⊒ޔߦࠄߐޕዷ
࿁੩ㇺ⼏ቯᦠ✦⚂࿖ળว㧔%12%12/12㧕ߪޔ
ㅜ࿖ߩኻ╷ࠍᡰេߔࠆߩ✛ޟ᳇ၮ㊄⟎⸳ࠍޠ
ධࠕࡈࠞ࠳ࡃࡦߢ ᐕ ᣣ߆ࠄ
ߔࠆߎߣߦวᗧߒߚߢࠇߎޕవㅴ࿖߇ᐕ㑆 ᣣ㐿ߐࠇޔએਅߩࠃ߁ߥวᗧ߇ណᛯߐ
ం࠼࡞㧔⚂ ళ ం㧕ⷙᮨߢߒޔ᳇
ࠇ৻ቯߩᚑᨐࠍߍߚᧄޕળวߪ ߦ߆ޔ
ᄌേ߳ߩ✭ߣㆡᔕߩߚ߿ᨋબណߩᷫߩ
ᐕએ㒠ߦ᷷ᥦൻኻ╷ࠍᦝߦㅴࠆ߆ޔ࿖㓙␠ળߩ
ߚߩᏒ႐ࡔࠞ࠾࠭ࡓޔᛛⴚ⒖ォߩߚߩⅣႺኻ
ᣇะࠍቯࠆ߽ߩߢߞߚޕ%12 એ೨ߩ ᐕ
╷⾗㊄ߣߔࠆߎߣߣߒߚޕ
ߩࡏࡦળวઁߢߪޔ੩ㇺ⼏ቯᦠߩᑧ㐳ߪㅜ
57
4㧚ࡃࠗࠝࡑࠬ㑐ㅪࡊࡠࠫࠚࠢ࠻ߩ⚻㛎
ㅜ࿖ߣߩᧄಽ㊁ߦ߅ߌࠆදജߦ߅ߡ․╩
ߢ߈ࠆߩߪࠡ࡞ࡀࠛᧄޕࠆߢࠬࡑࠝࠗࡃߕ߹ޔ
⾗Ḯߪޔൻ⍹ΆᢱߦᲧߴߡන㊀㊂ᒰߚࠅߩᾲ
㊂߇ૐߊߪߦ⊛ࠡ࡞ࡀࠛޔ㕖ല₸ߢࠆ♧⍾ޕ
Ꮏ႐ߢࠆࠨ࠻࠙ࠠࡆߩ⛉ࠅࠞࠬࠍࡃࠟࠬߣ⸒
߁߇ߩࠬࠟࡃߩߎޔᾲ㊂ߪ⍹ߩ 30%⒟ᐲޔ㊀ᴤ
ߩ 20%ߦ߽ḩߚߥߩߢޔหߓᾲ㊂ࠍࡏࠗߢ
ࠅߔߚߩ⸳ߪൻ⍹Άᢱߩ႐วࠃࠅᄢ߈
ߊߥࠄߑࠆࠍᓧߥ⸳ޔߜࠊߥߔޕ⾌߽ߘࠇߛ
ߌ㜞ߊߥࠆޔ߫߃ޕᢙᐕ೨ࡕࠪࡖࠬߢ⥄ኅ
⊒㔚ᬺ⠪ߦࠃࠆ㔚ജ␠߳ߩᄁ㔚ߩ┹ᧅ
࿑ 㧚࠳ࡃࡦࡊ࠶࠻ࡈࠜࡓߩᔨ ߇ⴕࠊࠇߚ߇ߪߩߚߒᧅ⪭ޔ⍹ά߈ߩἫജ⊒㔚
㧔ౖ㧦Ფᣣᣂ⡞ᄕೀ⸥ 㧚㧕
ᚲߢߞߚ⊒ࠬࡑࠝࠗࡃޕ㔚ߢߪ⚻ᷣᕈߩߺߢኻ
᛫ߒߡ߽ଔᩰ㕙ߢߪᄥಷᛂߜߢ߈ߥ߆ߞߚޕ
߹ߚ⊒ࠬࡑࠝࠗࡃޔ㔚ߩ႐วޔߥਇቯⷐ⚛
߽ࠆߪࠇߘޕΆᢱࠍㄘ↥‛ߩᱷᑄ‛╬߆ࠄᓧࠆ
ᓟߩേะ
ߚߦࠆ߈ߢ⏕ޔΆᢱߩ㊂߇ᄤߦࠃߞߡᏀฝ
ߐࠇࠆߎߣߢࠆޕರߦߥߞߚࠄ⊒㔚↪ߩΆᢱ
ࠊ߇࿖ߩᐭ↥ᬺ⇇ߪޔ੩ㇺ⼏ቯᦠጁⴕߩߚ
ࠍ߁ߚߦઁߩࡃࠗࠝࡑࠬΆᢱ߆ൻ⍹Άᢱࠍ
ޔᶏᄖࠃࠅ⤘ᄢߥ㊂ߩ %1ͅឃᨒࠍ⾼ߒߡ
⺞㆐ߒߥߌࠇ߫ߥࠄߕߪࠇߎޔᣂߚߥΆᢱ⾌ߩჇ
ࠆޕหଔᩰߪޔ࿖㓙⊛ߥᴺ⊛⟵ോ߇ᐢ▸ߥ࿖ߢޘ
ടߦ❬߇ߞߡߒ߹߁น⢻ᕈࠍᜬߞߡࠆޕ
ዉߐࠇࠆߎߣߢଔᩰ߇㜞㛛ߔࠆޔߚ߹ޕㄭᐕ
ߎߩࠃ߁ߦࡃࠗࠝࡑࠬ⊒㔚ࡊࡠࠫࠚࠢ࠻ߪൻ
⍮ߩࠃ߁ߦࠛࡀ࡞ࠡ⾗Ḯଔᩰߪၮ⺞ߢ
⍹Άᢱࠍ↪ߚᓥ᧪ߩᣇᑼߦᲧߴߡ߆ߦࠦࠬ
ࠅޔᓟߩ↥ᬺ⇇ߩኻᔕߦ߅ߡ߽⾗⋭ޔḮ⋭
࠻ᷫߔࠆ߆߇⺖㗴ࠆ⸳ߩߎޕㆇォ⾌ߩ
ࠛࡀ࡞ࠡઁߩ⺖㗴ࠍߣࠄ߃ޔᜬ⛯น⢻ᕈߩⷰὐ
❗ߩߚߦ⾗᧚ߩᵴ↪߿ੱ᧚ߩല↪╬
߆ࠄ⠨߃ߡߊߴ߈ߢࠆޕ
ߦࠃࠅ࠻ࠬࠦޔᷫߣߣ߽ߦౝ⊒⊛⊒ዷ߳ߩነਈ
߳ߣ⺃ዉߔࠆߎߣ߇⢄ⷐߢࠆޕ
ᓟޔ᷷ᥦൻ㒐ᱛ߳ะߌߚ࿖㓙⊛ᨒ⚵ߺߦ
߹ߚ⊒ޔ㔚ߦ↪ߚ⫳᳇ࠍല↪ߔࠆߚߦޔ
㑐ߒ࿖㓙วᗧߩㅴዷߪㆃߣߩ߽ߚߒߣޘㄟ߹
ࠇࠆ߇৻ޔᣇ↥ᬺ⇇ߩⴕേᦼᓙߪᄢ߈ߊޔ
ࠦࠫࠚࡀ࡚ࠪࡦࠍ⠨߃ࠆߣߞߚࠪࠬ࠹
ࡑࡦ࡚ࠪ࠶ࠢ㧔 ᐕ㊄Ⲣෂᯏ㧕એ㒠߽ᄙߊߩડ
ࡓ⸳⸘߽⋉ߢࠆࠗࡃߚߞⴕߢࠗ࠲ޔ߫߃ޕ
2 ߦ␜ߔࠃ߁ߦࠕ࡞
ᬺ߇ⅣႺᛩ⾗ࠍჇടߐߖߡࠆ⊒ࠬࡑࠝ ޕ㔚ࠪࠬ࠹ࡓߢߪޔ࿑
߹ߚޔૐ⚛␠ળ߳ߩࠞࠡߣߥࠆᛛⴚ㕟ᣂ߇ᦸ߹
ࠦ࡞Ꮏ႐߳ߩ⫳᳇ߣ㔚᳇ߩଏ⛎ࠍᗐቯߒߚࠦ
ࠇߡ߅ࠅޔᣂᛛⴚ߿ຠࠨࡆࠬߦᄙߊߩ㔛ⷐ
ࠫࠚࡀ࡚ࠪࡦࠍᬌ⸛ߒߚߩ࡞ࠦ࡞ࠕޕේ
߇↢߹ࠇߪࠬࡦࡖ࠴ࠬࡀࠫࡆߩߘޔᄢ߈ߊߥࠆޕ
ᢱߪ⍾♧Ꮏ႐ߢ⍾♧ࠍߒߡᦨᓟߦᱷߞߚ♧
ߟ߹ࠅޔຠߩૐ⚛ൻߢᏅൻࠍ࿑ࠆߎߣߢޔ
Ᵽ㧔ߎࠇߪᑄ♧Ᵽߣ߫ࠇߡࠆ㧕ࠍ↪ࠆߎߣ
┹ఝࠍ⏕ߔࠆߎߣ߽ߢ߈ࠆޔߦࠄߐޕ%54
ࠍ⸘↹ߒޔᑄ♧Ᵽߦߪ߹ߛ♧ಽ߇ᱷߞߡࠆߚ
ߩⷰὐ߆ࠄ␠ળ࠾࠭߳ߩኻᔕߢޔା↪߿ࡉࡦ
ߦߦࠇߎޔ㉂Უࠍട߃ߡ⊒㉂ߐߖࠆߣࠛ࠲ࡁ࡞
࠼ࠗࡔࠫ߇߇ࠆߎߣ߇ᦼᓙߢ߈ࠆޕ
ࠍࠆߎߣ߇ߢ߈ࠆⶄߥ߁ࠃߩߎޕᢙߩࠪࠬ࠹ࡓ
ࠍ⚵ߺวࠊߖࠆߎߣߦࠃߞߡࠛࡀ࡞ࠡߩല
58
ᐔ ᣣ 䊶ᤤ 㑆 䈱 ႐ ว
ᧄ 䊒 䊨 䉳 䉢䉪 䊃䈱 䊋 䉡 䊮 䉻 䊥 䊷
㪇㪅㪈㪹㪸㫉㪞 㩷㩷㪋㪋㪅㪌㫋㪆㪿
㪊㪊㪹㪸㫉㪞
㪋㪉㪌㷄
㪍㪇㫋㪆㪿
㫋㫉㪸㫊㪿
㪉㪍㪅㪊㫋㪆㪿
㪋㪋㪅㪌㫋㪆㪿
䊗 䉟䊤䊷
㪈㪌㪅㪌㫋㪆㪿
ឃ᳇䉧䉴
㪏㪅㪌㫋㪆㪿
⊒㔚ᯏ
㪐㪅㪍㪋㪤㪮
㩷
䉺䊷
䊎䊮
㔚᳇㓸Ⴒᯏ
ᓳ᳓ེ
㪏㪤㪮 䋨ᄁ 㔚 䋩
ᾍ⓭䈻
㔚ജળ␠
ᚲౝ㔚ജ
ᣂ⊒㔚ᚲ
㪏㫋㪆㪿
㪈㪅㪉㪏㪤 㪮
㪎㪅㪌㫋㪆㪿
㪫
㩷㩷㪇㪅㪊㪍㪤㪮
㪠㪛 㪝
㪇㪅㪌㫋㪆㪿
㪈㪅㪌㪹㪸㫉㪞 㩷㩷㪎㫋㪆㪿
䉝䊦 䉮䊷䊦Ꮏ ႐
Άᢱ
㔚ജ
⫳᳇
ឃ᳇䉧䉴
㪠㪛 㪝䋺 ๆ 䈇 ㄟ 䉂 䊐 䉜 䊮
࿑ 2 ࠦࠫࠚࡀ࡚ࠪࡦࠍߚࡃࠗࠝࡑࠬ⊒㔚㧔NEDO ࡃࠗࠝࡈࠛ࡞ળ⼏ 2007 ⾗ᢱࠃࠅ㧕
↪ࠍߔࠇ߫࠻࠲࡞ߣߒߡߩ CO2 ឃ㊂߽ᛥ
࿖㓙↢␠ળ⎇ⓥࡦ࠲ߣߒߡߩข⚵ߺ
߃ࠄࠇࠡ࡞ࡀࠛޔᡰ߽ᡷༀߐࠇࠆޕ
߹ߚߩࠬࡑࠝࠗࡃޔ႐วޔൻ⍹ΆᢱߦᲧߴࠛࡀ
ࠕࠫࠕ⻉࿖ߪ⚻ޔᷣߩᚑ㐳ੱญჇߦ߁ࠛࡀ
࡞ࠡኒᐲ߇ዊߐߊㆇ៝ࠦࠬ࠻߇ᄙᄢߣߥࠆߚ
ޔၮᧄ⊛ߦߪේᢱࠍ↥ߔࠆࠝࡦࠨࠗ࠻ߢߩࡊ
࡞ࠡᶖ⾌ߣ᷷ቶലᨐࠟࠬឃߩჇട߇ㄟ߹
ࡠࠫࠚࠢ࠻ࠍᔒะߔߴ߈ߢࠆޕ㓸ㆇ៝ߔࠆ
ࠇޔ⍹ᴤଔᩰࠍߪߓߣߔࠆࠛࡀ࡞ࠡ⾗Ḯଔᩰ
ߣ⚻ᷣࠛࡀ࡞ࠡᡰߩߺߥࠄߕ╬ࠢ࠶࠻ޔ
ߩ㜞㛛߮ࠛࡀ࡞ࠡቯଏ⛎⏕߳ߩኻᔕߣ
ߩឃߔࠆ CO2 ߇᷷ᥦൻࠍଦㅴߒߡߒ߹߁ࡑࠗ
ߒߡޔฦᣇ㕙ߩ⋭ࠛࡀ࡞ࠡ߮ౣ↢น⢻ࠛࡀ࡞
࠽ࠬⷐ࿃ߦ߽ߥࠆޕ
ࠡዉߦኻߔࠆᦼᓙ߇ᄢ߈ޕ
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60
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ᐕ㑆ߩ߁ߜ 5 ࿁ࡑ࠾ࠍ⸰ߒߚޕ
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ⴕ⒟
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Présence Africaine 㧔ࠕࡈ
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ผߣ⁁ߦߟߡࡅࠕࡦࠣࠍⴕߞߚࠞࡈࠕޕ
ᚑᨐ
߮ࠕࠫࠕߦ߅ߌࠆ⚦ߥࡊࡠࠫࠚࠢ࠻ᖱႎࠍ
ᢥ₂㓸
㓸ߢ߈ߚޕ
ࠕࡈࠞ⚻ᷣޔਛ࿖ߩ⚻ᷣදജߦ㑐ࠊࠆᦨᣂᢥ
₂ࠍ㓸ߒߚޕ
㧟㧚ߎࠇ߹ߢߩ⎇ⓥታ❣
ࡄᄢቇᢎຬ߆ࠄ㊄Ⲣ╷㑐ଥߩᦨᣂᢥ₂ࠍ
ߎࠇ߹ߢߩ⎇ⓥᚑᨐࠍޔએਅߦᢥ₂ߏߣߦ⺑
ᚻߒߚޕ
ߔࠆޕ
ࡄߢ⧷࿖ߩᢥ₂߽㓸ߒߚޕ
ޡ+/(⇇㌁ⴕߣㅜ࿖ߩ᭴ㅧᡷ㕟⚻ᷣ⥄
ࡅࠕࡦࠣ
↱ൻߣ⽺࿎ᷫࠍਛᔃߦޢ
㧔㧕
ᐕߣหߓߊࠬࡦࡈᧄޔᒛߩ೨ߦ⸰ߒߚ
ࠕࡔࠞߩ㚂ㇺߦᚲߔࠆ࿖㓙ᯏ㑐ߢࠆ࿖
ਛ࿖ߩ⺞ᩏᚑᨐࠍޔ⸥㕙ળ⠪߮㕙ળߢ߈ߥ߆
㓙ㅢ⽻ၮ㊄㧔+/(㧕ߣ⇇㌁ⴕ߇ㅜ࿖ߢਥዉߒ
ߞߚኾ㐷ኅߦឭଏߒߚޕᓟޔਛ࿖ߩ㕙ળ⠪ߦޔ
ߚ⚻ᷣ⥄↱ൻࠍਛᔃߣߔࠆ᭴ㅧᡷ㕟ߩ╷⹏ଔ
ࡈࡦࠬߢߩ⺞ᩏ⚿ᨐࠍឭଏߔࠆޕ
ࠍⴕߞߚޕ
OECD ዪ㐳ઍℂࠃࠅޔਛ࿖ߘߩઁߩജㅜ࿖
ኻ⽎ߪోㅜ࿖ߢࠆ߇ޔ࿖ߪᧄ⎇ⓥߢᛒ
ߩ⚻ᷣදജ╷ߣ⻉ࠞࡈࠕޔ࿖ߩ㐿⊒╷ߦ
߁ࡈࠖࡇࡦߣߣߤߥࠬࠝޔࠕࠫࡏࡦࠞޔหߓ
ߟߡᦨޔᣂᖱႎࠍᓧߚޕ
ૐᚲᓧ࿖ߢࠆࠨࡂએධࠕࡈࠞ⻉࿖ߢߞ
ࡄᄢቇഥᢎࠃࠅޔ㊄Ⲣ╷ߩ⁁ߣ╷⺖
ߚޕ
㗴ߦߟߡᦨᣂᖱႎࠍᓧߚޕ
ޡᣂ⥝Ꮢ႐࿖ࠨࡌࠗࠣࡠࡃ࡞ࠬ࠲ࡦ࠳
㧔࿖ౝ⎇ⓥ㧕
࠼ߣ᭴ㅧᡷ㕟ޢ㧔㧕
1994㨪2001 ᐕߩ㕒ጟ⋵ᵿ᧻Ꮢ㧔ᵿ᧻ᄢቇ㧕ޔ
ㅜ࿖ߩਛߢవㅴ࿖߆ࠄᛩⲢ⾗߇Ⓧᭂ⊛ߦⴕ
2001㨪2009 ᐕ߹ߢߩ⟲㚍⋵᧼ୖ↸㧔᧲ᵗᄢቇ㧕
ࠊࠇߡࠆᣂ⥝࿖㧔ਛᚲᓧ࿖㧕ࠍ㧞㧢߆࿖ၞ
ߢޔၞߩ㗴ߦ㑐ࠊߞߡ߈ߚޕ2010 ᐕ 2 ߦ
ࠍኻ⽎ߣߒߡߥ߹ߑ߹ߐޔᜰᮡߢᲧセࠍⴕߞߚޕ
ߪർᶏߦᄖ࿖ੱ㒮↢ࠍᒁ₸ߒߡޔᐡߣᧅᏻᏒ
ኻ⽎ߪ⇇ਛߩㅜ࿖ߣᣥ࠰ㅪߩ᧲᰷⻉࿖
ᓎᚲߢᐢߊᖱႎࠍ㓸ߚ࡞ࡃࡠࠣޕൻߦ߅ߌ
ߢࠆ⚿ߩߘޕᨐ࠾ࡒޔߪߢࠕࠫࠕޔ࿖ኅߢࠆ
ࠆၞⓨᵢൻߩ㗴ࠍਛᔃߦޔർᶏߥߤᒙ
ࠪࡦࠟࡐ࡞ߪᩰߣߒߡߩࠕࠪࡑ߿ࠗ࠲ޔ
ၞߦኻ⽎ࠍᐢߍߚޕ
⚻ᷣታ❣߇ߔߋࠇߡࠆߎߣ߇ಽ߆ߞߚޕ
߹ߚޔ2011 ᐕ 2 ߦߪᩔᧁ⋵ᐡࠍ⸰ߒߡห
᭽ߩ⺞ᩏࠍⴕߞߚޕ
ޡ⇇㊄Ⲣෂᯏ ᱧผߣࡈࠖ࡞࠼߆ࠄߩᬌ
৻ᣇޔ2010 ᐕ 9 ߦߪޔᒝ⠪ߢࠆᵿ᧻ၞ
⸽㧦㧳㧞㧜ޔ㊄Ⲣᐲᡷ㕟ޔㅜ࿖ޢ
㧔㧕
ࠍ⸰ߒߚޕᵿ᧻Ꮢᓎᚲߩ⸘↹ᜂᒰ⺖ߣ↥ᬺ╷
ᐕߩࠨࡉࡊࠗࡓࡠࡦ㗴 ޔᐕߩ
⺖ߢޕߚߞⴕࠍࠣࡦࠕࡅޔ೨ߦ⾰ࠍㅍࠅޔ
ࡑࡦࡉࠩ࠭ߩ⎕ߚࠎࠍᄾᯏߣߒߚᣣ
63
ߩ⇇㊄Ⲣෂᯏࠍኻ⽎ߣߒߡޔ⇇⚻ᷣޔਥⷐవ
⍹Ꮉṑ✬㧔㧕
ޡ㐿⊒දജ╷ߩℂ⺰⊛⎇ⓥࠕࠫࠕޢ
ㅴᎿᬺ࿖ߩ╷ߩᱧผࠍࠨࡌࠗߒߚޕ
⚻ᷣ⎇ⓥᚲޕ
߹ߚ࠼ࠜࡈࠬࠢ࠶ࠝޔᄢቇࡄޔᄢቇߥߤ
⛗ᚲ⑲♿㧔㧕
ޡ㐿⊒⚻ᷣቇ㧦ᒻᚑߣዷ㐿ޢᴺᄢቇ
᰷⻉࿖ߦട߃ߡޔਛ࿖߿࠲ࠗߥߤߩࠕࠫࠕ⻉࿖ߩ
ዪޕ
ࡈࠖ࡞࠼ߦ߅ߡታᣉߒߚࡅࠕࡦࠣߩ⚿ᨐ
ᄢ㊁ஜ৻
ޡㅜ࿖ߩࠣࡠࡃ࡚ࠪࡦ᧲ޢ
ࠍ␜ߒߚޕ
ᵗ⚻ᷣᣂႎ␠ޕ
ᅏ↰⑲ା
ޡ#5'#0 ߩ㊄Ⲣࠪࠬ࠹ࡓ㧦⋥ធᛩ⾗ߣ㐿
ޡᢎ㙃♽ߩ࿖㓙⚻ᷣ⺰ޢ
⊒㊄Ⲣ᧲ޢᵗ⚻ᷣᣂႎ␠ޕ
ᐕ ߦේⓂࠍឭߒߡ ޔᐕ ߦ
ᄖോ⋭㧔㧕
⺞ޡᢛⲢ⾗ߩࡆࡘ㧙᭴ㅧ⺞ᢛ୫᱅
ೀⴕߩ੍ቯߢࠆޕ࿖㓙⚻ᷣขᒁో⥸ࠍᛒߞߚ࠹
߮ࠢ࠲⺞ᢛ୫᱅ߩⷰ㧙ޢႎ๔ᦠޔᐔᚑ ᐕ
ࠠࠬ࠻ߢࠅ⾏ޔᤃ╷ޔᛩ⾗╷ޔ㊄Ⲣ╷ߦ
ᐲᄖോ⋭╙ਃ⠪⹏ଔޔᐔᚑ ᐕ ޕ
ℂ⺰ߣታ〣ࠍ⺰ㅀߒߚޕ
๓ᢥੑઁ㧔㧕
ޡ㊄Ⲣ⺒ᧄ᧲ޔ ╙ޢᵗ⚻ᷣᣂႎ
␠
ߐࠄߦࡄޔᄢቇߩᆔ⸤ߦࠃࠅޔᣣᧄߩ㊄Ⲣ⥄
࿖㓙දജᬺ࿅㧔㧕
⚻ࡠࠢࡑޡᷣᜰᮡࡑ࠾ࡘࠕ࡞ޢ
↱ൻߦߟߡ⎇ⓥࡁ࠻ߩᚑࠍଐ㗬ߐࠇޔ
ဈ⑲ศઁ✬
⚻ߩࡦࡇࠖࡈޡᷣ㐿⊒ߣ㐿⊒
ᐕ ߦᦨ⚳ࡁ࠻ࠍឭߒߚޕᆔ⸤రߩࡈ
╷⚻ࠕࠫࠕޢᷣ⎇ⓥᚲޕ
ࡦࠬ㚂⋧ᐭ⚻ᷣಽᨆࡦ࠲ߩࡎࡓࡍࠫߢ
ဈరᶈ৻㧔㧕
ޡ࿖㓙දജࡑ࠾ࡘࠕ࡞̆⊒ዷㅜ࿖߳
ឝタߐࠇߚߪߤߥ࡞࠻ࠗ࠲ޕએਅߩㅢࠅߢࠆޕ
ߩታ〣⊛ធㄭᴺ̆ޢഹ⨲ᦠᚱޕ
̌,CRCP̉U(KPCPEKCN2QNKEKGUUKPEGVJGU
ဈరᶈ৻㧔㧕
ࠆߌ߅ߦࡦࡇࠖࡈޟ+/(㌁ਥዉ
YKVJ5RGEKCN4GHGTGPEGVQVJG$CPMQH,CRCP̍
ߩ᭴ㅧ⺞ᢛ⸘↹ߩታ❣ޔޠᣣᧄ࿖㓙⚻ᷣቇળో࿖ᄢ
㧔ࡈࡦࠬᐭ㚂⋧ᐭࠪࡦࠢ࠲ࡦࠢ %QPUGKNF̉
ળ⊒
CPCN[UGªEQPQOKSWGޔ㧕
ޕ
ဈరᶈ৻㧔F㧕⚻ޟᷣ⥄↱ൻߣ⽺࿎ߩታᘒࠍࠆ㧦
ࡐ࠻́ࡈࠖࡇࡦᦨᣂᖱޡޠ⇇ㅳႎޢ
㧠㧚ᒰ㕙ߩ⺞ᩏ⎇ⓥ⸘↹
ᤨㅢା␠ ޔᐕ ᣣภ
ᐕ ߦߪޔ
ਛ࿖ߣࡈࡦࠬߦ߅ߡ⺞ᩏ
ဈరᶈ৻㧔㧕ޟ㐿⊒េഥߪ⽺࿎ᷫߦነਈߔࠆߩ
⎇ⓥࠍⴕ߁੍ቯߢࠆޔ߫ࠇ߇▚੍ޔߚ߹ޕ
߆㧦⇇ߩޟ⍮ޠ
᧲ޔ੩ߢ⺰ᚢޠ
ޡ⇇ㅳႎᤨޢㅢ
ߦࡈࠖࡇࡦߩࡑ࠾ࠍౣᐲ⸰ߔࠆ੍ቯߢ
ା␠ ޔᐕ㧣㧠ᣣภ
ࠆޕ
⇇㌁ⴕ㧔㧕
ޡ⇇㌁ⴕࠟࠗ࠼↰ޢൎ⋭⸶ࡘࠪޔ
⎇ⓥኻ⽎ߪޔ࿖ኅ㐿⊒⸘↹⽺ޔ࿎ᷫ⸘↹↥ޔ
ࡊࡦࠟࡈࠚࠕࠢ᧲੩ޕ
ᬺ╷ޔᄖ⾗╷ߢࠆޕട߃ߡޔ㧺㧳㧻ߩᵴേ
ࠬ࠹ࠖࠣ࠶࠷
ޡ⇇ࠍਇᐘߦߒߚࠣࡠࡃ
ౝኈࠍᛠីߔࠆޕ
࠭ࡓߩᱜޢ
ޔᓼ㑆ᦠᐫޕ
㕙ળ⠪ߪޔᐭᯏ㑐ߣ㧺㧳㧻⡯ຬߦട߃ߡ╙ޔ
ේ ᵗਯ㧔㧕
ޡ㐿⊒⚻ᷣ⺰ޢጤᵄᣂᦠޕ
⠪ߢࠆ࿖㓙ᯏ㑐߿ᄢቇߩኾ㐷ኅߢࠆޕᄙߊ
ේ ᵗਯ㧔㧕
ޡઍࠕࠫࠕ⚻ᷣ⺰ޢጤᵄᦠᐫޕ
ߪ⸰ߩߢ߹ࠇߎޔᤨᲤ࿁㕙ળߒߡ߈ߚੱߢޘ
ㅦ᳓ᰴ㇢㧔㧕
ޡ㐿⊒⚻ᷣቇ㧦⻉࿖᳃ߩ⽺࿎ߣንޢ
ࠆޕ
ഃᢥ␠ޕ
Ძ⦟৻㧔 ߣࡦ࡚ࠪࡃࡠࠣޡ+/(⇇
ෳ⠨ᢥ₂
㌁ⴕޢᄢᦠᐫޕ
ศ┨㧔㧕
ޡ࿑⺑ ࿖㓙㊄Ⲣޢᡷቯ ⚻⽷ޔ
ᩉේ ㅘޔਃᧄ᧻ㅴ✬㧔㧕
ߩࠕࠫࠕ᧲ޡ㐿⊒⚻㛎ޢ
ႎ␠
ࠕࠫࠕ⚻ᷣ⎇ⓥᚲޕ
Ꮉቁᄦ⮮↰⺈৻ะᄈ৻✬㧔㧕
ޡઍ࿖㓙㊄Ⲣ
⍫ౝේ ൎ㧔㧕
ޡ⇇⚻ᷣ㧦ᱧผℂ⺰⁁ޢᢥ
⺰㧔╙㧟 㧕
ޢᩣᑼળ␠㑑
⋿ၴޕ
⍹Ꮉṑ㧔㧕
ޟ᭴ㅧ⺞ᢛ̆㌁ᣇᑼߩౣᬌ⸛ࠕࠫࠕޠ
⍫ౝේ ൎ✬㧔㧕
⊒ޡዷㅜ࿖㗴ࠍ⠨߃ࠆޢഹ⨲
⚻ᷣ⎇ⓥᚲ⚻ࠕࠫࠕޡᷣ ޢᏎ ภޕ
ᦠᚱ
64
ᐔᚑ ᐕᐲ࿖㓙↢␠ળ⎇ⓥࡦ࠲ ⎇ⓥⷐ
⊒ዷㅜ࿖ߦ߅ߌࠆ♖ஜක≮
㧙ࠗࡦ࠼ࠧࠕᎺߦ߅ߌࠆ NGO ࠨࡦࠟࠬߩᵴേ㧙
࿖㓙↢␠ળ⎇ⓥࡦ࠲ ࠣ࡞ࡊ㧝㧙㧝 ⎇ⓥຬ
⎇ⓥഥᚻ 㜞ᨋ 㓁ዷ
Mental Health in Developing Countries—A Mental Health NGO in Goa, India—
ߪߓߦ㧦࿖㓙♖ஜක≮߆ࠄࠗࡦ࠼♖
᧲ධࠕࠫࠕ⻉࿖ࠍਛᔃߦㅜ࿖ߩක≮ኾ㐷⡯ߩ
ක≮߳
ᵹ߇⋧ᰴߋߎߣ߇ ᔨߐࠇࠆ߆ࠄߢࠆޕක≮
࿖㓙♖ක≮ߩలࠍ⋡ᜰߔㆇേߩᜰዉ⠪⊛
ߦ߅ߌࠆධർᩰᏅࠍᣣᧄ߇ߐࠄߦഥ㐳ߔࠆߩߢ
ሽߢࠆࠗࡦ࠼ੱ♖⑼කࡧࠖࠢࡓࡄ࠹࡞
ࠇ߫ޔหᤨߦ㒐ᱛߪࠆޔઍᦧߣߥࠆ⚵ߺ
ߪ ޔᐕߩ⺰⠨ߢ⊒ޔዷㅜ࿖߆ࠄవㅴ࿖߳ߩ
ߩᬌ⸛ߦ߽⌀ߦജ߇ᵈ߇ࠇࠆߴ߈ߢࠈ߁ޕ
♖ஜኾ㐷ኅߩ⪺ߒੱ᧚ᵹ߇ᣣߩㅜ
ᧄⓂߢߪ⊒ޔዷㅜ࿖ߦ߅ߌࠆᣂߒ♖ஜ
࿖ߦ߅ߌࠆ♖ஜක≮ߩ㓚ኂߛߣ㗴ឭߒ
ක≮ߩࡕ࠺࡞㐿⊒ߦ⌕⋡ߒߩߘޔᜰዉ⊛♖⑼ක
ߚ⧷ޔߣࠆࠃߦ࡞࠹ࡄޕ࿖ߩᜰዉ⊛ߥ♖⑼කߩ
ࡧࠖࠢࡓࡄ࠹࡞ߣᓐ߇ਥߔࠆ 0)1 ࠨࡦࠟࠬ
߁ߜ♖ޔකቇ৻⥸ߢߪ 㧑ޔ⠧ᐕ♖කቇߢ
ߦ߅ߌࠆࡕ࠺࡞ᒻᚑߩขࠅ⚵ߺࠍᬌ⸛ߔࠆࠇߎޕ
㧑ޔቇ⠌㓚ኂ㑐ㅪߢ 㧑߇ᶏᄖߢᢎ⢒⸠
ߪ ᐕ ߦ⪺⠪߇ࠗࡦ࠼ࠧࠕᎺߦ߅ߡ
✵ࠍฃߌߚੱ᧚ߢࠆߣ߁ޕㄭᐕޔ࿖㓙ஜ
ታᣉߒߚ⡞߈ขࠅ⺞ᩏߦࠃࠆࡕࠆࠃߦࠄ࡞࠹ࡄޕ
╷ߩ⼏⺰ߦ߅ߡ♖ஜක≮ߩ㊀ⷐᕈ߇ᜰ៰
࠺࡞ߪ⇇ஜᯏ㑐ߩฦ⒳ឭ⸒ߦ߽ណࠅࠇࠄ
ߐࠇߡࠆ߇ࠆߥߣⷐߩߘޔኾ㐷ኅੱ᧚ߩᄙߊߪ
ࠇߡ߅ࠅޔᓟ࠼ࡦࠗޔએᄖߩࠕࠫࠕฦ࿖ߢ߽ណ
వㅴ࿖߳ߣ⒖᳃ߒߡ߅ࠅޔవㅴ࿖ߢߪ৻⥸⊛ߥ
↪ߐࠇࠆߎߣ߇੍᷹ߐࠇࠆޕ
ޟකᏧ́⋴⼔Ꮷ́⥃ᐥᔃℂ჻́࠰ࠪࡖ࡞ࡢ
ࠞ♖߁ߣޠක≮ߩ⚵ߺߪ⊒ዷㅜ࿖ߢߪ
ࡧࠖࠢࡓࡄ࠹࡞ߣ࿖㓙♖ஜක≮
ᭂߡ㔍ߒߊߥߞߡࠆ=ޕ2CVGNGVCN?
ᐕޔ⇇ஜᯏ㑐ߪႎ๔ᦠ♖ޡஜ㧙ᣂ
ߎߩࠃ߁ߥኾ㐷ኅߩਇ⿷ߦࠃࠅ⊒ޔዷㅜ࿖ߢߪ
ߒ ℂ ⸃ ޔᣂ ߒ Ꮧ ᦸ ޢ㧔 /GPVCN *GCNVJPGY
⣕ኾ㐷ኅࠍၮ⺞ߣߔࠆᣂߚߥ⚵ߺ߇ᮨ⚝ߐࠇޔ
WPFGTUVCPFKPIPGYJQRG㧕ࠍ⊒ߒޔ࿖㓙ஜ
ၞߦᓟ߽⇐߹ࠆ߇੍᷹ߐࠇࠆஜഥᚻߣ
ක≮ಽ㊁ߦ߅ߡ♖ஜ߇㊀ὐൻߐࠇࠆߴ߈
߁ಎක≮⡯ࠍജߥࡃࠗࡊࠗࡗߣߔࠆࡕ
㗔ၞߢࠆߣਥᒛߒߚ=9*1?ޔߪࠇߎޕ
࠺࡞߇ㄭᐕޔ⇇ஜᯏ㑐ߩฦ⒳ឭ⸒ߦ߽ណࠅ
ᐕߩ⇇㌁ⴕႎ๔ᦠޡஜᐽ߳ߩᛩ⾗㧦⇇⊒ዷႎ
ࠇࠄࠇࠆߥߤޔᵈ⋡ࠍ㓸ߡࠆޕ
๔ᦠޢ
㧔+PXGUVKPIKP*GCNVJ9QTNF&GXGNQROGPV
ߎߩ⣕ኾ㐷ኅߦ㊀ὐࠍ⟎ߊ♖ක≮ࡕ࠺࡞㐿
4GRQTV㧕ߦࠃߞߡޔฦ∔∛߇߽ߚࠄߔᱫੱᢙߢ
⊒ߪޔᣣᧄߢߪචಽߦᵈ⋡ࠍ㓸ߡ߈ߚߣߪ⸒
ߪߥߊޔᱜᏱߥ↢ᵴ߇༡ߎߣ߇ߢ߈ߥ㓚ኂ⁁
㔍ޕᄖ⊛ߦߪࠆߌ߅ߦࠕࠫࡏࡦࠞޔ㘃ૃߒߚ
ᘒߩ✚ᤨ㑆ᢙ߇㊂⊛ߦࠄ߆ߣߐࠇ∔♖ޔᖚ߇
ขࠅ⚵ߺ߇ᚻᨋ૫ᱜࠄߦࠃߞߡ⚫ߐࠇߡߪ
ࡑࠕ߿⚿ᩭߣߞߚવ⛔⊛ߥᗵᨴ∝ࠍ߃
ࠆ߇ߩߘޔ࿖㓙⊛ߥᗧ⟵ߪචಽߦᬌ⸛ߐࠇߡࠆ
ࠆ㓚ኂ⁁ᘒࠍ߽ߚࠄߒߡࠆߎߣ߇ℂ⸃ߐࠇߚ
ߣߪ⸒㔍=ᚻᨋ?ߩߎޕ㗴ߪᣣᧄߦή
ߚߢࠆ=9QTNF$CPM?ޔࠅࠃߦࠇߎޕ࿖
㑐ଥߥ㗴ߢߪߥ ޕᐕ ߦᣣᧄᐭߪᄖ
㓙⊛ߥஜක≮ߩఝవ㗅ߪᗵᨴ∝߆ࠄ㕖ᗵᨴ
࿖ੱ⋴⼔Ꮷߩฃᄢࠍࠄ߆ߣߒߡ߅ࠅޔᓟ
∝∔♖ߦ․ޔᖚ߳ߣ⒖ⴕߒޔ⇇⊛ߥ♖ක≮
65
ᐲߩᣂ߇⸷߃ࠄࠇߡߞߚߩߎޕേ߈ߩਛߢ
RU[EJKCVTKUV㧕ࠍೀⴕߒߚޕหᦠߪ⑼♖ޔකߩ
㊀ⷐߥᓎഀࠍᨐߚߒߚ৻ੱ߇⑼♖ߩ࠼ࡦࠗޔක
ዬߥㅜ࿖ߢࡊࠗࡑࡋ࡞ࠬࠤࠕὐߩ
ࡧࠖࠢࡓࡄ࠹࡞ߢࠆޕ
㐿ᬺක⼔⋴ޔᏧ♖ޔߦࠄࠞࡢ࡞ࡖࠪ࠰ޔ
ࡧࠖࠢࡓࡄ࠹࡞ߪࡓࡦࡃࠗߩਛ↥㓏⚖り
⑼කߢߥߊߣ߽ታⴕน⢻ߥ◲ᤃߥᵗဳ♖ක
ߢࠅߩࠗࡌࡦࡏޔකቇᩞߢකᏧ⾗ᩰࠍขᓧߒޔ
≮ߩࡑ࠾ࡘࠕ࡞ࠍឭ␜ߔࠆ߽ߩߢࠆౕޕ⊛ߦ
ࠧࠕߢߩࠗࡦ࠲ࡦࠪ࠶ࡊࠍ⚻㛎ߒߚᓟ⧷ޔ࿖ࠝ
ߪޔ㔍᳃ࠠࡖࡦࡊ߿ቇᩞ╬ߦ߅ߡޔಎක≮ᓥ
࠶ࠢࠬࡈࠜ࠼ᄢቇߦࡠ࠭ᅑቇ㊄ࠍᓧߡ⇐ቇ
⠪߳ࠣࡦ࠾ࠢࠬߩ⁁∝ޔᣇᴺޔᔃℂ≮ᴺߩᣇ
ߒߚޕหߢඳ჻ภࠍขᓧᓟ ޔᐕߦࠫࡦࡃࡉ
ᴺ߇߹ࠇߡࠆ♖ޔࠅࠃߦ࡞ࠕࡘ࠾ࡑߩߎޕ
ࠛᄢቇකቇㇱ ᐕ㑆ߩࠨ࠴♖⑼කߩࡐࠬ࠻
⑼කߦ㗬ࠄߕߣ߽৻ቯߩᴦ≮ലᨐ߇ߍࠄࠇࠆ
ࠍᓧߚޕᓐߪߩࠞࡈࠕޔߦߪ࿕ߩ♖∔
ߎߣ߇ᦼᓙߐࠇߡࠆߩߢࠆ=2CVGN?ޕ
ᖚ߇ࠆߣ⠨߃ߥ߁ࠃߩ∛ߟ߁ޔシᐲߩ♖∔ᖚ
♖⑼කએᄖߩක≮ᓥ⠪ߩᵴ↪ߣ߁ᣇ╷ߦ
ࠍᧄ⾰ਥ⟵⊛ߦߪᝒ߃ߡߥ߆ߞߚࠫޔߒ߆ߒޕ
⥋ߞߚߩߪޔ೨ㅀߒߚࠃ߁ߦޔ㗡⣖ᵹߩ㗴߇
ࡦࡃࡉࠛߢᖚ⠪ߩ⸻ኤࠍ⛯ߌࠆ߁ߜߦߩߘޔ⠨߃
ߞߚ⑼♖ޕක߿♖⑼⋴⼔Ꮷߚߜߪ⊒ޔዷㅜ
ࠍᄌ߃ߡߞߚߩࠞࡈࠕߦ߆⏕ޕᖚ⠪ߪᵗක
࿖ߢᢎ⢒⸠✵ߐࠇߚ႐ว߽ߩߘޔᄙߊߪㇺᏒ
ቇߣߪ⇣ߥߞߚᔨࠍ↪⺑ࠍ⁁∝ޔߔࠆߘޕ
ㇱߦ⇐߹ࠅޔᲧセ⊛ንጀߦะߌߚක≮ࠨࡆࠬ
ࠇޔવ⛔⊛ߥ⑄Ꮷߦᴦ≮ࠍ⺧߁ߎߣ߽ࠆޕ
ࠍⴕ߇ߜߢࠆޕᏗዋଔ୯ߎߘ߇ኾ㐷ኅߩሽ
ߒ߆ߒޔᓐࠄߩ∝⁁ߘࠇ⥄ߪᵗකቇߩᨒ⚵ߺ
ᗧ⟵ߢࠅ⽺ޔ࿎ጀߣ߁ࡑࠬ߳ߩක≮ࠍㆱߌࠆ
ߢಽ㘃น⢻ߢࠅޔᵗකቇߩ⥃ᐥ⊛↢ⴡⴐޔ
ߩߢࠆߚߒ߁ߎޕ⢛᥊߆ࠄ⑼♖ޔߪ࡞࠹ࡄޔ
⊛ߥኻಣᴺߦ߽ᔕࠍ␜ߒߡߚߘ߇⼂ߩߎޕ
කή߈ߢߩ♖ක≮ߪޔၞߦᱷࠆㄟߺߩ
ߩᓟߩࡄ࠹࡞ߩᵴേߦ߅ߌࠆᜰ㊎ࠍᒻߠߊߞߚޕ
ࠆಎක≮ᓥ⠪ࠍ↪ࠆߴ߈ߣߒߚߩߢࠆޕ
⊒ዷㅜ࿖ߦ߅ߡ߽ᵗဳߩ♖ක≮ࠍታ〣
ߚߛߒޔಎක≮⡯ߩᵴ↪ߛߌߢߪචಽߥലᨐ߇
ߔߴ߈ߛߣ߁ᜰ㊎ߢࠆߦࠕࠧޕᚯߞߚᓟޔᓐ
ㄟࠆࠊߌߢߪߥޕജߥᴦ≮ᴺߢࠆᔃℂ
ߪ↢ⴡࡦ࠼ࡦࡠޔᾲᏪකቇᩞߥߤߩ⾗㊄េഥࠍᓧ
≮ᴺߩታᣉߦߪኾ㐷⍮⼂߇߿ߪࠅᔅⷐߛ߇⪭ޔ
ߡߩࠬ࠰ޔ㒢ࠄࠇߚㅜ࿖ߦ߆ߦߒߡᵗ
ㇱߩᖚ⠪ߚߜߪㇺᏒㇱߩኾ㐷ኅߩਅߦㅢ߁ߎߣ
කቇ⊛ߥ♖ක≮ࠍㆡᱜᛛⴚߣߒߡዉߔࠆ߆
ߪ߹߹ߥࠄߥߚߩߘޕ᛫߁ߟ⮎ߩᛩਈ߇ᔅⷐ
ࠍ⎇ⓥߒߡߞߚ=2KPEQEM?ޕ
ߣߥࠆ ߩ࡞࠹ࡄޕᐕߩ⺰⠨ߢߪ৻╙ޔઍ
ࡄ࠹࡞ߩ⎇ⓥਥ㗴ߪ⛔ޔวᄬ⺞∝ߤߥ∛ߟ߁ޔ
᛫߁ߟ⮎ࡈ࡞ࠝࠠ࠴ࡦߣᔃℂ≮ᴺߩലᨐࠍᲧ
ߩᲧセ⊛シᐲߩ♖∔ᖚޔᅧᇚߩ♖∔ᖚ࡞ࠕޔ
セߒޔ᛫߁ߟ⮎ᛩਈኻ⽎ᖚ⠪ߩ⚂ 㧑߇ ࠞߢ
ࠦ࡞⮎‛Ử↪♖┬ఽޔஜޔ⠧ᐕ♖ஜ
࿁ᓳޔᔃℂ≮ᴺኻ⽎⠪ߣࡊࡏኻ⽎⠪ߩ࿁ᓳ₸
ߥߤޔታߦᄙጘߦࠊߚࠆߩߘޕਛߢ߽Ყセ⊛㊀ὐ
߇ 㧑ߣߩ⚿ᨐࠍᓧߚᦨޕᣂߩ᛫߁ߟ⮎ߢߥߊߣ
߇⟎߆ࠇޔ࿖㓙⊛ߥ⹏ଔࠍᓧߡࠆߩߪ߁ߟ∛ኻ
߽৻ቯߩᴦ≮ലᨐ߇ࠄࠇߚߩߢࠆޔߒߛߚޕ
╷ߢࠆ∛ߟ߁ޕኻ╷ߩ⎇ⓥߪ ޔᐕߩࠗࡦ
ߎߩ⚿ᨐߪޔᔃℂ≮ᴺߩࡊࡠࠣࡓߪචಽߦ⸳⸘ޔ
࠼ࠧࠕᎺߩࡊࠗࡑࡋ࡞ࠬࠤࠕὐߦ߅
⸠✵ߐࠇߚ߽ߩߢߪߥ߆ߞߚߚߢࠅߩߘޔᓟޔ
ߌࠆ♖∔ᖚߩ␠ળ⊛⢛᥊ߦ㑐ߔࠆ∉ቇ⊛⺞ᩏ
ಎක≮⡯ߦ߽ታᣉน⢻ߥ◲ᤃᔃℂ≮ᴺߩ㐿⊒ߦ
ߦᆎ߹ߞߚ⺞ޕᩏኻ⽎ߣߥߞߚ ߟߩක≮ᣉ⸳ߢ
ࡄ࠹࡞ߪᵈജߒߡߞߚ=2CVGNGVCN?ޕ
ߪޔᚑੱᖚ⠪ߩ 㧑ߦߚࠆ ฬߦシᐲߩ♖
ᐕ߆ࠄࡄ࠹࡞ߪ∛ߟ߁ޔኻ╷ࡕ࠺࡞㐿⊒ߩ
∔ᖚ߇⏕ߐࠇ␠ߩߘޔળ⊛ේ࿃ߦߪࠫࠚࡦ࠳
ߚߦࠕࠧ࠼ࡦࠗޔᎺߦߡࡊࡠࠫࠚࠢ࠻࠽ࡑޟ
߮⚻ᷣ⊛࿎㔍߇ࠄࠇߚߩߎޕὐ߆ࠄࡄ࠹
ࠬ
ޠ/#0#5 /#0#UJCPVK 5WFJCT 5JQFJ
࡞ߪ⽺࿎ኻ╷ߣߒߡߩ♖∔ᖚᴦ≮ߩ㊀ⷐᕈࠍ
+PVGITCVKPIECTGHQTEQOOQPOGPVCNFKUQTFGTU
ᒝ⺞ߒߚ=2CVGNGVCN?ޕ
KPRTKOCT[ECTG㧕ࠍ㐿ᆎߒ ޔᐕߦࡕ࠺࡞ࠍ
ᐕߦߪ⧷ޔ࿖♖⑼කදળࠃࠅ⑼♖ޡක
⊒ߒޔ࿖㓙⊛ߥᓇ㗀ജࠍ⊒ើߔࠆࠃ߁ߦߥߞߡ
ߩ ዬ ߥ ߣ ߎ ࠈ ߢ ޢ㧔 9JGTG VJGTG KU PQ
ߞߚߩࠄࠇߎޔߡߒߘޕታ㛎⊛ߥ⎇ⓥߪߡోޔ
66
ࠗࡦ࠼ߩࠧࠕᎺߢࡄ࠹࡞߽ഃ⸳⠪ߩ৻ੱߢࠆ
㧔OWNVKFKUEKRNKPCT[CRRTQCEJ㧕ߢࠆࡦࠨޕ
0)1 ࠨࡦࠟࠬࠍਥߣߒߡⴕࠊࠇߚ߽ߩߢࠆޕ
ࠟࠬߪߩࠖ࠹࠾ࡘࡒࠦޔஜ⁁ᘒࠍᡷༀߔࠆߚ
ᰴ▵ߢߪߩࠬࠟࡦࠨޔขࠅ⚵ߺࠍࠧࠕᎺߣ߁
ߦߪ↢ޔℂቇ∛ℂቇ⊛ࠕࡊࡠ࠴ߛߌߢߪߥߊޔ
ၞߦහߒߡ⚫ߒߡࠁ߈ߚޕ
␠ળකቇޔᔃℂቇߥߤߩᄙⷺ⊛ߥኾ㐷⍮⼂ߘࠇߙ
ࠇߩὐࠍᵴ߆ߒޔᷙว⊛ߦ↪ࠆߎߣߢᦨޔᄢ
ࠧࠕ߆ࠄ⇇߳㧦0)1 ࠨࡦࠟࠬߩᚢ
㒢ߩലᨐࠍ᳞ߡࠆޕㆊߩⴐⴡ↢╷ߪޔ
ࠨࡦࠟࠬߪ ᐕߦࠗࡦ࠼ࠧࠕᎺߦ⸳┙ߐ
੍㒐ធ⒳∛ߤߥࡦ࠴ࠢࡢޔℂቇ⍮ߦၮߠߊࠕࡊ
ࠇߚ㕖ᐭ⚵❱ߢࠆޕ㐿ᆎᒰೋߪ⊒┬ఽޔ㆐߿
ࡠ࠴ߦࠅ߇ߜߢߞߚ↢ࠎࠈߜ߽ޕᵴ⠌ᘠߩ
ኅᣖࠟࠗ࠳ࡦࠬࠍਛᔃߣߒߚዊⷙᮨߥᵴേࠍⴕ
ᡷༀޔᢎ⢒ޔ⍮⼂᥉ᵴേ߽߹ߚ㊀ⷞߐࠇߡߚ
ߞߡߚߩߘޕᓟߣ߳⥸ో↢ⴡⴐޔᵴേߩࠍ
߇↪⾌ޔኻലᨐ߇◲ᤃߦឭ␜ߢ߈ࠆ‛⾰⊛ߥᣉ╷
ᐢߍޔᎺᐭࠍߪߓߣߔࠆᄙߊߩᯏ㑐ߣදജ㑐
߇ᅢ߹ࠇ߇ߜߢߞߚ⋡߇ࠬࠟࡦࠨޕᜰߔߩߪޔ
ଥࠍ▽߈ߟߟޔ࿖㓙⊛ߥ࠼࠽߆ࠄᄙᢙߩࡊࡠࠫ
ߎߩන৻ࠕࡊࡠ࠴߆ࠄߩ⣕ළߢࠆޕ
ࠚࠢ࠻ߦ⾗㊄ᚻᢎࠍฃߌࠆߥߤޔߪࠧࠕᎺߢ
╙ਃߩࠠࡢ࠼ߪޟฃߌࠇ߿ߔߐޠ
ᦨ߽ⷙᮨߩᄢ߈㕖ᐭ⚵❱ߣߥߞߡࠆࠕࠧޕ
CEEGRVCDKNKV[ߢࠆޕ⇇ஜᯏ㑐߽㐳ᐕᜰ
Ꮊߩർㇱޔධㇱᣇߦὐࠍᜬߜ⎇ޔⓥࡦ࠲
៰ߒߡ߈ߚࠃ߁ߦޔਛᄩᐭ߿ᣇ⥄ᴦ߇ਥ
ߣࠢ࠾࠶ࠢࠍ㐿⸳ߒߡࠆޕ
ߣߥߞߡⴕࠊࠇࠆု⋥⊛ߥⴐⴡ↢╷ߪޔᄢⷙ
࠴ࠚࠕࡑࡦߩ⥃ᐥᔃℂቇ⠪ࠕࡦ࠼ࡘࠣ
ᮨߢᶐㅘ⊛ߥᓇ㗀ࠍᜬߟὐߢߪὐ߇ࠆ߆ߒޕ
ࠗࠪߪ⪺ޔ⠪ߩ⡞߈ขࠅ⺞ᩏߦ߅ߡࡦࠨޔ
ߒޔฃߌᚻߣߥࠆၞߩක≮ὐޔක≮ᓥ⠪ߩ
ࠟࠬ⸳┙ߩ⚻✲ࠍએਅߩࠃ߁ߦ⺑ߒߡࠆࠗޕ
ࠠࡖࡄࠪ࠹ࠖߪࠆޔᖚ⠪߿ኅᣖߩℂ⸃߇ᓧࠄ
ࡦ࠼ߩ♖ක≮ߪޔㇺᏒㇱߩ♖∛㒮߿ࠢ࠾࠶
ࠇߥߌࠇ߫ޔലᨐߪ⭯ޕၞක≮ߩࠅᣇࠍዅ
ࠢࠍਛᔃߣߒߚࠞࡦ࠳㨯ࡋ࡞ࠬࠤࠕߣߒߡߩ
㊀ߒޔၞක≮߇ᛴ߃ࠆ㗴ࠍ⸃ߔࠆߚߩ
ᯏ⢻ߦ㒢ቯߐࠇߡ߅ࠅੱޔญߩᄢඨࠍභࠆ⪭
ߦߣߎ߁ⴕࠍޠ࠻ࠬࠚࠫࠨ࠼ࡦࠕࡊ࡞ࡋޟ㊀
ㇱߩᖚ⠪ߦኻߒߡߪ৻ᤨ⊛ߥᴦ≮ߣߥࠄߑࠆࠍ
ὐࠍ߅ߊߩߢࠆޕ
ᓧߥߩߎߪࠬࠟࡦࠨޕὐࠍసߔࠆߚߦߟޔ
ࠨࡦࠟࠬߩᵴേߦ߅ߡߪ⎇ޔⓥ߇㕖Ᏹߦ㊀ⷐ
߹ࠅࠅࠃޔᐢ▸࿐ߦ♖ක≮ߩᕲᕺࠍዯߌࠆߚ
ߥ࠙ࠚࠗ࠻ࠍභࠆޕᄙర⊛ࠕࡊࡠ࠴ߩലᕈ
ߦ⸳┙ߐࠇߚࠅࠃޕၞኒ⌕ဳߢฦၞߩ᳃߇
ࠍ⽎⊛ߥℂᔨߢ⺆ࠆߎߣߪ߿ߐߒ߇ߛࠇߘޔ
Ᏹߦ↪ߢ߈ࠆሽߣߒߡ♖ක≮ࠍ⛘ޔኻ⊛ߦ
ߌߢߪ࿖㓙⊛ߥ࠼࠽߿ਛᄩᐭޔᣇᐭߩℂ
ኾ㐷ኅ߇ਇ⿷ߒ߽߆ߒޔᢙዋߥኾ㐷ኅ߇ㇺᏒㇱ
⸃ߪᓧࠄࠇߥޕᣂߒᚻᴺࠍឭߔࠆߣ߈ߦߎ
ߦ㓸ਛߒߡࠆࠗࡦ࠼ߢ߆ߦ᭴▽ߔࠆߩ߆ࠨޔ
ߘ⚿ߩࠬࡌࠬࡦ࠺ࡆࠛޔᨐࠍឭ␜ߔࠆߎߣ߇
ࡦࠟࠬߩ⋡⊛ߪߎߎߦࠆޕ
㊀ⷐߛߣࠨࡦࠟࠬߪਥᒛߔࠆ⎇ޕⓥߩ⋡⊛ߪޔ
ߎߩ⋡⊛ࠍ㆐ᚑߔࠆߚߦࠨࡦࠟࠬߪߩઁޔ
ၞኒ⌕ဳߩ♖ක≮ࡕ࠺࡞߇ਛᄩᐭߦណ↪ߐ
0)1 ߣߪ৻✢ࠍ↹ߔࠆᣇᴺࠍ↪ࠆޔߕ߹ޕ
ޟㆡᱜ
ࠇోޔ࿖⊛ߦታᣉߐࠇࠆߎߣߦ߅߆ࠇࠆ⋡ߩߎޕ
ࠦࠬ࠻ޠ㧔CHHQTFCDKNKV[㧕ߦᔀᐩߒߡߎߛࠊࠆޕ
⊛ࠍ㆐ᚑߔࠆߚߦࠨࡦࠟࠬߪߪߕ߹ޔዊⷙᮨߥ
ᓥ᧪ኾ㐷⊛ߥ⍮⼂߿ࠬࠠ࡞߇ᔅⷐߣ⠨߃ࠄࠇߡ
ක≮ὐߢߩࡄࠗࡠ࠶࠻㨯ࡕ࠺࡞ߩ㐿⊒ታ〣ࠍ
ߚක≮ࠨࡆࠬߦ㑐ߒߡ◲ޔᤃߥ⸠✵ࡄ࠶ࠤ
ⴕ߁ߩߘޕ㓙ߩࠄ߆࠽࠼ޔഥᚑ㊄ࠍᓧࠆߩߛ߇ޔ
ࠫࠍ⠨᩺ߔࠆߎߣߢޔㅜ࿖ߩ⽷ߦวߞߚᲧ
ࡕ࠺࡞㐿⊒ߩߘޔታ〣⹏ޔଔߦ⥋ࠆ߹ߢᵗဳߩ
セ⊛ଔߥක≮ࠨࡆࠬࠍታߒߡ߈ߚߊߒޕ
⹏ଔዤᐲࠍዉߒߩߘޔฦᲑ㓏ߦ㑐ߔࠆ⺰⠨ࠍ࿖
ߪᓟㅀߔࠆ߇ޔଔߥක≮ࠨࡆࠬߩឭ᩺ߪޔ
㓙⊛ߥᩏ⺒㔀ߦᛩⓂߔࠆޕᰴߦ࠶ࡠࠗࡄߩߘޔ
㧔㧝㧕ᚑੱߩ߁ߟ∛ᴦ≮ޔ㧔㧞㧕ᢎ⢒ᣉ⸳ߢߩ⥃
࠻㨯ࡕ࠺࡞ߩലᕈ߇⏕ߐࠇߚ႐วޔᎺߩਅ
ᐥᔃℂޔ
㧔㧟㧕ዞቇ೨ఽ┬ߩ⊒㆐ޔ
㧔㧠㧕*+8#+&5
ⴕಽߢࠆ࠺ࠖࠬ࠻ࠢ࠻නߥߒߪᎺ
ᖚ⠪߳ߩ♖ක≮ߥߤᄙጘߦᷰࠆޕ
නߢߩታ〣߳ߣ⒖ⴕߔࠆߩߎޕ㓙ߩ࠼࠽ߪᎺ
߽߁৻ߟߩࠠࡢ࠼ߪޟᄙర⊛ࠕࡊࡠ࠴ޠ
ᐭߣߥࠆ߇⺑ߩߘޔᓧ᧚ᢱߣߒߡࡄࠗࡠ࠶࠻㨯
67
ࡕ࠺࡞ߦ㑐ߔࠆ⎇ⓥᚑᨐࠍ↪ࠆߩߢࠆࠄߐޕ
VTGCVOGPVUHQTEQOOQPOGPVCNFKUQTFGTUKP
ߦޔᎺනߢߩታ㛎߇ᚑഞߒߚ႐วޔਛᄩᐭ߳
IGPGTCNJGCNVJECTGKP)QC+PFKCCTCPFQOKUGF
ߩ߈߆ߌߦࠃࠅో࿖⊛ߥዉ߳ߣᜬߜㄟߩ
EQPVTQNNGFVTKCN̍.CPEGV8QNRR
ߢࠆޔࠍࠇߎޕ࿖㓙ஜක≮ߢߪ࡞ࠤࠬޟ
ࠕ࠶ࡊޠ
㧔UECNGWR㧕ߣ߱ޕ
2CVGN84&QWTCFQ0&G5QW\CCPF(
&KCU5CZGPC
GFU6JGUVCVGQH)QC̉U
ታ㓙ߦࠨࡦࠟࠬߪޔᢎ⢒ᣉ⸳ߦ߅ߌࠆᔃℂࠞ࠙
ࡦߩ⸠✵㈩⟎ࡕ࠺࡞ࠍ㐿⊒ߒ߇ࠇߘޔਛ
JGCNVJ)QC5CPICVJ5QEKGV[HQT%JKNF
ᄩᐭߦࠃߞߡណ↪ߐࠇߡ߅ࠅ∛ߟ߁ߚ߹ޔᴦ≮
&GXGNQROGPVCPF(COKN[)WKFCPEG
ߩࡕ࠺࡞߽߹ߚޔࠧࠕᎺᐭߦࠃߞߡᎺർㇱ
2KPEQEM5̌8KMTCO2CVGNRTQOQVKPI
ోߢߩታᣉߦะߌߚ⸘↹߇ᬌ⸛ߐࠇߡࠆޕㅢ
OGPVCNJGCNVJKPFGXGNQRKPIEQWPVTKGU̍
Ᏹޔක≮ஜ㑐ㅪߩ 0)1 ߘࠇ⥄ߩᓎഀߪޔᣢߦ
.CPEGV8QNR
⾌↪ኻലᨐ߇ቯ߹ߞߚක≮ᬺߩታ〣߇ᄙߊޔవ
ᚻᨋ૫ᱜ♖ߩ߳ࠕࠖ࠺ࡏࡦࠞޟஜද
㚟⊛ߥ⹜ߺߩ႐วߢߞߡ߽ߩߘޔᚑᨐ߇࿖㓙⊛
ജޠ
♖ޡ㓚ኂߣࡂࡆ࠹࡚ࠪࡦ
ޢ
ߥᩏ⺒㔀ߦ⊒ߐࠇ߇ࠇߘޔᰴߥࠆࠬ࠹࠶ࡊ߳
㗁
ߣߟߥߍࠆߎߣࠍዉߊߎߣߪ⒘ߢࠆޕᄙߊߩ
9QTNF$CPM9QTNF&GXGNQROGPV4GRQTV
0)1 ߪ⾗ޔ㊄ឭଏ⠪߳ߩᬺታᣉߣലᨐߩႎ๔ࠍ
+PXGUVKPIKP*GCNVJ0GY;QTM1ZHQTF
⽿ോߣߒߡ߅ࠅߩߘޔᬺ߇ᜬ⛯น⢻ߥᐲߣߒ
7PKXGTUKV[2TGUU
ߡⵍេഥ࿖ߦᩮઃߊߎߣࠍᔅߕߒ߽ᚑഞߩⷐઙ
9QTNF*GCNVJ1TICPK\CVKQP6JG9QTNF
ߣߪߒߥ߆ࠄߢࠆ⥄ޔߪࠬࠟࡦࠨޕ࿖ߩஜ
ᐲߦណ↪ߐࠇࠆߎߣࠍ㐳ᦼ⋡ᮡߦ⸳ቯߒ⎇ޔⓥ
*GCNVJ4GRQTV/GPVCN*GCNVJ0GY
WPFGTUVCPFKPIPGYJQRG9QTNF*GCNVJ
ᵴേࠍᔅߕ⚵ߺㄟ߹ߖࠆߎߣߢޔᰴߣޘᣂߚߥᚑ
1TICPK\CVKQP
ᨐࠍߦㅍࠅߒߡ߈ߚߩߢࠆޕ
ෳ⠨ᢥ₂
FG5QW\C24̌2TCIOCVKERQNKVKEUKP
)QC̍'EQPQOKECPF2QNKVKECN9GGMN[
8QN
RR
)QXGTPOGPVQH)QC)QCRQRWNCVKQPRQNKE[
)QXGTPOGPVQH)QC
4QWVNGFIG2̌%QPUWOKPI)QCVQWTKUV
UKVGCUFKURGPUCDNGURCEG̍'EQPQOKECPF
2QNKVKECN9GGMN[8QN
RR
2CVGN8/4QFTKIWGUCPF0FG5QW\C
̌)GPFGT2QXGTV[CPF2QUVPCVCN&GRTGUUKQP
#5VWF[QH/QVJGTUKP)QC+PFKC̍#OGTKECP
,QWTPCNQH2U[EJKCVT[8QNRR
2CVGN89JGTGVJGTGKUPQ
RU[EJKCVTKUVCOGPVCNJGCNVJECTGOCPWCN
4Q[CN%QNNGIGQH2U[EJKCVTKUVU
2CVGN8&%JKUJQNO54CDG*GUMGVJ(
&KCU5CZGPCGVCŇ'HHKECE[CPF
EQUVGHHGEVKXGPGUUQHFTWICPFRU[EJQNQIKECN
68
Τ㧚ࠣ࡞ࡊ㧝㧙㧞
㧝㧚ᵴേⷐ
ᐔᚑ ᐕᐲ࿖㓙↢␠ળ⎇ⓥࡦ࠲ ᵴേⷐ
ࠣ࡞ࡊ㧝㧙㧞 ᵴേⷐ
࿖㓙↢␠ળ⎇ⓥࡦ࠲ ࠣ࡞ࡊ㧝㧙㧞 ࠳
ᄢቇ㒮࿖㓙ၞቇ⎇ⓥ⑼ ᢎ 㜟ᯅ ৻↵
㧝㧚⎇ⓥ⋡⊛ߣౝኈ
ᣣޔᕆㅦߥ⚻ᷣᚑ㐳߇⛯ߊࠕࠫࠕߩ㐿⊒ㅜ࿖
ߡ⺖㗴ߣߥࠆࠦࡒࡘ࠾࠹ࠖ␠ળߩᒻᚑ߿ޔㇺᏒ㧙ㄘ
ߢߪޔᄢㇺᏒ߳ߩੱญߩ㓸ਛߦࠃࠆၞᄌኈ߇㗼
ߩേ⊛ߥ㑐ଥࠍ〯߹߃ߚㇺᏒⅣႺߩࠅޟᣇߢޠ
⪺ߢࠆޕ࿖ㅪߩ⛔⸘ߦࠃࠆߣ 2030 ᐕߦߪ⇇ߩ
ࠆ߇ࠍࠇߎߪߢࡊ࡞ࠣᧄޔၮᧄߣߒߟߟࡦࡔޔ
㐿⊒ㅜ࿖ߩㇺᏒၞߩੱญߪ 40 ంߦ㆐ߒ߽߆ߒޔ
ࡃߘࠇߙࠇߩኾ㐷㗔ၞߦଐߒߡޔㇺᏒ⸘↹ޔㇺ
ᓟ⇇ߩჇടੱญߩᄢඨ߇ߎߩㇺᏒၞߦๆߐࠇ
Ꮢℂቇޔၞ▤ℂ␠ޔળቇ╬ߩᄙⷺ⊛ߥⷞὐ߆ࠄ
ࠆ㧔
ޟThe Challenge of SlumsޠUN-Habitat 2003㧕
ޕ
ቇ㓙⊛ߦㅊⓥߔࠆޕ
ㇺᏒߩᤨઍߪߎߩ㧠㧜ᐕ㑆ߦࡇࠢࠍㄫ߃ࠃ߁ߣߒ
ߡࠆߩߎࠄ߇ߥߒ߆ߒޕㇺᏒၞߪޔᄙߊߩ႐วޟㆊ
㧞㧚⎇ⓥຬߩ⎇ⓥ࠹ࡑ
ㇺᏒ⚻ޔߒࠍ⦡․ߥ⊛ޠᷣ㕙ߢߪ⽺࿎ߩჇᄢޔ
٨㜟ᯅ ৻↵㧔ࠨࡉࠣ࡞ࡊ࠳㧕
ⅣႺ㕙ߢߪࠨࡉࠬ࠲ࡦ࠳࠼ߥࠗࡦࡈ߿ㆊኒߥ㓸
࠹ࡑ㧦ࠦࡒࡘ࠾࠹ࠖ㐿⊒ᚻᴺߦ㑐ߔࠆ␠ળቇ⊛⎇
ⅣႺߣߒߡⴡ↢᳓ḰߩૐࠬࡓၞࠍᏒⴝߩ
ⓥ
ౝᄖߢᄢߐߖߡࠆ⎇ޕⓥߩ⢛᥊ߣߒߡᰴߩ 3 ὐ
⎇ⓥߩⷐ㧦࠲ࠗߦ߅ߌࠆࠦࡒࡘ࠾࠹ࠖ㐿⊒ߣ⚻ᷣ
ࠍߍࠆޔߦ৻╙ޕᓥ᧪ߩⴕਥዉߩㇺᏒⅣႺᢛ
␠ળ㐿⊒߅ࠃ߮ᴦᢥൻߦ㑐ߔࠆ⎇ⓥࠍࡌࠬߦޔ
߇⽷㔍╬ߦࠃࠅ㒢⇇ࠍㄫ߃ࠆਛߢޔᣥ᧪ဳߩᘠ⠌
ࠦࡒࡘ࠾࠹ࠖ㐿⊒ᚻᴺߩ㐿⊒ߦ↪ߥ␠ળቇ⊛ᖱႎ
⊛หߩ⺖㗴ࠍసߒߚࠬࡌࠍࠖ࠹࠾ࡘࡒࠦޔ
ߩ᭴▽ࠍㅢߒߡࠅࠃߩࠕࠫࠕޔᐢၞߦ߅ߌࠆࠦ
ߦߒ NGO ߥߤߣߩࡄ࠻࠽ࠪ࠶ࡊߩ߽ߣߦታᣉ
ࡒࡘ࠾࠹ࠖ㐿⊒ᚻᴺ߳ߩᔕ↪ࠍ⎇ⓥߔࠆߎޔߚ߹ޕ
ߐࠇߡࠆ⥄ਥ⊛ߥⅣႺᡷༀ߿᳃ਥ⊛ߥ␠ળㆇേߪޔ
ߩ⎇ⓥࡊࡠࠬߦᤋ↪ߩⷰὐ߆ࠄᤋ␠ળቇ⊛
ᓟߩㇺᏒ␠ળߩᒻᚑߦᣂߚߥᣇะᕈࠍ␜ߒߡࠆޕ
ࠕࡊࡠ࠴ߣޔᤋ␠ળቇߩ᭴▽ࠍⴕ߁ޕ
╙ੑߦޔ
ޟᄢߔࠆㇺᏒၞ߇ޠᜬ⛯⊛ߥ⊒ዷࠍⴕߞߡ
ౕ⊛ߦߪޔ
㧝㧥㧢㧜ᐕઍએ㒠ߩ࠲ࠗߦ߅ߌࠆ⽺࿎
ߊߦߪⴕޔ╬ߣߩࡄ࠻࠽ࠪ࠶ࡊ߇ਇนᰳߢ
⠪ጀࠍㇺᏒࠦࡒࡘ࠾࠹ࠖߩ㐿⊒ࡊࡠࠬߣ⚻ᷣ
ࠆߦ࠼ࡂޕ㊀ὐ߇⟎߆ࠇߚ⎬⋥⊛ߥᚻᴺߢߪߥ
␠ળ㐿⊒߅ࠃ߮᳃ਥൻߩ⢛᥊ࠍᢛℂߔࠆࡑࠢࡠࡌ
ߊޔ᳃ߩෳടㅪ៤ߩ߽ߣߦޔᓐࠄߩਥ⊛ߥᗧ
࡞ߩᬌ⸛ߣޔㇺᏒࠦࡒࡘ࠾࠹ࠖߩ㐿⊒ㆊ⒟ࠍࡒࠢࡠ
ᕁቯ߇ᜂߐࠇޔⅣႺᓮ߇ၮḰߩ⸳ቯࡠࡊޔ
ࡌ࡞㧔㐿⊒ࠍ⚻㛎ߒߚࠦࡒࡘ࠾࠹ࠖ㧕ߢᬌ⸽ࠍⴕ
ࠬߩዷ㐿ߥߤߦ߅ߡᨵエߦⴕࠊࠇ߽ߦ⊛❱⚵ޔേ
ࠖ࠹࠾ࡘࡒࠦࠆߌ߅ߦࠗ࠲ޔ㐿⊒ࠍ␠ળቇ⊛ߦಽ
⊛ߥዷ㐿߇น⢻ߥޔᣂߚߥޟ㐿⊒ᚻᴺ߇ޠᄙⷺ⊛ߦ
ᨆߔࠆޕ
ᬌ⸛ߐࠇࠆߴ߈ߢࠆ╙ޕਃߦޔ㐿⊒ㅜ࿖ߢߪޔ
٨⮮ ᢅା
᳃ߩ⚵❱ൻߦࠃࠆෳടဳ㐿⊒ߩផㅴ߿᳃⚵❱ࠍ
⎇ⓥ࠹ࡑ㧦ࠕࠫࠕㇺᏒߦ߅ߌࠆࠦࡒࡘ࠾࠹ࠖߩᜬ
ᜂߣߒߚࡑࠗࠢࡠࠢࠫ࠶࠻ᐲߩዉߦࠄࠇ
⛯⊛ߥ㐿⊒ᚻᴺ
ࠆࠃ߁ߦߦࠅߊߠߜ߹ޔଥࠊࠆ NGO ߿ߩࠗ࠲ޔ
⎇ⓥߩⷐ㧦ߎࠇ߹ߢߩ⎇ⓥ㧙Ԙࠦࡒࡘ࠾࠹ࠖߩࡀ
CODI ߩࠃ߁ߥᐭ♽ᯏ㑐ߦࠃࠆᡰេᵴേࠍㅢߓߡޔ
࠶࠻ࡢࠢ⊛ߥ㐿⊒ᵴേޔԙࠦࡒࡘ࠾࠹ࠖ߇ਥߣ
ࠦࡒࡘ࠾࠹ࠖ߿᳃߇ਥߣߥߞߚⅣႺᡷༀߩ⚻㛎
ߥߞߚᨵエߥ㐿⊒ࡊࡠࠬޔၮḰߩ⸳ቯ┙᩺ޔԚ
ߩ⫾Ⓧ߿ൻߪㅴߺߟߟࠆޕએࠃࠅ⎇ޔⓥᦼ
ዊⷙᮨ㓸࿅ߦࠃࠆ㐿⊒ᚻᴺޔԛ↪ㅜߩᷙࠍ൮ߔ
㑆ౝߦࠄ߆ߦߔࠆߩߪޔ
ޟᄢߔࠆㇺᏒၞ߅ߦޠ
ࠆࠦࡒࡘ࠾࠹ࠖߩน⢻ᕈޔԜ␠ળ⊛⾗ᧄߩ⫾Ⓧߦߟ
73
ߥ߇ࠆࠦࡒࡘ࠾࠹ࠖᵴേߩዷ㐿㧙ࠍ〯߹߃ࠕࠫࠕޔ
Women, Elderly, and Children in Southeast Asian
ߩ⥃ᶏㇱㇺᏒߦട߃ߡౝ㒽ㇱ߽൮ߒߚ▸࿐ࠍኻ⽎
Communities
ߣߒߚࠦࡒࡘ࠾࠹ࠖߩࡑࡀࠫࡔࡦ࠻ဳߩ㐿⊒ᚻᴺߦ
⎇ⓥߩⷐ㧦Women, elderly, and children are the
ߟߡ⎇ⓥߔࠆޕ
most adversely affected by poverty , and more
٨ᒛ 㐳ᐔ
recently, by the global crisis. In Southeast Asia,
⎇ⓥ࠹ࡑ㧦㐿⊒ㅜ࿖ߦ߅ߌࠆㇺᏒൻߣㇺᏒߩᤨ
women constitute close to half of the population
ⓨ㑆⊛ᄌൻߦ㑐ߔࠆ⎇ⓥ
while children (ages 14 and below) range from
⎇ⓥߩⷐ㧦ㄭᐕ㧘㐿⊒ㅜ࿖ߢߪ⚻ᷣ⊒ዷߦ
16%-37%. While the elderly population in most
ㇺᏒൻ߇ᕆㅦߦㅴߣหᤨߦ㧘᭽ߥޘㇺᏒ㗴߇⊒
of the Southeast Asian societies is not yet as high
↢ߒߡࠆ⎇ᧄޕⓥߢߪ㧘㐿⊒ㅜ࿖ߦ․ޔਛ࿖ߩ
as the over 20% evident in Japan and other
ㇺᏒࠍኻ⽎ߦㇺᏒౝㇱⓨ㑆᭴ㅧߩᄌൻ㧘ㇺᏒࠪࠬ࠹
developed countries, they are considered among
ࡓߩౣ✬ᚑ㧘ၞ㑆ߩੱญ⒖േߣ߁ਃߟߩㇺᏒ㊀
the
ⷐ࠹ࡑࠍขࠅߍ㧘ⓨ㑆࠺࠲ࠍၮ␆࠺࠲ߣ
communities of the world. Our past research
ℂᖱႎࠪࠬ࠹ࡓ㧔)+5㧕ࠍഥ࠷࡞ߣߒߡ⺞ᩏ
showed women and children investing more time
ࠍⴕ㧘ㇺᏒൻߣㇺᏒߩᤨⓨ㑆⊛ᄌൻࠍ⠨ኤߒߡㇺ
in engaging in more and diverse forms of work for
Ꮢⓨ㑆ಽᨆࠍㅴࠆޕ
insufficient income, including engaging in local
䃂ศ᳗ ஜᴦ
and foreign migration. Women, including the
⎇ⓥ࠹ࡑ㧦㐿⊒ㅜ࿖ߦ߅ߌࠆᜬ⛯น⢻ߥ᳓▤ℂ
girl-child, have been expanding their public
ߩࠗࡦࡦ࠹ࠖࡉߦ㑐ߔࠆಽᨆ
spaces (for household survival and community
⎇ⓥߩⷐ㧦᳇ᄌേߦ߁᳓㔛⛎ߩᄌൻߪㅜ࿖
engagements) resulting in less private time and
ߦ߅ߌࠆ᳓▤ℂ╷ߦᄢ߈ߥᓇ㗀ࠍਈ߃ࠆޔߦ․ޕ
resources for themselves. So far, very few
᷆᳓ߩ⚂㧣㧜㧑ࠍ↪ߔࠆㄘᬺㇱ㐷ߦ߅ߌࠆ᳓▤ℂ
researches have been done about the responses
ߪઁㇱ㐷ߩ᳓↪ߦኻߔࠆᓇ㗀߇ᄢ߈ߚߒ߁ߎޕ
and policies for the elderly in communities
᳇ᄌേߦኻߔࠆ᳓㔛⛎ߩਇ⏕ታᕈߦኻಣߔࠆߚ
affected by poverty and the ongoing global crisis.
ߦߪല₸⊛ߢᜬ⛯น⢻ߥ᳓▤ℂࠬࠠࡓ߇ᔅⷐߣߐ
These 3 groups have long responded to the
ࠇߩߚߩߘޔ╷ࠗࡦࡦ࠹ࠖࡉߩ⏕┙߇᳞ࠄ
challenges posed by poverty and development
ࠇࠆ⎇ᧄޕⓥߪࡈࠖࡇࡦࠍߤߥࠗ࠲ޔਛᔃߦⴕ
policies. This research would like to document
ߩ᳓▤ℂߦ᳇ᄌേⷐ⚛ࠍടߒߚ᳓▤ℂߩࠅᣇޔ
their present engagements with poverty within
ߘߩߚߦࠗࡦࡦ࠹ࠖࡉߦ㑐ߒߡಽᨆࠍⴕ߁ޕ
the present global crisis and consider research
٨ ⋧᥊
and policy suggestions for the improvement of the
⎇ⓥ࠹ࡑ㧦൮៨⊛ߥㇺᏒߦะߌߚㇺᏒ▤ℂ♽ߩ
lives of these 3 groups affected by gender, age,
᭴▽ߦ㑐ߔࠆ⎇ⓥ
and class.
⎇ⓥߩⷐ㧦ᜬ⛯น⢻ߥㇺᏒߩታߦะߌߡ␠ળ⊛
٨⑺⼱ ඳ
൮៨ߪ⚻ᷣᵴേߣⅣႺߩ⺞ߣߣ߽ߦⓥᭂߩ⺖㗴ߦ
⎇ⓥ࠹ࡑ㧦ࠦࡒࡘ࠾࠹ࠖࡀ࠶࠻ࡢࠢࠍㅢߒߚᜬ
ߥߞߡࠆ⎇ᧄޕⓥߪ␠ࠆߌ߅ߦࠕࠫࠕޔળ⊛ᒙ⠪
⛯⊛ߥ㐿⊒ߦ㑐ߔࠆ⎇ⓥ
ࠍឃ㒰ߔࠆㇺᏒ▤ℂ♽ߩታᘒࠍᛠីߒޔ൮៨⊛ㇺ
⎇ⓥߩⷐ㧦ㄭᐕޔ㐿⊒ㅜ࿖ߢߪᕆỗߥㇺᏒൻߩ
Ꮢߦะߌߚ⸘↹ߩ⺖㗴ߣ⸘↹⺰⊛ᣇᴺ⺰ࠍᮨ⚝ߔࠆޕ
ㅴዷߦࠃࠆࠬࡓੱญߩჇട߇㗼⪺ߢࠆߦࠇߎޕ
ౕ⊛ߦߪ࡞ࡑࠜࡈࡦࠗޔዬޔㅌၞޔౣ
ࠃࠅߩࠖ࠹࠾ࡘࡒࠦࡓࠬޔⅣႺ߿ዬⅣႺߩ
↢ၞߥߤߦ߅ߌࠆ␠ળ⊛ឃ㒰ߩࡊࡠࠬߣޔၞ
㗴߇ᷓೞൻߒߡ߅ࠅࠍࠄࠇߘޔᅤߦᡷༀߔࠆ߆
᳃߇ਥ⊛ߦขࠅ⚵วᗧᒻᚑᚻᴺ߿ᓐࠄ߇ਥߥ
߇⺖㗴ߣߥߞߡࠆ⺖ߩߎޕ㗴ߦኻߔࠆขࠅ⚵ߺߣ
ᜂᚻߣߥࠆ␠ળ⊛ᚻᴺߦߟߡ⎇ⓥߔࠆޕ
ߒߡࠆࠃߦࠢࡢ࠻࠶ࡀࠖ࠹࠾ࡘࡒࠦޔ㐿⊒߇ㄭᐕ
䃂ࡑࠕࡠࠩࠝࡇࠤࡠࡃࠬࠞࠬ
ᵈ⋡ࠍᶎ߮ߡࠆ⎇ᧄޕⓥߪࠍࠗ࠲ޔኻ⽎ၞߣㆬ
⎇ⓥ࠹ࡑ㧦The Responses to Global Crisis of
ቯߒࠍࠢࡢ࠻࠶ࡀޔㅢߒߚࠦࡒࡘ࠾࠹ࠖߩᜬ⛯⊛
74
needy
dependents
in
poverty-stricken
࡞ߩࠖ࠹࠾ࡘࡒࠦ࡞ࠥߡ߅ߦ࡞࠻ࡃࡦ࠙ޔᒻ
ߥ㐿⊒ߦߟߡ⎇ⓥࠍߔࠆޕ
ᚑߩታᘒᛠី⺞ᩏࠍⴕߞߚࠖ࠹࠾ࡘࡒࠦ࡞ࠥߚ߹ޕ
㧟㧚ᐕᐲߩᵴേౝኈ
ߦ߅ߌࠆࠦࡒࡘ࠾࠹ࠖ㐿⊒ߩታᘒࠍᛠីߒޔ᳃ਥ
ߩࠦࡒࡘ࠾࠹ࠖ㐿⊒ߩน⢻ᕈߦ㑐ߔࠆ⎇ⓥࠍዷ㐿
ࠣ࡞ࡊ㧝㧙㧞ߩห⎇ⓥᵴേߣߒߡ ᐕ ߒߚޕ
ᧃߦࡉޔࡦࡇࠖࡈޔᏒߦ߅ߡ⻉ࠕࠫࠕޟ࿖
ߦ߅ߌࠆࠦࡒࡘ࠾࠹ࠖ㐿⊒ߣޠ㗴ߒߡ࿖㓙ࡢࠢࠪ
ᒛ㐳ᐔ⎇ⓥຬߪޔⓨ㑆᭴ㅧߩ⎇ⓥࠍⴕߞߚࠅߣޕ
࡚࠶ࡊࠍ㐿ߒߚࡊ࡞ࠣޕ㧝㧙㧞߆ࠄߪޔ㜟ᯅޔ
ࠊߌⓨ㑆㊀ߺⴕࠍၮ␆ߣߒߡޔජ⪲⋵᧻ᚭᏒࠍ
⎇ⓥຬޔዊᣧᎹሶᧄ⎇ⓥࡦ࠲ቴຬ⎇ⓥຬ߇
ߦㆬࠎߢߩߘޔⓨ㑆᭴ㅧࠍ⛔⸘㊂ߦၮߠߚ⎇ⓥ
⎇ⓥႎ๔ࠍⴕࠚࡈࡏࡦࡆߪࠄ߆ࡦࡇࠖࡈޔ
ࠍⴕߞߚޕẜ⊛ߥ⋧↪ߩᒝߐߣⓨ㑆ࠍ᭴ᚑߔ
࡞࠽ࡦ࠺ࠬ᳁ࡦ࠱ࠖ࠺ࡦࡆࠕޔ᳁ࠞ࠳࠾ޔ
ࠆන㑆ߩ⋧㑐ࠍቯ⟵ߔࠆߚߦ⎇ᧄޔⓥߢߪ᧻ᚭ
ࡉ᳁߇ⴕࠇߙࠇߘޔޔᏒ⼏ળ⼏ຬ࠾ࡘࡒࠦޔ
Ꮢߩ࠺࠲ࠍᵴ↪ߒߚޕ
࠹ࠖ࠳ߩ┙႐߆ࠄᵴേႎ๔ࠍⴕߞߚࠬࡃޕ
ศ᳗ஜᴦ⎇ⓥຬߪ⻉ࠕࠫࠕޔ࿖ߦ߅ߌࠆㄘᬺ↪᳓
ࠞࠬ⎇ⓥຬ߇ࡢ࡚ࠢࠪ࠶ࡊߩࡈࠔࠪ࠹࠲ࠍ
ߩ᳓ಽ㈩ߪ㕖ല₸⊛ߢ᳓ਇ⿷ߩ⁁ᴫߦ㒱ࠆߎߣ߇ᄙ
ᜂᒰߒ⎇ⓥᵴേႎ๔ߣ⼏⺰ߩ߹ߣࠍⴕߞߚ⑺ޕ
ߣ߁⁁ࠍ〯߹߃⸃ߩߘޔ╷ࠍዉ߈ߔߚ
⼱⎇ⓥຬߪࡢ࡚ࠢࠪ࠶ࡊోߩㆇ༡ᵴേߣหࡢ
ࠥࡓℂ⺰ߣࡊࡦࠪࡄ࡞ࠛࠫࠚࡦ࠻ℂ⺰ࠍㆡ
࡚ࠢࠪ࠶ࡊߩႎ๔ᦠ
㧔ㄭೀ㧕
ߩߣࠅ߹ߣࠍⴕߞߚޕ
↪ߒߡಽᨆࠍⴕߞߚ⚿ߩߘޕᨐޔఘޔ⒖ォ․ޔቯ
ࡢ࡚ࠢࠪ࠶ࡊߢߪޔࠗ࠲ޔࡦࡇࠖࡈޔ㖧࿖ޔ
⋡⊛ߩߚߩၮ㊄ㅧᚑ⚻ߩߤߥࠖ࠹࡞࠽ࡍޔᷣ⊛ᚻ
ࡕࡦࠧ࡞ߦ߅ߌࠆࠦࡒࡘ࠾࠹ࠖ㐿⊒ߩࠍ⚫ߔ
Ბߪ᧤᜔߇ࠇߘޔജࠍߔࠆߥࠄ߫ਅᵹߦ߅ߌ
ࠆߣߣ߽ߦฦ࿖ߩࠦࡒࡘ࠾࠹ࠖ㐿⊒ߩ․⦡ࠍ⼏⺰ߒޔ
ࠆᐔߥ᳓㈩ಽߩߚߩࠗࡦࡦ࠹ࠖࡉߣߒߡᯏ⢻
ᓟߩࠕࠫࠕߦ߅ߌࠆࠦࡒࡘ࠾࠹ࠖ㐿⊒ߩࠅᣇߦ
ߔࠆ⚻ߪߦߚߩߘޕᷣ⊛ᚻᲑ߇᳓▤ℂ⚵❱ߩ࡞
ߟߡᵴ⊒ߥ⼏⺰߇ⴕࠊࠇߚޕ
࡞ߦ⛔วߐࠇޔᄾ⚂ߣߒߡ᜔᧤ജࠍઃਈߐࠇࠆߴ߈
ߢࠆߣ߁⚿⺰ࠍᓧߡࠆޕ
߹ߚޔ
ᶏᄖߩ⎇ⓥὐᒻᚑߩ৻Ⅳߣߒߡ ᐕᐲ
⋧᥊⎇ⓥຬߪ ޔᐕએ㒠 ᐕઍߦ⥋ࠆ㖧
߆ࠄḰࠍㅴߡ߈ߚ࠲ࠗߩᐭᯏ㑐ߢࠆ
%1&+
%QOOWPKV[
1TICPK\CVKQP
࿖ߩ⽺࿎ጀࠍࠦࡒࡘ࠾࠹ࠖߩ㐿⊒ߦ㑐ߒߡ␠ޔ
&GXGNQROGPV
+PUVKVWVGߣߩቇⴚᵹදቯ
/17߇ ޔᐕ
ળㆇേ⺰ߩ৻Ⅳߣߒߡၞ᳃ㆇേࠍࠦࡒࡘ࠾࠹ࠖ
ᣣߦήߦ⺞ශ߇ቢੌߒߚޕᓟߪ⎇ⓥදജ
㐿⊒ߣ㑐ଥߠߌߡ⎇ⓥࠍⴕߞߚޕ᳃ߣⴕߣߩኻ
ߩᢛߣታ❣ࠅࠍⓍᭂ⊛ߦㅴߡ߈ߚޕ
┙᭴ㅧ߇ਥߢߞߚၞ᳃ߦࠃࠆㆇേ߽ ޔᐕ
ࠍႺߣߒߡኻ߆ࠄኻ߳ߣߘߩㆇേߩ᭽⋧߇ᄌൻ
ᰴߦᧄᐕᐲߩฦ⎇ⓥຬߩ⎇ⓥᵴേࠍขࠅ߹ߣࠆ
ߒߚߎߣࠍᒝ⺞ߒߚޕ
ߣᰴߩㅢࠅߦߥࠆޕ
㜟ᯅ৻↵⎇ⓥຬߪޔࡗ࠲࡙ࠕޔࠢࠦࡦࡃߩࠗ࠲ޔ
ࡑࠕࡠࠩࠝࡇࠤࡠࡃࠬࠞࠬ⎇ⓥຬߪޔ
࠴࡚ࡦࡉࠆߌ߅ߦࡦ࡛ޔ⺞ᩏࠍታᣉߒߚޕ
ᐕߩ࠲ࠗߦ߅ߌࠆᵩ᳓ⵍኂ߿ࡈࠖࡇࡦߦ߅
⺞ᩏߩ⋡⊛ߪޔૐᚲᓧ⠪ጀࠍࠦࡒࡘ࠾࠹ࠖ㐿⊒
ߌࠆบ㘑ⵍኂߦ⽎ᓽߐࠇࠆ⥄ὼἴኂߣޔၞ⊛ߥἴ
ߩߚߩ %1&+ ਥዉߩࡃࡦࡑࡦࠦࡦࡊࡠࠣࡓࠍ
ኂߩߺߥࠄߕⷙᮨߢ⊒↢ߒߡࠆἴኂࠍട߃ߡޔ
ታ〣ߒߚࠦࡒࡘ࠾࠹ࠖߦ߅ߡޔ㐿⊒ࡊࡠࠬߦ㑐
㐿⊒ߣߩ㑐ଥࠍࠃࠅ⏕ߦߔࠆ⎇ⓥߩၮ␆⊛ಽᨆࠍ
ߔࠆቯᕈ⊛࠺࠲ߩ㓸ࠍⴕߞߡޔหࡊࡠࠣࡓߩ
ⴕߞߚޕ࿖ㅪ⊒ߩ⇇ߦ߅ߌࠆἴኂߩᑯᬺࠍ
⹏ଔࠍⴕ߁ߎߣߢࠆޔߚ߹ޕหࡊࡠࠣࡓታᣉߩ
ㅢߒߡἴኂߣ㐿⊒ߩㅪ㑐ߦߟߡ⍮ࠍ߹ߣߚޕ
␠ળ⊛⢛᥊ࠍᛠីߔࠆߚ ޔᐕઍએ㒠ߩ࠲ࠗߦ
⑺⼱ඳ⎇ⓥຬߪࠆߌ߅ߦࠬࠝޔㇺᏒ⽺࿎⠪ጀ
߅ߌࠆࠦࡒࡘ࠾࠹ࠖ㐿⊒ߩᚻᴺࠍᢛℂߒ߅ߦࠗ࠲ޔ
ࠍࠦࡒࡘ࠾࠹ࠖߩ㐿⊒ߦߟߡ⺞ᩏࠍታᣉ
ߌࠆ⚻ᷣ␠ળ㐿⊒⸘↹ߣߩኻᾖᬺࠍㅴߚࠄߐޕ
ߒߚࠆߌ߅ߦࠬࠝߌࠊࠅߣޕⅣႺᡷༀᬺߦߟ
ߦޔ
ᧄ⎇ⓥࡦ࠲ߣ %1&+ ߣߩ㑆ߢ⎇ⓥදജදቯࠍ
ߡὶὐࠍᒰߡࠆߚ ޔᐕߦ࠲ࠗߩ %1&+
✦⚿ߔࠆߦߚࠅߩߘޔḰᬺࠍⴕߞߚޕ
㧔%QOOWPKV[1TICPK\CVKQP&GXGNQROGPV+PUVKVWVG㧕
⮮ᢅା⎇ⓥຬߪޔౝ㒽ㇺᏒㇱߩࠦࡒࡘ࠾࠹ࠖ㐿
߅ࠃ߮ #%*4㧔6JG#UKCP%QCNKVKQPHQT*QWUKPI
⊒ߦ㑐ߔࠆ⺞ᩏ⎇ⓥࠍㅴߡ߅ࠅᧄޔᐕᐲߪࡕࡦࠧ
4KIJVU㧕ߩᡰេࠍ߁ߌߡ⚵❱ߐࠇߚ 9%'2㧔6JG9QOGP
75
CPF%QOOWPKVKGU'ORQYGTOGPV2TQLGEV㧕ߩᵴേࠍᢥ
₂⾗ᢱߣࠊߖߡޔߩࠦࡒࡘ࠾࠹ࠖ⺞ᩏߢᓧࠄ
ࠇߚ⚿ᨐࠍ߽ߣߦ⠨ኤߒߚࠖ࠹࠾ࡘࡒࠦޕ㐿⊒ߦ߅
ߌࠆࡊࡠࠣࡓታⴕߣߘߩᚑᨐߦߟߡߪޔߩޘ
ࠦࡒࡘ࠾࠹ࠖߦ߅ߡ᳃ߩෳട߳ߩࡕ࠹ࠖࡌࠪ
࡚ࡦߦ᷷ᐲᏅ߇ࠆߎߣ߇ࠊ߆ࠅߚ߁ࠍࠇߘޔ
ߦߪࠦࡒࡘ࠾࠹ࠖࡀ࠶࠻ࡢࠢ߇㊀ⷐߥᓎഀࠍᜂ߁
ߣ߁⍮߇ᓧࠄࠇߚޕ
㧠㧚᧪ᐕᐲߩዷᦸ
ᐕᐲߪޔᒰᐕᐲࡦ࠲ࡒ࠶࡚ࠪࡦߢࠆ
࿖㓙ࠪࡦࡐࠫ࠙ࡓߦะߌߚḰߣߘߩࡈࠜࡠࠕ࠶
ࡊ߇ਛᔃ⊛ߥ⺖㗴ߣߥߞߡ᧪ࠃ߁⎇ޔߚ߹ޕⓥࠣ࡞
ࡊ㧝㧙㧞ߣߒߡߩ࿖ౝࡢ࡚ࠢࠪ࠶ࡊታᣉߩᬌ⸛
߽ⴕ߁ޕ
%1&+ ߣߩቇⴚදജදቯߦၮߠ߈⎇ⓥὐᒻᚑߩ
ታ❣ࠍ࿕ࠆߴߊࠖ࠹࠾ࡘࡒࠦࠆߌ߅ߦࠗ࠲ޔ㐿⊒
ᚻᴺߣ㑐ㅪߒߡ⥄ὼἴኂᓟߩࠦࡒࡘ࠾࠹ࠖ㐿⊒ߩᚻ
ᴺ㐿⊒╬ߩ࠹ࡑࠍ⸳ቯߒห⎇ⓥࠍㅴࠆߎߣߦ
ߥࠈ߁ޕ
ฦ⎇ⓥຬߩੱࡌࠬߩ⎇ⓥߦ߅ߡߪ⎇ᧄޔⓥ
ࠣ࡞ࡊߩ⎇ⓥ⋡⊛ߢࠆޟၞ㐿⊒ಽ㊁߆ࠄߩౝ
⊒⊛⊒ዷߩ⎇ⓥߦޠὶὐࠍߡߚ⎇ⓥࠍޔᓥ᧪߆ࠄ
⛮⛯ߒߡⴕߞߡ߈ߚ⎇ⓥᚑᨐࠍ〯߹߃ߚ⎇ⓥߣߒߡޔ
ߐࠄߦᷓߡߊߎߣ߇ᵴേߩਥߣߥࠆߛࠈ߁ޕ
76
㧞㧚⎇ⓥႎ๔
ᐔᚑ ᐕᐲ࿖㓙↢␠ળ⎇ⓥࡦ࠲ ⎇ⓥⷐ
ࠝࠬߦ߅ߌࠆㇺᏒ⽺࿎ጀࠦࡒࡘ࠾࠹ࠖߩⅣႺᡷༀᬺߦ㑐ߔࠆ⎇ⓥ
࿖㓙↢␠ળ⎇ⓥࡦ࠲ ࠣ࡞ࡊ 1㧙2 ⎇ⓥຬ
࿖㓙ၞቇㇱ ഥᢎ ⑺⼱ ඳ
Study on the Housing and Improvement Projects of Urban Poor Communities in Lao PDR
㧝㧚⎇ⓥߩ⢛᥊
9%'2 ߪ ޔᐕ ߦ %1&+ 㧔 %QOOWPKV[
ᓥ᧪ߩᐭਥዉߦࠃࠆ࠻࠶ࡊ࠳࠙ࡦဳ㐿⊒߇
1TICPK\CVKQP&GXGNQROGPV+PUVKVWVG㧕ޔ#%*4㧔6JG
ਥᵹߢߞߚᤨᦼ߆ࠄࠡࡦࠝޔ㧔ࡄࠠࠬ࠲ࡦ㧕
ޔ
#UKCP%QCNKVKQPHQT*QWUKPI4KIJVU㧕ߥߤߩᡰ
ࠣࡒࡦ㌁ⴕ㧔ࡃࡦࠣ࠺ࠖࠪࡘ㧕
ޔ%/2㧔ࡈࠖ
េࠍฃߌߡ⚵❱ൻߐࠇߚ ޕᐕ ᤨὐߢޔᏱ
ࡇࡦ㧕ߦ߁ࠃࠆࠇࠄߦߤߥޔ᳃ෳടဳ㐿⊒ߦ
㚢ࠬ࠲࠶ࡈߪ ޔฬߢࠆޕ
ߺࠄࠇࠆࡏ࠻ࡓࠕ࠶ࡊဳ㐿⊒߇ᄙߊⴕࠊࠇࠆࠃ
ห⚵❱ߪࡦࡖ࠴ࡦࠛࡆޔㇺ ၞࠨࡄࡦࡖ࠴ޔ
߁ߦߥࠅޔ⇇ฦߦᣈߡ᳃ෳടဳ㐿⊒ߩ⫾
࠶ࠢ⋵ ၞ ⋵ࡦࡄࡄࡦࠕ࡞ޔၞࠨࡦࡐޔ
Ⓧ߇ߐࠇߟߟࠆߦᦝޕㄭᐕߢߪޔ%1&+㧔࠲ࠗ㧕
⋵ ၞ ⋵ࠝࠤࡏޔၞޔ⋵ ߩޔ
߇ផㅴߒߡࠆࠦࡒࡘ࠾࠹ࠖࡀ࠶࠻ࡢࠢࠍㅢ
ޔᏒ↸ߩㇺᏒ⽺࿎ጀࠦࡒࡘ࠾࠹ࠖࠍኻ⽎
ߒߚ㐿⊒߇ᵴ⊒ߦⴕࠊࠇߡ߅ࠅޔᓟߪޔᒰ
ߣߒߡ⫾⾂ޔᵴേߩ⸳┙ᡰេޔᚲᓧะߜ┙ޔㅌ
᳃ߩਥ⊛ߥขࠅ⚵ߺࠍၮߦޔන৻ࠦࡒࡘ࠾࠹ࠖ
߈㗴ޔឃ᳓ߩᢛޔ᳓ߩᢝ⸳╬ߩⅣႺᡷༀޔ
ߢߪߥߊ⋧ߩࠖ࠹࠾ࡘࡒࠦޔߩ㑐ଥߦࠃࠅ⚵❱
ᵩ᳓㗴↢ⴡޔ㗴ߥߤߩᵴേᡰេߥߤߦขࠅ⚵
ߐࠇࠆࠦࡒࡘ࠾࠹ࠖࡀ࠶࠻ࡢࠢ㧔એਅࡀ࠶࠻ࡢ
ࠎߢࠆޕട߃ߡޔ9%'2 ߪޔ#%*4 ߇Უߣߥߞ
ࠢ㧕ߦࠃࠆ㐿⊒߇㊀ⷐߣߥߞߡߊࠆ߽ߩߣ⠨߃
ߡࠕࠫࠕၞߩㇺᏒ⽺࿎ጀࠦࡒࡘ࠾࠹ࠖߩⅣ
ࠄࠇࠆࠆࠃߦࠢࡢ࠻࠶ࡀߩߎޕ㐿⊒߇ޔㄭᐕ
Ⴚᡷༀࡦࠖ࠺࡞ࡆࠖ࠹ࠪࡄࡖࠠߩࠖ࠹࠾ࡘࡒࠦޔ
ࠝࠬߦᣈߡ߽ᵴ⊒ߦⴕࠊࠇߡࠆޕ
ࠣ╬ࠍ⋡⊛ߣߒߡታᣉߒߡࠆޕ
9%'2 ߇ ᐕߦታᣉߒߚㇺᏒ⽺࿎ጀࠦࡒࡘ࠾
⎇ⓥߩ⋡⊛߮ᗧ⟵
࠹ࠖߩታᘒᛠី⺞ᩏߢߪޔߩ㗴ޔឃ᳓߮
ㅀߒߚߎߣࠍ〯߹߃⎇ᧄޔⓥߢߪߢࠬࠝޔ
᳓ߩᧂᢛޔᒝ᠗ߩ㗴߮ⅣႺߩ
ၫࠅⴕࠊࠇߡࠆㇺᏒ⽺࿎ጀࠦࡒࡘ࠾࠹ࠖߩ
㗴ࠍᛴ߃ߡࠆၞ߇ᄙߊߺࠄࠇߚߎߣࠍᜰ៰
ⅣႺᡷༀᬺ╬ࠍၮߦޔห࿖ߩࠦࡒࡘ࠾࠹ࠖ㐿⊒
ߒߡࠆ(1)ޕട߃ߡ ޔᐕ ᤨὐߢߩ 9%'2
ߩ⁁߮ߘߩ⺖㗴ߦߟߡࠄ߆ߦߔࠆߎߣ
ࠬ࠲࠶ࡈ߳ߩ⡞߈ขࠅ⺞ᩏߢߪߦࡦࡖ࠴ࡦࠛࡆޔ
ࠍ⋡⊛ߣߒߡࠆ ޕ
ዬߒߡࠆㇺᏒ⽺࿎ጀࠦࡒࡘ࠾࠹ࠖߦ߅ߡ
ᧄ⎇ⓥߩߎ߁ߒߚขࠅ⚵ߺߪઁޔ࿖ߩࠦࡒࡘ࠾
ߪޔㄭᐕߩਛ࿖⾗ᧄ߿㖧࿖⾗ᧄߩㅴߦࠃࠆ㐿⊒
࠹ࠖ㐿⊒ߦߟߡ⋉ߢࠆߣ⠨߃ࠄࠇ⎇ޔⓥߩ
ജߩ㜞߹ࠅߦࠃࠆ┙ߜㅌ߈㗴ࡦࡖ࠴ࡦࠛࡆޔ
ᗧ⟵߇ࠆ߽ߩߣ⠨߃ࠄࠇࠆޕ
એᄖߩ↪ߦዬߒߡࠆㇺᏒ⽺࿎ጀࠦࡒࡘ
ᧄ⎇ⓥߩ⋡⊛ࠍ㆐ᚑߔࠆߚߦ ޔᐕ ޔ
࠾ ࠹ࠖߦ߅ ߡ߽ ↪ޔߦዬ ߒߡ ࠆ⚂
ᐕ ޔ߮ ᐕ ߩ⸘ ࿁ߩ⺞
ੱߩ᳃߇┙ߜㅌ߈㗴߿ߩ㗴߇
ᩏࠍታᣉߒߚޕ
ᷓೞൻߒߡࠆߎߣࠍᜰ៰ߒߡࠆޕ
ߎࠇࠄߩ⺖㗴ߦขࠅ⚵ߚߦޔ9%'2ߩ╬ޔᡰ
9%'2㧔6JG9QOGPCPF%QOOWPKVKGU'ORQYGTOGPV
េߦࠃࠅ ⋵ ޔ ޔᏒ↸ߩㇺᏒ⽺࿎ጀࠦ
2TQLGEV એਅ 9%'2㧕ߩⷐ
ࡒࡘ࠾࠹ࠖߦࠃߞߡో࿖ⷙᮨߩࡀ࠶࠻ࡢࠢ߇
79
⚵❱ߐࠇߡ߅ࠅ ޔᐕ ᤨὐߢ ੱ߇
ⅣႺᡷༀࠍ⋡⊛ߣߒߡ⸳┙ߐࠇޔෳട᳃ߪޔᲤ
ࡔࡦࡃߣߥߞߡࠆ(2) ޕട߃ߡࠢࡢ࠻࠶ࡀޔ
ᣣ ࠠ࠶ࡊࠍ⾂⫾ߒߡࠆ ޕᐕ ᤨὐ
ട⋖ࠦࡒࡘ࠾࠹ࠖߦࠃߞߡ⾂⫾ᵴേߩౝኈ߮
ߢ ฬ߇ෳടࠍߒߡ߅ࠅ✚⫾⾂ޔ㗵ߪ ߘߩ㗵ߪ⇣ߥࠆ߇⫾⾂ߚߒߣ⊛⋡ࠍ⻠ޔᵴേߦ
ࠠ࠶ࡊߢࠆ
ޕᐕ ᤨὐߢޔឃ᳓ߩᢛ
ࠠ࠶ࡊ
ޔᚲᓧะޔⅣႺᡷༀ╬ࠍ⋡⊛
߿࠻ࠗߩᑪ⸳╬ߩขࠅ⚵ߺࠍᬌ⸛ߒߡࠆޕ
ߣߒߚ⾂⫾ᵴേߦ ࠠ࠶ࡊ߇Ფ⾂⫾ߐࠇߡ
ߎߩࠃ߁ߦหࠦࡒࡘ࠾࠹ࠖߢߪࠖ࠹࠾ࡘࡒࠦޔ
ࠆ ޕᐕ ᤨὐߢߩࡀ࠶࠻ࡢࠢోߢߩ
ᵴേ߇ᵴ⊒ߦⴕࠊࠇߡࠆޕ
⾂⫾㗵ߪߎޕ ࠆߢࡊ࠶ࠠ ޔ
ߩࠃ߁ߦޔ9%'2ࠢࡢ࠻࠶ࡀࠖ࠹࠾ࡘࡒࠦޔ߮
㧙㧚ࡈࠔ࠼ࡦࡆࡦࠦࡒࡘ࠾࠹ࠖߩౣቯᬺ
ᒰ᳃ߩදหߦࠃࠆ㐿⊒߇ⴕࠊࠇߡࠆޕ
ࡈࠔ࠼ࡦࡆࡦࠦࡒࡘ࠾࠹ࠖ㧔౮⌀ 㧕ߪࠕ࡞ޔ
ࡦࡄࡄࡦ⋵ߩ࡞ࠕࡦࡄࡄࡦⓨ᷼ߩᢝࠍਇ
㧚ࠝࠬߩࠦࡒࡘ࠾࠹ࠖ㐿⊒ߩ
ᴺභߔࠆᒻߢ ᐕ ᤨὐߢߪ ޔᏪޔ
㧙㧚࠻ࡦࠞࡓ ࠦࡒࡘ࠾࠹ࠖߩឃ᳓ߩᢛᬺ
⚂ ੱ߇ዬߒߡࠆޕ᳃ߩᄢඨ߇ᑄຠ࿁
࠻ࡦࠞࡓ ࠦࡒࡘ࠾࠹ࠖ㧔౮⌀㧝㧕ߪޔ࿖
ᬺߦᓥߒߡࠆޕหߪޔ࿖ߢࠆߎߣ߆
ߦቛ ᚭ߇ੱ ⚂ޔዬࠍߒߡࠆࡒࠦޕ
ࠄޔ㐳㑆࿖߆ࠄߩ┙ߜㅌ߈㗴ࠍᛴ߃ߡߚޕ
ࡘ࠾࠹ࠖ᳃ߩᄙߊߪޔ㔺ᄤߦᓥߒߡࠆޕ
ࠦࡒࡘ࠾࠹ࠖߩ Ꮺਛޔቛ⊓㍳ࠍขᓧߒߡ
ᐕ ᤨὐߢหࠦࡒࡘ࠾࠹ࠖ߇ᛴ߃ߡࠆ
ࠆ Ꮺߪޔౣቯߦᐭ߆ࠄᏪߚࠅ
㗴ߪޔᵩ᳓㗴ޔឃ᳓ߩᧂᢛޔ⟎⸳ߩࠗ࠻ޔ
OO ߩࠍขᓧߔࠆߎߣߢวᗧߒߡࠆޕ
ߥߤߢࠆߩߘޕਛߢ߽ޔ㔎߇㒠ࠆߣ᳓߇⤒ਅ
ߒ߆ߒޔቛ⊓㍳ࠍขᓧߒߡߥᱷࠅߩ
߹ߢߔࠆߚޔឃ᳓ߩᢛ߇✕ᕆߩ⺖㗴ߣߥ
Ꮺߪᐭߩᡰេࠍᓧࠆߎߣ߇ߢ߈ߥߢߚޕ
ߞߡࠆޕหࠦࡒࡘ࠾࠹ࠖߪ ޔᐕ ߦᵩ᳓
⸥ߩ⁁ᴫࠍᡷༀߔࠆߚߦޔ9%'2 ߥߤߩᡰេ
㗴ޔឃ᳓ߩᧂᢛ╬ߩ㗴ࠍࠦࡒࡘ࠾࠹ࠖో
ߦࠃࠅߪߦ⊛⚳ᦨޔߩዬߩㄭ㓞ߦࠆౣ
ߢขࠅ⚵ߎߣࠍ⋡⊛ߣߒߡ⸳߇ࠖ࠹࠾ࡘࡒࠦޔ
ቯߦޔԘᏪߚࠅ OO ߩࠍขᓧ
┙ߐࠇߚ ޕᐕ ᤨὐߢࠦࡒࡘ࠾࠹ࠖᆔຬળ
ߔࠆߎߣޔԙቛߩᑪ⸳⾌↪ߣߒߡ ࠠ࠶
ߩઁߦ ޔᐕ ߦࠦࡒࡘ࠾࠹ࠖߩⅣႺᡷༀ
ࡊࠍⲢ⾗ߔࠆߎߣޔԚቛ⊓㍳ࠍขᓧߒߡߥ
ࠍ᳃ߩജࠍวࠊߖߡᡷༀߔࠆߎߣࠍ⋡⊛ߣߒ
Ꮺߦߪቛ⊓㍳ࠍઃਈߔࠆߎߣ ߢߤߥޔ
ߡޔࡊ࡞ࠣ⫾⾂ޔᅚᕈࠣ࡞ࡊޔᑪ⸳ࠣ࡞ࡊ
ᐕ ߦ࿖ߣวᗧߒߡࠆౕޔߒ߆ߒޕ⊛ߥౣ
ߥߤว⸘ ߟߩࠣ࡞ࡊ߇⸳┙ߐࠇߡࠆޕ
ቯᬺߩታᣉߩߤߪ┙ߞߡߥ⁁ᴫߢ
ᐕ ᤨὐߢ ޔฬ߇ෳടࠍߒߡࠆޕട߃ߡޔ
ࠆޕ
⾂⫾ࠣ࡞ࡊߪ ޔᐕ ߦࠦࡒࡘ࠾࠹ࠖߩ
౮⌀ 㧦ࡈࠔ࠼ࡦࡆࡦࠦࡒࡘ࠾࠹ࠖ
౮⌀㧝㧦࠻ࡦࠞࡓ ࠦࡒࡘ࠾࠹ࠖ
ᚲ㧦9%'2 ឭଏ
80
㧙㧚ࠫࡖࡓࠨࡢࡦࠦࡒࡘ࠾࠹ࠖߩౣቯᬺ
ࠫࡖࡓࠨࡢࡦࠦࡒࡘ࠾࠹ࠖ
㧔౮⌀ 㧕
ߪޔ
⚂ Ꮺ߇ዬߒߡࠆޕ᳃ߩᄙߊߪޔᣣ㓹߿㔺
ᄤߦᓥߒߡࠆޕ
หࠦࡒࡘ࠾࠹ࠖߪࡦࡖ࠴ࡦࠛࡆޔᏒౝߩࠢࡢ࠺
ࠖࡦᏒ႐ㄭ㇠ߩ࿖ࠍਇᴺභߔࠆᒻߢዬ
ߒߡߚ ޔߒ߆ߒޕᐕߦᐭߩᒝ┙ߜㅌ߈
ⷐ᳞ߦࠃࠅޔᐭߩౣቯߩឭଏޔ㔚᳇ޔ᳓
ߩᢝ⸳ࠍታᣉߔࠆߣߩឭ᩺ࠍᛚ⻌ߒޔหᐕหߦ
⒖ォߒߚޕฦᏪ߇ᐭ߆ࠄ↪ᗧߐࠇߚᢝ㕙Ⓧ
ߪޔᮮ O❑ O ߢޔቛߩᑪ⸳ߪ⥄೨ߢᑪ
⸳ߔࠆߎߣߣߥߞߡࠆޕหߪޔౣቯ⒖ォ
౮⌀ 㧦ࡂ࠶ࠨ࠺ࠖ࠲ࠗࠦࡒࡘ࠾࠹ࠖ
ᤨߩ᧦ઙㅢࠅߦޔ㔚᳇ޔ᳓߇ᢝ⸳ߐࠇߡ߅ࠅޔ
࠲ࡆࠕࡦࡃࡦ߽ߐࠇߡࠆޕട߃ߡ࠾ࡘࡒࠦޔ
ࡂ࠶ࠨ࠺ࠖ࠲ࠗࠦࡒࡘ࠾࠹ࠖ㧔౮⌀ 㧕ߪޔ
࠹ࠖߩ⒖ォߦవ┙ߜޔᐭ߇ࠦࡒࡘ࠾࠹ࠖߩㄭ㓞
⚂ ᐕ೨߆ࠄઁၞ߆ࠄࡆࠛࡦ࠴ࡖࡦߦࠍ
ߦቇᩞ߇ᑪ⸳ߐࠇߡࠆޕ
᳞ߡ⒖ߒߡ߈ߚੱ߇ዬߔࠆࠃ߁ߦߥࠅࠦޔ
ࠦࡒࡘ࠾࠹ࠖ᳃ߩᄙߊߪޔౣቯᬺߦࠃߞ
ࡒࡘ࠾࠹ࠖ߇ᒻᚑߐࠇߚ ޕᐕ ᤨὐߢޔ
ߡ⒖ォߒߡߊࠆએ೨ߪޔዬ߇Ꮢ႐ߩㄭ㇠ߦ┙
↪ߦቛ ᚭߦ⚂ ੱ߇ዬߒߡ߅ࠅޔ
ߒߡߚߎߣ߆ࠄ᳃ߩᄢඨ߇Ꮢ႐ߢ⩄‛ߩ
ઍߪޔ㨙㨙ᒰߚࠅᐕ ࠠ࠶ࡊߢࠆޕ
ㆇ៝ᬺߦᓥߒߡߚޔߒ߆ߒޕหᬺߩታᣉߦ
᳃ߩᄙߊߪޔ㔺ᄤ߿ᣣ㓹ߦᓥߒߡࠆޕ
ࠃࠅޔᄬᬺ㗴߇ᷓೞൻߒߡࠆޕട߃ߡޔ
หߪޔ㐳ᐕឃ᳓ߩᧂᢛߦࠃࠅޔ㔎߇㒠ࠆߣ
ࠍ᳞ߡઁߩࠦࡒࡘ࠾࠹ࠖ߳ߣ⒖ォߒߡߒ߹߁
ᱠ߇᳓ߔࠆⵍኂࠍ㐳ᐕฃߌߡߚߛޔᵩ᳓
᳃߽ࠄࠇࠆ ޕᐕ ᤨὐߢߪޔᅚᕈࠣ࡞
ߩ㗴ޔ߮ឃ᳓ߩᢛޔᱠߩᑪ⸳߇⺖㗴ߣߥ
ࡊ߇⥄⼊࿅ࠍ⚵❱ൻߒߩࠖ࠹࠾ࡘࡒࠦޔ㒐‽ᵴ
ߞߡߚ⺖ߩߎޕ㗴ߦขࠅ⚵ߚߦࠦࡒࡘ࠾࠹
േߦኻߔࠆขࠅ⚵ߺ߇ⴕࠊࠇߡࠆࡒࠦޔߚ߹ޕ
ࠖߢߪࠦࡒࡘ࠾࠹ࠖᆔຬળࠍ⸳┙ߒߡࠆޕหᆔ
ࡘ࠾࠹ࠖߢߪޔᄬᬺ㗴߳ߩኻᔕ߇⺖㗴ߣߥߞߡ
ຬળߦߪޔ᳃ߩㆬߦࠃߞߡ࠳ޔ
ࠆޕ
࠳ߥߤ߇ว⸘ ฬޔ㔚ൻຠߥߤߩୃℂ╬ࠍ⋡
⊛ߣߒߡ Ꮺ⒟ᐲߏߣߢ⸳┙ߐࠇߡࠆᛛⴚᆔ
ຬળ ฬޔឃ᳓ᆔຬળ ฬߩว⸘ ฬ߇ㆬߐ
ࠇߡࠆޕട߃ߡޔหࠦࡒࡘ࠾࠹ࠖߪ ޔᐕ ᤨὐߢߩࠖ࠹࠾ࡘࡒࠦޔⅣႺߩ㗴ࠍᡷༀ
ߔࠆߎߣࠍ⋡⊛ߣߒߡࡢ࠻࠶ࡀࠖ࠹࠾ࡘࡒࠦޔ
ࠢߦട⋖ࠍߒߡࠆޕ
ࠦࡒࡘ࠾࠹ࠖߢߪߩࠖ࠹࠾ࡘࡒࠦޔⅣႺߩ
㗴ᛠី߮㐳ᐕߩ ᩺㗄ߢߞߚឃ᳓ߩᢛ
ߦะߌߚ⸘↹᩺ߩ╷ቯࠍ⋡⊛ߣߒߡ᳃✚
ߢ⺞ᩏ߇ⴕࠊࠇ⺞ߩߘޔᩏ⚿ᨐࠍၮߦ᳃߇⁛⥄
ߢឃ᳓ߩᢛߦ㑐ߔࠆ⸘↹᩺߇╷ቯߐࠇߚޕᬺ
ߩታᣉߦ㓙ߒߡ ޔᐕߦ᳃ߢ✚㗵 ౮⌀ 㧦ࠫࡖࡓࠨࡢࡦࠦࡒࡘ࠾࠹ࠖ
ࠠ࠶ࡊߩߒ ߩࠬࠗࠬߦࠇߘޔ0)1 ߆ࠄߩⲢ⾗
㧙㧚ࡂ࠶ࠨ࠺ࠖ࠲ࠗࠦࡒࡘ࠾࠹ࠖߩឃ᳓ߩᢛ
✚㗵 ࠬࠗࠬࡈࡦ
ࠍၮߦឃ᳓ߩᢛޔ
ᬺ
ᢎ⢒ᬺߩࠗ࠻ޔᑪ⸳ᬺ߇วࠊߖߡታᣉߐࠇ
ߚޕᬺߩታᣉߪޔ᳃✚ߢⴕࠊࠇ ޔᐕ
81
ߦᬺ߇ቢᚑߒߚޕᬺߩታᣉߦࠃࠅࠦࡒࡘ
ᬺ╬ߦߟߡߡ߈ߚߩߘޕਛ߆ࠄ࠻ࡦࠞࡓ ࠾࠹ࠖ᳃߆ࠄߪޔឃ᳓ߩᢛᓟޔ㔎߇㒠ߞߡ߽
ࠦࡒࡘ࠾࠹ࠖ߿ࡂ࠶ࠨ࠺ࠖ࠲ࠗࠦࡒࡘ࠾࠹ࠖ
ᱠ߇᳓ߔࠆߎߣ߇ήߊߥࠅߩࠖ࠹࠾ࡘࡒࠦޔ
ߩ᭽ߦ᳃߇ਥ⊛ߦࠦࡒࡘ࠾࠹ࠖߩ㗴ᡷༀ
ⅣႺߪ㕖Ᏹߦᡷༀߐࠇߚߣߩᗧ߇⡞߆ࠇߚޕ
ߦኻߒߡขࠅ⚵ࠎߢࠆࠦࡒࡘ࠾࠹ࠖ߇ߺࠄࠇ
ട߃ߡޔᬺߩታᣉᓟࠖ࠹࠾ࡘࡒࠦޔᵴേߢߪޔ
ࠆ৻ߒ߆ߒޕᣇߢ߁ࠃߩࠖ࠹࠾ࡘࡒࠦࡦ࠻ޔ
ㅳߦ ᐲ᳃✚ߢࠦࡒࡘ࠾࠹ࠖౝߣ〝ߩ㒰
ߦࠖ࠹࠾ࡘࡒࠦޔ᳃ߩᵴേߦኻߔࠆᗧ⼂߇ૐ
߇ⴕࠊࠇࠆࠃ߁ߦߥࠅࠖ࠹࠾ࡘࡒࠦޔᵴേ߇ᵴ⊒
ߚߦᵴേ߇ⴕࠊࠇߡߥࠦࡒࡘ࠾࠹߽ࠖ
ൻߒߡࠆ᭽ሶ߇ߺࠄࠇࠆޕ
ࠄࠇࠆࠖ࠹࠾ࡘࡒࠦޔߪࠇߎޕ᳃ߩᵴേߦኻߔ
ߒ߆ߒޔឃ᳓ߩᢛߪቢᚑߒߡࠆ߇ޔᱠߩ
ࠆᗧ⼂ߩᏅߦࠃࠆ߽ߩߢࠆߣ⠨߃ࠄࠇࠆ߁ߎޕ
ᢛ߇ᧂᢛߢࠆߚߩ߳ࠇߘޔขࠅ⚵ߺ߇⺖
ߒߚᵴേߦኻߔࠆᗧ⼂ࠍะߐߖࠆߚߦߪࠦޔ
㗴ߣߥߞߡࠆޕ
ࡒࡘ࠾࠹ࠖනߢߪߥߊࠢࡢ࠻࠶ࡀޔනߢᵴ
േߦኻߔࠆᖱႎߩ߿ᵹࠍㅢߒߡࠦࡒࡘ࠾
㧙㧚࠻ࡦࠦࡒࡘ࠾࠹ࠖߩࠦࡒࡘ࠾࠹ࠖᵴേ
࠹ࠖ߇ᛴ߃ߡࠆ㗴ߦኻߒߡදหߢขࠅ⚵
࠻ࡦࠦࡒࡘ࠾࠹ࠖ㧔౮⌀ 㧕ߪޔᐙ✢〝
ߎߣ߇ᔅⷐߢࠆߣ⠨߃ࠄࠇࠆޕ
ߩⵣ〝ࠍߞߚ㧸ሼဳߩ〝ߦ ᐕ ᤨ
ട߃ߡߩࠖ࠹࠾ࡘࡒࠦࡦࡢࠨࡓࡖࠫޔ߆ࠄޔ
ὐߢ↪ޔߦቛ ᚭߦ⚂ ฬ߇ዬߒߡ
ౣቯᬺߩታᣉᓟޔᄬᬺ㗴ߥߤ߇↢ߓߡࠆ
ࠆޕ᳃ߩᄙߊߪޔᑄຠ࿁ᬺߢࠆޕหߢߪޔ
ߎߣ߆ࠄޔ㆙㓒߳ߩౣቯᬺࠍታᣉߔࠆ㓙ߦ
ឃ᳓ߩᧂᢛߦࠃࠅޔ㔎߇㒠ࠆߣ㔎᳓߇ቛߩᐥ
ࠦࡒࡘ࠾࠹ࠖ᳃ߩ㓹↪ߩഃ߽ൊ᩺ߒߚขࠅ
ਅߦḳࠅࠆࠃߦࠇߘޔᖡ⥇߿Ⰶߩᄢ⊒↢߮ᱠ
⚵ߺ߇ᔅⷐߢࠆߣ⠨߃ࠄࠇࠆޕ
ߩ᳓߇㗴ߣߥߞߡࠆޕട߃ߡޔหࠦࡒࡘ࠾
࠹ࠖߢߪޔ㤗⮎㗴߮ሶߤ߽ߩᢎ⢒㗴߇⺖㗴
ޣᵈ㉼ޤ
ߣߥߞߡࠆ ޔߒ߆ߒޕᐕ ᤨὐߢޔหࠦ
ᐕ ߩ 9%'2 ⡯ຬ߳ߩࡅࠕࡦࠣߦࠃࠆޕ
ࡒࡘ࠾࠹ࠖߢߪࠦࡒࡘ࠾࠹ࠖߩ㗴ࠍᡷༀߔࠆ
ᐕ ߩ 9%'2 ⡯ຬ߳ߩࡅࠕࡦࠣߦࠃࠆޕ
ߚߩขࠅ⚵ߺߪⴕࠊࠇߡߥޕ
ᐕ ᣣᤨὐߢࡊ࠶ࠠ ޔ㧩
ߘߩⷐ࿃ߣߒߡࠖ࠹࠾ࡘࡒࠦޔ᳃߆ࠄߪޔ
ߢࠆޕ
᳃ߩᄙߊ߇ߢᔔߒߊᤨ㑆߇ήߎߣࡘࡒࠦޔ
ᐕ ߩ 9%'2 ⡯ຬ߳ߩࡅࠕࡦࠣߦࠃࠆޕ
࠾࠹ࠖߩ㗴ߦኻߒߡ᳃ߩᗧ⼂߇ૐߎߣߣޔ
ᐕ ߩ࠻ࡦࠞࡓ ࠦࡒࡘ࠾࠹ࠖ᳃߳
ߩᗧ߇⡞߆ࠇߚ ޕ
ߩࡅࠕࡦࠣߦࠃࠆޕ
ᐕ ᣣᤨὐߢࡦࡈࠬࠗࠬ ޔ㧩
ߢࠆޕ
ᐕ ߩ࠻ࡦࠦࡒࡘ࠾࠹ࠖ᳃߳ߩ
ࡅࠕࡦࠣߦࠃࠆޕ
⻢ޣㄉޤ
ᧄⓂߩᚑߦߚࠅߏදജ㗂ߚ 9%'2 ߩࠬ࠲
࠶ࡈߩᣇࠖ࠹࠾ࡘࡒࠦޔޘ᳃߮ߘߩઁߩ㑐ଥ
ฦߦᷓߊᗵ⻢ߩᗧࠍߒߚޕ
ޣෳ⠨ᢥ₂ޤ
㧝㧚9%'2㧔㧕ޟ#%%# ࡊࡠࠣࡓ⾗ᢱޠ
㧔ࠝ
౮⌀ 㧦࠻ࡦࠦࡒࡘ࠾࠹ࠖ
ࠬ⺆㧕
㧚߹ߣ
ᧄ⎇ⓥߢߪࠆߡࠇࠊⴕߢࠬࠝޔⅣႺᡷༀ
82
ᐔᚑ 23 ᐕᐲ࿖㓙↢␠ળ⎇ⓥࡦ࠲ ⎇ⓥⷐ
㖧࿖ߦ߅ߌࠆၞ᳃ㆇേߣࠦࡒࡘ࠾࠹ࠖ㐿⊒
࿖㓙↢␠ળ⎇ⓥࡦ࠲ ࠣ࡞ࡊ㧞㧙㧞 ⎇ⓥຬ
ᄢቇ㒮࿖㓙ၞቇ⎇ⓥ⑼ ᢎ ⋧᥊
Continuity and Changing Approaches to the Urban Poor Movements and
Community Development in Korea
1. Introduction
There have been radical spatial transformations in Seoul since the late 1960s.
The changes have been mainly affected by a rapid transition of the Korean
economy and the polarized development that emphasizes the growth of large
cities and pursues unequal development as matter of policy. As a result, they
brought about a massive migration from the rural areas to Seoul city. The city
population had quadrupled in only three decades: from 2.5 million in 1960 to 10.6
million in 1990, which accounts for one fourth of the national total population.
The rapid and explosive population influx into the city had created a chronic
housing shortage and a steep rise in housing prices. It had caused the growth of
squatter and substandard settlements in the city during the period. Although
these areas did not accommodate all of the urban poor, they had frequently been
recognized as a symbol of poverty by visible concentration of poor people.
Particularly, squatters and tenants living in the settlements were among the most
disadvantaged. They had been ignored and excluded from housing rights and
security of tenure. It was not unusual to find forced evictions of them in
redevelopment project areas.
Even though there had been continuous resistance and struggles against the
forced evictions, they were sporadic, less organized and isolated. However, the
urban poor people’s movement after the late 80s that was mainly initiated by the
evictees has witnessed a dramatic change. A new political environment, new actors
and a new social movement have been central to the changes in the practice and
strategy of the movement. It is also noteworthy that the movement has not ended
up only struggle level for securing their rights, but it has continuously played the
role as a leading model and driving force for innovative community development in
Korea. This paper is concerned with the relationship between socio-politico
environments and prevailing community development practices in urban areas
and changing approaches to the movement. First of all, the paper will examine the
history of the urban poor movement in Seoul. Second, it will explore changing
patterns of practices and strategies adopted in the movement. Finally, it will
analyze its impact on community development in Korea.
83
2. Beginning of the Urban Poor Movements
As mentioned before, urbanization in Korea during the last five decades has been
characterized by unprecedentedly rapid pace in comparison with other countries
and urban concentration around the capital city of Seoul. The degree of
urbanization increased almost five times between 1950 and 2000. The pace and
scale of urbanization and over-concentration in a few cites have resulted in
remarkable economic growth, but has also driven up serious urban problems,
particularly overcrowding and lack of adequate housing in Seoul. In 1970, about
one third of the total housing units in Seoul were squatter housing. Since the late
1960s, the central and city governments have responded to the squatters through
several approaches ranging from a forced eviction to resettlement and self-help
housing. The early policy response focused on protection against squatting by strict
demolition policy, which often led to strong resistance and confrontation from the
squatter residents.
The treat of eviction and their housing rights has promoted groups of the
squatters to come together and organize themselves to protect their settlements.
In 1971, there were two large protests and riots against ill-prepared massive
relocation of existing squatters to outer region and construction of small-scale
public apartments on the sites that the squatter residents left. The two protests
were the first large collective actions by the urban poor in Korea. But it was
insufficient to say that they were a type of social movement which means a large
informal group action of organization or individuals, focused on carrying out or
resisting social change. They were just a short term and an expression of dissent
against adequate compensation without systematic ways and a sense of specific
purpose.
The urban poor movements slowly started to systemize as the Seoul Metropolitan
Community Organization supported by Christian churches trained community
activists and dispatched them into these informal settlements since the large
protests. However, their activities were extremely constrained by strict limitations
on freedom of speech and civic rights. Furthermore, since government saw their
agendas as threatening and labeled them communistic, they had to be secretive
and remain underground. Under such a socio-political environment, the
community activities taken by the community mobilizers were as follows:
settlement enumeration and community mapping to identify their problems by
themselves, legal and physical support with eviction issues in the communities,
programs to deliver the urban poor’s basic services, and programs to strengthen
people’s empowerment.
Thus, the urban poor movements in 1970s were characterized by community
organizing centering Christian churches and universities, and reflecting
organizing techniques of Saul Alinsky on their movements. Alinsky organized the
poor to fight for their right as citizens through collective direct action. But, he tried
to get a better deal for those living at its margins, not to transform society. As the
result, the activists in the informal settlements didn’t take consideration the
transformation of society.㧝 Their strategies were mainly focused on organizing the
84
self-reliant community under the dictatorial government.
3. Rise of the Poor Movement and Community Development
The military authoritarian regime held for 18 years was ended in 1979 and
replaced by a new military authoritarian government soon. But, the new regime
exercised more rigid and repressive control over social, economic and political life
of population with enactment of anti-democratic laws than the previous regimes.
Intense student movement and protests against the government oppression and
toward democratization had continued since the beginning of the government.
This new regime faced a serious political crisis with the Great Uprising in June,
1987, a national movement and rally which sought the restoration of democracy.
This was an important transitional stage in the pursuit of political democracy in
Korea. With the Uprising that ended Chun regime, the scope of participation of the
broad urban middle class was enlarged. Thus, the 1980s was a period of great
transformation in the democratization of political systems and in social
development.㧞
Since 1987, the evolution of urban poor movements based on community is
rooted in three traditions and ideologies: the people’s movement that began in
informal settlements in 1970s, movement by mass organizations appearing in the
late 1980s with democratization and co-operative movements.㧟The community
organizing movements in the informal settlements that started in the early 1970s
also continued in 1980s. The trained organizers were working for community
organizing in most of the informal settlements in the early 1990s, particularly
designated as urban redevelopment project, although their affiliation and
programs are different. As the dimension of democracy movements was developed
in quantity and quality, and scope of groups participating in the movements
enlarges, the theories, practices and strategies of movements became sophisticated
and systemized.
In the meantime, government policy toward the squatters and slum communities
faced a new turning point by “the joint redevelopment program” established in
1983 (known as partnership renewal program). The program was a strong
instrument for the clearance and redevelopment of informal settlements and has
dominated evictions. This program is based on a voluntary contract between
property owners’ cooperative and a construction company. In return for the land
provided, each property owner was given a new apartment unit, and construction
company secured its property through sale he remaining units. The most
fundamental problem with this program was that they completely isolate and
marginalize the tenants. This resulted in the majority of tenants and squatters
being evicted. Between 1985 and 1988, over 700,000 urban poor were evicted.
The urban poor movements began with the tenant resistance to demolition and
eviction in the redevelopment. A large scale of protests and struggles to Mokdong
redevelopment project by the renters ignited anti-eviction movements in
redevelopment areas in the 1980s. The renters associations were actively
85
organized and formed large-scale networks with the some kind of urban poor
groups such as street vendors as well as Evictees. It was at this time that the
Federation of Evicted People of Seoul and the Federation of National Street
Vendors were organized. Since mid-1980s, anti-eviction campaigns have been the
main the urban poor movement in Korea. NGO, CBO and renter anti-eviction
movements have achieved some results such as qualifying eligibility for public
rental housing and better housing.
A new policy of “residential environmental improvements program” was put forth
in 1989, with purpose of providing infrastructure to communities that otherwise
did not qualify for redevelopment. Such a radical departure by the government
brought changes in strategies and activities in the urban poor movements.
4. From Confrontation to Negotiation
With the direct election of local governments in 1995, a new era of NGOs and
CBOs emerging from civil society seemed to have arrived. What began for these
embattled communities as a short-term, defensive response to a crisis, gradually
grew into more proactive process of focusing on the long-term goal to realize better
livability through preparation, participation, dialogue and negotiation. Differently
from existing groups that have focused on class struggle and confrontation, new
intermediary organizations paid attention on education, gender, social welfare and
consumer protection.
In the urban poor movements, one of major changes was diversification of
movement organizations. As lessons derived from practice and action in field was
regarded as more important than discourse on movement, practice and learning in
individual community was more emphasized than setting up goal of the
movements. Second, area of the focus of the movements shifted from issues on
political power and class to the realm of livelihoods. Third, the targets and subjects
of the movement became diversified from resistance to eviction to environmental
improvement, gender and social welfare. Fourth, the paradigm on the NGO
approach to the poor community development is moving from controlling to
facilitating, from providing to enabling, and from giving to empowering the people.
Finally, spatial unit of the poor community has been changed from Dong to Gu for
the purpose of enhancing the bargaining power with local government.
Campfens, Hubert (Ed.), Community Development around the World: Practice, Theory, Research, Training, University of
Toronto Press, 1999. Pp28-29
㧞 Ha, Seong-Kyu, “The Role of NGOs for Low-Income Groups in Korean Society,” Environment and Urbanization, Vol. 14, No 1,
2002, pp.219-229
㧟 Shin, Myong-Ho, “History of the Urban Poor Movements in Korea (2),” City and Poverty, Vol. 39, 1999.8, pp. 67-75.
㧝
86
ᐔᚑ ᐕᐲ࿖㓙↢␠ળ⎇ⓥࡦ࠲ ⎇ⓥⷐ
࠲ࠗߦ߅ߌࠆࠦࡒࡘ࠾࠹ࠖ㐿⊒ߩࡊࡠࠬߦ㑐ߔࠆ⎇ⓥ
࿖㓙↢␠ળ⎇ⓥࡦ࠲ ࠣ࡞ࡊ㧝㧙㧞 ࠳
ᄢቇ㒮࿖㓙ၞቇ⎇ⓥ⑼ ᢎ 㜟ᯅ ৻↵
Study on Process of Community Development in Thailand
ߪߓߦ
㐿⊒ࠍଦㅴߔࠆઍᦧ╷ࠍᬌ⸛ߒᆎߚޔߒ߆ߒޕ
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㧟㧚ㇺᏒ⽺࿎㐿⊒ၮ㊄⸳┙ߩⷐ࿃
㑐ଥ⠪ߪද⼏ࠍ㊀ߨޔᄙߊߩࠕࠗ࠺ࠕࠍߒߡౕ
ㇺᏒ⽺࿎㐿⊒ၮ㊄߇⸳┙ߐࠇߚᦨᄢߩℂ↱ߪޔ
ൻߒߚޕ㑐ㅪᯏ㑐ߦࠃࠆ࿅߇⚵❱ߐࠇޔᓟߦ
ᐕ߆ࠄ ᐕߦ߆ߌߡ߇ࠗ࠲ޔᐕ₸ ߩ㜞
ോዪߩㆇ༡ࠍᡰេߔࠆߎߣߦߥߞߚߚߒ߁ߎޕ
ᐲ⚻ᷣᚑ㐳ߦߞߚߎߣߛߞߚߩࠗ࠲ޕ᳃ਥਥ⟵
ࠕࠗ࠺ࠕߦߪࠆߌ߅ߦࠗ࠲ޔᣂߒᐲߣߒߡޔ
ᐲ߇ ᐕઍೋ㗡ߦቯߒߚߚ⚻ޔᷣߪ㘧
ㇺᏒ⽺࿎㐿⊒ၮ㊄ࠍ⸳┙ߔࠆឭ߽᩺߹ࠇߡ
べ⊛ߦᚑ㐳ߒߚޕ᳃㑆ㇱ㐷ߦࠃࠆ㐿⊒߇㘧べ⊛ߦ
ߚߩߎޕၮ㊄ߪޔㇺᏒࠦࡒࡘ࠾࠹ࠖ㐿⊒ോዪ
ᄢߒߪࠗ࠲ޔᕆㅦߦᄌൻߒߚޕᬺ㌁ⴕ߇ឭଏ
㧔7TDCP%QOOWPKV[&GXGNQROGPV1HHKEG7%&1㧕
ߔࠆ㐿⊒ะߌⲢ⾗߇◲නߦ↪ߢ߈ࠆࠃ߁ߦߥ
ߦ⟎߆ࠇߚޔߡߒߘޕㇺᏒࠦࡒࡘ࠾࠹ࠖ㐿⊒ᵴേ
ࠅޔᄢⷙᮨߥ␠ળၮ⋚ᢛᬺ߇࠲ࠗోߢ৻ᢧ
ࠍᡰេߒޔᚲᓧഃߣቛ㑐ㅪߩࠦࡒࡘ࠾࠹ࠖ⚵
ߦ⌕ᚻߐࠇࠢࠦࡦࡃޔㇺᏒߪᕆㅦߦᄢߒߚޕ
❱ߦૐⲢ⾗ࠍឭଏߔࠆߚߦޔ࿁ォ⾗㊄Ⲣ⾗ߣ
ਛ↥㓏⚖ߣࠨࡆࠬㇱ㐷߇ᚑ㐳ߒߚߎߣࠍฃߌ
ߒߡ ం ਁࡃ࠷ߩ੍▚߇ઃߚޕ
ߡޔ᳃㑆ߩਇേ↥Ꮢ႐߇ᕆᚑ㐳ߒߚޕ
ㇺᏒ⽺࿎㐿⊒ၮ㊄ߩ․ᓽߪᰴߩߣ߅ࠅߢࠆޕ
ߎ߁ߒߚ᧦ઙߦ᜔߽ࠊࠄߕޔንጀߣ⽺࿎ጀߩ
ᚲᓧᩰᏅߪᄢߒߚޕᚲᓧߩౝ⸶ࠍࠆߣޔ
⚵❱ᒻᘒㇺᏒ⽺࿎㐿⊒ၮ㊄ߪ࿖ኅቛ␠
ᐕઍೋ㗡ޔᚲᓧ⠪ߩ ߪ✚ޔᚲᓧߩ ࠍ
ߩਅߦ⟎߆ࠇߚޕ7%&1 ߪℂળ߇ㆇ༡ߒߚ߇ޔℂ
භߡߚ߇ߩߎޔᢙ୯ߪ ᐕઍߦ ߦ㆐ߒ
ળߦߪޔᐭઍޔቇ⼂⚻㛎⠪ࡘࡒࠦࡓࠬޔ
ߚ৻ߩߘޕᣇޔૐᚲᓧ⠪ߩਅ ߇භࠆᲧ₸
࠾࠹ࠖߩઍ߇ෳടߒޔฦ⚵❱߇ᦨ㜞ࡌ࡞ߩࡄ
ߪޔหᦼ㑆ߦ ߆ࠄ ߦૐਅߒߡߚ⚻ޕᷣ⊒
࠻࠽ࠪ࠶ࡊࠍᒻᚑߒߡߚ⽷ޕ࿅ߪᒰᤨ߆ࠄ
ዷߦ߽㑐ࠊࠄߕޔᚲᓧ⠪ߩ 㧑ࠍභࠆᦨ⽺ጀߪޔ
⥄↱ⵙ㊂ߩࠍᱷߔࠃ߁ߦߚߒ┙⁛ߦ⊛⚳ᦨޔ
ቛࠍ⾼ߢ߈ߥ߆ߞߚޔߒ߆ߒޕቛⲢ⾗߇◲
ᗧᕁቯᯏ㑐ߣߥࠆߎߣ߇߹ߞߡߚޕᐭౝ
නߦฃߌࠄࠇࠆߚޔንጀߣਛ㑆ጀߪቛᏒ႐
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ߦᛩᯏߒޔ
ቛࠍ 㨪 イࠍߔࠆ⠪߽ࠇߚޕ
ࠆߎߣߪޔᴺ⊛ࠍ߁ߎߣߥߊޔᒰೋ߆ࠄޔ
⚻ᷣᚑ㐳ߦޔㇺᏒㇱߦߪᱜⷙ㕖ᱜⷙㇱ㐷
⁛┙ߒߚ⚵❱ߣߒߡㆇ༡ߢ߈ࠆߚߩߘޔὐߪ
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ߒߚޕ㓹↪ᯏળߪᅢォߒߚ߇ޔㇺᏒ⽺࿎⠪ߩቛ
ᖱߪᕆㅦߦᖡൻߒߚޕᕆㅦߥᬺᄢߣᐭߦ
▤ℂᚢ⇛ℂળߪޔ╷ߩ┙᩺ߣታᣉޔോ
ࠃࠆࠗࡦࡈᛩ⾗߇ଔᩰࠍ㜞㛛ߐߖߚߩߢ
ዪ㐳ߩᜰฬߦ⽿છࠍᜬߞߚޕോዪ㐳ߪ⾗Ⲣޔ
ࠆޕᄢඨߩㇺᏒ⽺࿎ࠦࡒࡘ࠾࠹ࠖߪޔᚲ
ᐲߣᚻ⛯߈ࠍ╷ቯߒޔ⡯ຬ࠴ࡓࠍ✬ᚑߔࠆޕ
ᮭ߇ਇቯߛߞߚޕ㐳ᐕ⟎ߐࠇߚਇᴺභ⠪ࠦ
7%&1 ߪޔᓥ᧪ဳߩቭᯏ᭴ߢߢߪߥߊޔᨵエᕈߣ
ࡒࡘ࠾࠹ࠖߪޔᚲ⠪߇ࠍᄁළߒߡ⋉
ല₸ᕈࠍ߃ߚࠖ࠹࠾ࡘࡒࠦޔෳടဳߩ⚵❱ߢ
ࠍᓧࠃ߁ߣߒߚߚޔᒝㅌࠍㄼࠄࠇߚޕᒝ
ߞߚޕ
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ㇺᏒ⽺࿎⠪ߣၮ㊄ഃ⸳ߦะߌߚ╷ᄌᦝࠍଦ
ᚲ⠪ߪޔ⋉ߩෘౣ㐿⊒ߦะ߆ߞߚ ޕ
ߒߚⷐ࿃ߪᄙጘߦᷰࠆޕၮ㊄߇ഃ⸳ߐࠇߚ⢛᥊ߦ
ᐕઍᧃߦߥࠆߣࠢࠦࡦࡃޔᏒ᳃ߩ⚂ ߇
ߪ⚻ޔᷣᚑ㐳ޔਇᐔ╬ޔଔᩰߩ㜞㛛ޔ࿖ኅၮ
▎ᚲߩૐᚲᓧዬߦࠄߒ ߩߘޔ㧑߇
㊄ߩᵴ↪ߣ⫾⾂ޔା↪ߥߤࠖ࠹࠾ࡘࡒࠦޔ㐿⊒ߦ
ᒝㅌ㗴ߦ⋥㕙ߒߡߚޕਇᴺභ⠪ࠦࡒࡘ
㑐ߔࠆㆊߩ⚻㛎⻉ޔᄖ࿖ߩ㕟ᣂ⊛ߥ⸘↹ߥ⇣ޔ
࠾࠹ࠖߪޔዬߦ↢ᵴߒߚᦼ㑆߇㐳ߊߡ߽ޔᴺ
ࠆ⛔ᴦᒻᘒߦኻߔࠆ࠾࠭╬ⶄޔ㔀ߥⷐ࿃߇ߞ
⊛ߥ⼔ࠍฃߌࠄࠇߥ߆ߞߚޕ
ߚߩߢࠆޕ
࿖ኅቛ␠ߪߩࠢࠦࡦࡃޔㇺᏒ⽺࿎⠪ࠍઍᦧ
ߦ⒖ߐߖࠆ⸘↹ࠍታᣉߒߚߎߣ߆ࠄޔᒝㅌ
⠪ߩἫᕆߩ࠾࠭ߪࠆޔ⒟ᐲḩߚߐࠇߚߒޕ
88
߆ߒޔઍᦧࠍ↪ᗧߒߡ߽ޔ⒖వߦߪ㓹↪ᯏળ
%GPVTG ߥߤߩ㕖ᐭᯏ㑐߇ޔㇺᏒ⽺࿎㗴ߦⓍᭂ
߇ዋߥߊޔᚲᓧ߽ૐ߆ߞߚޕᄙߊߩᏪߪቛ⾌
⊛ߦขࠅ⚵ߺ⫾⾂߿ࠖ࠹࠾ࡘࡒࠦޔା↪ࠣ࡞ࡊ
↪ࠍᷣߢ߈ߥ߆ߞߚޕᣂዬࠍᚻߔ⠪߽ߚޕ
ࠍࠅޔቛ㐿⊒ߦขࠅ⚵ࠎߛߎߣߢࠆޕᐞߟ
ᄙߊߩᏪߪޔਇቯߣਇ⏕ታߥ⁁ᘒߦ⛘߃ߕ⧰
߆ߩࠦࡒࡘ࠾࠹ࠖߪ⋧ߦㅪ៤ߒޔᣂߒቛ㐿
ߒࠎߢߚޕ
⊒ࡊࡠࠬࠍᮨ⚝ߔࠆߚߦ⋧ޔߦቇ߮ߞߚޕ
ၮ㊄⸳┙ࠍଦߒߚੑߟ⋡ߩⷐ࿃ߪޔᐭ߇Ⲣ⾗
ࠦࡒࡘ࠾࠹ࠖߩㅪ៤ߣቇ߮߇⊒ዷߔࠆޔ
ࠍឭଏߒߚߎߣߛߞߚޕᣂᴺቯߦޔଔ
ࠦࡒࡘ࠾࠹ࠖߪઁߩࠦࡒࡘ࠾࠹ࠖߩ㐿⊒ᚢ⇛ߦ
ᩰ߇ో࿖⊛ߦߒߚ⚿ᨐޔᐭߪᄙ㗵ߩᱦࠍ
Ⓧᭂ⊛ߦෳടߒߚޕ
ᓧߚޕ⍹ᴤ࡚ࠪ࠶ࠢᓟߩᢙᐕ㑆ޔᐭߪᱦࠍ
ᒝㅌߦ⋥㕙ߒߚዬ⠪ߪ↢ޔᵴၮ⋚ࠍ⏕
ᷫߒߚ⚿ᨐޔᱦ⾌߇⫾Ⓧߐࠇߡޔ࿖ኅ⽷ߪᭂ
ߒޔ㐿⊒ࡊࡠࠬࠍ⏕ታߦታᣉߒޔቯߒߚ㐿⊒
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ࠝࡊ࡚ࠪࡦࠍㆬᛯߢ߈ࠆࠃ߁ߦ⋧ޔߦㅪ៤ࠍᒝ
ਃߟ⋡ߩⷐ࿃ߪޔᐭ߇ၮ㊄ࠍᒝജߦᡰេߒߚ
ൻߒߡߞߚޕಽ߿ࠦࡒࡘ࠾࠹ࠖਥዉߩ
ߎߣߛߞߚ ߪࠗ࠲ޕᐕઍᓟඨߦࠕࠫࠕߩᣂ
ቛ 㐿⊒ᵴേ ߪޔㇺ Ꮢࠦࡒ ࡘ࠾࠹ࠖ 㐿⊒ ോዪ
⥝⻉࿖ߣߥߞߚޕᎿᬺޔᬺޔᑪ⸳ㇱ㐷ࠍਛᔃߣ
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߁ߒߚ㕟ᣂ⊛ߥᵴേߪޔᓥ᧪ဳߩᚻᴺߦၮߠߊޔ
ഭജߦኻߔࠆ㔛ⷐ߇ᄢߒߚ৾╙ޕᰴ࿖ኅ␠ળ
⊛ᯏ㑐߆ࠄలಽߥᡰេࠍฃߌߕߦ⚵❱ߐࠇߡ
⚻ᷣ⸘↹㧔0CVKQPCN5QEKCN'EQPQOKE2NCPޔ
ߚߚߒ߁ߎޔߒ߆ߒޕᵴേࠍㅢߓߡޔᄌ㕟ߦኻ
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ᐕઍೋ㗡߹ߢߦⶄޔᢙߩࠦࡒࡘ࠾࠹ࠖ߇
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ߦዞߚ #PCPF2WP[CTCLWP 㚂⋧ߪޔᡰេࠍߐࠄ
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⊒ኾ㐷ኅߩᡰេࠍᓧߡ⥄ޔାࠍᷓࠆߣߣ߽ߦޔ
Ⲣ⾗ᐲ߇↢߹ࠇߚޕ
ߎ߁ߒߚᵴേࠍታᣉߔࠆ㜞ᐲߥ▤ℂ⢻ജࠍୃᓧ
หᤨߦޔᓥ᧪ߩ⚻ᷣ␠ળᐲ߇ਇㆡಾߥߎߣ߇
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㐿⊒ോዪߦࠃࠆၮ㊄߇⺀↢ߒߚߩߢࠆޕ
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ߟ⋡ߩⷐ࿃ߪ⎇ޔⓥ࠴ࡓߩ⚿ᨐ߆ࠄࠄ߆
Ⲣ⾗ࠍឭଏߔࠆᔅⷐᕈ߮ࠃ߅ޔၮ㊄ࠍ▤ℂߔࠆ
ߥࠃ߁ߦ⻉ࠕࠫࠕޔ࿖ߦߪᢙᄙߊߩᚑഞ߇
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ᄢቇ㒮࿖㓙ၞቇ⎇ⓥ⑼ ᢎ ᒛ 㐳ᐔ
A Study of Urban Spatial Structure Based on Spatial Weight Matrix
In spatial statistical analysis of geographical phenomena, a region or a city under study might be
divided into some small areal units such as a regular square tessellation or administrate units
emerged in irregular shape and have different spatial characteristics. If we are using GIS to
support the analysis, irregular areal unit such as cho in Japan is usually represented as one such
polygon with geometric attributes. In spatial statistics, an areal unit that has special geometric
attributes and maintains significant spatial correlation and spatial interaction close to adjacent
units is called a prominent areal unit or important areal unit. The prominence of areal units can be
measured by a prominence or influence-centrality index which is obtained by using eigenfunction or
Markov chains method from a spatial weights matrix (Bavaud, 1998, Zhang and Murayama, 2003)㧚
In this study, after a review of creating spatial weight matrix, we will take up a weight function
definition to create measure of prominent areal units and use it to analyze the urban spatial
structure in Matsudo City, Chiba Prefecture.
1. A review of creating spatial weights matrix
The spatial weights matrix formed by weight coefficient is an integral part of spatial modeling. It
is defined as the formal expression of spatial dependence between observations (Anselin, 1988). To
think about the type of spatial weights matrix W, Getis (2009) indicated that at least three ways
exist that could be theoretical, topological, and empirical points of view. According to theoretical
point of view, the W matrix is exogenous to any system, and should be based on a preconceived
matrix structure. Usually this structure is based on a theory of distance decay, however defined.
The theory of distance may come from notions of spatial interaction and gravity models. The
topological viewpoint arose from a need to depict the actual configuration of the areal units
contained within a study region. For example, a long, narrow areal unit would be represented in
differently than a short, wide unit. In this case the matrix W might be specified in different ways
that might be number of neighbors, length of side in common, and proportion of perimeter in
common. Cliff and Ord (1969) said, “With a flexible system of weights, the researcher can highlight
those features of a study area which he believes to be important. The empirical viewpoint of
approach implies that one detects spatial dependence in variables under study. One must use a
local autocorrelation point of view to identify the exact level of spatial autocorrelation surrounding
any given observation then creates a W matrix.
Since 1961s, most researchers have made every effort to attempt to create proper dependence
representation in spatial weights matrix. When data are in a raster model, W was constructed in
the rook’s case or queen’s case definition of neighbors. Using vector data, popular were two types of
W to be used. The first is called a simple binary connectivity definition and uses a discrete function
where spatial entities are assumed to be adjacent if and only if they share a common boundary. The
nature of interaction for the spatial phenomenon under study cannot always be captured by a
simple binary proximity measurement. In this case, based on theoretical and conceptual
considerations, a generalized weight function can be used as advanced by Cliff and Ord (1981)
91
which offers flexibility in defining spatial proximity. Typical functions incorporate the distance
between the geographical centroids of areal units and/or the length of common boundary between
areal units (Can, 1996).
Getis and Aldstadt (2004) summarized previous attempts to create a spatial weights matrix and
identified many different types of weighting schemes. That are
1. spatially contiguous neighbors;
2. inverse distances raised to some power;
3. length of shared borders divided by the perimeter;
4. bandwidth as the nth nearest neighbor distance;
5. ranked distances;
6. constrained weights for an observation equal to some constant;
7. all centroids within distance d; and
8. n nearest neighbors, and so on
Some of the newer schemes are:
1. bandwidth distance decay;
2. Gaussian distance decline; and
3. “tri-cube” distance decline function.
Furthermore, Getis and Aldstadt (2004) also proposed a spatial weights matrix based on the Gi*
local statistic (Ord and Getis, 1995) which accounts for the spatial association extant within any
region that has been divided into its constituent parts. In a series of simulation experiments the
matrix is compared to well-known spatial weights matrix specifications ̆ two different contiguity
configurations, three different inverse distance formulations, and three semi-variance models and
performed best according to the AIC (Akaike Information Criterion) and the autocorrelation
coefficient evaluation.
Zhang and Murayama(2000) suggested a concept and algorithm of k-order neighbours based on
Delaunay’s triangulated irregular networks (TIN) and redefined Getis & Ord’s (1992) local spatial
autocorrelation statistic as Gi (k) with weight coefficient wij (k) based on k-order neighbours for the
study of local patterns in spatial attributes.
Although the choice of a spatial weights matrix specification for spatial statistical analysis is not
clear-cut and seems to be governed primarily by convenience or convention, Griffith (1996) proposed
some explicit guidelines on specification of the spatial weights matrix and concluded that relative
large numbers of areal units should be employed (n>60) in a spatial statistical analysis and
low-order spatial models should be given preference over higher-order ones.
2. Spatial weights matrix formed by weight coefficients
In this section, we definite a weight coefficient and create the spatial weight matrix formed by this
coefficient for a simple hypothetical region.
If we are studying spatial interrelationships distributed over a set of areal units, the spatial
structure of units might be defined as the spatial contiguity which is treated as a n×n spatial
weights matrix㨃 with binary variable (Cliff & Ord, 1981; Zhang and Murayama, 2003). The binary
weight is represented as follows:
w ij
1 ޓif area i and j are contiguous
ޓޓ
°
(6.1)
ޓ
®ޓ
° ޓޓ
¯ 0 ޓotherwise
The binary spatial weights matrix㨃 is a symmetric form. If the 㨃 is row-standardized:
92
wij*
wij
¦ wij
jJ
where J is the set which includes all areal units that are contiguous with i. the wij* is satisfying
non-negative wij*҈0 and
¦w
jJ
*
ij
1 (for all i 㧩1, … ,n). The binary weight is often used in spatial
autocorrelation analysis with regular and irregular areal units. A hypothetical example will clarify
the use of this index. Imagine a region that is divided into four units (Figure 6.1), unit 1 and 2, 1
and 3, 1 and 4㧘2 and 3 are contiguous.
㽳
㽴
㪊㪆㪉
㺕㪌㪆㪉
㺕㪉
㺕㪉
㪉
㽲
㽵
Fig 6.1 A hypothetical region
The binary spatial weights matrix and its standardized form of figure 6.1 are
§0
¨
¨1
¨1
¨¨
©1
Wb
1
0
1
0
1·
¸
0¸
*
Wb
¸
0
¸
0 ¸¹
1
1
0
0
§ 0 0.3333 0.3333 0.3333·
¨
¸
0
0.5
0 ¸
¨ 0.5
¨ 0.5
0.5
0
0 ¸
¨¨
¸
0
0
0 ¸¹
© 1
3. Prominence of irregular areal units
The standardized spatial weights matrix㨃* with elements of row-standardized variable wij* is
identical to the Markov chains transition matrix. Assuming the chain is ergodic ( ( w )ij ! 0 for
n
some n㧔>0㧕and all i, j ), we can obtain a unique stationary distribution p j ! 0 , ( ¦ p j
j
1 .0 )
solution:
WT p
or
¦
p
j
p j wij
(6.2)
pj
The vector p, p T
( p1, p n ) is an eigenvector of W T with a corresponding eigenvalue of 1.
Whereas wij is a measure of the relative influence of unit j on unit i, pi can be interpreted as the
total influence of unit i on the total region of city. pi will be further referred to as a prominence
index (Bavaud, 1998). We also call the index as spatial prominence pi here because the spatial
attributes are necessary to calculate it.
As mentioned above, prominence can obtained from the spatial weight matrix. We use the
standardized spatial weight matrix to calculate the prominence of units of figure 6.1. The elements
93
of eignvector p of binary spatial weights matrix Wb* are
p1 㧩 0.375㧘p2 㧩 0.250㧘p3 㧩 0.250㧘p4 㧩 0.125.
Areal unit 1 has the largest value of prominence, because it is contiguous to three other units. The
prominence of unit 2 is just the same value as unit 3, because they are all contiguous to two units.
As the unit 4 is only contiguous to unit 1, it has the least prominence.
4. Application
Matsudo is a midsize city located in north-eastern part of Tokyo metropolitan area. Its
administrative division was formed when the municipality was established in 1953. The cho is the
fundamental administrative areal unit and the variation of its geometric attributes is very large.
For example, the area of the biggest cho is 185 times as large as the smallest, and the longest
distance from the center of a cho to the neighboring cho is 22 times as long as the shortest.
The standardized binary spatial weight matrices Wb* can be derived from topological attributes of
the polygons of chos which are built by GIS e.g. ArcGIS and digital map 2500 constructed by
Japanese Geographical Survey Institute (Can ,1996; Zhang, 1999). Then the spatial prominences pi
can be calculated according to the equation (6.2). Figure 6.2 shows distribution map of classified
prominence of chos in Matsudo city.
We can consider Figure 6.2, which shows that the prominent chos with larger than 0.006 of pi are
concentrated on the triangular region formed by the eastern side along the JR Jouban Train Line,
the western side along the JR Musashino Train Line, and the northern and southern sides along
the Keisei Subway Line. There are a large number of large and non-compact chos in the region. In
contrast, small and compact chos show lower value of prominence and are located on the periphery
of Matsudo city.
Fig 6.3
Prominence distributions
5. Conclusion and future prospects
In regional science, an areal unit which has special geometric attributes and keeps significant
spatial correlation and spatial interaction closely to adjacent units is called prominent zone. The
prominence of irregular units can be measured by prominence index which is a stationary
distribution of Markov chains transition matrix identical to a spatial weight matrix.
In this study, to identify the strength of the potential interaction and correlation between spatial
94
units, we reviewed previous researches to create the spatial weights matrix and discussed some
explicit guidelines on specification of the spatial weights matrix and many different types of
weighting schemes. Then a definition of spatial weights are showed as binary and prominence is
obtained from this weight matrix. Finally we used it to analyze the spatial structure and
pattern in Matsudo City.
As we know that the spatial structure of city is determined by not only geometric attributes and
topological attributes, but also social and economic thematic attributes of areal units in city, it is
necessary to create some definitions and measures for prominent unit and to use them to analyze
the urban spatial structure. The definitions propose begin with confirming the relationship between
the prominence index and geometric attributes of areas, expand to include all spatial attributes of
areas: geometric attributes, topological attributes and thematic attributes. Furthermore, an
approach to implement the definitions will be tested and evaluated to analyze the spatial structure
of a city.
References
Anselin, L. (1988). Spatial Econometrics: Methods and Models. Dordrecht: Kluwer.
Bavaud, F. (1998). Models for spatial weights: a systematic look. Geographical Analysis, 30, 153㧙
171.
Can, A. (1996). Weight matrices and spatial autocorrelation statistics using a topological vector
data model. International Journal of Geographical Information Systems, 10, 1009㧙1017.
Cliff, A. D. and Ord, J. K. (1981). Spatial processes: Models and applications. London: Pion.
Cliff, A. D. and Ord, J. K. (1969). The problemof spatial autocorrelation. In A. J. Scott (Ed.) London
Papers in Regional Science, Volume 1, Studies in Regional Science (pp. 25㧙55). London: Pion.
Getis, A. (2009). Spatial weights matrices. Geographical Analysis, 41, 404㧙410.
Getis, A. and Aldstadt, J. (2004). Constructing the spatial weights matrix using a local statistic.
Geographical Analysis, 36, 90㧙104.
Getis, A. and Ord, J. K. (1992). The analysis of spatial association by use of distance
statistics. Geographical Analysis, 24, 189㧙206.
Griffith, D. A. (1996). Some guidelines for specifying the geographic weights matrix contained in
spatial statistical models. In S. L. Arlinghaus et al. (Eds.) Practical Handbook of Spatial Statistics
(pp.65㧙82). Boca Raton: CRC.
Ord, J. and Getis, A. (1995). Local spatial autocorrelation statistics: Distributional issues and an
application. Geographical Analysis 27, 286㧙306.
Zhang, C. (1999). Development of a spatial analysis tool for irregular zone using the spatial data
framework. Geographical Review of Japan, 72, 166㧙177. (in Japanese with English abstract)
Zhang, C. and Murayama, Y. (2000). Testing local spatial autocorrelation using k-order neighbors.
International Journal of Geographical Information Science, 14, 681㧙692.
Zhang, C. and Murayama, Y. (2003). Evaluation on the Prominences of Irregular Areas Based on
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abstract).
95
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⥄↱ਥ⟵⠪߇ᜟ᛫ߒߡࠆߎߣ߽ߞߡ߆ޔ᳃ⴐ
ߥߞߡࠆޕㇺᏒੱญ߇ᕆჇߒߡࠆ࠙ࡦࡃ
ߩᡰᜬࠍᓧࠆߚߦࡐࡇࡘ࠭ࡓߩบ㗡߽ߺࠄ
࠻࡞ߪߔߢߦߎ߁ߒߚߪዋߥޕ᳃ਥൻㆊ⒟
ࠇࠆޕᣉ⠪ߪ㊄㋶߇ᄖ࿖⾗ᧄߦᄁࠇߚߣߒߡޔ
ߢ࠰ࡆࠛ࠻ߩࡍࠬ࠻ࡠࠗࠞߩᓇ㗀ࠍฃߌߚࠊ
ో࿖᳃ߦ৻ቯߩ㊄㗵ࠍ㈩ಽߒߡࠆ߇ߣࠇߎޔㆬ
ߌߛ߇ޔᏒ႐⚻ᷣߩዉߦࠃࠆታ㓙ߩ↢ᵴߦ߅ߌ
ߩᤨᦼߣ߇ᓸᅱߦ㑐ㅪߒߡࠆޕᴦኅߩ⛎ᢱ
ࠆଔ୯ᄌൻߪᗐࠍ⛘ߔࠆ߽ߩߢߞߚߣផኤ
⥄ߪ㜞ߊߪߥ߇ߥ߹ߑ߹ߐޔᬺߩᄾ⚂ᤨߦ
ߔࠆޕ
㑐ଥߔࠆߎߣߢᏂ㗵ߩ⾗㊄ࠍᚲᓧߔࠆࠃ߁ߛߘޕ
╙ੑߪޔㇺᏒൻߩㅴዷߢࠆޕᣣߩㇺᏒൻޔ
ߩ৻ᣇߢޔࠍ᳞ߡ↵ሶߩ㖧࿖ߥߤઁ࿖߳ߩ
Ꮏ ᬺൻߩᵹ ࠇߪߎ ࠇ߹ߢ ߩᢙవᐕ ߦࠊߚ ࠆㆆ
Ⓙ߉߽Ⴧടߒߡࠆޕ
’’⇓ਛᔃߩવ⛔⊛ߥ↢ᵴࠬ࠲ࠗ࡞ࠍᄢ߈ߊᄌ
࿖ኅߩ✚ੱญ߇ੑ⊖ਁੱߢࠆߎߣߪᦨޔᣂߩ
߃ߟߟࠆޕኙ಄ൻߦࠃࠆኅ⇓ߩⵍኂ߽ߞߚ߇ޔ
㗴߇ߚߜ߹ߜో࿖ߦ⍮ࠇࠆࠃ߁ߦߋߔޔㄭߊߦ
㓹↪ޔᢎ⢒ᯏળࠍ᳞ߡޔૐᚲᓧጀߢࠆㆆ’᳃
⍮ੱ߇ࠆ㑐ଥߢࠆߩߢ࡞ࠥޔᏒⴝߩ⁁ᴫߪ
ߩ࠙ࡦࡃ࠻࡞߳ߩ⒖߇ㅴዷߒߡࠆޕ
ઁੱߏߣߢߪߥޕㇺᏒൻߩਛߢ⏕ታߦ⽺ንߩᩰ
╙ਃߦޔᱧผ⊛ߦߪㆆ’ᢥൻߩୟ⊛ߥᓇ㗀ਅ
ᏅߪჇᄢߒߡࠆ߇৻ޔᣇߢ⼾ޔንߥ㋶‛⾗Ḯߪ
ߦߞߚ࿖ኅߢࠅ⽎ߩߘޔᓽߣ߽߃ࠆ⒖േᕈ
᧲ᵗߩᦼߚߞߣࠆߥߦޠࠗࡃ࠼ޟᓙ୯ߦߟߥ߇
ࠍߔࠆޔવ⛔⊛ߥዬࠥ࡞߇㗴ߣߥߞߡࠆޕ
ߞߡߡ⚿ޔᨐߣߒߡฦ࿖߆ࠄߩេഥߣߥߞߡ
ޟዋᢙߩㇺᏒ㓸วቛ̆␠ળਥ⟵ߩ⽎ᓽ vs
ࠆޕ
ᄢᄙᢙߩࠥ࡞̆⨲ේߦዷ㐿ߔࠆᄢᄙᢙߩㆆ’᳃
2.࠙ࡦࡃ࠻࡞
ߩ↢ᵴὐޠ
ߚߞߣޔ᭴࿑߇ᄌൻߒߟߟࠆޕ
⼾ޔንߥ㋶‛⾗Ḯࠍᛴ߃ߡࠃߦࠇߘߚ߹ޔ
࠙ࡦࡃ࠻࡞ߪߥߩᧁޔਐ㒺ߦ߹ࠇߚᴡ
ࠆᦼᓙ୯߽ߞߡᏒ႐⚻ᷣ⇇ߦ⚵ߺㄟ߹ࠇޔᄢ
Ꮉࠍޔᐢૐߩਛߦ⚦㐳ߊዷ㐿ߔࠆㇺᏒ
߈ߊ࿖߇ᄌࠊࠈ߁ߣߒߡࠆ⚻ޕᷣេഥߔࠆ⻉࿅
ߢࠆ߇ޔㅢࠅߢߪⷙೣᱜߒⴝ〝᮸ޔᐢᱠ
ߩᴦ⊛ᕁᖺ߽ߘࠇߙࠇߦࠆߩߛࠈ߁ࡠࠣޕ
ߦㅪߥࠆૐጀߩࠥ࠲ጁဳ㓸วቛߥߤޔᣥ࠰ㅪߩ
ࡃ࡚ࠪࡦߩᄢ߈ߥᵄߩਛߦࠆޕ
ᓇ㗀ࠍฃߌޔᲧセ⊛ᐢߡߒߣޘߩࠆߒߘޔ
㚂ㇺ࠙ࡦࡃ࠻࡞ߩᄢߪ㜞ᐲ⾗ᧄߩㇺᔃ
ߡᄙዋฎ߷ߌߚⴝਗߺ߇⛯ߊߣޕหᤨߦࠄࠇߎޔ
96
ߩᑪ‛ߩ㓗㑆߆ࠄߪߩߎޔචᐕࠅߦᒻᚑߐࠇޔ
߇ޔߩᏪߏߣߦࠬ࠻ࡉࠍߞߡࠆߩߢޔ
߹߽Ⴧᄢߔࠆਐ㒺ㇱߦዷ㐿ߔࠆࠥ࡞ቛ߇
ᖡ⾰ߥ⍹ߩΆߢᄢ᳇߇ᳪᨴߐࠇࡃࡦ࠙ޔ
߃߇ߊࠇߒߡࠆޕⓨ᳇ߪੇ῎ߒޔ㔕߇ዋߥߊ
࠻࡞ਛ߇౻ߪᕷ⧰ߒߊߥࠆޕ㔚᳇ߩ㈩✢߽ߥߊޔ
᥍ᄤ߇ᐢ߇ࠅ᧲ޔ੩ߩ㜞᷷ᄙḨߣߪᄢ߈ߥ㆑ߢ
ߒߚ߇ߞߡ৻ㇱࠍ㒰ߡⴝἮ߽ᒰߚࠄߥ⟠ޕ
ࠆޕ
ࠍᄁߞߡࠍ᳞ߡ߈ߚੱߩߎޔ߇ࠆߢޘᕆ
1989 ᐕߦߪ 60 ਁੱߢߞߚߩ߇ 2008 ᐕߦߪ
ㅦߥჇടߦኻᔕߔࠆ㓹↪߇චಽߦࠆࠃ߁ߦߪ
⊖ਁੱࠍ߃ޔ࿖ኅోߩੱญߩታߦ 40 ࡄ
߃ߥޕᑪ⸳ࡉࡓߦਸ਼ߓߡᑪ⸳ഭ⠪ߦߥࠆ
ࡦ࠻ࠍභࠆߦ⥋ߞߡࠆߩߎޕะߪᓟ߹ߔ
߆ޔਛฎゞࠍᚻߦࠇߡߩ̆ࠪࠢ࠲ޔㆇォᚻ
߹ߔᄢߒޔ2025 ᐕߦߪ 170 ਁੱߦߥࠆߣ੍ᗐ
ߦߥࠆߥߤߦ࠲ࠢߥ࡞ࡑࠜࡈࡦࠗޔዻߔࠆ
ߐࠇߡࠆޕᓥ᧪ߪ 130 ᐔᣇࠠࡠࡔ࠻࡞ߢߞ
߽ߩ߇ᄙߩࠬࡓࡎޕᄢ߽ℂ⸃ߢ߈ࠆੱޕ
ߚᏒၞߪޔ 35 ߦ⤘ࠄߺޔ4700 ᐔᣇࠠࡠࡔ
ญኒᐲߪૐ߇ߘࠇࠁ߃⸘ߦⅣႺ߇ᢛࠊߕࠬޔ
࠻࡞ߣߥࠅޔ⒖ߒߚࠥ࡞ዬ᳃ߩዬߪߘ
ࡓ⊛ߥⅣႺ߇ᒻᚑߐࠇߡࠆޕ
ߩౝߩ 60㨪80 ࡄࡦ࠻ࠍ߃ࠆޕ
Ꮢౝߩⴝ〝ߪ㗫❥ߦᷦṛߦߥࠆޕ〝✂߇චಽ
ਐ㒺ㇱߢߪૐᚲᓧ⠪ጀߦࠃࠆࠥ࡞߿৻ᚭᑪߡ
ᢛߐࠇߡߥ߁߃ߦੱޔญჇ߿⽼ᄁߩᄢߦ
ߩᢝ߇ㅪ⛯ߔࠆޔૐ⾰ߩዬⅣႺߩᏒⴝ߇
ࠃࠆゞ↪ߩჇᄢ߇㊀ߥࠅਁ⊖ޔㇺᏒߩޔゞ߇㗬
ᄢߒߡࠆ᧪ᧄޕ⒖േࠍ೨ឭߦࠄࠇߚࠥ࡞̆ߘ
ࠅߩㅢ♽߇㒢⇇ߦ߈ߡࠆޕⅣႺߪࠄ߆ߦ
ߩᗧߢߪఝࠇߚᢥൻ⽷ߣߒߡ⇇ㆮ↥⚖ߢ
ᖡߊߥߞߡࠆޕ౻ቄߩⓨ᳇ߩᳪᨴߩࡒࠧޔ᳚Ử
ࠆ̆߇ቯ↪ߩቛߦォㅴߒߡࠆߎߣ߆ࠄޔ᳓
㧔㆙ᘦߥߊᝥߡࠆࠃ߁ߦߥߞߚ㧕ޔㅢߩᷙ㔀ޔ
ޔᥦᚱޔᑄ᫈‛ಣℂޔਅ᳓↢ޔᵴ↪〝ߥߤޔ
✛ߩᷫዋ㧔Ꮢⴝ߇ർਐ㒺ㇱࠍⷒዧߊߔ㧕ޔ
ࠗࡦࡈߩᢛ߇㓸วቛߦᲧセߒߡᢙ
ᴡᎹߩᳪ↢ⴡޔⅣႺߩਇోߥߤ㗴߇ᄢߒߡ
ߩࠦࠬ࠻㜞ߦߥࠆߣߞߚ㗴߇↢ߓߡࠆߎޕ
ࠆޕ
ࠇߦኻߒ㌁ޔJICA ╬ߩදജߩ߽ߣߦㇺᏒ⸘↹
࠙ࡦࡃ࠻࡞ߢߎߞߡࠆߎߣߪߡߞ߆ޔ
ߣߒߡޔ㓸วቛߩᑪ⸳ߦࠃࠆࠦࡦࡄࠢ࠻ߥᏒⴝ
ࠕࠫࠕߩᄢㇺᏒ߇ᱠࠎߛߢࠆߩࠕࠫࠕޕㇺᏒ
ᒻᚑߩࡈࡦࠗޔലᨐ⊛ߥᢛޔ㇠ᄖࠥ࡞ߩ⺃
ߢߪ⽷ޔ⽶ᜂߩシᷫߣࠆߌ߅ߦࠅߊߠߜ߹ޔ
ዉߥߤߩኻ╷߇ᛂߜߐࠇߡࠆޕᏒⴝߩㄝ
᳃ෳടߩᔅⷐᕈ߁ߣޔᣇะ⊛ߥ╷ߩਛߢޔ
ㇱߦ⟎ߔࠆࡎ࠹࡞ߩࠅߦ߽ᑪ⸳ㅜਛߩਛⷙ
ⴕਛᔃߩ࠻࠶ࡊ࠳࠙ࡦဳߩቛ╷߆ࠄ࠻ࡏޔ
ᮨߥ㓸วቛ߇ᢔߐࠇࠆޕ
ࡓࠕ࠶ࡊဳߩࠦࡒࡘ࠾࠹ࠖਥߩࠬࡓߩⅣႺ
ࠥ࡞Ꮢⴝߪߥߩᧁޔ㕍ਐ㒺ㇱࠍὐߣޘၒ
ᡷༀ߳ߣᄢ߈ߊ⥽ࠍಾࠅᦧ߃ߡᄌ߃ߡ߈ߚ߇ߎޔ
ዧߊߒ⿒ޔደᩮ߿⊕ࠥ࡞߇ࡐࠗࡦ࠻ߣߥߞ
ߩ⚻✲ࠍቇ߮ޔᛛⴚ⒖ォᣉ╷ࠍዉߔࠆߦ߰ߐࠊ
ߡࠆߡߺࠍ⛗ߩ৻ޔශ⽎߇ࠆߒ߆ߒޕታᘒ
ߒ⁁ᴫߦᕁ߃ࠆߣޕหᤨߦⴕޔᒰዪߦኻߒޔ
ߪ߹ߞߚߊ⇣ߥࠆޕᢝߪ⍱ᒻߢᲧセ⊛ᐢߊޔ
♖✺ߥ⺞ᩏࠍࠥ࡞ߦኻߒߡⴕޔ㜞⾰ߩႎ๔ᦠ
ࠅࠍ⢛ਂ߶ߤߩ㜞ߐߩ᧼႖ߢ࿐ߩߘޔਛߦⶄᢙ
ࠍᚑߒߡࠆߦ߽㑐ࠊࠄߕ↹⸘ޔឭ᩺ߪଐὼߣ
ߩࠥ࡞߿ᚭᑪߡߩቛ߇⟎ߒߡࠆޕߪᄢㇱ
ߒߡޔ㓸⪭ߩᣢሽߩࠗࡦࡈ߿ⓨ㑆᭴ㅧࠍචಽߦ
ಽ߇ᧂ⥩ⵝߢ⨹ࠇߡ߅ࠅޔゞߦߣߞߡߪ⽶ᜂߢ
⠨ᘦߒߡࠆߣߪᕁ߃ߥޔᑪ⸳⾌߇⤘ᄢߣߥࠆ
ࠆ᧼ޕ႖ࠍᡰ߃ࠆߪᶐ㘩↪ߦࠃࠅ߹ߦ߽
㓸วቛᑪ⸳ߦࠃࠆౣ㐿⊒߇ਛᔃ⊛ᣉ╷ߣߥߞ
፣ࠇߘ߁ߥߣߎࠈ߽ࠆߩߘޕਅߩ┄ߪࠧࡒߩ
ߡࠆߎߣߦ⇼ࠍᗵߓߚޕ
ጊߣߥߞߡߡߦࠈߎߣࠆߚޔᢔߒߡࠆޕ
Ꮢⴝㄝㇱߢߪᢙ߆ᚲߢਛⷙᮨߩ㓸วቛ
⨹ࠇ⁁ߩⓨߦߪ⎕ࠇ߆ߌߚ࠻ࠗ߇⁛┙ߒ
ߩᑪ⸳߇ⴕࠊࠇߡࠆߩ߇߃ࠆߪࠄࠇߎޕᨐߚ
ߡ┙ߞߡߚޕ᳓ߪ㈩᳓႐߹ߢบゞߦਸ਼ߖߚ࠲ࡦ
ߒߡࠥ࡞᳃ߩቯవߣߥࠆߩߛࠈ߁߆⏕߹ޕ
ࠢࠍ߽ߞߡ⾈ߦⴕߊࠄ߬ߞ߽ޕሶଏ߇ߘߩᓎഀ
ታߦ⸒߃ࠆߎߣߪ࡞ࠥޔ᳃ߦߣߞߡᑪ⸳ഭ⠪
ࠍᜂߞߡࠆ߇ኙ಄ᦼߪᄢ߈ߥ⽶⩄߇߆߆ࠆޕᥦ
ߣߒߡߩਥⷐߥ㓹↪వߣߥߞߡࠆޔߚ߹ޕዋߒ
ᚱߪૐߩ㓸วቛߢߪ㓸ਛ▤ℂࠍⴕߞߡࠆ
㔌ࠇߡ߃ࠆᐙ✢〝ߪᑧߊ⛯ߣޘゞߢߏߞߚ
97
ߒߡࠆᤨ৻߁߽ޕ㑆߽⛯ߡߡࠪࠢࠢޔ
ࠝ࡞࠲࠽࠹ࠖࡉߥᢙߩࡕ࠺࡞᩺ࠍ 2 ᐕ㑆߆ߌߡ
࡚ࡦ߇ᖤ㡆ߩࠃ߁ߦᢿ⛘ߒߡ⡞ߎ߃ߡߊࠆޕભᥜ
ᚑߒߡࠆႎ๔ᦠ߇ᚑߐࠇߡࠆ৻߽ࠇߎޕ
ࠍ⚳߃ߚᏒ᳃߇৻ᢧߦ߈ߦߚߚ߆ߔߩ߽ޔ
ߟߩ⸃╷ߢࠈ߁ޕ
ߏᷦṛߢ߽ࡦ࡚ࠪࠢࠢޔ㑆ᢿ߇ߥޕゞߩ
Ꮢⴝࠍ㔌ࠇߚ㇠ᄖߢߪޔኅ⇓ߩ⟲ࠇ߇⨲ࠍߪ
㑆ࠍ❔߁ᱠⴕ⠪߽ෂ㒾ࠍᗵߓࠆ᭽ሶߢࠆ⚻ޕᷣ
ᐢ⨲ߚߒߣޘේߦᄌࠊࠆߩߎޕ㘑᥊ߪᣣᧄߢߪ
⊒ዷߔࠆㇺᏒߢߪߕࠇ߽ห᭽ߥ⽎߇ߎߞ
ࠄࠇߥ߽ߩߢ߆ߦߥޔߩ⇇ߦࠆࠃ߁ߥ
ߡࠆ߇ߊߤ߭ߦ․ޔᗵߓߚޕ㓸߹ߞߚ⟲ⴐ߇ᷙ
ᗵⷡߦⷅࠊࠇࠆޕ
㔀ߩߥ߆ߢߥ߇ࠄㅴ̆ߎߩੱࠍޘゞߣ⟎
Tiara Resort ߢߪᐢ⨲ߚߒߣޘߩਛߦ
߈឵߃⟲ߩߘޔࠍߤߥࠩ࡞ࠢ࠼ࡦ߿ࠬࡃޔ
ὐߔࠆࠥ࡞⟲ߪ㘩ၴޔኋ⥢ߣߒߡࠊࠇߡ߅ࠅޔ
ࠇߩਛߢ⋡┙ߟᏂੱߣߔࠇ߫⊛⏕ߦવࠊࠆ߆ޕ
ⷰశቴ߇ਸ਼㚍ࠍᭉߒࠎߢࠆޕߩᦨ߽ᅏߩጼ
ࠆߪゞࠍ㚍ߣߥߒߡ⁁ߊⴕࠇ⟲ޔᘒߣߺࠇ߫
ࠍ߃ߚᴡᎹᢝ߈৻Ꮺߪ߹ߐߦ㜞ߩࠃ߁ߥ
ࠃߩ߆ޕ
⦡ߩỚ᥊ⷰߢߞߚޕ
㌁ߩ߹ߣߚޟManaging Urban Expansion
࠴ࡌ࠶࠻ᢎߩ Meqjid Janraysiq ኹ㒮ࠍ⸰
in Mongolia㧔2010㧕ࠍࠆ㒢ࠅ╷↹⸘ޔቯߩ೨
ߔࠆߩߎޕᢝߩᄢ߈ߐ߆ࠄቬᢎ߇ੱ᳃ߦᄢ߈ߥ
ឭߣߒߡੱߩ࡞࠻ࡃࡦ࠙ޔญ㧔⻉ዻᕈ߽
ᓇ㗀ࠍਈ߃ߚߎߣ߽ߞߚߎߣ߇ኈᤃߦផኤߐ
ߡ㧕ߩᱜ⏕ߥᛠី߇㊀ⷐߢࠆޕᏒౝߦ߅ߌࠆࠥ
ࠇࠆޕࠍ㕙ߦᛩߍߔߎߣߪߥ߇ࠇߘޔ
࡞Ꮢⴝዬ⠪ߩභߪታ⾰ߔߢߦ 80㧑ߦ㆐
ࠍ㒰ߊߣ␞ߩᴺ߽߶߷࠴ࡌ࠶࠻ᢎߣหߓ
ߒߡ߅ࠅߩߘޔౝ 20㧑߇↰⥢ߢ᳃⊓㍳ࠍߒߡ
ߦ߃ߚߩߘޕᓟޔBoqd Khaan ߩችᲚඳ‛㙚ࠍ
ࠆߩߢޔޔታ㓙ߩዬ⠪ᢙ߿⊓㍳ߩ⏕ࠍⴕ
⸰ࠇࠆޕዊⷙᮨߢߪࠆ߇┙ᵷߥㅧࠅߢࠆޕਛ
ߞߡࠆߣߎࠈߢࠆ࡞ࠥޕዬ⠪ߩჇᄢߪᏒ႐
࿖ߩ₺ᦺ᭽ᑼߦᒝߊᓇ㗀ࠍฃߌߚ࿁ᑈဳߩㅪ⛯
⚻ᷣ߳ߩ⒖ⴕ߇ᄢ߈ߥℂ↱ߢࠆ߇ޔหᤨߦޔ
ߔࠆኹ㒮᭽ᑼߢߞߚⷰޕశቴߪ߷ߟ߷ߟߣ᧪ߡ
2000 ᐕࠃࠅⓍ㔐ߩᄙ෩౻ᦼ߇Ფᐕ➅ࠅߐࠇޔ
ࠆ߇⛽ޔᜬ▤ℂ߇චಽߣߪ߃ߥ⁁ᴫߢߞ
ኅ⇓߇ᄢ㊂ߦᱫࠎߢ߳࡞࠻ࡃࡦ࠙ޔߡߎߑ
ߚޕධㇱ㇠ᄖ߳ะ߆߁〝ߩㅜਛߦߪޔၷ⺞ߥ᥊
ࠆࠍᓧߥ߆ߞߚߎߣ߽ℂ↱ߣߒߡߍࠄࠇࠆޕ⒖
᳇ߩᓇ㗀ߥߩ߆৻ޔะᑪߡߩ㜞⚖ߥ㇗ቛ⟲߿㜞
േะߪᄢ߈ߊߪᄌࠊߞߡߥ߇৻ޔㇱߦㇺᏒߢ
႖ߢ࿐߹ࠇߚࠥࠗ࠹࠶࠼ࠦࡒࡘ࠾࠹ࠖ߇ᑪ▽ਛ
ߩ↢ᵴߩ෩ߒߐ㧔ࠥ࡞ߢߪᄬᬺ⠪߇ඨᢙㄭ
ߢࠆޕ
㧕߆ࠄޔౣ߮↰⥢ߢߩ’↢ᵴߦᚯࠆ⠪߽ߡ
ධߩጊ⒫ߦᑪߡࠄࠇߚޔᏒో߇৻ᦸߢ߈ࠆ
Zaysan tolgoy ⸥ᔨ⎼ߦ⊓ࠆߦ᧲ޕᑧ߮ࠆૐ
߈ߚޕ
ࠥ࡞Ꮢⴝߩᢛ߇ㇺᏒ⸘↹ߩ㊀ⷐߥ⺖㗴ߢ
ߦዷ㐿ߔࠆᏒⴝߢߪㄭઍ⊛ߥᑪ‛⟲߇Ꮺ⁁ߦ
ࠆߎߣߪㅢߩ⼂ߣߥߞߡࠆޕၮᧄ⊛ߥᣇ
᧲ߦㅪ⛯ߒߡࠆߩߘߡߒߘޕะߎ߁ߩർ৻
㊎ߪᣢㅀߩ㌁ߩࡐ࠻ߦࠆࠃ߁ߦޔㇺᔃ
Ꮺߦߎࠇ߹ߚᏪ⁁ߦߪ߁߶ߩࠄߜߎޔਐ㒺ߩᒻߦ
ߢߪ㓸วቛ߳ߩ⒖ޔਛ㑆ߢߪࠗࡦࡈ
ࠃߞߡᄙዋߢߎ߷ߎߒߡࠆ߇ਐ㒺ࠍၒዧߊ
ߩᢛޔㄝߢߪߎࠇએߩή⒎ᐨߥᄢࠍ
ߔߢࠥ࡞Ꮢⴝ߇ㅪမߒߡࠆޕᒻ߇⽺ን
ᓮߒࠆ߇ࡈࡦࠗߓ߆ࠄޔ⒟ᐲᢛߐࠇ
ߩᩰᏅࠍ㗼⪺ߦ␜ߒߡࠆޕ
ߚ⸘↹߳⺃ዉߔࠆᣇ㊎ߢࠆߩࠄ߆ࠇߎޕㇺ
1 ᤨ㑆߶ߤߦⴕߞߚߣߎࠈߦߪᏂᄢߥࠫࡦࠡ
Ꮢ⸘↹ߪⴕ߆ࠄߩឭ᩺ߩᲑ㓏ߢߣߤ߹ߞߡ߅
ࠬࠞࡦߩ߇ࠅ৻ߩߘࠄ߆ࠇߎޔᏪࠍ࠱࠻
ࠅߪߢ߹߹ߩߎޔታᣉ߇࿎㔍ߢࠅࡉ࠻ߦޔ
ߣߒߡᢛߔࠆ੍ቯߛߘ߁ߛ␠ޕળਥ⟵࿖ኅ
࡞ߣߥߞߡࠆ߽ࠆޕᓟߪ᳃ෳട߿
ࠍᢝߡߚᤨߦߪޔሶቊߢࠆߎߣ߇㗴ߣ
NGO ߩ㑐ਈࠍ᳞ߡᣇะ⊛ߦㅴߡߊᔅⷐ
ߥߞߚߎߣ߽ߞߚ̆ᱧผߩਇ᧦ℂߩߘޕᓟ࠙
߇ࠆߥ߁ࠃߩߎޕᣇะߦᴪ߁߽ߩߣߒߡޔᢙච
ࡦࡃ࠻࡞߆ࠄ 20 ಽ⒟ᐲߩߣߎࠈߦࠆࡎ࠹࡞
ᚭߢ᭴ᚑߐࠇߚࠥ࡞Ꮢⴝࠍኻ⽎ߣߒߡㆬ
ࡕࡦࠧ࡞ߦⴕߊޕᱧผ⊛ߥ᭽ᑼࠍ〯ⷅߒߚⅣႺࠍ
ቯߒޔ↹ᢛℂᚻᴺࠍḰ↪ߒߡޔ᳃ෳടߢ
ᗧ⼂⊛ߦㅧᚑߒߡ߅ࠅ࠻࠱ޔߩᒻᚑߣߒߡ
98
ߕ߱ࠎෳ⠨ߦߥࠆޕᐢࠆߩࠅ߇ࠈ߭ߚߒߣޘ
ൻ߇ୟ⊛ߢߞߚߩߢ࡞ࠥޔᏒⴝߢ߽ޔ
㘑᥊ࠍߥ߇ࠄᤤ㘩ࠍߣߞߡࠆߣ⫥ޔฎᣖߪޔ
⊛ߥ↢ᵴ߇ၮᧄߢ❱⚵ޔൻ߇ߥ߆ߥ߆࿎㔍ߢࠆ
ᐢ߽ᦨߚߒߣޘᄤⓨߦㄭ⨲ේߦ⟎ߒߡࠆ
ߎߣޔ1990 ᐕએ㒠ߩᡷ㕟ߦ߁ߩ⑳
ߎߣ߆ࠄ⥄ಽߚߜߩജࠍ߆ࠄਈ߃ࠄࠇߚ߽ߩ
ൻߦࠃࠅޔቯవߦࠃࠆ↢ᵴᩰᏅ߇⋡┙ߟࠃ߁ߦ
ߣᗧ⼂ߒߩߘޔ⡛ߥࠆὐ߆ࠄ㚍ߢ྾ᣇߩᶏ߳৻
ߥߞߚߎߣߥߤޔㄘ⠹ᢥൻߩหᕈߦ࿃ߔࠆߩ
᳇ߦ߭ࠈ߇ߞߚߎߣߢ߆ߩࡕࡦࠧ࡞Ꮲ࿖߇
ߣߪ⇣ߥࠆࠕࡊࡠ࠴߇᳞ࠄࠇߡࠆߎߣࠍ
⺀↢ߒߚߩߢߪߣㅥߒߊᗐߒߚߊߥߞߚޕ
ᗵߓߚޕ
ԚNew century ߣ߁ NGO ߩ᩺ౝߢ UNUR
3. NPO ߦࠃࠆࠦࡒࡘ࠾࠹ࠖ㐿⊒
ࠥ࡞ߦᐕߩ 4 ߦ⸳⟎ߐࠇߚ sub station31㧔
ԘUnur ࠥ࡞ߩⅣႺᡷༀࠍⴕߞߡࠆ NPO ߦ
ᒛᚲ㧕ߦ߈⧯ޔᅚᕈߩᚲ㐳ߐࠎߦࡅࠕࡦࠣ
ⴕߊޕ
ޟᣂ♿ ߁ߣޠNPO ߇ߩ࿑ᦠ㙚ߩ৻
ࠍⴕ߁▤ޕロߪਐ㒺ㇱߦ⟎ߔࠆࠥ࡞ߢޔ
ቶࠍ୫ࠅߡോᚲߣߒߡߚ ߪࡃࡦࡔޕ18 ੱ
એ೨ߪ㓸วቛߢ᭴ᚑߐࠇࠆᣢሽᏒⴝߣวห
ߢࠆ߇ߔߴߡࡏࡦ࠹ࠖࠕߢࠆޕᓥߔ
ߩⴕߢߞߚ߇ޔಽ㔌ߐࠇߚޕၞߦߪ
ࠆ ࠥ࡞ᡷༀ ࡊࡠࠫ ࠚࠢ࠻ ߢߪዬ ⠪ߩਛ ߆ࠄ
⚂ 2 ජᏪޔ9 ජੱ߇ዬߒߡࠆޕᒰ㕙ߩ⺖㗴
3000 ੱߩ⟑ฬࠍߣߞߡㅴߡࠆߪ ޕԘㅢቇㅢߩ〒㔌ᤨ㑆߇㐳ߊᦺޔᤤ
2 ㇱߦߥ
ࠥ࡞Ꮢⴝߩ㗴߇ㇺᏒ⸘↹ߣߒߡ߽ᦨᄢߩ
ߞߡࠆዊቇᩞ߿ᐜ⒩╬ߩᢎ⢒ᣉ⸳ߩᢛޔԙ
⺖㗴ߢࠆߎߣࠍ㌁ޔJICA ߩ⺞ᩏߦࠃࠅ⼂
ᣂߒഀߦኻᔕߒߚ᳃⚵❱ߩ᭴▽㧔ߦ
ߒߡࠆ߇ߕ߹ߕࠄࠊ߆߆߽ߦޔᐢၞ⊛ߥⷞὐ߆
ขᓧߒߚࠥ࡞⑳ߢߪ⋧ޔߩࠦࡒࡘ࠾ࠤࠪ
ࠄ㚂ㇺㇺᏒߩ⊒ዷࠍ╙৻⟵ߣߒߡޔⓨ᷼ߩᑪ⸳
࡚ࡦ߇චಽߢߪߥ㧕ޔԚ↢ᵴࠨࡆࠬࠍ
㧔⸘↹ߢߪ੍ᗐએߩᑪ⸳⾌ߣߥߞߡߡޔេഥ
⋉ࠗࡦࡈߩᢛޕࠆߢޔᓟߩዷ㐿ߦ߅
ߣᷤਛ㧕ࠍߪߓߣߒߡ࡞ࠥޔߩౣ㐿⊒
ߡ᳃ߩࡄࡢߣⴕജߣߩදห߇ᔅⷐߢ
ࠍࠎߛ✚ว⸘↹ࠍ 2030 ᐕ߹ߢߦታᣉߔࠆ੍ቯ
ࠆߎߣࠍචಽߦᛚ⍮ߒߡࠆ᭽ሶߢߞߚޕਐ㒺
ߢࠅ࡞ࠥߚߩߎޔోࠍኻ⽎ߣߒߚ⸘↹
ࠍ߇ߞߡࠥ࡞ࠍߡⴕߊߥ߇ⵝ⥩ޕ
ߪ⠨߃ࠄࠇߡߥޕ
ߎߩ NGO ߢߪ UN-Habitat
ߩ〝ߪࡏࠦࡏࠦߢ౻ᦼߩಓ⚿߇ᕁ߿ࠄࠇ
ߣදജߒߡ⥄ޔಽߚߜߩౝߦࠆࠥ࡞
ࠆޕUNHABITAT ߩᡰេߦࠃࠅ 50 ฬ⒟ᐲ߇ኈ
㧔ߪේೣߣߒߡ㓸วቛࠍૐ߆
ߢ߈ࠆᐜ⒩߇ᑪ⸳ߐࠇߡߚޔߚ߹ޕห᭽ߩᡰ
ࠄㄭᐕᑪ⸳ߐࠇߡࠆࠥ࡞ࠍਐ㒺ㇱߦ
េߢ↢ᵴࠨࡆࠬࠍឭଏߔࠆᣉ⸳㧔ࠦࡦࡆ࠾ߦૃ
߆ߞߡ⍴ౠᒻߦ᭴ᚑߐࠇߡࠆ㧕ࠍኻ⽎ߦޔ
ߡࠆ㧕߇ᑪ⸳ਛߢߞߚޕ
᳃ ߩ⚵❱ൻ ᵴേࠍ ዷ㐿ߒ ߡࠆ ޕኻ⽎ߣ ߔࠆ
৻ߟߩࠥ࡞ቛߦࠅߚߒࠕࠗ࠲ޔ⠧ᄦᇚኅᣖ
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ળߦಽߌߡࡏ࠻ࡓࠕ࠶ࡊဳߩ᳃⚵❱ࠍࠅޔ
ว⸘ߔࠆߣ 2 ⊖ੱ⒟ᐲߦߥࠆߩ߇ᒰߚࠅ೨ߢߞ
ޔᐜ⒩ᑪ⸳߿ࠬࡄࡑࠤ࠶࠻ߩᑪ⸳ࠍ⸘
ߚ߇ ߪੱ⧯ߩޔ3 ฬ⒟ᐲࠍℂᗐߣߒߡࠆߣ
↹ߒߡࠆߚ߹ޕᶏᄖ߆ࠄߩេഥࠍⷐ⺧ߒߡࠆޕ
߁ߦ᧼┱ޕ࿐߹ࠇޔᚻࠇ߇ߓࠀ߁߱ࠎߣߪ
ߒ߆ߒߩߣߎࠈࠬࡓ㐿⊒ߦߟߡߩవㅴ
߃ߥࠥ࡞⑳߇ᕆፋߥਐ㒺ߦਇⷙೣߦㅪ
ߩᖱႎߪ⊝ήߦㄭ⁁ᴫߦࠆޕ
⛯ߒߩߎޔቯ߇ߤߎ߹ߢ⛯ߊ߆ߪㅢൕޔㅢቇ
ԙⅣႺ㐿⊒ᡰេࠍⴕߞߡࠆ NPOޔUrban
ߩน⢻ᕈ߇㒢⇇ࠍቯߡࠆޕ᳓ߪਥߦሶଏ߇ࠠ
Development Resource Center ࠍ⸰ߨࠆޕࠕ
ࠝࠬࠢߦขࠅߦⴕ߈ޔᥦᚱߪૐຠ⾰ߩᾍߩᄙ⍹
ࠫࠕߦዷ㐿ߔࠆ ACCA ࡊࡠࠣࡓࠍࠥ࡞ࠦࡒࡘ
ࠬ࠻ࡉߪࠗ࠻ޔᶐㅘᑼⴝޔἮߪਥߥㅢࠅએ
࠾࠹ࠖ㐿⊒ߦㆡ↪ߔࠆᵴേࠍⴕߞߡࠆޕ᳃ߩ
ᄖߪਇ⿷߇ߜߩ⁁ᴫߪᢛ⺖㗴߇ጊⓍߒߡࠆ
⾂⫾ᵴേࠍ⚵❱ߒⴕޔߩᣉ╷ߣද⺞ߒߟߟⅣႺ
ߎߣࠍ␜ߒߡࠆޕ
ԛDambadarjaa ࠥ࡞ߩ NGO ࠍ⸰ߔࠆޕ
ᡷༀࠍⴕߞߡߎ߁ߣߒߡࠆޕ᳃ߩ⚵❱ൻߣ
2005 ᐕߦ⸳┙ߐࠇޔ650 ฬߩળຬ߇⊓㍳ߐࠇߡ
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99
ࠆޕോᚲߪጟጊᏒ߿㖧࿖ߩ world vision ߣߞ
ߚ NPO ߆ᔒߩࠣ࡞ࡊߩេഥߦࠃߞߡᑪߡࠄ
ࠇߡࠆޕᒰߪ 18 ߩߦಽ߆ࠇߡߡߘޔ
ߩౝ 8 ߇ࠥ࡞ߩߢޔౝ 6 ߇ߎߩ NPO
ߩᵴേ ߦෳടߒߡ ࠆޕᵴേ ߪ 2008 ᐕࠃࠅ
Habitat ߩᡰេࠍฃߌߚ᳃ߩ⚵❱ൻ߇ਛᔃߢ
ࠆ߇ޔᢎ⢒⫥ޔ⡯ᬺᢎ⢒ߥߤᵴേߪᆎ߹ߞߚ
߫߆ࠅߣ߁ශ⽎ߢߞߚޕ
ߒࠈߎߎߢߪ JICA ߩᵴേ߇㗼⪺ߥࠃ߁ߢޔ
߹ߕࠍขᓧߒߚ᳃ߦኻߒޔਇᴺභ⁁ᴫࠍ
⸃ᶖߔࠆߚߩ᳃⊓㍳ᚻ⛯߈ߩࠨࡐ࠻ࠍⴕ
ߞߡࠆ ߪߦࠇߎޕ10 ࠞ߆߆ࠆޕ2002 ᐕߦ
ᚲᴺ߇ᣉⴕߐࠇߡએ᧪ޔㇺᏒߦ⒖ߒߡ߈ߚ
⠪ߦߪߥ߇⸥⊓ޔߪޔේೣߤߎߢ߽ࠆ৻
ቯߩⷙᮨ߹ߢ㧔700 ᐔᣇࡔ࠻࡞㧕⥄↱ߦභߒ
ᚲߢ߈ࠆߎߣߦߥߞߚߢߒߎߔޔߡߞ߇ߚߒޕ
߽ᐢࠍߣޔᛩᯏ⊛േᯏ߽ߡ࿐ㄟߩ
ߪචಽℂ⸃ߢ߈ࠆޕᷙੂ߇ߞߚߎߣߪኈᤃߦᗐ
ߢ߈ࠆޕ᳓ޔ㔚᳇ߥߤࠗࡦࡈ߇ߥߊߡ߽
ߩ⊓⸥߇ߥߣߎࠈߦߪේೣ⒖ߢ߈ࠆޕዋᢙߩ
ኅ⇓ࠍᛴ߃’↢ᵴߣߘࠎߥߦᄌࠊࠄߥ↢ᵴ
ߢߣߥࠇ߫ਐߩߪࠆ߆ᓐᣇߦ߽ࠥ࡞߇ᑪߟ
ߎߣߦߥࠆ࡞࠻ࡃࡦ࠙ߦ߹ߊߚߚ߹ߡߒߘޕ
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ߚޔߣߊߢࠇߎޕ᧪ࠗࡦࡈ߇ᢛߐࠇࠆߎ
ߣ߇ࠆߥࠄ߫࡞ࠥߔ߹ߔ߹ޔᏒⴝߪᄢߔࠆ
ℂዮߦߥࠆޕ
JICA ߇రߩᄢቇᢎຬߣߦ⸘↹ߒߡࠆߩߪ
᳃ෳടߦࠃࠆࠥ࡞ߩౣ㐿⊒ߢࠆߦ࡞ࠥޕ
⠪ߦߣߞߡ㓸วቛߦ⒖ࠆߎߣߪᦨᄢߩᏗ
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ࠆߎߣߪߢ߈ߥ߆ߞߚ߇ޔᣣᧄߢߩ⚻㛎ࠍᵴ߆
ߘ߁ߣ߁⹜ߺߦ᳃ߪᄢߦᦼᓙߒߡࠆࠃ
߁ߢࠆ࡞ࠥߒ߆ߒޕ᳃ߩߪਥߦᑪ⸳ᬺ߿
ࠊࠁࠆࡈ࠲߇ᄙ⾗ߡߞ߇ߚߒޕ㊄⊛ߦ
ߪ෩ߒ⁁ᴫߦࠆߣ߃ࠆޕ
ෳ⠨ᢥ₂
/CPCIKPI7TDCP'ZRCPUKQPKP/QPIQNKC6JG9QTNF$CPM
100
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ല₸⊛ߥ᳓㈩ಽߩߚߩ⚻ᷣ⊛ᚻᲑߦ㑐ߔࠆ⠨ኤ
࿖㓙↢␠ળ⎇ⓥࡦ࠲ ࠣ࡞ࡊ 㧝㧙㧞 ⎇ⓥຬ
ᄢቇ㒮࿖㓙ၞ⎇ⓥ⑼ ᢎ ศ᳗ ஜᴦ
Analysis on Economic Measures for Efficient Water Allocation
1㧚ߪߓߦ㧦᳓㈩ಽߣࠦࡦࡈࠢ࠻
ߚߦ◲නߥࠥࡓℂ⺰ߣࡊࡦࠪࡄ࡞
ࠛࠫࠚࡦ࠻ℂ⺰ࠍㆡ↪ߒߡಽᨆߔࠆޕ
ࠕࠫࠕ⻉࿖ߦ߅ߌࠆㄘᬺ↪᳓ߩ᳓ಽ㈩ߪ
㕖ല₸⊛ߢ᳓ਇ⿷ߩ⁁ᴫߦ㒱ࠆߎߣ߇ᄙޕ
ἠṴ᳓〝ߩᵹߢߪ᳓߳ߩࠕࠢࠬ߇ኈ
㧞㧚ࠥࡓℂ⺰ߦࠃࠆಽᨆ
ᤃߥߚ㕖ല₸⊛ߥ᳓▤ℂࠍⴕ⚿ޔᨐߣ
߹ޔਅᵹߩㄘኅ߇᳓㈩ಽࠍߋߞ
ߒߡਅᵹߢ᳓ਇ⿷߇↢ߓ᳓㈩ಽࠍߋߞ
ߡࠦࡦࡈࠢ࠻߇↢ߓߡࠆߣߔࠆޕ↪
ߡਅᵹߢࠦࡦࡈࠢ࠻߇↢ߓߡࠆޕ
น⢻ߥ᳓㊂ߪㄘ↥‛ߩ↢↥㊂ࠍᏀฝߒޔㄘ
ߎ߁ߒߚ㕖ല₸⊛ߥ᳓▤ℂߦኻߒߡ᳓▤ℂ
ኅߩߦᓇ㗀ࠍਈ߃ࠆޕਅᵹߪᵹ
⚵❱ߦࠃࠆ࡞࡞ߩ᜔᧤ജߩᒝൻ߿▤ℂ⢻
߇᳓▤ℂࠍᕃࠆߎߣߢ᳓ਇ⿷߇↢ߓߡࠆ
ജߩะ߇᳞ࠄࠇߡࠆޕ᳓▤ℂ⚵❱ߪ
ߣᜰ៰ߔࠆߦࠇߎޕኻߒߡᵹㄘኅߪ᳓▤
ᣣᧄߢߪᡷ⦟ࠫࠕߤߥࡦࡇࠖࡈޔ
ℂߦ⸘ߥᤨ㑆ߣഭജ߇ᔅⷐߛߣਥᒛߔࠆޕ
ࠕ⻉࿖ߢߪἠṴ⚵❱ߥߤߣߒߡἠṴ↪᳓ߦ
࿑㧝߅ࠃ߮㧞ߪਅᵹ߇ࡊࠗࡗߢ
㑐ࠊࠆ᳓㈩ಽޔᣉ⸳▤ℂޔ᳓ᢱ㊄ߩ㓸ߥ
ᚢ⇛ࠍദജ㕖ദജߣߔࠆ 2 X 2 ࠥࡓࠍ␜
ߤߩᵴേߦ߆߆ࠊߞߡࠆ ޕ
ߒߡ߅ࠅޔਔ⠪ߩᚢ⇛ߩ⚵ߺวࠊߖߦኻߔ
↪᳓ߩ᳓▤ℂߪㄘ᳃ࠣ࡞ࡊߦࠃࠅ᳃ਥ⊛
ࠆᓧߪ a ! b ! c ! d ߢ␜ߐࠇߡࠆ߹ޕ
ߚޔᵹㄘኅߩ᳓▤ℂߦⷐߔࠆࠦࠬ࠻ࠍ xe
ߥᚻᴺ㧔એਅޔwater democracy, Shiva,
ߢߒޔਅᵹ߆ࠄᵹߩ᳓▤ℂߩദജ
2002㧕ߦࠃࠅⴕࠊࠇߡ߈ߚޕㆊߦ߅ߡ
ߦኻߔࠆᡰᛄ㗵ࠍ t ߢߔޕ࿑㧝(a) ߪ࡞
ߪἠṴ᳓〝ߦ߅ߌࠆਅᵹߦ߅ߌࠆ᳓㈩
࡞ߦၮߠߡല₸⊛ߥ᳓▤ℂࠍⴕߞߡ
ಽࠍߋࠆࠦࡦࡈࠢ࠻ߦኻߒߡ᳓▤ℂ⚵
ࠆࠤࠬߢ࠽࠶ࠪࡘဋⴧߪ㧔ദജޔദജ㧕
․ߦޔવ⛔⊛ߦࠕࠫࠕ⻉࿖ߦ߅ߌࠆἠṴ
❱߇ਛᔃߣߥߞߡኻ㧔dialogue㧕ࠍㅢߓ
ߢᓧߪ a, a ߢࠆߩߎޕ႐วޔᵹㄘ
ߚ᳃ਥ⊛ߥᣇᴺߦ߽ߣߠߡ᳓⚗ࠍ⸃
ኅߪਅᵹߩߚߦ᳓↪ല₸ࠍ㜞ࠆߚ
ߒߡ߈ߚ⚻✲߇ࠆޔߦࠄߐޕ᳓〝ߩᷡ
ߦ⥄ࠄߩᤨ㑆ߣഭജࠍ‶†ߦߒߡࠆߎ
߿ୃޔἠṴ↪᳓ᢱ㊄ߩᓽߥߤߩᵴേ߽
ߣߦߥࠆ⸒ޕ឵߃ࠇ߫ޔ᳓▤ℂ⚵❱߇
⥄⊒⊛ߦⴕࠊࠇ ߪߦࠬࡠࡊߩߘޔwater
ᚻߊᯏ⢻ߒޔᵹㄘኅߩദജ߇᳓▤ℂᵴേ
democracy ߩᚻᴺ߇ขࠅࠇࠄࠇߡࠆޕ
ߦౝㇱൻߐࠇߡࠆ⁁ᘒߢࠆޕ
ᧄⓂߢߪἠṴ᳓〝ߦ߅ߌࠆਅᵹߦ߅ߌ
ߎߎߢޔᵹㄘኅ߇᳓▤ℂߩᯏળ⾌↪߇
ࠆᐔߥ᳓㈩ಽࠍߋࠆ⸃╷ࠍᮨ⚝ߔࠆ
㜞ߎߣߦ᳇ߠߊߎߣߦࠃࠅߢ߹ࠇߎޔታ
1
101
ᣉߒߡ߈ߚ᳓▤ℂߦኻߔࠆദജࠍᕃࠆࠃ߁
ᓧߪ a ߆ࠄ c ߳ᷫዋߔࠆ⁁ߩߎޕᴫߪᵹ
ߦߥࠆޕ࿑㧝(b) ߪ᳓▤ℂߩߚߩࠦࠬ࠻
߇᳓▤ℂߩ࡞࡞ߩ⟵ോࠍᕃࠆߎߣߢࠦ
xe ߪ⥄ࠄߩ⇐ଔᩰࠍḩ⿷ߐߖࠆߚߦ
ࡦࡈࠢ࠻ߩේ࿃ߣߥࠆࠢࡈࡦࠦߩߎޕ
ઁߩᵴേߦะߌࠄࠇࠆ ߈ߣߩߎޕb ! a xe
࠻ࠍ⸃ߔࠆᚻᲑߣߒߡ⚻ޔᷣ⊛ߥᚻᲑࠍ
ߢࡘࠪ࠶࠽ޔဋⴧߪ㧔㕖ദജޔദജ㧕ߢ
ㆡ↪ߔࠆߎߣߢਔ⠪ߦߣߞߡࡄ࠻ᡷༀ
ᓧߪ b, c ߣߥࠆࠅࠃߦࠇߎޕਅᵹㄘኅߪ
ࠍ࿑ࠆߎߣ߇น⢻ߢࠆޕ࿑㧝(c)ߦ␜ߔࠃ
↪น⢻ߥ᳓㊂ࠍᷫዋߐߖࠆߎߣߦߥࠅޔ
߁ߦޔఘ㧔ࠆߪ⒖ォ㧕t ߇ਅᵹ߆ࠄ
ਅᵹ
ദജ
ദജ
ᵹ
㕖ദജ
ਅᵹ
ദജ
㕖ദജ
ദജ
a xe , a c,c,b b
㕖ദജ
b, b,c c d,
d. d 㕖ദജ
a, a c, b b, c d, d
ᵹ
(a)
(b)
ਅᵹ
Effort
ദജ
ᵹ
No - effort
a xe t, a t 㕖ദജ
c,
b
d, d b, c (c)
࿑㧝㧦 ਅᵹߩࠦࡦࡈࠢ࠻ߣ⸃╷ (1)
ਅᵹ
ਅᵹ
ദജ
ദജ
ᵹ
㕖ദജ
ദജ
㕖ദജ
b, a c,
a, c d, d ദജ
b
ᵹ
㕖ദജ
㕖ദജ
b, a c,
a p, c (a)
(b)
࿑㧞㧦 ਅᵹߩࠦࡦࡈࠢ࠻ߣ⸃╷ (2)
2
102
b
d, d ࠍ↪ߡಽᨆߔࠆޔ߹ޕਅᵹߩ᳓▤
ᵹ߳ⴕࠊࠇߚߣߔࠆߣਔ⠪ߩᓧߪ
a xe t ,
a t ߳ߣᄌൻߒޔᵹㄘኅ
ℂ⚵❱߅ߡද⼏߇ⴕࠊࠇޔਅᵹ߇ᵹ
ߪ⇐ଔᩰએߩ⒖ォ߇ⴕࠊࠇࠆߎߣߢ᳓
ߦኻߒߡ᳓▤ℂߦⷐߔࠆࠦࠬ࠻ߦኻߒߡ
▤ℂࠍታᣉߔࠆߎߣߦߥࠆߢߎߎޕ
ࠄ߆ߩఘࠍᡰᛄ߁ߎߣߢޔᵹ߇ㆡ
b a xe t a b ߢࠆޕᰴߦޔᒝ
ಾߥ᳓▤ℂࠍታᣉߔࠆࠃ߁ദജߔࠆߎߣߦ
ജߩࠆࡍ࠽࡞࠹߽ࠖ᳓▤ℂ࡞࡞ߩㆩ
วᗧߒߚߣߔࠆߢߎߎޕᵹ߇ߎߩวᗧ
ߩߚߩࠗࡦࡦ࠹ࠖࡉߣߥࠆޕ࿑㧞(a)ߪ
ࠍㆩߒޔਅᵹ߇ឭ␜ߔࠆᡰᛄ㗵ߦߟ
ᵹㄘኅߪദജߒߥߎߣߢ㜞ᓧࠍᓧ
ߡޔᖱႎ߇ኻ⒓⊛ߥ႐วߩ◲නߥࡊࡦࠪ
ߡࠆ⁁ᴫࠍ␜ߒߡࠆࠪ࠶࠽߈ߣߩߎޕ
ࡄ࡞ࠛࠫࠚࡦ࠻ℂ⺰ߦࠃࠅಽᨆߔࠆޕ
ࡘဋⴧߪ㧔㕖ദജޔദജ㧕
ޔᓧ a, c ߢਔ
࿑㧟ߦ߅ߡߕ߹ޔਅᵹ߇ᵹߦኻߒ
⠪ߩ㑆ߦࠦࡦࡈࠢ࠻߇ሽߔࠆ⁁ߩߎޕ
ߡല₸⊛ߥ᳓↪ࠍ᳞ࠆᄾ⚂ࠍឭ␜ߔࠆޕ
ᴫߦኻߒߡޔ࿑㧞(b)ߦ␜ߔࠃ߁ߦᵹㄘኅ
ᵹ߇ߎߩឭ␜ߦวᗧߔࠇ߫ޔᵹߪ
ߦࡍ࠽࡞࠹ࠖ p ࠍ⺖ߔߥࠄ߫ᓧߪ a p ޔ
ߚߛߒ p ! a b ߢࠆࡘࠪ࠶࠽ޕဋⴧߪ
㧔ദജޔദജ㧕ߢᓧߪ b, a ߢࠆ᜔ޕ
ᄾ⚂ߦᓥߞߡദജߔࠆ߆ H ޔദജߒߥ
߆ L ߩ߆ࠇߕߩޔㆬᛯ߇ࠆޕวᗧߒߥ
ߌࠇ߫ਅᵹߪ߹߹ߩⴕޔਅᵹߪ᳓ਇ
᧤ജߩࠆࡍ࠽࡞࠹ࠖߪࠦࡦࡈࠢ࠻ࠍ࿁
⿷ߦࠃࠆ៊ᄬ D ࠍⵍࠆޔߢߎߎޕRH , RL ߪ
ㆱߔࠆᚻᲑߣߒߡലߢࠆޕ
ᵹ߇ദജߒߚ႐วߣߒߥ႐วߦ߅ߌ
ࠆਅᵹߩଢ⋉ࠍ␜ߔ ߚ߹ޕC H , C L ߪਅᵹ
㧟㧚ࡊࡦࠪࡄ࡞ࠛࠫࠚࡦ࠻ℂ⺰ߦࠃ
߇ᵹߩ᳓▤ℂദജߦᔕߓߡᡰᛄ߁
ࠆಽᨆ
ఘ㗵ޔWH , WL ߪᵹߩ᳓▤ℂߦⷐߔࠆദ
ᰴߦޔ᳓㈩ಽࠍߋࠆࠦࡦࡈࠢ࠻㗴
ജߦኻߔࠆࠦࠬ࠻ߣߔࠆޕ
ߦߟߡࡊࡦࠪࡄ࡞ࠛࠫࠚࡦ࠻ℂ⺰
ദജ
U
R
H
C H , C H WH
วᗧ
ឭ␜
㕖ദജ
U
D
RL C L , CL WL D, 0 ਇวᗧ
D, 0 ਇឭ␜
࿑㧟㧦ਅᵹ᳓▤ℂᷤࡕ࠺࡞
3
103
CH
CH ! CL D
J
E
D
CL
0
࿑㧠㧦ਅᵹ߇ឭ␜น⢻ߥᄾ⚂ߩ▸࿐
ᵹ߇ദജߔࠆߚߩ⺃࿃ਔ┙⚂ߪ
㧠㧚⚿⺰
ᰴᑼߢߐࠇࠆޕ
ߎߩࠃ߁ߦ⚻ᷣ⊛ᚻᲑߪ᧤᜔߇ࠇߘޔജ
ࠍߔࠆߥࠄ߫ਅᵹߦ߅ߌࠆᐔߥ᳓
㈩ಽߩߚߩࠗࡦࡦ࠹ࠖࡉߣߒߡᯏ⢻ߔ
C H WH ! C L WL
ࠆ⚻ߪߦߚߩߘޕᷣ⊛ᚻᲑ߇᳓▤ℂ⚵❱
C H ! C L WH WL
C H ! C L D , ߎߎߢ D
ߩ࡞࡞ߦ⛔วߐࠇޔᄾ⚂ߣߒߡ᜔᧤ജࠍ
WH WL
ઃਈߐࠇࠆߴ߈ߢࠆ⚻ߚߒ߁ߎޕᷣ⊛ᚻ
৻ᣇޔᵹ߇ᄾ⚂ߦวᗧߔࠆ᧦ઙߔޔ
Ბߣߒߡߪ߫߃ߣߚޔఘޔ⒖ォ․ޔቯ⋡
ߥࠊߜෳട⚂ߪ C H WH ! 0, C H ! WH
⊛ߩߚߩၮ㊄ㅧᚑ߇ߤߥࠖ࠹࡞࠽ࡍޔ
E ߣ߅ߊޕਅᵹ߆ࠄߩఘ㗵߆
ࠅᦨޔㄭߢߪឃࠟࠬขᒁ߿ⅣႺ (ࠆ
ࠄ᳓▤ℂߩߚߩࠦࠬ࠻ࠍᏅߒᒁߚ㗵߇
ߪ↢‛ᄙ᭽ᕈ) ࠨࡆࠬߦኻߔࠆᡰᛄߥ
ᱜߢߥߌࠇ߫ߥࠄߥߚ߹ޕਅᵹ߇ᵹ
ߤߦㆡ↪ߐࠇߡࠆޕ
ߢ WH
ߦኻߔࠆᡰᛄ߁ఘ㗵ߪ RH C H ! 0 ߩ
▸࿐ߢⴕࠊࠇޔC H RH ߢ RH
J ߣ߅ߊޕ
[ෳ⠨ᢥ₂]
ߐࠄߦޔᓟᣇផቯᴺߦࠃࠅ RH C H ! D
Sustainable Water
Management for Food Security - Theoretical
Considerations -,᧲ᵗᄢቇ࿖㓙ၞቇ⎇ⓥ ╙ 15
1.Yoshinaga,K
ߢࠆޕએߩ⚿ᨐ߆ࠄਅᵹ߇ᵹߩ
᳓▤ℂߩദജߦኻߒߡឭ␜ߢ߈ࠆᄾ⚂ߪ࿑
(2012),
ภ㧔ㄭೀ੍ቯ㧕
2. Shiva, V. (2002) Water Wars, South
End Press
㧠ߦ߅ߡᢳ✢ㇱߢ␜ߔ▸࿐ߢࠆޔ߅ߥޕ
0 D E J ߢࠆޕ
4
104
ᐔᚑ 23 ᐕᐲ࿖㓙↢␠ળ⎇ⓥࡦ࠲ ⎇ⓥⷐ
The Responses to Global Crisis of Women, Elderly, and Children in
Southeast Asian Communities
࿖㓙↢␠ળ⎇ⓥࡦ࠲ ࠣ࡞ࡊ㧝㧙㧞 ⎇ⓥຬ
ᄢቇ㒮࿖㓙ၞቇ⎇ⓥ⑼ ᢎ ࡑࠕࡠࠩࠝࡇࠤࡠ㧩ࡃࠬࠞࠬ
Introduction
Already burdened by the continuing global economic and financial crisis, all
throughout the world, people and communities are confronted by additional afflictions
brought about by increasing disaster risks associated with natural hazards such as
earthquakes, tsunamis, tropical cyclones, floods and droughts.
Global disaster risks and impacts have been reported to be greater for the poor ,
for the poorer communities, for the poorer countries ( United Nations, 2009). Children
have also been reported to be among the victims of disasters ( Salim, 2011). Regrettably,
disaster reports have rarely been, if at all, gender-specific.
In 2011, the October flooding in Bangkok as well as the December typhoon
damage in the Philippines, as well as other disasters experienced elsewhere in the world
again dramatized the massive destruction and loss of lives and assets.
Continuing disasters call serious attention to the urgency not only to the need for
understanding and better management of disaster risks and their causes but also to the
need to realize, more importantly, that disaster management significantly links with and
therefore need to be mainstreamed together with policy related to poverty reduction and
with sustainable development as well.
To positively move further in mitigating the adverse impacts of this additional crisisdriver, especially on the marginalized groups already burdened by the continuing global
economic crisis, this paper shares several discussions presented in various selected
literature ( see References) about disasters, trends, and impacts, especially for Asia which
has been affected by almost half of all natural disasters between 1990 and 1999, with 43%
to 70% of all lives lost ( UNISDR, 2004) In 2010, some 89 per cent of all people affected
by disasters lived in Asia (IFRCRCS, 2011).
This paper will conclude with the recommendations of a 2009 United Nations report
(United Nations, 2009) about the need for policy to recognize and incorporate disaster
within the sustainable development nexus.
Understanding Disasters
A. Disasters : Definition and Types
105
Disaster, according to the Centre for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters
(CRED), is “ a situation or event, which overwhelms local capacity, necessitating a request
to national or international level for external assistance.” (IFRCRCS,World Disaster Report,
2011).
Disasters can be both natural and technological.
Natural disasters consists of “five sub-groups, which in turn cover 12 disaster types
and more than 32 sub-types as follows: ( Ibid.)
(i) Biological disasters: Insect infestations, epidemics and animal attacks
(ii) Geophysical disasters: Earthquakes and tsunamis, volcanic eruptions, dry mass
movements (avalanches, landslides, rockfalls and subsidence of geophysical
origin),
(iii) Climatological disasters: Droughts (with associated food insecurities), extreme
temperatures and wildfires,
( iv) Hydrological disasters: Floods (including waves and surges), wet mass movements (avalanches, landslides, rockfalls and subsidence of hydrological origin),and,
(v) Meteorological disasters: Storms .
The technological disasters comprise three groups: ( Ibid)
(i) Industrial accidents: Chemical spills, collapse of industrial infrastructure, explosions, fires, gas leaks, poisoning, radiation
(ii) Transport accidents: Transportation by air, rail, road or water
(iii) Miscellaneous accidents: Collapse of domestic/non-industrial structures, explosions, fire.
B) Disaster Trends ( 2001-2010)
There were 4,022 natural disasters and 3,048 technological disasters for 20012010 for a total of 7,070 for the time period given. (IFRCRCS 2011 World Disaster Report).
Natural disasters, specifically earthquakes/tsunamis killed about 1, 221,332 with a total of
2,674,889 reported affected while technological disasters claimed 91,851 lives.
According to the 2011 World Disaster Report. Asia had a total number of 2,872
disasters from 2001-2010 followed by Africa ( 1,729 ), Americas ( 1,332), Europe ( 962),
and Oceania ( 175). Asia also had the highest total number of people ( 2,268,070) affected
by disasters within the same time period , 2001-2010. Asia also had the highest number of
victims( 84%) for 2010 ( 255,995 of 304,388 victims).
Tables 1 and 2 below show the total number of disasters by type and by continent
and the total number of people reported killed by type of disaster by continent, for 20012010. ( Ibid).
Table 1:Total number of reported disasters, by type of phenomenon, by continent (2001-2010)
㩷
㪘㪽㫉㫀㪺㪸㩷 㪘㫄㪼㫉㫀㪺㪸㫊
㪘㫊㫀㪸㩷
㪜㫌㫉㫆㫇㪼㩷 㪦㪺㪼㪸㫅㫀㪸
㩷㩷
Droughts/food insecurity
㩷㪈㪊㪈
㩷㪌㪍
㩷㪍㪇㩷
㩷㪈㪈㩷
㩷㪉
Earthquakes/tsunamis
㩷㪉㪋
㩷㪋㪊
㩷㪈㪎㪇㩷
㩷㪊㪌㩷
㩷㪈㪉
Extreme temperatures
㩷㪊
㩷㪊㪐
㩷㪌㪐㩷
㩷㪈㪊㪎㩷
㩷㪉
㩷㪋㪋㪉
㩷㪊㪌㪎
㩷㪍㪏㪍㩷
㩷㪉㪌㪍㩷
㩷㪌㪈
Floods
106
Forest/scrub fires
㩷㪈㪉
Insect infestations
㩷㪈㪊 㫅㪅㪻㪅㫉㪅㩷
㩷㪋㪎
㩷㪈㪋㩷
㩷㪊㪏㩷
㩷㪈㪇
㩷㪈㩷
㩷㪈㩷
㩷㪈
Mass movement: dry
㩷㪈
㩷㪊
Mass movement: wet
㩷㪈㪍
㩷㪊㪏
㩷㪈㪉㪍㩷
㩷㪈㪇㩷
㩷㪍
㩷㪎
㩷㪉㪊
㩷㪈㪐㩷
㩷㪉㩷
㩷㪈㪈
㩷㪏㪍
㩷㪊㪋㪊
㩷㪊㪐㪏㩷
㩷㪈㪋㪐㩷
㩷㪍㪏
㩷㪎㪇㪊
㩷㪏㪏㪇
㩷㪈㪃㪊㪋㪋㩷
㩷㪍㪇㪉㩷
㩷㪈㪋㪇
㩷㪊㪉
㩷㪍㪐
㩷㪈㪐㪈㩷
㩷㪊㪎㩷
㩷㪉㪋
㩷㪎㪊㪌
㩷㪐㪋㪐
㩷㪈㪃㪌㪊㪌㩷
㩷㪍㪊㪐㩷
㩷㪈㪍㪋
㩷㪌㪎
㩷㪉㪎
㩷㪋㪇㪍㩷
㩷㪌㪈㩷
㩷㪈
Miscellaneous accidents
㩷㪈㪈㪇
㩷㪌㪏
㩷㪉㪉㪉㩷
㩷㪍㪌㩷 㫅㪅㪻㪅㫉㪅㩷
Transport Accidents
㩷㪏㪉㪎
㩷㪉㪐㪏
㩷㪎㪇㪐㩷
㩷㪉㪇㪎㩷
㩷㪈㪇
Total Technological disasters
㩷㪐㪐㪋
㩷㪊㪏㪊
㩷㪈㪃㪊㪊㪎㩷
㩷㪊㪉㪊㩷
㩷㪈㪈
Total
㩷㪈㪃㪎㪉㪐
㩷㪈㪃㪊㪊㪉
㩷㪉㪃㪏㪎㪉㩷
㩷㪐㪍㪉㩷
㩷
㩷
㩷
㩷
㩷
Source: EM-DAT, CRED, University of Louvain, Belgium in IFRCRCS,
㩷
㩷
2011.
㩷
㩷
㩷
㩷
㩷
Table 2:Total Number of people reported killed by type of phenomenon, by continent (2001-2010)
㩷㩷
㪘㪽㫉㫀㪺㪸㩷 㪘㫄㪼㫉㫀㪺㪸㫊
㪘㫊㫀㪸㩷
㪜㫌㫉㫆㫇㪼㩷
Droughts/food insecurity
㩷㪐㪐㪍
㩷㪌㪈 㩷㪈㪌㪉㪃㪎㪌㪌㩷 㫅㪅㪸㪅㩷
㩷㪈㪎㪌
Volcanic Eruptions
Windstorms
㪪㫌㪹㫋㫆㫋㪸㫃㩷㪺㫃㫀㫄㪸㫋㫆㪄㪃㩷㪿㫐㪻㫉㫆㩷㪸㫅㪻㩷
㫄㪼㫋㪼㫆㫉㫆㫃㫆㪾㫀㪺㪸㫃㩷㪻㫀㫊㪸㫊㫋㪼㫉㫊㩷
㪪㫌㪹㫋㫆㫋㪸㫃㩷㪾㪼㫆㫇㪿㫐㫊㫀㪺㪸㫃㩷㪻㫀㫊㪸㫊㫋㪼㫉㫊㩷
Total Natural disasters
Industrial accidents
㩷㪉㩷 㫅㪅㪻㪅㫉㪅㩷
㩷㪈
㩷
㩷
㩷
㩷
㪦㪺㪼㪸㫅㫀㪸
㫅㪅㪸㩷
Earthquakes/tsunamis
㩷㪊㪃㪊㪊㪍
㩷㪉㪉㪌㪃㪈㪎㪉
㩷㪋㪌㪇㪃㪎㪋㪉㩷
㩷㪍㪌㪈㩷
㩷㪉㪋㪋
Extreme temperatures
㩷㪈㪉㪉
㩷㪈㪃㪎㪍㪌
㩷㪐㪃㪇㪈㪐㩷
㩷㪈㪊㪌㪃㪐㪇㪎㩷
㩷㪊㪋㪎
㩷㪎㪃㪊㪐㪎
㩷㪏㪃㪌㪋㪐
㩷㪊㪏㪃㪐㪊㪎㩷
㩷㪈㪃㪊㪈㪏㩷
㩷㪐㪐
㩷㪈㪍㪉
㩷㪌㪈
㩷㪍㪎㩷
㩷㪉㪊㪏㩷
㩷㪉㪇㪍
Floods
Forest/scrub fires
Insect infestations
㫅㪅㪸㪅㩷
㫅㪅㪻㪅㫉㪅㩷
㫅㪅㪸㩷
㫅㪅㪸㪅㩷
㫅㪅㪸㩷
Mass movement: dry
㩷㪐㪏
㩷㪈㪇㪏
Mass movement: wet
㩷㪍㪋㪊
㩷㪈㪃㪉㪌㪋
Volcanic Eruptions
㩷㪉㪇㪍
㩷㪉㪊
㩷㪈㪃㪉㪍㪐
㩷㪈㪇㪃㪉㪊㪇
㩷㪈㪍㪇㪃㪇㪊㪇㩷
㩷㪌㪈㪋㩷
㩷㪊㪇㪊
㩷㪈㪇㪃㪌㪏㪐
㩷㪉㪈㪃㪐㪇㪇
㩷㪊㪍㪏㪃㪍㪍㪈㩷
㩷㪈㪊㪏㪃㪈㪍㪏㩷
㩷㪈㪃㪇㪊㪏
㩷㪊㪃㪍㪋㪇
㩷㪉㪉㪌㪃㪊㪇㪊
㩷㪋㪌㪈㪃㪈㪉㪏㩷
㩷㪍㪌㪈㩷
㩷㪉㪌㪋
㩷㪈㪋㪃㪉㪉㪐
㩷㪉㪋㪎㪃㪉㪇㪊
㩷㪏㪈㪐㪃㪎㪏㪐㩷
㩷㪈㪊㪏㪃㪏㪈㪐㩷
㩷㪈㪃㪉㪐㪉
Industrial accidents
㩷㪉㪃㪇㪌㪇
㩷㪌㪊㪊
㩷㪈㪇㪃㪋㪌㪈㩷
㩷㪈㪃㪈㪇㪏㩷
㩷㪉㪐
Miscellaneous accidents
㩷㪊㪃㪉㪍㪐
㩷㪉㪃㪈㪐㪈
㩷㪎㪃㪐㪏㪊㩷
Windstorms
㪪㫌㪹㫋㫆㫋㪸㫃㩷㪺㫃㫀㫄㪸㫋㫆㪄㪃㩷㪿㫐㪻㫉㫆㩷㪸㫅㪻㩷
㫄㪼㫋㪼㫆㫉㫆㫃㫆㪾㫀㪺㪸㫃㩷㪻㫀㫊㪸㫊㫋㪼㫉㫊㩷
㪪㫌㪹㫋㫆㫋㪸㫃㩷㪾㪼㫆㫇㪿㫐㫊㫀㪺㪸㫃㩷㪻㫀㫊㪸㫊㫋㪼㫉㫊㩷
Total Natural disasters
107
㩷㪌㪌㩷 㫅㪅㪻㪅㫉㪅㩷
㩷㪎㪃㪏㪌㪊㩷
㩷㪈㪇
㩷㪈㪐㪈㩷
㩷㪊㪊㪈㩷 㫅㪅㪸㪅㩷
㩷㪏㪊
㫅㪅㪸㩷
㩷㪈㪃㪋㪏㪍㩷 㫅㪅㪻㪅㫉㪅㩷
Transport Accidents
㩷㪉㪌㪃㪇㪍㪉
㩷㪎㪃㪉㪐㪊
㩷㪉㪌㪃㪇㪌㪍㩷
㩷㪌㪃㪇㪐㪊㩷
㩷㪉㪋㪎
Total Technological disasters
㩷㪊㪇㪃㪊㪏㪈
㩷㪈㪇㪃㪇㪈㪎
㩷㪋㪊㪃㪋㪐㪇㩷
㩷㪎㪃㪍㪏㪎㩷
㩷㪉㪎㪍
Total
㩷㪋㪋㪃㪍㪈㪇
㩷㪉㪌㪎㪃㪉㪉㪇 㩷㪏㪍㪊㪃㪉㪎㪐㩷 㩷㪈㪋㪍㪃㪌㪇㪍㩷
㩷
㩷
㩷
㩷
㩷
㩷
Source: EM-DAT, CRED, University of Louvain, Belgium in IFRCRCS,
㩷
㩷
㩷
2011.
㩷
㩷
㩷
㩷
㩷
㩷
According to a January, 2011 PRESS RELEASE of the United Nations
International Strategy for Disaster Reduction, for 2010, “of the list of top 10 disasters with
the highest death counts, 5 occurred in Asia – China, Pakistan, and Indonesia.
Earthquakes killed 2,968 people in China in April and 530 people in Indonesia in October.
From May to August, floods killed 1,691 people in China, and a further 1,765 were killed by
mudslides, landslide or rock fall triggered heavy rains and floods in August. Nearly 2,000
people were killed by massive floods in Pakistan that covered one-fifth of the land mass,
due to rains which pelted the northwest from July to August”.
C) Disaster Impacts
The impacts of disasters are often described demographically, in terms of number
of people killed or affected as shown in the earlier Table 2, and economically, usually in
terms of total amount of disaster estimated damage.
Mckenzie et al ( 2005) offered 3 types of impact of natural disasters: direct, indirect,
and intangible.
Direct impacts are effects on assets caused by a natural disaster that occur during
or immediately after a natural hazard event. Direct impacts include damage to buildings,
infrastructure, crops, and equipment. Indirect impacts are flows of effects that occur over
time after a hazard event and are caused by the direct impacts of a disaster. Some
examples of indirect impacts include losses of income and production, increased operating
costs, costs of debris clearing, costs of repair of buildings. Finally, intangible impacts are
the effects of a disaster that are difficult to assign a monetary value, usually because there
is no market for the good or service affected. Examples of intangible impacts (both direct
and indirect) include environmental damage, emotional and psychological trauma, lost
learning opportunities, and positive impacts on community spirit.
A 2009 United Nations Report noted that mortality and economic loss are
concentrated in certain areas. For example, 75% of global flood mortality are concentrated
in 3 countries: Bangladesh, China, and India. The same report observed that disaster risks
are unevenly distributed based on the level of development of countries, communities, and
sectors.
The same report noted that “ within developing countries, poorer communities
are also more at risk than wealthier communities. Furthermore, poor households are often
less resilient as they are unable to access or mobilize the assets necessary to buffer
disaster losses and are rarely covered by insurance or social protection measures.” ( Ibid.)
Mainstreaming Disaster-Development Nexus
108
㩷㪈㪃㪌㪍㪏
Disaster experience and data all throughout the world, and particularly for Asia
show, as earlier noted by the 2009 UN report, “ that disaster risk is not just a consequence
of hazard severity and exposure” but must consider a range of “other drivers related to a
country’s economic and social development that not only income and economic strength
but also governance factors such as the quality of institutions, transparency, and
accountability.
Significant observations of the 2009 UN Report point to the need to consider
disasters within an integrated framework related to development. Some of these important
observations include:
(i)
Countries with vulnerable economies have “ the higest economic
vulnerability to natural hazards. Many also have extreme trade limitations.
(ii)
low-intensity damage to housing, local infrastructure, crops and livestock,
which interrupts and erodes livelihoods, represents a significant yet largely
unaccounted for facet of disaster impacts.
(iii)
Poorer communities suffer a disproportionate share of disaster loss. Poor
households are usually less resilient to loss and are rarely covered by
insurance or social protection. Disaster impacts lead to income and
consumption shortfalls and negatively affect welfare and human
development, often over the long term.
(iv)
Climate change will magnify the uneven distribution of risk skewing disaster
impacts even further towards poor communities in developing countries.
The 2009 UN report noted that “ while progress has been noted in
strengthening capacities, institutional systems and legislation to address deficiencies in
disaster preparedness and response and in the enhancement of early warning, very little
progress is reported in mainstreaming disaster risk reduction considerations into social,
economic, urban, environmental and infrastructural planning and development.
Particularly, the following difficulties in mainstreaming disaster within
the wider development nexus were noted:
(i)
The governance arrangements for disaster risk reduction in many countries
do not facilitate the integration of risk considerations into development. In
general, the institutional and legislative arrangements for disaster risk
reduction are weakly connected to development sectors.
(ii)
The policy and institutional frameworks for climate change adaptation and
poverty reduction are only weakly connected to those for disaster risk
reduction, at both the national and international levels. Countries have
difficulty addressing underlying risk drivers such as poor urban and local
governance, vulnerable rural livelihoods and ecosystem decline in a way
that leads to a reduction in the risk of damages and economic loss.
(iii)
Despite proven and documented experience in upgrading squatter
settlements, providing access to land and infrastructure for the urban poor,
strengthening rural livelihoods, protecting ecosystems, and using
microfinance, microinsurance and index-based insurance to strengthen
resilience that show it is possible to address the underlying drivers of
disaster risk, in most countries, these experiences are not integrated into
the policy mainstream.
As disasters continue, the risks increase especially for the already economically
109
Vulnerable groups and communities in Asia and throughout the world, urgent, decisive
action , one that needs to integrate disaster knowledge and policy with the rest of the
interrelated development concerns, is immediately needed. The 2009 UN report urged to
“ invest today for a safer tomorrow.” Recognizing and integrating disaster and
development ,soonest, within an integrated policy and implementation network can go a
long way to ensure that safer, better future.
Selected References:
Castles, Stephen ( 2002). Environmental change and forced migration:
making sense of the debate, Working Paper No. 70 , NEW ISSUES IN REFUGEE
RESEARCH , Refugees Studies Centre , University of Oxford.
International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRCRCS) ( 2011)
World Disaster Report, Geneva, Switzerland.
Emily McKenzie, Biman Prasad and Atu Kaloumaira ( 2005) ECONOMIC IMPACT OF NATURAL
DISASTERS ON DEVELOPMENT IN THE PACIFIC , Volume 1: Research Report in
http://www.ausaid.gov.au/publications/pdf/impact_pacific_report.pdf accessed January 6, 2011.
Salim, Dizery ( 2011) “Children’s needs a priority after Philippine floods,” in
http://www.unisdr.org/archive/24380 accessed December 28, 2011.
Suda, Collette A., 2000, NATURAL DISASTER PREPAREDNESS, ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION
AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN KENYA, African Study Monographs, 21(3): 91-103, July 2000.
In http://www.africa.kyoto-u.ac.jp/kiroku/asm_normal/abstracts/pdf/21-3/91-103.pdf accessed
January 6, 2012.
United Nations (2009) 2009 Global Assessment Report on Disaster Risk Reduction.
United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduction (UNISDR) ( 2004)
Living with Risk: A Global Review of Disaster Reduction Initiatives.
United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduction (January, 2011), “ Killer year caps
deadly decade - reducing disaster impact is "critical" says top UN disaster official,” in
http://www.unisdr.org/archive/17613 accessed January 7,2012.
Upreti ishal Nath (2006) THE NEXUS BETWEEN NATURAL DISASTERS AND DEVELOPMENT: KEY
POLICY ISSUES IN MEETING THE MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS AND POVERTY ALLEVIATION,
Policy Paper 27, Economic Policy Network, Government of Nepal/ Ministry of Finance and Asian
Development Bank.
110
Υ㧚ࠣ࡞ࡊ㧞
㧝㧚ᵴേⷐ
ᐔᚑ ᐕᐲ࿖㓙↢␠ળ⎇ⓥࡦ࠲ ᵴേⷐ
ࠣ࡞ࡊ㧞 ⷰޟశಽ㊁ߦ߅ߌࠆౝ⊒⊛⊒ዷ⎇ߩޠⓥᵴേⷐ
࿖㓙↢␠ળ⎇ⓥࡦ࠲ ࠣ࡞ࡊ㧞
ᄢቇ㒮࿖㓙ၞቇ⎇ⓥ⑼ ᢎ ⭯ᧁਃ↢㧘ฎደ⑲᮸
㧝㧚⎇ⓥ⋡⊛ߣౝኈ
2010 ᐕߩ⸰ᣣᄖ࿖ੱᣏⴕ⠪ᢙߪ⚂ 860 ਁੱߦߩ
⎇ⓥߩⷐ㧦Sustainable Financing of National
߷ࠅ㧘
ⷰశߦࠃࠆᄢ߈ߥ⚻ᷣലᨐ߇ᦼᓙߐࠇߡࠆ㧚
Parks and Protected Areas ߣ߁ᄢ㗴ߩਅߢᚒ
ⷰశߪ㐿⊒ㅜ࿖ߢ߽⚻ᷣᝄ⥝㧘ᄖ⽻₪ᓧᚻᲑߣߒ
߇࿖ߦ㒢ࠄߕᄙߊߩ⎇ⓥ߇ㅴࠄࠇߡ߈ߡࠆ㧚ߘ
ߡ㊀ⷐߥᓎഀࠍᜂ߁ߣߣ߽ߦ㧘
ઁ↥ᬺ߳ߩᵄലᨐ㧘
ߩ㓙ߩ㕙Ԙ㧧ਇలಽߣ⠨߃ࠄࠇߡࠆ࿖┙
㓹↪⠪ᢙߩⷰὐ߆ࠄ߽࿖ౝ⚻ᷣߦᄢ߈ߥലᨐࠍਈ߃
⼔ၞߩ⥄ὼ⼔ߣㆡᱜ▤ℂߩߚߩ⾌↪ࠍಣ
ࠆߣ⠨߃ࠄࠇࠆ㧚
ߢߤ߁߹߆ߥߞߡߊߩ߆ߣ߁ࠕࡊࡠ࠴㧘߮
ߎߩࠃ߁ߦⷰޟశߪޠ㧘㊀ⷐߥ⚻ᷣᝄ⥝ߩࠛࡦࠫ
㕙ԙ㧧ⓥᭂߩ Ecotourism Destinations ߩᄙߊࠍ
ࡦߣߒߡ⟎ߠߌࠄࠇࠆ߽ߩߩ㧘ⷰశ⾗Ḯ߇ޟ
ᛴ߃ࠆ࿖┙⼔ၞߩ Sustainable Use ࠍㅢ
⽷ߩߡߒߣޠᕈ⾰ࠍᜬߟߚߦᄖㇱ⚻ᷣ߇⊒↢ߒ㧘
ߒߚၞ㓸⪭߳ߩ⚻ᷣ␠ળ⊛⽸₂ࠍ Carrying
ࡈࠗ࠳ߦࠃࠆ⾗Ḯߩᶖ⾌㧘Ảߩࠬࡇ࡞ࠝ
Capacity ߣⷰశߩ߽ߚࠄߔ⽶ߩലᨐߣ߽㑐ㅪઃߌ
ࡃ߇↢ߓ㧘․ߦ⚻ᷣ␠ળ᭴ㅧ߇ᧂ⊒㆐ߥ㐿⊒
ߡࠕࡊࡠ࠴ߔࠆ⎇ⓥࠍ㧘
࿖㓙⥄ὼ⼔ㅪว(IUCN)
ㅜ࿖ߢ㗴ߣߥࠆ㧚ߎࠇࠄߪ㧘⾗Ḯ⼔ߩⷰὐ߆
⇇⼔ၞᆔຬળ(WCPA)ࡔࡦࡃߣߒߡ߽⛮⛯
ࠄᄢ߈ߥ㗴ߢࠆߣߣ߽ߦ㧘ᄙ᭽ߥਥߩሽߦ
⊛ߦផㅴߔࠆ㧚
ࠃࠆวᗧᒻᚑߩ࿎㔍ߐ㧘ⷰశᏒ႐ߦ߅ߌࠆ᭽ߥޘਇ
٨ᎹẴ ෘᔒ
⏕ታᕈߦࠃࠆㄭⷞ⌒⊛ߥ↪㧘ੂ㐿⊒ߥߤ߽ⷰޟశޠ
⎇ⓥ࠹ࡑ㧦࠲ࠗߦ߅ߌࠆዊⷙᮨ᳃⚵❱ࠍනߣ
⾗Ḯ߇૬ߖᜬߟ․ᕈߣ߃ࠆ㧚
ߒߚࠦࡒࡘ࠾࠹ࠖ㐿⊒ߦ㑐ߔࠆ⎇ⓥ
ߎࠇࠄߩ㗴ὐࠍసߒ㧘ᜬ⛯น⢻ߥⷰశታߩ
⎇ⓥߩⷐ㧦࠲ࠗో࿖ߩㇺᏒ⽺࿎ጀࠦࡒࡘ࠾࠹ࠖߦ
ߚߦߪ㧘⽷ߩᜬߟ㕖ឃ㒰ᕈ㧘㕖┹วᕈࠍ⋥
߅ߡⅣႺᢛࠍⴕ߁ߎߣࠍ⋡⊛ߦ㧘2003 ᐕ߆ࠄ
ߒߥ߇ࠄ㧘ၞߩⷰశ⾗Ḯߩଔ୯ࠍ⋥ߒ㧘㐳ᦼ⊛
Baan Mankong Program ߇㐿ᆎߐࠇߚ㧚ߎߩෳടဳ㐿
ⷞὐߦ┙ߞߚ↪㧘⼔ߩ⚵ߺࠍ⏕┙ߐߖࠆߣߣ
⊒ᬺߢߪ㧘ࠝࡦࠨࠗ࠻߆ࠄࡠࠤ࡚ࠪࡦ߹ߢ㧘
߽ߦ㧘ၞ᳃߇ࠃࠅኒធߦ㧘ਥ⊛ߦ㑐ࠊߞߚᜬ
ߎࠇ߹ߢߦ⫾Ⓧߐࠇߚ㐿⊒ᣇᑼߩਛ߆ࠄߦㆬᛯ
⛯น⢻ߥⷰశᝄ⥝ࠪࠬ࠹ࡓߩ᭴▽߇ᕆോߣ߃ࠆ㧚
ߔࠆߎߣߦߥߞߡࠆ߇㧘ߎࠇࠄߦᣂߚߥ㐿⊒ᣇᑼ
ᧄࠣ࡞ࡊߢߪએࠍᔨ㗡ߦ㧘6 ੱߩࡔࡦࡃߘ
ߣߒߡ㧘ၞౝߢዊⷙᮨߥ᳃⚵❱ࠍ⚵❱ൻߒߡౣ
ࠇߙࠇߩኾ㐷㗔ၞߦଐߒߡ㧘⥄ὼℂቇ/ⅣႺ⺰㧘
㐿⊒߿ᡷༀဳߩᬺࠍㆀⴕߒߡߊᣇᑼ߇ടࠊߞߡ
ၞ▤ℂ⺰㧘ⷰశቇ㧘ㇺᏒⷰశㅢ㧘࠱࠻㐿
ࠆ㧚ߎࠇࠄዷ㐿߆ࠄዊⷙᮨ᳃⚵❱ߩ․ᕈࠍ
⊒⸘↹⺰╬ߩᄙⷺ⊛ߥⷞὐ߆ࠄ㧘ౝ⊒⊛⊒ዷ㧘ᜬ⛯
ࠄ߆ߦߒ㧘ࠊ߇࿖ߩ߹ߜߠߊࠅ߿ၞᝄ⥝߳ߩዉ
น⢻ߥⷰశߩታᣇ╷ࠍࠄ߆ߦߔࠆߎߣࠍ⋡⊛ߣ
ߩน⢻ᕈߦߟߡ⠨ኤߔࠆ㧚
ߒߡࠆ㧚
٨ፉᎹ ፏ
⎇ⓥ࠹ࡑ㧦ක≮ⷰశ⎇ⓥ
㧞㧚⎇ⓥຬߩ⎇ⓥ࠹ࡑ
⎇ⓥߩⷐ㧦ᚢ೨ߪ㧘ዬ߆ࠄ㔌ࠇߡᴦ≮ߔࠆォ
٨⭯ᧁ ਃ↢㧔ࠨࡉࠣ࡞ࡊ࠳㧕
≮ᴺ߇⚿ᩭ߿༎ᕷߩᖚ⠪ߦኻߒߡⴕࠊࠇߡߚ㧚
⎇ ⓥ ࠹ ࡑ 㧦 Ecotourism and Environmental
ߎߎߦ߈ߡ㧘♖⊛∔ᖚ߿ࠕ࡞ࠡᕈ∔ᖚ╬㧘ᛩ
Education: its Economic and Social Contribution
⮎ᴦ≮ਛᔃߩක≮ߢߪലߥ⸃߇ࠄࠇߥ∔ᖚ
to the Local Communities
ߦኻߒߡォ≮ᴺߩലᨐ߇ᡷߡ⋥ߐࠇߡࠆ㧚
115
කቇ⊛ࠛࡆ࠺ࡦࠬߩขᓧߪකቇߩኾ㐷ኅߦᆔߨ㧘ᣏ
䇸ⷰశ䇹䈱․㐳䋺⽷(ᄖㇱᕈ䋬䊐䊥䊷䊤䉟䉻䊷)
వߣߒߡߚߛⓨ᳇ߩ↰⥢ߦⴕߊߣ߁ࡌ࡞ࠍ
߃ߡ㧘రߩੱߩ㘩㧘↢ᵴ⠌ᘠ㧘ାઔ╬㧘ⷰశ
⾗Ḯ䈱ౣ⹏ଔ,⊒ជ(ፉᎹ,ක≮ⷰశ)
ߣߒߡߩ㝯ജࠍ✚ว⊛ߦᬌ⸛ߒߡ㧘ක≮ⷰశ࠺ࠬ࠹
ࠖࡀ࡚ࠪࡦࠍ㐿ᜏߔࠆߎߣࠍ⋡⊛ߣߔࠆ㧚
᧪⸰⠪䈱↪ᗧะ(ၳ,ㅢ䉰䊷䊎䉴)
٨ฎደ ⑲᮸
᳃䈮䉋䉎ౝ⊒䈱ដ䈔(ᎹẴ,䉺䉟䍃䉮䊚䊠䊆䊁䉞)
⎇ⓥ࠹ࡑ㧦ࠕࠫࠕ⻉࿖ߦ߅ߌࠆⷰశᝄ⥝ߦ㑐ߔࠆ
⎇ⓥ
↪䈫⼔䈱䊋䊤䊮䉴(⭯ᧁ,䉣䉮䉿䊷䊥䉵䊛)
↪䍃⼔䈱⚵䉂(ฎደ,ⴕ䍃ᐲ)
⎇ⓥߩⷐ㧦ࠗࡦ࠼ࡀࠪࠕ㧘㖧࿖㧘࠲ࠗ㧘ࡕࡦࠧ࡞
╬ࠍߣࠅߍ㧘ฦ࿖ߩⷰశ╷㧘ㅢ╷ߩ⁁ࠍ
ಽᨆ(᧻,䊤䉫䉳䊞䊥䊷䊶䊥䉹䊷䉿)
ᛠីߒ㧘ⷰశᝄ⥝ߩߚߩ⚵❱㧘ᴺᐲ㧘੍▚╬ߩ
ౝ⊒⊛⊒ዷ䋬ᜬ⛯น⢻䈭ⷰశ䈱ታᣇ╷䈱⏕┙
ᛠីࠍⴕ߁㧚ߘࠇࠄߣᣣᧄߣߩᲧセࠍⴕߥ߇ࠄ㧘
࿑ 1 ⎇ⓥ࠹ࡑ㨯⎇ⓥຬ㑆ߩ㑐ㅪ
ⷰశᝄ⥝ߩലᨐ╬ߩ⠨ኤࠍⴕ߁㧚
٨ၳ 㓷ㅢ
⎇ⓥ࠹ࡑ㧦ࠕࠫࠕ㐿⊒ㅜၞ߳ߩ IC ࠞ࠼ਸ਼
㧟㧚ᐕᐲߩᵴേౝኈ
ゞዉߩน⢻ᕈߦ㑐ߔࠆ⎇ⓥ
ࠣ࡞ࡊߦ߅ߌࠆข⚵ߣߒߡ㧘࿖㓙ࠪࡦࡐࠫ࠙ࡓ
⎇ⓥߩⷐ㧦IC ࠞ࠼ਸ਼ゞߪ㧘ࠊ߇࿖ߩߺߥࠄߕ㧘
ⷰޟశߣౝ⊒⊛⊒ዷ㧦ᜬ⛯น⢻ߥⷰశߠߊࠅࠍ⋡
㚅᷼㧘ࠪࡦࠟࡐ࡞ߥߤ㧘ࠕࠫࠕߩᄙߊߩㇺᏒߦ߅
ᜰߒߡ ޠᐕ ᣣࠍ㐿ߒߚ㧚ᧄࠪࡦࡐ
ߡߘߩዉ߇ࠄࠇࠆ㧚IC ࠞ࠼ਸ਼ゞߪ㧘ㅢ
ࠫ࠙ࡓߩ⋡⊛ߪ㧘ⷰశߦ߅ߌࠆౝ⊒⊛⊒ዷታߩߚ
ߩࠪࡓࠬൻߦ⽸₂ߔࠆߛߌߢߥߊ㧘ㇺᏒౝⷰశ
ߦᔅⷐߣߥࠆ᧦ઙ㧘ⷐ࿃㧘ข⚵ࠍ⺞ᩏࠍㅢߓ
ㆆ߿ၞߩⷰశᝄ⥝ߦነਈߔࠆߎߣ߇ᦼᓙߐࠇࠆ㧚
ߡࠄ߆ߦߔࠆߣߣ߽ߦ㧘ߎࠇࠄࠍ⎇ⓥߔࠆὐᒻ
᧪⊛ߦߪ࿖㓙⊛ߥ⋧↪߽ㄟ߹ࠇࠆ㧚ᧄ⎇ⓥ
ᚑߩߚߦ᧲ධࠕࠫࠕฦ࿖ߩ⎇ⓥ⠪ߣߩᗧ឵㧘
ߪ㧘࿖ౝᄖฦㇺᏒၞߦ߅ߌࠆ IC ࠞ࠼ਸ਼ゞ
ᵹࠍ࿑ࠆߎߣߢࠆ㧚
ߩዉࠍ⺞ᩏߒ㧘ߘߩᯏ⢻ߣᓎഀࠍࠄ߆ߦߔ
ࠪࡦࡐࠫ࠙ࡓߢߪ㧘࠲ࠗ࠲ࡑࠨ࠻ᄢቇߩ࠙ࠜ
ࠆ㧚߹ߚ㧘ࠊ߇࿖ፉᎩㇱ㧔㚅Ꮉ⋵⋥ፉ㧘ᗲᇫ⋵ਛፉ㧕
࡞࠲ࠫࠚࠗࡒ࠰ࡦᢎ߆ࠄޟᜬ⛯น⢻ߥⷰశ⸘
߳ߩዉታ㛎ࠍෳ⠨ߦ㧘ࠕࠫࠕ㐿⊒ㅜၞ
↹ߣ㐿⊒㧙ࠦࡒࡘ࠾࠹ࠖࡌࠬߢߩⷰశ㐿⊒ߦ㑐ߔ
߳ߩዉߩน⢻ᕈࠍߐߋࠆ㧚
ࠆࠠࡖࡄࠪ࠹ࠖࡆ࡞࠺ࠖࡦࠣࡊࡠࠣࡓߣޠ㗴
٨᧻ ବᔒ
ߒߚၮ⺞⻠Ṷ߇ߞߚ㧚ߐࠄߦ㧘ᄢಽ⋵ᐭ᷷ᴰߢ
⎇ⓥ࠹ࡑ㧦᧲ධࠕࠫࠕߢᚑഞߒߡࠆࠣࠫࡖ
ࠍޠࠢࡄࡦࠝ࠙࠻࠶ࡂޟታᣉߒߡࠆ㢬↰ᶈ৻㇢
࠱࠷ߩሽၮ⋚㧘ࠟࡃ࠽ࡦࠬߩࠅᣇߣߘ
᳁
021 ᴺੱࡂ࠶࠻࠙ࠝࡦࡄࠢઍ㧘ᣣᧄߩၞ
ߩᚢ⇛
ౣ↢߅ࠃ߮ᵴᕈൻᣉ╷ߦߟߡ৾’↢᳁
ⷰశᐡ
⎇ⓥߩⷐ㧦᧲ධࠕࠫࠕߦ߅ߌࠆ࠱࠻㐿⊒ߪ㧘
ࠃࠅ⊒߇ࠅ㧘⭯ᧁਃ↢ࡦ࠲ຬߩ࠲ࠗߩ࠼
࿖㓙ⷰశߩᄢ߈ߥฃߌ⋁ߣߒߡᚑഞߒߡࠆ߆ߦ
ࠗࠗࡦ࠲ࡁࡦ࿖┙ߦ߅ߌࠆࠛࠦ࠷࠭ࡓߩ
߃ࠆ߇㧘⥄ὼⅣႺ⎕უ߿ߘߩၞߩࠦࡒࡘ࠾࠹ࠖࠍ
ᝄ⥝ߩ⚫ߩᓟ㧘ᵴ⊒ߥ⾰⇼ᔕ╵㧘ᗧ឵߇
ಽᢿߒߡ᭴▽ߐࠇ⛯ߌߡࠆ㧚ੱᎿ⊛᭴ㅧ‛ߢ࠱
ߞߚ㧚
᧪႐⠪ߪࡦ࠲ຬએᄖߦቇᄖⷰశ㑐ଥ⠪㧘
࠻ߩ⥄ὼ᥊ⷰࠍᳪᨴߒߡࠆ㧚ߎࠇࠄߪ㧘⚻༡⠪
ቇ↢ߢࠅ㧘⚂ ฬߩෳട⠪ࠍᢙ߃ߚ㧚߹ߚ㧘ࠪ
ߩࠟࡃ࠽ࡦࠬߩࠅᣇ߿㧘ߘߩືቇ߿⟤ᗧ⼂ߦ⺖㗴
ࡦࡐࠫ࠙ࡓߩ⠉ᣣߦ㧘
ߩ⚫ߥߤࠍㅢߓߡ㧘
߇ᄙ㧚⚻༡ᚢ⇛ࠍ㧘ౕ⊛ߦ⠨ኤߔࠆ㧚
ᦝߦ⼏⺰ࠍᷓࠆߚߦ࿖㓙ࡢ࡚ࠢࠪ࠶ࡊߜ߹ޟ
ߠߊࠅߩߚߩᜬ⛯น⢻ߥⷰశߠߊࠅࠍޠ㐿ߒ
ߚ㧚⻠Ṷ⠪ߪ㧘ፉᎹፏࡦ࠲⎇ⓥຬ㧔⊒࠲ࠗ࠻
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,CRCP㧕
㧘ࡀࠬࡃࡠࡔࠗ᳁㧔ࡊࡁࡦࡍࡦ₺┙ᄢቇⷰ
శ ቇ ⑼ ᢎ 㧚 %CUG 5VWFKGU QH 6QWTKUO CPF
116
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ࠆࠕࡦࠦ࡞ࡢ࠶࠻ㄝၞߥࠄ߮ߦࡊࠕࡆࡅࠕ
ࠬ࠽ࠗ᳁㧔࠲ࡑࠨ࠻ᄢቇࠗࡁࡌ࡚ࠪࡦࠞ
ㄝၞߩⷰశၞߩో▤ℂࠍⴕ߁
࠶ࠫ㧚%CUG5VWFKGUQH%QOOWPKV[2NCPPKPIHQT
#25#4#
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6QWTKUO&GXGNQROGPVKP6JCKNCPF㧕
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ߎࠇࠄࠍㅢߓߡ㧘ౝ⊒⊛⊒ዷߩߚߩࠠࡢ࠼ߣ
280#
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ߒߡ㧘⋡ᮡߩ
⽺࿎㧘ᬺߩ⛮⛯ࠍෳട⠪㑆ߢ
േߦߟߡࠄ߆ߦߒߚ㧚
ၳ㓷ㅢ⎇ⓥຬߪ㧘+% ࠞ࠼ਸ਼ゞߩᯏ⢻ߣᓎഀߦ
⏕ߔࠆߣߣ߽ߦ㧘ὐᒻᚑߩߚߦ㧘࠲ࠗ㧘ࠞࡦ
ߟߡ㧘ᄢㇺᏒ㧘ᣇㇺᏒ߮ፉᎩㇱߩዉ
ࡏࠫࠕ╬ߣߩࠦࡀ࡚ࠢࠪࡦࠍᒻᚑߢ߈ߚ㧚
ᰴߦ㧘ฦ⎇ⓥຬߩᧄᐕᐲߩ⎇ⓥᚑᨐࠍ␜ߔ㧚
ࠍෳ⠨ߦ㧘ⷰశᝄ⥝ߣ߹ߜߠߊࠅߦⷞὐࠍ⟎ߚ⠨
⭯ᧁਃ↢⎇ⓥຬߪ㧘᧲ධࠕࠫࠕ╬ߦ߅ߌࠆฦ⒳
ኤߣಽᨆࠍㅴߚ㧚ߘߩਛߢ߽․ߦ㧘⋡ⷡߒ⊒ዷ
⼔ၞߩ▤ℂߩ㗴ὐߣ⺖㗴ࠍᢛℂߔࠆߣߣ߽ߦ㧘
ࠍߣߍࠆ㔚ሶࡑࡀᯏ⢻ઃ߈ㅢ♽ +% ࠞ࠼ਸ਼ゞ
ࡦ࠲⺞ᩏࡒ࠶࡚ࠪࡦߦ߅ߡࠞࡦࡏࠫࠕߩࡊ
ߦߟߡ㧘྾࿖ፉᎩㇱߩዉࠍಽᨆߒߚ㧚
᧻ବᔒ⎇ⓥຬߪ㧘࠲ࠗߣࡈࠖࠫߩⷰశ㐿⊒ߩ
ࡂࡆࡅࠕኹ㒮╬ߩᜬ⛯น⢻ߥⷰశ㐿⊒⺞ᩏࠍታ
Ყセ⎇ⓥࠍⴕߞߚ㧚ⷰశ㐿⊒ߦౝ⊒⊛⊒ዷࠍᦼᓙߢ
ᣉߒߚ㧚
ᎹẴෘᔒ⎇ⓥຬߪ㧘 ᐕߦ %1&+ ߦࠃࠅ $/2
߈ࠆⅣႺࠍഃࠅߔߦߪ㧘᳃ᣖ♽ర⾗ᧄߩⷰశ↥
ᬺߩ ࡄࠗࡠ࠶࠻ࡊࡠࠫࠚࠢ࠻ߦㆬቯߐࠇߚၞ
ᬺ߇⢒ߚߥߌࠇ߫ߘߩน⢻ᕈߪૐ㧚߹ߚరⷰశ
ߩ߁ߜ㧘⇣ߥࠆ㐿⊒ߩ․ᓽ߇ߺࠄࠇߚ࠰ࡦࠢ⋵
↥ᬺߦᛩਅ⾗ᧄࠍଏ⛎ߔࠆ㌁ⴕ߿⸽Ꮢ႐߇ሽߒ
ߩࠟࠝࡦࠍᣂߚߦኻ⽎ߣߒ㧘ࡏࡦࠟࠗߣ
ߥߌࠇ߫ౝ⊒⊛⊒ዷߪࠅ߃ߥ㧚ߎߩὐ߆ࠄ࠲ࠗ
ߩᲧセࠍㅢߒߡዊⷙᮨ᳃⚵❱ߩᓎഀߣ⺖㗴ࠍಽᨆ
ߩⷰశ↥ᬺߪ᳃ᣖ♽㊄Ⲣᯏ㑐ߣࠪࡦࠟࡐ࡞ߩ⪇
ߒ㧘ߎߩ᳃⚵❱ࠍනߣߒߚ㐿⊒ᚻᴺߩน⢻ᕈࠍ
♽⸽Ꮢ႐߇⢒ߞߡ߅ࠅ㧘࠲ࠗߩⷰశ↥ᬺߩ⢒ᚑ߇
⠨ኤߒߚ㧚
ㅴࠎߢࠆ㧚ߒ߆ߒࡈࠖࠫߪᣥቬ㚂࿖ߩ⧷࿖ߩ⍾
ፉᎹፏ⎇ⓥຬߪ㧘ක≮ⷰశࠍ⎇ⓥ࠹ࡑߦขࠅ⚵
♧ࠠࡆߩࡊࡦ࠹࡚ࠪࡦߣߒߡߩ DNA ࠍࠅㄟ
ࠎߢࠆ㧚ࡈࠖࡇࡦߪ߽⽺ንߩᏅ߇ỗߒߊ㧘
߹ࠇߡ߅ࠅ㧘⍾♧ଔᩰߩ⪭ߢㄘᬺ࿖ߣߒߡߪ↢߈
ߚࠆᚲߦࠬࡓ߽ሽߔࠆ㧚ߘߩࠃ߁ߥ⁁ᴫߩߚ
ߡߌߥ⁁ᴫߦࠆߎߣࠍࠄ߆ߦߒߚ㧚
㧘࿖᳃ߩߔߴߡ߇ḩ⿷ߦᦨᣂක≮ߩᕲᕺࠍⵍࠆߎ
㧠㧚᧪ᐕᐲߩዷᦸ
ߣ߇᧪ߥ㧚⽺࿎ߦ⧰ߒ࿖᳃ߪ㧘∛᳇ߦߥߞߚ
ᤨߦߪߢ߽⑄ߦࠃࠆᴦ≹ࠍⴕߞߚࠅ㧘⿷ⵣ㧛ో
ᐕᐲߦ߅ߡߪ㧘⎇ⓥຬฦߡ߅ߦޘ㧘ߐࠄߦ
りߩࡑ࠶ࠨࠫࠍⴕߞߡⴊᵹࠍࠬࡓ࠭ߦߔࠆߎߣ
⎇ⓥࠍㅴࠆߎߣߣߥࠆ㧚ߔߥࠊߜ㧘⛮⛯⊛ߦᶏᄖ
ߦࠃࠅᴦ≹ࠍߪ߆ߞߚࠅߒߡࠆ㧚ߎߩ⁁ᴫࠍㅒᚻ
ߦ߅ߌࠆࡈࠖ࡞࠼⺞ᩏ߿㑐ଥᯏ㑐ߣߩᗧ
ߦߣߞߡ㧘
ᣂߒක≮߿⮎ߩᕲᕺࠍⵍࠅߥ߇ࠄ߽㧘
឵ࠍⴕ㧘ᧄᐕᐲࠄ߆ߦߐࠇߚౝኈߩᷓᐲൻࠍߪ
⮎ޟẃߌߦ߁ࠃࠆ߇⪲⸒ߩߣޠߒߡḩ⿷ᐲ߇㜞
߆ࠅߥ߇ࠄ㧘 ᐕ⋡ߩขࠅ߹ߣࠍ⋡ᮡߣߔࠆ㧚
ߊߪߥක≮ಽ㊁߇ሽߔࠆᣣᧄੱࠍ࠲ࠥ࠶࠻ߦ㧘
߹ߚ㧘ᧄᐕᐲⴕߞߚ⎇ⓥᚑᨐࠍߣࠅ߹ߣ㧘ቇળ
ᣂߚߥක≮ⷰశ⚛᧚ߣߥࠅ߁ࠆ߆ᬌ⸛ߒߡߺࠆ
ߥߤߦ⊒ߔࠆઁ㧘᭽ߥޘᒻߢᚑᨐߩࠍⴕ߁ߣ
߇ࠆߣ್ᢿߒߡ⺞ᩏߦ⌕ᚻߒ㧘ߦߪᐔᚑ 23
ߣߣ߽ߦ㧘
ࡢ࡚ࠢࠪ࠶ࡊ╬ߢߩᗧ឵ࠍㅢߓߡ㧘
ᐕ 2 20 ᣣ߆ࠄ 2 25 ᣣ߹ߢṛߒ㧘ࡈࠖ࡞࠼
ࠃࠅ⎇ⓥࠍᷓࠆ㧚ߎࠇࠄࠍㅢߓߡ⎇ߩޘⓥຬߩ
⺞ᩏࠍⴕߞߚ㧚
⎇ⓥᚑᨐࠍ♽ൻߒ㧚ౝ⊒⊛⊒ዷߣߘߩᜬ⛯น⢻ᕈ
ฎደ⑲᮸⎇ⓥຬߪ㧘ࠞࡦࡏࠫࠕࠍኻ⽎ߣߒߡ㧘
ߩߚߩᣉ╷㧘㧘ᴺᐲ㧘ข⚵ࠍࠄ߆ߦߒ㧘
߳ߩ⸰⺞ᩏ
ᐔᚑ ᐕ ਅᣨ㧘
⚂㧝ㅳ㑆ṛ
ࠣ࡞ࡊ ోߣߒߡߩขࠅ߹ߣࠆ߽ߩߣߔࠆ㧚
ߥࠄ߮ߦᢥ₂⺞ᩏ╬ߦࠃࠆⷰశᝄ⥝߳ߩข⚵ߺߩታ
ᘒᛠីࠍⴕߞߚ㧚ౕ⊛ߦߪ㧘ࠞࡦࡏࠫࠕߩ⁁ࠍ
ⷰߒߚᓟ㧘ᐭߩข⚵ߺߥࠄ߮ߦ⇇ㆮ↥ࠍߔ
117
㧞㧚⎇ⓥႎ๔
ᐔᚑ 23 ᐕᐲ࿖㓙↢␠ળ⎇ⓥࡦ࠲ ⎇ⓥⷐ
ࠦࡒࡘ࠾࠹ࠖ㐿⊒ߦ߅ߌࠆዊⷙᮨ᳃⚵❱ߩലᕈ
࿖㓙↢␠ળ⎇ⓥࡦ࠲ ࠣ࡞ࡊ 2 ⎇ⓥຬ
࿖㓙ၞቇㇱ ഥᢎ ᎹẴ ෘᔒ
A Study on Efficacy of Community Development Based on Activities of Small Neighborhood Groups
ߪߓߦ
ߩᗧะ߇㐿⊒ߦᤋߐࠇߥޕԙᬺߦวᗧߒߥ
ㄭᐕޔ㐿⊒ㅜ࿖ߢߪ⚻ᷣᚑ㐳ߦㇺᏒⓨ㑆
᳃ෳടߒߥ᳃ߪޔࠎߢߚၞ߆ࠄ
ߩᕆㅦߥᦝᣂߣᄢ߇ᄙ᭽ߥㇺᏒ㗴ࠍ↢ߐ
ᒝ᠗ߐࠇࠆน⢻ᕈࠍឃ㒰ߢ߈ߥޕ
ߖߡࠆޕ࿖ㅪੱ㑆ዬ⸘↹㧔UN-HABITAT㧕ߩ
ߎࠇߦኻߒޔዊⷙᮨߥ᳃⚵❱ߩ⚵❱ൻߦࠃࠅ
ផ⸘ߦࠃࠇ߫ޔ2005 ᐕᤨὐߢ⇇ߩㇺᏒੱญ 31
ࠕࡊࡠ࠴ߔࠆ㐿⊒ᣇᑼߪ┙↹⸘ޔ᩺Ბ㓏߆ࠄ
ం 7 ජਁੱߩ߁ߜ⚂ 3 ഀ ⚂ޔ10 ంੱ߇ࠬࡓ
ᬺᓟߩ⛽ᜬ▤ℂᲑ㓏߹ߢߩ৻ㅪߩ㐿⊒ㆊ⒟ߦ
ၞߦዬߒߡ߅ࠅߩߘޔ߽߆ߒޔᢙߪᐕ₸ 2.2%
߅ߡ᳃ߩ⊒ᗧ߿ᗧᕁࠍ⚵ߺㄟߎߣ߇น⢻
1㧕
ߩഀวߢჇടߒߡࠆ ޕㇺᏒ⽺࿎ጀߩᄢߪޔ
ߢࠆߚߒ߁ߎޕ㐿⊒ᣇᑼߪ࠶ࠫࠢࡠࠢࠗࡑޔ
ㇺᏒߩ⊒ዷߦߣߞߡᄢ߈ߥ⺖㗴ߢࠅޔኻᔕߒߚ
࠻߆ࠄหᑪᦧ߃〝߿ࠬࡍࠬࡦࡊࠝߡߒߘޔ
ᣉ╷ߩዷ㐿߇᳞ࠄࠇߡࠆߩࠕࠫࠕޕ㐿⊒ㅜ
ߥߤ⊛ߥዬⓨ㑆ߩ࠺ࠩࠗࡦ߹ߢ࠰߫ࠊޔ
࿖ߦ߅ߌࠆㇺᏒ⽺࿎ጀࠍኻ⽎ߦߒߚ㐿⊒╷ߪޔ
ࡈ࠻ߣࡂ࠼ࠍ൮ߒߡ߅ࠅޔ᳃ਥߩ߹ߜߠ
ߥߤߩ࠰ࡈ࠻㕙ߣቛᡷༀߥߤߩࡂ࠼㕙
ߊࠅߣ߁ⷰὐ߆ࠄᵈ⋡ߔߴ߈߽ߩߣ⠨߃ࠆ 3㧕ޕ
ߢߩᬺࠍㆀⴕߔࠆࠦࡒࡘ࠾࠹ࠖ㐿⊒ᣇᑼ߇ਥ
ࠦࡒࡘ࠾࠹ࠖ㐿⊒ߦ߅ߌࠆዊⷙᮨ᳃⚵❱ࠍන
ᵹߣߥߞߡࠆޕ
ߣߒߚ㐿⊒ᚻᴺߦ㑐ߒߡߪޔᣢߦ৻ႎ 3㧕ߐࠇߡ
߅ࠅࠢࠦࡦࡃޔㇺߩࡏࡦࠟࠗ BMP ╙ 1 ࡈࠚ࠭
ᧄ⎇ⓥߢኻ⽎ߣߒߚ࠲ࠗߢ߽ޔ㐿⊒߇ㅴઁߩ
2㧕
⻉࿖ߣห᭽ߩ⚻ㆊࠍㄡߞߡࠆ ޕ2003 ᐕߦߪ
㧔એਅࡏࡦࠟࠗ㧕ࠍኻ⽎ߦޔዊⷙᮨ᳃
ᐭ♽ߩࠦࡒࡘ࠾࠹ࠖ⚵❱㐿⊒ᯏ᭴㧔Community
⚵❱ࠍㅢߒߚࠦࡒࡘ࠾࠹ࠖ㐿⊒ߩ․ᕈߦߟߡ
Organizations Development Instituteޔએਅ CODI㧕
ᜰ៰ߐࠇߡࠆޕ
ߩᡰេࠍฃߌోࠗ࠲ޔ࿖ߩㇺᏒ⽺࿎ጀ 2000
ᧄⓂߪޔ2003 ᐕߦ CODI ߦࠃࠅ BMP ᬺߩ 10
30 ਁᏪߩⅣႺᡷༀࠍⴕ߁ߎߣࠍ⋡⊛ߦޔBaan
ࡄࠗࡠ࠶࠻ࡊࡠࠫࠚࠢ࠻ߦㆬቯߐࠇߚၞߩ߁
Mankong Program
㧔એਅ BMP ᬺ㧕
߇㐿ᆎߐࠇߚޕ
ߜࠆߥ⇣ޔ㐿⊒ߩ․ᓽ߇ߺࠄࠇߚ࠰ࡦࠢ⋵ߩ
ߎߩᄢⷙᮨߥ᳃ෳടဳߩ㐿⊒ᬺߪࠗࠨࡦࠝޔ
ࠟࠝࡦࠍᣂߚߦኻ⽎ߣߒࠗࠟࡦࡏޔߣ
࠻㧔on-site㧕߆ࠄࡠࠤ࡚ࠪࡦ㧔re-location㧕ߦ
ߩᲧセࠍㅢߒߡዊⷙᮨ᳃⚵❱ߩᓎഀߣ⺖㗴ࠍ
⥋ࠆ߹ߢ⫾ޔⓍߐࠇߚ㐿⊒ᣇᑼߩਛ߆ࠄߦㆬ
ಽᨆߒߩߎޔ᳃⚵❱ࠍනߣߒߚ㐿⊒ᚻᴺߩน
ᛯߔࠆߎߣߦߥߞߡࠆ߇ߦࠄࠇߎޔᣂߚߥ㐿⊒
⢻ᕈࠍ⠨ኤߔࠆޕ
ᣇᑼߣߒߡࠖ࠹࠾ࡘࡒࠦޔౝߩ⋧㓞㑐ଥߦၮ␆ߠ
ߌࠄࠇߚዊⷙᮨߥ᳃⚵❱ࠍࠦࡒࡘ࠾࠹ࠖౝߦ
1㧚ᣢᓔ⎇ⓥߦ߅ߌࠆዊⷙᮨ᳃⚵❱ߩ⟎ߠߌ
ዊ㓸࿅ߩቯ⟵ߦߟߡ㕍ᄦ㧔1980㧕4㧕ߪޔ
⚵❱ൻߒߡߩ❱⚵ߩߘޔਛߢ⾂⫾ᵴേࠍࡌࠬߣ
ߒߚౣ㐿⊒߿ᡷༀဳ㐿⊒ࠍㆀⴕߒߡߊᣇᑼ߇
Ԙኻ㕙⊛ߥ㧔face-to-face㧕ߥ㑐ଥߢࠆߎߣޔԙ
ടࠊߞߡࠆߩߘޕℂ↱ߪޔㇺᏒ⽺࿎ጀࠍኻ⽎ߦ
ᚑຬߩ㑆ߦ⋧↪㧔interaction㧕߇ⴕࠊࠇߡࠆ
ߒߚౣ㐿⊒߿ᡷༀဳ㐿⊒ߩߕࠇߦ߅ߡ߽ᰴ
ߎߣޔԚᚑຬ⋧ߩ㑆ߦੱ⊛ߥ㧔as a individual
ߩࠃ߁ߥ⺖㗴߇ߍࠄࠇߚߎߣߦࠃࠆޕԘోߩ
person㧕ශ⽎߿⍮ⷡࠍߔࠆߎߣ߁ߣޔਃߟߩ
วᗧᒻᚑߦ߅ߡⴕᯏ㑐߿ࠦࡒࡘ࠾࠹ࠖ
᧦ઙ߇ᔅⷐߢࠆߎߣࠍ␜ߒߡࠆޔࠅ߹ߟޕ㓸
࠳ߩᗧะ߇వⴕߔࠆߎߣߦࠃࠅޔᔅߕߒ߽᳃
࿅ߩᕈᩰߣߒߡዊ㓸࿅ࠍᝒ߃ߡࠆޕട߃ߡࠪޔ
121
ࠕ࠼Eࡒ࡞࠭㧔1971㧕5㧕ߦࠃࠆߣޔዊ㓸࿅
ᚑߒߡࠆޔࠅࠃߦࠇߎޕᄙ᭽ߥቬᢎ᳃ᣖ߿ߔ
ߩ࠳ࠗ࠽ࡒ࠶ࠢࠬߪޔੱߩᣣᏱ↢ᵴߩㅍࠅᣇߦ
ߢߦੱߢ㐿⊒ࠍታᣉߒߡߚ᳃ޔᬺෳടߩ
ᓇ㗀ߔࠆߣߒߡ߅ࠅ⋧߽ࠄ߆ߣߎߩߎޔ㓞㑐ଥࠍ
᧦ઙࠍࠢࠕߢ߈ߥ߆ߞߚ᳃ޔቛᡷༀ߳ෳട
ၮ⺞ߣߒߚ⚵❱ൻߪ㊀ⷐߢࠆޕ
ߒߥ߆ߞߚ᳃㧔ᶖᭂ⊛᳃㧕ࠄࠍዊⷙᮨ᳃⚵
❱ߣߒߡ㐿⊒ၞߩਛߦ൮ߒࡠࡉߩࠇߙࠇߘޔ
2㧚ߦߺࠆዊⷙᮨ᳃⚵❱ߩ․ᕈ
࠶ࠢߢߩㆬᛯ⊛ߥ㐿⊒ࠍน⢻ߦߒߡࠆޕ
ࡏࡦࠟࠗߢߪ߽ߣ߽ߣࠦࡒࡘ࠾࠹ࠖᵴേ
╙ੑߦޔዊⷙᮨ᳃⚵❱߇ࠦࡒࡘ࠾࠹ࠖ㐿⊒ߩ
߇ᵴ⊒ߢߞߚ߇ޔἫἴ߆ࠄߩᣧᦼߩᓳ⥝߇⛔৻
නߣߒߡᯏ⢻ߔࠆߎߣߢޔᬺߩታᣉ߇ኈᤃߦ
ߒߚ࠹ࡑߣߥࠅ〝ޔߏߣߦዊⷙᮨ᳃⚵❱ࠍ
ߥࠅ〝ޔߥߤߩ⊛ⓨ㑆ߩᢛߦ߅ߡ᳃ߩ
ᒻᚑߒޔ㐿⊒ࠍࡈࠚ࠭ߦಽߌߡᲑ㓏⊛ߥౣ㐿⊒
ᗧะࠍᤋߐߖ߿ߔߊߥࠆ৻ޕᣇߢߩߎޔ႐วޔ
㧔re-construction㧕ࠍታᣉߒ〝ޔࠍࠎߛ↹৻⊛
ߩᗧߩᤋߪࠦࡒࡘ࠾࠹ࠖߣߒߡߩో
ߥ࠹ࠬࡂ࠙ࠬဳߩ㓸วቛᑪ⸳ࠍታᣉߒߚ㧔ᣢ
⊛ߥ߹ߣ߹ࠅࠍ៊ߥ߁น⢻ᕈ߽ᜰ៰ߐࠇࠆޕ
3㧕
ᓔ⎇ⓥ㧕 ࡦࠝࠟߪߢߎߎޕߩࠍਥߦޔ
ࠟࠝࡦߣࡏࡦࠟࠗߦ߅ߌࠆዊⷙᮨ
ౝߩࡉࡠ࠶ࠢߏߣߦⶄᢙߩዊⷙᮨ᳃⚵❱
᳃⚵❱ߩᲧセ߆ࠄޔએਅߩߎߣ߇ࠄ߆ߦߥߞ
ࠍᒻᚑߒࡈࡦࠗޔᢛߦߪෳടߒߚ߇ቛᡷༀ
ߚޕ
ߦෳടߒߥ߆ߞߚ᳃߽൮ߒߚᡷༀဳ㐿⊒ߩ
╙৻ߦޟޔዊⷙᮨ᳃⚵❱ߩ⚵❱ൻߡߟߦޠ
ౣ↹ᢛ㧔re-blocking㧕ߦߟߡ⚫ߔࠆ⺞ޕ
ߺࠆߣࠗࠟࡦࡏޔߪ〝නߦᒻᚑߐࠇߡ
ᩏኻ⽎ၞߩᲧセࠍ 1 ߦ␜ߔޕ
ࠆ߇ࡦࠝࠟޔߪࠦࡒࡘ࠾࠹ࠖࠍಽߔࠆ
ࠟࠝࡦߩዊⷙᮨ᳃⚵❱ࠍනߣߒߚ
ၞߩ․ᕈࠍᤋߒߚࡉࡠ࠶ࠢౝߦዊⷙᮨ᳃
㐿⊒ᚻᴺߦߟߡޔᰴߩὐ߇ᜰ៰ߢ߈ࠆޕ
⚵❱߇ᒻᚑߐࠇߡࠆޕ
╙৻ߦޔᣢሽߩ␠ળ᭴ㅧ߇⸘↹߳ᤋߐࠇߡ
╙ੑߦޟޔዊⷙᮨ᳃⚵❱ߦࠃࠆᬺ⸘↹ߩౝ
ࠆޔߪߢߎߎޕᄢⷙᮨߥ㓸⪭ࠍర᧪ߩၞಽࠍ
ኈࠗࠟࡦࡏޔߣࠆߺߡߟߦޠߪޔἫἴ߆ࠄ
↢߆ߒߚਛⷙᮨߥࡉࡠ࠶ࠢߦಽഀߒߩߘߦࠄߐޔ
ߩᓳ⥝߆ࠄߚࠇߐ৻⛔ޔ㐿⊒ၮḰߦၮߠߚਅ᳓
ࡉࡠ࠶ࠢౝߦዊⷙᮨߥ↹නߢ᳃⚵❱ࠍᒻ
〝ߥߤߩࠗࡦࡈᢛߣ㓸ว⊛ߥᚭ⸘↹
1 ⺞ᩏኻ⽎ၞߩᲧセ
䊗䊮䉧䉟
䉧䉥䉶䊮
ౣ㐿⊒䇭㩿㫉㪼㪄㪺㫆㫅㫊㫋㫉㫌㪺㫋㫀㫆㫅㪀
ౣ↹ᢛ䇭䋨㫉㪼㪄㪹㫃㫆㪺㫂㫀㫅㪾㪀
ᬺᓟ
ᬺ೨
㐿⊒ᒻᘒ
ᬺᓟ
ᬺ೨
㪙㪤㪧ᬺ䈻䈱ෳട
Ꮺᢙ
ቛᡷༀ䈻䈱ෳട
Ꮺᢙ
㪉㪇㪇Ꮺ
㪋㪏㪇Ꮺ
㪉㪇㪇Ꮺ
㪈㪉㪎Ꮺ
㪏⚵❱
㪊㪊⚵❱
ੱᢙ䋯⚵❱
㪐䌾㪈㪇ੱ
㪍䌾㪉㪇ੱ
㐿⊒䉝䉪䉺䊷
දห⚵ว䇮ዊⷙᮨ᳃⚵❱䇮᳃
දห⚵ว䇮䊑䊨䉾䉪䉫䊦䊷䊒䇮ዊⷙᮨ᳃⚵❱䇮᳃
ዊⷙᮨ᳃⚵❱ᢙ
ౖ㧦⺞ᩏࠍ߽ߣߦ╩⠪ᚑޕ࿑ߦ㑐ߒߡߪ CODI ࡄࡢࡐࠗࡦ࠻㧔2006㧕6㧕ࠃࠅᒁ↪ޕ
122
ࠍታᣉߒߡࠆ৻ޕᣇࠟࠝࡦߢߪޔᶖᭂ⊛
ࡉࡠ࠶ࠢࠣ࡞ࡊߦឭ᩺ߒߡࠆޕ
᳃߽ᬺ߳ෳടߒߡ߅ࠅߩߣߏࠢ࠶ࡠࡉޔၮḰ
ࠍ⸳ቯߒߚߢਅ᳓〝ߥߤߩࠗࡦࡈᢛ
3㧚߹ߣ
߿ዊⷙᮨ᳃⚵❱ߩනߢߩᛚߦၮߠߊޘ
㧔1㧕ዊⷙᮨ᳃⚵❱ࠍනߣߒߚ㐿⊒․ᕈߣߘ
ߩᏪߦࠃࠆቛᡷༀ⸘↹߇ታⴕߐࠇߡࠆޕ
ߩലᕈ
╙ਃߦޟޔᬺ߳ߩ᳃ߩෳടᒻᘒߡߟߦޠ
ߎߎߢߪߩߢ߹ࠇߎޔ⠨ኤ⚿ᨐࠍ߽ߣߦޔ㐿⊒
ߺࠆߣࠗࠟࡦࡏޔߢߪᬺߦෳടߒߥ᳃
ࡊࡠࠬోߣනਥߣߥߞߡࠆዊⷙᮨ
߿วᗧߒߥ᳃ߪઁߩၞߦ⒖ォߖߑࠆࠍᓧ
᳃⚵❱ߣߩ㑐ଥߦߟߡߺߡߊࠗࠟࡦࡏޕޔ
ߥߣ߁⺖㗴߇ߞߚ߇ޔᓥ᧪߆ࠄߩ⋧㓞㑐ଥ
ࠟࠝࡦߩዊⷙᮨ᳃⚵❱ࠍනߣߒߚ㐿
ࠍၮᧄߣߒߡ৻ޔ⊛ߦ߹ߣ߹ߞߡ߅ࠅޔᬺᓟ
⊒ᚻᴺߪޔዊⷙᮨ᳃⚵❱ߩᵴേౝኈ߆ࠄߺߡߘ
߽ዊⷙᮨ᳃⚵❱߇ࠦࡒࡘ࠾࠹ࠖౝߢᯏ⢻ߒߡ
ࠇߙࠇᰴߩੑߟޟޔဋ╬ဳޟߣޠਇဋ╬൮ဳޠ
ࠆ৻ޕᣇࡦࠝࠟޔߢߪޔᡷༀဳ㐿⊒ߩߚ
ߦಽߌࠄࠇࠆ㧔࿑ 1㧕ࠖ࠹࠾ࡘࡒࠦޕ㐿⊒ߪࠗࡦࡈ
ޔԘࠗࡦࡈᢛߣᚭߩቛᡷༀޔԙࠗࡦࡈ
ᢛ〝ޔߩⅣႺᡷༀߥߤߩࡂ࠼㕙ߩ㐿⊒ല
ᢛߩߺߩޔੑߟߩෳടᒻᘒ߇ㆬᛯߐࠇߡࠆޕ
ᨐߦട߃ߡޔ᳃ߩᗧ⼂ൻ⚵❱ൻޔෳടᵴേߥ
╙྾ߦޟޔቛࡠࡦߩᷣࠪࠬ࠹ࡓߟߦޠ
ߤߩ࠰ࡈ࠻㕙ߩ㐿⊒ലᨐࠍ൮ߒߡࠆߚߎޔ
ߡߺࠆߣࠗࠟࡦࡏޔߢߪዊⷙᮨ᳃⚵❱ࠍ
ߎߢߪߎࠇࠄࠍ৻ߒߡ⊛㗔ၞߣߒߡᝒ߃ߘޔ
↪ߒߚᷣࠪࠬ࠹ࡓߦߥߞߡ߅ࠅޔᷣ߇ṛࠄߥ
ߩᄢࠍ㐿⊒ലᨐߩะߣߒߡࠆޕ
ࠃ߁ߥ㓸࿅ⷙࠍࠣ࡞ࡊౝߦ⸳ߌߡࠆ৻ޕ
╙৻ߦࠗࠟࡦࡏޔߩዊⷙᮨ᳃⚵❱ࠍන
ᣇࡦࠝࠟޔߢߪੱ߆ࠄදห⚵ว߳⋥ធ
ߣߒߚ㐿⊒ᚻᴺߪޔԘᓳ⥝ߦ㓙ߒࠖ࠹࠾ࡘࡒࠦޔ
ᷣࠍⴕߞߡࠆߚޔ2009 ᐕ 9 ᤨὐߢ߽ඨᢙએ
ߣߒߡߩో⊛ߥቯߦ࠳ࠪ࠶ࡊ߇᳞
ߩෳട᳃߇ᷣ࿎㔍ߦ㒱ߞߡࠆޕ
ࠄࠇࠆ႐วߦޔዊⷙᮨߢࠇ߫චಽߥᗧᕁ⇹ㅢ߇
╙ߦޟޔᬺᓟߦ߅ߌࠆዊⷙᮨ᳃⚵❱ߩᵴ
࿑ࠇࠆޔԙ㐿⊒ᖱႎ߇りㄭߦߐࠇޔⅣႺᢛ
േዷ㐿ࠗࠟࡦࡏޔߣࠆߺߡߟߦޠߢߪޔԘ
߇ࠃࠅታലᕈࠍჇߔ⚿ᨐߦߟߥ߇ࠆޔԚዊⷙᮨ
৻ᣣ 5 ࡃ࠷ߩ⾂⫾ᵴേ߇ቛࡠࡦᷣߣਗⴕ
᳃⚵❱⋧ߦ┹ว߁ߎߣߢࠦࡒࡘ࠾࠹ࠖో
ߒߡ㐿ᆎߐࠇߡࠆޔԙ2 ߟߩዊⷙᮨ᳃⚵❱ߢ
ߣߒߡ߽㐿⊒ዷ㐿߇น⢻ߦߥࠆ․߇ޔᓽߣߒߡ
〝ߩోߦߟߡߒวࠊࠇ〝ߦⴝἮࠍ⸳
ߍࠄࠇࠆޕ⸥ԙԚߦ㑐ߒߡޔᬺᓟߦ㧔2011 ᐕ
⟎ߒߡࠆޔԚቛࡠࡦߩᷣߦ㓙ߒߡࠇߘޔ
3 ᤨὐ㧕
〝ߩࠇߙࠇߘޔߢ⇣ߥࠆⅣႺᢛ㧔㔚
ߙࠇߩዊⷙᮨ᳃⚵❱ౝߦ㓸㊄ଥࠅࠍ⸳ߌߡࠣޔ
Ἦߩ⸳⟎㧕߇ߺࠄࠇߚߚߒ߁ߎޕ㐿⊒ᚻᴺߪޟဋ
࡞ࡊߏߣߦදห⚵ว߳ᷣߒߡࠆߤߥޔᣂߚ
╬ဳߩޠౣ㐿⊒ᚻᴺߣߒߡ⟎ߠߌࠄࠇࠆޕ
ߥᵴേߩዷ㐿߇ࠄࠇߚ৻ޕᣇࡦࠝࠟޔߪޔ
╙ੑߦࡦࠝࠟޔߩዊⷙᮨ᳃⚵❱ࠍන
ᬺᓟߩ 2009 ᐕ 9 ᤨὐߢޔዊⷙᮨ᳃⚵❱ߩ
ߣߒߚ㐿⊒ᚻᴺߪޔԘࠦࡒࡘ࠾࠹ࠖోߩวᗧࠍ
ᵴേߪⴕࠊࠇߡ߅ࠄߕ⥄❱⚵ߦߢߔޔ߇⸃ߒ
ขࠅઃߌߥߊߣ߽ዊⷙᮨ᳃⚵❱නߢߩᬺ
ߡࠆޕ
ߩታᣉ߇น⢻ߦߥࠆޔԙ〝ߥߤߩ⊛ⓨ㑆ߩᢛ
╙ߦޟޔᬺ⸘↹ߩቯ߹ߢߩวᗧᒻᚑߦޠ
ߦ߅ߡ⋥ޔធ↪ߔࠆ⋧㓞ߢ߹ߣ߹ࠆߎߣߢ
ߟߡߺࠆߣࠗࠟࡦࡏޔߪޔ᳃ψዊⷙᮨ
᳃ߩᗧะࠍᤋߐߖ߿ߔߊߥࠆޔԚቬᢎ᳃ᣖ
᳃⚵❱ψදห⚵วߢࠅࡦࠝࠟޔߪޔ᳃
ߥߤߩ␠ળ᭴ㅧޔ᳃ߩ↢ᬺࠍᤋߒߚ↢ᵴࠬ࠲
ψዊⷙᮨ᳃⚵❱ψࡉࡠ࠶ࠢࠣ࡞ࡊψදห⚵
ࠗ࡞ߥߤࠢ࠶ࡠࡉޔߩ⁁ᴫࠍ߽ߣߦቛᡷༀ߳
วߣޔ㐿⊒ਥߩ⸳ቯߦᏅ⇣߇ߺࠄࠇࠆ߇ߜߤޔ
ෳടߒߥ᳃߽㐿⊒ߦ൮ߔࠆᣇᑼߢࠅޔዊ
ࠄߩߣ߽ዊⷙᮨ᳃⚵❱࠳ࠍਛᔃߦ
ⷙᮨ᳃⚵❱ౝߦ߅ߌࠆ㐿⊒ߩᏅ⇣ࠍ⚿ᨐߣߒ
᳃߳ߣᖱႎ߇ߐࠇޔวᗧᒻᚑ߇࿑ࠄࠇߚޕ
ߡޔᬺ߳ߩෳടᒻᘒߩㆬᛯ߿วᗧᒻᚑߦ߅
ࡏࡦࠟࠗߪዊⷙᮨ᳃⚵❱ߦ߅ߡߒว
ߡ᳃ߩᄙ᭽ߥᗧะࠍ⚵ߺㄟߺߎߎߣࠍน
ࠊࠇߚቯ㗄߿ਇḩࠍࠦࡒࡘ࠾࠹ࠖߩදห⚵
⢻ߣߔࠆᨵエߥ㐿⊒ࡊࡠࠬ߇ߺࠄࠇࠆޕౣ↹
ว߳ឭ᩺ߒࡦࠝࠟޔߢߪਛⷙᮨ⚵❱ߢࠆ
ᢛߩࠃ߁ߥᡷༀဳ㐿⊒ߢߪޔဋ╬ဳߩ㐿⊒ᚻᴺ
123
ߩࠃ߁ߦ⊛㗔ၞࠍ৻ቯߦᒁ߈ߍߡߊߎߣ
ߘࠇߙࠇߩၞ․ᕈࠍ↢߆ߔ㐿⊒ࠍߔࠆ႐วޔ
ߪ㔍ߒ৻ޕᣇߢߚߒ߁ߎޔ㐿⊒ߩ႐วޔߩ
ߕࠇߦ߅ߡ߽ዊⷙᮨ᳃⚵❱ߪࠦࡒࡘ࠾࠹ࠖ
᭽⁁ߥޘᴫ߿ⅣႺ․ᕈߦኻᔕߔࠆߎߣ߇น⢻ߢ
㐿⊒ࠍផㅴߔࠆනਥߣߒߡലᕈࠍᜂߒ
ࠆߚߒ߁ߎޕ㐿⊒ᚻᴺߪޟਇဋ╬൮ဳߣޠ
ߡࠆޕ
⟎ߠߌࠄࠇࠆޕ
㸇.ဋ╬ဳ
㧔2㧕ዊⷙᮨ᳃⚵❱ߩ⺖㗴
㸈.ਇဋ╬൮ဳ
ᓟߩ⺖㗴ߣߒߡߪᰴߩὐ߇ᜰ៰ߢ߈ࠆޕ
⑳
⊛
㗔
ၞ
A
B
C
⊛
㗔
ၞ
⑳
⊛
㗔
ၞ
A
B
╙৻ߦࡈࡦࠗޔᢛߥߤࡂ࠼㕙ߩⅣႺᢛ
C
ߦ߅ߡߦߣߏ❱⚵ޔᗧ߇ಽ߆ࠇߡ⺞ᢛߦᤨ㑆
⊛
㗔
ၞ
߇߆߆ࠅޔᗧ߇߁߹ߊ߹ߣ߹ࠄߥ႐ว߽⠨߃
ࠄࠇࠆ࠶ࠚ࠴ߥ߁ࠃߩࡊ࡞ࠣࠢ࠶ࡠࡉߢߎߘޕ
ࠢᯏ⢻߇ࠆਛⷙᮨ⚵❱ߩ⸳⟎߿ࠦࡒࡘ࠾࠹ࠖ
=䉮䊚䊠䊆䊁䉞
=䊑䊨䉾䉪䉫䊦䊷䊒
=㐿⊒䈱ലᨐ
=㐿⊒೨䈱䊧䊔䊦
A~C =ዊⷙᮨ᳃⚵❱
ోࠍขࠅ➙ߡࠆ CBO㧔Community Based
=㐿⊒ᓟ䈱䊧䊔䊦
Organization㧕ߣߩᢛวᕈࠍߤ߁ߟ߆߇⺖㗴ߣߥ
ࠆޕ
࿑ 1 ዊⷙᮨ᳃⚵❱ࠍනߣߒߚ㐿⊒ᚻᴺߩ․ᕈ
╙ੑߦޔන߇ዊߐߚᵴേ߇⚂ߐࠇࠆ႐
ဋ╬ဳߩౣ㐿⊒ᚻᴺߢߪ〝ޔࠍࠎߛ↹৻⊛
วߪ⋧ޔߩ㑐ଥᕈࠍ⛔ߔࠆࠦࡒࡘ࠾࠹ࠖో
ߥ࠹ࠬࡂ࠙ࠬဳߩ㓸วቛ߇ᑪ⸳ߐࠇߡ߅ࠅޔ
ߩᣇะߠߌ߇⺖㗴ߣߥࠆޕ
ߎࠇߦኻߒߡਇဋ╬൮ဳߩ㐿⊒ᚻᴺߢߪޔ
╙ਃߦࡦࠝࠟޔߩߢ߽ߺࠄࠇߚࠃ߁
ߩቛᡷༀ߇ߥߐࠇߡࠆޕዊⷙᮨ᳃⚵❱ࠍන
ߦ㐿⊒ࡊࡠࠬߩᨵエᕈߪ৻ᣇߢ৻ޔㇱߩㆬᛯ⊛
ߣߒߚ㐿⊒ᚻᴺߢࠆߩߦ߽㑐ࠊࠄߕߎ߁ߒ
ߥዷ㐿ߢ㐿⊒߇⚳ੌߒߡߒ߹߁น⢻ᕈ߽ࠆޕ
ߚ㆑߇↢ߓߚ⢛᥊ߦߪޔ㐿⊒ߦ⥋ࠆᖱߣၞ
╙྾ߦޔਇဋ╬൮ဳߩ㐿⊒ᚻᴺߪ࠾ࡘࡒࠦޔ
․ᕈ߇ᜰ៰ߢ߈ࠆޕ
࠹ࠖౝㇱߢߩ㐿⊒ߩਇဋⴧࠍࠆߎߣߦߥࠆ
߹ߕޟဋ╬ဳࠗࠟࡦࡏߚߒ␜ߡߒߣޠߪޔ
ߩ߆ߣ߁ᜰ៰߇⠨߃ࠄࠇࠆ߇৻ߩߘޔᣇߢᶖᭂ
ࠍಽߒߡ᳃ߩዊⷙᮨߥ⚵❱ൻࠍⴕ⾂ޔ
⊛᳃ࠍ㐿⊒ၞߦ൮ߔࠆ㐿⊒ᚻᴺߣߒߡߩ
⫾ᵴേ߿ᑪ⸳ᡰេ╬ߦ㑐ߒߡߩᗧᕁ⇹ㅢࠍ࿑ࠅޔ
ᗧ⟵߽ᜰ៰ߢ߈ࠆޕ
⋧ߩ┹⊛ߥᗧ⼂ൻࠍ࿑ࠆߎߣߢ⚿ޔᨐߣߒߡ
㓸࿅⊛ߥቛᑪ⸳ᬺ╬ߩṖߥㅴⴕ߇น⢻ߣ
ޣᒁ↪ෳ⠨ᢥ₂ޤ
ߥߞߚ৻ޕᣇޟޔਇဋ╬൮ဳࡦࠝࠟߩޠ
1㧕 ၔ ᚲ ື ᄦ 㧔 2007 㧕ޔޠ ࠅ ߊ ߠ ߜ ߹ ߩ ࡓ ࠬ ޟ
ߪޔቬᢎߩ⋧㆑߿↢ᬺߦࠃࠆ↢ᵴࠬ࠲ࠗ࡞߇ᷙ
ߒߡ߅ࠅޔᒰೋ߆ࠄᡷༀဳߩ㐿⊒ᢛࠍ⋡⊛ߣߒ
2㧕
ߡߚߚߩߎޕߩ␠ળ᭴ㅧޔၞ․ᕈࠍ⛽
3㧕
ᜬߒߟߟޔಽߐࠇߚዊⷙᮨ᳃⚵❱ߣࡉࡠ࠶ࠢ
ߦߩ⁁ᴫࠍ൮ߔࠆߎߣߢޔน⢻ߥᬺࠍㆬ
ᛯ⊛ߦታⴕߒߡࠆޕᓥߞߡฦ⚵❱ౝࠢ࠶ࡠࡉޔ
ౝߢߪߩቛᑪ⸳߿ᡷༀߥߤ㐿⊒ߩౝኈ߿
4㧕
ၮḰߦߟߡ⋧㆑߇ࠄࠇޔਛߦߪㅜߩᬺ
߽ߺࠄࠇࠆޕ
5㧕
ߔߥࠊߜޔ೨⠪ޟဋ╬ဳߩޠ႐วߪㇱಽߦಽ
ߔࠆߎߣߢోߩ㐿⊒ࠍน⢻ߦߒޔᓟ⠪ޟਇဋ╬
6㧕
൮ဳߩޠ႐วߪㇱಽߦಽߔࠆߎߣߢߩ
ᖱࠍ⚵ߺㄟࠎߛ㐿⊒ࠍน⢻ߣߒߡࠆ߁ࠃߩߎޕ
ߦዊⷙᮨ᳃⚵❱ߩ⟎ߠߌߪ⋧ߦ⇣ߥࠆ߇ޔ
124
ޡSustainable Urban Regeneration Vol.04ޔޢp.91ޔ
᧲੩ᄢቇ࿖㓙ㇺᏒౣ↢⎇ⓥࡦ࠲
Yap Kioe Sheng,̈Low-income housing in Bangkok̉,
Asian Institute of Technology, 1992
ᎹẴෘᔒ⮮ޔᢅା㧔2007㧕
ޟዊⷙᮨ᳃⚵❱ࠍ
ㅢߒߚࠦࡒࡘ࠾࠹ࠖ㐿⊒ߦ㑐ߔࠆ⎇ⓥ㧙ࡃࡦࠦ
ࠢࡏࡦࠟࠗߩⅣႺᢛᬺࠍߣߒ
ߡޔޠ
ޡㇺᏒ⸘↹⺰ᢥ No.42-1ޔޢᣣᧄㇺᏒ⸘↹
ቇળޔpp.106-111
㕍ᄦ㧔1980㧕ޡዊ㓸࿅ߩ␠ળቇ᧲ޔޢ੩ᄢቇ
ળ
ࠪࠕ࠼Eࡒ࡞࠭⪺㧔1971㧕
ޡዊ㓸࿅␠ળቇޢ
ޔ
⥋⺈ၴ
CODI, ̈ Thailand’s new National Housing
Development Action : Achieving Land Tenure
Security and Upgrading of urban Poor Communities
at City-Wide Scale through Community-Driven and
City Partnership Approach̉, Power Point, 2006
ᐔᚑ ᐕᐲ࿖㓙↢␠ળ⎇ⓥࡦ࠲ ⎇ⓥⷐ
ࡈࠖࡇࡦߦ߅ߌࠆઍᦧක≮ⷰశ⺞ᩏ
࿖㓙↢␠ળ⎇ⓥࡦ࠲ ࠣ࡞ࡊ㧞 ⎇ⓥຬ
ᄢቇ㒮࿖㓙ၞቇ⎇ⓥ⑼ ಎᢎ ፉᎹፏ
A Research on Alternative Medical Tourism in Philippines
ઍᦧක≮ⷰశ⺞ᩏ߳ߩ⌕ᗐ
ࠎߢࠅࠃޔ㗴ࠍⶄ㔀ൻߐߖߡࠆޕ
ᣣᧄߩක≮ߪ⇇ߦߚࠆ࿖᳃⊝㒾ᐲࠍ
ߘߎߢߥ߁ࠃߩߎޔක≮ߦਇḩࠍᜬߟᣣᧄੱࠍ
⛽ᜬߒߡ߅ࠅޔ㒾⸽ࠍᜬߞߡߌ߽߫ߢ⺕ޔᏅ
ߪߓߣߔࠆవㅴක≮ߦਇḩࠍᜬߟጀࠍ࠲ࠥ
ߥߊක≮ࠨࡆࠬࠍฃ⋉ߔࠆߎߣ߇᧪ࠆߘޕ
࠶࠻ߦࠕࠫࠕޔฦ࿖ߦ߅ߡޔ᰷☨⾗ᧄਥዉߢ
ߩࠃ߁ߥᢛߞߚක≮ᐲ߇ో࿖ᵤޘᶆߢ߹ޘᐢ
ၞߦ⋉߇߽ߚࠄߐࠇߥᓥ᧪ဳߩ࠱࠻ⷰ
߇ߞߚ߅߆ߍߢޔ࿖᳃ߩஜᐽ᳓Ḱ߇㜞߹ߞߚߎߣ
శߦᦧࠊࠅ߁ࠆޔၞߩౝ⊒⊛⊒ዷߦነਈߔࠆᜬ
ߪ⸒߁߹ߢ߽ߥޕ⇇⊛ߦᲧセߒߡ߽ᐔဋኼ
⛯น⢻ߥⷰశߩ৻ᒻᘒߣߒߡߩߘޔၞࠍ⸰ࠇߥ
ߩ㜞ߐ߿ఽᱫ₸ߩૐߐߪᲤᐕ⇇࠻࠶ࡊ᳓
ߌࠇ߫ฃߌࠆߎߣ߇ߢ߈ߥၞ⁛․ߩ࡙࠾
Ḱࠍ⛽ᜬߒߡࠆ㧔ㄞ㧕ߊࠃޕᣣᧄߩක≮
ࠢߥක≮߇ⷰశ⚛᧚ߣߥࠅ߁ࠆߩߢߪߥ߆ߣ
⾌ߪ㜞ߣ⸒ࠊࠇߡࠆ߇ޔ࿖᳃৻ੱᒰߚࠅߩක
್ᢿߒޔᒰ⎇ⓥࠍ⌕ᗐߒߚޕ
≮⾌ࠍ࿖㓙Ყセߒߚ႐ว߽ᦨޔ㜞ࠬࠗࠬ߇㧠㧡
ᣢߦ㓞࿖㖧࿖ߢߪᄖ࿖ੱⷰశቴ⺃⥌ߩ৻Ⅳߣ
ਁ☨ޔ࿖㧠㧞ਁ߇࠷ࠗ࠼ޔ㧟㧞ਁߢࠆߩ
ߒߡߩߘޔක≮᳓Ḱߩ㜞ߐߣฃ⸻ᢱߩߐࠍᱞེ
ߦኻߒޔᣣᧄߪ㧞㧤ਁߦߣߤ߹ߞߡ߅ࠅޔක≮
ߦක≮ⷰశߦജࠍࠇᆎߚޕ㖧࿖ⷰశ
᳓Ḱ߿‛ଔ᳓ḰߣᲧセߒߡ߽৻ߦ㜞ߣߪ⸒
␠ߢߪᐔᚑ ᐕᄐߦᧄ␠ߩਅ৻㓏ߦක≮ⷰశ
ಾࠇߥ㧔㋈ᧁ㧕 ޕ
ᖱႎࡦ࠲ࠍ⸳⟎ߒߚߚ߹ޕකቇᄢቇߣߒߡฬ
ߎߩࠃ߁ߥ㜞᳓Ḱߥක≮ᐲࠍ⛽ᜬߒߡࠆ
㐷ߩ⠜ᨋᄢቇߦหߓߊᐔᚑ ᐕᄐߦ⠜ᨋ࿖㓙ක
ᣣᧄߢࠆ߇ޔଐὼߣߒߡක≮ਇାਇḩߦ㑐ߔ
≮ⷰశᢎ⢒⎇ⓥᚲ㧔*+/6'%㧕߇⸳⟎ߐࠇߚޕ
ࠆ⋧⺣߽ᓟࠍ⛘ߚߥޕක≮⋧⺣ࠍⴕߞߡࠆ᧲
ࡈࠖࡇࡦߪ߽⽺ንߩᏅ߇ỗߒߊࠆ⥋ޔᚲ
੩᳃㑆ᢇᕆࡦ࠲ࡠࡂޟஜᐽ⋧⺣㧞㧠ߦޠነ
ߦࠬࡓ߽ሽߔࠆ⁁ߥ߁ࠃߩߘޕᴫߩߚޔ࿖
ߖࠄࠇߚ⑼⋡ߩ⋧⺣ᢙߦභࠆഀวࠍࠆߣޔ
᳃ߩߔߴߡ߇ḩ⿷ߦᦨᣂක≮ߩᕲᕺࠍⵍࠆߎߣ
࠻࠶ࡊ㧟ߪᱤ⑼ޔᢛᒻᄖ⑼ޔᔃ≮ౝ⑼ߣߥߞߡ
߇᧪ߥ⽺ޕ࿎ߦ⧰ߒ࿖᳃ߪ∛ޔ᳇ߦߥߞߚ
ࠆ⺣⋧ޕౝኈࠍಽᨆߔࠆߣޔᱤ⑼ߪකᏧੱߩᛛ
ᤨߦߪߢ߽⑄ߦࠃࠆᴦ≹ࠍⴕߞߚࠅⵣ⿷ޔ㧛
ⴚ⊛ߥὐߦਇḩ߇㓸ਛߒߡࠆ߇ޔᢛᒻᄖ⑼ޔᔃ
ోりߩࡑ࠶ࠨࠫࠍⴕߞߡⴊᵹࠍࠬࡓ࠭ߦߔ
≮ౝ⑼ߪ߽ߡߞࠄ߽ࠍ⮎ޔᴦࠄߥ╬ޔᛩ⮎ᴦ≮
ࠆߎߣߦࠃࠅᴦ≹ࠍߪ߆ߞߚࠅߒߡࠆޕ
ࠍ೨ឭߣߒߚක≮ࠪࠬ࠹ࡓߘߩ߽ߩ߳ߩਇḩ߽
ߎߩ⁁ᴫࠍㅒᚻߦߣߞߡޔᣂߒක≮߿⮎ߩ
ࠄࠇࠆޔߦࠄߐޕઍ∛ߣߒߡᄙߊߩ࿖᳃ࠍᖠ
ᕲᕺࠍⵍࠅߥ߇ࠄ߽⮎ޟޔẃߌࠆ߇⪲⸒ߩߣޠ
߹ߖߡࠆࠕ࡞ࠡ㑐ㅪߩ∝⁁㧔ࠕ࠻ࡇᕈ⊹
ࠃ߁ߦߒߡḩ⿷ᐲ߇㜞ߊߪߥක≮ಽ㊁߇ߘ
⤏Ἳޔ༎ᕷ╬㧕߽ᛩ⮎ߐࠇߚ⮎ߢᴦࠄߥߣ߁
ࠎߑߔࠆᣣᧄੱࠍ࠲ࠥ࠶࠻ߦޔᣂߚߥක≮ⷰ
ਇḩ߇ᄙಽ㊁ߢࠆߪࠇߎޕᣣᧄߩක≮߇ᵗ
శ⚛᧚ߣߥࠅ߁ࠆ߆ᬌ⸛ߒߡߺࠆ߇ࠆߣ
කቇ৻ㄝୟߢࠆߎߣ߿ޔෘ↢ഭ⋭߇⮎ળ␠
್ᢿߒ⺞ޔᩏߦ⌕ᚻߒߚޕߦߪᐔᚑ㧞㧟ᐕ㧞
ߦᄙᢙߩᄤਅࠅࠍฃߌࠇߡ߽ࠄ߁ઍࠊࠅߦ
㧞㧜ᣣ߆ࠄ㧞㧞㧡ᣣ߹ߢṛߒ࠼࡞ࠖࡈޔ
⮎ળ␠ߦኻߒߡ↞ߣ߁᭴ㅧ⊛ߥ㗴߽߆ࠄ
⺞ᩏࠍⴕߞߚޕ
125
㧞㧚⾗Ḯ⺞ᩏ
౮⌀㧞 ࠨࡦ࠲ࡑࠕᢎળౝߦዷ␜ߐࠇߚゞ
ࠨࡦ࠲ࡑࠕᢎળ㧔ࠪࡑ㧕
ߔ
ࡉᏒౝ߆ࠄධ߳ゞߢ㧞ᤨ㑆ඨߩࠪࡑߣ
߁ߦࠕࡑ࠲ࡦࠨޔᢎળ߇ሽߔࠆߪߎߎޕ
ⷰశቴߦߪోߊߣ⸒ߞߡ߽߶ߤ⍮ࠄࠇߡ
ߥᢎળߛ߇ޔ⡛Უࡑࠕߩߏട⼔߇ᄢ߈ߣ
߁ߎߣߢㄭ㓞߆ࠄᄙߊߩᖠߺ߿⧰ߒߺࠍᛴ߃ߚ
ੱߚߜ߇ࠅࠍᝤߍߦ߿ߞߡߊࠆࡉޕᏒౝ߆ࠄ
⋥ⴕߢ߈ࠆㅢᯏ㑐ߪߥߩߢޔㅢᯏ
㑐ࠍ↪ߔࠆ႐วߪࡃࠬࠍਸ਼ࠅ⛮߇ߥߌࠇ߫ߥ
ࠄߥޕ
ᣣᧄߢ߽৻⒳⁛․ߩ㔓࿐᳇ࠍᜬߜޔ႐ߩജࠍᗵ
ߓࠆߎߣߩߢ߈ࠆၞ߇ߣޠ࠻࠶ࡐࠬࡢࡄޟ⒓
౮⌀㧟 ࠨࡦ࠲ࡑࠕᢎળౝߦዷ␜ߐࠇߚ᧟
ߐࠇࠆࠃ߁ߦߥࠅᦨޔㄭߢߪ⧯⠪ࠍਛᔃߦᄙߊߩ
㓸ቴࠍᓧߡࠆ߇ߩߘޔਛߢ߽ޔᾢ㊁ਃጊޔ⠀
ਃጊ⸰⺪ޔᄢ␠ߦૃߚࠆޔ⒳㕒☽ߢ㒶ߩࡄࡢ
߇ḷࠇࠆ᳇ࠍᜬߞߚࠬࡐ࠶࠻ߢࠆޕ
౮⌀㧝 ࠨࡦ࠲ࡑࠕᢎળో᥊
ࡅ㧔ࡔ࠶ࠨࠕࡦ࠰ࡁ࠶࠼㧕
ࡉᏒౝߩࠬࡓၞߦࡅߣߒߡ⑄
ߦࠃࠆᴦ≹ࠍⴕߞߡࠆᅚᕈ߇ࠆߣ߁ᖱႎ
ࠍᓧߚߩߢታ㓙ߦߘߩࠬࡓࠍ⸰ߒߚޕ
ࡔ࠶ࠨࠕࡦ࠰ࡁ࠶࠼ߪ ઍߩߎࠈㅢ
ߦㆣޔἄᱫߩ㊀ߦ㒱ߞߚ߇ޔᄞᨉߦࡑ
㧔ᓇ㧕ᧄⓂߩߔߴߡߩ౮⌀ߪፉᎹፏ
ࠕ᭽߇ࠇ∛ޔ᳇ߦᖠ⽺ߒੱࠍޘᢇ߁ߚߩ
⢻ജࠍᝤߍࠆߩߣᒁ߈឵߃ߦౣᐲ↢߈ࠆߎ
ጊߩᢳ㕙ߦᑪㅧߐࠇߡࠆᏂᄢߥᢎળߩਛߦ
ߣࠍ⸵ߐࠇߚߘ߁ߢࠆߢⴝࡓࠬࠄ߆ࠇߘޕ
ߪߩߎޔᢎળߢ⡛Უࡑࠕߦࠅࠍᝤߍߚ߅߆ߍ
⑄ߦࠃࠆᴦ≹ࠍᆎߚޕ
ߢޔᱠߌߥ߆ߞߚੱ߇ᱠߌࠆࠃ߁ߦߥߞߚࠅޔਇ
╩⠪߇⸰ߒߚᣣ߽⑄⁜ޔቶߦ㧢ޯ㧣ฬޔ
ᴦߩ∛߇ቢᴦߒߚࠅߒߚੱߚߜ߆ࠄߩ߅␞⁁ߢ
ㇱደߩᄖߦ߽㧝㧜ฬએ߇⑄ࠍᓙߞߡࠆޕ
ḷࠇߡࠆߦ․ޕᱠߌߥ߆ߞߚੱߢᱠߌࠆࠃ߁ߦ
⑄ߪ㧡ಽ⒟ᐲߢޔᢥࠍᦠߚ⚕ࠍᖚㇱߦᒰߡޔ
ߥߞߚੱߪ߿᧟ߚߡߞߢ߹ࠇߘޔゞߔࠍㅍ
ᢥࠍ໒߃ࠆߢߊߘ߁ࠈࠍ⚕ߩߘߡߒߘޕߊޕ
ߞߡ߅ࠅߣߒ⁜ࠈߎߣ߇ࠇߘޔዷ␜ߐࠇߡࠆޕ
ߐࠄߦᜬෳߒߚ᳓ߦޟ᳇ࠍޠᵈߔࠆ৻ޕㅪߩࡊ
ࡠࠬߪߛߚ㧡ಽ߆ࠄ㧝㧜ಽࠍⷐߔࠆ╩ޕ⠪
߽ᤓᐕએ᧪྾ච⢋ࠍᖚޔฝ⢋ߩ∩ߺߦᖠ߹ߐࠇ
ߡߚ߇ࠍ⑄ޔฃߌࠆߣߥߗ߆ਇᕁ⼏ߥߎߣߦޔ
∩ߺ߇ߣࠇߚߩߢࠆ⑼ߪࠇߎޕቇߢߪ⸽ߢ߈
126
ߥ߇⥄ޔಽߢ㛎ߒߡߺߡᭂߡਇᕁ⼏ߥ᳇ಽ
ḧߩ⿷ⵣࡑ࠶ࠨࠫࠃࠅ߽߆ߥࠅ∩ߌߛⵣ⿷ޕ
ߦߥߞߚޕ
ߢ߿ࠆੱ߽ᄙ߇ోޔりࡑ࠶ࠨࠫࠍⴕ߁ੱ߽
ࠆోޕりࡑ࠶ࠨࠫߩ႐วߪޔᥦߚἫጊ⍹ߢ
౮⌀㧠ޔ㧡 ࡔ࠶ࠨߦࠃࠆ⑄⸻≮
ᖚㇱࠍᥦࠆߣߎࠈ߇ࡈࠖࡇࡦᵹߢࠆޕ
౮⌀㧣ޔ㧤 ࡈࠖࡇࡦࡑ࠶ࠨࠫ
౮⌀ ࡔ࠶ࠨ߇⸻≮ߔࠆࠬࡓ
౮⌀㧥 ᚻᦠ߈ߩᢱ㊄
ᣉⴚᢱߪࠄࠇߡ߅ࠄߕߩޘੱߩઁޔߒߡ
ࠆ⋧႐ࠍࠆߣߛߚ㧞㧜ޯ㧡㧜ࡍ࠰㧔㧠㧜
ޯ㧝㧜㧜㧕⒟ᐲߣߢࡓࠬޔක⠪ߦࠃࠆක≮ࠍ
ฃߌࠄࠇߥၞ᳃ߢ߽ᛄ߁ߎߣߩߢ߈ࠆ㊄
ࡂࡢࠗߦߪࡠࡒࡠࡒߣ߁ߘߩၞߦવࠊࠆ
㗵⸳ቯߣߥߞߡࠆޕ
ࡑ࠶ࠨࠫᚻᴺ߇ⷰశ⾗Ḯ߳ߣቢᚑߐࠇߡࠆ
ࡈࠖࡇࡦࡑ࠶ࠨࠫ
߇ߩߎߩࡦࡇࠖࡈޔἫጊ⍹ࠍ߁ࡑ࠶ࠨࠫࠍ
ࡈࠖࡇࡦߩరߩੱ߇ⴕߊࡑ࠶ࠨࠫᐫࠍ
ࡈࠖࡇࡦᵹߣߒߡ⛔৻ࡉࡦ࠼ൻߒࠫࠕߩઁޔ
⸰ߒߚࠄ߆ⵣ⿷ߕ߹ޕᆎࠆ߇ᧄߩⵣ⿷ޔ႐บ
ࠕࡦ࠱࠻ߣߪᏅൻߒߚ⁛⥄ߩⷰశ⾗Ḯߣ
127
ߒߡᄁࠅߔߎߣ߇ߢ߈ࠆߣ⏕ାߒߚ߁ࠃߩߎޕ
౮⌀㧝㧞 ࡏࡎ࡞ፉߩ⋤ቇᩞ
ߥరߩੱ߇ㅢ߁ࡑ࠶ࠨࠫᐫߪ㧝㧜㧜ࡍ࠰㧔㧞
㧜㧜㧕⒟ᐲޕ
㓚߇⠪ߩⷰశੱ᧚ෳട
ࡉߢߪⓨ᷼߿ᣏቴ⦁ߩ᷼ߢⷞⷡ㓚߇⠪ߦ
ࠃࠆࡑ࠶ࠨࠫޔり㓚߇⠪ߦࠃࠆࡀࠗ࡞ࠕ
࠻ߥߤ߇ⴕࠊࠇߡࠆⷰߩࡦࡇࠖࡈޕశߦ߅
ߡߪޔᣣᧄࠃࠅ߽ߘ߁ߞߚ㓚߇⠪ߩ␠ળෳ
ട߇⋓ࠎߦⴕࠊࠇߡࠆޕ
౮⌀㧝㧜 ࡉ᷼ߦ߅ߌࠆⷞⷡ㓚߇⠪ߦࠃࠆ
㧟㧚ⷰశ⚛᧚߳ߩዷ㐿
ࡑ࠶ࠨࠫ
ࡈࠖࡇࡦߪ‽⟋ߩᄙࡑ࠾ߩࠗࡔࠫ߇
ᒝ߇ࡉޔፉ߿ࡏࡎ࡞ፉߪࠆߊߩߤ߆ߥ㔓
࿐᳇߇ࠅޔหߓ࿖ߣߪᕁ߃ߥࠈߪࠇߎޕ
ࠈߥⷐ⚛߇⠨߃ࠄࠇࠆ߇ޔหߪⷰశߢ⇇߆
ࠄⷰశቴ߇⸰ࠇࠆߚޔ㑐ଥ⠪߇ࡂ࠼ߛߌߢߥ
ߊ࠰ࡈ࠻ߩⅣႺᡷༀࠍⴕ߅߁ߣߒߡࠆߎߣ߽
ᄢ߈ߥⷐ࿃ߢࠆߣᕁࠊࠇࠆޔߡߒߘޕ㓚߇⠪
ߣߣ߽ߦᱠᆫ߇㓐ᚲߦࠄࠇߡࠆߣߎࠈޔ
ߘߒߡߘࠇߪⷰశቴߣធߔࠆߣߎࠈ߽ᄖߢߪ
ߥߣ߁ߎߣߪޔᣣᧄ߽ᄢߦ⠌߁ᔅⷐ߇
ࠆޕ
౮⌀㧝㧝 ࡏࡎ࡞᷼ߦ߅ߌࠆⷞⷡ㓚߇⠪ߦ
ߐࠄߦޔ࿁ߩ⺞ᩏߢߪޔ㤥㝷ⴚߩፉߣ⸒ࠊࠇ
ࠃࠆߣࠡ࠲Ṷᄼ
ࠆࠪࠠࡎ࡞ፉߦવࠊࠆⴚ≮ᴺࡏࡠࡏࡠࠍⷞ
ኤߔࠆ੍ቯߢߞߚ߇ޔ᩺ౝੱ߇∛᳇ߦߥߞߡߒ
߹ⷞޔኤ߇ฟࠊߥ߆ߞߚ߽ࡠࡏࡠࡏߩߎޕ
ߡߩࡦࡇࠖࡈޔᣂߚߥⷰశ⚛᧚ߣߒߡ⎇ⓥᚑᨐ
ࠍ߹ߣߚߢޔᐭⷰశᐡ߿ᣏⴕળ␠ߦឭ᩺ࠍ
ߒߡ߈ߚޕ
ෳ⠨ᢥ₂
㋈ᧁෘ㧔㧕
ޟᣣᧄߩක≮ߦᧂ᧪ߪࠆ߆ޠ
ߜߊ߹ᣂᦠ
ㄞືᄦ㧔㧕ޟᣣᧄߩක≮ᐲߩ⺖㗴ߣዷ
ߘߎߢ࡞ࡎࡏޔፉߢታ㓙ߦ⋤ቇᩞࠍ⸰ߒߡޔ
ᦸ ޡޠᣣ ᧄ ⾏ ᤃ ળ ႎ ᐕ ภ
␠ળෳട߳ߩขࠅ⚵ߺߩ⁁ࠍⷞኤߒߚޕ
PQޢ
⋤ቇᩞߦ߅ߡ߽ޟߩ․ࡦࡇࠖࡈޔࠆߐޠ
᧲ ੩ ᳃ 㑆 ᢇ ᕆ ࡦ ࠲ ࡎ ࡓ ࡍ ࠫ
JVVRVRGEEQLR
ࠍᄬࠊߕޔᢎቶ߽ࠝࡊࡦߥ㔓࿐᳇ߢ␠ޔળో
ߩᥦ߆㔓࿐᳇߇ᗵߓࠄࠇߚޕ
128
ᐔᚑ 23 ᐕᐲ࿖㓙↢␠ળ⎇ⓥࡦ࠲ ⎇ⓥⷐ
ࠞࡦࡏࠫࠕߦ߅ߌࠆⷰశᝄ⥝߳ߩข⚵ߺ
࿖㓙↢␠ળ⎇ⓥࡦ࠲ ࠣ࡞ࡊ㧞 ⎇ⓥຬ
ᄢቇ㒮࿖㓙ၞቇ⎇ⓥ⑼ ᢎ ฎደ⑲᮸
Outline of Tourism Development in Cambodia
㧝ߪߓߦ
ߎߣ߆ࠄჇടߒߚ㧚(ਛ⇛)2006 ᐕߪࡠࠪࠕߩⷰశ
ࠕࠫࠕ⻉࿖ߩⷰశ╷㧘ㅢ╷ߩ⁁ࠍᛠី
㐿⊒᩺ઙߥߤ߇ⷐ࿃ߣߥࠅ㧘18.2 ం࠼࡞ߦߥࠅ㧘
ߒ㧘ⷰశᝄ⥝ߩߚߩ⚵❱㧘ᴺᐲ╬ߩᛠីߥࠄ
(ਛ⇛)2008 ᐕߪ㧘ਛ࿖ߩ᳓ജ⊒㔚㧘࠱࠻㐿⊒
߮ߦᣣᧄߣߩᲧセࠍ⋡ᮡߣߒߡᧄࡦ࠲ߩ⎇
ߦࠃࠅᛩ⾗㗵ߪ 69.6 ం࠼࡞ࠍ⸥㍳ߒߚ㧚(ਛ⇛)ᛩ
ⓥߦෳ↹ߒߡࠆ߇㧘ᤓᐕᐲߪ㖧࿖ࠍኻ⽎ߣߒߚ
⾗น⚥Ⓧ㗵ࡌࠬ(1994 ᐕ㨪2009 ᐕ)ߩᛩ⾗࿖
ⷰశⴕߩታᘒᛠីࠍⴕߞߚ㧚
ߣߒߡߪ㧘ਛ࿖ࠍ╩㗡ߦ㧘㖧࿖㧘ࡑࠪࠕ㧘☨
ߘࠇࠄߣߩᲧセࠍᔨ㗡ߣߒߡ㧘ᧄⓂߢߪࠞࡦࡏ
࿖㧘࠲ࠗ㧘บḧߥߤߩࠕࠫࠕ⻉࿖߇ୟ⊛ߦᄙߊ㧘
ࠫࠕࠍኻ⽎ߣߒߡ㧘߳ߩ⸰⺞ᩏ(ᐔᚑ 23 ᐕ
ᬺ⒳ߢߪ㧘❔ᬺ߿ⷰశᬺࠍਛᔃߦฦࠢ࠲
2 ਅᣨ㧘⚂㧝ㅳ㑆ṛ)ߥࠄ߮ߦᢥ₂⺞ᩏ╬ߦࠃ
ߢᛩ⾗߇⸵นߐࠇߡࠆ㧚
ޠ2)ߣ␜ߐࠇߡࠆ㧚ਥ
ࠆⷰశᝄ⥝߳ߩข⚵ߺߩታᘒᛠីࠍⴕߞߚ㧚ౕ
ⷐᛩ⾗ಽ㊁(1994 ᐕ㨪2010 ᐕߩᛩ⾗น⚥⸘)ߪ㧘
⊛ߦߪ㧘ࠞࡦࡏࠫࠕߩ⁁ࠍⷰߒߚᓟ㧘ᐭߩ
ⷰశ(48.9%)㧘ࠨࡆࠬ(22.5%)㧘㋶Ꮏᬺ(19.4%)㧘
ข⚵ߺߥࠄ߮ߦ⇇ㆮ↥ࠍߔࠆࠕࡦࠦ࡞ࡢ
ㄘᬺ(6.6%)ߣߥߞߡ߅ࠅ㧘ߎߩಽ㊁ߦ߅ߡ߽ⷰ
࠶࠻ㄝၞߥࠄ߮ߦࡊࠕࡆࡅࠕㄝၞߩ
శ߇ᄢ߈ߥᓎഀࠍᨐߚߒߡࠆߎߣ߇ࠊ߆ࠆ 3)㧚
ⷰశၞߩో▤ℂࠍⴕ߁ APSARA(Authority
ᰴߦ㧘ⷰశߩ⁁ 4)ߦߟߡߺࠆߣ㧘ࠞࡦࡏࠫ
for Protection and Management of Angkor and the
ࠕߩਥⷐ↥ᬺߢࠆㄘᬺߩࠦࡔߩ“White Gold”ߦ
region of Siem Reap)ߥࠄ߮ߦ PVNA(Preah Viher
ኻߒߡ㧘ⷰశߪ“Green Gold”ߣ߫ࠇߡ߅ࠅ㧘ⷰ
National Authority)ߩታᘒ㧘ᵴേߦߟߡࠄ߆ߦ
శ㑐ଥዞᬺ⠪ᢙߪ⚂ 30 ਁੱߦߩ߷ࠆߣࠊࠇࠆ㧚
ߔࠆ㧚
ߘߒߡ㧘ⷰశ⾗Ḯߦࠃࠆ࿖ߩ࠱࠾ࡦࠣࠍߺࠆ
ߣ㧘ਅ⸥ߩ㧠࠱ࡦߦಽߢ߈ࠆ㧚
1)ࡊࡁࡦࡍࡦ߮ㄝၞ
㧞㧚ࠞࡦࡏࠫࠕߩ⁁
2)ࠪࠚࡓࠕ࠶ࡊ㨯ࠕࡦࠦ࡞ၞ
ࠗࡦ࠼ࠪ࠽ඨፉ᧲ධߦ⟎ߔࠆ┙ᙗำਥ࿖ኅ
ߢࠆࠞࡦࡏࠫࠕߩੱญߪ 1340 ਁੱ(2008 ᐕᐭ
3)ർ᧲ၞ
⛔⸘)㧘1 ੱߚࠅ GDP ߪ 814$(2010 ᐕ㧘IMF ⾗
4)ᴪጯၞ
ᢱ)ߢࠆ㧚ਥⷐャ⾏ᤃຠ⋡ߪ㧘㘃(ోャ㗵
㚂ㇺ߿ࠪࠚࡓࠕ࠶ࡊㄝߩᱧผㆮ↥ࠍਛᔃ
ߦභࠆഀว㧦83.5㧑)㧘ߪ߈߽ߩ(ห 3.7㧑)㧘㊄(ห
ߣߒߚᢥൻⷰశߩઁ㧘ࡔࠦࡦᎹᵹㇱ߿ᴪጯၞ
2.7㧑)㧘
ࠧࡓ(ห 1.8㧑)ߢࠅ(2009 ᐕ㧘
MEF ⾗ᢱ)㧘
ࠍਛᔃߣߔࠆ⥄ὼⷰశ⾗Ḯߥߤᄙ᭽ߥ㝯ജࠍ
ਥⷐ↥ᬺߪ㧘ⷰశࠨࡆࠬ(GDP ߩ 38.8㧑)㧘ㄘ
ߔࠆߣ⠨߃ࠄࠇࠆ㧚
ᬺ(ห 33.5㧑)㧘㋶Ꮏᬺ(ห 21.7㧑)(2010 ᐕ㧘ࠞࡦࡏ
ߎࠇࠄⷰశ⾗Ḯࠍ⋡⊛ߣߒߚᄖ࿖ੱ᧪⸰⠪ߪ
ࠫࠕᐭ⾗ᢱ)ߣߥߞߡ߅ࠅ㧘╙ 1 ᰴ↥ᬺߣਗࠎߢ
251 ਁੱ(2010 ᐕᐲ)ߢࠅ㧘ߎߩ߁ߜߩ⚂ 9 ഀ߇
1)
ⷰశ߇ᄢ߈ߥᓎഀࠍභߡࠆߎߣ߇ࠊ߆ࠆ 㧚
ⷰశቴߣផቯߐࠇࠆ㧚࿖ᄖ߆ࠄߩࠞࡦࡏࠫࠕ߳ߩ
߹ߚ㧘ᶏᄖ߆ࠄߩ⋥ធᛩ⾗ߪ㧘
ޟ1994 ᐕߩᛩ⾗
ਥⷐ࿖㓙ࠥ࠻࠙ࠚࠗߪ 12 ▎ᚲሽߒ㧘⥶ⓨᯏ
ᴺᣉⴕ߮㧘1997 ᐕߦ☨࿖߆ࠄᦨᕺ࿖ᓙㆄࠍᓧߚ
↪߇ߘߩਛߩඨᢙࠍභߡࠆ߇㧘⌕ⓨ᷼ߢ
129
ߪ㧘ࡊࡁࡦࡍࡦߣࠪࠚࡓࠕ࠶ࡊ߇߶߷หᢙߣߥ
ߩ৻৻ຠㆇേࠍෳ⠨ߦߒߚࠅ㧘ࡎࡓࠬ࠹ࠗߥ
ߞߡࠆ㧚
ߤߦࠃࠆ࡞࡞࠷࠭ࡓᝄ⥝ߦ߽ข⚵ߺ߇
᧪⸰⠪ߩዬ࿖ߩࠪࠚࠕߢߪ㧘1 ࡌ࠻࠽ࡓ
ߥߐࠇߡࠆ㧚
(18%)㧘
2 㖧࿖(11%)㧘
3 ਛ࿖(7%)㧘
4 ᣣᧄ(6%)㧘
5)
ߐࠄߦ㧘㐳ᦼ⊛ߥⷰశᝄ⥝ࠍ㆐ᚑߔࠆߚߦⷰ
శ⋭ߢߪޟVISION2020ࠍޠᚑߒߡࠆ 7)㧚ߘߎ
5 ☨࿖㧘
6 ࡈࡦࠬ㧘
7 ⧷࿖ߣߥߞߡࠆ 㧚
ߘߒߡ㧘ࠕࠢࠪࡆ࠹ࠖᡷༀߩߚߦ㧘
ߢߪ 2020 ᐕߩ⋡ᮡ୯ࠍࠗࡦࡃ࠙ࡦ࠼ㄟቴᢙ 600
K-VISA(ᄖ࿖ߦዬߔࠆࠞࡦࡏࠫࠕੱߦኻߔࠆࡆ
ਁੱ(2010 ᐕᤨὐ 251 ਁੱ)㧘ᱦ 4000 ం(ห 1786
ࠩ)㧘E-VISA(ࠗࡦ࠲ࡀ࠶࠻↳⺧ߦࠃࠆࡆࠩ)ߩᢛ
ం)ߣ⸳ቯߒ㧘ࡎ࠹࡞ߩቴቶᢙࠍ⁁ߩ⚂ 3 ߦ
߿㧘ASEAN ⻉࿖߆ࠄߩࡆࠩਇⷐᐲࠍᢛߒ
Ⴧടߐߖࠆ᭴ᗐࠍߔࠆ㧚ߘߩታߩߚߩਥⷐ
ߡࠆ㧚
ߥข⚵ߺߣߒߡ㧘ኋᴱᣉ⸳ߩᢛలታ㧘
࠱࠻ᣉ⸳ߩᢛలታ㧘ᣏⴕ⠪ߩߚߩᣉ
⸳ࠗࡦࡈߩᢛ㧘ੱ⊛⾗Ḯ㐿⊒㧘એߩᄢ
㧟㧚ᐭߦࠃࠆⷰశᝄ⥝ߩข⚵ߺ
߈ߊ㧠ᧄᩇࠍ⸳ቯߒߡࠆ㧚
ࠞࡦࡏࠫࠕߢߪ㧘ⷰశ⋭߇ⷰశⴕࠍᚲ▤ߒߡ
6)
ࠆ㧚ߘߩછോ㧘ᬺോ▸࿐ࠍߺࠆߣ 㧘
ⷰశ㐿⊒ߦࠃࠆ⾗Ḯߩᨗᷢ㧘ᜬ⛯น⢻ᕈ߳ߩ 1)ⷰశ⸘↹㐿⊒ߩ╷ᚢ⇛ߩቯ
ᔨ߽ࠆ߇㧘ᄙ㕙⊛ߥข⚵ߺߩ⢛᥊ߦߪⓍᭂ⊛ߥ
2)ⷰశ㑐ㅪ↥ᬺߩ⸘↹㧘▤ℂ
ⷰశ㐿⊒⚻ᷣᝄ⥝ߩታ߇㊀ⷐߢࠆߣߩ⟎
3)ၞ㐿⊒
ߠߌߣ⠨߃ࠄࠇࠆ㧚ߘߩߚߦ㑐ଥ⠪ߦኻߔࠆᒝ
4)ੱ᧚⢒ᚑ
ജߥࠨࡐ࠻ߣ㧘ᛩ⾗ⅣႺߩᢛࠍⷰశ⋭߇ਛᔃ
5)ትવ㧘ᖱႎឭଏ
ߣߥߞߡขࠅ⚵ࠎߢࠆߎߣ߇ࠄ߆ߣߥߞߚ㧚
6)⸵㧘࠹ࠖࡦࠣ
㧠㧚APSARA ߩข⚵ߺ 8)
એߩ 6 㗄⋡ߦಽߔࠆߎߣ߇ߢ߈㧘࠰ࡈ࠻߆
ࠪࠚࡓࠕ࠶ࡊㄝߩਛᔃ⊛ߥⷰశ⾗Ḯߢ
ࠄࡂ࠼߹ߢ൮⊛ߦⷰశ㑐ㅪಽ㊁ࠍᚲ▤ߒߡ
ࠆࠕࡦࠦ࡞ㆮ〔⟲ߪ㧘1992 ᐕߦ⇇ᢥൻㆮ↥ߦ
ࠆߎߣ߇ࠊ߆ࠆ㧚
ᣣᧄߢߪࡂ࠼ㇱ㐷ߪ࿖ㅢ⋭ߢࠆ৻ᣇ㧘
⊓㍳ߐࠇ㧘࿖ߩ㊀ⷐߥᢥൻㆮ↥ߩ 1 ߟߣ⟎ߠߌ
࠰ࡈ࠻ㇱ㐷ࠍⷰశᐡ㧘⚻↥⋭߇ᚲ▤ߒߡࠆ㧚ߘ
ߐࠇࠆ߇㧘หᤨߦਅ⸥ߩࠃ߁ߥ㗴ࠍᛴ߃ࠆ 9)㧚
ࠇߦኻߒߡ㧘㖧࿖ߢߪᣂⷙ㐿⊒ⷰశߩߺ࠰ࡈ࠻
ࡑࠬ࠷࠭ࡓ߳ߩ㊀ᐲߩଐሽ(࠷࠭ࡓߩ
ᄙ᭽ൻࠍଦߔᣂߚߥⷰశ⾗Ḯߩᔅⷐᕈ)
ࡂ࠼ਔ㕙ࠍᢥൻ⢒ⷰశㇱ߇ᚲ▤ߔࠆᏅ⇣߇
ర߳ߩ⚻ᷣଢ⋉ߩዋߥߐ(రᎺౝߦᏫ⌕ߔ
ࠆ߇㧘ࠞࡦࡏࠫࠕߪᓟ⠪ߦㄭᒻᘒߣ⠨߃ࠄࠇ
ࠆଢ⋉߇ 70%ߦߣߤ߹ࠆ)
ࠆ㧚␠ળ⾗ᧄ߇චಽߢߥⷰశၞߩᢛࠍല₸
ਇචಽߥㇺᏒⅣႺߣࠕࡔ࠾࠹ࠖ(ࠕࡦࠦ࡞ㆮ
⊛ߦߔߔࠆᔅⷐᕈߦࠃࠆ߽ߩߣ⠨߃ࠄࠇࠆ㧚
〔ߩჽᄢߐߣኻᲧߐࠇࠆⴝߩߺߔ߷ࠄߒߐ)
߹ߚ㧘ࠗࡦࡃ࠙ࡦ࠼ᝄ⥝ߦߪ㧘ትવࡊࡠࡕ
ਇ⏕ታߥⅣႺߩᜬ⛯น⢻ᕈ(ㇺᏒⅣႺߩᖡൻ
࡚ࠪࡦ߇ᔅⷐਇนᰳߢࠆ߇㧘ࠞࡦࡏࠫࠕߢߪ᳃
⥄ὼ⾗Ḯߩᜬ⛯น⢻ᕈߩᬌ⸛)
㑆ߣ⊛ᯏ㑐߇หߢⴕ߁ߎߣߪታᣉߐࠇ
ਇචಽߥࠗࡦࡈࠬ࠻ࠢ࠴ࡖ
ߡߥ㧚ߎࠇߪ㧘᳃㑆ߩࡔࡦࡃㆬ߇࿎㔍ߢ
ࠆߚߢࠅ㧘 Tourism Marketing Board ࠍ
ߎࠇࠄߩ㗴ὐࠍ⸃ߒߥ߇ࠄ㧘ⷰశ㐿⊒ߣⅣ
⸳ߌߡ㧘᳃㑆ࠍᏎ߈ㄟߺߥ߇ࠄታᣉߒߡࠆᲑ㓏
Ⴚోߦࠃߞߡ㐳ᦼ⊛ߦᜬ⛯น⢻ߥ㐿⊒㧘ၞ↥
ߢࠆ㧚
ᬺߩᝄ⥝ᄙ᭽ൻࠍ㆐ᚑߔࠆߚߦ㧘
ߐࠄߦ㧘ੱ᧚⢒ᚑߦ㑐ㅪߒߡ㧘ⷰశ㜞╬ᢎ⢒ᯏ
APSARA(Authority for Protection and Management
㑐ࠍ⸳┙ߒߡ㧘ታോࠍ⸠✵ߔࠆ⚵❱ߦࠃࠆੱ᧚ヘ
of Angkor and the region of Siem Reap) ߪ㧘1992 ᐕ
ࠍᬌ⸛ߒߡ߅ࠅ㧘․ߦ㧘ᄢቇߣታോߩੱᵹ
ߦࠕࡦࠦ࡞ߦ₺ቶ߇⸰ߒߚߩߜ⸳⟎ߐࠇߚ㧚
ߦࠃߞߡ㧘ታോߣቇਔᣇࠍୃࠆᔅⷐᕈࠍ⼂
1)࠱࠾ࡦࠣ㧘2)⼔ߩታᣉ㧘3)ㆮ〔ߩ⼊㧘4)
ߒߡࠆߣߩߎߣߢߞߚ㧚ߘߩઁߣߒߡ㧘ᣣᧄ
ᯏ᭴ㆇ༡㧘ࠍᜂ߁⊛⚵❱ߢࠅ㧘Strategy Plan
130
ߦឝߍࠄࠇߚߩ࡞ࡔࠢޟᱧผ㧘⧓ⴚ㧘⥄ὼߩ⺞
ߣ↢ᵴⓨ㑆ߣߩಽ㔌ߢࠆ߇㧘ዬ↪ߣߒߡ㇠
ߒߚ⟤ߒ࡙࠾ࠢߥⷰశㇺᏒޠታߩߚ㧘
ᄖߦ Eco-village ߇ሽߒߡ߅ࠅ㧘ዬ⠪⒖ォߣ
3 ߟߩ⋡ᮡ(㜞ຠ⾰ߥⷰశㇺᏒ㧦ࠢࡔ࡞ᢥൻ
ࡦࠢߒߚᐭߦࠃࠆ㧘ᱧผ⾗Ḯ⼔ၞ
ᱧผ⧓ⴚࠍࠊ߁ⷰశㇺᏒ㧘ࠕࡦࠦ࡞ߩ㔓
ߣ߽⠨߃ࠄࠇࠆ㧚ߎࠇࠄߦࠃࠅ㧘㐿⊒ߣ⼔ߣߩ
࿐᳇ߣ⺞ߒߚੱ㑆ࠬࠤ࡞ߩㇺᏒ㧘ⅣႺߦఝ
ࡃࡦࠬ㧘᳃ߩ↢⸘⛽ᜬࠍᗧ࿑ߒߚ᭽ߥޘኻ╷
ߒㇺᏒ)㧘ߥࠄ߮ߦ 6 㗄⋡ߩᚢ⇛ࠍ⸳ቯߒߡࠆ㧚
߇ታᣉߐࠇߡࠆ㧚
APSARA ߪᐭᡰេߩ߽ߣߢㆇ༡ߒߡ߅ࠅ㧘
ߥ߅㧘ࠕࡦࠦ࡞ࡢ࠶࠻ߩㄝߦᐫ⥩ߥߤ߇ᄙ
႐ᢱ╬߇ 32 ਁ࠼࡞ࠆ߇㧘ߘߩ߁ߜߩ 85%
ߊ┙ߒߡ߅ࠅ㧘ⷰశ↥ᬺߣᱧผ⾗Ḯࠍߤߩࠃ߁
߇ⓨ᷼㧘〝ߩᢛ⾌ߣߒߡᡰ(ᐭ㧘ᣇ⥄ᴦ
ߦሽߐߖࠆ߆߇㧘ᄢ߈ߥ㗴ߣ⠨߃ࠄࠇࠆ㧚
߳ㆶర)㧘15%߇⥄Ꮖ⽷Ḯߣߥߞߡ 11 ㇱዪ㧘14
⺖(3000 ੱߩᓥᬺຬ(߁ߜᄢቇත 300 ੱ))ߢ㧘
2
401Km (15×25km)ࠍ▤ロߒߡࠆ㧚
㧡㧚2TGCJ8KJGT#WVJQTKV[ ߦࠃࠆข⚵ߺ
ࡊࠕࡆࡅࠕኹ㒮ߪࠞࡦࡏࠫࠕ㧘࠲ࠗ࿖Ⴚߦ
ߘߒߡࠃࠅౕ⊛ߥછോߪ㧘ࡈࠚ࠭㧝ߦ߅ߌ
⟎ߒ㧘9 ♿ᧃߦࠢࡔ࡞ੱߦࠃߞߡᑪ⸳ߐࠇ㧘
ࠆࡊ࠶ࠕࡓࠚࠪޟ/ࠕࡦࠦ࡞ᣇߦ߅ߌࠆ࿖
11 ♿ߦჇ▽ߐࠇߚߣߐࠇࠆࡅࡦ࠼࠘ኹ㒮ߢ
ኅᢥൻ⊛ߥㆮ↥ߩో㧘⼔ߣࡊࡠࡕ࡚ࠪࡦ㧘
ࠆ㧚࡙ࡀࠬࠦߪ㧘߶ߣࠎߤᚻߟ߆ߕߩࡕࠩࠗࠢ
(․ߦ࡙ࡀࠬࠦࠍߪߓߣߔࠆ)࿖㓙⚵❱ߣߩද
⁁ᨋේߩᄤⓨߦᶋ߆߱ࡊࠕࡆࡅࠕኹ㒮ㆮ〔
ജߩᢛࠅߢޠ㧘ࡈࠚ࠭ 2 ߩޟၞߩࠨ
ߩ᥉ㆉ⊛ଔ୯ߦߪ㧘ኹ㒮ㄝߩᐢᄢߥ↢ᘒ♽ᨋ
ࠬ࠹࠽ࡉ࡞࠺ࡌࡠ࠶ࡊࡔࡦ࠻ߩ㆐ᚑࠆߢޠ㧚
᥊ⷰߩ࿁ᓳߣో߇ਇนᰳߢ㧘⊓㍳ᤨߦ࿐᥊ⷰ
ߥ߅㧘ߎߩࠃ߁ߥᢥൻ⾗Ḯ⼔ࠍߚᵴേࠍⴕ
ߩ࿁ᓳోࠍᒝߊࠞࡦࡏࠫࠕᐭߦ൘๔㧘ߘࠇࠍ
߁ᯏ᭴ߪ㧘ࠞࡦࡏࠫࠕߢߪ APSARA ߣ PVNA ߩ
ฃߌߡࠞࡦࡏࠫࠕᐭߪ㧘ኹ㒮ߩ⼔▤ℂ⸘↹ 10)
㧞ߟߛߌߢࠅ㧘Ფᐕ㧘ᐭߦࠃࠆ࠴ࠚ࠶ࠢࠍฃ
ߥࠄ߮ߦㄝߩၞࠍߚ Orientation Plan11)ࠍ
ߌߥ߇ࠄ㧘ᬺࠍታᣉߒߡࠆ㧚
ᚑߒߚ㧚
ᢥൻ⽷ߩ⼔╬ߪ㧘ઁߩᴺᓞ╬ߢⷙቯߐࠇߡ
․ߦᓟ⠪ߪ㧘↪ⷙߦ㑐ߒߡ㧘2010 ᐕ 7
ࠆߚ㧘ਥߦ㧘ⷰశ⾗Ḯߩᵴ↪㕙ߦߟߡ⌕⌒ߒ
ߦኹ㒮ࠍਛᔃߣߒߚ 420km2 ࠍࠛࠦⴕ▤ℂ
ߚ⚵❱ߣߺߥߔߎߣ߇ߢ߈ࠆ㧚ߘߒߡ㧘ᢥൻ⾗Ḯ
(Eco-Administrative Area)ߣቯ㧘ߎࠇࠍ 4 ߟߩ
zone1䋺 ․⼔ၞ䋨ᑪ⸳ⴕὑਇน䋩
zone2䋺 ⼔ၞ
䋨APSARA䈱․น䈮䉋䉍ᑪ⸳ⴕὑน䋩
zone3䋺 APSARA䈱▤ℂ䍃น䈮䉋䉎㐿⊒Ꮺ
zone4䋺 ⅣႺ⼔䉕⠨ᘦ䈚䈢㐿⊒ၞ
䋨APSARAᮭ㒢䈱ਅ䈪ᑪ⸳ⴕὑน䋩
࿑-1 Siem Reap ߩ࠱࠾ࡦࠣ 9)
࠱ࡦߦಽߌߡ↪ߩⷙࠍⴕ㧘㧘ᴺ
߁ᯏ᭴⚵❱㧔APSARA㧘PVNA㧕߇ሽߒ㧘ߕ
⊛ᢛߣߎࠇࠍၫⴕߔࠆࡉࠕࡆࡅࠕᯏ᭴ߣࡊ
ࠇ߽ㆮ〔ㄝ᳃ࠍࠛࠦࡆ࠶ࠫߦ⒖ߐߖߥ
ࠕࡆࡅࠕᎺᐭߩᚲ▤⚵❱ߩᒝൻߦߚߞߡ
߇ࠄ⾗Ḯోࠍⴕߥߞߡࠆߎߣ㧘᳃⒖ォ߿ㆮ
ࠆ㧚࠱ࡦ㧝ߪኹ㒮ㆮ〔(⚂ 11ha)㧘࠱ࡦ
〔⼔ߩߚߩ᭽╷ߩ↹⸘ߥޘቯ㧘ᢱ㊄ᓽߦࠃ
㧞ߪ⠨ฎቇ⊛⥄ὼ᥊ⷰଔ୯ో(⚂
ࠆ⥄Ꮖ⽷Ḯߩ⏕ࠍㅢߓߚⓍᭂ⊛ߥข⚵ߺߩታ
23,000ha)㧘࠱ࡦ㧟ߪᣂߒߊㅧᚑߐࠇߟߟࠆࡈ
ᣉ߇ࠄ߆ߣߥߞߚ㧚
ࡦࡦࠛࠦࡆ࠶ࠫ(⚂ 4,500ha)ߣో߳ߩ
ߥ߅㧘ᧄⓂߩၫ╩ߦߚࠅ㧘㊄ሶᓆ᳁㧘⭯ᧁਃ
ࠕࠢࠬ↹(⚂ 2,000ha)㧘ߘߒߡ㧘࠱ࡦ㧠ߪᜬ
↢᳁㧘ᎹẴෘᔒ᳁ߩฦࡦ࠲ຬ㧘ߥࠄ߮ߦศ↰
⛯น⢻ߥࠦࡒࡘ࠾࠹ࠖ㐿⊒(⚂ 12,100 ha)ߢ
ᕡ᳁㧔ࡒ࠶࡚ࠪࡦࠕ࠼ࡃࠗࠩ㧚᧲੩ᄢቇฬ
ࠆ㧚
ᢎ㧕ߦ⋉ߥ␜ໂࠍ㗂ߚ㧚ߎߎߦᷓ⻢ߩᗧࠍ
߹ߚ㧘Orientation Plan ߢߪ㧘ᜬ⛯น⢻ߥၞᢛ
ߒ߹ߔ㧚
ࠍනߥࠆᔨߣߒߡឝߍࠆߛߌߢߥߊ㧘CO2 ߩ
ๆߣឃࠍࡃࡦࠬߐߖࠆߚߩᣇ╷ࠍታ
ߐߖࠃ߁ߣߒߡࠆὐ߇․ᓽߣ߃ࠆ㧚
߹ߚ㧘ⷰశ⾗Ḯㄝߩ᳃ኅࠍ⒖ォߐߖ㧘ࠛࠦࡆ
࠶ࠫߣߒߡᣂߚߥࠦࡒࡘ࠾࠹ࠖࠍ⸳ߌߡࠆ
ὐ㧘᧪⸰⠪߆ࠄߩ႐ᢱࠍၞᢛߦᛩ⾗ߒߡ
ࠆὐߥߤ㧘⥝ᷓข⚵ߺ߇ሽߔࠆ 12)㧚․ߦࠛ
ࠦࡆ࠶ࠫߢࠆ߇㧘↪ⷙၫⴕߩ╙৻ᱠ
ߣߒߡ㧘2010 ᐕ 8 ߦㆮ〔ㄭㄝߩ᳃⚂ 800 ኅᣖ
ࠍኹ㒮ߩධߦ⋥✢〒㔌 11 ࠠࡠ(〝〒㔌 15 ࠠࡠ)
ߦㅧᚑߐࠇߚၞߦ⒖ߐߖߡᨋ᥊ⷰోߦ
ਸ਼ࠅߒߚ㧚ߘߩᓟ㧘ઁߩ߿㓌ኅᣖߣ㔗᠗
ெຬኅᣖߥߤ߽ᬀߒ㧘ࠛࠦࡆ࠶ࠫߩ㐳ߦ
ࠃࠆߣ 2011 ᐕ 2 ೋᣨ 1,703 ኅᣖ㧘᳃ᢙ
5,860 ੱ(ౝᅚᕈ 2,883 ੱ)㧘ዊቇᩞ↢ᓤᢙ 546 ੱ㧘
వ↢ 10 ฬߩዬ⠪ࠍᢙ߃ࠆ߹ߢߦߥߞߚ㧚
ߎߩࠃ߁ߥਛߢߩ․ᓽ⊛ߥข⚵ߺߣߒߡ㧘↪
⠪⽶ᜂ㊄ߩᓽ߿Ⓧᭂ⊛ߥ⾗Ḯ⼔㧘㐿⊒ࡊࡦ
ߩ╷ቯߥߤ߇ࠆ㧚
㧢㧚߹ߣ
ᧄ⎇ⓥߪ㧘ࠞࡦࡏࠫࠕࠍኻ⽎ߣߒߡ㧘ⷰశᝄ⥝
ߦኻߔࠆ࿖㧘ߥࠄ߮ߦ APSARA㧘PVNA ߩข⚵ߺ
ߩታᘒᛠីࠍⴕߞߚ㧚⎇ⓥࠍㅢߓߡ㧘߹ߕࠞࡦࡏ
ࠫࠕᐭߢߪⷰశ⋭߇ⷰశⴕࠍᚲ▤ߒ㧘ⷰశ⸘
↹㐿⊒ߩ╷ᚢ⇛ߩቯ߿ੱ᧚⢒ᚑ㧘⸵㧘
࠹ࠖࡦࠣߥߤ㧘࠰ࡈ࠻ࡂ࠼ਔ㕙ߩ╷ࠍዷ
㐿ߒߡࠆߎߣ㧘ⷰశಽ㊁ߦ߅ߌࠆ 10 ᐕߦᷰࠆ
㐳ᦼ⸘↹ࠍ╷ቯߒߡࠆߎߣࠍࠄ߆ߦߢ߈ߚ㧚
߹ߚ㧘ࠪࠚࡓࠕ࠶ࡊ㧘ࡊࠕࡆࡅࠕߘࠇߙࠇ
ߩၞߦ߅ߡ㧘ᢥൻ⾗Ḯ⼔ࠍߚᵴേࠍⴕ
132
ෳ⠨ᢥ₂
1㧕ᄖോ⋭ Homepage
(http://www.mofa.go.jp/mofaj/area/cambodia/data.html)㧘
Viewed on 2011.12.22
2㧕ࠞࡦࡏࠫࠕᄢ㙚ᣣᧄ࿖ᄢ㙚 Homepage
(http://www.kh.emb-japan.go.jp/political/gaikyo.htm)㧘
Viewed on 2011.12.22
3㧕೨ឝ 2
4㧕Cambodia Ministry of Tourism: MOT and ASEAN Asia’s
Perfect 10 Paradise, TOURISM STATISTCICS-ANNUAL
REPORT 201
5㧕Cambodia MOT: TOURISM STATISITCS REPORT, 2010
6㧕Cambodia Ministry of Tourism Homepage
(http://www.tourismcambodia.org/mot/index.php?view=mo
t_cambodia#comp),Viewed on 2011.12.22
7㧕MOT Activity 㑐ㅪࡄࡢࡐࠗࡦ࠻ࡈࠔࠗ࡞(Presentation
Material on the interview)
8㧕APSARA: Angkor Tourism Planning and
Development-Sustainable and Tourism Investment
Opportunities(Presentation Material on the interview)
9㧕APSARA㧘࿖㓙ᯏ᭴㧦ࠪࠚࡓࠕ࠶ࡊ/ࠕࡦࠦ࡞ၞ
ᜬ⛯⊛ᝄ⥝✚ว⸘↹⺞ᩏ㧘2006.3
10㧕National Authority for the Protection and the Development
of the cultural and Natural Site of the Temple of Preah
Vihear (ANPV): Management Plan for The Temple of
Preah Vihear, 2010
11㧕NAPV: Orientation Plan for the Development of the Preah
Vihear Area (final draft), 2010
12㧕EIGHT-JAPAN ENGINEERING CONSULTANTS INC.
and KHMER NIPPON CONSTRUCTION CO., LTD.:
SAMDACH HUN SEN ECO-VILLAGE MASTER
PLAN(Draft Final Report), March, 2010
ᐔᚑ ᐕᐲ࿖㓙↢␠ળ⎇ⓥࡦ࠲ ⎇ⓥⷐ
྾࿖ፉᎩㇱߦ߅ߌࠆ IC ࠞ࠼ਸ਼ゞߩዉ
࿖㓙↢␠ળ⎇ⓥࡦ࠲ ࠣ࡞ࡊ㧞 ⎇ⓥຬ
ᄢቇ㒮࿖㓙ၞቇ⎇ⓥ⑼ ᢎ ၳ 㓷 ㅢ
Introduction of IC Ticket to Remote Island in Shikoku
ࠚߢ 50㨪60 ಽߩ〒㔌ߦࠆޕ㕙Ⓧߪ⚂
㧝㧚ߪߓߦ
ㄭᐕޔㅢಽ㊁ߢߪ IC ࠞ࠼ਸ਼ゞߩዉ
14km2ੱޔญߪ⚂ 3,400 ੱߢࠆߥ߆⼾ޕ
ߦࠃࠅਸ਼ゞ⾼ߩᾘࠊߒߐ߇ߥߊߥࠅޔ
⥄ὼߣᱧผࠍߒޔㄭᐕߪߩⴚ⧓ޟፉߣޠ
⒖േߩࡕࡆ࠹ࠖ߇ะߒߡࠆޕ㔚ሶࡑ
ߒߡᵈ⋡ࠍ߮ࠆޕ2010 ᐕߦޟἑᚭౝ࿖㓙
ࡀᯏ⢻ࠍタߒߚ IC ࠞ࠼ਸ਼ゞ߽⊒
⧓ⴚ⑂߇ޠ㐿ߐࠇޔᵹੱญ߇ᄢߒߚޕ
ⴕߐࠇޔㅢᯏ㑐ߩߺߥࠄߕޔ᭽ߥޘಽ㊁
⋥ፉ↸ߩⷰశㄟ✚ᢙߪ 2001 ᐕ㗃ࠃࠅ
ߢߩࠨࡆࠬߩ↪߇ᄢߒߡࠆޕIC ࠞ
ᓢߦޘჇടޔ2004 ᐕ㗃߆ࠄᕆỗߦჇടߒߚޕ
࠼ਸ਼ゞߪㅢߩࠪࡓࠬൻߩታ
ߎࠇߪࡌࡀ࠶ࡂ࠙ࠬ߿ਛ⟤ⴚ㙚ߥߤޔ
ߦ⽸₂ߔࠆߛߌߢߥߊޔㇺᏒౝⷰశㆆ
ᱧผᢥൻᣉ⸳ߩలታߦࠃࠆലᨐߣ⠨߃ࠄ
߿ၞߩⷰశᝄ⥝ߦ߽ነਈߔࠆޕ
ࠇࠆ⋥ޕፉ߳ߩ⦁⥾⥶〝ߪ྾࿖ᴁ⦁ᩣᑼળ
ᧄႎ๔ߪ⊒ߒⷡ⋡ޔዷࠍߣߍࠆ㔚ሶࡑ
␠߇ㆇ༡ޔቝ㊁᷼ޔ㜞᧻᷼߇ὐߣߥߞߡ
ࡀᯏ⢻ઃ߈ㅢ♽ IC ࠞ࠼ਸ਼ゞߦߟ
ࠆ㧔ⓨ〝ޔ㋕ߪߥߊࠢࠕߩߺߩ⥾⦁ޔ
ߡޔ྾࿖ፉᎩㇱߩዉࠍ⚫ߔࠆޕ
ࠬߢࠆ㧕ޕ
ታ⸽ታ㛎ߢߪ⋥ፉࠍ⸰ࠇࠆⷰశቴ╬ࠍኻ
⽎ߦㅢᯏ㑐߿‛ຠ⽼ᄁᐫߦ IC ࠞ
㧞㧚⋥ፉߦ߅ߌࠆ IruCa ߩዉታ㛎
㚅Ꮉ⋵㜞᧻Ꮢߢߪ㜞᧻ℙᐔ㔚᳇㋕ᩣᑼ
࠼࠳ࠍ⸳⟎ߒޔ㜞᧻ㇺᏒߣ৻ൻ
ળ␠㧔એਅޠࠎߢߣߎޟ
㧕߇ޔ2005 ᐕ 2
ߒߚㆆⷰశࠨࡆࠬࠍឭଏߒߚޕፉ᳃ߦ
ߦ྾࿖ߩㅢᯏ㑐ߣߒߡೋߡ IC ࠞ࠼
ኻߒߡ߽ IruCa ߦࠃࠆ⋥ፉ㜞᧻㑆ߩࡈࠚ
ਸ਼ゞ㧔
ޟIruCaޠ
㧕ࠍ⊒ⴕߒߚޕIruCa ߪޔ
߿㜞᧻ㇺᏒߩ㔚ゞࡃࠬ↪ᤨߩࠪ
ㅢᯏ㑐ߛߌߢߥߊޔరᐫⴝ߿㚅Ꮉᄢ
ࡓࠬߥㅢࠨࡆࠬࠍឭଏߒߚޕ
ቇⴕޔᯏ㑐ߣߩㅪ៤ߦࠃࠅޟၞࠞ࠼ޠ
IruCa ߩ┵ᧃᯏེߪᣉ⸳߇ᠲߔࠆ┵ᧃ
ߣߒߡߩ↪߇ㅴࠎߢࠆޕ2009 ᐕߦߪㇺ
ߣਸ਼ቴ߇ࠞ࠼ࠍ߆ߑߔࠞ࠼࠳ߣ
ᏒㇱߛߌߢߥߊޔፉᎩㇱߦ߽ IruCa ࠍዉ
ߩ⚵ߺวࠊߖߣߥߞߡࠆޕIC ࠞ࠼
ߔࠆታ㛎߇྾࿖ㆇャዪߦࠃߞߡታᣉߐࠇߚޕ
࠳ ⸳ ⟎ ▎ ᚲ ߪ 㜞 ᧻ ⓨ ᷼ ࡠ ࡆ ᐫ (ANA
ኻ⽎ߣߥߞߚፉߪ⋥ፉߢࠆޕ
FESTA)ޔ㜞᧻᷼ࡈࠚ࠴ࠤ࠶࠻ᄁ႐ޔ
⋥ፉ㧔↸㧕ߪޔ㜞᧻Ꮢߩർᣇ 13kmࡈޔ
ਛ⟤ⴚ㙚ޔࠬ࠙ࡂ࠶ࡀࡌޔᶏߩ㚞ߥ߅ߒ
1
133
߹㧔⋥ፉߩ₵㑐ญ㧕ߥߤߢࠆޕ↪ᐫ⥩
ࠇ߫↪ᢱ߇⊒↢ߔࠆߩߘޕ႐ว↪ޔᢱ
ߩᄁ㜞✚㗵ߪ 205,729 ޔ
↪✚ᢙߪ 158
ߦว߁ߛߌߩଢᕈߩะ߇᳞ࠄࠇࠆ
ઙߛߞߚޕ↪ઙᢙࠍᐫ⥩ߦߺࠆߣ྾࿖
ߛࠈ߁ޕ
ᴁ⦁㜞᧻߇ 64 ઙߣᦨ߽ᄙߊޔᰴߢ⋥ፉᭉ
ፉౝⷰశߩ⺖㗴ޔᓟߩᣇะᕈߣߒߡޔ
Ꮢ㧔⋥ፉ↸ⷰశදળ㧕ߣਛ⟤ⴚ㙚߇ߣ߽
એਅߩὐ߇ᜰ៰ߐࠇࠆޕ3㨪5 ޔ8㨪9 ߪ
ߦ 22 ઙߢߞߚޕታ⸽ታ㛎ߪᐢႎᦼ㑆߇⍴
ⷰశቴ߇㓸ਛߔࠆ❥ᔔᦼߣߥࠆ
߆߆ߞߚߎߣ߽ࠅޔIruCa ߩ↪߇චಽ
ᦼߪㅢਇଢၞߩ᳃ߩ⿷ߩ⏕ߩߚ
⍮ߐࠇߥ߆ߞߚህ߇ࠆ⋥ޕፉߩⷰశ
ߦዉߒߚ↸༡ࡃࠬ߇ⷰశቴߢḩᏨߣߥࠅޔ
ቴߩᄙߊߪ㚅Ꮉ⋵ᄖ߆ࠄߩ᧪⸰⠪ߢࠆߚ
᳃ߩⓍߺᱷߒ߇⊒↢ߔࠆ
IruCa ߩሽࠍ⍮ࠄߥ႐ว߇ᄙ߹ޕ
ฦᚲߢⷰశቴߦࠃࠆㅢᷦṛ߇⊒↢ߒޔ
ߚ IruCa ߪ㗍߆ࠅ㊄㧔࠺ࡐࠫ࠶࠻㧕߇ᔅⷐ
ో⏕߇㔍ߒߊߥࠆߩࠚࡈޕቯຬ߇
ߥߚⷰశቴߥߤߩ৻ᤨ↪⠪ߦߪഀ㜞ᗵ
450 ฬߢࠆߩߦኻߒߡ↸༡ࡃࠬߩቯຬߪ
߇ࠆ߽߆ߒޕ㗍߆ࠅ㊄ߩ♖▚߇ߢ߈ࠆᣉ
29 ฬߢࠆޕㅢኈ㊂߇ᄢ߈ߊ⇣ߥࠆߎߣ
⸳߇ፉౝߦߥߚᣏⴕ⠪߇㗍߆ࠅ㊄ࠍ♖
߆ࠄࡈࠚ߇⌕ߔࠆߣⷰశቴ߇ᶏߩ㚞
▚ߒߦߊ⁁ᴫ߇ߞߚ⋥ޕፉߢ↪ߢ߈
ߦḷࠇࠆޕᶏᄖ߿㚂ㇺߥߤ߆ࠄ㘧ⴕᯏޔ
ࠆᣉ⸳߇㒢ቯ⊛ߥߎߣ߽ࠅޔ㊄ߣߩ૬
ࡓࠫࡦࡃࠬࠍࠚࡈޔਸ਼ࠅ⛮ߢ߈ߚ
↪߇ᔅⷐߥ⁁ᴫߢߪޟዊ㌛ⷐࠄߕߩᭉޘ
ⷰశቴ߇⌕ߒߚᶏߩ㚞ㄝߢⓍߺᱷߒ߇
ㆆߪޠචಽឭଏߢ߈ߥ߆ߞߚ߽ߩߣᕁࠊࠇ
ࠆޕ㜞᧻ଢޔቝ㊁ଢߦਸ਼⦁ߔࠆゞߩ⺃ዉ
ࠆࠫࡖ࠴ޕᯏ߇⸳⟎ߐࠇߥ߆ߞߚߚⓍ
߽࿎㔍ߣߥࠆޕ
1)ᤨߩߎޕ
2)ޕፉౝ〝ߩ
ߺჇߒ߇ߢ߈ߕޔㆆߦᔅⷐߥ㊄㗵ߩ⏕
એߩࠃ߁ߥ㗴ὐ߇ᶋ߈ᓂࠅߣߥߞߚ
߇ߢ߈ߥߎߣ߽ᓇ㗀ߒߚޕᢱ㊄ഀᒁ߇ߎ
߇ޔᬌ⸛ᆔຬળߢߪޔIC ࠞ࠼ߩଢᕈࠍ
ߣߢࠎࡃࠬޔ㔚ゞ↪߿↸༡ࡃࠬߦ㒢ࠄࠇ
ᄙߊߩੱ߇⹏ଔߒߡࠆߎߣߦ㐓ߺޔ࿁
ߡ߅ࠅ߅ޟࠆࠁࠊޔᓧᗵ߇ޠዊߐ߆ߞߚ
ߩታ⸽ታ㛎ߩ⚿ᨐࠍ〯߹߃⺞ߦࠄߐޔᩏߔ
ߎߣ߽ᜰ៰ߐࠇࠆ↸ߦࠄߐޕ༡ࡃࠬ߇ࡢࡦ
ߴ߈⺖㗴߿ౝኈࠍᢛℂߒߚߢޔᒁ߈⛯߈ޔ
ࠦࠗࡦ 100 ߣ߁⸳ቯߢᡰᛄ߇ኈᤃߛ
ၞ߇৻ߣߥߞߚታ⸽ታ㛎ߩታᣉࠍᬌ⸛
ߞߚߎߣ߽ᓇ㗀ߒߚߣ߁ޕ
ߒߡߊߣߩߎߣߢࠆޕ
྾࿖ᴁ⦁ߩ⽼ᄁߔࠆਸ਼⦁ߦߪᄙߊߩ⒳
㧟㧚ਛፉߦ߅ߌࠆ IC 㨪ࠞ࠼ߩዉ
㘃߇ࠆޕㅢᬺ⠪ߣߒߡߪ㊄ߩ♖▚
ߦട߃ޔㅜ IC ࠞ࠼┵ᧃߩᠲ߇ᔅⷐߥ
ᗲᇫ⋵᧻ጊᏒߢߪદ੍㋕ᩣᑼળ␠㧔એ
ߎߣ߆ࠄᷙ㔀ᤨߦᡰ㓚ࠍ߈ߚߔᕟࠇ߇ࠆޕ
ਅޟદ੍㋕ޠ
㧕߇ 2005 ᐕ 8 ߦ㔚ሶࡑࡀ
⋥ፉ⥶〝ߢߪ IC ࠞ࠼↪⠪߇ዋߥߚ
ᯏ⢻ઃ߈ IC ࠞ࠼ਸ਼ゞ㧔ޟIC 㨪ࠞ
⡯ຬߪ㊄♖▚ᧃ┵ޔᠲߕࠇߦ߽ኻ
࠼ޠ
㧕ࠍ⊒ⴕߒߚޕએ᧪ޔIC 㨪ࠞ࠼ߪޔ
ᔕߒߥߌࠇ߫ߥࠄߥߚ߹ޕ⚦ᦠ߇⊒ⴕ
IruCa ߣห᭽ޔၞߦኒ⌕⽸₂ߔࠆޟ
ߐࠇߥߚ㓸⸘߇ਇଢߣߩᗧ߽ߞߚޕ
ၞࠞ࠼ߡߒߣޠ㊀ⷐߥᓎഀࠍᨐߚߒߡ
࿁ߪታ㛎ዉߢࠅޔIC ࠞ࠼┵ᧃߩ
ࠆޕIC 㨪ࠞ࠼ߪ 2009 ᐕ߆ࠄਛፉߥߤ
↪ᢱߪ⊒↢ߒߥ߆ߞߚ߇ᧃ┵ޔᯏࠍዉߔ
ፉᎩㇱߣ᧻ጊ᷼ࠍ⚳ὐߣߔࠆ㧔ਛፉᴁ⦁
2
134
ᩣᑼળ␠ߩ㧕㜞ㅦ⦁߿ࡈࠚߦ߽ዉߐ
ㅢᯏ㑐ߩਸ਼⛮ଢᕈߩะޔፉᎩㇱ
ࠇޔ㋕ࡃࠬ⦁⥾㑆ߩ⋧ਸ਼ࠅ⛮߉߇
᳃߮ፉᄖ߆ࠄߩⷰశቴߩㅢߩଢᕈߩ
ታߒߚޕ
ะޔㅢߩᵴᕈൻ߇࿑ࠄࠇߚޕ
ፉᎩㇱߢߪዋሶ㜞㦂ൻ߇ᕆㅦߦㅴⴕߒߡ
⦁⥾ޔፉౝࡃࠬߩਸ਼⛮ᤨ㑆ޔㆇ⥶࡞࠻ޔ
3)ޕፉᎩㇱߣᧄࠍߟߥߋ⥶〝߿ፉౝ
ㆇ⥶ᒻᘒߩ⋥ߒߪߕ߹ޔਛፉᧄፉߦ߅ߌ
ࡃࠬߪፉ᳃ߩㅢൕㅢቇ⾈‛ߣߞߚ
ࠆፉౝ〝✢ࡃࠬߦߟߡޔਸ਼⛮ᤨ㑆߿ㆇ⥶
ᣣᏱ↢ᵴߦ↪ߐࠇߡࠆ߇ޔਸ਼㒠ቴᢙߩ
࡞࠻ߩᄌᦝߩࡓ࠹ࠬࠪ࠼ࡦࡑࠖ࠺ޔዉ
ᷫዋ߿Άᢱߩ㜞㛛߆ࠄ෩ߒ⚻༡㔍ߦ⋥㕙
╬ޔㆇ⥶ᒻᘒߩ⋥ߒࠍⷞ㊁ߦࠇޔፉ
ߒߡࠆ᧻ޕጊᏒߢߪߎߩࠃ߁ߥፉᎩㇱߩ
ౝㅢߩ⛽ᜬ⏕ߩߚߩኻ╷ࠍ✚ว
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⊛ߦᬌ⸛ߒߚޕᣏቴᣉ⸳ᣏቴ⦁ߩࡃࠕ
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ߩߪޔ1970 ᐕઍ߆ࠄ 1980 ᐕઍߢࠆޕ1986 ᐕ
࿎ㄘᏪ߇ࠅⷰߩࠬߴࠖ࠹࠾ࡘࡒࠦޔ
㗃ߦߪࠪࡦࡄࡘࠠࠝߩ࡞࠹ࡎߩࠗ࠲ޔ㧔ᐔဋቴ
శ㐿⊒ߩᔅⷐᕈߪࠆߎߣ߇ߢ߈ࠆޔߒ߆ߒޕ
ቶභ₸㧕ߪޔ60㧑บߢផ⒖ߒߡߚ߇ޔ1990
ߎߎᢙᐕ⛯ߚࠢ࠺࠲ઙޔᤓᐕߩ એ᧪
ᐕߦߪޔ87㧑ࠍභࠆࠃ߁ߦߥࠅޔ1986 ᐕ㗃ߩ
ߩࠕ࡙࠲ࡗࠍਛᔃߣߔࠆᵩ᳓ⵍኂ╬ߢ࠲ࠗߩⷰ
ᐔဋቴቶᢱ㊄ߪ⚂ 30 ࠼࡞ߛߞߚߩ߇ޔ1990 ᐕߦ
శ↥ᬺߪუṌ⊛ⵍኂࠍⵍߞߡ߅ࠅޔࠢ࠶ࠦࡦࡃޔ
ߪ 114 ࠼࡞ߦ߽㆐ߒߚޕ
࠴ࠚࡦࡑࠗࠢޔࠗࡓࠨޔࡗ࠲ࡄޔ࠻࠶ࠤࡊޔ
1980 ᐕઍᓟඨߦߪࠆߣ࠲ࠗߩⷰశ↥ᬺߪᣂ
ࡆߩࡦࡅࠕࡎޔᣢሽߩⷰశࠍᝄ⥝ߐߖߡ࠲ࠗ
ߚߥ⺖㗴ࠍ⓭߈ߟߌࠄࠇࠆࠆࠃߦ࠲࠺ࠢޕ
ߩⷰశ↥ᬺࠍᓳᵴޔᵴᕈൻߐߖࠆߎߣࠍఝవߔߴ
ᴦ⊛ਇቯൻ߇ᆎ߹ࠆޕ1990 ᐕઍᓟඨߦߪࠛޔ
߈ߢࠆࠗ࠲ޕ࿖ౝߩౝ⊒⊛⊒ዷࠍ߽ߚࠄߔߦߪޔ
ࠗ࠭ߩᢔ߇࠲ࠗ࿖ౝߢ߽ᵹⴕߒ࡞࠹ࡎޔᣉ⸳ߩ
ⷰశ↥ᬺߩ⊒ዷߦࠃࠆ⚻ᷣ⊛ലᨐࠍ㜞ߡࠗ࠲ޔ
ㆊߥଏ⛎߇ࠝࠠࡘࡄࡦࠪߩૐਅࠍ߽ߚࠄߒ
᳃ᣖ⾗ᧄߩ㌁ⴕ⟲߿⸽Ꮢ႐ߩ⏕┙߇ᔅⷐߢ
ߚ߽ߦࠇߘޕჇߒߡޔᏂᄢࡎ࠹࡞ࠍᑪ⸳ߔࠆߦߪޔ
ࠆ⪇ߪߦ࡞ࡐࠟࡦࠪޕ♽㌁ⴕ⟲߿⸽Ꮢ႐߇
␠ળࠗࡦࡈ㧔ਅ᳓㧕ߩᢛ߇ᔅⷐߦߥࠆ߇ޔ
ᚑ┙ߒߡ߅ࠅⷰߩࠗ࠲ޔశ↥ᬺ߽ࠪࡦࠟࡐ࡞ߢ
ࡄ࠲ࡗߩࡎ࠹࡞⟲ߪߘߩߎߣࠍήⷞߒߡᑪ⸳
ߩ⾗㊄⺞㆐߇น⢻ߢࠆ߇ࠗ࠲ޔ࿖ౝߦ᳃ᣖ♽㊄
ߒߪ࠴ࡆࡗ࠲ࡄޔ⇇ߢᢙߩᄢ⣺⩶ߢᳪ
Ⲣ⟲߇ᚑ┙ߢ߈᳃㑆⾗ᧄߩᵹㅢ߇ߢ߈ࠇ߫ࠅࠃޔ
ᨴߐࠇߚࡆ࠴ߣߒߡฬߦߥߞߚߥ߁ࠃߩߎޕ
ⷰశ↥ᬺߩౝ⊒⊛⊒ዷߦነਈߔࠆߎߣ߇ߢ߈ࠆ
ਅ᳓ᣉ⸳ߩਇߦࠃࠆⅣႺᳪᨴ㗴ߛߌߢߥߊޔ
ߣᕁࠊࠇࠆޔ߫ࠇߌߥ߈ߢ߇ߣߎߩߘޕ᰷☨♽ᄙ
࠲ࠗߩᄖ࿖ੱⷰశቴߩ㘩ߦឭଏߔࠆ㙃ᱺⲌ߇
࿖☋Ꮒᄢࡎ࠹࡞࠴ࠚࡦߦ࠲ࠗ࿖ౝⷰశ↥ᬺ߇
㜞ଔᩰߢขᒁߐࠇᆎࠆߣࡗ࠲ࡄߣࠢ࠶ࠦࡦࡃޔ
ᏨᏎߐࠇⷰޔశ↥ᬺߩᱴߤࠍᄙ࿖☋ࡎ࠹࡞࠴
ߩ㑆ߩㄘᏪߩ᳓↰ߪޔ㙃ᱺⲌߩ↢↥႐ᚲߣ
ࠚࡦߦⷰశࠍㆶᵹߐߖߡߒ߹߁ߎߣߦߥ
ߒߡ⣉శࠍᶎ߮ߩⲌࠄ߆↥↢ߩ☨ޔ㙃ᱺ߳ߣᄌൻ
ࠆߩߎޕὐߦ㑐ߒߡࠪࡦࡐࠫ࠙ࡓߢߩឭ⸒⊒
ߒߚޕᶏ᳓ࠍ↪ߒߡⲌߩ㙃ᱺࠍߔࠆ߆ࠄߦߪޔ
ߪήߊޔᱷᔨߥ⚿ᨐߣߥߞߚ ޕ
ㄭ㓞ߩ☨ߩ↢↥ߔࠆ᳓↰ߦႮኂࠍ߽ߚࠄߒޔㄘᬺ
ߩ☨ߩ↢↥ᕈࠍ⎕უߔࠆ⚿ᨐࠍ߽ߚࠄߒߚߜ߽ޕ
㧞㧚࠲ࠗߩⷰశ㐿⊒ߩ߽ߚࠄߒߚ߽ߩ
ࠈࠎᄖ࿖ੱⷰశቴߩ㘩ะߌߛߌߢߥߊޔ㙃ᱺⲌ
࠲ࠗ࿖ౝߩⷰశ㐿⊒߇Ⓧᭂ⊛ߦⴕࠊࠇߚߩߪ
ߩ࠲ࠗߩ↢↥ߪャߔࠆ㊂߽ᄢ߈߆ߞߚߣᕁࠊ
1960 ᐕઍᓟඨߩࡧࠚ࠻࠽ࡓᚢߦ☨࿖߇㑐ਈߒ
ࠇࠆ߇ޔ⇇ਛߩⲌᶏ⠧ߩャ㊂ߩ 95㧑ߪᚒ߇
ᆎߡ߆ࠄߢࠆޕ㗔ࠗࡦ࠼ࠪ࠽߆ࠄർࡧࠚ࠻
࿖߇ⴕߞߡ߅ࠅߩࠗ࠲ޔⅣႺᳪᨴ㗴ߦᣣᧄ߽㑐
࠽ࡓ߇⁛┙ߒޔධࡧࠚ࠻࠽ࡓߪᒰೋޔᣥቬਥ࿖ࡈ
ਈߒߡࠆߎߣ߽ᔓࠇߡߪߥࠄߥޕ
ࡦࠬ߇㑐ਈߒߡ߈ߚ߇ࠕࠫࠕޔߦᐢ߇ࠅࠍ
1980 ᐕઍ߆ࠄ 1990 ᐕઍೋ㗡߹ߢߪࠗ࠲ޔ࿖ౝ
ߖߡ߈ߚ↥ਥ⟵⻉࿖ኅ㧔ኻ࠼ࡒࡁℂ⺰㧕ߩᚑ┙
ߩⷰశ↥ᬺߩᄢߣ⊒ዷߪ⚻ߩࠗ࠲ޔᷣࠍᚑ㐳ߐ
ࠍ㒐ߋߚࡈࡦࠬ߆ࠄ☨࿖߇ࡃ࠻ࡦ࠲࠶࠴ࠍ
ߖᐕᐔဋ GDP ߩ 10㧑ࠍභࠆࠃ߁ߦߥߞߚ࠲ޕ
ฃߌߡァ⊛ᡰេࠍᆎߚޕᒰὼ☨࿖ァߩᘨ
ࠗ⚻ᷣߩᚑ㐳ߦⷰశ↥ᬺߩᨐߚߒߚᓎഀߪᄢ߈
ᣉ⸳ࠍㄭ㓞ߩ࠲ࠗߦ᳞ߚߎߣߦࠃࠆࡗ࠲ࡄޕ
ߊߩߎޔᒰᤨᄖ⽻ߩ 5㧑߇ⷰశߦࠃࠆ߽ߩߢޔ
ߩࡆ࠴ߪ ࠄ߆ࠢ࠶ࠦࡦࡃޔ1 ᤨ㑆ߩ〒㔌ߦ
㓹↪ߩഃ߿ᛩ⾗ࠍടㅦߒߡ࠲ࠗߩ↢ᵴ᳓Ḱࠍ
ࠅޔᄢⷙᮨߥⷰశ㐿⊒ߢᄙᢙߩᏂᄢࡎ࠹࡞߇ᑪ⸳
ᒁ߈ߍࠆߎߣߦᚑഞߒߚࠗ࠲ޕᐭߪ⚿ߩߎޔ
ߐࠇߚޕหᤨઍࡊࠤ࠶࠻ፉࡄ࠻ࡦࡆ࠴
ᨐߦᵈ⋡ߒޔ1979 ᐕߦⷰశࠍ࠲ࠗߩ╙ 4 ᰴ⚻ᷣ
ㄝၞ߇ⷰశ㐿⊒ߩኻ⽎ߦߥࠆޕ1960 ᐕઍએ೨
␠ળ㐿⊒⸘↹ߦ⚵ߺࠇࠄࠇߡ߆ࠄߩ߳ࠗ࠲ޔᄖ
ࡃࡦࠦ࠶ࠢߦߪޔ1920 ᐕઍߦࠝࠛࡦ࠲࡞ࡎ࠹
࿖ੱⷰశቴᢙߪޔᐕᐔဋ 10.5㧑ߦߒߡࠆޕ
࡞߇࠴ࡖࠝࡊࡗᎹᴪߦ㐿ᬺߒߡࠆ߇ࠇߎޔ
1980 ᐕᒰೋޔᄖ࿖ੱⷰశቴᢙߪ 200 ਁੱߦዯ߆
ߪ᰷☨♽ᄖ࿖ੱᣏⴕ⠪ࠍࡑࠤ࠶࠻ߦߒߡߚޕ
ߥ߆ߞߚ߇ޔ1989 ᐕߦߪ 480 ਁੱޔ1990 ᐕ 530
138
ਁੱߣࡇࠢߦ㆐ߒߚⷰޕశ߽ 1985 ᐕߩ 12
ࡈࠖࠫᐭߪޔᤓᐕ ᣣߦࡈࠖࠫߦ
ం࠼࡞߆ࠄ 1990 ᐕߦߪޔ43 ం࠼࡞ߣ 3.5 ߦ㆐
ೋ ߡ ߩ ࠞ ࠫࡁ ⚻ ༡ ߩ ࠗ ࡦ ࠬ ࠍ☨ ♽ 1PG
ߒߚޕ2006 ᐕઍߦߞߡᴦ⊛ਇቯߐ⛯߈ޔ
*WPFTGF5CPFU.KOKVGFߦਈ߃ߚࡁࠫࠞߩߎޕડ
ァㇱߦࠃࠆࠢ࠺࠲߇⊒↢ߒߚޕ2008 ᐕߦߥ
ᬺߪޔ㧐 OKNNKQP ߩᛩਅ⾗ᧄߢ㧡ࠬ࠲ߩ
ࠆߣ࠲ࠢࠪࡦᵷߩ᳃ਥਥ⟵Ꮢ᳃ㅪว㧔PAD㧕߇
⽕⪇ࡎ࠹࡞ࠍࠞࠫࡁ࠱࠻ࠍࡐ࠻࠺
ᐭㆇേࠍ➅ࠅᐢߍࠆਛߢࡦࠪࠢ࠲ޔర㚂⋧ߩ
࠽࠙ߦ㐿ᬺߔࠆ ޕบߩࠬࡠ࠶࠻ࡑࠪࡦ
⟵ᒉ߇㚂⋧ߦዞછߒ߇ޔPAD ߦࠃࠆ㚂⋧ᐭߩභ
߿ บߩࠥࡓ࠹ࡉ࡞߇ౝߒߡࠆޕᛩਅ
ઙ߇ߎߞߚ ߡ⛯ޕPAD ߪࡊ࠽ࡦࡢࠬޔ
⾗ᧄߩ 㧑ߪ☨ޔ࿖ߩ㊄ⲢᏒ႐ߢ⏕ߒޔ
ࡓ࿖㓙ⓨ᷼ߣ࠼ࡦࡓࠕࡦⓨ᷼ࠍභߒޔⓨ᷼ᯏ⢻
ᐕ ߦࠝࡊࡦߔࠆ੍ቯߢࠆޕઃᏪᣉ⸳ߣߒ
ߩ㤗∽߇⊒↢ߒޔᄖ࿖ੱⷰశቴߩ⸰࠲ࠗ߇ਛᱛߐ
ߡࠦࡦࡌࡦ࡚ࠪࡦࡦ࠲߽ߎߩࠞࠫࡁ࠱
ࠇࠆߎߣߦߥߞߚߩߎޕᓟㆮ∝߇≹߃ߥ߹߹ᤓ
࠻ߦ㓞ធߒߡࠆޕ࿖㓙ળ⼏ߛߌߢߥߊࠬޔ
ᐕ 7 ߩࠕ࡙࠲ࡗࠍਛᔃߦࡃࡦࠦ࠶ࠢࠍᄢᵩ
ࡌࠟࠬࠬ࠲ࠗ࡞ߩ࠽ࠗ࠻ࠢࡉ߽⸳⟎੍ቯߢᑪ
᳓㗴ߪޔᄖ࿖ੱⷰశቴߦᔊㆱߐࠇࠆߎߣߦߥߞ
⸳ߦᣂߚߦࡈࠖࠫੱߦ ੱߩ߇⊒↢ߒޔ
ߚޕ߽એ೨ߩࠃ߁ߥᄖ࿖ੱⷰశቴߩᓳᵴߪ
㐿ᬺߔࠇ߫ ੱߩ߽Ⴧടߔࠆߣࠕ࠽࠙ࡦࠬ
߈ߡߥޕ
ߒߡࠆߒ߆ߒޕ᰷☨♽ᄙ࿖☋Ꮒᄢࡎ࠹࡞࠴ࠚ
ࡦߩ㓹↪⁁ᴫߣห᭽ߦૐ⾓㊄ߩ႐ഭ⠪ߩ㓹
3. ࡈࠖࠫߩⷰశ㐿⊒ߩ⁁ߣ⺖㗴
↪ߪߞߡ߽ޔਛ㑆▤ℂ⠪એߩ㜞⾓㊄ߩߪ
ᤓᐕᐲߩႎ๔ᦠߦࡈࠖࠫߩᦨᄢㇺᏒ࠽ࡦ࠺
ᓧࠄࠇࠆߪߕ߇ߥޔࠎࠈߜ߽ޕਛ㑆▤ℂ⠪ጀએ
ࠖߩࡐ࠻࠺࠽࠙ߦ᰷☨♽ᄙ࿖☋Ꮒᄢࡎ࠹࡞
ߩߦߪ⚻ߣ࡞ࠠࠬ࠻ࡦࡔࠫࡀࡑޔ㛎߇ᔅ
࠴ࠚࡦ߇ᄙᢙㅴߒߡᏨᏎߒߡ߅ࠅࠫࠖࡈޔ
ⷐߦߥࠆߩߢࠫࠖࡈޔ࿖ౝߦߘߩᛛ⢻ࠍ⢒ᚑߔ
♽᳃ᣖ⾗ᧄߩࡎ࠹࡞߇ሽߖߕⷰޔశ⋉ߩᱴߤ
ࠆ ᐕᄢቇߦⷰశ↥ᬺߦኻᔕߒߡࠆᢎ⢒ᯏ㑐
߇ᄙ࿖☋Ꮒᄢࡎ࠹࡞࠴ࠚࡦߩᧄㇱߦㆶᵹߒࡈޔ
ߪሽߒߡߥߩ࠻࠱ࡁࠫࠞߩߎޕળ㐳
ࠖࠫߩరߦߘߩ⋉߇ㆶరߒߥ⚵ߺߦ
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⺰ⓥߒߚޕᤓᐕߦ߽ᣂߚߥࡢ࡞࠼ࡑࠢ࠱
࠻߆ࠄ߇ࠆ⋉㊄ߩ 㧑ࠍࡈࠖࠫᐭߦ
࠻ࡃࠗ࠻ࡦ࠼࠙ࠚࠬ࠻߇㐿ᬺߒߡ߅ࠅޔ
⚊ߔࠆߣㅀߴߡࠆ࠽ࡑߩ࡞ࡐࠟࡦࠪޕ
ࡑࡦࠣࡠࡉᨋࠍબណߒߡഃࠄࠇߚ ࡎ࡞ߩ
ࡌࠗࠨࡦ࠭ߩࠞࠫࡁ࠱࠻߇ᚑഞߒߡ߅ࠅޔ
ࠧ࡞ࡈ႐ࠍࠎߢ ߟ⋡ߩᏂᄢߥࡎ࠹࡞߇ሽߒ
ࡈࠖࠫᐭߪࡈࠖࠫੱߩߚߩౝ⊒⊛⊒ዷ
ߡߚޕ
ࠍ⁓߁ࠃ߁ߥദജ߽ߖߕޔ㗡⣖߽り߽ࠊߕߦ
ⷰశ㐿⊒ߦౝ⊒⊛⊒ዷࠍᦼᓙߢ߈ࠆⅣႺࠍഃ
☨♽ࠞࠫࡁડᬺߦਣᛩߍߩ⁁ᴫࠍߺࠆߣ⛘ᦸߔ
ࠅߔߦߪޔ᳃ᣖ♽ర⾗ᧄߩⷰశ↥ᬺ߇⢒ߚߥ
ࠆޕ
ߌࠇ߫ߘߩน⢻ᕈߪૐߚ߹ޕరⷰశ↥ᬺߦᛩ
ࡈࠖࠫᐭߩࡈ࠶ࠣࠪ࠶ࡊࠠࡖࠕߢ
ਅ⾗ᧄࠍଏ⛎ߔࠆ㌁ⴕ߿⸽Ꮢ႐߇ሽߒߥߌ
ࠆࠛࠕࡄࠪࡈࠖ࠶ࠢߪޔᣣᧄ߆ࠄߩ⋥ⴕଢ
ࠇ߫ౝ⊒⊛⊒ዷߪࠅ߃ߥߩߎޕὐ߆ࠄ࠲ࠗߩ
ࠍ ᐕ೨ߦᑄᱛߒޔ㚅᷼〝✢ߦࠪࡈ࠻ߒߚޕᒰὼ
ⷰశ↥ᬺߪ᳃ᣖ♽㊄Ⲣᯏ㑐ߣࠪࡦࠟࡐ࡞ߩ⪇
ߎߩᚢ⇛ߪ ޔంੱߩਛ࿖ੱੱญࠍ⸘▚ߒߡ❱ࠅ
♽⸽Ꮢ႐߇⢒ߞߡ߅ࠅⷰߩࠗ࠲ޔశ↥ᬺߩ⢒
ㄟ߹ࠇߚᚢ⇛ߢࠆ ߩߎޕᐕ೨ߩ㚅᷼〝✢ߪޔ
ᚑ߇ㅴࠎߢࠆߪࠫࠖࡈߒ߆ߒޕᣥቬ㚂࿖ߩ⧷
ਛ࿖ੱⷰశቴߩჇടߦ⚿߮ߟ߆ߕⷰߩࠫࠖࡈޔ
࿖ߩ⍾♧ࠠࡆߩࡊࡦ࠹࡚ࠪࡦߣߒߡߩ &0# ࠍ
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ࡈࠖࠫᐭߪߩ࡞ࡐࠟࡦࠪޔᚑഞࠍᮮ⋡
ߡߪ↢߈ߡߌߥ⁁ᴫߦࠆޕᣢߦ࿖ኅ⽷ߩ
ߦߥ߇ࠄߩౣᐲߩᚢߦߥߞߚߩߛࠈ߁ޕ
ഀㄭߊ߇ⷰశ↥ᬺߦଐሽߒߡࠆߩߘߒ߆ߒޕ
1PG*WPFTGF5CPFU.KOKVGF ␠એᄖߦ߽ࠞࠫࡁ
⁁ᴫ߆ࠄ㔌⣕ߔࠆദജࠍᐭ߇ⴕߞߡࠆࠃ߁
࠱࠻ડᬺ ␠߇ᧅߦෳടߒߚࠫࠖࡈޕ
ߦߪ߃ߥޕ
ᐭߣߒߡߪߩᧅߩߎޔᐔᕈࠍᜂߒߚߣ⢷
139
ࠍᒛࠆ߆߽ߒࠇߥ߇ࡑߩ࡞ࡐࠟࡦࠪޔ
ෳ⠨ᢥ₂
࠽ࡌࠗࠨࡦ࠭ࠞࠫࡁ㧒࠱࠻ߩห♽ߩ
ࠞࠫࡁડᬺߢࠅޔ᧪ࠬߩน⢻ᕈ߽ࠅᓧ
⊒ዷㅜ⇇ߩⷰశߣ㐿⊒
ࠆߣᕁࠊࠇࠆޕ
㧔&,࠹࡞ࡈࠔޔ4ࠪࡖࡊ⪺㧕
㧞㧜㧝㧝ᐕޔฎᦠ㒮
4. ߹ߣ
㒙ᦦ㇌ᤘ㏜ ᱞ⸶
ޟၞ␠ળߩ㑐ਈߣᜬ⛯น⢻ߥⷰశ㐿⊒ߪޔ
ၞ␠ળߦᩮᏅߒߚⷰశߩᡰ㈩ᮭࠍីࠆߩߪ⺕ߥ
ㅜ࿖ⷰశ⺰
ߩ߆ⷰޔߡߒߘޔశߩ߽ߚࠄߔ⋉߇రߩੱޘ
㧔ࡑ࠴ࡦࠝ࠶ࡄࡑࡦ⪺ࡦ࡚࠴ࡦࠬࠤޔ㧕
ߦᏫዻߒߡࠆ߆ߥ߁ࠃߩߎޔߪࠆޔ⋉߇
㧝㧥㧥㧥ᐕޔቇᢥ␠
రߩၞ␠ળࠍ៦ขߔࠆరߩࠛ࠻ࠆޔ
ౝ⮮ཅᤘ⸶
ߪޔ៦ขࠍⴕ߁ᄖㇱߩⷰశ㐿⊒ᬺ⠪ߦࠃߞߡᡰ
㈩ ߐ ࠇ ߡ ࠆ ߩ ߆ ߣ ߁ ߥ ߩ ߛ ޠޕ
㧔/QYHQTVJ/WPV ᐕ㧕ߣ߁ᜰ៰߇ࠆ߇ޔ
࠲ࠗߩⷰశ↥ᬺߣࡈࠖࠫߩⷰశ↥ᬺࠍᲧセߒޔ
ਔ࿖ߩౝ⊒⊛⊒ዷߩน⢻ᕈࠍ⠨ኤߔࠇ߫ߎߩ⺰
ⓥࠍ⚊ᓧߔࠆߒ߆ߥޕ
140
Φ㧚RA
㧝㧚⎇ⓥႎ๔
ᐔᚑ ᐕᐲ࿖㓙↢␠ળ⎇ⓥࡦ࠲ ⎇ⓥⷐ
᷷ᴰߦ߅ߌࠆ⾗ḮߣߒߡߩḮᴰ▤ℂࠪࠬ࠹ࡓߩ⎇ⓥ
࿖㓙↢␠ળ⎇ⓥࡦ࠲ RA
ᄢቇ㒮࿖㓙ၞቇ⎇ⓥ⑼ ඳ჻ᓟᦼ⺖⒟ ㊄ ᛚ⃨
A Study on management of Hot Spring as Common Resources in Resort Area
↪ࠍㅊ᳞ߒߡ߈ߚߩ߆ࠍࠄ߆ߦߔࠆ
1㧚⎇ⓥ⢛᥊ߣ⋡⊛
ߎߣࠍ߽߁߭ߣߟߩ⋡⊛ߣߔࠆޕ
ᣣᧄߩ᷷ᴰ⾗Ḯ↪ߩᱧผߪฎߊޔ᷷ᴰ
2㧚ᣣᧄߦ߅ߌࠆḮᴰ↪▤ℂߩᄌㆫ
⾗Ḯߪ⪭᳃߇✚ߒ⥄ޔὼḝߦ߅ߌ
ࠆḮᴰߩᡰ㈩↪ߪᨋ㊁ߣห᭽ߩળᮭ
ㄭߦ߅ߌࠆ᷷ᴰ⾗Ḯߪ᷷ᴰౝߦၞ
ߩᕈ⾰ࠍᜬߜޔ᷷ᴰ⾗Ḯߪᱧผ⊛ߦၞߩ
᳃߇↪ߔࠆߚߦ⸳ߌߚหḡߢࠆ
⾗Ḯߣߒߡ↪ߐࠇޔᣏ㙚ߥߤኋᴱᣉ
ޟᄖḡߣޠᄖㇱ߆ࠄߩ᷷ᴰ↪ቴ߇ኋᴱߒ
⸳ࠍㆇ༡ߔࠆ⠪߇↢ߓߡ߽⊛✚ޔㇱ⪭᷷
ߥ߇ࠄ᷷ᴰࠍ↪ߢ߈ࠆࠃ߁ߦ⸳ߌߚౝḡޠ
ᴰળᮭߩਛߩ↪ߢߞߚߚ⥸৻ޔ
ߣᄢ߈ߊޔ2 ߟߦಽߌߡ↪ߐࠇߡߚޕ
ੱߩḮᴰ↪߇‶†ߦߥࠆߎߣߥߊޔㇱ⪭
ߒ߆ߒޔ᷷ᴰ⾗Ḯ߇ౝḡߩ⸳ߌߚᣏ㙚༡ᬺ
หߣ᷷ᴰኋᴱ༡ᬺ⠪ߩખ㑆࿅ߩੑߟ
⠪ߦࠃߞߡ឵ଔ୯⊛↪ߐࠇߡ߽ޔၞ
ߩ࿅ߦࠃߞߡḮᴰ↪⒎ᐨ߇ᒻᚑߐࠇߚޕ
᳃ߩ↪ଔ୯⊛↪ࠍ‶†ߦߔࠆߎߣߥ
ߒ߆ߒޔᴦᤨઍߦㄭઍ⊛ᚲᮭ߇ዉߐ
ߊޔਔ⠪ߩ⑳⊛⋉ࠍ࿑ࠆߎߣߪ߽ߜࠈࠎޔ
ࠇ⊛⑳ޔᚲᐲ߇⏕┙ߐࠇߚߎߣߦ
ၞోࠍ❥ᩕߐߖࠆ߽ߩߢߞߚ߆ߒޕ
ࠃߞߡ⑳ޔḮᴰᮭߩਥᒛ߿⑳ᚲ
ߒ ╙ޔ2 ᰴᄢᚢᓟߩ⾗ᧄਥ⟵⚻ᷣߩ⏕┙ߦ
ᮭߦၮߠߚḮᴰជߦࠃࠆੱḮᴰߩข
ޔ᷷ᴰ⾗Ḯߪ⚻ᷣ⊛ଔ୯߇㜞ຠߣ
ᓧࠍ࿑ࠆࠃ߁ߦߥߞߚޔߦࠄߐޕḮᴰ↪
ߒߡ↪ޔᣂ⥝᷷ᴰߩᒻᚑޔ᷷ᴰߩⷰ
ߩᄌൻ߇ࠄㇱ⪭࿅ߣੱߩḮᴰជ⠪
శൻߦߟࠇޔᏒ႐⚻ᷣߩߥ߆ߢ᷷ᴰߪⷰ
ߩ㑆ߢߪ⚗߇↢ߓߚ⎇ᧄޕⓥߢߪㄭᐕޔ
శ⾗Ḯߣߒߡ឵ଔ୯⊛↪ߐࠇޔ᷷ᴰḝ
᷷ᴰߩቯ⊛ߥḮᴰ▤ℂᣇᴺߩ৻ߟߣߒ
㊂ࠍ⏕ႎߔࠆߚߦᣂḮᴰជ߿േജߦ
ߡ↪ࠄࠇߡࠆޟ᷷ᴰߩ㓸ਛ▤ℂࠍޠ᷷
ࠃࠆḝḮᴰ߇ჇടߒߚޔߚߩߘޕḮᴰ
ᴰ⾗Ḯߩ⾗ޟḮߩ⛽ᜬ▤ℂߢ߈ࠆ⋉
↪ߩߘޔ↪ࠍߋࠆ↪⠪㑆ߩ⚗
ߪᣇߩߘޔߡ߃ᝒߣޠታᘒ߿ᓟߩዷ
߿Ḯᴰߩੂ㐿⊒ߪḮᴰᨗᷢߣ߁ᦨᖡߥ⁁
ᦸࠍ⠨ኤߔࠆߎߣࠍᧄ⎇ⓥߩ⋡⊛ߣߔࠆޕ
ᴫࠍ߽ߚࠄߔน⢻ᕈ߇㜞ߊޔ᷷ᴰߦߣߞ
ߐࠄߦ⎇ᧄޔⓥߢߪḮᴰ▤ℂਥߦὶὐ
ߡ⾗Ḯߣߒߡ㒢⇇߇ࠆ᷷ᴰࠍߤߩࠃ߁ߦ
ߡ⺞ޔᩏኻ⽎ၞߩᤨઍߣߣ߽ߦḮᴰ
↪▤ℂߒߡߊߩ߆߇㊀ⷐߥ⺖㗴ࠍߥ
↪▤ℂࠍ߆ߦᄌൻߐߖޔቯ⊛ߥḮᴰ
ߞߚޔߚߩߘޕㄭᐕߩḮᴰ▤ℂᣇᴺߦ߅
ߡߪޔ
ޟ᷷ᴰߩ㓸ਛ▤ℂࠍޠᣂߚߥḮᴰ▤
145
ℂᣇᴺߣߒߡขࠅࠇߡࠆ᷷ᴰ߇Ⴧട
ߩࠃ߁ߥḮᴰ▤ℂᒻᘒߦ⥋ࠆࠃ߁ߦߥߞߚ
ߒߡࠆߎߣ߇․ᓽߢࠆ⸒ޕ឵߃ࠇ߫ޔ
ߎߣ߇ಽ߆ߞߚޕ
ㄭઍߩḮᴰ↪▤ℂߪ⾗ᧄਥ⟵ߩߥ߆ߢ
ቯ⊛ߥ᷷ᴰ⾗Ḯߩ↪⒎ᐨࠍ⛽ᜬߔࠆߚޔ
߃ߡၞߩ᷷ᴰ↪⠪ߪ᷷ᴰ⾗Ḯࠍ
ߒޔ↪ߔࠆᣇᴺࠍㆬᛯߒߡࠆߣ⸒߃ࠆޕ
3.ฦ⺞ᩏኻ⽎ߩ᷷ᴰߦ߅ߌࠆḮᴰ▤ℂ
ᒻᘒ
ฦ⺞ᩏኻ⽎ߢࠆరḡ᷷ᴰޔદ㚅᷷ᴰޔ
⢀᛬᷷ᴰޔ㊁ᴛ᷷ᴰޔዊ㊁Ꮉ᷷ᴰߩḮᴰ▤
ℂߩᄌㆫࠍᢛℂߒߚ߁߃ޔฦၞߩḮᴰ▤
ℂᒻᘒߩࡕ࠺࡞ൻࠍ⹜ߺߚޔߡߒߘޕ
ߐࠄߦޔߩḮᴰ▤ℂဳ߇ߘߩၞߦ
ߩḮᴰ▤ℂᒻᘒࠍ 5 ߟߩࡕ࠺࡞ߦಽߌޔฦ
ߣߞߡߪḮᴰ↪⠪ߩ㑆ߢḮᴰ↪ࠍߋ
ࡕ࠺࡞ߪԘ▤ℂဳޔԙಽ┙▤ℂဳޔԚ
ࠅߎࠅᓧࠆኂ㑐ଥࠍਣߊᴦޔቯ⊛
ⶄว▤ℂဳޔԛ⛔৻▤ℂဳ㧝ޔԜ⛔৻▤ℂ
ߥḮᴰ↪ࠍ࿑ࠆᦨༀߩᣇᴺߢࠆߎߣࠍ
ဳ 2 ߣ⒓ߔࠆߎߣߦߒߚޕฦḮᴰ▤ℂဳߩ
ࠄ߆ߦߒߚޔ߫ࠇ߃ߌ⸒ޕฦ᷷ᴰߢ
․ᓽࠍ◲නߦ߹ߣࠆߣᰴߩࠃ߁ߢࠆޕ
ߪᜬ⛯ဳߩ᷷ᴰⅣႺࠍᒻᚑߒߡߊߚ
Ԙ▤ℂဳ㧦᷷ᴰߩฦ᷷ᴰ↪ᣉ⸳߇
ߦޔ᷷ᴰ⾗Ḯ▤ℂ߽ߘߩၞ⁁ᴫߦᔕ
ߦḮᴰ▤ℂࠍⴕ߁▤ℂဳޕ
ߓߚၞߩ⛽ᜬ▤ℂ߇ᮨ⚝ߐࠇࠆߥࠄߐޔ
ԙಽ┙▤ℂဳ㧦ᴰ⾰߇⇣ߥࠆḮᴰࠍߩޘ
Ḯᴰ↪ߦᄌൻ߇ࠆ㓙ߦ⁁ߩߘޔᴫߦว
ਥ߇㓸ਛ▤ℂߣߒߡḮᴰ▤ℂࠍⴕ߁▤ℂ
ࠊߖḮᴰ▤ℂᣇᴺ߽ᄌൻߐߖࠆน⢻ᕈ߇
ဳޕ
ࠆߎߣࠍ␜ໂߒߡࠆߣ⸒߃ࠃ߁ޔߦ․ޕ
Ԛⶄว▤ℂဳ㧦㓸ਛ▤ℂߣߒߡၞߩḮᴰ
ᤘᦼߦߞߡ߆ࠄޟ᷷ᴰߩ㓸ਛ▤ℂߣޠ
▤ℂࠍⴕ߁▤ℂਥߣ▤ℂਥ߇ሽ
߁ᣂߒḮᴰ▤ℂᣇᴺࠍขࠅࠇޔḮᴰ
ߔࠆ▤ℂဳޕ
▤ℂࠍⴕߞߡࠆၞ߇⋡┙ߟޕ
ԛ⛔৻▤ℂဳ 1㧦㓸ਛ▤ℂࠍⴕࠊߕߟ৻ޔ
4㧚ᣣᧄߦ߅ߌࠆḮᴰ↪▤ℂߦ㑐ߔࠆታ
ߩḮᴰ▤ℂਥ߇ၞߩḮᴰ▤ℂࠍⴕ߁▤
ᘒಽᨆ
ᧄ⺞ᩏߢߪฦ᷷ᴰߩḮᴰ↪▤ℂߩ
ℂဳޕ
Ԝ⛔৻▤ℂဳ 2㧦৻ߟߩḮᴰ▤ℂਥ߇㓸
ታᘒࠍᛠីߔࠆߚޔᣣᧄߩฦ᷷ᴰߩḮ
ਛ▤ℂߣߒߡၞߩḮᴰ▤ℂࠍⴕ߁▤ℂဳޕ
ᴰ▤ℂਥ 120 ࠍኻ⽎ߦߒߡㇷㅍᣇᑼߦࠃ
߹ߚޔฦ▤ℂဳࠍ࿑ߦߒߚߩ߇ਅߩࠃ߁
ࠆᦠ㕙ࠕࡦࠤ࠻ᣇᑼ㧔⾰⚕⺞ᩏ㧕ࠍ
ߢࠅޔ5 ߟߩ⺞ᩏኻ⽎ၞߩḮᴰ↪
2010 ᐕ 7 16 ᣣ߆ࠄ 26 ᣣ߹ߢⴕޔ࿁
▤ℂߦ㑐ߔࠆᱧผ⊛ߥᄌㆫࠍ߹ߣ⥄ޔὼ
ߐࠇߚല࿁╵ᢙߪ 68 ઙߢߞߚࠄߐޕ
ἴኂ߿Ḯᴰᚲᮭ⠪ߦࠃࠆḮᴰ↪ߩ㒢ޔ
ߦޔḮᴰ▤ℂਥߦⷞὐࠍ߅߈ޔ5 ߟߦࡕ
േജ឴ḡჇടߦࠃࠆḮᴰ↪⠪㑆ߩ⋧ᐓ
࠺࡞ൻߒߚḮᴰ▤ℂᒻᘒࠍ↪ߡޔฦḮᴰ
ᷤߩ㗴ߥߤฦၞߩ᭽ߥޘේ࿃ߢޔ
▤ℂࡕ࠺࡞ߩ․ᓽߩᛠី߿Ḯᴰ▤ℂߦ㑐ߔ
146
ࠆߎߣ߇ࠊ߆ߞߚޕ
ࠆᵴേ߿ၞࠦࡒࡘ࠾࠹ࠖߣㅪ៤ߒߚ᷷ᴰ
1㧚ฦ᷷ᴰߦ߅ߌࠆ᷷ᴰ⾗Ḯᜰᢙ
⾗Ḯߩ▤ℂߩ⁁ᛠីࠍ⹜ߺߚޕ
߹ߕޔ68 ߆ᚲߩ⺞ᩏኻ⽎ߩౝ 67 ߆ᚲࠍ
᷷ᴰ▤ℂࡕ࠺࡞ߩ㘃ဳൻߔࠆߎߣ߇ߢ߈ߚޕ
ߘߒߡޔ
▤৻⛔ޟℂဳ 2 ߇ޠ43 ઙߢᦨ߽ᄙ
ߊޔ㓸ਛ▤ℂࠍⴕߞߡࠆၞ߇ 58 ߆ᚲߢޔ
⺞ᩏኻ⽎ߩ 85㧑ࠍභߡࠆߎߣ߇ಽ߆
ߞߚޕ
࿑ 6㧚Ḯᴰ▤ℂࡕ࠺࡞
ߘߒߡޔ᷷ᴰḝ㊂ࠍ᷷ᴰ⾗Ḯᕈߩ⹏ଔ
ᜰᮡߣߔࠆ᷷ᴰ⾗Ḯᜰᢙ㧔᷷ᴰḝ㊂¸ኋ
߹ߚޔOstrom ߪ⾗Ḯ▤ℂߦኻߔࠆ㗴
ᴱኈቯຬߩ⸘▚ᣇᑼߢ୯ࠍ᳞ߩߘޔ୯
⸃ߦ߅ߡޔ
⾗ޟḮߦኂ㑐ଥࠍ߽ߟ
ߩၮḰߪ 1.0 ߢࠅ⸵ޔኈ▸࿐߇ 0.5 ߢ
ᒰ⠪߇⥄ਥ⊛ߦㆡಾߥ࡞࡞ࠍขࠅ
ࠆޕ
㧕ࠍ↪ߒߡޔฦၞߩ᷷ᴰ⾗Ḯᜰᢙߣ
ో▤ޔℂߔࠆ⥄ਥ⛔ᴦ㧔Self-governance㧕
Ḯᴰ▤ℂࡕ࠺࡞ࠍᾖࠄߒวࠊߖߚߺߚ⚿ᨐ
߇ታߩᆫߢࠆߎߣࡀࡑࠖ࠹࠾ࡘࡒࠦޠ
߇ 1 ߢࠆ ޕ1 ࠍߺࠆߣ᷷ᴰ⾗Ḯᜰᢙ
ࠫࡔࡦ࠻ߣ߱ߴ߈╙ਃ▤ℂᣇᑼࠍឭ໒ߒ
߇ 0.5 ߽ḩߚߖߕޔᢙ୯߇ૐၞߩḮᴰ
ߡࠆ⺞ᧄޕᩏߢߪḮᴰ▤ℂਥ߇නߦḮ
▤ℂߪ▤৻⛔ޟℂဳ 2ޠ
ޔ
ⶄޟว▤ℂဳޔޠ
ޟಽ
ᴰ▤ℂࠍⴕߞߡࠆߛߌߢߪߥߊޔၞⴕ
┙▤ℂဳޔࠅߢޠ㓸ਛ▤ℂࠍⴕߞߡࠆ
ߦ⚻ᷣ⊛ߥഥޔ᷷ᴰߦ㑐ߔࠆᖱႎឭଏ
ߎߣ߇ಽ߆ߞߚޕ
߿ᢎ⢒ࡊ࠶࡚ࠪࠢࡢߩߤߥࠅߊߠߜ߹ޔ
ߦෳടߔࠆߥߤၞߩ᳃ߣ㑐ࠊࠅࠍᜬߜޔ
ߎߩࠃ߁ߦ᷷ᴰ⾗Ḯᜰᢙ߇ૐ᷷ᴰߢ
ߪߩ᷷ᴰḝ㊂ߢߪㆡᱜߥḮᴰଏ⛎߇
᷷ᴰߣߒߡⅣႺ⛽ᜬߒߡߊߚߩ৻ຬ
ߢ߈ߥߚޔ᷷ᴰߣߒߡߩ┙߽ෂ߱
ߣߒߡ㊀ⷐߥᓎഀࠍᨐߚߒߡࠆߎߣ߇ಽ
߹ࠇࠆน⢻ᕈ߇㜞ޔߚߩߘޕ㓸ਛ▤ℂ
߆ߞߚ▤৻⛔ޟߦ․ޕℂဳ 2▤ߩઁߪޠℂ
ࠍታᣉߔࠆߎߣߢḮᴰߩㆊណขࠍᛥ߃ࠆ
ࡕ࠺࡞ࠃࠅޔၞࠦࡒࡘ࠾࠹ࠖߦᄙ᭽ߥᣇ
ߎߣ߿᷷ᴰ↪㊂ࠍ㒢ߔࠆߎߣ߇ߢ߈ࠆ
ᴺߢⓍᭂ⊛ߦදജ߿⋉ࠍㆶరߒߡࠆޕ
ߚḡ㊂ਇ⿷ࠍ⸃ߒޔቯ⊛ߥḮᴰଏ⛎
ߘߒߡޔၞࠦࡒࡘ࠾࠹ࠖߣߩଥࠊࠅߛߌ
ࠍ࿑ߞߡࠆߣ⠨߃ࠄࠇࠆޕታ㓙ߦ৻⛔ޟ
ߢߪߥߊޔḮᴰ↪ߦ㑐ߒߡ᷷ᴰᮭᚲ⠪
▤ℂဳ 2ߪޠߩ▤ℂࠍታᣉߒߡ߆ࠄ᷷
ߣ᷷ᴰ↪⠪ߩ㑆ߢ↢ߓࠆኂ㑐ଥࠍ
ᴰߩቯଏ⛎߿ḡ㊂ߩ⏕ߦ߽ലᨐࠍᓧߡ
᭽⸃ߩߤߥ࡞ࡉ࠻ߥޘᚻᲑߣߒߡ߽ല
147
ᨐ߇ߞߚߥ߁ࠃߩߎޕ㗴ߩ⸃ߔࠆߚ
ߦ⋉ߣߥࠆࠃ߁ߦ߃ࠆ߆ࠍឭ␜ߔࠆᔅ
ߦߪਔᣇߩᗧࠍ⺞ᓞߒޔᣂߚߥ࡞࡞
ⷐᕈ߇ࠆߣޠㅀߴߡࠆ⾗ޔߜࠊߥߔޕ
ࠍࠆㆊ⒟߇᳞ࠄࠇߩߎޔㆊ⒟ߦࠃࠅޔ
Ḯߩຠൻࠍ⚻ᷣല₸ᕈߛߌߢߪߥߊ⾗ޔ
᷷ᴰ⾗Ḯ▤ℂ߽⥄ޟਥ⛔ᴦ߇ޠታߐ
Ḯߩᜬ⛯⊛߅ࠃ߮ၞ␠ળߩᜬ⛯ᕈࠍ⠨ᘦ
ࠇࠆߛࠈ߁ޔߜࠊߥߔޕ
▤৻⛔ޟℂဳ 2߽ޠ
ߦࠇߡㅴࠆߎߣ߇㊀ⷐߢࠆߣᜰ៰ߒ
ߒߊߪޟ᷷ᴰߩ㓸ਛ▤ℂߪޠ᷷ᴰ⾗Ḯߩ
ߡࠆޕㄭᐕޔᣣᧄߦ߅ߡ᷷ᴰ⾗Ḯߩ
ቯ⊛ଏ⛎߿ല⊛ߥ↪ࠍ࿑ࠆߛߌߢߪߥ
ቯ⊛ᜬ⛯⊛↪ߔࠆߚޔᵈ⋡ࠍᶎ߮ߡ
ߊޔၞ⚿᧤ജࠍ㜞ࠆലᨐ߇ࠅޔᄙ᭽
ࠆߩ߇ޟ᷷ᴰߩ㓸ਛ▤ℂޕࠆߢޠ
ޟ᷷ᴰ
ߥ㗴ࠍᛴ߃ߡࠆᄙߊߩ᷷ᴰߦ߅ߡ
ߩ㓸ਛ▤ℂߩޠታᣉਥ߇ⴕߢߞߡ߽ޔ
㗴ߩ⸃ᚻᲑߣߒߡ↪ࠄࠇࠆߣ⠨߃ࠄ
రߩḮᴰ↪⠪ߩၞߩౝ⊒⊛ߥᔅⷐᕈ
ࠇࠆޕ
ߦࠃߞߡታߐࠇߡࠆߚޔ᷷ᴰ⾗Ḯߪ
5㧚⚿⺰
ߢ߽ၞ᳃㧔᷷ᴰ⾗Ḯ↪⠪㧕ߦࠃ
ᴦ⛽ᣂએᓟޔᐭ߇ផㅴߒߚ⒅ᡷᱜ
ࠆ▤⊛ޠޟℂߦࠃߞߡḮᴰ↪ߩ⒎ᐨߪ
߇ታᣉߐࠇ⪭ޔหߦࠃࠆ⥄ὼ⾗Ḯ
⛽ᜬߐࠇߡࠆߣ⸒߃ࠆޟޔࠅ߹ߟޕ㓸ਛ
↪ߩᘠⴕ߆ࠄ⊛⑳ޔᚲᮭࠍၮ␆ߣߔ
▤ℂߪޠᄙᢙߩੱߦࠃࠆㆊߥḮᴰ↪
ࠆ⾗ᧄਥ⟵߇ᆎ߹ࠅޔᄙߊߩ⥄ὼ⾗Ḯߩ▤
߿ಣಽߔࠆߎߣࠍ㒐ᱛߔࠆߣߣ߽ߦޔḮᴰ
ℂਥ߇ߦޠޟߣޠ⑳ޟੑಽൻߐࠇࠆߥ
ߩ⸘↹⊛วℂ⊛ߥ↪ߔࠆߎߣߢၞߩ
߆ޔ᷷ᴰ⾗ḮߪḮᴰ㐿⊒߿↪ߦ㑐ߔࠆో
⋉ߪ߽ߜࠈࠎޔ᷷ᴰ⾗Ḯߩᜬ⛯⊛ߥ↪
࿖⊛ߦ⛔৻ߐࠇߚⷙቯߪߥߊޔฦㇺᐭ⋵
ࠍ࿑ࠆ⋉ߥᣇᴺߢࠆߣ߃ࠃ߁ޕ᷷ᴰ
ߢߪḮᴰߦ㑐ߔࠆข✦ⷙೣࠍၮ␆ߦߒޔၮ
⾗Ḯߪᨗᷢᕈ⾗ḮߢࠅޔḮᴰ↪⠪㑆ߩ
ᧄ⊛ߦߪฦߩᣥᘠߦᆔߨࠄࠇޔ᷷ᴰ⾗Ḯ
┹ᕈ߇㜞⾗Ḯߢࠆߚޔ᧪⊛Ḯ
ߩ↪▤ℂߪၞ⊛․ᕈߦၮߠߚḮᴰ
↪ࠍߋࠆ⻉㗴߇ߎࠆน⢻ᕈߪߤߎߩ
↪⒎ᐨ߇⛽ᜬߐࠇߡ߈ߚޔߚߩߘޕㄭ
᷷ᴰߦ߅ߡ߽ẜࠎߢࠆޔߚߩߘޕ
ઍߦߞߡ߆ࠄ߽᷷ᴰ⾗Ḯߩ↪ߪ⑳⊛
ၞߩ⥄ὼ⊛␠ળ⊛ߩ᧦ઙࠍ⠨ᘦߒߚ߁
ᚲߦၮߠߚḮᴰ㐿⊒߇ⴕࠊࠇߡ߽ޔ
߃ޔ
ޟ᷷ᴰߩ㓸ਛ▤ℂࠍޠขࠅࠇࠆߎߣߪ
Ḯᴰ↪⒎ᐨߪ⥄⊒⊛ߦ⚵❱ߐࠇߚၞ⚵
⋉ߥḮᴰ▤ℂᣇᴺߢࠆߣ⠨߃ࠄࠇࠆޕ
❱ߦࠃߞߡߚߐࠇޔၮᧄ⊛ߦḮᴰ↪
ෳ⠨ᢥ₂
ጊ 㗅ᰴ㧔2007㧕
ޟᣣᧄߦ߅ߌࠆ᷷ᴰߩ
⊒㆐ߣ᷷ᴰၞ␠ળߩ᭴▽ޠ
ޡℂޢㅢᏎ
623 ภ
㜞ᩉᒾ㧔2009㧕
ޟㄭઍᣣᧄߦ߅ߌࠆ⾗Ḯ▤
ℂ᷷ᴰ⾗Ḯࠍߦ ޠ
㑐ᚭሶ㧔2007㧕
ޟㄭઍ࠷࠭ࡓߣ᷷ᴰޠ
ᩣᑼળ␠ ࠽ࠞ࠾ࠪࡗ Ꮉፉ ᱞቱ㧔1994㧕
ޟ᷷ᴰᮭޠᩣᑼળ␠ ጤ
ᵄᦠᐫ
ጟㇱశ㧔2010㧕
⚻ޟᷣ╷ߩ⋡ᮡߣㆇ༡ߦ
ߟߡߩౣᬌ⸛㧦ੑಽᴺࠍ߃ߡ㧔ᐨ⺑㧕ޠ
▤ℂߪޔߒ߆ߒޕࠆ߃ߣߚߞߢ⊛ޠޟ
᷷ᴰߩⷰశൻߦࠃߞߡ᷷ᴰ⾗ḮߪᏒ႐
⚻ᷣߩߥ߆ߢຠൻߐࠇޔㆊߥ⑳⊛⋉
ߩㅊߦࠃࠆ᷷ᴰ⾗Ḯߩㅌᨗᷢ㗴ߩ
ᷓೞൻ߇ࠇߦ߆ޔ᷷ᴰ⾗Ḯߩ㔛ⷐߣଏ
⛎ߩࡃࡦࠬࠍ⛽ᜬߒޔ᷷ᴰߣߒߡᜬ⛯
⊛ⅣႺࠍᒻᚑߒߡߊߩ߆߇㊀ⷐߥ߆ߥ
ߣߥߞߡࠆ᷷ᴰ߇ჇടߒߚޕOstrom ߪ
߫ࠇߔ߁ߤޟຠൻ߇⾗Ḯߩ⛽ᜬ▤ℂ
148
ᐔᚑ ᐕᐲ࿖㓙↢␠ળ⎇ⓥࡦ࠲ ⎇ⓥⷐ
ਛ࿖ౝࡕࡦࠧ࡞↞ḓᵹၞߦ߅ߌࠆᜬ⛯น⢻ߥ᳓↪ߦ㑐ߔࠆ⎇ⓥ
࿖㓙↢␠ળ⎇ⓥࡦ࠲ RA
ᄢቇ㒮࿖㓙ၞቇ⎇ⓥ⑼ ඳ჻ᓟᦼ⺖⒟ ᩰ
A STUDY ON THE SUSTAINABLE WATER USE IN THE QIGEN LAKE BASIN IN
INNER MONGOLIA OF CHINA
ᵹၞ㕙Ⓧߪ⚂ 390km2 ߢ㧘ᐕᐔဋ㒠᳓㊂ߪ 360mm1)
1㧚⎇ⓥ⢛᥊
ਛ࿖ౝࡕࡦࠧ࡞⥄ᴦ(એਅౝࡕࡦࠧ࡞ߣߔࠆ)
ߢࠆ㧚ᵹၞౝߦߪ 9 ߣญ߇ߥ↞ḓߣߘ
↞ḓᵹၞߢߪḓᴧᶖṌ㧘ਅ᳓ߩૐਅߥߤߦ
ࠇߦᵈߋ↞Ꮉ߇ሽߔࠆ㧚↞ḓᵹၞߪṽ᳃ᣖ
ࠃࠆ᳓⾗Ḯਇ⿷߇ᷓೞൻߒߡࠆ㧚ߎߩ᳓⾗Ḯਇ
ߣࡕࡦࠧ࡞᳃ᣖߩㄘᬺߣ’⇓ᬺ߇ᷙߒߡࠆ
⿷ߪㄘၞߦ߅ߌࠆㄘ’ᬺߩ↢↥ᕈࠍૐਅߐ
ၞ(ࠊࠁࠆ㨬ඨㄘඨ’㨭)ߢࠆ
ߖࠆߩߺߥࠄߕ㧘ㄘၞߩᜬ⛯⊛ߥ㐿⊒߿⚻ᷣ
␠ળߩ⊒ዷ߳ߩ㒖ኂⷐ࿃ߦߥࠆߣ⠨ኤߐࠇࠆ㧚ߎ
ߩߚ㧘↞ḓᵹၞߩࠃ߁ߥਅ᳓ߩߺߦଐሽߒ
ߡࠆၞߢߪ㧘ਅ᳓ᡰࠍቯ㊂⊛ߦࠄ߆ߦ
ߒ㧘ߘߩၞ․ᕈߦᔕߓߚ▵᳓ᛛⴚࠍឭ᩺ߔࠆᔅ
ⷐ߇ࠆߣ⠨߃ࠄࠇࠆ㧚
2㧚⎇ⓥ⋡⊛߮ᚻᴺ
ᧄ⎇ⓥߪ㧘ౝࡕࡦࠧ࡞↞ḓᵹၞౝߩ9ߦ߅
ߡ㧘᳓↪㊂ࠍ↢ᵴ↪᳓㧘ኅ⇓↪᳓㧘ἠṴ↪᳓
ߥߤߦࠃࠆਅ᳓↪㊂߆ࠄ㧘߹ߚਅ᳓ᶩ㙃㊂
࿑-1 ↞ḓᵹၞ࿑
ࠍ㒠᳓ᶐㅘߦࠃࠆ⛎㊂ߣἠṴ᳓ᶐㅘߦࠃࠆ
⛎㊂߆ࠄ▚ߒ㧘ᵹၞߩਅ᳓ᡰࠍࠄ߆ߦߔ
⺞ᩏኻ⽎ၞߢࠆ↞ḓᵹၞߩ⾰⁁ᴫߪ
ࠆ㧚ߘߩ߁߃ߢ㧘ਅ᳓ૐਅߩ㒐ᱛ߮㧘ㄘᬺ
࿑-2 ߦ␜ߐࠇࠆࠃ߁ߦ㧘ਅ 2 ጀߦ☼ጀ߇ሽ
ߩ⏕ߩਔ┙ࠍ㆐ᚑߢ߈ࠆᜬ⛯น⢻ߥ᳓
ߒߡࠆ㧚ਅ 20m ߆ࠄ 40m ઃㄭߦሽߔࠆᵻ
↪ᡷༀ╷ࠍឭ⸒ߔࠆߎߣࠍ⋡⊛ߣߒߡࠆ㧚
☼ጀߩㇱߦ⍾⾰߇ၸⓍߒߡ߅ࠅ㧘ᵻጀ
⺞ᩏߪ㧘2008ᐕ8߮2011 ᐕ1ߦታᣉ
ਅ᳓ߪߘߩ☼ጀߩㇱߩਇᏪ᳓ጀߣߒߡሽ
ߒ㧘⺞ᩏᏪߪ㧘Ԙޟṽ᳃ᣖߩޠㄘᬺᏪ1,850
ߔࠆ㧚߹ߚ㧘ߎߩ☼ጀਅㇱߦⵍਅ᳓߽ሽ
Ꮺߩౝ43Ꮺ㧘ㄘ’ᬺᏪ 670Ꮺߩౝ12
ߒߡ߅ࠅ㧘߇ૐ↞ḓઃㄭߢ⏕ߐࠇߡ
Ꮺ㧘ԙ࡞ࠧࡦࡕޟ᳃ᣖߩޠㄘ’ᬺᏪ410Ꮺ
ࠆជࠅᛮ߈ᚭߦ߅ߌࠆ⥄ྃ᳓ߪ㧘ߎߩⵍ
ߩౝ9Ꮺ㧘’⇓ᬺ 50Ꮺߩౝ3Ꮺ㧘ߩว⸘67
ਅ᳓ߢࠆߣ⠨߃ࠄࠇࠆ㧚
Ꮺߣߒߚ㧚
3㧚⺞ᩏኻ⽎ၞߩⷐ
⺞ᩏኻ⽎ၞߢࠆ↞ḓᵹၞߪ㧘࿑-1 ߦ␜ߔ
ㅢࠅౝࡕࡦࠧ࡞⿒ፄᏒߩ⠃‐․ᣛߩਛㇱ(᧲⚻
119°00'㨪119°27'㧘ർ✲ 42°28'㨪43°10') ߦ⟎ߔࠆ㧚
149
࿑-2 ⾰࿑2)(࿑-1ߦ߅ߌࠆAʊA'ᢿ㕙)
ᵹၞߦ߅ߌࠆోߡߩ᳓ଏ⛎ߪਅ᳓ߦଐሽߒߡ
4㧚ኻ⽎ၞߦ߅ߌࠆㄘ’ᬺߩ⁁ߣ᳓㗴
2011 ᐕߦታᣉߒߚᵹၞߩ 9 ߩ㐳ߦኻߔࠆࡅ
ࠆߎߣ߇ಽ߆ߞߚ㧚හߜ㧘ᒰᵹၞߩਅ᳓ߩ
ࠕࡦࠣ⺞ᩏ߆ࠄ㧘2010 ᐕߩฦߩੱญ㧘Ꮺᢙ㧘
↪㊂ߪἠṴ↪᳓㊂㧘ኅ⇓↪᳓㊂ߣ↢ᵴ↪᳓㊂ߩ✚
ฦ‛ઃ㕙Ⓧ㧘ኅ⇓ᢙߥߤࠍᛠីߒߚ(-1) 㧚
ߢࠆ㧚ߥ߅㧘↞ḓᵹၞౝߦߪᎿ႐߇ሽߒ
2010 ᐕߩ⺞ᩏኻ⽎Ꮺߩㄘ↥‛⒳㘃ߪ㧘ਥߦࠦࡔ㧘
ߥߚ㧘ᧄ⎇ⓥߢߪᎿᬺ↪᳓ߪ⠨ᘦߒߡߥ㧚
࠻࠙ࡕࡠࠦࠪ㧘ࠕࡢ㧘⼺㘃㧘ࠦ࠙ࡖࡦ㧘ࠠࡆ㧘
a) ᐕ㑆ἠṴ↪᳓㊂ߩ▚
ߘ߫㧘߭߹ࠊࠅ㧘ᴤ♳‛㧘㊁⩿ߥߤߢࠆ㧚⺞
2010ᐕߩ↞ḓᵹၞߦ߅ߡ㧘↞Ꮉ߇ᵹၞ
ᩏᏪߩฦ‛ߩᐔဋන㧘නଔࠍ-2 ߦ␜ߔ㧚
ࠍߡోᵹၞߢᨗᷢߒߡࠆߚ㧘ἠṴ↪᳓㊂
ߥ߅㧘ᧄ⎇ⓥߢߪ㧘ਛ࿖ߢ৻⥸⊛ߦ↪ߐࠇߡ
ߪਅ᳓ߩߺߣߥߞߡࠆ㧚ἠṴ↪᳓㊂ߪἠṴ
2
ࠆ㕙Ⓧߩන ⚂()ࡓ(⇁ޟ667m )ߚߒ↪ࠍޠ㧚
‛㕙Ⓧ㧘ἠṴ‛ߩ⒳㘃ߦଐሽߔࠆ㧚ᓥߞߡ㧘⎇
ᵹၞߦ߅ߌࠆ 1985 ᐕએ㒠ߩ↞ḓߩ᳓㕙㕙Ⓧ
ⓥኻ⽎ᵹၞߩฦߦ߅ߌࠆἠṴ↪᳓㊂ࠍᛠីߔ
ߦ㑐ߒ㧘ㄘ’᳃ߦኻߔࠆࡅࠕࡦࠣ⺞ᩏ߆ࠄ㧘
ࠆߚߦߪ㧘ฦἠṴ‛ߩઃ㕙Ⓧߣฦ‛ߩ
ߘߩ❗ዊߩផ⒖߇್ߒߚ(࿑-3)㧚හߜ㧘1985 ᐕ
ലἠṴቯᢙߥߤࠍ↪ߡ⸘▚ߢ߈ࠆ㧚ߎߎߢ㧘
2
߆ࠄ 1995 ᐕߩ 10 ᐕ㑆ߢߪ㧘ḓ᳓㕙Ⓧ߇ 2km ᷫ
ലἠṴቯᢙߦߟߡએਅߩࠃ߁ߦ⸳ቯߒߚ㧚࠻࠙
ዋߒߡࠆߦኻߒ㧘1995 ᐕ߆ࠄ 2000 ᐕߩ 5 ᐕ㑆
ࡕࡠࠦࠪ㧘ࠕࡢ㧘ࠦ࠙ࡖࡦ㧘⼺㘃㧘߭߹ࠊࠅߥ
2
ߢߪḓ᳓㕙Ⓧ߇ 3km ߽ᷫዋߒߚ㧚એਅ㧘ᒰᵹၞ
ߤߩലἠṴቯᢙߪᢥ₂୯3)ߦࠃࠅ353m3/⇁ߣߒ
ߦ߅ߌࠆ᳓㗴ࠍቯ㊂⊛ߦ⠨ኤߔࠆ㧚
ߚ㧚ߥ߅㧘㊁⩿ߦ㑐ߔࠆലἠṴቯᢙߩᢥ₂୯ߪ
-1 ᵹၞߩฦߩੱญ㧘‛ኅ⇓⁁ᴫ(2010ᐕ)
⒳㘃䇭䇭䇭䇭䇭䇭䇭䇭䇭䇭䇭 ࿖ᐭ ᴙ ਅᵵሶ
ਅ
䉮䊜
䊃䉡䊝䊨䉮䉲
䉝䊪
ἠṴ㕙Ⓧ 䉮䉡䊥䊞䊮
㩿⇁㪀
⼺㘃
䈵䉁䉒䉍
㊁⩿
ዊ⸘㩿⇁㪀
䉨䊎
䈠䈳
㕖ἠṴ㕙Ⓧ
㩿⇁㪀
ᴤ♳‛
ዊ⸘㩿⇁㪀
ว⸘㩿⇁㪀
᪷᩿⧎
ᐣ㗡
༡ሶ
㘑᳓ᴙ
ਅ┃㍆
↞
ᓧࠄࠇߥ߆ߞߚߚ㧘ߦ߅ߌࠆࡅࠕࡦࠣ⺞
ว⸘
㩿⇁㪀
100
84,600
37,900
13,000
6,930
18,700
1,270
162,500
7,500
14,950
8,350
30,800
0
9,000
4,400
2,300
850
2,400
200
19,150
1,000
1,200
750
2,950
0
15,700
6,800
2,500
900
2,800
100
28,800
1,800
3,600
1,800
7,200
0
8,200
3,700
800
700
1,900
100
15,400
900
1,800
900
3,600
0
8,000
4,000
1,100
780
2,100
220
16,200
800
2,100
1,100
4,000
0
4,800
2,100
600
300
900
200
8,900
500
1,100
500
2,100
0
11,500
6,300
2,000
1,150
2,300
150
23,400
200
2,800
1,300
4,300
0
17,000
9,500
3,200
1,950
4,500
150
36,300
2,100
2,200
1,900
6,200
0
3,400
1,100
500
300
1,800
150
7,250
200
150
100
450
100
7,000
0
0
0
0
0
7,100
0
0
0
0
22,100
36,000
19,000
20,200
11,000
27,700
42,500
7,700
7,100 193,300
ᩏߦࠃࠅ450 m3/⇁ߣ⸳ቯߒߚ㧚ࠦࡔߩലἠṴቯᢙߪ
ᢥ₂୯14ߦࠃࠅ688m3/⇁ߣߒߚ㧚એߩฦቯᢙࠍ↪
ߡฦߩലἠṴ↪᳓㊂ࠍᑼ(1)ߦࠃࠅ▚ߒߚ㧚
Wim
ઃᏪᢙ ઃ㕙Ⓧ
(Ꮺ)
(⇁)
↢↥㊂
(ਁkg)
䉮䊜
3
6
0.4
667
4.0
1.6
䊃䉡䊝䊨䉮䉲䈱ታ
56
900
67.5
750
1.7
116.1
54.0
600
0.1
4.3
䊃䉡䊝䊨䉮䉲䈱⨍䊶⪲
䉝䊪䈱ታ
64
660
䉝䊪䈱⨍䊶⪲
ᐔဋන
(kg/⇁)
ᐔဋනଔ
(ర/䌫䌧)
26.4
400
3.2
84.5
300
0.3
5.9
䉮䉡䊥䊞䊮
9
60
2.4
400
1.8
4.3
⼺㘃
24
120
1.8
400
1.8
9.7
䈵䉁䉒䉍
6
15
0.2
133
6.0
1.2
㊁⩿
3
10
1.0
1000
6.0
6.0
䉨䊎
11
80
1.2
150
3.4
4.1
䈠䈳
17
240
2.4
100
7.0
16.8
ᴤ♳‛
7
15
0.2
133
6.0
1.2
(1)
Wim : ฦߩฦ‛ߩലἠṴ↪᳓㊂(m3/ᐕ)
Aim : ฦߩฦ‛ߩἠṴઃ㕙Ⓧ(⇁)
☻
(ਁర)
19.8
ߎߎߢ
-2 ⺞ᩏኻ⽎Ꮺߩㄘ↥‛‛ઃ⁁ᴫ
‛⒳㘃
AimC m Cm : ฦ‛ߩലἠṴቯᢙ(m3/⇁ᐕ)
m : ‛ߩ⒳㘃(1~7)
i : ฦ(1~9)
߹ߚ㧘ࡐࡦࡊߢ឴᳓ߐࠇߚ᳓ߪ᳓〝ࠍㅢߞߡ
႐߳㈩ಽߐࠇߡࠆߚ㧘᳓〝ࠍㅢࠆㆊ⒟ߢ៊ᄬ
(ᶐㅘ㧘⫳⊒ߥߤ)ߔࠆ᳓ࠍ⠨߃ࠆᔅⷐ߇ࠆ㧚හ
ߜ㧘ฦߩฦ‛ߩലἠṴ↪᳓㊂Wim(m3/ᐕ)ࠍ
ലἠṴ᳓↪ଥᢙaߢഀࠅ㧘ᵹၞߩฦߦ߅ߌ
ࠆฦ‛ߩἠṴ↪᳓㊂W'im(m3/ᐕ)ࠍ▚ߒߚ(ᑼ
(2))㧚ߥ߅㧘↞ḓᵹၞߢߪ㧘᳓〝߆ࠄߩṳ߿
⥄ྃ᳓ᚭߥߤߩ᳓▤ℂߪਇචಽߢࠆߚ㧘᳓
ߩ៊ᄬߪ㕖Ᏹߦᄢ߈ߣ⠨߃ࠄࠇࠆ㧚ߎߩߚ㧘
ലἠṴ᳓↪ଥᢙaࠍ0.4ߣߒߚ5)㧚
࿑-3 ↞ḓߩ᳓㕙(㤥⦡ㇱಽ)㕙Ⓧߩ❗ዊ
W ´im
5㧚↞ḓᵹၞߦ߅ߌࠆਅ᳓ᡰ
Wim
a
(2)
5.1 ᐕ㑆ਅ᳓↪㊂ߩ▚
b) ᐕ㑆ኅ⇓↪᳓㊂ߩ▚
2011ᐕ1ߩᵹၞߩㄘ’ᬺߩ⺞ᩏ߆ࠄ㧘↞ḓ
ฦߦ߅ ߌࠆᐕ 㑆ኅ⇓ ߩ㘶↪ߦ ᔅⷐߥ ᳓㊂
150
Wij(m3/ᐕ)ߪ㧘ฦߩฦኅ⇓ᢙTijߦฦኅ⇓j(j=1~6)
ߩ᳓↪㊂ේනHj4)
a) ᐕ㑆㒠᳓ᶐㅘߦࠃࠆਅ᳓⛎㊂ߩ▚
ฦߩ㒠᳓㊂ߪ↞ḓᵹၞߩᐔဋ㒠᳓㜞P(m/
(L/㗡ᣣ)ࠍਸ਼ߓߡ▚ߒߚ
(ᑼ(3))㧚ߘߩ⚿ᨐ㧘ኅ⇓ߩ㘶↪㊂ߪἠṴ↪᳓ߣᲧ
ᐕ)ߦฦߩ㕙ⓍDi(⇁)ࠍਸ਼ߓߡ▚ߒߚ㧚߹ߚ㧘
セߒߡዋߥߎߣ߇ࠄ߆ߦߥߞߚ(࿑-4)㧚
ߎࠇߦ㒠᳓ᶐㅘଥᢙkࠍਸ਼ߓߡฦߩ㒠᳓ᶐㅘߦ
Wij
ࠃࠆਅ᳓⛎㊂Gi(m3/ᐕ)ࠍ▚ߒߚ(ᑼ(5))㧚㒠
0.365¦ Tij H j (3)
᳓ᶐㅘଥᢙߪᢥ₂୯ߦࠃࠅ0.12ߣߒߚ6)㧚
c) ᐕ㑆↢ᵴ↪᳓㊂ߩ▚
Gi
ฦߦ߅ߌࠆᐕ㑆↢ᵴ↪᳓㊂Wi(m3/ᐕ)ߪฦ
(5)
667PD
i k
ߩㄘੱญRi (ੱ)ߦ৻ੱᒰߚࠅߩ↢ᵴ↪᳓㊂ේන
b) ᐕ㑆ἠṴ᳓ᶐㅘߦࠃࠆਅ᳓⛎㊂ߩ▚
Q(L/ੱᣣ)ࠍਸ਼ߓߡ▚ߒߚ(ᑼ(4)) 㧚ߥ߅㧘
ฦߩἠṴᶐㅘߦࠃࠆਅ᳓⛎㊂Gim(/m3ᐕ)
↞ḓᵹၞߦ߅ߌࠆ↢ᵴ↪᳓ߩ↪ᒻᘒߪ㧘㘶↪㧘 ߪฦߩἠṴ↪᳓㊂W'im(m3/ᐕ)ߦἠṴᶐㅘଥᢙ b
ᢱℂ↪㧘ᵞữ㘩ེᵞ㧘ᚻߣ㗻ᵞ㧘ᄐ႐ߦᐸߢ
ࠍਸ਼ߓߡ▚ߔࠆ(ᑼ(6))㧚ߎߎߢ㧘ἠṴᶐㅘଥᢙb
⥄ኅ↪ߩ㊁⩿ߩᩱၭߥߤߢࠅ㧘৻ੱᒰߚࠅߩ
ߪᢥ₂୯ߦࠃࠅ0.10ߣߒߚ7)㧚
↢ᵴ↪᳓㊂ේනߪ⺞ᩏኻ⽎67Ꮺߩᐔဋࠍၮ
Gim
ߦ㧘50(L/ੱᣣ)ߣ⸳ቯߒߚ㧚
Wi
0.365¦ Ri Q W ´imb (6)
એߩࠃ߁ߦ㧘↞ḓᵹၞߦ߅ߌࠆฦߩਅ
(4)
᳓ᶩ㙃㊂(㒠᳓ᶐㅘߦࠃࠆਅ᳓⛎㊂+ἠṴ᳓ᶐ
એ߆ࠄ㧘↞ḓᵹၞߦ߅ߌࠆฦߩਅ᳓
ㅘߦࠃࠆਅ᳓⛎㊂)(m3/ᐕ)ࠍ▚ߒߚ(࿑-5)㧚
↪㊂(m3/ᐕ)ࠍផ⸘(࿑-4)ߒߚ㧚ߘߩ⚿ᨐ㧘2010ᐕ
ߘߩ⚿ᨐ㧘2010ᐕߩ↞ḓᵹၞߦ߅ߌࠆਅ᳓ᶩ
3
ߩ↞ḓᵹၞߦ߅ߌࠆਅ᳓↪㊂ߪ14,500ਁm
㙃㊂ߪ3,100ਁm3ߢࠅ㧘ߘߩ߁ߜ㧘㒠᳓ᶐㅘߦࠃ
ߢࠅ㧘ߘߩ߁ߜ㧘ἠṴ↪᳓㊂߇ਅ᳓↪㊂ߩ
ࠆਅ᳓⛎㊂߇⚂54%ࠍභ㧘ἠṴ᳓ᶐㅘߦࠃ
99.4%ߣᄢඨࠍභ㧘ኅ⇓ߣ↢ᵴ↪᳓㊂ߪߘࠇߙ
ࠆਅ᳓⛎㊂߇46%ࠍභߡࠆߎߣ߇ࠄ߆
ࠇਅ᳓↪㊂ߩ0.4%ߣ0.2%ࠍභߡࠆߎߣ
ߦߥߞߚ㧚
߇ࠄ߆ߦߥߞߚ㧚߹ߚ㧘ἠṴ↪᳓㊂ߩ߁ߜ㧘࠻
↞ḓ
ਅᵵሶ
࠙ࡕࡠࠦࠪߦࠃࠆἠṴ↪᳓㊂߇52%ߣᦨᄢߢࠆ
ᐣ㗡༡ሶ
ߎߣ್߽ߒߚ㧚
㘑᳓ᴙ
ਅ┃㍆
↞ḓ
ᴙ
ਅᵵሶ
᪷᩿⧎
ਅ
ᐣ㗡༡ሶ
࿖ᐭ
㘑᳓ᴙ
0
ਅ┃㍆
100
200
300
400
500
600
ᴙ
㒠᳓ᶐㅘ䈮䉋䉎ਅ᳓⛎㊂䋨ਁণ/ᐕ䋩
᪷᩿⧎
ἠṴ᳓ᶐㅘ䈮䉋䉎ਅ᳓⛎㊂䋨ਁণ/ᐕ䋩
ਅ
800
࿑-5 ฦߦ߅ߌࠆਅ᳓ᶩ㙃㊂ౝ⸶(2010ᐕ)
࿖ᐭ
0
䊃䉡䊝䊨䉮䉲
䈵䉁䉒䉍
700
500
䉮䊜
㊁⩿
1000
1500
䉝䊪
ኅ⇓↪᳓㊂
2000
2500
䉮䉡䊥䊞䊮
↢ᵴ↪᳓㊂
3000
⼺㘃
5.3 ਅ᳓ᡰ
3500
2010ᐕߩ↞ḓᵹၞߦ߅ߌࠆਅ᳓ᶩ㙃㊂ߪ
(ਁণ㪆ᐕ㪀
࿑-4 ᵹၞౝߩฦߦ߅ߌࠆ↪ㅜਅ᳓↪㊂(2010ᐕ)
ਅᵹၞߩ↞ߢߪਅ᳓↪㊂ࠍ࿁ߞߡ
5.2 ᐕ㑆ਅ᳓ᶩ㙃㊂ߩ▚
ࠆ߇㧘ᵹၞߩ8ߢߪਅ᳓ᶩ㙃㊂߇ਅ᳓
ਅ᳓ᶩ㙃ߪ㧘ਅ᳓㕙߹ߢ㆐ߔࠆ㒠᳓ᶐㅘߦ
↪㊂ࠍਅ࿁ߞߡࠆߎߣ߇ࠄ߆ߦߥߞߚ(࿑-6)㧚
ࠃࠆ ႐ว㧘ᴡᎹߥߤߩ᳓߆ࠄ⋥ធᶩ㙃ߐ
߹ߚ㧘2010ᐕߩ↞ḓᵹၞߦ߅ߌࠆਅ᳓ᶩ㙃㊂
ࠇࠆ႐ว߮㧘ἠṴ↪᳓ߩᶐㅘߦࠃࠆ႐ว߇ࠆ㧚
ߣਅ᳓↪㊂߆ࠄਅ᳓ᄌൻ㊂(ਅ᳓ᶩ㙃㊂
ߥ߅㧘2010ᐕߩ↞ḓᵹၞߦ߅ߡߪ㧘↞Ꮉ߇
㧙ਅ᳓↪㊂)ࠍ▚ߔࠆߣ㧘㧙11,400ਁm3/ᐕ
ోᵹၞߢߩᵹ㊂ߪࡠߣ ߥߞߡࠆߚ㧘ᴡᎹ
ߣ⽶ߩ୯ߣߥߞߡࠆߎߣ߽ࠄ߆ߦߥߞߚ㧚
߆ࠄߩਅ᳓ᶩ㙃ߪ⠨ᘦߒߡߥ㧚
151
ਅ᳓ᶩ㙃㊂ 䋨ਁণ/ᐕ䋩
↪㊂ߣਅ᳓ߩᶩ㙃㊂ࠍ▚ߔࠆߣߦਅ
ਅ᳓↪㊂ 䋨ਁণ/ᐕ䋩
᳓ᡰߣਅ᳓ᄌൻࠍᬌ⸛ߒߚ㧚߹ߚ㧘ฦ‛
3500
3000
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0
ߩ᳓ല₸߆ࠄ㧘‛ߩォ឵ߣ᳓〝ߩ᳓ല₸ߦࠃࠆ
▵᳓ߩಽᨆࠍⴕߞߚ⚿ᨐ㧘એਅߩߎߣ߇ࠄ߆ߦ
ߥߞߚ㧚Ԙ2010ᐕߩ↞ḓᵹၞߦ߅ߡߪ㧘ἠṴ
↪᳓㊂ߪਅ᳓↪㊂ߩ99.4%ߣᄢඨࠍභߡ
ࠆߎߣ߮㧘ਅ᳓↪㊂߇ਅ᳓ᶩ㙃㊂ࠍᄢ
ߦ࿁ࠅ㧘ਅ᳓ᄌൻ㊂ߪ㧙11,400ਁm3/ᐕߣߥߞ
࿑-6 ↞ḓᵹၞߦ߅ߌࠆਅ᳓ᡰ(2010ᐕ)
ߡ߅ࠅ㧘ਅ᳓ߪోᵹၞߢ1.0m/ᐕૐਅߒߚߎߣ
5.4 ਅ᳓ᄌൻߩ▚
↞ḓᵹၞߩਅ᳓ߩᐕ㑆ᄌൻǻH (m/ᐕ)ߪ
߇ࠄ߆ߦߥߞߚ㧚ԙ2010ᐕߩ↞ḓᵹၞߦ߅
↞ḓᵹၞߩਅ᳓ᄌൻ㊂ǻS(m3/ᐕ)㧘ᵹၞߩ✚㕙
ߡ㧘‛ォ឵߆ࠄ⠨߃㧘᳓ല₸߇ᦨ߽⦟‛ߦ
ⓍD(⇁)߮ფߩ㑆㓗₸z߆ࠄᑼ(7)ߩࠃ߁ߦ᳞
ォ឵ߒߚ႐ว㧘ਅ᳓ૐਅ㊂ࠍ⁁ߩ1.0m/ᐕࠃ
ࠄࠇࠆ㧚ߚߛߒ㧘ფߩ㑆㓗₸ߪ⾰߇⍾
ࠅᐕ㑆3ഀ⒟ᐲ✭ߢ߈ࠆ߇㧘ㄘᬺߪ⁁ߩ
ߢࠆ8)ߎߣ߆ࠄ0.3ߣߒߚ9)㧚
ㄘᬺࠃࠅ⚂8%ᷫዋߔࠆߎߣ߇ࠄ߆ߦߥߞ
'H
ߚ㧚Ԛ2010ᐕߩ↞ḓᵹၞߦ߅ߡ㧘ㆡಾߥ᳓〝
'S
(7)
667Dz
ߩࠗ࠾ࡦࠣᡷༀࠍⴕߞߚ႐ว㧘Ꮏ⾌߇ᔅⷐߥ
એߩࠃ߁ߦ㧘2010ᐕߩ↞ḓᵹၞߦ߅ߌࠆ
߽ߩߩㄘᬺࠍਅߍߕߦ㧘ᵹၞోߢਅ᳓
ਅ᳓ᄌൻࠍ▚ߒߚ⚿ᨐ㧘ਅ᳓߇1ᐕ㑆ߢ
ૐਅ㊂ࠍ⁁ߩ1.0m/ᐕࠃࠅᐕ㑆6ഀ⒟ᐲ✭น⢻
⚂1.0mૐਅߒߡߚ㧚
ߢࠆߎߣ߇ࠄ߆ߦߥߞߚ㧚
6㧚ਅ᳓↪ല₸ߩᡷༀ╷
6.1 ‛ォ឵ߦࠃࠆ᳓ല₸
↞ḓᵹၞߦ߅ߡ㧘᳓↪㊂߇ᄙࠦࡔߣ㊁
⩿߿ઃ㕙Ⓧ߇ᄙ࠻࠙ࡕࡠࠦࠪࠍࠕࡢߦォ឵
ߒ㧘ઁߩἠṴ‛ࠍ㕖ἠṴߦォ឵ߒߚ႐ว㧘ਅ
᳓ૐਅ㊂ࠍ⁁ߩ1.0m/ᐕ߆ࠄ0.7m/ᐕߣᐕ㑆3
ഀ⒟ᐲ✭ߢ߈ࠆ߇㧘ㄘᬺߪ⁁ߩㄘᬺ
ࠃࠅ8%ᷫዋߔࠆߎߣ߇ࠄ߆ߦߥߞߚ㧚
6.2 ᳓〝ᡷༀߦࠃࠆ᳓ല₸
ᨋࠄ10)ߦࠃࠇ߫㧘ㆡಾߥ↪᳓〝ߩࠗ࠾ࡦࠣߩ
Ꮏ⾌ߪ375ర/ha(1haߪ⚂15⇁)ᔅⷐߣߥࠆ߇㧘៝
ㅍല₸ߪ⚂90%߹ߢ㜞ࠄࠇࠆߣߐࠇߡࠆ㧚ߎ
ߩߎߣ߆ࠄ㧘↞ḓᵹၞߦ߅ߡ㧘ห╬ߩ᳓〝ߩ
ࠗ࠾ࡦࠣᡷༀࠍⴕߞߚ႐ว㧘ਅ᳓ૐਅ㊂ߪ
⁁ߩ1.0m/ᐕ߆ࠄ0.4m/ᐕߣᐕ㑆6ഀ⒟ᐲ✭น
⢻ߣߥࠆ(ᑼ(2)ߩଥᢙa߇0.9ߣߥࠅ㧘᳓〝ߢߩ៊ᄬ
㊂߇50%ᷫዋߒ㧘᳓ᡰᑼ(7)߆ࠄ0.4m/ᐕ߇ᓧࠄࠇ
ࠆ)㧚හߜ㧘᳓〝ߩᡷୃߩᛩ⾗⾌↪ߪᔅⷐߦߥࠆ߇㧘
▵᳓ߦߪലᨐ߇ࠆߎߣߪࠄ߆ߢࠆ㧚
7㧚⚿⺰
ᧄ⎇ⓥߢߪਛ࿖ౝࡕࡦࠧ࡞↞ḓᵹၞࠍ⎇ⓥ
ኻ⽎ၞߣߒߡ㧘ᵹၞౝߩ9ߦ߅ߡਅ᳓ߩ
ෳ⠨ᢥ₂
1) ᐽะ₹ 㧘࿖↢,㧘㇊㗅ศ㓷 㧘㗵ዌᓾᧁ࿑㧦
⠃‐․ᣛㄭ 10 ᐕ㒠᳓㊂ಽᨆਈ᳓⾗Ḯ㐿⊒
↪[B]㧘ౝ⫥ฎ᳆⽎ዪ(6)㧘pp18-19㧘 2008㧚
2) ⠃‐․ᣛ᳓ዪ᳓⢆✬:⠃‐․ᣛ⊛᳓
ᢥ᳓⾰⺞ᩏႎ๔ᦠ㧘p24㧘2007㧘⠃‐․ᣛ᳓
ዪౝㇱ⾗ᢱ㧚
3) ਛ⪇ੱ᳃࿖᳓ㇱ✬㧦ਛ࿖᳓⾗Ḯႎ
2009㧘᳓᳓㔚 ␠㧘2010㧚
4) ౝ⫥ฎ⥄ᴦ᳓ᐡ㧘ౝ⫥ฎ⥄ᴦ⾰㊂ᛛⴚ
⋙〈ዪ㧦ౝ⫥ฎ⥄ᴦⴕᬺ↪᳓ቯ㗵ᮡḰ
DB15/T385-2003 㧘 ౝ ⫥ ฎ ᳓ ᐡ
(http://www.nmgzjj.gov.cn/ggtz-07/ ↪ ᳓ ቯ 㗵 ᮡ
Ḱ...2009-9-10)㧚
5) 㒸ᣩ㧘₺㘑⧎㧘᧘ᥙᵄ㧦⿒ፄᏒ⊒ዷㄘᬺ▵᳓
ἠṴ⊛ኻ╷㧘ౝ⫥ฎ⿒ፄᏒ᳓ዪ㧘 1999㧚
6) ㆯቘ⋭᳓ᢥ⾰ዪ㧦⠃‐․ᣛㄘ↰ଏ᳓᳓ᢥ
⾰ൊኤႎ๔㧘ㆯቘ⋭᳓ᢥ⾰ᄢ㓌㧘1975㧚
7) ਛ⪇ੱ᳃࿖᳓ㇱ㧦᳓᳓㔚Ꮏ⒟᳓ᢥ⸘
▚ⷙ▸㧘ਛ⪇ੱ᳃࿖ⴕᬺ᳓ᮡḰ
SL278-2002
㧘
ਛ
࿖
᳓
ㇱ
(http://www.doc88.com/p-70621429201.html.201
1-2-20-)㧚
8) ⻢⧎ᨋ㧘᧘⑲ᓃ㧘㒸℮ℌ㧘⨄ຬ⪇: ↪
ⷙ↹ⅣႺᓇຨ⊛↢ᘒో⹏ଔᣇᴺೋតʊએౝ
⫥ฎ⠃‐․ᣛὑ㧘⾗Ḯ⑼ቇ㧘32(1㧕㧘pp57-63㧘
2010㧚
9) ᧖↰୶㧘↰ਛᱜ:᳓ᢥ⑼ቇ㧘┙ ᩣᑼળ
␠㧘p136㧘2009㧚
10) ᨋ⊠㧘ᴡ㊁ብ㧘᧘ਭ↢:ਛ࿖ߦ߅ߌࠆἠṴ↪
᳓ߩ▤ℂߣ▵᳓ἠṴ㧘ㄘᬺᧁቇળ㧘╙ 63
Ꮞ╙4 ภ㧘1995㧚
152
ᐔᚑ 23 ᐕᐲ࿖㓙↢␠ળࡦ࠲ ⎇ⓥⷐ
ਛ࿖ߩㇱᄢ㐿⊒ߦ߅ߌࠆ⾗ᧄᏒ႐ߩᓇ㗀ߦ㑐ߔࠆ⎇ⓥ
㨪㒪⋭ߩ㨪
࿖㓙↢␠ળ⎇ⓥࡦ࠲ RA
ᄢቇ㒮࿖㓙ၞቇ⎇ⓥ⑼ ඳ჻ᓟᦼ⺖⒟ ᧡ ⪇
A Study on the Influence of the Capital Market in the Development of the Western Region in China
㧙A Case of Shaanxi㧙
1㧚⎇ⓥߩ⢛᥊ߣ⋡⊛㧦
ߩᣇ㊎ࠍᛂߜߒߚޕ
1978 ᐕ߆ࠄߩਛ࿖ߩᡷ㕟㐿એᓟޔᴪᶏၞ߇
ਛ࿖ߩ⾗ᧄᏒ႐ߪᒻᚑᦼ߆ࠄ 30 ᐕߩ⊒ዷࠍ⚻
㐿ߐࠇޔᄖ⾗߿ᛛⴚࠍዉߔࠆ৻ᣇޔડᬺߩ⚻
ߡޔਛ࿖⾗ᧄᏒ႐ߪߤߎ߹ߢ⊒ዷߒߡߚߩ߆ޔ
༡⥄ਥᮭߩᄢߥߤ⚻ᷣᡷ㕟߽ടߞߡޔᴪᶏၞ
․ߦㇱᄢ㐿⊒ࠍ߈ߞ߆ߌߣߒߡㇱၞߩ႐
ߪਛ࿖ߩ⚻ᷣ⊒ዷߩਛᔃߣߥߞߚޕ
ડᬺߪߤ߁ᄌൻߒߡߚߩ߆ޔㇱၞߦ߅ߌࠆ
ਛ࿖ߩ⚻ᷣᡷ㕟ߦ߅ߡߪޔડᬺ߇ೋߡ⾗㊄
⾗ᧄᏒ႐ߩᓇ㗀߇ߤߩߊࠄߞߚߩ߆ߦޔ㑐ᔃ
⺞㆐ᣇᴺࠍᄙ᭽ൻߔࠆߎߣ߇น⢻ߣߥࠅޔ࿖ౝ⾗
ࠍᜬߞߚޕ
ߒߚ߇ߞߡᧄ⾗ޔᏒ႐ߪਛ࿖ㇱᄢ㐿⊒એ᧪ޔ
ᧄᏒ႐ߩ⺀↢ࠍ߽ߚࠄߒߚޕ1990 ᐕޔᶏ⸽ข
ᒁᚲߣᷓࡦ⸽ขᒁᚲ߇⋧ޔᰴߢ⸳┙ߐࠇߚޕ
ᣇ⚻ᷣ␠ળߦߤߩࠃ߁ߥᓇ㗀ࠍਈ߃ߚ߆ౕޕ
ਛ࿖ᩣᑼᏒ႐ߩ⊒ዷߪޔਛ࿖ߩ⚻ᷣᡷ㕟ߦࠃࠅน
⊛ߦߪޔㇱᄢ㐿⊒╷ࠍฃߌޔ႐ડᬺߩၞ
⢻ߣߥࠆ৻ᣇޔਛ࿖ᩣᑼᏒ႐ߩ⊒ዷ߇ਛ࿖ߩ㊄Ⲣ
⊛ಽᏓߪߤࠎߥᄌൻ߇ࠆߩ߆ޔᣇ႐ડᬺ⥄
ᡷ㕟ࠍ߽ߚࠄߒߚ⚿ߩߘޕᨐޔડᬺㇱ㐷ߩ⊒ዷߣ
りߦߤߩࠃ߁ߥᄌൻ߇ࠆߩ߆ᧄ⾗ޔᏒ႐ࠍㅢߓ
⚻ᷣ␠ળోߦኻߔࠆᩣᑼᏒ႐ߩᓇ㗀ߪᄢߒ⛯
ߡ႐ડᬺߪᣇ⚻ᷣ߮ၞ⚻ᷣߦߤ߁ᓇ㗀ߒ
ߌߡࠆޕએ೨ߩ⸘↹⚻ᷣߢߪ⾗ޔḮߪല₸ᕈߩ
ߡࠆߩ߆ࠍⓥߔࠆߎߣ߇ᧄ⎇ⓥߩ⋡⊛ߢࠆޕ
ૐⴕ⊛ߥ߿ࠅᣇߢ㈩ಽߐࠇߡߚ߇ޔᲑ㓏⊛
2㧚⎇ⓥᣇᴺߣ⎇ⓥౝኈ㧦
ߥᏒ႐⚻ᷣ߳ߩ⒖ⴕߦߞߡޔਛ࿖ᩣᑼᏒ႐ߪ⚻
ਛ࿖ߩㇱᄢ㐿⊒ߣ⾗ᧄᏒ႐ߩ⊒ዷࠍၮߠߡޔ
ᷣ⊛⾗Ḯߩ㈩ಽߦߣߞߡ㊀ⷐߥၮ⋚ߣߥࠅޔડᬺ
ㇱߦࠆ㒪⋭ࠍߣߒߡขࠅߍޔᢥ₂⺞
ߩ⾗㊄⺞㆐ߩ㊀ⷐߥᚻᲑߣߥߞߡ߈ߚޕ
90 ᐕઍߩ᧲ㇱၞߩᕆㅦߥ⚻ᷣᚑ㐳ߩㆊ⒟ߢޔ
ᩏߦട߃ޔ⺞ᩏࠍⴕ߁ߚ߹ޕㇱᄢ㐿⊒ᓟߩ
᧲ㇱߣਛㇱߩ⚻ᷣᩰᏅߪᄢ߈ߊᄢߒ᧲ޔㇱߣ
႐ડᬺߩ⊒ዷߣᄌൻߦኻߒߡ⽷ޔോಽᨆߩᚻᴺ
Ყߴߡㇱߩ⚻ᷣ߿↥ᬺߥߤߩ㕙ߪ߆ߥࠅㆃࠇߡ
ߢ⎇ⓥࠍⴕ߁ᦨޕᓟߦޔ႐ડᬺߩᣇ⚻ᷣ߮
ࠆߩ߇ታߢࠆޕ
ၞ⚻ᷣ߳ߩᓇ㗀ߪޔᣇ႐ડᬺߩ↥ᬺ᭴ㅧޔ
2000 ᐕޔਛ࿖ߪㇱᄢ㐿⊒ᚢ⇛ࠍᱜᑼߦᛂߜ
⚊⒢ޔ㓹↪ߥߤߩᣇ㕙߆ࠄᲧセಽᨆߩᚻᴺߢ⎇ⓥ
ߒߚ ߚ߹ޕ2003 ᐕਛ࿖↥ౄ╙ 16 ᦼਛᄩᆔຬળ
ߔࠆޕ
╙ 3 ࿁ోળ⼏ߦࠃߞߡޔ
ᧄ⾗ޟᏒ႐ߣઁߩⷐ⚛Ꮢ
Ბ㓏ߪޔ㒪⋭ౝߩ႐ડᬺߩᄌൻߦߟߡ
႐ߩ⊒ዷߦജࠍࠇࠆᧄ⾗ޕᏒ႐ߩᡷ㕟㐿ߣ
ߪޔㇱᄢ㐿⊒೨㧔1999 ᐕ߹ߢ㧕ߦ႐ߒߚ 18
ቯ⊛⊒ዷࠍⓍᭂ⊛ߦផㅴߒ⋥ޔធ㊄Ⲣࠍᄢߔࠆޠ
␠ߣㇱᄢ㐿⊒ᓟ㧔2000 ᐕ㨪2010 ᐕ㧕ߦ႐ߒ
153
ߚ 18 ␠ߩၞಽᏓޔᚲ᭴ㅧࠍᲧセߒߡಽᨆߒߚޕ
ડᬺߪ⊒ዷߒޔ႐ડᬺߪ࿖ኅ⚻ᷣߩ㊀ⷐߥ᭴ᚑ
ડᬺߩᬺ❣߳ߩᓇ㗀ߦኻߒߡޔㇱᄢ㐿⊒೨ߩᣂ
ⷐ⚛ߣߥߞߚޕ
ⷙ႐ડᬺߩ 2000 ᐕߣ 2010 ᐕߩ⽷ോ࠺࠲ࠍ
એߩవⴕᢥ₂ߦࠃࠆߣ႐ડᬺߦߟߡߩ⎇
↪ߒߡ⽷ޔോಽᨆߩᚻᴺߢ⎇ⓥࠍⴕߞߚᦨޕᓟߦޔ
ⓥߪޔ࿖ኅᩣߩ㗴ޔડᬺߩࠦࡐ࠻ࠟࡃ
ᣇ႐ડᬺߩᣇ⚻ᷣ߳ߩᓇ㗀ߪޔᣇ႐ડ
࠽ࡦࠬޔડᬺߩᚑ㐳ࡄ࠲ࡦޔ႐ડᬺߩᚲ᭴
ᬺߩ↥ᬺ᭴ㅧߣ㓹↪ߩੑߟߩᣇ㕙߆ࠄ⎇ⓥߒߚޕ
ㅧ߅ࠃ߮࿖ోߩ႐ડᬺߥߤߦߟߡߩ⎇ⓥ⚿
ᨐ߇ᄙ߆ߞߚ⎇ᧄޕⓥߪᣇ႐ડᬺ⥄りߩ⊒ዷ
3㧚ᢥ₂ࠨࡌࠗߩ⚿ᨐ㧦
ߣᄌൻ߮ࠃ߅ޔ႐ડᬺ߇ᣇ⚻ᷣ␠ળߦਈ߃ߚ
ᓇ㗀ߦ⌕⋡ߒޔ࿖ኅ╷߮ᣇ╷ߩಽᨆߦട
₺᧲ߩޟਛ࿖႐ડᬺߩᩣᑼᚲ᭴ㅧߣࠦ
߃ߡޔၞ⊒ዷߩⷺᐲ߆ࠄ⎇ⓥߒߚޕ
ࡐ࠻ࠟࡃ࠽ࡦࠬߩታᘒޠ㧔2000㧕ߪ␠ޔળ
ਥ⟵Ꮢ႐⚻ᷣߩ․ᓽࠍᒝ⺞ߒޔᴦߩ╷ߣ⚻
ᷣߩ⁁ࠍಽᨆߒޔ႐ડᬺߩᩣᑼᚲ᭴ㅧߩ
4. ⎇ⓥ⚿ᨐߣ⠨ኤ㧦
ਛߦޔᐭߣડᬺߩ㑐ଥޔડᬺౝߩ㊀ᓎߪ⺕߆ࠍ
(1)2010 ᐕ߹ߢߩ႐ડᬺߩᄌൻ
႐ડᬺߩၞಽᏓߣᚲ᭴ㅧࠍᲧセಽᨆߒߚ
ઍߔࠆߩ߆ࠍ⏕ߒޔ࿖ኅᩣᡰ㈩ߩ㗴ࠍ
߇ޔಽᨆߒߚ⚿ᨐߪએਅߩㅢࠅߢࠆޕ
ߒߚޕ
⠐ᨋ℮ߩޟਛ࿖႐ડᬺߩࠫࡦࡑ㧦ⷙᮨߩ
Ԙ႐ડᬺߩၞಽᏓޕ36 ␠ߩ႐ડᬺߩ߁ߜ
ᄢߣ⋉ߩૐਅޠ
㧔2005 ᐕ㧕ߪޔਛ࿖ડᬺߩⴕേ
⋭ㇺߩ႐ડᬺߪోߩ 4 ಽߩ 3 ࠍභࠆޕ
ࡄ࠲ࡦߣࠦࡐ࠻ࠟࡃ࠽ࡦࠬߩࠅᣇߦ
႐ડᬺߪㇱᄢ㐿⊒೨ࠃࠅߣߞ߽ޔၞ⊛ߦ㓸
㑐ଥߔࠆ߽ߩߢࠆޕ
ਛߒߡࠆߩ߇ࠊ߆ߞߚޕ
ผᵩஉᒛᤊḮߩޟਛ࿖႐ડᬺ⾗ᧄ᭴ᚑߩ
ԙ႐ડᬺߩᚲ᭴ㅧޕ36 ␠ߩ႐ડᬺߩౝ⸶
ቯⷐ࿃ߦߟߡߩ⠨ኤޠ
㧔2008 ᐕ㧕ߢߪޔ႐ડ
ߪㇱᄢ㐿⊒೨ߣㇱᄢ㐿⊒ᓟߩᣂⷙ႐ડᬺߪ
ᬺߩⷙᮨߣᚑ㐳ᕈߪ⽶ௌᲧ₸ߣᱜߩ⋧㑐㑐ଥ߇
ߘࠇߙࠇ 18 ␠ߕߟߢࠆޕੑߟᤨᦼߩᣂⷙ႐ડ
ࠆߣ߁⚿ᨐߢߞߚޕ
ᬺࠍᲧセߔࠆߣޔ2000 ᐕએ㒠ߩ႐ડᬺߩਛߦ࿖
ᓢᶢߩޟਛ࿖႐ડᬺߦ߅ߌࠆౄᚲߩታ
ኅᡰ㈩ડᬺߪ 4 ಽߩ 3 એࠍභࠆޕ࿖ኅᡰ㈩ડ
⸽⎇ⓥ̆␠ޟળਥ⟵Ꮢ႐⚻ᷣߦޠኻߔࠆ৻⠨
ᬺߩ႐␠ᢙߪ⏕ታߦჇ߃ߚ৻ߩߘޕᣇޔᴺੱડ
ኤ̆ޠ
㧔2005 ᐕ㧕ߪⷙ᠗ᑄߣౄડᬺ⚻༡ߩಽ
ᬺߣੱડᬺߩ႐␠ᢙߩว⸘ߪ 4 ␠ߢޔㇱᄢ
㔌ߪ⋧ଐሽߩ㑐ଥߦࠆߣ߁⚿ᨐߢߞߚޕ
㐿⊒೨ߩ႐ડᬺᢙߩඨಽߦߥߞߚߦ․ޕᴺੱડ
ᬺߩ႐ડᬺߩᢙߪࠊߕ߆ 1 ␠ߢࠆޕ
⠐ᨋ℮ߩޟ႐ડᬺ߆ࠄߺࠆਛ࿖ડᬺߩᚑ㐳ࡄ
࠲ࡦޠ㧔2005 ᐕ㧕ߪޔਛ࿖ડᬺߩᒝⷙᮨᄢ
࿑㧝㧚႐ડᬺߩᚲ᭴ㅧ
ᜰะߪޔਛ࿖⚻ᷣࠍᚑ㐳ߦዉߡࠆߣหᤨߦޔ
ડᬺߩ↢↥ᕈ߿⋉ᕈࠍૐࡌ࡞ߣߤ߹ࠄߖߡ
ࠆߩߘޕᩮᧄ⊛ߥේ࿃߇㌁ⴕߣᩣᑼᏒ႐߆ࠄߩ
ࠦࡐ࠻ࠟࡃ࠽ࡦࠬߩᯏ⢻ਇోߦࠆߣ
߁⚿ᨐߢߞߚޕ
ޡਛ࿖⾗ᧄᏒ႐⊒ዷႎ๔ޢ
㧔ᄢ✚⎇߇⸶ᧄ⊒
ⴕ㧕ߦࠃࠆߣᧄ⾗ޔᏒ႐ߩ⊒ዷߩᕲᕺࠍฃߌޔਛ
࿖ߩડᬺㇱ㐷ߪౣ✬ޔᄢ⛔ޔวߒޔ࿖ડᬺߣ
ߘߩ⾗↥ߪࠃࠅࠃߊ▤ℂߐࠇࠆࠃ߁ߦߥࠅޔ᳃㑆
㧔ౖ㧦╩⠪ᚑޕ
㧕
154
࿑ 2㧚႐ડᬺߩ↥ᬺ᭴ㅧ
߹ߚ ߩߎޔ4 ␠ߩ႐ડᬺߪߔߴߡഃᬺ᧼ߩࡌ
ࡦ࠴ࡖડᬺߢࠆޕ㒪⋭ߢߪޔ࿖ኅᡰ㈩ડᬺ
ㇱᄢ㐿⊒೨ ㇱᄢ㐿⊒ᓟ
ࠍਛᔃߦ⊒ዷߐߖߡࠆߣหᤨߦࡖ࠴ࡦࡌޔડ
㧔1993 ᐕ㨪1999 ᐕ㧕 㧔2000 ᐕ㨪2010 ᐕ㧕
ᬺߩ⊒ዷࠍଦㅴߒߡࠆߎߣ߇ࠊ߆ߞߚޕ
(2)႐ડᬺߩᬺ❣߳ߩᓇ㗀
㒪⋭ౝߩ 36 ␠ߩ႐ડᬺߩోࠍࠆߣޔ
2010 ᐕ߹ߢߦ႐ᑄᱛߐࠇߚડᬺߪ 3 ␠ߢߞߚޕ
⿒ሼડᬺߩ ST ␠ࠆߪ㧖ST ␠ߪ 7 ␠߇ࠆޕ
╩⠪߇႐ડᬺߩᚻน⢻ߥ࠺࠲ࠍߞߡಽ
ᨆߒߚ⚿ᨐߪޔએਅߢࠆޕ
㧔ౖ㧦╩⠪ᚑޕ
㧕
1999 ᐕ߹ߢ႐ߒߚ 18 ␠ߩડᬺߦኻߒߡ⺞ᩏ
߹ߚㇱᄢ㐿⊒೨ߣㇱᄢ㐿⊒ᓟߩㅧᬺߩ
ߒߚ ޕ1 ߩࠃ߁ߦ ߩߎޔ18 ␠ߩ႐ડᬺߩ⾗↥
႐ડᬺߩౝㇱ᭴ㅧߦߟߡಽᨆߒߚߩߘޕᄌൻߪ
✚㗵ߪ 2000 ᐕߦ 2,218,482 ਁరߢߞߚ߇ޔ
2010
ਃߟߢߞߚޔߪߟ৻ޕ႐ડᬺߩᬺ⒳߇ಽᢔ߆
ᐕߦ⺞ᩏડᬺోߩ⾗↥✚㗵ߪ⚂ 3 ߦჇ߃ޔ
ࠄ㓸ਛߦߥߞߚޕੑߟߪޔᯏ᪾⸳ㅧᬺߩ႐
6,632,407 ਁరߦߥߞߚޕ႐ડᬺోߩ⾗↥߇
ડᬺᢙߪᄢߦჇ߃ߚޕਃߟߪࠡ࡞ࡀࠛޔൻቇ
ᄢߦᄢߒߚޕ
ߥߤᄤὼ⾗Ḯߦ㑐ଥࠆડᬺ߽႐ߒߚޕ
৻ᣇޔ2000 ᐕࠃࠅ 2010 ᐕ 10 ␠ߩ࿖ኅᡰ㈩ડ
࿑ 3㧚ㅧᬺౝㇱߩᣂⷙ႐ડᬺ
ᬺߩ߁ߜޔ3 ␠ߩ༡ᬺ⋉ߪ㤥ሼ߆ࠄ⿒ሼߦߥߞ
ㇱᄢ㐿⊒೨㧔1993 ᐕ㨪1999 ᐕ㧕
ߚޕ4 ␠ߩੱડᬺߩ߁ߜ 2 ␠ߪ༡ᬺ⿒ሼߢߞ
ߚ ߚ߹ޕ2000 ᐕ༡ᬺ⿒ሼߩ 2 ␠ߩᴺੱડᬺߪ 2010
ᐕߦ㤥ሼߦߥߞߡޔ༡ᬺ⋉߇ᄢߦჇ߃ߚޕ
S*ST 㐳Ꭸߣ*ST ᶏᤊߩੑߟߩડᬺ߇ડᬺౣ✬ߦ
ࠃࠆ⚻༡⿒ሼ߆ࠄ⣕ߒߚޕ
એߦࠃߞߡޔડᬺߩ႐ߪ࿖ኅᡰ㈩ડᬺߩ⾗
㊄⺞㆐ߩ㊀ⷐߥᚻᲑߣߥߞߚ৻ޕᣇޔ࿖ኅᡰ㈩ડ
ᬺߩ⋉ᕈ߇ૐਅߒߟߟࠆߚ߹ޕੱડᬺߩ
⋉ᕈ߇ૐߎߣ߽㗴ߦߥߞߡࠆޕᴺੱડᬺߪ
ㇱᄢ㐿⊒ᓟ㧔2000 ᐕ㨪2010 ᐕ㧕
⚻༡⥄ਥᮭߩᄢߦࠃߞߡޔᬺ❣߇ᓢߥߊ⦟ߦޘ
ߞߚߎߣ߇ࠊ߆ߞߚޕ
(3)ᣇ⚻ᷣ␠ળ߳ߩᓇ㗀
႐ડᬺߩ↥ᬺ᭴ㅧߣ㓹↪ࠍᲧセಽᨆߦࠃߞߡޔ
ಽᨆߒߚ⚿ᨐߪએਅߢࠆޕ
Ԙ႐ડᬺߩ↥ᬺ᭴ㅧޕ
ㇱᄢ㐿⊒೨ߩ 18 ␠ߩᣂⷙ႐ડᬺߩਛߦ
ㅧᬺߪ 50㧑ࠍභߚߩઁߩߘޕડᬺߪߔߴߡ╙㧟
ᰴ↥ᬺߢߞߚߦࠇߘޕኻߒߡޔㇱᄢ㐿⊒ᓟߦ
㧔ౖ㧦╩⠪ᚑޕ
㧕
18 ␠ߩᣂⷙ႐ડᬺߩਛߦㅧᬺߪᄢߦჇ߃ޔ
78㧑ࠍභߚߩઁߩߘޕડᬺߪ 22㧑ߢߞߚޕ
㒪⋭ߩ႐ડᬺߩ↥ᬺ᭴ㅧ߮ㅧᬺౝㇱߩ
᭴ㅧ߇ᄢ߈ߊᄌൻߒߚේ࿃ߪޔㇱᄢ㐿⊒╷ߛ
155
ߣ⠨߃ࠄࠇࠆߩߘޕℂ↱ߪߕ߹ޔㇱᄢ㐿⊒╷
࿑ 4 ߦࠃࠆߣޔ2000 ᐕ೨႐ߒߚ 18 ␠ߩ㓹↪
ߦ߅ߌࠆࡈࡦࠗޟᑪ⸳ߩടㅦޔࠅࠃߦޠ㒪⋭
✚ੱᢙߪޔ2002 ᐕ߆ࠄ 2010 ᐕ߹ߢߩ㑆ߦో⊛
ౝߢᣂߚߥ㜞ㅦ〝⥸৻ޔ〝ޔ㋕ߩᑪ⸳ߣⓨ
ߦჇ߃ߚޕ2002 ᐕߣ 2010 ᐕ႐ડᬺߩ㓹↪⁁ᴫ
᷼ߩᄢ߇ߎࠅޔᄢ㊂ߩᯏ᪾⸳ߩ㔛ⷐ߇ᄢ
ࠍᲧセߔࠆߣޔ࿑ 5 ߩࠃ߁ߢࠆޕ㓹↪ੱᢙჇട
ߦჇ߃ޔ㒪⋭ౝߩᯏ᪾⸳ㅧᬺડᬺࠍ⊒ዷߐ
ߩ 9 ␠ߩ߁ߜ࿖ડᬺ߇ 3 ␠ޔᴺੱડᬺߪ 4 ␠ޔ
ߖߚޟߚ߹ޕᎿᬺ᭴ㅧߩ⺞ᢛޔߪߡߟߦޠ㒪
ੱડᬺߪ 2 ␠ߢࠆޕ㓹↪ੱᢙᷫዋߩ 9 ␠ߩ߁
⋭࿖᳃⚻ᷣߣ␠ળ⊒ዷ╙චᰴ 5 ᐕ⸘↹ߣ╙ච৻ᰴ
ߜ࿖ኅᡰ㈩ડᬺߪ 7 ␠ޔੱડᬺߪ 2 ␠ߢࠆޕ
5 ᐕ⸘↹ߢߪޔᎿᬺ᭴ㅧ⺞ᢛߩടㅦߣᯏ᪾⸳↥
৻ᣇ 2002 ᐕ߆ࠄ 2010 ᐕޔ࿖ኅᡰ㈩ડᬺߪ 3,962
ᬺᒝൻ߇ߥߐࠇߚ⚿ᨐޔᯏ᪾⸳ㅧડᬺߦᕆỗ
ੱߩ㓹↪ࠍჇടߒޔ㓹↪ੱᢙ 34,785 ੱߦߥߞߚޕ
ߥ⊒ዷࠍ߽ߚࠄߒߚޕᯏ᪾⸳ㅧᬺડᬺߩ႐
ᴺੱડᬺߪ 16,959 ੱࠍჇടߒޔ
㓹↪ੱᢙߪ 23,813
ߦ߽ଦㅴߒߚޕ
ੱߦߥߞߚޕੱડᬺߪ 383 ੱࠍᷫዋߒޔ2,770
ㇱᄢ㐿⊒ࠍฃߌޔ႐ડᬺߪㅧᬺࠍਛᔃߦ
ੱߦߥߞߚޕ
⊒ዷߐߖߚߦ․ޕ㊀ൻቇᎿᬺߩડᬺߩ႐ࠍଦㅴ
એߢޔ㓹↪ੱᢙ߇৻⇟ᄙߩߪ࿖ኅᡰ㈩ડᬺ
ߒߚޕㇱᄢ㐿⊒ᓟߦ 18 ␠ߩᣂⷙ႐ડᬺߩ↥ᬺ
ߢࠆ߇ޔᄙߊߩ࿖ኅᡰ㈩ડᬺߩ㓹↪ߪᷫዋߒߚ
᭴ㅧߩᄌൻߦࠃߞߡޔ㒪⋭ౝߩ႐ડᬺోߩ
ߎߣ߇ࠊ߆ߞߚ৻ޕᣇᴺੱડᬺߩ㓹↪ੱᢙߪߦ
↥ᬺ᭴ㅧߦᄢ߈ߥᓇ㗀ࠍਈ߃ߚߎߣ߇ࠊ߆ߞߚޕ
Ⴧ߃ޔ㓹↪ࠍᄢߒߚߎߣ߇ࠊ߆ߞߚޕੱડᬺ
ԙ⺞ᩏડᬺߩ㓹↪
ߩ㓹↪ߪᭉⷰߢߪߥޕ
2000 ᐕ೨ߦ႐ߒߚ 18 ␠ߩ႐ડᬺߩ 2002
ᐕ߆ࠄ 2010 ᐕ߹ߢߩ㓹↪ᄌൻߪએਅߩࠃ߁ߢ
5㧚ᓟߩ⺖㗴
ࠆޕ
Ბ㓏ߢߪޔਛ࿖㒪⋭ߩ႐ડᬺߩ⺞ᩏߣಽ
࿑ 4㧚 ᨆߦࠃࠆ႐ડᬺߩᄌൻޔ႐ડᬺߩᬺ❣߳ߩᓇ
㗀ޔᣇ⚻ᷣ␠ળ߳ߩᓇ㗀ߦߟߡ⎇ⓥߒߚ߇ޔ
ᓟ႐ડᬺߩ⚊⒢ߣ╷ߩലᨐߦ߽ട߃ߡޔ
ᣇ⚻ᷣ߳ߩᓇ㗀ࠍ⎇ⓥߔࠆ੍ቯߢࠆޕ
㧨ญ㗡⊒㧪
ޟਛ࿖ߩᣇ⚻ᷣߦ߅ߌࠆᣇ႐ડᬺߦ㑐ߔࠆ
⎇ⓥ̆㒪⋭ߩ̆ޠ࿖㓙㐿⊒ቇળ╙ 22 ࿁ో࿖
ᄢળ㧔2011 ᐕ 11 26 ᣣޔᣈ㧦ฬฎደᄢቇ᧲ጊࠠ
(ᚲ) ฦ႐ડᬺߩ⾗ᢱߦࠃࠅ╩ޔ⠪߇ᚑޕ
࿑ 5㧚
ࡖࡦࡄࠬ㧕
ෳ⠨ᢥ₂㧦
1)⠐ᨋ℮(2005 ᐕ)ޟ႐ડᬺ߆ࠄߺࠆਛ࿖ડᬺߩ
ᚑ㐳ࡄ࠲ࡦޠ࿖㓙㊄Ⲣ (1151)ޔp32㨪37
2)ᓢᶢ(2005 ᐕ)ޟਛ࿖႐ડᬺߦ߅ߌࠆౄᚲ
ߩታ⸽⎇ⓥ̆␠ޟળਥ⟵Ꮢ႐⚻ᷣߦޠኻߔ
ࠆ৻⠨ኤ̆ޠਛ࿖⚻༡▤ℂ⎇ⓥ (5)ޔp1㨪21
(ᚲ) ฦ႐ડᬺߩ႐๔ߩ⾗ᢱߦࠃࠅ╩ޔ⠪߇ᚑޕ
156
ᐔᚑ ᐕᐲ࿖㓙↢␠ળ⎇ⓥࡦ࠲ ⎇ⓥⷐ
ࠕࠫࠕဳㇺᏒዬⅣႺߦ㑐ߔࠆ⎇ⓥ
㧙บḧบർᏒࠍߣߒߡ㧙
࿖㓙↢␠ળ⎇ⓥࡦ࠲ RA
ᄢቇ㒮࿖㓙ၞቇ⎇ⓥ⑼ ඳ჻ᓟᦼ⺖⒟ 㤛 ⽵ᷗ
A Study on Living Environment of Asia City—The Case Study of Taipei,Taiwan —
⎇ⓥߩ⢛᥊
ࠆⴕ↹⸘ ޕߩⷞὐ߆ࠄߪ㒐ἴ߿ⴡ↢㕙ߢߩෂ
ㄭઍㇺᏒ⸘↹ߪޔᎿᬺൻੱޔญჇടߥߤߩㇺᏒ
㒾ᕈ߇ᜰ៰ߐࠇߡࠆ߇⎇ᧄޔⓥߢߪ↪ޔㅜᷙว
ൻߦኻᔕߒߡᎿᬺ߿ᬺޔቛߥߤࠍ࠱࠾ࡦࠣ
ߩᜬߟᜬ⛯⊛ߥ࿕ߩ႐ᚲᕈ߿ᵴ᳇
ߦࠃࠅ‛ℂ⊛ߦಽ㔌ߒޔஜᐽᕈޔోᕈޔല₸ᕈ
㧔NKXGN[㧕╬ߩ⾰⊛ߥⷐ⚛ߦὶὐࠍᒰߡࠄࠇߎޔ
ߥߤࠍ⋡⊛ߣߒߚⅣႺࠍㅧࠆ߽ߩߢࠅࠇߎޔ
ߩዬⅣႺࠍ⹏ଔߔࠆ߭ߣߟߩᣇᴺߣߒߡޔ᳃
߹ߢ߽৻ቯߩᚑᨐࠍߍߡࠆࠄ߇ߥߒ߆ߒޕㄭ
ߩዬḩ⿷ᐲߣ↪ㅜᷙวᐲߣߩ㑐ଥߦ⌕⋡ߒߚޕ
ᐕޔ,,CEQDU㧔㧕߿ '7 ㇺᏒⅣႺ✛ᦠ㧔㧕ޔ
࿖ㅪႎ๔ᦠ㧔㧕ߦߺࠄࠇࠆࠃ߁ߦࡦ࠾࠱ޔ
㧞㧚⎇ⓥߩᣇᴺ
ࠣᐲߦࠃࠆ↹৻⊛ߦᒻᚑߒߚၞࠍᛕ್ߒࠨޔ
⺞ᩏኻ⽎ၞߣߒߡޔบർᏒߩਛᔃᏒⴝౝߦ
ࠬ࠹ࠗ࠽ࡉ࡞ࠪ࠹ࠖߩታ߿ࠦࡒࡘ࠾࠹ࠖᒻᚑ
⟎ߔࠆ ߟߩၞࠍㆬቯߒޔኻ⽎ၞߩⓨ㑆ᒻ
ߩ㊀ⷐᕈࠍឝߍࠆ⎇ⓥ߇ᄙᢙࠄࠇࠆࠃ߁ߦߥ
ᚑ⁁ᴫ㧔ࡂ࠼㕙㧕߿ⅣႺ߳ߩḩ⿷ᐲ㧔࠰ࡈ࠻
ߞߚߩࠄࠇߎޕㅢߔࠆߩߪޔᣢሽᏒⴝߦ․
㕙㧕ߦߟߡޔߩࡅࠕࡦࠣ⺞ᩏࠤࡦࠕޔ
ߩ㜞ኒᐲᄙ᭽ᕈࠍౣ⹏ଔߒߚㇺᏒ⸘↹⊛ᚻᴺߩ
࠻⺞ᩏ⺞ⷞ⋡ޔᩏࠍታᣉߒߚޕ
ឭ໒ߢࠅౕߩߘޔ⊛ߥߣߒߡ↪ㅜᷙว
ኻ⽎ၞߩบർᏒߪޔ㕙Ⓧ⚂ ঠੱޔญ⚂
ၞࠍขࠅߍߡࠆޕ
ਁੱੱޔญኒᐲ⚂ ੱঠߣޔᲧセ⊛㜞ኒ
৻ᣇ࡞ࡃࡠࠣޔൻߩਛߢㇺᏒဳ␠ળࠍㄫ߃ࠆ
ᐲߥㇺᏒߣ߃ࠆޕᷡᦺᦼ߆ࠄᣢߦߩ↪ㅜᷙ
ࠕࠫࠕ⻉࿖ߩᄢㇺᏒߢߪ↥ޔᬺᒻᘒߩᄌൻߦࠃࠆ
ว↪߇৻⥸ൻߒߡ߅ࠅޔ⡯ㄭធߩᏒⴝࠍታ
᳃࠾࠭ߩᄙ᭽ൻ߿ዋሶ㜞㦂ൻ␠ળߦኻᔕߔ
ߒߡߚޕ
ࠆⅣႺ߳ߩᗧ⼂ߪ㜞߹ࠅߟߟ߽ޔㅢᷙ㔀߿ᄢ
ၞߩⷐߪએਅߩㅢࠅߢࠆޕ
ⷙᮨߥㇺᏒౣ㐿⊒ߥߤ߇ㅴⴕߒ৻↹ޔൻߔࠆㇺᏒ
Ԙᄢห㈘ᳯ㧔ࡦࠫࡖࡦ㧕ၞ㧦ᷡᦺᤨઍߦ
ⓨ㑆ߦ߅ߡㇺᏒߩ․ߩߦ߉ࠊࠍᵴ߆ߒߚ
ᒻᚑߐࠇߚᄢⒷၙߦ┙ߒޔ᷆᳓ᴡࠍ↪ߒߚ࿖
ᔟㆡߥⅣႺᒻᚑ߇⺖㗴ߣߥߞߡࠆੱޕญ߿
㓙᷼ߣߒߡ⊒ዷߒߚޕㇺᏒ⊒ዷߩೋᦼᲑ㓏ߢߪޔ
ቛߩ㜞ኒᐲߥ㓸Ⓧ߇ߺࠄࠇࠆࠕࠫࠕߩㇺᏒㇱߦ
ᬺߣቛ߇ኒ㓸ߒߡߚ߇ޔㄭᐕߪዊⷙᮨ⥄
߅ߡߪޔㇳࠄ㧔㧕ߩᜰ៰ߩࠃ߁ߦⴕޔ⊛
േゞᢛᚲ╬߇ਗ߱Ꮏᬺၞߣߒߡߩᕈᩰ߇ᒝ
ߥ᰷ဳ߹ߜߠߊࠅߢߪߥߊޔⅣႺߦޟᨵエߦޠ
ޕ
ኻᔕߔࠆࠕࠫࠕဳ߹ߜߠߊࠅߩࠅᣇ߇ࠊࠇ
ԙ᧻ጊ᳃㧔ࡒࡦ࡛࠙㧕ၞ㧦บർᏒ߇᧲߳
ࠆ⎇ᧄޕⓥߢߪޔบḧบർᏒߩዬⅣႺߦ⌕⋡ߒ
ߣ⒖ォߒᆎߚ ᐕઍߦ㐿⊒߇ㅴࠄࠇߚ
ߚޕบർᏒߪߩᑪ‛ߩૐጀㇱߦᐫ⥩߿Ꮏ႐ߥ
ၞߩ৻ߟ⚻ޕᷣਛᨔߩධ੩᧲〝ߦ㕙ߒߡ߅ࠅޔ
ߤߩ㕖ዬᣉ⸳ޔጀㇱߦዬߣߞߚᩴጁ߈ဳ
ㅢ᧦ઙߩ⦟ߐߥߤ߆ࠄࠝࡈࠖࠬ߿㊄Ⲣᯏ㑐߇㓸
┙⊛↪ㅜᷙวᒻᘒ߇ޔㇺᏒోߦ৻⥸⊛ߦߺࠄ
ਛߒߡࠆޕ
ࠇߡߒߣ࡞࠺ࡕߩߟ৻ߩࠖ࠹ࠪ࠻ࠢࡄࡦࠦޔ⠨߃
Ԛᄢ᧲㧔࠻ࡦ࠴㧕ၞ㧦 ᐕઍᣂߒ
157
ߊ㐿⊒ߐࠇߚ 㧔᧻ጊޔᄢޔା⟵㧕ߩ߁ߜߩ
ࠆޕบർᏒߩ┙↪ㅜᷙวߩ⁁ߣ⻉㗴ߦߟ
৻ߟޕᴦᢥൻਛᨔߩੳᗲ〝߿ /46 ᧼ධ✢߇
ߡߪޔ㤛㧔㧕ޔ㒸㧔㧕ߩᢥ₂߇ࠆߒޕ
ࠆᔘቁ᧲〝ߦ㓞ធߒ߿࠻ࡄ࠺ޔᐫࠬࠖࡈࠝޔ
߆ߒߕࠇ߽↪ޔㅜᷙวၞߦ߅ߌࠆ⻉㗴߳ߩ
ߥߤ߇㓸ਛߔࠆޕౝߦߪ⧯⠪ะߌߩࠦࠢ࠻
ᜰ៰߮ᐲߩᡷༀࠍឭ᩺ߔࠆ߽ߩߢޔᷙⅣႺ
࡚ࠪ࠶ࡊ߇┙ߜਗ߮ޔบർᏒౝߢ߽ଔ߇㜞
ߩ⾰⊛⹏ଔߦߟߥߍߡⅣႺࠍಽᨆߒߚᢥ₂ߪ
ၞߢࠆޕ
ᒰߚࠄߥ╩ޕ⠪╬㧔㧕ߪㇺᏒᏒⴝߩ↪
ԛ⪦⪇㐷㧔ࠪࡔࡦ㧕ၞ㧦ᷡᦺᤨઍ࿖ౝ
ㅜᷙวၞࠍ⎇ⓥኻ⽎ߦޔᷙⅣႺࠍޟ⡯ㄭធ
⾏ᤃ߇⋓ࠎߥ⦉⦂ߦ┙ߒޔᚢᒰᤨߢߪᣣᧄߩ
㧔࠰ࡈ࠻㧕↪ޔㅜᷙว㧔ࡂ࠼㧕ဳߡߒߣޠਔ㕙
ㅧળ␠߇ᄙߊᑪߡࠄࠇߚߎߣ߆ࠄޔᣣᧄੱዬ
ࠍวࠊߖߚ⹏ଔࠍ⹜ߺߡࠆޕ
߇ᒻᚑߐࠇߚޕ߽ᬺၞߣߒߡ⍮ࠄࠇޔ
บർߩᷦ⼱ߣ⒓ߐࠇߡࠆޕ
㧠㧚⺞ᩏߩ⚿ᨐ
ኻ⽎ၞߩࡂ࠼㕙ߩⅣႺ
ߟߩ⺞ᩏኻ⽎ၞߩᑪ‛ߩ↪⁁ᴫߣ↪ㅜᷙ
ว₸ߩᲧセࠍ㧝ߦ߹ߣߚ⎇ᧄޕⓥߢߪޔᑪ‛
ߦዬߒߡࠆోߡߩ࡙࠾࠶࠻㧔ᚭᢙ㧕ࠍዬ
㕖ዬᣉ⸳ߦಽ㘃ߒోޔߩ࡙࠾࠶࠻ߩਛߢ㕖
ዬᣉ⸳߇භࠆഀวࠍᒰၞߩ↪ㅜᷙว₸ߣ
ߒߡ⸘ߒߡࠆޕ
㈘ᳯၞߪޔⅣႺߦᄙᄢߥᓇ㗀ࠍ߷ߔෂ㒾‛
ࠍขࠅᛒ߁ᬺ⒳એᄖߪ߶ߣࠎߤ⸵ኈߐࠇࠆޟ ޠ
࿑㧝㧚ኻ⽎ၞߩ⟎
↪ㅜၞߦᜰቯߐࠇߡࠆޕ〝₸ߪ⚂ ߢ
ၞౝߦ╬ߪߥ✚ޕᑪ‛ᢙ ߩ߁ߜޔ
㧟㧚ᣢᓔ⎇ⓥߩࡆࡘ
ߪዬኾ↪ ޔߪᎿߩࠃ߁ߦ
ᧄ⎇ⓥߢߪ↪ㅜᷙวၞࠍ⺞ᩏኻ⽎ߣߒߡ
↪ㅜᷙวߣߒߡ↪ߒߡࠆޕ㜞ߐ 㓏߆ࠄ 㓏
ࠆ߇ߚߒ߁ߎޔၞࠍ࠼ࡂޟޔ㕙ߢߪ᭽↪ߥޘ
ᑪߡ߇ ࠍභߡ߅ࠅޔਛૐጀߩᑪ‛ߢ᭴ᚑߐ
ㅜ߇ᷙߔࠆၞ࠻ࡈ࠰ޔ㕙ߢߪᄙ᭽ߥ↢ᵴࠬ࠲
ࠇߡࠆޕዬᣉ⸳ߪ ࡙࠾࠶࠻㧔㧕
ޔ㕖
ࠗ࡞ߩዬ⠪ޔᏒ᳃߇↪ߒߡࠆⅣႺޔߒߣޠ
ዬᣉ⸳ߪ ࡙࠾࠶࠻㧔㧕ߞߚ৻ޕᣇ
✚⊛ߦޟᷙⅣႺߣޠቯ⟵ߒߡࠆߩߘޕⓨ㑆
᳃ၞߪ ޔ㓏ᑪߡ߇ ഀࠍභߡ߅ࠅߩߘޔ
⊛ߥኻ⽎▸࿐ߪ↪ޔㅜ߇ᷙߔࠆනߩᑪ‛߆ࠄ
߶ߣࠎߤ߇ 㓏ߦᐫ⥩߇ߞߡࠆޕ〝₸ߪ
߭ߣ߹ߣ߹ࠅߩࠦࡒࡘ࠾࠹ࠖ߹ߢ߇⠨߃ࠄࠇࠆ
ߢ ߟߩዊⷙᮨ㧔JCޔ㧕߇
߇ޔบർᏒߩߢߪⴝޔࠍၮᧄ⊛ߥኻ⽎ߣߒޔ
ࠆޕၞ✚ᢙ ࡙࠾࠶࠻ߩ߁ߜޔዬᣉ⸳ߪ
ߎࠇࠍ߭ߣߟߩၞߣ⒓ߒߡࠆޕ
࡙࠾࠶࠻㧔㧑㧕
ޔ㕖ዬᣉ⸳ߪ ࡙࠾࠶
⮮㧔㧕ߪޔᎿᷙวၞߩࡂ࠼㧔ၞ
࠻㧔㧕ߢࠆ᧲ޕၞߪ ޔߦᐫ⥩߇
ⓨ㑆ߩേะ㧕ߣ࠰ࡈ࠻㧔⥄༡ᬺߣᓥᬺຬ㧕㕙ߢߩ
ߞߡ߅ࠅޔ㜞ߐ 㓏߆ࠄ 㓏ߩᑪ‛߇߅ࠃߘ ഀ
ၞ᭴ㅧࠍࠄ߆ߦߒޔ᳃ߩฦ㓏ጀߣḩ⿷ᐲ
ࠍභߡࠆ✚ޕᢙ ࡙࠾࠶࠻ߩ߁ߜޔዬ
ߩ㑐ଥߩ߽ߤߎޔ߈ߟޔᢎ⢒ⅣႺߥߤ↪ㅜᷙ
ᣉ⸳ߪ ࡙࠾࠶࠻㧔㧕
ޔ㕖ዬᣉ⸳ߪ วၞߩ⹏ଔࠍ᳃ߩⷞὐ߆ࠄ⠨ኤߒߡࠆ߹ޕ
㧔㧕ߢࠆޕᬺၞߩ㐷ၞߪ ⚂ޔഀ
ߚㇺᔃዬ⺰ߦ㑐ㅪߠߌߡဳᏒⴝߩᔨ
߇ᬺኾ↪ߩᑪ‛ޔ〝₸ߪ ߢࠆ✚ޕᢙ
߮Ꮢⴝ⸘↹ࠍឭ᩺ߒߚ↰┵㧔㧕ޔਅ↸ߦ
࡙࠾࠶࠻ߩ߁ߜޔዬᣉ⸳ߪ ࡙࠾࠶࠻
߅ߡዬࠍ㒢ቯߐࠇࠆዬ┙㒢ቯ㓏ጀߩ
㧔㧕
ޔ㕖ዬᣉ⸳ߪ 㧔㧕ߢࠆޕ
ሽࠍࠄ߆ߦߒޔਥߣߒߡᎿ↪ㅜᷙวၞߩ
ⅣႺᡷༀ╷ࠍឭ᩺ߒߚ‐㧔㧕ߩᢥ₂߇
158
㧝㧚 ၞߩᑪ‛↪⁁ᴫ
ಽ
↪ㅜၞ
ᑪ⭁₸
䋨䋦䋩
㈘ᳯ
ኈⓍ₸
3䋭1
䋨䋦䋩
Ꮏ3
〝㕙Ⓧ㪆⺞ᩏኻ⽎㕙Ⓧ㩿㪿㪸㪀
㩿㩷㪀䈲〝₸㩿㩼㪀
ⴝ䉕᭴ᚑ䈜䉎ᑪ‛䈱㓏ᢙ
ᑪ‛↪⁁ᴫ
䋨↪ㅜᷙว⁁ᴫ䋩
✚䊡䊆䉾䊃
ᢙ
3
ዬᣉ⸳䋨䋦䋩
㕖ዬᣉ⸳䋨䋦䋩
ਇ䊶ⓨ䈐䋨䋦䋩
᳃
50
225
50
300
55
300
᧲
3
50
225
3䋭2
50
400
㐷
3
50
225
3䋭2
50
400
ᬺ4
80
800
ᬺ4
80
800
2.1/6.1(⚂34.4%)
5.7/15.3(⚂37.3%)
4.1/14.4䋨⚂28.5䋦䋩
2.7/7.4(⚂36.5%)
2㓏䌾5㓏ᑪ䈩ਛᔃ
䋨ో䋨376䋩䈱
87%䋩䋩
7㓏ᑪ䈩ਛᔃ
䋨ో䋨264䋩䈱
83%䋩䋩
4䌾䋷㓏ᑪ䈩ਛᔃ
䋨ో䋨297䋩䈱
78%䋩䋩
2㓏䌾6㓏ᑪ䈩ਛᔃ
䋨ో䋨295䋩䈱
86%䋩䋩
ዬኾ↪240
ᬺኾ↪1
↪ㅜᷙว135
1,129 (88)
1,283
133(10.4)
21(1.6)
ዬኾ↪51
ᬺኾ↪19
↪ㅜᷙว194
1,428(76.4)
1,868
411(22)
29(1.6)
ዬኾ↪50
ᬺኾ↪20
↪ㅜᷙว227
1,713䋨71䋩
665䋨27䋩
2,428
50(2)
ዬኾ↪7
ᬺኾ↪190
↪ㅜᷙว98
552(37)
1,491
743(49.8)
196(13.2)
࿑ 㧚 ၞߩḩ⿷ᐲ㧔᳃㧗㕖ዬ⠪㧕 ࿑ 㧚
ޟ᳃ޠዬⅣႺ߳ߩḩ⿷ᐲ
࿑ 4㧚ḩ⿷ߒߡࠆⅣႺⷐ⚛
࿑ 㧚ਇḩߦᕁߞߡࠆⅣႺⷐ⚛
᳃ߩዬⅣႺ߳ߩḩ⿷ᐲ
㐷ၞߪޔ
࿁╵⠪ ੱਛޔ
ޟḩ⿷ޠ
ߪ ੱ
㧔㧑㧕ޔ
ኻ⽎ၞߩዬⅣႺ߳ߩ᳃ḩ⿷ᐲࠕࡦࠤ
ޟ᥉ㅢੱ ߪޠ㧔㧑㧕
ޔ
ޟਇḩੱ ߪޠ㧔㧑㧕
࠻⺞ᩏ⚿ᨐࠍ࿑ ߣ߆ࠄ࿑ ߦ߹ߣߚޕ㕖ዬ
ߢߞߚ㧔࿑ 㧕ޕ᳃ࠍኻ⽎ߦߒߚ႐ว߽⺞ᩏኻ
⠪ࠍ࿁╵⠪ߦߟߡၞߦࠆߣޔ㈘ᳯ
⽎ߣߒߚ㕖ዬ⠪ߩഀว߇ዋߥߎߣߦࠃࠅ߶
ၞߪޔ࿁╵⠪ ੱߦኻߒޔ
ޟḩ⿷ੱߚ߃╵ߣޠ
߷ห᭽ߩ⚿ᨐߣߥߞߚ㧔࿑ 㧕
ޕ
ߪ ੱ㧔㧑㧕
ޔ
ޟ᥉ㅢੱ ߪޠ㧔㧑㧕ޔ
ޟਇ
ḩ⿷ᐲࠍ᭴ᚑߔࠆⷐ⚛ߦߟߡޔḩ⿷ᐲߩ߽ߞ
ḩੱ ޔߪޠ㧔㧑㧕ߢߞߚޕᰴߢ᳃
ߣ߽㜞᧲ၞߦ߅ߡࡅࠕࡦࠣࠍⴕߞߚޕ
ၞߪޔ࿁╵⠪ ੱਛޔ
ޟḩ⿷ੱ ߪޠ㧔㧑㧕
࿑ ߦ␜ߔࠃ߁ߦḩ⿷ߒߡࠆⷐ⚛ߣߒߡߪޔ
⾈ޟ
߇ޔ
ޟ᥉ㅢੱ ߪޠ㧔㧑㧕
᧲ޕၞߪ ੱ
‛ޟ߿ޠᄖ㘩ޟޠㅢߩޠଢᕈ߳ߩ⹏ଔ߇㜞
ߩ߁ߜޔ
ޟḩ⿷ੱ ߪޠ㧔㧕
ޔ
ޟ᥉ㅢੱ ߪޠ
৻ޕᣇਇḩߦᕁ߁ⷐ⚛ߢߪޔ
ޟ㚢ゞࠬࡍࠬߩ
㧔㧑㧕
ޔ
ޟਇḩੱ ߪޠ㧔㧕ߣ࿁╵ߒߚޕ
ਇ⿷ޟ߿ޠኂޔޠ
ޟᄢ᳇ᳪᨴ߇ޠᄙߊߍࠄࠇߚ
159
㧔࿑ 㧕
ޕၞߢߪ㚢ゞ႐߇ਇ⿷ߒߡ߅ࠅ〝ޔ㚢
᥊ⷰ߇ᒻᚑߐࠇࠆߣߒߡࠆޔߚ߹ޕ࿑ਛ 㧕ߩ
ゞࠍኈߒߡࠆߎߣ߿ࡃࠗࠢ╬ߦࠃࠆឃ᳇ࠟ
ᑪ‛ᢿ㕙ߪ⺞ᩏၞߢ߽ޟ㛉ᭈߦ⊛⥸৻ߡߒߣޠ
ࠬߩᓇ㗀߇ᄢ߈ߎߣߦࠃࠆ᧲ߪߣߎߩߎޕߛ
ߺࠄࠇࠆ߇ޔૐጀㇱಽࠍ࠶࠻ࡃ࠶ࠢߒޔᱠⓨ
ߌߢߥߊ ၞ߇ㅢߦᛴ߃ࠆ㗴ߢࠆޕ
㑆ࠍ⏕ߒߡㅢⴕ⠪ࠍㄟࠎߢࠆߩࠇߕޕ႐
ว߽ޔᄙ᭽ߥ㕖ዬ↪ㅜࠍૐጀ㓏ߦ㓸⚂ߒޔ㓏
㧡㧚⚿⺰
ㇱಽߩዬ㓏ߣㅢࠅ߆ࠄߩ〒㔌߿⟎ࠍ㆑߃ࠆ
ޟᔟㆡ↪ࠆࠇߐߣޠㅜᷙว₸߳ߩ⠨ኤ
ߎߣߢ⚿ޔᨐ⊛ߦᵴ᳇㧔NKXGN[㧕ࠆⴝߩᒻᚑࠍ
ኻ⽎ߣߒߚ㧠ၞߩዬⅣႺߩḩ⿷ᐲߣ↪ㅜ
น⢻ߦߔࠆߣ⠨߃ࠆޕ
ᷙว₸ߣߩ㑐ଥࠍ࿑ ߦ␜ߔޕ࿑ਛޔฝᣇ߳߇
ࠆੑ㊀✢ߪ↪ㅜᷙว₸ߩჇടࠍ␜ߔޕ㈘ᳯၞߪޔ
ޟ㕖ዬ⠪ޟࠅࠃޠ᳃ޠ
ޔ
ޟ㕖ዬᣉ⸳ޟࠅࠃޠ
ዬᣉ⸳ߩޠഀว߇㜞↪ޕㅜᷙว₸ߪ 㧑ߢࠆޕ
᳃ၞߪ㈘ᳯၞߦᲧߴޟޔ㕖ዬ⠪ߩޠഀว
߇Ⴧടߒޔ
ޟ㕖ዬᣉ⸳ߩޠഀวߪ 㧑ߢߞߚޕ
᧲ၞߪ↪ㅜᷙว₸ ޔ㐷ၞߪ 㧑ߢ
࿑ 㧚┙ဳⓨ㑆↪ߩࡕ࠺࡞
ࠆߦࠇߎޕኻߒޔ᳃ߩዬⅣႺ߳ߩḩ⿷ᐲߪޔ
↪ㅜߩᷙวᐲวߩߣߦ㈘ᳯၞψ᳃
ෳ⠨ᢥ₂
ၞψ᧲ၞߣߒ↪ޔㅜᷙว₸ 㧑ߩ᧲
㧝 ᵻᵏม✬⪺
ޡⅣႺ ⹏ଔᣇᴺߣℂ⺰᧲ޢ
ၞߢᦨ߽㜞ߊߘߩᓟޔ㐷ၞߦ߅ߡਅ㒠ߔࠆ
੩ᄢቇ ળ
⚿ᨐߣߥߞߚ↪ޕㅜᷙวၞߩዬⅣႺߪޔ㕖
㧞 ⮮రᄦ
ޟߺ⦟ߐߦኻߔࠆᷙวၞዬ⠪
ዬᣉ⸳ߩഀว߇Ⴧ߃ߡ৻ቯߩᷙว₸ࠍ߃ߡߒ
ߩ⹏ଔ㧙Ꮏᷙวၞߩ⡯㑐ଥߣዬ⹏ଔߦ㑐ߔࠆ
߹߁ߣޔዬⅣႺߣߒߡߩᔟㆡߐࠍᄬḩ⿷ᐲߪ
⎇ⓥ
ߘߩ ޔޠᣣᧄᑪ▽ቇળ⸘↹♽⺰ᢥႎ๔㓸 ╙ ਅ㒠ߒߡࠆޕ
ภޔRRRR
㧟 ‐┨
ޟዬ┙㒢ቯጀߦ㑐ߔࠆ৻ㅪߩ⎇ⓥ
㧔ߘߩ 㧕ㇺᏒߦ߅ߌࠆㅢൕ↢ᵴߦ㑐ߔࠆ⠨ኤޠᣣᧄᑪ▽
ቇળ⺰ᢥႎ๔㓸 ╙ ภޔRR
㧠 ጟㇱሶ
ޟᜬ⛯น⢻ߥㇺᏒ␠ળߩᧄ⾰㧙᰷Ꮊ
ㇺᏒⅣႺ✛ᦠߦតࠆޠජ⪲ᄢቇ⎇ⓥ╙ Ꮞ╙ ภޔ
RRRR
㧡 ㇳਛ┵㧘ၳㄟᙗੑ
ޡਛ࿖ੱߩⴝߠߊࠅ⋧ޢᮨ
࿑ 㧚ኻ⽎ၞߩ↪ㅜᷙว₸ߣḩ⿷ᐲߩ㑐ଥ
ㆬᦠ
㧢 㤛ஜੑ
ޟㇺᏒቛඟน⋧ኈ↪↪ㅜ⥜ಽ㘃⎇
┙ဳⓨ㑆ᒻᘒࠍᵴ߆ߒߚ㐿⊒ࡕ࠺࡞
ⓥޠบḧౝᐭᑪ▽⎇ⓥᚲޔบḧ
บർᏒߩᷙว↪ㅜၞߩ․ᕈࠍᵴ߆ߒߚ┙
㧣 ,CP )GJN
ޡ%KVKGU HQT 2GQRNG ޢ+5.#0&
⊛ߥᑪ‛↪ߦߟߡޔᒰၞ᧲ߦ․ޔߩ
24'55RR
߆ࠄߪ࿑ ߩࠃ߁ߥᒻᘒ߇⠨߃ࠄࠇࠆޕㅢⴕ⠪
㧤 ,,CEQDU㧔㤥Ꮉ♿┨⸶㧕
ࠞࡔࠕޡᄢㇺᏒߩ
ߪޔᑪ‛ߩ㜞ߐࠍㇺᏒ᥊ⷰߩਛߢ 㓏⒟ᐲ߹ߢ
ᱫߣ↢ޢ㣮ፉ ળ
⼂ߒߡࠆߣߒߡޔ,CP)GJN
ߪ࿑ਛ 㧕ߩ
㧥 ⮮ᢅା
ޡᷙ߇߽ߚࠄߔ߽ߩ㧔╙ ┨㧕
ޢ
ࠃ߁ߥ↪ᒻᘒࠍឭ᩺ߒޔ㜞ጀߩᑪ‛ߢߪޔਅጀ
⺈ޠߜߚ߆ߩ↢ޟାᦠᚱR㧙R
ㇱࠍᐫ⥩ߥߤ㕖ዬᣉ⸳ߣߒޔጀㇱߦߪ࠶࠻
ࡃ࠶ࠢߒߚዬ㓏ࠍⓍߺߍߡߚߒ߁ߎޔᑪ‛⟲
ᧄ⺰⺑ߪޡޔㇺᏒቛቇ╙ ภޢ㧔ㇺᏒቛቇળᐔᚑ ߇〝✢ᴪߦㅪ⛯ߔࠆߎߣߢㄼᗵߩߥㇺᏒ
ᐕ ᣣ⊒ೀ㧕RR ߩౝኈࠍᒁ↪ߒߡࠆޕ
160
ᐔᚑ 23 ᐲ࿖㓙↢␠ળ⎇ⓥࡦ࠲ ⎇ⓥⷐ
ࡃࡦࠣ࠺ࠪࡘ⪭ㇱߦ߅ߌࠆోߥ᳓ଏ⛎ߦ㑐ߔࠆ⎇ⓥ
࿖㓙↢␠ળ⎇ⓥࡦ࠲ RA
ᄢቇ㒮࿖㓙ၞቇ⎇ⓥ⑼ ඳ჻ᓟᦼ⺖⒟ ⋿ሶ ጪ
A Study on the Safe Water Supply in Rural Bangladesh
1㧚 ⎇ⓥ⢛᥊
ߦߟߡᬌ⸛ߒߡࠆ⪤ޔߚ߹ޕේࠄ 3)ߪ᳓ㆇ߮
ߩ᳓⾗Ḯਇ⿷ߩේ࿃ߩ৻ߟߣߒߡੱญჇ
ߦኻߔࠆ᳃ࠬ࠻ࠬߩ▚߿ઍᦧᛛⴚߩᕈ⢻
ട߇ߍࠄࠇߡࠆੱߩߎޕญჇടߪޔㅜ࿖ߩ
ߣ․ᓽߦߟߡᬌ⸛ߒߡࠆߩࠄࠇߎޕవⴕ⎇ⓥ
ᐜఽߩᱫ₸߇㜞ߦ࿃ߒߚ㜞↢₸
ߢߪޔ㒰ⵝ⟎ߩᛛⴚ㕙߿᳃ߩ᳓↪ᒻᘒࠍข
߿ක≮ᛛⴚߩะߦࠃࠆኼߩᑧߦࠃࠆ߽ߩ
ࠅߍࠄࠇߡࠆ߇ޔਅ᳓ࡅ⚛ᳪᨴၞ᳃ߦ
ߢࠆߣ⠨߃ࠄࠇߡࠆޕ2011 ᐕ 10 31 ᣣߦ
ኻߒߡߢᚻน⢻ߢࠅ⚻ޔᷣ⊛ߦᅷᒰߢౝ
⇇ੱญ߇ 70 ంੱߦ㆐ߒޔ2025 ᐕߦߪ 80 ంੱߦ㆐
⊒⊛⊒ዷࠍଦߔ㒰ⵝ⟎߿↢‛ᳪᨴߦኻߔࠆಣ
ߔࠆߣߐࠇੱߩߘޔญჇടߩਛߢ㒢ࠄࠇߚ⾗Ḯࠍ
ℂ⮎ຠߦߟߡߪ⠨ኤߐࠇߡߥޕ
ലߦᵴ↪ߒߥߌࠇ߫ᚑࠄߥߦ․ޕၮᧄ⊛ੱ㑆
2㧚 ⎇ⓥ⋡⊛
࠾࠭(BHNs: Basic Human Needs)ߦ߹ࠇࠆ᳓ߪޔ
ਅ᳓ਛߩࡅ⚛ߦࠃࠆஜᐽⵍኂࠍ࿁ㆱߔࠆߚ
↢ߩ↢ሽߦ㕖Ᏹߦ㔛ⷐߢࠆޕోߥ᳓ࠍ
ߦߪ⚛ࡅޔ㒰ⵝ⟎ߩ↪ߪߚ߹ޔᚻ᳹ߺߦࠃ
ᚻߢ߈ߥੱ ⚂߇ޘ10 ంੱሽߒߡࠆ⁁ᴫ
ࠆᵹ᳓↪߇ᔅⷐߢࠆޕ೨⠪ߪೋᦼᛩ⾗߿ㆇ
ߢࠅޔ᳓♽ᗵᨴ∝∔∛(Water born disease)╬ߦࠃ
ォ⛽ᜬ▤ℂ╬ߦኻߒߡᡰᛄน⢻ߥଔᩰߢߥߌࠇ
ࠆᱫ߇ႎ๔ߐࠇߡࠆࡓࠕ࠾ࡒߦࠄߐޕ
߫ᜬ⛯ߢ߈ߥޕᓟ⠪ߪ⸳ޔᛩ⾗ࠍᔅⷐߣߒߥ
㐿⊒⋡ᮡ(MDGs: Millennium Development Goals)ߦ
߇‛↢ޔᳪᨴ߇ ᔨߐࠇࠆߚޔᾚᴣ߿Ⴎ⚛
߅ߡ߽ 2015 ᐕ߹ߢߦోߥ㘶ᢱ᳓ߣⴡ↢ᣉ⸳
╬߇ᔅⷐߣߥࠆ⎇ᧄߡߞࠃޕⓥߪ⪭ࠣࡦࡃޔ
ࠍ⛮⛯⊛ߦ↪ߢ߈ߥੱߩޘഀวࠍඨᷫߐߖ
ㇱߦ߅ߡᚻน⢻ߥ㒰ⵝ⟎╬ߩೋᦼᛩ⾗⛽
ࠆߣ⻭ߞߡࠆߎߣࠍ〯߹߃ࠆߣోߥ᳓ଏ⛎
ᜬ▤ℂ⾌߿᳓ಣℂ⮎ຠߩᏒ႐ଔᩰ╬ߩ⚻ᷣ㕙ޔ᳓
߇ᕆോߢࠆߎߣߪࠄ߆ߢࠆޕ
↪ᒻᘒ↪ޔㅜ᳓Ḯ߿⠌ᘠ╬ߩᢥൻ㕙ࠍࠄ߆
ᚒ߇ޘࠕࠫࠕߢ߽ోߥ᳓ଏ⛎ߦ㑐ߔࠆ
ߦߒޔ᳃ߦ⚻ᷣ⊛ߦᅷᒰߥⵝ⟎߿ઍᦧ᳓ࠍ
㗴ࠍᛴ߃ߡ߅ࠅ᧲ߦ․ޔධࠕࠫࠕ⪭ㇱߢߪ㘶
ឭ᩺ߔࠆߎߣࠍ⋡⊛ߣߒߡࠆޕ
ᢱ᳓Ḯ߇ੱ㑆߿േ‛ߩߒዩߦࠃߞߡᳪᨴߐࠇࠆ
3㧚 ⎇ⓥᚻᴺ
ᷓೞߥ㗴߇ࠆߚ߹ޕหᤨߦหၞߦ߅ߡޔ
ห࿖⪭ㇱߩ⺞ᩏኻ⽎ߦ߅ߡ⪭ޔㇱ᳃
ਅ᳓߇⥄ὼ↱᧪ߩࡅ⚛ߦࠃࠅᳪᨴߐࠇߡ߅ࠅޔ
ߦ߅ߌࠆ᳓↪ᒻᘒߦ㑐ߔࠆ␠ળ⺞ᩏޔਗ߮ߦ
ߘࠇࠍ㘶↪ߒߚੱߦޘᘟᕈࡅ⚛ਛᲥ∔ᖚߩ∝
ࡑࠤ࠶࠻╬ߦ߅ߌࠆࡏ࠻࡞᳓߿᳓ಣℂ⮎ຠ
߇ႎ๔ߐࠇߡࠆߦ․ޕਅ᳓ࡅ⚛ᳪᨴߩ⎇ⓥߪ
ߥߤߩᏒ႐ଔᩰߦ㑐ߔࠆ⡞߈ขࠅ⺞ᩏࠍⴕߞߚޕ
ࡃࡦࠣ࠺ࠪࡘੱ᳃࿖(એਅߢ)ࠣࡦࡃޔవ
߹ߚ㚂ㇺ࠳࠶ࠞߢߪࡘࠪ࠺ࠣࡦࡃޔᎿ⑼ᄢቇޔ
ⴕߐࠇߡ߅ࠅ ᧖ޔ2)ߪࡅ⚛㒰ⵝ⟎ߦ߅ߌࠆ᭴
ࡃࡦࠣⴐⴡ↢ᛛⴚዪޔJICA ോᚲࡦࡃޔ
ㅧ߿⍾ࠍ↪ߚࠈㆊߦࠃࠆ⚛ࡅޔ㒰ߩࠪࠬ࠹ࡓ
ࠣ⛔⸘ዪߦ߅ߡ⛔⸘࠺࠲߿᳓ಣℂ⮎
161
⺞ᩏኻ⽎ߢߪᵹ᳓ࠍ 1 Ꮺߩ᳃߇㘶↪ߒ
ຠߩ↪⠌ᘠߦ㑐ߔࠆᖱႎข㓸ࠍⴕߞߚޕ
ߡࠆߎߣࠍ⏕ߒߚ( 1)ޔߚ߹ޕᵹ᳓ࠍ
4㧚 ⺞ᩏ⚿ᨐ
ోߦ㘶ᢱߢ߈ࠆႮ⚛ޔಝ㓸ߪߩࠣࡦࡃޔ
⺞ᩏኻ⽎ߪ⪭ࠣࡦࡃޔㇱߩઍ⊛㘶ᢱ᳓
ଏ⛎ᣇᑼߢࠆ▤ᚭ߇᥉ߒߡࠆၞߢ
⪭ㇱౝߦ߅ߡᚻ࿎㔍ߢࠅߩ࡞ࡌ⋵ޔᏒ႐
ࠆߎߣޔ⡞߈ขࠅ⺞ᩏߦ߅ߌࠆࡃࠗࠕࠬ߇↢ߓߥ
ߢࠇ߫ᚻน⢻ߥߎߣ߇⺞ᩏ߆ࠄࠄ߆
ࠃ߁ߦࡅ⚛ኻ╷ߩᄖㇱេഥ߇ߥߐࠇߡߥ
ߣߥߞߚޕᏒ႐ߢߪޔਥߦಝ㓸ߣߒߡ↪ߐࠇ
ߎߣ╬ࠍ᧦ઙߣߒߡㆬቯߒߚ⚿ߩߘޕᨐޔ㚂ㇺ࠳
ࠆࡒ࡚࠙ࡃࡦ߿ᰴႮ⚛㉄ࠞ࡞ࠪ࠙ࡓ(ߐࠄߒ☳)
࠶ࠞᣇ 80km ߦࠆੱޔญ⚂ 1,000 ੱ㧔2011 ᐕ
߇⽼ᄁߐࠇߡ߅ࠅޔ㔎ᦼߩᵩ᳓ᤨߦ࠾࠭߇㜞ߊ
ࡅࠕࡦࠣ㧕ߩࡑ࠾ࠟࡦࠫ⋵ࠡࠝ࡞ࡃࠗࠞࡦ
ߥࠆߎߣࠍ⡬ขࠅ⺞ᩏ߆ࠄࠄ߆ߦߥߞߡࠆ
࠲ࡊ࡞㧔એਅ⺞ޔᩏኻ⽎㧕ࠍㆬቯߒߚޕ
( 2)ޕ
2 ࡃࡦࠣ࠺ࠪࡘ࿖ߦ߅ߌࠆ᳓ଏ⛎ⵝ⟎
ຠߩᏒ႐ଔᩰߣଏ⛎ᒻᘒ
4.1 ᳓⾰ಽᨆߣ᳓↪ᒻᘒ
⺞ᩏኻ⽎ߦ߅ߡޔ12 ᧄ(1 Ꮺ 1 ᧄߩᚭࠍ
ᚲ)ߩᚭߩ᳓⾰㧔ࡅ⚛Ớᐲ㧕⺞ᩏࠍⴕߞߚ⚿ᨐޔ
ᰴႮ⚛ࠞ࡞ࠪ࠙ࡓ
ᵹ᳓
(⦟⾰)(ᵈ1
୯ߢࠆ 0.01mg/L એࠍᬌߒߚ(2009 ᐕ
ᰴႮ⚛
ࠞ࡞ࠪ࠙ࡓ
ᵈ
⺞ᩏ⚿ᨐ)ߩࠣࡦࡃޔ߅ߥޕหၮḰߪ 0.05mg/L
ߚޔ2 ᧄߩᚭ߇ห࿖ߩၮḰ୯ࠍ࿁ߞߡࠆޕ
᳓↪ᒻᘒ⺞ᩏߢߪޔ᳓⾼ࠍߔࠆᏪߪ⊝ήߢޔ
90%એߩᏪ߇ㅢᐕࠍㅢߒ▤ᚭߩ᳓ࠍ㘶↪ߒ
ߡࠆߎߣࠍ⏕ߒߚ⚿ߩࠄࠇߎޕᨐ߆ࠄޔᘟᕈ
ᷓᚭ(13
ࡅ⚛ਛᲥߩᖚ⠪ߩሽ߇ ᔨߐࠇࠆޔߚ߹ޕਅ
ಝ㓸ᴉᲚ
18/300g
60/kg
10g/L
ᶖᲥ
100/kg
5g/L
-
60/kg
16/250g
12/0.5L
20/1.5L
60/5L
2.5/L
50/20L
-
⸳ᛩ⾗ ⛽ᜬ▤ℂ⾌
(TK/Ꮺ)
⾌↪
-
ਅ᳓
ࡇ࠶࠴ࡖ
ࡈࠖ࡞࠲(ᵈ1
ࡅ⚛㒰ⵝ⟎(ᵈ1
࠳ࠣ࠙ࠚ࡞(13
㔎᳓↪(13
ࡐࡦ࠼ࠨࡦ࠼
ࡈࠖ࡞࠲(13
⽼ᄁଔᩰ(TK)
-
ࡈࠖ࡞࠲
࠙ࠜ࠲
ᵈ
⮎ຠߩ 㧝Lᒰߚࠅߩ
ᛩ㊂ ଔᩰ(TK)
ᔅⷐߥ
ಣℂᣇᴺ
ᶖᲥ
ࡒࡀ࡞
࠙ࠜ࠲
ᵈ
㧔WHO ߩၮḰ୯ࠃࠅ 5 ⸵ኈߒߡࠆ㧕ߢࠆ
0.6
0.6
10g/L
-
⠴↪
ᢙ
ᵈ
-
0.5
-
0.6
0.64
24
13
12
2.5
2.5
-
ᦨᄢ↪Ꮺᢙ
(ኅᣖ䉰䉟䉵=5)
240
45,000
0.42
50
⍾ࠈㆊ
300
0.42
1
12
⍾ࠈㆊ
-
2.08
0.42
8.33
3
25
1
48
120
48
4.17
50
72
㔎᳓
⍾ࠈㆊ
15,000
35,000
6,200
ᳰ
⍾ࠈㆊ
35,000
(ᵈ:1 2010ᐕࡅࠕࡦࠣ⺞ᩏ⚿ᨐ
᳓એᄖߩ᳓Ḯߣߒߡޔᵹ᳓(㔎᳓߿ᴡᎹ᳓) ࠍ
4.3 ᳓ଏ⛎ⵝ⟎ߩᏒ႐ଔᩰ
↪ߒޔ
ਥߦἺ߮ᵞữߦ↪ߐࠇߡࠆ( 1)ޕ
ߢߪޔᳪᨴߐࠇߚਅ᳓ࠍ㒰ߢ߈ࠆ⍾ࠈㆊ
ߎࠇߪਅ᳓ߦ߹ࠇࠆ㋕ߦࠃࠆ❫⛽⌕⦡╬ࠍ
ᚻᴺࠍ↪ߚ PF(Pitcher Filter)߿㋕ߣࡅ⚛ࠍหᤨ
ᔊㆱߔࠆߚߦᵹ᳓ࠍ↪ߒߡࠆߎߣ߇ࡅ
ߦ㒰ߔࠆ AIRP(Arsenic and Iron Removal Plant)
ࠕࡦࠣ⺞ᩏ߆ࠄࠄ߆ߦߥߞߚޕහߜޔਅ᳓
߇ሽߔࠆߚ߹ޕోߥᷓᏪ᳓ጀ߆ࠄਅ᳓ࠍ
ߦ߹ࠇࠆ㋕ߩ㒰ߦ߽࠾࠭߇ࠆߎߣ߇⏕
᳹ߺߍࠆ DTW(Deep Tube Well)߿ᚻជࠅߩᚭ
ߐࠇߚޕ
1 ࡃࠗࠞࡦ࠲ࡊ࡞ߦ߅ߌࠆ᳓↪ᒻᘒ
ੇᦼ
▤ᚭ ᴡᎹ᳓ 㔎᳓
15
1
1
㘶ᢱ↪
13
3
2
⺞ℂ↪
13
3
2
Ἲ㘵↪
13
4
2
㘩ེᵞ䈇
13
5
1
㘃ㆬᛯ
15
2
1
ᚻᵞ䈇
15
2
1
䊃䉟䊧↪
14
3
1
ደౝᷡ↪
13
5
1
ኅ⇓╬䈱㘶ᢱ↪
ᴍᶎ(ᅚᕈ)
13
4
1
ᴍᶎ(↵ᕈ)
9
3
1
ᵈ)16Ꮺ䈮䊍䉝䊥䊮䉫⺞ᩏ㩿ⶄᢙㆬᛯน㪀
᳓Ḯ
ࡒ࡚࠙ࡃࡦ
ᵈ
7 ᧄߩᚭߢ⇇ஜᯏ㑐(WHO)ߩࡅ⚛ỚᐲၮḰ
↪ㅜ᳓Ḯ
᳓ଏ⛎ᒻᘒ
ߢࠆ DW(Dug Well)߇ࠆߩઁޕ᳓Ḯߣߒߡ㔎᳓
ࠍ↪ߔࠆߚߩ RWH(Rain Water Harvesting)߿
㔎ᦼ
▤ᚭ ᴡᎹ᳓ 㔎᳓
15
1
1
13
3
2
13
3
2
14
4
2
13
5
1
14
2
1
15
2
1
14
3
1
14
4
1
12
5
1
9
3
1
න㪑Ꮺ
ᳰߩ᳓ࠍࠈㆊߔࠆ PSF(Pond Sand Filter)߇ߢ
↪ߐࠇߡࠆࠅࠃߦ⟎ⵝߩࠄࠇߎޕಣℂߐࠇߚ
᳓ߪ߿⚛ࡅޔ㋕ࠍ߹ߥߚޔ᳃ߩᎹ߹
ߢߩ᳓᳹ߺߦᶖ⾌ߔࠆᤨ㑆シᷫ߿᳃ߩஜᐽჇ
ㅴߦߟߥ߇ࠆ߆ࠄࠗࡦࡦ࠹ࠖࡉ߇ࠆߣ⠨
ኤߔࠆޕ
5㧚 ⚻ᷣ⊛ߦᅷᒰߥઍᦧ᳓ߩㆬᛯ
5.1 ᳓ಣℂ⮎ຠ╬ߩ⾌↪▚
ಣℂ⮎ຠ߮ࡏ࠻࡞᳓╬߇↪⠪ߦ⚻ᷣ⊛ߦᅷ
4.2 ᳓ಣℂຠߩᏒ႐ଔᩰ
162
ᒰ߆ࠍ್ᢿߔࠆߚߦᑼߩ᭴ᚑࠍⴕ߁ޕߢ
ਇ╬ᑼ(1a)ࠍ↪ߡ 1 Ꮺᒰߚࠅߩઍᦧ᳓ߦኻ
ᚻน⢻ߥઍᦧ᳓ߪޔฦᏪ㗵ߦ߅ߌࠆ᳓߳ߩ
ߔࠆᡰ㗵ࠍ▚ߒߚᦨޕೋߦ࡞࠻ࡏޔ᳓ࠃࠅ
ᡰᛄน⢻㗵એౝߢߥߌࠇ߫⾼߿ᚲ߇࿎㔍ߢ
ଔߢޔᵹ᳓╬ࠍಣℂߔࠆ⋡⊛ߢࠆࠇߐ↪ޔ
ࠆޕහߜ⚻ޔᷣ⊛ᅷᒰߥઍᦧ᳓ߩㆬᛯߪਇ╬ᑼ
ᰴႮ⚛㉄ࠞ࡞ࠪ࠙ࡓ߿ࡒ࡚࠙ࡃࡦߩଔᩰߩᅷ
(1a)ߢ▚ߐࠇࠆޕ
ᒰᕈߦߟߡ⹏ଔࠍⴕ߁ޔࠆߌ߅ߦࠣࡦࡃޕᰴ
Ⴎ⚛㉄ࠞ࡞ࠪ࠙ࡓ߿ࡒ࡚࠙ࡃࡦߩනଔࠍ↪
Ir ! WVe (1a)
ߎߎߢ
I 㧦㗵(TK/Ꮺ)ޔ
r 㧦᳓ߦኻߔࠆኅ⸘ᡰ㗵ߩഀว
W 㧦৻ੱᒰߚࠅߩ᳓↪㊂(L/ੱ)
V 㧦ฦຠߩ㧝L ᒰߚࠅߩනଔ(TK/L)
e 㧦ኅᣖ᭴ᚑᢙ(ੱ/Ꮺ)
ࠆߣޔ
㘶ᢱ᳓ߩ 1L ᒰߚࠅߩಣℂߦᔅⷐߥ⾌↪ߪޔ
೨⠪߇ 0.5TK/L(V=0.5)ޔᓟ⠪߇ 0.6TK/L (V=0.6)
ߣߥࠆ ࠅࠃࠇߎޕ1 Ꮺᒰߚࠅߩಣℂ᳓↪ߦ߅
ߌࠆ⾌↪ߪੱ৻ޔᒰߚࠅߩ㘶ᢱ㊂ࠍ⚂ 90L/(W
㧩90)ߣߒޔ5 ੱኅᣖ(e=5)ߣߒߚ႐ว(ኅᣖ᭴ᚑ߇ 4
㨪6 ੱ/Ꮺ)ޔ೨⠪߇⚂ 225TK/Ꮺޔᓟ⠪ߪ
⚂ 270/Ꮺߣ▚ߐࠇࠆࠍࠇߎޕਇ╬ᑼ(1a)
5.2 ⸳ᛩ⾗ࠍᔅⷐߣߔࠆⵝ⟎ߩ⾌↪▚
㒰ⵝ⟎ߦ߅ߌࠆೋᦼᛩ⾗㗵ߪ߇⟎ⵝޔ㜞ଔߥ
ߦઍߒޔ᳓ߦኻߔࠆኅ⸘ᡰߩഀวࠍ 2.3㧑
ߎߣ߆ߚഥ㊄߹ߚߪ୫㊄ߢ▚ߐࠇࠆߣ
(r=0.023)ߣቯߔࠆߣࠇߙࠇߘޔ߇ 9ޔ
ቯߔࠆޕ୫ࠅࠇᣇᴺߣߒߡࡃࡦࠣ⪭ㇱߢߪޔ
800TK ߮ 12,000TK એߩᏪ߇⾼น⢻ߢ
ࠣࡒࡦ㌁ⴕߦࠃࠆࡑࠗࠢࡠࠢࠫ࠶࠻ࠍ↪
ࠆߎߣ߇್ࠆ⺞ࠅࠃࠇߎޕᩏኻ⽎ߩᐔဋᚲᓧ
ߚ⾉ߒઃߌ߇ⴕࠊࠇߡࠆ࠻࠶ࠫࠢࡠࠢࠗࡑޕ
('09 ᐕ 9,400TK)Ꮺߪޔ᳓ಣℂ⮎ຠߩ⾼߇࿎㔍
ߩᷣᣇᴺߪޔ୫㊄㗵㧔రᧄ㧕ߦ㊄㧔ࠕ࠼ࠝ
ߢࠆߎߣ߇ࠄ߆ߦߥߞߚߚ߹ޕಣℂ⮎ຠࠃࠅ
ࡦ₸㧕ߣᦼ㑆ࠍដߌߡᕷ㗵ࠍ▚ߒߩߎޔᕷ
㜞ଔߢࠆࡏ࠻࡞᳓߽ޔ㘶ᢱߣߒߡ↪ߔࠆߪ
ࠍరᧄߦട߃ߚ㊄㗵ࠍဋ╬ߦಽഀߒߡฦ߹ߚ
⚻ᷣ⊛ߦ࿎㔍ߢࠆޕ
ߪㅳߦᷣߔࠆᚻᴺࠍ↪ࠄࠇߡࠆޔߪࠇߎޕ
6.1 ⸘▚᧦ઙ
ᷣ⸘↹߇┙ߡ߿ߔࠕ࠼ࠝࡦᷣᣇᑼࠍ↪
Ꮢ႐ଔᩰ⺞ᩏ⚿ᨐ( 2)߆ࠄᑼ(1a,1b)ࠍ↪ߡ 1
ߡࠆߣ⠨߃ࠄࠇࠆߚ߹ޕᲤߩᡰᛄ㗵ߪ↪ޔ
Ꮺᒰߚࠅߩઍᦧ᳓ߩ⾼ߦኻߔࠆᡰ㗵ߣ
⠪ߩ᳓ߦኻߔࠆᡰᛄ㗵น⢻㗵ᧂḩߢߥߌࠇ߫
ᔅⷐᏪᢙࠍ▚ߔࠆ⪭ޕㇱߢⴕࠊࠇߡࠆࡑ
ߥࠄߥޔߚ߹ޕ᳓ଏ⛎ⵝ⟎╬ߩ⾼ߪ৻Ꮺߣ
ࠗࠢࡠࠢࠫ࠶࠻ߩߦၮߠ߈ޔᷣᦼ㑆ࠍ
ߪ㒢ࠄߕⶄޔᢙᏪ(h Ꮺ)ߢห⾼↪ߔ
1 ᐕ(m=12) ࠍ₸ࡦࠝ࠼ࠕޔ20% (q=20)ߣߒޔ᳓ߦ
ࠆߎߣ߽⠨߃ࠄࠇࠆߩޘޕᡰᛄน⢻㗵ߪᑼ
ኻߔࠆኅ⸘ᡰ㗵ߩഀวࠍ 2.3% (r=0.023(2011 ᐕ
(1b)ߦࠃࠅਈ߃ࠄࠇࠆޕ
⺞ᩏ⚿ᨐ))ߣቯߒߡ▚ߔࠆޕ
CL (1 6.2 ೋᦼᛩ⾗ࠍഥ㊄ߢᡰߒߚ႐ว(CT=CS)
k
q
) / m ¦(CO CD ) / k I r h (1e)
100
i 1
ೋᦼᛩ⾗ࠍഥ㊄ߢᡰᛄ߁႐ว↪ޔ⠪ߪㆇォ
ߎߎߢ
C L 㧦୫㗵(TK)
q 㧦ࠕ࠼ࠝࡦ₸(%)
m 㧦ᷣᢙ()
k 㧦↪ᦼ㑆߮ᷫଔఘළᦼ㑆()
CO 㧦ㆇォ⛽ᜬ▤ℂ⾌(TK/) ޔC D 㧦ᷫଔఘළ⾌
(TK/)
h 㧦ฦⵝ⟎ߦ߅ߌࠆ↪Ꮺᢙ(Ꮺ/ၮ)ޔߚ߹ޕ
1 એߢฦⵝ⟎ߩᦨᄢ↪Ꮺᢙ( hmax )ౝߩᢛᢙ
ߣߔࠆޕ
6㧚 ઍᦧⵝ⟎╬ߩ⚻ᷣ⊛ᅷᒰᕈ
⛽ᜬ▤ℂ⾌߮ᷫଔఘළ⾌ࠍᡰᛄ߁ߎߣߦߥࠆޕ
ਇ╬ᑼ(1b)ࠃࠅޔ6,500TK ߩᏪ㗵߇ࠇ
߫ޔPFޔRWH ߪ 1 ᏪޔAIRPޔDWޔPSFޔDTW
ߪⶄᢙᏪߢห↪ߔࠆߎߣߦࠃࠅ⾼น⢻
ߢࠆߎߣ߇▚ߐࠇߚ( 3)ޕ
3 㗵ߦᔕߓߚᔅⷐหᏪᢙ
163
(ೋᦼᛩ⾗ࠍഥ㊄ߢᡰߒߚ႐ว)
ࠆᏪᢙߩ‛ℂ⊛㒢ߣߐࠇࠆ hmax એਅߢߥߌ
㗵䇭㪫㪢
PF
RWH AIRP DW
PSF DTW
㩿㪆Ꮺ㪀
10500
1
1
2
2
3
1
9500
1
1
2
2
3
1
8500
1
1
2
2
3
1
7500
1
1
2
2
3
2
6500
1
1
3
2
4
2
5500
1
2
3
3
4
2
4500
1
2
4
3
5
2
3500
1
2
4
4
7
3
2500
1
3
6
6
9
4
1500
1
4
10
9
15
6
500
3
12
28
26
43
17
ᦨᄢ↪Ꮺᢙ
(h㻡1) (h㻡1) (h㻡3) (h㻡25) (h㻡50) (h㻡50)
(h max)
ᵈ㪑㪈㪀䇭Ⴃ䉍ẩ䈚▎ᚲ䈲ଏ⛎ਇน⢻
න䋺Ꮺ
ࠇ߫ߥࠄߥ ߩߎޕ2 ߟߩ᧦ઙࠍḩߚߔ▸࿐߇ޔ
᳃߇⚻ᷣ⊛‛ℂ⊛ߦ↪น⢻ߥ▸࿐ߣߥࠆޕ
࿑ 5 ߦߪઍᦧ᳓Ḯߣߒߡߩᷓᚭ߇᳃ߦߣߞߡ
↪น⢻߆ߤ߁߆ࠍోޔ㗵ഥ㊄ࠍᛩߒߚ႐ว
㧔 3 ࠃࠅォ⸥ޔႺ⇇✢ l1㧕߅ࠃ߮ᑪ⸳⾌ࠍࡠ
ࡦߢ⾔ߞߚ႐ว㧔 4 ࠃࠅォ⸥ޔႺ⇇✢ l2㧕ߦߟ
ߡႺ⇇✢ࠍ␜ߒߚޕഥ㊄ࠍᛩߒߚ႐วߪ߆
ߥࠅߩૐᚲᓧ⠪ጀ߹ߢ᥉ߢ߈ࠆߎߣ߇ࠊ߆ࠆޕ
6.3 ୫ߩߺߢㆇ↪ߒߚ႐ว(CT=CL)
ೋᦼᛩ⾗㗵ߩᡰᛄߦࡠࡦᚻᴺࠍ↪ߚⵝ
㗵 (TK/Ꮺ)
100000
⟎ߩᅷᒰᕈߦߟߡ⹏ଔߔࠆޕഥ㊄ࠍ↪ߚ႐
วߣᲧセߔࠆߣޔ6ޔ500TK ߩᏪߦ߅ߡޔRWHޔ
10000
AIRP ߿ DW ߪᦨޔᄢ↪Ꮺᢙࠍ߃ߡߒ߹߁
l2:ࡠࡦ↪
ߚ߇ߣߎࠆߔ↪ޔ࿎㔍ߢࠆߣ▚ߐࠇߚޕ
ߒ߆ߒߥ߇ࠄޔታ㓙ߩ᳓↪ࠍ⠨ᘦߔࠆߣ ޔhmax
1000
l1:ഥ㊄↪
100
1
ࠍ߃ߡߡ߽หߔࠆᏪ߇ߡߊࠆߣ⠨߃
10
h ҇50
ᔅⷐᏪᢙ
100
1000
ࠄࠇࠆߚ↪ࠍࡦࡠޕ႐ว⺞ޔᩏኻ⽎ߢߪ
࿑ 5 DTW ߩ⾼ߦ߅ߌࠆ㗵ߣ
RWH ߿ AIRP ߩ↪߇࿎㔍ߢࠆߎߣ߇␜ߐࠇ
ᔅⷐᏪᢙߩ㑐ଥ࿑
ߚޕ
4 㗵ߦᔕߓߚᔅⷐหᏪᢙ
(ೋᦼᛩ⾗ࠍࡠࡦߢᡰߒߚ႐ว)
8㧚 ⚿⺰
㗵䇭㪫㪢
PF
RWH AIRP DW
PSF DTW
㩿㪆Ꮺ㪀
10500
1
4
8
16
17
20
9500
1
4
9
18
19
22
8500
1
5
10
20
21
25
7500
1
5
11
23
24
28
6500
1
6
13
26
28
32
5500
1
7
15
31
33
38
4500
1
8
19
38
40
46
3500
1
10
24
48
51
59
2500
2
14
33
67
72
83
1500
2
23
55
112
119
137
500
6
69
164
335
356
411
ᦨᄢ↪Ꮺᢙ
(h㻡1) (h㻡1) (h㻡3) (h㻡25) (h㻡50) (h㻡50)
(h max)
ᵈ㪑㪈㪀䇭Ⴃ䉍ẩ䈚▎ᚲ䈲ଏ⛎ਇน⢻
න䋺Ꮺ
ᧄ⎇ⓥࠃࠅ⺞ᩏኻ⽎ߦ߅ߡᰴႮ⚛㉄ࠞ
࡞ࠪ࠙ࡓ࡞࠻ࡏ߿ࡦࡃ࡚࠙ࡒޔ᳓ߪ⚻ᷣ⊛ߦᅷᒰ
ߢߥߎߣ߇ࠄ߆ߦߥߞߚ⸳ߚ߹ޕᛩ⾗߇ᔅ
ⷐߥࡅ⚛㒰╬ߩⵝ⟎ߩ႐วߪ⛽ޔᜬ▤ℂ⾌߇ዋ
ߥߊᷫଔఘළᦼ㑆߇⍴ⵝ⟎߇⺞ᩏኻ⽎ߢᅷ
ᒰߢࠆ ߚ߹ޕDTW ߩࠃ߁ߦⴕേᄌኈࠍࠊߥ
ⵝ⟎ߪᢥൻ⊛ߦ߽ᅷᒰߢࠆߣ⠨߃ࠄࠇࠆ߇ޔ
ೋᦼᛩ⾗㗵߇㜞ߚޔૐᚲᓧ⠪ጀߦ᥉ߔࠆ႐
วߪ߿ࡦࡠ࠻ࡈ࠰ޔഥᚑ㊄╬ߩ⚻ᷣ⊛ᚻᲑ߇ᔅ
7㧚 ઍᦧⵝ⟎╬ߦ߅ߌࠆ᥉ᚻᴺߩ⠨ኤ
ⷐߢࠆߣ⠨ኤߔࠆޕᓟߪ᳃߳ߩࡅ⚛ߦኻߔ
᳓ଏ⛎⸳߇᳃ߦߣߞߡ⚻ᷣ⊛ߦᅷᒰߣߥ
ࠆ⫥ᵴേ߿㊄Ⲣ࠹ࠪߩࠃ߁ߥᢎ⢒㊀ⷐ
ࠆߩߪޔ I ߣห↪ߔࠆᏪᢙ h ߣ߇వߦ
ߢࠅࠍࠄࠇߎޔㅢߒߡઍᦧ᳓ࠍ᥉ߐߖߡⴕߊ
␜ߒߚਇ╬ᑼ(1b)ࠍᚑ┙ߐߖࠆߎߣ߇ߢ߈ࠆ▸࿐
ᔅⷐ߇ࠆߣ⠨ኤߔࠆޕ
ߦࠆ႐วߢࠆ ߜࠊߥߔޕI ߪਇ╬ᑼ(1b)ߩਇ
╬ภࠍ╬ภߦ⟎߈឵߃ߚ႐วߩႺ⇇✢ߩߦ
⟎ߒߥߌࠇ߫ߥࠄߥ৻ޕᣇ h ߪห↪ߢ߈
164
ᐔᚑ ᐕᐲ࿖㓙↢␠ળ⎇ⓥࡦ࠲ ⎇ⓥⷐ
ਛ࿖ߦ߅ߌࠆㄘ⾗Ḯߩᜬ⛯น⢻ߥⷰశ㐿⊒ߦࠃࠆၞᵴᕈൻߦ㑐ߔࠆ⎇ⓥ
̆ㆯካ⋭ߩㇺᏒㄭ㇠ㄘਛጊ㑆ㄘࠍߣߒߡ̆
࿖㓙↢␠ળ⎇ⓥࡦ࠲ 4#
ᄢቇ㒮࿖㓙ၞቇ⎇ⓥ⑼ ඳ჻ᓟᦼ⺖⒟ ഏ ⯗⧐
A study on rural activization by the sustainable tourism development with utilization of rural
resources in China-The case study in Dalian & Jianchang, Liaoning province
ߪߓߦ
ࠊߞߡࠆߥ߁ࠃߩߎޕᕆㅦߥ⚻ᷣ⊒ዷߩ⢛᥊ߢޔ
ᧄ⎇ⓥߢߪޔㄘߪⷰశ⾗Ḯࠍឭଏߔࠆߛߌߢ
⥄ὼ⎕უޔኂ㗴ߥߤߩⅣႺ㗴߇㗼ൻߔࠆ
ߥߊޔㄘၞߩ↢ᘒ♽ߩోߦ߽㊀ⷐߥᓎഀࠍ
ࠃ߁ߦߥߞߚޔߦ․ޕᴪጯㇱߣౝ㒽ㇱߩ⚻ᷣᩰᏅ
ᨐߚߒߡࠆޕၞ᳃ߦࠃࠆቯᦼ⊛ߥ▤ℂ߇ⴕ
ࠍ⸃ᶖߔࠆߚߦߪޔౝ㒽ㇱߩ⚻ᷣ⊒ዷߩࠅᣇ
ࠊࠇߡ߈ߚ᥊ⷰߪੑᰴ⊛ߥ⥄ὼⅣႺࠍ⛽ᜬߒ⎇ޔ
ߦߟߡಽᨆߔࠆᔅⷐ߇ࠆޕౝ㒽ㇱߪᴪጯㇱߣ
ⓥ⠪߮ቇ↢ࠄߦ⾆㊀ߥ⎇ⓥ႐ᚲࠍឭଏߔࠆߎߣ
⇣ߥࠅߦߛᧂޔᤄ߆ࠄߩવ⛔ᢥൻ⥄ߥ߆⼾ޔὼޔ
ߢޔၞߩ↢‛ᄙ᭽ᕈߩᜬߦ⽸₂ߒߡࠆޕㄘ
᥊ⷰߥߤߦᕺ߹ࠇߡࠆޕㄘ⾗Ḯࠍലߦᵴ↪
ߩ⾮ሽ⾗Ḯߪઍߩੱޔࠅߢ↥⽷ߩޘᰴ
ߒޔᜬ⛯น⢻ߥᣇᴺߢ㐿⊒ߒⷰޔ߫߃ޔశ⾗Ḯ
ઍߩ⽷↥ߢ߽ࠆޕਛ࿖ߩㄘߪᤄ߆ࠄߩ⼾߆ߥ
ߣߒߡ⚻ᷣߩᵴᕈൻߦ⾗ߔࠆߎߣߢޔၞ᳃ߦ
⥄ὼ᥊ⷰߦᕺ߹ࠇߡ߅ࠅ⾗ߩࠄࠇߎޔḮࠍᜬ⛯น
ㆶరߔࠆߎߣ߇ᔅⷐߢࠆޕㄘ⾗Ḯࠍᜬ⛯น⢻
⢻ߥ⥄ὼⅣႺⷰశ⾗Ḯߣߒߡᵴ߆ߔ╷ࠍታⴕ
ߥᣇᴺߢోߒⷰޔశ⾗Ḯࠍ㐿⊒ߒޔല₸⊛ߦ
ߔࠆߎߣ߇ޔౝ㒽ㇱߩ⚻ᷣߩᵴᕈൻߦ⾗ߔࠆߣߣ
↪ߔࠆߎߣߪၞߩᵴᕈൻߦߣߞߡᭂߡലߢ
߽ߦޔၞ᳃ߦᄢ߈ߥଢ⋉ࠍ↢ߺߔน⢻ᕈ߇
ࠆޕ
㜞ߣ⠨߃ࠄࠇࠆޕ
ߐࠄߦ⎇ߚߒ߁ߎޔⓥࠍㅢߓߡⷰޔశ㐿⊒ߣ
ਛ࿖ߩ⚻ᷣ⊒ዷߣㄘㇱ߳ߩᓇ㗀ߪᡷ㕟㐿
ၞᵴᕈൻߩߚߦ⾗Ḯోߦᔅⷐߥᐲ㕙ߣ⽷
╷એ㒠ޔਛ࿖ߩ⚻ᷣߪ㘧べ⊛ߦᚑ㐳ߒߡ߈ߚޕ
㕙ߦߟߡ⎇ⓥߔࠆߎߣࠍ⋡⊛ߣߔࠆޕᓟޔਛ
ߩ⪺ߒ㜞ᐲ⚻ᷣᚑ㐳ߦᦨޔㄭߢߪ )&2
࿖ߩᏒ႐⚻ᷣ߇ㅴዷߔࠆߦߟࠇߥߦ߆⼾߇ޘੱޔ
ࡌࠬߢᣣᧄࠍㅊߒޔ⇇╙ ߩ⚻ᷣᄢ࿖
ࠅ⥄ޔὼޔⅣႺߦଔ୯ࠍߔࠃ߁ߦߥࠆߎߣ߇
ߦߥࠅޔᓟ߽⏕ታߥᚑ㐳߇ᦼᓙߐࠇࠆޔߒ߆ߒޕ
੍ᗐߐࠇࠆޕᕆỗߥㇺᏒൻࠍ⢛᥊ߦޔㇺᏒㇱߣㄘ
⚂ ంੱߩੱญࠍᛴ߃ࠆਛ࿖ߢߪޔᲑ㓏⊛߆ߟ
ㇱߩ⚻ᷣᩰᏅ߇ᄢߒߡ߈ߡ߅ࠅߩߎޔᩰᏅࠍ
⸘↹⊛ߦ⾗ᧄਥ⟵⊛⚻ᷣࠍㅴߡ߈ߡࠆਛޔㄘ
⸃ᶖߔࠆߚߦޔㄘㇱߩ⚻ᷣ⊒ዷߩࠅᣇߦߟ
ߣ㧃Ꮢߩ⽺ንߩᩰᏅ߇ᄢߒߡࠆޔߦ․ޕᴪ
ߡಽᨆߔࠆߎߣ߇ⷐ᳞ߐࠇߡࠆޔߚ߹ޕㄘ
ጯㇱߣౝ㒽ㇱߩ⚻ᷣᩰᏅ߇ᄢ߈ߊޔᓟߩਛ࿖⚻
ߦ⾮ሽߔࠆ⾗Ḯߦ․ޔવ⛔ᢥൻޔ᥊ⷰߥߤࠍᜬ⛯
ᷣߩ⊒ዷߪౝ㒽ㇱߩ␠ળ⚻ޔᷣ㐿⊒ߦᄢ߈ߊ߆߆
น⢻ߥᚻᲑߢోߒޔലߦ↪น⢻ߣߒߡޔ
165
ၞߩᵴᕈൻࠍ࿑ࠆᔅⷐ߇᳞ࠄࠇࠆޕ
ߡಽᨆߔࠆߎߣࠍ⋡ᜰߒߡࠆޕవㅴ⻉࿖ߢߪ
ߎ߁ߒߚขࠅ⚵ߺ߇Ⓧᭂ⊛ߦⴕࠊࠇߡࠆ߇ޔ
㧚⎇ⓥ⋡⊛߮⎇ⓥᣇᴺ
ਛ࿖ߢߪᧂߛㄘߩ㐿⊒ߪㆃࠇߡࠆ⁁ᴫߦ
ᧄ⎇ⓥߢߪޔㄘߩߎࠇࠄߩ⾗Ḯࠍᜬ⛯น⢻ߥ
ࠆޔߒ߆ߒޕㄭ᧪ߪޘੱߚߞߥߦ߆⼾ޔㄘ
ⷰశ㐿⊒ߣߒߡᵴ߆ߔ╷ࠍ╷ቯߔࠆߎߣ߽ޔౝ
ߩ⥄ὼޔવ⛔ᢥൻޔ㘩ߩోߥߤߦᵈ⋡ߔ
㒽ㇱߩ⚻ᷣߩᵴᕈൻߦ⾗ߒޔၞ᳃ߦᄢ߈ߥଢ
ࠆࠃ߁ߦߥࠆߣ⠨߃ࠄࠇࠆߚߒ߁ߎޕ⢛᥊ࠍฃ
⋉ࠍ↢ߺߔน⢻ᕈ߇㜞ߣ⠨߃ࠄࠇࠆޕㄘ
ߌߡޔขࠅ⚵ࠎߢࠆ࠹ࡑߪ᧪ߩㄘߩ㐿
ߩⷰశ㐿⊒ࠍㅢߓߡㄘၞߩੱߩޘჇട
⊒ࠍዷᦸߒߩߚߩߘޔਛ࿖࿕ߩㄘᵴᕈൻ
߿㓹↪ഃ⸳ࠍ࿑ࠅޔၞߩᵴᕈൻߣ⾗Ḯోߦ
╷ߦ㑐ߔࠆᢾᣂߢ⁛ഃ⊛ߥ⎇ⓥߢࠅᦼޔᓙ
ᔅⷐߥᐲ㕙ߣ⽷㕙ߩ╷⊛㑐ਈߦߟߡಽ
ߐࠇࠆᚑᨐߪᣇᐭࠍߪߓ㑐ㅪᯏ㑐ߦኻߒ
ᨆߒޔㄘ⾗Ḯߩᜬ⛯⊛ߥⷰశ㐿⊒ߣోߩᔅ
ߡലߥ␜ໂࠍਈ߃ࠆ߽ߩߣᕁࠊࠇࠆޕ
ᓟޔㇺᏒㇱߩ⚻ᷣߩߐࠄࠆ⊒ዷߦ
ⷐᕈࠍᛂߜߔߎߣࠍᧄ⎇ⓥߩ⋡⊛ߣߔࠆޕ
ᧄ⎇ⓥߢߪޔㄘ߇ߔࠆ⼾߆ߥ⾗Ḯࠍᵴ
ㄘⷰశ߳ߩ࠾࠭ߪ߹ߔ߹ߔ㜞߹ߞߡߊ
↪ߒߚㄘⷰశߦ⌕⋡ߒ߿ࡄ࠶ࡠ࡛ޔᣣᧄߢߩ
߽ߩߣ⠨߃ࠄࠇࠆޔߚ߹ޕㄘⷰశߪㇺᏒㇱ
ㄘⷰశ㐿⊒ߩᚑഞࠍ〯߹߃ޔㄘ⚻ᷣߩᵴ
ߩ⚻ᷣ⊒ዷߩᕲᕺࠍㄘㇱߣߩᩰᏅᤚᱜࠍᜂ
ᕈൻߦ⽸₂ߢ߈ࠆⷰశ㐿⊒ߩࠅᣇࠍࠄ߆ߦߔ
߁ขࠅ⚵ߺߣߒߡᦼᓙߢ߈ࠆޕ
ࠆޕㄘ⾗Ḯߩᜬ⛯⊛ߥ↪ߣోߩᔅⷐᕈߦߟ
ߡಽᨆߔࠆޕಽᨆߪㇺᏒㄭ㇠ㄘਛጊ㑆ㄘ
ᧄ⎇ⓥߩ⟎ߠߌ
ጊ㑆ㄘࠍಽᨆߣߒߡ⸳ቯߒޔᔅⷐ
ਛ࿖ߩㄘ⾗Ḯߩᜬ⛯น⢻ߥⷰశ㐿⊒ߦ㑐ߔࠆ
ߥ࠺࠲ߩ㓸⺞࠻ࠤࡦࠕޔࡘࡆ࠲ࡦࠗޔᩏ
ਥߥవⴕ⎇ⓥߪߘߩ৻ߟ߇⥄ὼⅣႺߦ㈩ᘦߒߚㄘ
ࠍⴕߞߚޕ
ၞ⾗Ḯߩ㐿⊒ߣല↪ߩᣇ╷ޔㄘߦ߅ߌ
ࠆ↥ᬺߩᝄ⥝ߦࠃࠆ㓹↪ᯏળߩᄢޔਛዊㇺᏒࠍ
ᦼᓙߐࠇࠆ⚿ᨐߣᗧ⟵
ᩭߣߒߚㄘၞߩ⊒ዷ╬✚ว⊛ߥߦߚߞߚ
ㄭᐕޔਛ࿖ߩ⋡ⷡ߹ߒ⚻ᷣ㐿⊒ߩ৻ᣇߢޔ
ㄘၞ㐿⊒⸘↹ߩࠅᣇ╬ߦߟߡ⺞ᩏ⎇ⓥ
ㄘㇱߩⅣႺ⎕უ߿␠ળ⚻ᷣߩㅌߣᩰᏅ
߮ᵹࠍⴕ߁߽ߩ
ㄘ㐿⊒ડ↹ᆔຬળ ޔ
ᄢߥߤߩ㗴߇㗼ൻߒߡࠆޔߒ߆ߒޕਛ࿖
ߘߩੑߟ߇ਛ࿖ㄘㇱߦ߅ߌࠆ㓸⪭ⷰశߩ㐿⊒ᣇ
ߩㄘߪ⇇ߦ㘃ࠍߺߥ⼾߆ߥ⥄ὼޔવ⛔
ᑼߣ᳃ෳട̆㔕ධ⋭㤀ᳯ⚊ᣖ⥄ᴦ⋵㤛ጊㇹ⊕
ᢥൻޔㄘᬺᛛⴚޔ᥊ⷰߥߤߩ⾗↥ߦᕺ߹ࠇߡ
⪇ⴕߩ⎇ⓥ̆
ጊࠄ ߥߤ߇ࠆޕ
ࠆߩࠄࠇߎޕᄙߊߪ㐳ᱧผࠍ⚻ߡࠃߦޘੱޔ
ߒ߆ߒ⎇ߩࠄࠇߎޔⓥߪㄘ⾗Ḯߩᜬ⛯น⢻ߥⷰ
ߞߡ᭴▽ߐࠇߡ߈ߚ߽ߩߢࠅޔ࿕ߩ⾗↥ߣ
శ㐿⊒ߦኻߔࠆᗧ⼂⺞ᩏࠍኻ⽎ߣߒߚ⎇ⓥౝኈߢ
ߒߡ㜞⚻ᷣ⊛ଔ୯ࠍߒߡࠆߚߒ߁ߎޕㄘ
ߪߥޔߒ߆ߒޕㄘ⾗Ḯࠍ↪ߒߚㄘߩⷰ
ߦ⾮ሽߔࠆ⥄ὼ߮ੱ⊛⾗Ḯߦ㑐ߒߡޔ
శ㐿⊒ߣၞᵴᕈൻߦࠃࠆ㓹↪ഃ⸳ߣჇ
ࠍኻ⽎ߦⷰߦ․ޔశ㐿⊒ߦ⌕⋡ߒߡㄘߩ
ടߥߤߦߟߡߩ⎇ⓥߪ߹ߛ߹ߛ⿷ࠄߥߣ
␠ળ⚻ᷣߩᵴᕈൻ߮ⅣႺߩ⼔ࠦߦࠄߐޔ
⠨߃ࠄࠇࠆ⎇ᧄޕⓥߢߪޔਛ࿖ߩㄘߩ⼾߆
ࡒࡘ࠾࠹ࠗޔᣇਛᄩᐭࡌ࡞ߦ߅ߌࠆᵴ
ߥ⾗Ḯࠍᵴ↪ߒߚㄘߩⷰశ㐿⊒ߦ⌕⋡
ᕈൻߩߚߩ╷⊛ࠗࡦࡊࠤ࡚ࠪࡦߦߟ
ߒޔㇺᏒㄭ㇠ㄘߩ⎇ⓥࠍ〯߹߃ޔጊ㑆
166
ㄘߩⷰశ㐿⊒߿ၞᵴᕈൻߦߟߡޔၞ
ᢌߥߤࠍᢎ⸠ߣߒߡޔਛጊ㑆ㄘߣጊ㑆ㄘ
᳃߇ߤߩࠃ߁ߥⴕേᵴേߒߡࠆߩ߆ࠍಽ
ߩੱ߇ޘၞߩᵴᕈൻߩߚߦޔㄘߩⷰశ
ᨆߒ⦟ࠅࠃޔㄘ⾗Ḯࠍోߒߥ߇ࠄㄘ
⾗Ḯࠍၞߩᵴᕈൻߩߚߦޔㄘߩⷰశ⾗Ḯࠍ
ߩⷰశ㐿⊒ߦࠃࠆၞᵴᕈൻߩ⎇ⓥࡊࡠࠫࠚ
ߤߩࠃ߁ߥᣇᴺߢ㐿⊒ߒ⥄ޔὼⅣႺࠍోߔࠆ
ࠢ࠻ࠍឭ᩺ߔࠆߎߣ߇ᧄ⎇ⓥߩᢾᣂߥ⟎ߠ
ߩ߆ߦߟߡ⎇ⓥᵴേࠍዷ㐿ߔࠆ⸘↹ߢࠆޕ
ߌߢࠆޕ
ㄭᐕޔᏒ႐⚻ᷣ߇ㅴዷߔࠆߦߟࠇ⼾߇ޘੱޔ
ࠕࡦࠤ࠻⺞ᩏኻ⽎ߩⷐ
߆ߦߥࠆߣߣ߽ߦ⥄ޔὼޔⅣႺߦଔ୯ⷰࠍ
⺞ᩏኻ⽎ၞߢࠆㆯካ⋭ߪਛ࿖ߩ᧲ർㇱߦ
ߔࠃ߁ߦߥࠅޔㇺᏒߩੱߩޘㄘ⾗Ḯߦኻߔࠆ
⟎ߒߡࠆ⎇ᧄޕⓥߦ߅ߌࠆ⺞ᩏߩኻ⽎
㑐ᔃߪ㜞߹ࠅߟߟࠆ⎇ᧄޕⓥߪޔਛ࿖ߦ߅ߌ
ၞࠍㆯካ⋭ߩਛጊ㑆ㄘㇺᏒㄭ㇠ㄘㇺ
ࠆㄘ⾗Ḯߩᜬ⛯น⢻ߥⷰశ㐿⊒ߦࠃࠆၞᵴ
Ꮢၞߦಽߌޔㄘߩⷰశ⾗Ḯ߇⾮ሽߒߡࠆ
ᕈൻߦ㑐ߔࠆ⎇ⓥߢࠆౕޕ⊛ߦߪㄘߦ⾮
ၞࠍኻ⽎ၞߩ೨ឭߣߒߚޕጊ㑆ㄘ
ᑪ
ሽߔࠆⷰశ⾗Ḯߦ․ޔવ⛔ᢥൻ⥄ޔὼ᥊ⷰߥ
⋵
ḡḴ╬ߩੱญߪ⚂ ੱߢᚭᢙߪ⚂
ߤࠍᜬ⛯น⢻ߥᚻᲑߢోߒ⾗ߚߒోޔḮࠍ
ᚭޔ㕙Ⓧߪ⚂ MO ߢࠆޕㇺᏒㄭ㇠ㄘ
ലߦ↪ߒޔၞᵴᕈൻߩᔅⷐᕈߦߟߡಽ
↞ሶߩᩉ᮸ೊኅጛ㕷᪸
ᨆߔࠆޕ
ߩ✚ੱญߪ⚂ ੱߢᚭᢙߪ⚂ ᚭ✚ޔ
㕙Ⓧߪ⚂ MO ߢࠆޕㇺᏒၞ
ᄢㅪᏒ
ᧄ⎇ⓥߩᵹࠇߣߒߡߪޔ࿑ ߦㄘ⾗Ḯࠍ
↪ߒߚⷰశ㐿⊒ߩផㅴࠍ␜ߒߚ߽ߩߢࠆ߹ޕ
ߩ✚ੱญߪ ᐕߩ⛔⸘࠺࠲ߦࠃࠆߣ⚂
ߕޔㇺᏒㄭ㇠ㄘߣవⴕᢥ₂╬ߦߟߡ⎇ⓥߔ
ਁੱߢޔᏒౝ ၞߩ✚㕙Ⓧߪ⚂ ࠆߎߣߢࠆޔߚ߹ޕਛ࿖ߩᏒ႐⚻ᷣߩᕆߥᚑ
MO ߢࠆ⺞ޕᩏᣇᴺߣߒߡߪ ޔᐕ 㐳ߦޔਛጊ㑆ㄘߣጊ㑆ㄘߩ㐿⊒ߩน⢻
ᣣ߆ࠄ ᣣߩ⚂ ᣣ㑆ߦޔ೨ߦḰߒ
ᕈ߇㜞ߣ⠨߃ࠄࠇࠆޕㇺᏒㄭ㇠ㄘ㐿⊒ߩᄬ
ߚ⺞ᩏࠍ߽ߣߦኻ㕙ᴺߦࠃࠆࠕࡦࠤ࠻⺞ᩏࠍ
ታᣉߒߚ⺞ޕᩏߦߪၮᧄ⾰㗄⋡ߣߒߡᕈ
ᐕ㦂ኅᐸ᭴ᚑ⡯ᬺኅᐸᐕ╬
ࠍ⸳ቯߒߚޕ
⺞ᩏኻ⽎ၞߩਛጊ㑆ㄘၞߩ᳃ߦ߅ߌ
ࠆㄘᬺߩᐔဋ୯ߪ రߢࠅޔㄘᬺ
ᄖߩᐔဋ୯ߪ రߢߞߚޕ࿑ ࿑ ߦ␜ߔࠃ߁ߦޔ⠹㕙Ⓧߩᐔဋ୯ߪ ࡓ
㧔ѽ 㧕ߢࠆޕ⠹㕙Ⓧ߇ᄙߌࠇ߫ᄙ߶ߤㄘ
ᬺ߇Ⴧടߒߡࠆޔߒ߆ߒޕਛጊ㑆ၞߪ
Ⓙ߉ߩੱญ߇ᄙߚߦޔㄘᬺᄖᓧ߇ㄘᬺᚲ
ᓧࠃࠅჇടߒߡࠆߎߣࠍࠄ߆ߦߒߚޕ
ၮᧄ⾰㗄⋡ߩ⚿ᨐ߆ࠄ⺞ޔᩏኻ⽎ਃၞߩࠕ
ࡦࠤ࠻⺞ᩏߪㇺᏒၞ ㇱޔㇺᏒㄭ㇠ㄘߪ
ㇱޔਛጊ㑆ㄘߪ ㇱߢߞߚޕᕈߪਛጊ
࿑ ㄘ⾗Ḯࠍ↪ߒߚⷰశ㐿⊒
167
㑆ㄘߪᅚᕈߩ࿁╵₸߇ㇺᏒ᳃ߣㇺᏒㄭ㇠ㄘ
ቇᱧߪਛጊ㑆ㄘߢߪᦨ߽ૐߊߥߞߡࠆޕ⡯ᬺ
ࠃࠅዋߥޕㇺᏒߣㇺᏒㄭ㇠ㄘߩኅᣖߩഀวߪ
ߪਛጊ㑆ㄘ߇߶߷ㄘᬺਛᔃߢࠆޕ
ᦨ߽ᄙߩ߇ਃੱኅᣖߢߞߚޔߒ߆ߒޕਛጊ㑆
ㄘߪੑੱኅᣖߣੑઍኅᣖ߇ᄙ߆ߞߚޕᐕ㦂
߅ࠊࠅߦ
ᧄ⎇ⓥߢߪޔㄘ⾗Ḯߩᜬ⛯น⢻ߥⷰశ㐿⊒
ࠍߺࠆߣޔㇺᏒߣㇺᏒㄭ㇠ㄘߪ 㨪 ᱦߦ㓸ਛ
ߒߡࠆߎߣ߇ࠊ߆ߞߚޕ⡯ᬺ᭴ᚑߪਛጊ㑆ㄘ
߆ࠄၞߩᵴᕈൻߩߚߦޔㇺᏒၞޔㇺᏒㄭ
ߩㄘᬺ ߦዞᬺߒߡࠆߎߣ߇ࠄ߆ߦߥߞߚޕ
㇠ㄘၞ߮ਛጊ㑆ㄘၞߦ߅ߌࠆ
ࠍኻ⽎ߦߒߡࠕࡦࠤ࠻⺞ᩏࠍታᣉߒޔㇺᏒ
ਛጊ㑆ㄘ
7
⠹㕙Ⓧ䋨䊛䊷䋩
6
ߩ᳃ㇺᏒㄭ㇠ၞਛጊ㑆ၞߦኻߔࠆㄘ
5
4
ߩⷰశ㐿⊒ߣၞߩᵴᕈൻߦߟߡಽᨆߒߚޕ
3
2
ߎߩಽᨆ⚿ᨐ߆ࠄਃၞߦ߅ߌࠆਛጊ㑆ၞ߇
1
0
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
ߔࠆ⾗Ḯࠍᵴ↪ߒߚⷰశ㐿⊒߮ၞߩ
7000
ㄘ ᬺ 䋨ర䋩
ᵴᕈൻߩࠅᣇࠍಽᨆߒߡ߈ߚޕ
࿑ ਛጊ㑆ㄘߦ߅ߌࠆㄘᬺ⠹㕙Ⓧ
એߩࠃ߁ߦ⺞ޔᩏኻ⽎ㄘၞߦ߅ߡㇺ
Ꮢㄭ㇠ㄘၞ߇ㇺᏒߩㄭઍൻߣ⚻ᷣ⊒ዷߦᓇ
㗩ഄ䴶〡˄ɨ˅
㗀ࠍਈ߃ޔㄘㄘᬺߩ❗ዊ߇ᕆㅦߢߞߚߎ
ߣࠍࠄ߆ߦߒޔ㐿⊒ߩߚߦ⥄ὼ᥊ⷰߣવ
⛔ᢥൻߩ㐿⊒ߣో߇࿎㔍ߥ⁁ᘒߦߥߞߡ
ࠆߎߣ߇ࠄ߆ߦߥߞߚޔߚ߹ޕਛጊ㑆ㄘ
ၞߢߪᧂߛ⼾߆ߥ⥄ὼ᥊ⷰߣવ⛔ᢥൻ↢ޔ
‛ᄙ᭽ᕈ╬ߩㄘߩⷰశ⾗Ḯࠍߒ⎇ᧄޔⓥࠍ
ಲㄨ᠌᭄
࿑ ਛጊ㑆ㄘߦ߅ߌࠆㄘᬺㄘᬺᄖ⠹㕙Ⓧ
〯߹߃ᧂ㐿⊒ߩㄘၞߪⷰశ㐿⊒ߩน⢻ᕈ߇
ࠄ߆ߦߥߞߚޕ
⺞ᩏኻ⽎ၞߩၮᧄ࠺࠲
ၮᧄ࠺࠲
ㇺᏒၞ
ㇺᏒㄭ㇠ၞ
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⺞ᩏߣ⺞
ᩏኻ⽎ᢙ
ᄢㅪᏒᚭ
↞ሶߩᩉ᮸
∸
ḡḴ
ഏኅጛ㕷
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᥊ⷰߦኻߔࠆଔ୯ⷰ߇ⅣႺోߩᘒᐲߣⴕേᗧ
ࡓ
ࡓㇺᏒㄭઍൻ
⎇ⓥᄢળ৻ࠄ߆ޢㇱࠍᒁ↪ߒߡࠆ ޕ
ᕈ
↵ᕈ㧑ޔ
ᅚᕈ㧑
↵ᕈ㧑ޔᅚᕈ ↵ᕈ㧑ޔ
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ෳ⠨ᢥ₂
ᐕ㦂
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ਛߒߡࠆޕ
㨪ᱦߦ㓸ਛߒ 㨪ᱦߦ㓸
ߡࠆޕ
ਛߒߡࠆޕ
ᣣᧄߣਛ࿖ߩㄘၞ㐿⊒⸘↹ߩಽ㊁ߦ߅ߌࠆᵹᬺߣ
ኅᣖ
ਃੱኅᣖޔੑ
ੱኅᣖޔੑ
ઍߣਃઍห
ዬ
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ੱኅᣖ
ᧄⓂߪޔഏ⯗⧐㧔ᐕ㧕ޟㄘߩ⥄ὼ
࿑ߦਈ߃ࠆᓇ㗀ޡޠർ᧲ࠕࠫࠕቇળ╙࿁ቇⴚ
⺞ᩏኻ⽎ၞߩၮᧄ࠺࠲
ੱᒰߚࠅ⠹㕙Ⓧ
⡯ᬺ᭴ᚑ
ቇᱧ
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⡯ੱߣડᬺ▤
ℂ⠪ߪߘࠇߙ
ࠇ㧑
ᄢቇኾ㐷
㧑ޔᄢቇએ
㧑ޔਛ╬
㜞ᩞ߮㜞ᩞ
㧑
ࡓ
⚻ᷣ⊒ዷၞㄘߦ߅ߌࠆㄘၞߠߊࠅߦ㑐ߔࠆ⎇ⓥ
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ຬ㧑ޔ⡯ੱ㧑
ਛ╬㜞ᩞ߮
ᄢቇએ㧑ޔᄢ 㜞ᩞ㧑ޔਛ
ቇኾ㐷㧑ޔਛ╬ ቇ߮એਅ
㜞ᩞ߮㜞ᩞ㧑 㧑ઁߩߘޔ
ߪ㧑
ጊᓼ✬ޡᢥൻㆮ↥ࡑࡀࠫࡔࡦ࠻ߣ࠷࠭ࡓߩ⁁ߣ⺖
㗴ޢ࿖┙᳃ᣖቇඳ‛㙚⺞ᩏႎ๔㧦㧙㧔㧕ጊ㜞ᶻ
੩ㇺᎂጾ⧓ⴚᄢቇ
168
ᐔᚑ 23 ᐲ࿖㓙↢␠ળ⎇ⓥࡦ࠲ ⎇ⓥⷐ
ਛ࿖ㄘᬺ⚻༡ߦ߅ߌࠆㄘ᳃⚵❱ൻߩዷ㐿ߣߘߩߚߩᐲᢛߦ㑐ߔࠆ⎇ⓥ
࿖㓙↢␠ળ⎇ⓥࡦ࠲ RA
ᄢቇ㒮࿖㓙ၞቇ⎇ⓥ⑼ ඳ჻ᓟᦼ⺖⒟ ഏ ബᢅ
A Study of Development of Agricultural Organization and Institutional Arrangement in the Chinese
Farming Management
⎇ⓥߩ⢛᥊
ࠆஜోߥ⚻ᷣ⚵❱ߦ⣕⊹ߐߖޔหᤨߦޔਛ࿖ᐭ
ੱ᳃␠ߩ⸃એ㒠ޔਛ࿖ㄘᬺߪዊⷙᮨ⚻༡ㄘ
ߣߒߡ߽ⴕޔភ⟎ࠍ⻠ߕࠆ㓙ߩታᣉኻ⽎ߣߔࠆ
ኅߦࠃࠆഭ㓸⚂ဳߩኅᣖ⚻༡ㄘᬺ߇ਥᵹߦߥ
ᗧ࿑߽ߞߡ ޔᐕ ߦޟㄘ᳃ኾᬺว␠
ߞߚ ޔߦࠄߐޕᐕ 961 ട⋖એ㒠ޔᏒ႐⚻ᷣൻ
ᴺࠍޠᚑ┙㧔 ᐕ ᣣ߆ࠄታᣉ㧕ߐߖޔᴺ
ߦޔㄘ↥‛ߩ↥㑆࿖㓙㑆ߩ┹߇ỗൻߒޔ
ੱᩰࠍᜬߞߚㄘ᳃ኾᬺว␠߇⺀↢ߔࠆߎߣߦ
Ꮢ႐⁁ᴫ߽ᣣޘᄌൻߔࠆࠃ߁ߦߥߞߚߚߒ߁ߎޕ
ߥߞߚޕ
ᄌൻߩਛߢߩ❱⚵ᧂޔዊⷙᮨ⚻༡ㄘኅߦߣߞߡ㔛
⎇ⓥߩ⋡⊛
ᧄ⎇ⓥߢߪޔએਅߩ 2 ߟࠍ⋡⊛ߣߔࠆޕ
ⷐ߿ଔᩰߥߤᏒ႐ᖱႎߦࠕࠢࠬߒޔㆡᤨߦ↢↥
ߣ⩄߇ߢ߈ࠆ⚵❱ᒻᚑ߇ਇนᰳߣߥߞߡࠆޕ
Ԙㄘߩ⚻ᷣਥߢࠆㄘኅߩෳ↹ޔㄘᬺ㑐ㅪ
ᧂ⚵❱ߩዊⷙᮨ⚻༡ㄘኅߪޔㄘ↥‛ߩ⽼ᄁߦ߅
ડᬺޔฦㄘ᳃ኾᬺว␠߅ࠃ߮ᐭߦࠃࠆࠗࡦ
ߡ߽ޔㄘᬺ↢↥⾗᧚ߩ⾼ߦ߅ߡ߽ޔㄘᄖ⾗ᧄ
ࡦ࠹ࠖࡉߥߤߦ㑐ߔࠆᐲ㕙ߦߟߡޔ⺞ᩏ
ߦኻ᛫ߔࠆߎߣߪ㕖Ᏹߦ㔍ߒߊޔᏱߦ̌ᒙ⠪̍ߩ
ߩ࠺࠲ߦၮߠ߈⚻ᷣ⊛ߥಽᨆࠍⴕ߁ޕ
┙႐ߦ⟎߆ࠇߡࠆޔߚߩߎޕਛ࿖ߩㄘኅ⟲߇
ԙḓධ⋭ߦ߅ߌࠆࠕࡦࠤ࠻⺞ᩏߣࠍ↪
⠨߃ߒߚኻᔕ╷ߩ৻ߟ߇ޟޔㄘ᳃ኾᬺว⚻ᷣ
ߡታ⸽⊛ߦㄘ᳃ኾᬺว␠ߩታᘒ⚻༡ޔㄘኅߩ
⚵❱ߣޠ߫ࠇࠆᣂߚߥ⚵❱ߩᒻᚑߢࠆߘޕ
ടᗧ⼂ޔㄘኅߩ⹏ଔߥߤߦߟߡᬌ⸽ߔࠆޕ
ߩ⊒↢ᒻᘒߪ․ቯߩㄘ‛ߦኻߔࠆఝࠇߚ↢↥
㧚ㄘ᳃ኾᬺว␠ߩ⁁
ᛛⴚࠍᜬߒࠍ⾰⾗ߩߡߒߣ࠳ޔ߃ߚ⠪
ೋᦼߩㄘ᳃ኾᬺว⚻ᷣ⚵❱ߪਥߦᛛⴚᵹ
ߩㄝߦห৻ߩㄘ‛ࠍ↢↥ߔࠆㄘኅ⟲߇㓸ว
ࠍ⋡⊛ߣߔࠆㄘ᳃ኾᬺᛛⴚදળߢߞߚޕㄘ᳃ኾ
ߒ৻ޔቯߩⷙᮨߦ㆐ߒߚߣ߈ߦ⚵❱ߣߒߡߩ
ᬺᛛⴚදળߪฦߢ⸳┙ߐࠇߩߘޔਛ߆ࠄᖱႎ
ⵙࠍᢛ߃ࠆᒻ߇৻⥸⊛ߢࠆ❱⚵ߩߎޕߦෳട
㓸⾗ޔ㊄⽼ޔ᧚⾗↥↢ޔᄁࠨࡆࠬࠍ৻ൻߔࠆ
ߒߚㄘኅߪ↥↢ޔ⾼ߩ᧚⾗↥↢ޔᛛⴚߩ⠌ᓧޔ
⚵❱߇ࠇޔㄘ᳃ኾᬺว⚻ᷣ⚵❱߳ߣ⊒ዷߒߡ
↢↥‛ߩ⽼ᄁవ╬߽ᔃ㈩ߔࠆߎߣߥߊ↢↥ࠍⴕ
ߞߚߩⴕޕㄘ᳃ኾᬺว␠ߩਥⷐߥᬺോߪޔ
߁ߎߣ߇ߢ߈ࠆޕㄘ᳃ኾᬺว⚻ᷣ⚵❱ߪᕆㅦߦ
ߘߩ᭴ᚑຬ㧔ടㄘኅ㧕ࠍਥߥࠨࡆࠬឭଏኻ⽎
Ⴧᄢߒ❱⚵ߩߘޔൻߩലᨐ߽ਛ࿖ᐭ߆ࠄ⹏ଔߐ
ߣߒޔ⾈⾼ߩ᧚⾗↥↢ޔㄘ↥‛ߩ⽼ᄁޔടᎿޔャ
ࠇ ޔᐕ ߆ࠄᣉⴕߐࠇߚᡷᱜㄘᬺᴺߢᴺᓞ
ㅍ⬿⾂ޔ߮ㄘᬺ↢↥ߦ㑐ㅪߔࠆᛛⴚޔᖱႎߥߤ
ߩ߽ࠄࠇߚޔߦࠄߐޕㄘ᳃ኾᬺว⚻
ߩࠨࡆࠬࠍឭଏߔࠆߎߣߣߐࠇߡࠆ㧔ㄘ᳃ኾ
ᷣ⚵❱ߦᴺੱᩰࠍᜬߚߖࠆߣߣ߽ߦߩߘޔㆇ༡▤
ᬺว␠ᴺ╙ ᧦╙ 㗄㧕
ޕ㒸㧔㧕ߦࠃࠆߣޔ
ℂࠍㆡᱜൻߐߖࠆភ⟎ࠍ⻠ߓߡޔㄘ᳃ߩㅪวߦࠃ
ᐕ ᤨὐߢޔ࿖ኅᎿⴕ▤ℂዪߦ⊓㍳ߒ
169
ߚኾᬺว␠ߪ ਁ␠ࠍ߃ޔㄘኅ␠ຬᢙ㧔ട
ㄘኅᢙ㧕ߪ⚂ ਁੱోޔㄘኅᏪᢙߩ ㇺᏒㄭ㇠ၞ
ࠍභࠆߦㆊ߉ߥޕਛ࿖ᐭߪㄘ᳃ኾᬺว␠
ਛጊ㑆ၞ
20
20
14
0%
⸳┙߮⊒ዷࠍⓍᭂ⊛ߦଦㅴߔࠆᆫࠍ␜ߒ
18
20
25
20%
↹㧔㨪 ᐕ㧕ߩਛߢޔㄘ᳃ኾᬺว␠ߩ⊒
࿑
23
40%
60%
↢↥ᛛⴚߩᜰዉ
↢↥ല₸ߩะ
ຠ⾰ࡌ࡞ߩࠕ࠶ࡊ
╷㕙⾗ޔ㊄㕙ߢᡰេߒߡ߅ࠅ ╙ޔᰴࠞᐕ⸘
13
12
6
5
9
80%
100%
ࡑࠤ࠶࠻ߩ⏕
Ⴧട
ᄢⷙᮨߥ⚻༡
ㄘኅߩㄘ᳃ኾᬺว␠߳ߩടⷐ࿃
ዷࠍଦㅴߔࠆᣦ⸥ߒߡࠆ߇ߪߢ⁁ޔടㄘ
ኅᢙ߇ਛ࿖ᐭ߇ᦼᓙߔࠆ⒟⊒ዷߒߡߥ⁁
߮⯻∛ޟኂߩ੍㒐ኻ╷ޔ ߇ޠว⸘ ߩ
ᴫߦࠆޕ
ㄘኅ߇⹏ଔߒߡࠆޕㅒߦޔ
ޟㄘ↥ຠߩടᎿޔޠ
ޟ
㧚ࠕࡦࠤ࠻⺞ᩏ⚿ᨐߩಽᨆߣ⠨ኤ
㒾ޠ߮ޟᣂߚߥㄘ↥‛ߩᏒ႐㐿⊒ࠨߩߤߥޠ
ㄘኅߩㄘ᳃ኾᬺว␠߳ߩടⷐ࿃
ࡆࠬߦኻߔࠆഀวߪૐޕㇺᏒㄭ㇠ၞߢߪޔ
ޟㄘ
ㄘ᳃ኾᬺว␠߳ടߔࠆℂ↱ߩᄙߊߪޔਔ
↥ຠߩടᎿ⾗ޟޔ ߇ޠ㊄ߩⲢ⾗ޔ ߇ޠ
ࡉޟ
ၞߣ߽↥↢ޟᛛⴚߩᜰዉޠ
ޔ
ޔޠ⏕ߩ࠻࠶ࠤࡑޟ
ࡦ࠼ߩ⏕┙ޔ ߇ޠᰴߢޟᣂߚߥㄘ↥‛ߩ
↥↢ޟല₸ߩะޠ߮ޟჇട߇ࠆߢޠ㧔࿑
Ꮢ႐㐿⊒ޟߣޠ㒾ޔ ࠇߙࠇߘ߇ࠬࡆࠨޠ
㧕
․ޔᓽ⊛ߥߎߣߪၞ㑆ߦ߅ߌࠆㄘኅߩᩰ
ࠍභߡࠆ৻ޕᣇޔਛጊ㑆ၞߢߪޟޔㄘ↥
Ꮕ߆ࠄޔਛጊ㑆ၞߢߪޔჇടࠍᦼᓙߔࠆㄘ
ຠߩടᎿޔ ߇ޠ
⚻ߣ↥↢ޟ༡▤ℂ⍮⼂ߩ⠌ᓧޠ
ኅ߇ㇺᏒㄭ㇠ၞߦᲧߴߡ ߽㜞ߎߣߢࠆޕ
߇ ޔ
ޟㄘ↥ຠߩ⽼ᄁޕࠆߡߞߥߣ ߇ޠട
ਛጊ㑆ၞߩㄘኅߦߣߞߡㄘ᳃ኾᬺว␠߳ߩ
Ꮏㄘ↥‛ߩઃടଔ୯ߦࠃࠆჇടߪਔၞߩ
ടߪ⏕ታߦߩჇടߦߟߥ߇ࠆߎߣ߇᧦ઙ
ㅢߩ㑐ᔃ㗄ߢࠆޔߒ߆ߒޕㇺᏒㄭ㇠ၞߢ
ߢࠆߎߣ߇ࠊ߆ࠆޕ
ߪᄙߊߩㄘኅ߇Ꮢ႐ะߌߩ឵㊄‛ࠍ↢↥ߒߡ
ㅒߦޔㄘ᳃ኾᬺว␠ߦടߒߥℂ↱ߦߟ
߅ࠅޔᏒ႐േะߦ㑐ߔࠆᖱႎឭଏࠍᒝߊᦸࠎߢ
ߡߪޟޔㄘ᳃ኾᬺว␠ߩሽࠍోߊ⍮ࠄߥޠ
ࠆ৻ޕᣇޔਛጊ㑆ၞߢߪ⥄⛎⥄⿷⊛ߥㄘᬺ↢↥
߇ᦨ߽ᄙߊޔਔၞߢߘࠇߙࠇ ޕߚߞߢޔ
ߩߚ↢↥߮⽼ᄁߦ㑐ߔࠆࠨࡆࠬߩឭଏߦ
ߐࠄߦߊࠃޟ⍮ࠄߥ߇ޠਔၞߘࠇߙࠇ ޔ
㑐ᔃ߇㓸ਛߒߡࠆޕ
ߣߥߞߡࠆޕᵈ⋡ߔߴ߈ߪޔਛጊ㑆ၞߦ
ㄘ᳃ኾᬺว␠ߩ⊒ዷᣇะ
߅ߡߚߩ⿷⥄⛎⥄ޟᔅⷐߥߚ߃╵ߣޠㄘኅ
ᓟߩㄘ᳃ኾᬺว␠ߩ⊒ዷᣇะߦߟߡޔㇺ
ߪㇺᏒㄭ㇠ၞߩ ߦᲧߴߣޔ㜞ߎߣߢ
Ꮢㄭ㇠ၞߢߪޟᄙ᭽ߥࠨࡆࠬࠍឭଏߔࠆ✚ว
ࠆޟߚ߹ޕᓎߦ┙ߚߥߚ߃╵ߣޠㄘኅߪ⚂ ဳㄘ᳃ኾᬺว␠ޠ㧔એਅ✚ޔวဳ㧕߇ᦨ߽ᄙߊ
ߢߞߚޕ
ߢ⋥ޟߡ⛯ޔᄁဳޔ ߇ޠ
ޟㄘ᳃ኾᬺว
ㄘ᳃ኾᬺว␠ߦኻߔࠆ⹏ଔ
␠ߩㅪ៤ߦࠃࠆၞㅪว⚵❱ဳޠ㧔એਅޔㅪว⚵
Ԙⴕߩࠨࡆࠬߦኻߔࠆ⹏ଔ
❱ဳ㧕߇ ߣߥߞߡࠆ㧔࿑ 㧕߇ޔ
ޟડᬺߣߩ
ㄘ᳃ኾᬺว␠߇ឭଏߔࠆ↢↥ߦ߅ߌࠆᛛⴚޔ
19
↢↥⾗᧚߮ᖱႎߩឭଏࠨࡆࠬߪㄘኅ߆ࠄ㜞
ㇺᏒㄭ㇠ၞ
ᡰᜬ₸ࠍᓧߡࠆౕޕ⊛ߦޔㇺᏒㄭ㇠ၞߢ
ਛጊ㑆ၞ
19
22
ߪ⺞ߩ᧚⾗↥↢ޟ㆐ޔ ߇ޠ
ޟᛛⴚᜰዉޔ ߇ޠ
0%
27
20%
↢↥⾗᧚ߩ⺞㆐
∛⯻ኂߩ੍㒐ኻ╷
ㄘ↥ຠߩ⽼ᄁ
ㄘ↥ຠߩ⾂⬿
ᣂߚߥㄘ↥‛ߩᏒ႐㐿⊒
ޟᏒ႐ᖱႎߩឭଏ ߇ޠ߮⯻∛ޟኂߩ੍㒐ኻ
╷ޠ
߇ ޔ
ว⸘ ߩㄘኅ߇ḩ⿷ߒߡࠆ
㧔࿑ 㧕
ޕ
ߐࠄߦޔਛጊ㑆ၞߢߪ⺞ߩ᧚⾗↥↢ޟޔ㆐߇ޠ
10
40%
17
15
11
20
60%
12
80%
100%
ᛛⴚᜰዉ
Ꮢ႐ᖱႎߩឭଏ
ㄘ↥ຠߩടᎿ
㒾
⛔৻⊛ߥ⚻༡
࿑ ㄘ᳃ኾᬺว␠ߦࠃࠆࠨࡆࠬߦኻߔࠆ⹏ଔ
ޟޔᛛⴚᜰዉޔ ߇ޠ
ޟᏒ႐ᖱႎߩឭଏ߇ޠ
170
90
80
70
60
ᐕ 50
40
30
20
10
0
ㅪ៤ဳߪࠇߎޕࠆߡߞ߹⇐ߦ ߪޠㇺᏒㄭ㇠
ၞߢߪㄘ᳃ኾᬺว␠ߣડᬺߣߩᬺㅪ៤߇
ㅴࠎߢࠆ৻ᣇߢ⋉㈩ಽ߿⚻༡ࠍߋࠆ࠻
ࡉ࡞߇⊒↢ߒޔડᬺߣߩᬺㅪ៤ࠍᦸ߹ߥㄘኅ
ජ
ర
ࡓ
0
߇Ⴧടߒߡࠆߚߢࠆޕਛጊ㑆ၞߢߪޔડ
࿑
ᬺߩㅴ߽ዋߥߊടᎿ߮⽼ᄁࠍଦㅴߒㄘ↥ຠ
R² = M/ᮡḰ
10
20 ⠹㕙Ⓧ30
40
50
⚻༡ⷙᮨߣടᗧ⼂ߩ㑐ଥᕈ
ട߳⢐ቯ⊛
ᗧ⼂ߣߩ⋧㑐ࠍಽᨆߒߚ⚿ߩߘޕᨐޔዊⷙᮨ⚻
ߩᏒ႐ࠍᵴᕈൻߐߖࠆߚޟડᬺߣߩㅪ៤ဳࠍޠ
ᦸㄘኅߪ ߦ㆐ߒߡࠆޕ
⛯ߡ✚วဳ߇ ޔ
༡ㄘኅߜࠊߥߔޔ⠹㕙Ⓧ ࡓ߮ᐕ ਁర
ㅪว⚵❱ဳߩ⸳┙ࠍᦸㄘኅ߇ ࠍභߚޕਔ
ᧂḩߩㄘኅߪㄘ᳃ኾᬺว␠߳ߩടߦኻߒߡ
ၞߣ߽ㄘኅߦߣߞߡޔჇടߦߟߥ߇ࠆᄙ᭽
ุቯ⊛ߢࠆ㧔࿑ 㧕
ޕ
ߥࠨࡆࠬߩឭଏߣᏒ႐⏕߇ᦨ߽㑐ᔃ߇㜞ߊޔ
৻ᣇޔട߳ߩ⢐ቯ⊛ߥㄘኅߪ⠹㕙Ⓧ 㨪
ᓟߩㄘ᳃ኾᬺว␠ߩ⊒ዷᣇะߣߒߡߪ✚ว
ࡓ߮ᐕ 㨪 ਁߩ⚻༡ⷙᮨㄘኅ߇ᄙ⚿ᨐ
ဳ߮ㅪว⚵❱ဳ࠲ࠗࡊ߇ᦸ߹ߒߣ⠨߃ࠄࠇ
ߣߥߞߚ㧔࿑ 㧕
⚻ޕ༡⁁ᴫߣടᗧ⼂ߩ㑐ଥᕈߦ
ࠆ৻ޕᣇߢޔਔၞߢߪⴕਥዉߢㄘᬺߩ↥ᬺൻ
㑐ߔࠆ․ᓽߣߒߡਇടㄘኅߦኻߔࠆࠕࡦࠤ
߇ㅴࠄࠇߡࠆౕޕ⊛ߦߪޔㄘᬺ↢↥᭴ㅧߩ
࠻⺞ᩏ߆ࠄᰴߩ ὐࠍߍࠆߎߣ߇ߢ߈ࠆޕԘዊ
⺞ᢛޔㄘᬺ↢↥ߩၮᑪ⸳ޔㄘᬺ㑐ㅪડᬺߣߩឭ
ⷙᮨ⚻༡ㄘኅߪ⥄⛎⥄⿷⊛ߥㄘᬺ↢↥ࠍⴕߥߞ
៤ߥߤ߇ଦㅴߐࠇߡࠆߚߒ߁ߎޕ⢛᥊ߦߪޔㄘ
ߡ߅ࠅㄘ᳃ኾᬺว␠ߦടߒߡ߽ࡔ࠶࠻߇
᳃ኾᬺว␠⥄りߩ⚵❱ᒝൻߣㆇ༡⢻ജะߩ
ዋߥޕԙടߦ⢐ቯ⊛ߥㄘኅߪ⽼〝ࠍᄢߒ
⥄ഥദജ߇ᰳᅤߒߡࠆ㕙߇ࠆߚޔㄘኅ߇ⴕ
Ⴧടࠍ࿑ࠆߨࠄ߇ࠆߩࠄࠇߎޕㄘኅߪㄘᬺ
ߩ㑐ਈࠍᦸะ߇ᒝߎߣ߇ࠆ⁁ߩߎޕᴫ
ࠍਛᔃߦ↢⸘ࠍ┙ߡߡ߅ࠅޔㄘ᳃ኾᬺว␠ߦࠃ
ߦ߅ߡޔㄘ᳃ኾᬺว␠߇Ბ㓏⊛ߥㅴൻߩࡊࡠ
ࠆ↢↥ല₸ߩะߩ࠻ࠬࠦޔᷫޔᏒ႐ߣߩᷤ
ࠬࠍ⚻ߡޔၞ࿕ߩ↢↥᭴ㅧ߿↥ᒻᚑߩ⋧
ജߩᒝൻߥߤߩࡔ࠶࠻ߦലᕈࠍߒߡ
㆑ߦㆡᔕߒߚᄙ᭽ߥᒻᘒ߳ߣዷ㐿ߔࠆน⢻ᕈ߽
ࠆޕԚવ⛔⊛ߥㄘ↥‛㧔☨⧎✎ޔ㧕ࠍ↢↥ߒߡ
ᦼᓙߢ߈ࠆޕ
ࠆㄘኅߦߣߞߡߪޔㄘ᳃ኾᬺว␠ߩࠨࡆࠬ߇
ਇടㄘኅߩᗧ⼂ߩᛠី
ਥߦ឵㊄‛ߦኻߔࠆᛛⴚᜰዉ߿⽼ᄁࠍਛᔃߣ
ㄘኅߩ⚻༡⁁ᴫߣടᗧ⼂ߩ㑐ଥᕈߦ㑐ߒߡޔ
㧚ㄘ᳃ኾᬺว␠⸳┙ߣ⊒ዷߩ⁁ߣ⺖㗴
ㄘ᳃ኾᬺว␠ਇടㄘኅᢙ㧔 ᚭ㧕ߩ⚻༡⁁ᴫ
㧔ᐕ߮⠹㕙Ⓧ㧕ߣㄘ᳃ኾᬺว␠߳ߩട
40
ㇺᏒㄭ㇠ၞ
26
ਛጊ㑆ၞ
0%
✚วဳว␠
࿑
70
60
50
ᐕ 40
30
20
10
0
26
13
37
20%
40%
ડᬺߣߩㅪ៤ဳ
60%
⋥ᄁဳ
ߩ⺞ᩏ⚿ᨐⴕޔᒰዪߩࡅࡗࡦࠣޔవⴕ
22
ᢥ₂ߩಽᨆ߆ࠄޔㄘ᳃ኾᬺว␠⸳┙ߣ⊒ዷࠍផ
24
ㅴߔࠆߢਥߥ⺖㗴ߪએਅߩ ὐࠍᜰ៰ߢ߈ࠆޕ
80%
ㄘ᳃ኾᬺว␠ߩ⸳┙ߣ⊒ዷߩၞ㑆ᩰᏅ㧦
100%
ㅪว⚵❱ဳ
ㄘ᳃ኾᬺว␠ߩᓟߩ⊒ዷᣇะ
ㇺᏒㄭ㇠ၞߢߪޔᏒ႐ߩ㔛ⷐߦᔕߓߚ឵㊄‛
ߩ↢↥ࠍଦㅴߔࠆ߁߃ߢ↢↥ࠦࠬ࠻ߩᷫ߮
Ꮢ႐⽼〝ߩ⏕ߥߤߩࡔ࠶࠻߇ࠅⓍᭂ⊛ߢ
ජర
R² = M/ᮡḰ
ࠆޔߚ߹ޕᐭ߆ࠄߩഥᚑ㊄ࠍฃߌߡࠆㄘ᳃
ኾᬺว␠߽ᄙߎߣ߽ଦㅴⷐ࿃ߣߥߞߡࠆޕ
ࡓ
0
࿑
12
ߒߡࠆߚ߹ࠅ㝯ജ߇ߥޕ
10
20 ⠹㕙Ⓧ30
40
ઁᣇޔਛጊ㑆ၞߢߪ⥄⛎⥄⿷⊛ߥㄘᬺ↢↥ߩߚ
50
ޔㄘ᳃ኾᬺว␠ߩ⸳┙߿ടߦᶖᭂ⊛ߢᗧ᰼
⚻༡ⷙᮨߣടᗧ⼂ߩ㑐ଥᕈ㧔ടุ߳ቯ⊛
߇ૐޕ
171
ㄘ᳃ኾᬺว␠ߩ⸳┙ߣዷ㐿ߦኻߔࠆⴕߩ
⚻ᷣߦࠃࠅㄘኅߩᐭ߳ߩଐ㗬ᐲ߇ᒝൻߐ
㑐ਈ߳ߩᦼᓙ㧦ੱ᳃␠⸃ᓟޔ㓸࿅ㄘᬺ߆
ߖߡ߈ߚ⚻✲߇ࠆߦߛ߹ޕㄘኅߩᐭߦኻߔ
ࠄㄘኅ⚻༡ߦォ឵ߒߚ߇ߦ․ޔਛጊ㑆ၞߢ
ࠆଐሽᐲ߇㜞ߎߣ߆ࠄᐭߩⓍᭂ⊛ߥᜰዉߣ
ߪ߹ߛߦ↢↥⚻༡ࠍⴕᡰេߦଐሽߔࠆᗧ⼂
ᡰេߪㄘ᳃ኾᬺว␠ߩᒻᚑߣ⊒ዷߦߣߞߡᰳ
߇ᒝߊᱷߞߡ߅ࠅޔㄘኅ߇Ꮢ႐⚻ᷣߩ⊒ዷߦኻᔕ
߆ߖߥޔߦ․ޕዊⷙᮨㄘኅࠍኻ⽎ߣߔࠆㄘ᳃ኾ
ߢ߈ߡߥޕㄘኅߪㄘᬺ⚻༡ߦ߅ߌࠆࠬࠢࠍ
ᬺว␠ߦߣߞߡᐭߩ㑐ਈߥߒߦߪ⾗㊄ޔᛛⴚޔ
ᷫዋߔࠆߚⴕޔਥዉဳߩㄘ᳃ኾᬺว␠߳ߩ
⢻ജะߪᭂߡ࿎㔍ߢࠆޕ
ടߦⓍᭂ⊛ߢࠆޕ
ԛㄘ᳃ኾᬺว␠߳ߩᡰេ╷ߪᰴߩ ὐ߇⠨
⚵❱ߩ᭴ᚑຬߩ⋉㑐ଥ߇ⶄ㔀㧦ㄘ᳃ኾᬺว
߃ࠄࠇࠆޕ#ޔᣇᐭߪㄘ᳃ኾᬺว␠ߦኻߔ
␠ߦෳടߔࠆㄘኅߪᢎ⢒⚻ޔ༡ⷙᮨޔᛛⴚޔ
ࠆ⊒ዷၮ㊄ࠍ⸳┙ߒޔㄘ᳃ኾᬺว␠ߩᛛⴚዉޔ
ߥߤߩ㕙ߢᩰᏅ߇ሽߔࠆޕᄙߊߩㄘ᳃ኾᬺว
ᢎ⢒ޔᣂຠߩ㐿⊒⸳ޔߩᦝᣂߦߤߥ⾗Ⲣޔ㑐
␠߇ട⾗ᐲࠍขࠅࠇߡ߅ࠅ❱⚵ޔ᭴ᚑ
ߒߡ⽷ᡰេࠍⴕ߁ޕ$ޔㄘ᳃ኾᬺว␠ߪㄘᬺ
ߪਛᩭ᭴ᚑຬ㧔ᄢⷙᮨ⚻༡ㄘኅ߇ਛᔃ㧕ߣ৻⥸᭴
㌁ⴕߣା↪␠ߪㄘ᳃ኾᬺว␠ߣදജߒߡ༡ㄘ
ᚑຬ㧔ዊⷙᮨ⚻༡ㄘኅ߇ਛᔃ㧕ߦಽߌࠄࠇޔਛᩭ
ᬺߩዷ㐿⚻ޔ༡ⷙᮨߩᄢ⸳ޔᛩ⾗ߥߤߩ
᭴ᚑຬ߇⚻༡ᣇะߣㆇ༡▤ℂߦᒝᓇ㗀ജࠍ
ᬺߦኻߒߡᚻ⛯߈ߩ◲නൻߒఝవ⊛ߦⲢ⾗ߔࠆ
ߒߡࠆޕᓟߩ❱⚵ޔ᭴ᚑຬ㑆ߩ⋉⺞ᢛ߇ㄘ
ߥߤⅣႺᡷༀࠍ࿑ࠆޕ%ޔㄘ᳃ኾᬺว␠ߪẢ
᳃ኾᬺว␠ߩ⊒ዷߦߣߞߡ㊀ⷐߥ⺖㗴ߢࠆޕ
ߩㅊ᳞ߢߪߥߊㄘኅߩ↢↥ߣ↢ᵴࠍะߐߖࠆ
ㄘኅߩㄘ᳃ኾᬺว␠ߦኻߔࠆૐ⼂ᐲ㧦
ߎߣࠍ⋡⊛ߣߒߡ߅ࠅᐭߪㄘ᳃ኾᬺว␠ߦ
ᐕߦㄘ᳃ኾᬺว␠ᴺ߇ᣉⴕߐࠇߚ߇߹ޔ
ኻߔࠆ⒢㊄ߩ⽶ᜂࠍᷫዋߔߴ߈ߢࠆޔ&ޕㄘ᳃
ߛㄘኅߩㄘ᳃ኾᬺว␠ߦኻߔࠆ⼂ᐲ߇ૐߊޔ
ኾᬺว␠ߪㄘኅߦኻߒߡ↢↥ⷐ⚛ࠍឭଏߒߡ
ㄘ᳃ኾᬺว␠߳ߩടᗧ⼂߇㉯ᚑߒߡߥޕ
߅ࠅ⾗ᧄޔޔഭജޔᛛⴚߥߤߩ↢↥ⷐ⚛߇
⚿⺰
⥄↱ߦᏒ႐߳ෳߢ߈ࠆߎߣ߇㊀ⷐߢࠆޕ
ԘᲑ㓏ߢߪᄙᢙߩㄘኅ߇ㄘ᳃ኾᬺว␠ߩ
ᒻᚑߦኻߔࠆᔅⷐᕈࠍ⼂ߒߡࠆޕㄘ᳃ኾᬺㄘ
ෳ⠨ᢥ₂
᳃ኾᬺว␠ߩᒻᑼ߇ㄘ᳃⚵❱ൻߩਥᵹߢࠆޕ
⊕⍹⦟
ޟ
ޟਛ࿖ߩㄘ᳃ኾᬺว␠ᴺߘޠ
ߩⷐߣ㗴ὐԘಽᢔߒߚㄘኅ⚻༡ߣᏒ႐ࠍല
ߦㅪ⚿ޠ
ޡㄘᨋ⚻ᷣޢ
㧔ᤨㅢା␠㧕
╙ ภRR
㒸ᥙ⪇
✚⚿⚻㛎⏕છോଦㅴㄘ᳃ኾᬺ
ว␠ᅢᔟ⊒ዷਛ࿖ㄘ᳃ኾᬺว␠
✁JVVRYYYEHE
CITKIQXEPEHEJVON
AJVON ᐕ ᣣ ᐕ ᣣ
ഖਭବ⮮ብ
ਛ࿖ߦ߅ߌࠆㄘᬺ↥ᬺ⺖
ߩዷ㐿ߣㄘ᳃ኾᬺว⚵❱ߩ⚻ᷣ⊛ᯏ⢻Ꮺⴕ
࠺࠲ߦࠃࠆታ⸽ಽᨆ৻ᯅᄢቇᯏ㑐ࡐࠫ࠻
RR
ᴡේ৻㇢⪺
㧦ޡਛ࿖ㄘว␠ᐲߩಽ
ᨆޢㄘᨋ᳓↥╷⎇ⓥᚲ᧲੩
ဈਅᒾ
ਛ࿖ߩㄘ⚻ᷣ⚵❱ߩዷ㐿ߣ┥
㗡ડᬺߦࠃࠆ↥⚵❱ൻㄘᬺㄘද㗴⎇ⓥ╙ ภRR
㤛ノᓢᣩೋ㚏ൎ
ㄘ᳃ኾᬺว⚵❱
⊒ዷ⊛ᓇ㗀࿃⚛㧙ኻᵽᳯ⋭ㄘ᳃ኾᬺว⚵❱⊒ዷ
⁁ត⸛㧙ਛ࿖ㄘ⚻ᷣ ᐕ╙ ᦼRR
Ꮢ႐ൻᡷ㕟ߦࠇߚㄘ᳃ኾᬺㄘ᳃ኾᬺว␠ߪ
Ꮢ႐ߩ┹߆ࠄㄘ᳃ߩ⋉ࠍࠅᚲᓧࠍ⏕ታߦ
Ⴧടߐߖߚߣ߁ታ❣߆ࠄฦㄘ᳃ኾᬺว␠ߩ
ਛߢᦨ߽ㄘኅߩା㗬ࠍᓧߡᡰᜬߐࠇߡࠆㄘ᳃
ኾᬺว␠ߢࠆޔߒ߆ߒޕㄘ᳃ߩ⚵❱ൻߩ⒟ᐲ
ߪଐὼߣߒߡૐޕ
ԙᲑ㓏ߩㄘ᳃ኾᬺว␠ߪ⚻❱⚵ޔ༡ⷙᮨዊ
ߐ⚻❱⚵ޔᷣ⢻ജߩᒙࠬࡆࠨޔౝኈߣᯏ⢻
ߩන৻ൻޔㆇ༡▤ℂߦ߅ߌࠆⷙ▸ᕈߩᰳᅤߥߤߩ
㗴ὐߪሽߔࠆޕỗߒᏒ႐┹ߦኻ᛫ߔࠆߦ
ߪㄘ᳃ኾᬺว␠ߩ⚵❱⥄りߩ⢻ജߩะߣᡷ
㕟ࠍ᳞ࠄࠇࠆޕ
Ԛᐭߩᜰዉߣᡰេߪㄘ᳃ኾᬺว␠ߩᒻᚑ
ߣ⊒ዷߩߚߩ㊀ⷐߥ᧦ઙߢࠆޕ㐳ᦼ⊛ߥ⸘↹
172
ᐔᚑ ᐕᐲ࿖㓙↢␠ળ⎇ⓥࡦ࠲ ⎇ⓥⷐ
࠲࠾ࡗߩࠞࠝࠤࠢࡉߦ߅ߌࠆ
ࡎࠬ࠹ࠬߩᗵᖱഭߣ⡯ᬺ⊛ࠕࠗ࠺ࡦ࠹ࠖ࠹ࠖߦ㑐ߔࠆ৻⠨ኤ
࿖㓙↢␠ળ⎇ⓥࡦ࠲ RA
ᄢቇ㒮࿖㓙ၞቇ⎇ⓥ⑼ ඳ჻ᓟᦼ⺖⒟ ୖ↰ 㚅
A study on hostesses emotional labor and identity
in the Japanese style karaoke club in Thaniya street
⎇ⓥߩⷐ
ߩ㊄㌛ࠍㅍࠅ㗵એߦ⏕ߒߡࠆ⠪߇ࠄ
⎇ⓥ⢛᥊
ࠇ৻ࠆޔߚߞ߁ߎޔቯߩਥᕈࠍᜬߜߥ߇ࠄ
ᢙᄙߊߩᕈᇅᭉᣉ⸳߇┙ߜਗ߱࠲ࠗߩࡃࡦࠦ
ࡎࠬ࠹ࠬഭߦขࠅ⚵ᅚᕈߩ߽ขࠅߍ
ࠢߦࡗ࠾࠲ޔㅢࠅߣ߫ࠇࠆᣣᧄੱኾ↪᱑ᭉⴝ߇
ࠄࠇࠆߴ߈ߛߣ⠨߃ޔ⠨ኤߩኻ⽎ߣߒߡࠆޕ
ሽߔࠆޔߪߎߘޕᣣᧄੱ↵ᕈ߇࠲ࠗੱᅚᕈࠍ⾈ޟ
߁ޠฬߥࠬࡐ࠶࠻ߣߒߡᛒࠊࠇߡ߈ߚ߇╩ޔ⠪
⎇ⓥ⋡⊛
ߩ⺞ᩏߢߪޟߪࡗ࠾࠲ޔᕈ↥ᬺ߁ߣޠᄢ߈ߥᨒ
ᧄ⎇ⓥߩ⋡⊛ߪߣ↢⺀ߩࡗ࠾࠲ޔᣣ♽ડᬺ
⚵ߺߩߺߢߪ⠨ኤߢ߈ߥഭߩ․ᕈ߿ੱ㑆㑐
ߩ࠲ࠗㅴߩ㑐ଥᕈߩࡗ࠾࠲ޔዷ㐿ᄌኈߦߟ
ଥ߇ࠄࠇߚߢࡉࠢࠤࠝࠞߩࡗ࠾࠲ޕߊᅚ
ߡᢛℂߔࠆࠬ࠹ࠬࡎࠆߌ߅ߦࡗ࠾࠲ޔഭߣ
ᕈᓥᬺຬ㧔એਅ ࠬ࠹ࠬࡎޔ㧕ߣᣣᧄੱ↵ᕈቴߪޔ
ઁߩᗵᖱഭࠍ߁ᬺ⒳ߩᲧセࠍⴕࡎࡗ࠾࠲ޔ
ᔅߕߒ߽ᕈⴕὑࠍ⚿߱ࠊߌߢߪߥߊߩߘޔ㑐ଥᕈ
ࠬ࠹ࠬߩ․ᕈࠍឭ␜ߔࠆ࠾࠲ޔߦߣ߽ࠍޔ
ߩߔߴߡ߇㊄㌛⊛⚻ᷣⴕὑߦᏫ⚿ߔࠆ߽ߩߢ߽
ࡗࡎࠬ࠹ࠬߩ⡯ᬺ⊛ࠕࠗ࠺ࡦ࠹ࠖ࠹ࠖࠍዉ߈
ߥߪߜߚࠬ࠹ࠬࡎޔߚ߹ޕᐫౝߢߪᣣᧄᑼߩࡎ
ߔ ߁ߣޔὐߢࠆޕ
ࠬ࠹ࠬഭࠍߎߥߒޟޔធቴࠍޠਥߥᬺോౝኈߣ
࠲࠾ࡗߢߪࡎࠬ࠹ࠬߣ㘈ቴߩ㑆ߢᬺ⊛ᕈ
ߒߡࠆੱࠗ࠲ߚߒ߁ߎޔߒ߆ߒޕᅚᕈߩࡎࠬ࠹
ᷤ߇ⴕࠊࠇߡࠆ⁁߇ࠅߚߒ߁ߘޔᕈ⊛ߥⷐ
ࠬഭߦߟߡ⸒ߒߡࠆ⎇ⓥߪዋߥߊ࠾࠲ޔ
⚛ࠍ൮ߔࠆഭߩ႐วޔਔ⠪ߩ㑆ߢߪ৻⒳ߩࠦ
ࡗࠍᄁ⾈ᤐߩ႐ߣ⟎ߠߌߚߢ⾈ޔᚻ㧔ടኂ
ࡒࡘ࠾ࠤ࡚ࠪࡦ߿ᔟᭉᗵᖱߩߥߤࠍ߁
⠪㧕㧩ᣣᧄੱ↵ᕈޔᄁࠅᚻ㧔ⵍኂ⠪㧕㧩࠲ࠗੱࡎ
ߚߚߒ߁ߎޔ㨬ᕈഭ㨭ߦߪᗵᖱഭߪࠆޔ
ࠬ࠹ࠬ┙߁ߣޔ႐㑐ଥ߆ࠄ⠨ኤࠍߒߡࠆ߽ߩ
ࠤࠕഭേ
߇ࠄࠇࠆ╩ޕ⠪ߪ┙ߚߞ߁ߘޔ႐㑐ଥߩ࿕ቯ
ᓟࠬ࠹ࠬࡎޔഭߛߌߢߥߊࠆߌ߅ߦࡗ࠾࠲ޔ
ൻޟޔࠅ߹ߟޔᄁᤐߦ⪲⸒߁ߣޠᒁ߈ߕࠄࠇࠆ
ᬺ⊛ᕈᷤߣࠤࠕഭⅣႺഭߦ㑐ߔࠆ⼏⺰
ߎߣߦࠃࠅ⪭ߣߒ߇ߜߢߞߚ࠹ࠬࡎࡗ࠾࠲ޔ
ߪขࠅࠇߡߊ੍ቯߢࠆޕ
ࠬߩᗵᖱഭߦ⌕⋡ߒޔᓐᅚߚߜߩࡎࠬ࠹ࠬഭ
߳ߩขࠅ⚵ߺߩታᘒ߿⡯ᬺ⊛ࠕࠗ࠺ࡦ࠹ࠖ࠹ࠖ
⎇ⓥߩᚻᴺ㧔⺞ᩏߦߟߡ㧕
ߩⷐ⚛߇߹ࠇࠆߣ߁⼏⺰߇ࠆޕ
࠲ࠗ⺞ᩏߩᦼ㑆ߪ ޔᐕ ޔ
ࠍࠄ߆ߦߒߚߣ⠨߃ߚޕ
߹ߚޔㄭᐕޔᕈ↥ᬺߦᓥߔࠆ࠲ࠗੱᅚᕈ̆
ᐕ ޔᐕ ޔᐕ ޔ ޔ
ኅᣖߩߚߦᕈ↥ᬺߦりࠍ⪭ߣߔຟࠇߥᅚᕈ̆
ᐕ ᐕ ߢࠅޔ⡞߈ขࠅ⺞ᩏߩ
ߣߪ⇣ߥࠆࠤࠬ߇ߐ߹ߑ߹ߥ⎇ⓥߦࠃࠅޔࠄ
↪⸒⺆ߪ࠲ࠗ⺆ޔ⺆⧷ޔᣣᧄ⺆ߢࠆ⺞ޕᩏኻ
߆ߦߐࠇߡࠆ㨇1F\GTᏒ㊁ᴛ㨉⽎ ޕ⠪ߪ⚻ੱࠗ࠲ߩࡉࠢࠤࠝࠞޔ༡⠪ ฬޔᣣ
࠲࠾ࡗߦ߅ߡߪޔኅᣖ߳ߩㅍࠅߣߪή㑐ଥߥ
ᧄੱࡑࡀࠫࡖ ฬޔᅚᕈ⽿છ⠪ߢࠆࡑࡑޔ
┙႐ߦࠅߥ߇ࠄޔ㜞ࠍᓧࠆߚߦ⥄ࠄࡎࠬ
࠴ࡑࡑ ฬ ⚂ࠬ࠹ࠬࡎޔฬ㧔⍴ᦼ⊛߆ߟ
࠹ࠬࠍㆬ߱⠪߿ޔㅍࠅࠍߒߥ߇ࠄ߽⥄Ꮖᛩ⾗߳
◲ᤃ⊛ߥ⡞߈ขࠅ⺞ᩏ߽ࠆ㧕ޔᣣᧄੱ↵ᕈ㚢
173
ຬ ฬޔᣣᧄੱ↵ᕈⷰశቴ ฬߢࠆᧄޕⓂ
ߥⓨ㑆ߢ↪ࠄࠇߡࠆ࠻ࡌࠗࡊޔ߫߃ޕ
ߢߪޔ㧔ઃ㍳㧕ߦឭ␜ߒߡࠆࡎࠬ࠹ࠬߩ৻ㇱࠍ
ߩੱ㑆㑐ଥߢ⋧ޔᚻࠍᔶࠄߖߥࠃ߁ߦᗵᖱࠍᛥ
ߣߒߡขࠅߍߡࠆޕ
߃ࠆޔㅌዮߥߢ߽ߟ߹ࠄߥߘ߁ߥ㗻ࠍߒߥࠃ
ࠨࡦࡊࡦࠣᣇᴺߪ␠ޔળቇߩ⺞ᩏᚻᴺߦၮߠ
߁ߦᔃ߇ߌࠆߚߞ⾃ࠍ࠻ࡦࡊޔ༑߮ࠍᄢߍߐ
ߊࠬࡁࡏ࡞ࠨࡦࡊࡦࠣߛ߇ޔᣇり⠪ߢ
ߦߔࠆ╬ޔᚒ߽ޘᣣᏱߢήᗧ⼂ߦታ〣ߒߡ
ࠆࡎࠬ࠹ࠬ߇Უ㓸࿅ߢࠆ႐วޔหㇹߩࡎࠬ࠹
ࠆߎߣߥߩߢࠆߥ߁ࠃߩߎޕታ〣ߪੱޔ㑆ߛ߆
ࠬ߇㓸߹ࠅ߿ߔะ߽ߞߚߚࠍࠬࠕࠗࡃޔ
ࠄߎߘน⢻ߥⴕὑߢࠅߩࠄࠇߎޔᗵᖱ▤ℂߩߚ
ᦨዊ㒢ߦᱛࠆߴߊޔりޔᐕ㦂ޔዻᕈ㧔ᇕᆪ
ߦ᳞ࠄࠇߡࠆߩ߇ޔᗵᖱࡢࠢ㧔'OQVKQPCN
ᱧ⛎ޔਈ╬㧕╬߇ಽᢔߔࠆࠃ߁ߦࡦ࠳ࡓߢࡎࠬ
9QTM㧕ߢࠆ*ޕQEJUEJKNF ߦࠃࠆߣޔᗵᖱࡢࠢ
࠹ࠬࠍㆬ߮ޔ⡞߈ขࠅࠍⴕ߁ߎߣ߽ߞߚޕ
ߪޔᗵᖱ▤ℂࠍߔࠆߢߩߘޔ႐ߩ⁁ᴫߦᔕߓߡޔ
⋧ᚻߦᧄ᧪ߩᗵᖱࠍ㓝ߔޟጀṶᛛ㧔5WTHCEG
↪⺆
CEVKPI㧕ޔߣޠᗐജࠍ⤘ࠄ߹ߖ⥄ޔಽ⥄りߩᗵ
ᗵᖱഭ
ᖱߦ⋥ធ߈߆ߌߩߘޔ႐ߦ߰ߐࠊߒᗵᖱࠍᒁ
*QEJUEJKNF ߦࠃࠆᗵᖱഭ㧔'OQVKQPCN.CDQT㧕
߈ߎߔޟᷓጀṶᛛ㧔&GGRCEVKPI㧕
ߩޠ⒳㘃߇
ߩᔨࠍ߹ߣࠆߣޔԘഭࠍឭଏߔࠆ⋧ᚻߣߩ
ࠆߚߒ߁ߎޔߒ߆ߒޕᗵᖱ␠ળቇ㧔'OQVKQPCN
⋧ⴕὑߩਛߢޔԙ⥄ࠄߩኈᆫ߿りࠍޔԚ
5QEKQNQI[㧕߇⚻ߚࠇࠄ߈↢ߩੱޘ㛎㧔.KXGF
ⷰߦޠ⊛ޟኤߢ߈ࠆࠍࠅߖࠆࠃ߁ߦޔ
'ZRGTKGPEG㧕ࠍᛒߞߡߥߣߔࠆᛕ್㧔ጟේ
ԛ⥄ࠄߩᗵⷡࠍ▤ℂߔࠆߎߣߢࠆޕ
㧕߿ߚࠇࠄ߈↢ޔᗵᖱࠍ⑼ቇ⊛ಽᨆࡕ࠺࡞߿
*QEJUEJKNF ߪߩߎޔᗵᖱഭߩౖဳ⊛ߥߣ
⸒⺆⊛᭴ᚑߦಾࠅࠃ߁ߣߔࠆ߇ࠁ߃ߦޔᗵᖱ
ߒߡቴቶਸ਼ോຬߩᬺോࠍขࠅߍޔ⠨ኤࠍⴕߞߡ
␠ળቇ߇ߎ߁ߒߚઍߩᗵᖱᢥൻࠍ߆߃ߞߡᡰ
ࠆޕቴቶਸ਼ോຬߩ႐วߪޔᄙߊߩ㘈ቴࠍᚻߦ
߃ߡߒ߹ߞߡࠆ㧔ፒጊ 㧕ߣ߁ᜰ៰߇ࠆޕ
ࠇࠆߚߩ⾰ࠅࠃޔ㜞ࠨࡆࠬធቴ㧔╉㗻ޔ
㘈ቴ߳ߩኻᔕ㧕ࠍᔃ߇ߌࠆߎߣ߇⥶ޔⓨળ␠ߩᬺ
࠲࠾ࡗࡎࠬ࠹ࠬߩᗵᖱഭߦߟߡ
ോߦ⚵ߺㄟ߹ࠇߡ߅ࠅޔᓐࠄߪ⾓㊄ࠍᓧࠆߚߦޔ
ᗵᖱഭߣᅚᕈഭߩ㑐ଥᕈ
㓹↪ਥ߆ࠄ╉㗻ߩឭଏ߿߰ࠆ߹ࠍ⟵ോઃߌࠄ
ᅚᕈߪ৻⥸⊛ߦ↵ޔᕈࠃࠅ߽ઁੱߩⷐ᳞ߦኻߒ
ࠇߡࠆޕቴቶਸ਼ോຬߪᦨߩࠬࡆࠨߩߘޔ೨✢
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㧔'OQVKQPCN/CPCIGOGPV㧕ߪޠ⊛⑳ޟ߽ߢ߹ߊޔ
174
᧲ධࠕࠫࠕߦ߅ߡߪޔᅚᕈߩ࿖ౝᄖ߳ߩⒿ
߉߇㕖Ᏹߦ⋓ࠎߢࠅߩߘޔᄙߊߪࡔࠗ࠼㧔ኅ
㔀ߥᣣᧄᑼߩࡎࠬ࠹ࠬഭࠍᄖ࿖ੱߢࠆ࠲ࠗ
ഭ㧕⼔⋴ޔ჻ޔᕈഭߥߤ߳ߩᓥߢࠆޕ࿖
ੱᅚᕈߚߜ߇ߎߥߔߎߣߦߪޔᒰ⠪ߩ㑆ߢߒ߫
㓙⊛ߥⷰὐߢߪ᧲ޔධࠕࠫࠕߩᅚᕈ߇ࠤࠕഭߩ
ߒ߫ᚭᖺ߇ࠄࠇࠆޔ⺆⸒ޕᢥൻⴕޔേޔធቴ
ᜂᚻߣߒߡవㅴ࿖߳ޟャ⁁߁ߣࠆࠇߐޠ
ᣇᴺߥߤޟߥ߹ߑ߹ߐߪߜߚࠬ࠹ࠬࡎࡗ࠾࠲ޔ㆑
߇ࠄࠇࠆࠗ࠲ޕ࿖ౝߩࠫࠚࡦ࠳ࡠ࡞ߩ㗴
ࠍޠᶖൻߒߥ߇ࠄࡎࠬ࠹ࠬഭߦᓥߒߡࠆޕ
ߪᩮᒝߊޔᅚᕈߩવ⛔⊛ᓎഀ̆ᆷ߇ⷫࠍᡰ߃ߥߌ
ߘ߁ߞߚਛߢߪߜߚࠬ࠹ࠬࡎޔᣣᧄੱߩⴕേࠍ
ࠇ߫ߌߥߣ߁ᘠ⠌ߣ߁ฬߩᒝᔨ㨇ࡐ
ℂ⸃ߢ߈ߕ⇼ޔࠍᛴ߈ޔℂਇዧߛߣᗵߓ߹ߐޔ
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ߑ߹ߥዪ㕙ߢ⪾⮮ߔࠆߎߣ߇ࠆޕᓐᅚߚߜߦ
㨉ߦࠃࠅޔᅚᕈ߇Ⓧᭂ⊛ߦ⚻ᷣᵴേߦᓥߔ
ߒដ߆ࠆᗵᖱߩࠦࡦ࠻ࡠ࡞ߦߪޔᣣᧄੱߩ⋧ᚻ
ࠆߚߦⒿ߉ࠍߔࠆ⁁߿ࠗ࠲ޔᐭ߇ⷰశ↥
ࠍߔࠆᣣᧄੱࡎࠬ࠹ࠬ߇ᒝࠄࠇࠆߘࠇߣߪ⇣
ᬺࠍផㅴߒߚ㓙ੱࠗ࠲ޔᅚᕈࠍ↵ᕈߩᕈ⊛᰼ᦸߩ
ߥࠆㇱಽ߇ࠆߛࠈ߁ޔߛߚޕ㘈ቴߩਛߦߪᓐᅚ
ኻ⽎ߣߥࠆࠃ߁ߥࡊࡠࡄࠟࡦ࠳ࠍኈߒߡߚ
ߚߜߩߤ߶ࠇߘޔߪߡߟߦޠߒߥߡ߽ޟᄙߊࠍ
㨇࠻࠘࡞ࡦ㨉ߎߣߥߤ߇ߍࠄ
᳞ߡߥߣ߁⁁߽ࠆޔ߫߃ޕ
ᧄޟ႐ޠ
ࠇޔᣣᏱ↢ᵴߦ߅ߡޟᅚᕈߪᒝ߁ߣߤߥޠ
ߢࠆᣣᧄߩ㌁ᐳߢߪޔ㘈ቴ߇ࠢࡉߦⷐ᳞ߔ
ᅚᕈ߇ਥዉᮭࠍីࠆࠃ߁ߥ߇ࠊࠇࠆߎߣ
ࠆ߽ߡߥߒߩᦼᓙᐲߪ㜞ߊߥࠆߛࠈ߁ޕ㌁ᐳࡎࠬ
߇ߞߡ߽ޔ⡯ᬺ⊛ߥᗧߢߩ↵ᅚߩᩰᏅߪᱷߞ
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ߡࠆߩߢࠆߪߦࠗ࠲ޔߚ߹ޕ㓏ጀ␠ળ߇ᧂߛ
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ߦ⦡Ớߊᱷࠅޔንጀߩᅚᕈ߇⽺࿎ጀߩᅚᕈࠍኅ
ߖࠆ߁ߣޔᣣᧄੱ߇ᜬߟ⟤ᓼߩࠃ߁ߥ߽ߩ߳ߩ
ഭ߿⢒ఽߥߤࠍߐߖࠆߚߡߒߣ࠼ࠗࡔޔ㓹
㈩ᘦ߇ᗵߓࠄࠇࠆߪࡗ࠾࠲ޕᣣᧄᑼߩ༡ᬺࠪࠬ࠹
↪ߔࠆࠤࠬ߇ࠄࠇࠆޕᏒ㊁ᴛߪࠧࠧޟޔ
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ࡃࠍᆎߣߔࠆ᧲ධࠕࠫࠕߦ߅ߌࠆⷰశᔒะ
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ߩ࠶ࠢࠬࠢ࠲ߩ㓉⋓߽৻ࠆޔ㕙ߢߪవㅴ
ࠍᗧ⼂ߒߥ߇ࠄ߽ࠃߩޠߐߒࠄੱࠗ࠲ޟࠅߪ߿ޔ
࿖ߦ߅ߡ⥄࿖ߩᅚᕈߚߜߩߺߢߪᜂ߈ࠇߥ
߁ߥ߽ߩ߇⚜߉ߐࠇߡࠆࡗ࠾࠲ߚߞ߁ߘޕ
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࠲࠾ࡗࡎࠬ࠹ࠬߣ㘈ቴߩᗵᖱߩ߿ࠅߣࠅ߆ࠄߪ
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ޠᕈഭࡎࠬ࠹ࠬᬺߦ߅
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ߡޔᓎഀಽᜂߩ⚵ߺࠍ࿑ᑼൻߒߚ႐วޔ㧨ᣣ
ᧄੱᅚᕈ㧩㜞ଔᩰࠨࡆࠬ㧪ޔ㧨࠲ࠗੱᅚᕈ㧩ૐ
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ଔᩰࠨࡆࠬ㧪ߣ߁࿖㓙ಽᬺߩ߇᭴▽ߐ
ߢࡗ࠾࠲ޟߊߥ߁ࠃߩߤ߇ߣߎ߁ߣޠᗧ
ࠇߡࠆߣᜰ៰ߒߡࠆޕ
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ࡗࠍઁߩᕈ↥ᬺᬺ⒳ߣᏅൻߔࠆേ߈߇ߞߚޕ
࠲࠾ࡗߦ߅ߌࠆࡎࠬ࠹ࠬഭߣᗵᖱഭ
ߎߩߎߣߦ㑐ߒߡޔ㕍ጊߪࠞࡢߩࡗ࠾࠲ޡޟ
࠲࠾ࡗߦ߅ߌࠆࡎࠬ࠹ࠬഭߪޔᐫᄖ࠺࠻ߦ
ߢࠆߎޢࠆߢࠞࡢࠬࠢ࠶ޡޔߪߣߎޢ
ࠃࠆᬺ⊛ᕈᷤࠍ㒰߈ޔᣣᧄߢᐫ⥩ဳ༡ᬺࠍⴕ
ߣߩᗧࠍᒁ߈ߍࠆࠆޔᗧ․ߥᗧࠍᜬ
߁࠽ࠗ࠻ࠢࡉߩࡎࠬ࠹ࠬߩᬺോౝኈߣ㘃ૃߒ
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ޔ᳇ߠ߆ߥߤߩᣣᧄ⊛ߥࠨࡆࠬഭߩࡎࠬ
ᢱ㊄⸳ቯ߇㜞ߊޔᣣᧄੱߩߺࠍ⋧ᚻߦߔࠆⓨ㑆ߢ
ࡇ࠲࠹ࠖᕈߪޔᣣᧄ࿖ౝߩࡎࠬ࠹ࠬᬺോߣᄢ߈
ࠆߚޔᣣᧄੱߦᅢ߹ࠇࠆኈᆫߢޔᣣᧄ⺆ࠍ
ߥ㆑ߪήߛࠈ߁ߘޔߡ߅ߦࠗ࠲ޔߒ߆ߒޕ
ߔߎߣ߇ߢ߈ߥߣߌߥ߇ࠫࡔࠗ߁ߣޔ
߁ߞߚࡎࠬ࠹ࠬഭߪ㚔ᨴߺߩή߽ߩߢ
వⴕߒߡࠆㇱಽ߇ࡃࡦࠦࠢߩਛߢ߽ዋߥ߆ࠄ
ࠅޔߪߜߚࠬ࠹ࠬࡎੱࠗ࠲ޔᣣᧄੱࡑࡑ߿ᣣᧄੱ
ߕࠅޔߚ߹ޔᕈ↥ᬺᬺ⇇ߩਛߢ߽㧨㧪ޔ
ࡑࡀࠫࡖߥߤ߆ࠄᬺോࠍቇ߮ޔᣣ߹ߢ࠲࠾
ࠆߪ㧨㜞⚖ߥᚲ㧪ߣߒߡᝒ߃ࠄࠇߡࠆ▵߇
ࡗߩࡎࠬ࠹ࠬഭࠍⓍߺ㊀ߨߡ߈ߚⶄߚߒ߁ߎޕ
ࠆޠޕ
㨇ୖ↰㨉ߣ߁⁁߇ࠆ߁ߎޕ
175
ߒߚ࠲ࠗᕈ↥ᬺߩਛߩᩰઃߌ⊛ߥⷐ⚛ߪޔᓐᅚߚ
ኻߒߡኻੱ⊛ߥࡎࠬࡇ࠲࠹ࠖᕈࠍ⊒ើߔࠆഭߩߎߣߢࠆޕ
ߜߩ࠲࠾ࡗࡎࠬ࠹ࠬߣߒߡߩࡊࠗ࠼ࠍ⏕┙ߐ
ߎࠇࠄߪ⼔⋴ޔ჻ߥߤߩක≮⼔㑐ଥߩ⡯⒳߇ᒰߡߪ߹ࠅ␠ޔ
ߖࠆߣหᤨߦ␠ࠗ࠲ޔળߩਛߢ⥄ಽߚߜߪߒߡ
ળቇߢߪޟᗲߩഭ㧔㪣㪸㪹㫆㫉㩷 㫆㪽㩷 㪣㫆㫍㪼㧕ߣޠ߫ࠇߡࠆޔߛߚޕ
㧨㧪ߦ⟎ߠߌࠄࠇࠆߎߣߪߥߣ߁␠
ᕈഭߣᗵᖱഭࠤࠕഭߩႺ⇇ߪ㕖Ᏹߦᦌᤒߢࠅޔᕈ⊛ߥ
ળ⊛ታߣߩ᛬ࠅวߦ❬߇ߞߡࠆޔߚߒ߁ߎޕ
ⷐ⚛߇⛊ߎߣߢห╬ߦᛒ߁ߎߣ߇ߢ߈ߥߣ߁⁁߇ࠆޕ
࠲࠾ࡗࠍൻߔࠆࡎࠬ࠹ࠬߩᗧ⼂ߪࡗ࠾࠲ޔએ
ᄖࠍ㧨ਅ㧪ߣߔࠆߎߣߢᚑࠅ┙ߞߡࠆߩߎޕ
ޣෳ⠨ᒁ↪ᢥ₂ޤ
ᗧ⼂ߪޟޔታߣߩ᛬ࠅวࠍߟߌࠆ߽ߩߚޠ
㕍ጊ⮍ 㪉㪇㪇㪎㪅߆⺕ߪߣޠࠞࡢࠬࠢ࠶ޟޡ㧦⒖ᕈഭ
ߩߢߪࠆ߇ޔᕈ↥ᬺߩਛߢߩ⥄りߩ┙႐ࠍఝ
ੱりขᒁߩ᭴ㅧߣ⚻㛎 ޢᄢᦠᐫޕ㩷
ߦ⟎ߠߌࠆߚߩ߽ߩߢ߽ࠆߣ⠨߃ࠄࠇࠆޕ
ࡉࡦ࠴ࡖࠢࠪޔ
ࡢ࠹ࠖ࠾㧘ࠥࠬ࠻ޔ
ࡈࠖ࠶ࡊ 㪉㪇㪇㪇㨇㪈㪐㪐㪏㨉㪅
ߎ߁ߞߚᏅൻߪޔᣣᧄߢ߽ࠄࠇࠆߎߣߢ
ࠆߌ߅ߦࠗ࠲ޟᄁ⾈ᤐ ޠᵤ↰ߐߊ߹ࠁߺߎ㧘ઁ㧔⸶㧕
ࠅޔᩰᑼ߇ࠆ㧛ߥޔ㜞ଔ㧛ଔޔᕈ⊛ߥࠨ
ࡓࡦࡦޔ㧔✬㧕
ޡ
↥ޠࠬࠢ࠶ޟᬺ㧦᧲ධࠕࠫࠕߦ߅ߌ
ࡆࠬࠍⴕ߁㧛ⴕࠊߥ⇟ᧄޔ㧔ᕈⴕὑߦ߱߆ߤ
ࠆᄁ⾈ᤐߩ⢛᥊ޢᣣᧄഭ⎇ⓥᯏ᭴ 㫇㫇㪅㪈㪏㪎㪄㪉㪋㪈ޕ㩷
߁߆㧕ࠅ㧛ߥߒࠍߣߎߥ߁ࠃ߁ߣޔၮḰߦޔ
᱑ᭉⴝߢߊᅚᕈߚߜߪᬺ⒳㑆ߢߩᏅൻࠍή
㪚㫆㪿㪼㫅㪃㩷㪜㫉㫀㪺㩷㪈㪐㪐㪍㪅 㪫㪿㪸㫀㩷㫋㫆㫌㫉㫀㫊㫄㪑㩷㪟㫀㫃㫃㩷㫋㫉㫀㪹㪼㫊㪃㩷㫀㫊㫃㪸㫅㪻㫊㩷㪸㫅㪻㩷㫆㫇㪼㫅㪄㪼㫅㪻㪼㪻㩷
㫇㫉㫆㫊㫋㫀㫋㫌㫋㫀㫆㫅㪃㩷㪮㪿㫀㫋㪼㩷㪣㫆㫋㫌㫊㪅㩷 㩷
ᗧ⼂ߦⴕߞߡࠆࠗ࠲ޕᕈ↥ᬺߩਛߢ߽หߓࠃ߁
Ꮢ㊁ᴛẢᐔ 㪉㪇㪇㪊㪅⚻ߩࡃࠧࠧޡ༡ੱ㘃ቇ㧦ࡃࡦࠦࠢਛᔃ
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ㇱߦ߅ߌࠆ࠶ࠢࠬ࠷࠭ࡓߦ㑐ߔࠆᓸⷞ⊛⎇ⓥޕࠎߎޢ㩷
ߣ߇ផ᷹ߐࠇߩߘߪࡗ࠾࠲ޔਛߢ߽㧨㧪ߢ
㪟㫆㪺㪿㫊㪺㪿㫀㫃㪻㪃㩷 㪘㪅㪩㪅㩷 㪈㪐㪏㪊㪅㩷 㪫㪿㪼㩷 㪤㪸㫅㪸㪾㪼㪻㩷 㪟㪼㪸㫉㫋㪑㩷 㪚㫆㫄㫄㪼㫉㪺㫀㪸㫃㫀㫑㪸㫋㫀㫆㫅㩷 㫆㪽㩷
ࠆߚޔᅚᕈߚߜߩࡊࠗ࠼߿⡯ᬺ⊛ࠕࠗ࠺ࡦ࠹
㪟㫌㫄㪸㫅㩷㪝㪼㪼㫃㫀㫅㪾㪃㩷㪬㫅㫀㫍㪼㫉㫊㫀㫋㫐㩷㫆㪽㩷㪚㪸㫃㫀㪽㫆㫉㫅㫀㪸㩷㪧㫉㪼㫊㫊㪅㩷 㩷
ࠖ࠹ࠖ߇ᒻᚑߐࠇ߿ߔ⁁ᴫߦ㆐ߒߡࠆ
ᣣਅ㓁ሶ 㪉㪇㪇㪇㪅␠ߩࡗ࠾࠲ޡળቇޕࠎߎޢ㩷
ߣ⠨߃ߡࠆޕ
ୖ↰㚅 㪉㪇㪈㪈㪅㩷 ޟᣣᧄੱኾ↪᱑ᭉⴝߩޠࡗ࠾࠲ޟᄌኈ㧙ࡎࠬ࠹
ࠬߚߜߩഭ⚻㛎ߦ⌕⋡ߒߡ㧙ޠ
ޡᐕႎ࠲ࠗ⎇ⓥ ╙ޢ㪈㪈 ภ ᣣ
࠲࠾ࡗߦ߅ߌࠆᗵᖱഭߩᓟߩขࠅ⚵ߺ
ᧄ࠲ࠗቇળ 㫇㫇㪅㪍㪌㪄㪏㪎ޕ㩷
ᓟߩ⺖㗴ߪޔᗵᖱഭߩઍ⊛ߥߣߒߡ
᧻↰ߐ߅ࠅ 㪉㪇㪇㪈㪅ޡᗵᖱഭߩ␠ળቇ⊛⎇ⓥ㧦ࡎࠬ࠹ࠬഭࠍ
ขࠅߍࠄࠇࠆቴቶਸ਼ോຬ⼔⋴ޔ჻ޔߚ߹ޔᣣᧄ
ߣߔࠆෳਈⷰኤ߮ࠗࡦ࠲ࡆࡘࠍਛᔃߣߒߚ⾰⊛ಽᨆޢ
ߩࡎࠬ࠹ࠬߣ࠲࠾ࡗࡎࠬ࠹ࠬߩኻᲧࠍⴕߥ߇
ਛᄩᄢቇᄢቇ㒮ᢥቇ⎇ⓥ⑼ୃ჻⺰ᢥޕ㩷
ࠄޔᓐࠄߣ࠲࠾ࡗࡎࠬ࠹ࠬߩㅢὐ㧛Ꮕ⇣ࠍ⠨ኤ
㪦㪻㫑㪼㫉㪃㩷 㪚㫃㪼㫆㩷 㪈㪐㪐㪇㪅 㪧㪸㫋㫇㫆㫅㪾㩷 㫇㫉㫆㫊㫋㫀㫋㫌㫋㫀㫆㫅㪑㩷 㪠㫋㫊㩷 㫉㪼㫃㪸㫋㫀㫆㫅㫊㪿㫀㫇㩷 㫋㫆㪃㩷 㪸㫅㪻㩷
ߒߩࠬ࠹ࠬࡎࠆߌ߅ߦࡗ࠾࠲ޔᗵᖱഭߣߪߤ߁
㪼㪽㪽㪼㪺㫋㩷㫆㫅㪃㩷㫋㪿㪼㩷㫇㫆㫊㫀㫋㫀㫆㫅㩷㫆㪽㩷㫎㫆㫄㪼㫅㩷㫀㫅㩷㪫㪿㪸㫀㩷㫊㫆㪺㫀㪼㫋㫐㪃㩷 㪬㫅㫇㫌㪹㫃㫀㫊㪿㪼㪻㩷㪧㪿㪛㩷
ߞߚ߽ߩߥߩ߆ޔ㘈ቴࠍᣣᧄੱߦ㒢ቯߔࠆߎߣ
㫋㪿㪼㫊㫀㫊㩷㫊㫌㪹㫄㫀㫋㫋㪼㪻㩷㫋㫆㩷㪥㪼㫎㩷㪪㪺㪿㫆㫆㫃㩷㪽㫆㫉㩷㪪㫆㪺㫀㪸㫃㩷㪩㪼㫊㪼㪸㫉㪺㪿㪅㩷
߇ᓐᅚߚߜߩഭߦߤߩࠃ߁ߥᓇ㗀ࠍ߽ߚࠄߒ
̆̆̆̆̆㩷 㩷 㪈㪐㪐㪋㪅 㪧㪸㫋㫇㫆㫅㪾㩷 㫊㫀㫊㫋㪼㫉㫊㪑㩷 㪘㫅㩷 㪘㫄㪼㫉㫀㪺㪸㫅㩷 㫎㫆㫄㪼㫅̉㫊㩷 㫍㫀㪼㫎㩷
ߡࠆߩ߆⇣․ߩߘޔᕈ߿⁛⥄ᕈࠍ⏕ൻߒߡ
㫆㪽㩷㫋㪿㪼㩷㪙㪸㫅㪾㫂㫆㫂㩷㫊㪼㫏㩷㫎㫆㫉㫃㪻㪃㩷㪘㫉㪺㪸㪻㪼㩷㪧㫌㪹㫃㫀㫊㪿㫀㫅㪾㩷㪸㫅㪻㩷㪙㫃㫌㪼㩷㪤㫆㫆㫅㩷㪙㫆㫆㫂㫊㪅㩷
ߊߎߣߢࠆߩࠬ࠹ࠬࡎࡗ࠾࠲ޔߪߦࠄߐޕ⡯ᬺ
ጟේᱜᐘ 㪈㪐㪐㪏㪅̆ࠬ࠻ࠢࠚࡈࠕࡕࡎޡᗵᖱ␠ળቇ⊛ߦ⥄Ꮖ
⊛ࠕࠗ࠺ࡦ࠹ࠖ࠹ࠖ߇ߩઁޔᗵᖱഭ⊛㕙ࠍ
ߔࠆޢ⇇ᕁᗐ␠ޕ㩷
ᜬߟᬺ⒳ߣᲧߴ․ߥ߁ࠃߩߤޔᕈࠍᜬߞߡࠆߩ
ࡐࡦࡄࠗ࠴࠶࠻ ࠢࠬࡄޔ㪈㪐㪐㪇㪅ޢ࡞ࠟࠫࠨ࠶ࡑޡหᢥ㙚ޕ㩷
߆ౕޔ⊛ߥࠍឭ␜ߔࠆߎߣߢࠆ ޕ
ፒጊᴦ↵㩷 㪉㪇㪇㪎㪅 ޟᗵᖱ␠ળቇߣ߁ജ̆ߚࠇࠄ߈↢ޟᗵᖱޠ
ࠍߋߞߡޠ㩷 ┙ޡ㙚↥ᬺ␠ળቇ⺰㓸ޢ㩷 ╙ 㪋㪊㩷 Ꮞ㩷 ╙ 㪊 ภޕ㩷
ޣᵈޤ
࠻࠘࡞ࡦ ࡓ࠳ࡦ࠲ޔ㪈㪐㪐㪊㩷 㨇㪈㪐㪐㪇㨉㪅 ޡᄁᤐ㧦ᕈഭߩ␠ળ
㪈㪀㩷 ࠲࠾ࡗߪ⺀↢ᒰೋޔ㌁ᐳߩࠢࡉ╬ࠍࠗࡔࠫߒޔ༡ᬺࠪࠬ
᭴ㅧߣ࿖㓙⚻ᷣ ޢ⍹ᦠᐫޕ㩷
࠹ࡓ߿ᅚᕈᓥᬺຬߩធቴࠍࠦࡇߒߡࠆߚ⎇ᧄޔⓥߢߪ↵ޔ
ᕈቴࠍ߽ߡߥߔᅚᕈᓥᬺຬ㧩ࡎࠬ࠹ࠬߣ߁ᗧߢߎߩ⺆ฏࠍ
↪ߒߡࠆޕ㩷
㪉㪀㩷 ࠤࠕഭߣ߁ᔨߦߟߡޔ⏕ߥቯ⟵ߪή߇ߩߎޔ႐
ว↢ߩੱઁޔᵴߦ߅ߌࠆ⡺⊛♖⊛ߥߩ⛽ᜬޔჇㅴߦ
176
ᐔᚑ ᐕᐲ࿖㓙↢␠ળ⎇ⓥࡦ࠲ ⎇ⓥⷐ
ⷰశࠠࡖࡦࠣࠠࡖࡄࠪ࠹ࠖߦ㑐ߔࠆ⎇ⓥ
࿖㓙↢␠ળ⎇ⓥࡦ࠲ RA
ᄢቇ㒮࿖㓙ၞቇ⎇ⓥ⑼ ඳ჻ᓟᦼ⺖⒟ ᒛ ඳ
Study of Tourism Carrying Capacity (TCC)
ߪߓߦ
ᐕ߆ࠄᆎ߹ߞߚਛ࿖ߩ 㧘 ߩࠧ
ᣣߦ߅ߡ㧘ੱ⊛⒖േߦࠃࠆ࿖㓙ⷰశੱญߩ
࡞࠺ࡦ࠙ࠖࠢߪ㧘ભᣣ߇㓸ਛߔࠆߎߣߦࠃߞߡ
ⷙᮨ߇ᕆㅦߦᄢߐࠇߡ㧘 ♿ߪੱ㘃ߩᄢᵹ
ⷰశ߿ㅢᯏ㑐ߥߤㆊߥ⽶⩄߇߆߆ࠅ㧘ᴦ
ᤨઍߛߣࠊࠇࠆ߶ߤ㧘ⷙᮨߦᐢ߇ࠅ㧘ߘࠇ
ߩᖡൻ㧘ⷰశቴḩ⿷ᐲߩ㒠ਅߥߤߩ␠ળ㗴߇ᄙ
ߦࠃߞߡ㧘⊒↢ߒߚ␠ળ⊛㧘⚻ᷣ⊛ߥߤߩ⻉ലᨐ
⊒ߐࠇߡࠆ߫߃ޕ㧘 ᐕ ᣣ߆ࠄ ߇߽ߚࠄߐࠇࠆޕ
ᣣ߹ߢߩ࿖ᘮ▵㧔ᑪ࿖⸥ᔨᣣ㧕ߩޟ㤛㊄ㅳ㑆ޠ
㧔ᄢ
ߒ߆ߒ㧘ၞ߹ߚߪ࿖ߩⷰశߩ⾗Ḯߣⓨ㑆ߪ
ဳㅪભ㧕ߦ㧘ർ੩Ꮢߦߪᑧߴ ਁੱߩᣏⴕቴ߇
ౣ↢ਇน⢻ߥ߽ߩߢ㧘৻ቯߩⷰశੱญ㊂ࠍ⸵ኈߔ
ߒነߖ㧔ർ੩Ꮢભᣣᬺോᜰዉࠣ࡞ࡊߩ࠺࠲
ࠆฃኈജ㧔ࠊࠁࠆࠠࡖࡦࠣࠠࡖࡄࠪ࠹ࠖ㧕
ߦࠃࠆ㧕
㧘ᤓᐕหᦼࠃࠅⷰశੱᢙ߇ 㧑Ⴧ߃ࠆߩ
߇ࠆߪߕߢࠆⷰޕశኻ⽎ߩᬺ⠪ߪⷰశੱ
ߢ㧘ࠢࡂ㧘ᵆߥߤߩ‽⟋ઙᢙ߽ 㧑ߒ
ญߩჇടߦࠃࠅ㧘ⷰశ⚻ᷣᝄ⥝ࠍᦼᓙߔࠆ߇㧘ᔅ
ߚߟ৻߁߽ޕ㧘 ᐕ ᣣ߆ࠄหᐕ ߕߒ߽ⷰశੱญߩჇട߇ή㒢ߢᄙߌࠇ߫ᄙ
ᣣ߹ߢਛ࿖ᶏߢ㐿߆ࠇߚ࿖㓙ඳⷩળߪ⚥⸘
߶ߤ⦟ࠊߌߢߪߥޕฃߌࠇߚⷰశੱญ߇ㆡ
႐⠪ᢙ߇ ਁੱߦ㆐ߒ㧘ผᦨᄙߣߥߞߚޕ
ᱜߥฃኈ▸࿐㧔ⷰశࠠࡖࡦࠣࠠࡖࡄࠪ࠹ࠖ㧕
ߒ߆ߒ㧘৻ᣣߩ႐⠪߇චਁੱࠍ߃㧘․ߦᦨ
ࠍ߃ࠆߣ㧘ⅣႺ⎕უ㧘↢ᘒᖡൻ㧘ⷰశቴḩ⿷ᐲ
ᓟߩ ࡩ㑆ߦᦨᄙ৻ᣣߦ ਁੱߦ㆐ߒ㧘ฦ࠹
ߩ㒠ਅߥߤߩࡑࠗ࠽ࠬലᨐࠍ߆ࠇߑࠆࠍᓧߥ
ࡑ㙚೨ߦᓙߟੱߚߜߪ㐳Ⱜߩߢࠅ㧘ੱ᳇ߩ
⁁ᘒߦߐࠄߐࠇ߿ߔޕ
ਛ࿖㙚㧘ᣣᧄ㙚㧘⍹ᴤ㙚ߥߤ 㧘 ᤨ㑆ᓙߟᔅⷐ
ⷰశߩࠠࡖࡦࠣࠠࡖࡄࠪ࠹ࠖߪⷰశ⥄
߇ࠆߩߢ㧘
ޟᄢᄌ∋ࠇߚޠ
ޟਛ࿖㙚߇✊㤀㧘⿷߇
ὼⅣႺߛߌߢߥߊ㧘ⷰశ␠ળⅣႺ߿ⷰశࡂ
∩ ⷰ ߣ ޠశ ቴ ߩ ਇ ḩ ࠍ ⸷ ߃ ࠆ 㧔 ᦺ ᣣ ᣂ ⡞
࠼ࠗࡦࡈߥߤߊߟߩኈജߣ߁ⷐ࿃߇
㧕
ޕ
ࠄࠇߡࠆߡߞ߇ߚߒޕ㧘ᓟ㧘ធ⛯น⢻ߥⷰ
ฃኈ▸࿐ࠍ߃ߡᄙߔ߉ࠆⷰశቴߪⷰశᢥ
శ⊒ዷߩߚߦⷰశߩࠠࡖࡦࠣࠠࡖࡄࠪ࠹
ൻ⽷ߩ⎕უߦࠃࠅⷰశ⚻ᷣߦࡑࠗ࠽ࠬലᨐࠍ
ࠖߦ㑐ߔࠆ⎇ⓥࠍⴕ߁ߎߣ߇ᕆോߢߪߥ߆ߣ
ߊᕟࠇ߇ࠆ߫߃ޕ㧘ർ੩Ꮢᶏᶰߦࠆᷡ
ᕁࠊࠇࠆޕ
ᦺᤨઍߩ㔌ችߩߢߪ㧘৻⥸㐿એ᧪㧘ᄙߔ
߉ࠆⷰశቴ߇ߒነߖ㧘ⷰశቴࠃࠆㆮ〔߳ߩ⊓ᡕ㧘
㧞㧚⎇ⓥ⢛᥊
⎕უߥߤߩⴕὑ߇㗫⊒ߒ㧘ᢥൻ⽷ࠍ⎕უߔࠆ㗴
㧞㧝 ᧄ⎇ⓥߩታ⊛⢛᥊
߇߭ߤߊߥࠆޕᶏᶰ⛔⸘ዪዪ㐳ሹ❥ጺߪ㧘
ᐕޘᄢߒߡࠆ⇇ోߩⷰశᣏⴕੱญ㧘․
ޟᐕ߹ߢߦߦⷰశቴߩ⎕უߦࠃࠅᢥ
ߦㄭᐕỗჇߒߡࠆ⊒ዷㅜ࿖ߩਛ࿖㧘ࠗࡦ࠼㧘
‛⼔ߩ⾌↪ߪ ం߆߆ࠅ㧘ᒰᐭߩ⚻ᷣ⽶
ࡠࠪࡗ㧘ࡉࠫ࡞ߥߤߩⷰశੱญߦࠃߞߡ㧘ߦ
ᜂ߽㊀ࠆ⺆ߣޠ㧔ർ੩㕍ᐕႎ 㧕
ޕ
ਛ࿖ߛߌߢߥߊ㧘ฦ࿖ߩ৻ㇱߩⷰశߦߪߔߢߦ
ⷰశቴߪⷰశߩฃኈ▸࿐ࠍ߃ࠆߣ㧘ౣ↢ਇ
ⷰశߩࠠࡖࡦࠣࠠࡖࡄࠪ࠹ࠖߩㆊߦࠃࠅ㧘
น⢻ߥⷰశ↢ᘒⅣႺߩ⎕უࠍߊᕟࠇ߇ࠆޕ
␠ળ㧘⚻ᷣ㧘ⅣႺ╬ߩ᭽ߥޘ㗴߇↢ߓߡࠆޕ
߃߫㧘ਛ࿖㔕ධ⋭㤀ᳯᏒ߆ࠄ ࠠࡠ㔌ࠇߚ႐
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ߛ߇㧘߹ߢߩ⎇ⓥᚑᨐ߇೨ᢥߢㅀߴߚࠃ߁ߦ㧘
ߒߚ߇ߞߡ㧘ᄢಾߥⷰశ⾗Ḯࠍ⼔ߒ㧘ធ⛯
ℂ⺰⊛ߥᲑ㓏ߦ⇐߹ߞߡࠆ߽ߩ߇ᄙߊ㧘ታ⸽⊛
น⢻ߥ⦟ᓴⅣဳၞ⚻ᷣߣోᔃߥ␠ળⅣႺ
⎇ⓥߪߘ߁ᄙߊߥ⎇ᧄޕⓥߪℂ⺰⊛ߥ⁁ࠍᛠ
ࠍ᭴▽ߔࠆߚߦ㧘ㆡᱜߥⷰశߩࠠࡖࡦࠣ
ីߔࠆߩߺߢߪߥߊ㧘ߘߩࠃ߁ߥℂ⺰ࠍᔕ↪ߒ㧘
ࠠࡖࡄࠪ࠹ࠖࠍ᷹ቯߒ㧘ߘߒߡ㧘⸵ኈ⢻ജߦᔕߓ
ߡㆡᱜⷙᮨߥⷰశߦኻߒߡ⎇ⓥࠍⴕ߁ᔅⷐ߇
ᬌ⸽ߒࠃ߁ߣߔࠆޕ
ࠆޕ
㧟⎇ⓥ⋡⊛
␠ޔળ⾗Ḯ㒢ᕈߩ⁁ߦࠃߞߡⷰޔశߪ
ࠆ⒟ᐲߩࠠࡖࡦࠣࠠࡖࡄࠪ࠹ࠖ߇ࠆߪߕ
㧞㧞 ᧄ⎇ⓥߩቇⴚ⊛⢛᥊
ⷰశߪ࠺ࠖࡦࠣ↥ᬺߣߒߡ㊀ⷐⷞߐࠇࠆ
ߢࠆ⚻ޔ߅ߥޕᷣ⊒ዷੱޔญⷙᮨߩᄢޘੱޔ
ࠃ߁ߦߥࠅ㧘ੱߩޘ㑐ᔃߦߥߞߡ߈ߚߒ߆ߒޕ㧘
ᶖ⾌േะߩᄌൻߥߤߦࠃࠅⷰޔశᬺ⇇ߦ߽ᄢ߈ߥ
৻ᣇߢߪⷰశߦኻߔࠆቇ⊛ߥ⎇ⓥ߇߹ࠅㅴ
ᄌ㕟߇߈ߡࠆⴕޕേᣇᑼ߿ⷰశേᯏ߿ⷰశ㗄
ࠎߢߥߩ߇⁁ߢߪߥߛࠈ߁߆ߦ․ޕ㧘ⷰ
⋡ߥߤߪߛࠎߛࠎᄌߞߡߊࠆޔߦ․ޕㄭᐕޔធ⛯
శᵴേࠍⴕ߁ࡅ࠻ߦ㑐ߒߡ㧘․ߦᧄ⎇ⓥߢขࠅ
น⢻ࠍ⢛᥊ߣߒߡߩࠛࠦ࠷࠭ࡓ࠷ࡦࠣޔ
ߍࠆⷰశࠠࡖࡦࠣࠠࡖࡄࠪ࠹ࠖߩ⎇ⓥᚑᨐ
࠭ࡓߥߤᣂߒⷰశ㗄⋡ߩ㐿⊒ߦࠃߞߡ࠹ࡎޔ
߇ᣣᧄߢߪ㧘ᄢ㔐ጊ࿖┙㧔ᗲ↲ື 㧕
㧘
࡞⥄ޔὼޔᇅᭉ㗄⋡࠼ࡦ࠙ࡃ࠼ࡢ࠻࠙ࠕޔ
⊕ጊ࿖┙㧔⟤㚍⑲ᄦ 㧕ߥߤ․ቯߩ⥄ὼ
㧔1WVYCTF$QWPF㧕ߥߤવ⛔⊛ߛߌߢߥߊᤨޔઍ
߅ࠃ߮⦼↢㧔ㄭ⮮ਃ㓶㧘ઁ 㧕㧘ࠠࡖ
ߩ࠾࠭ߦวࠊߖࠆⷰశ㗄⋡ߪ৻ⷰశߦ㓸߹
ࡦࡊ႐㧔ᗲ↲ື 㧕㧘ㇺᏒࡎ࠹࡞㧔ጊᧄෘ
ߞߡࠆᤨޔߡߞ߇ߚߒޕઍㅴൻࠃࠅⷰశ⥄
ᢥ 㧕㧘⊓ጊᱠ㧔೨ਛਭⴕ 㧕ߥߤ
ᯏ⢻ߩᄌൻߦᔕߓࠆⷰశࠠࡖࡦࠣࠠࡖࡄࠪ
㓸࿅ᣉ⸳ߩኈജࠍኻ⽎ߣߒߚએᄖߦߪ㧘ߘࠇ
࠹ࠖߩ⎇ⓥߪᔅⷐߢࠆޕ
৻ᣇⷰޔశࠠࡖࡦࠣࠠࡖࡄࠪ࠹ࠖߩ⎇ⓥ
߶ߤᄙߊߪߺࠄࠇߥޕ
ߘߩኻߦⷰశ߇⋓ࠎߦⴕࠊࠇࠆ᰷☨ߢߪⷰ
ߪ⥄ὼⅣႺߩኈജߛߌߢߥߊⷰޔశ᳃ᔃℂ
శࠠࡖࡦࠣࠠࡖࡄࠪ࠹ࠖߦ㑐ߔࠆ⎇ⓥߪⷰ
ߣ߁ᔃℂቇⷰޔశ⠪ⴕേℂ⺰ߣ߁ᶖ⾌⠪ⴕേ
శ ߩ⊒ዷߦ ߞߡ ዷ㐿ߐ ࠇߡࠆ ߫ ߃ޕ㧘
ቇⷰޔశ⚻ᷣኈജߣ߁⚻ᷣቇⷰޔశ␠ળ
*CTFKP)᳁ߩޟ%WNVWTCNECTT[KPIECRCEKV[C
ⅣႺߣ߁␠ળቇߥߤࠈࠈߥᮮᢿ⊛ߥቇ⑼
DKQNQIKECNCRRTQCEJVQJWOCPRTQDNGOU&ޠCKN[
⎇ⓥࠍࠎߢࠆޔ߃ࠁࠇߘޕᄙⷺ⊛ⷞ㊁߆ࠄޔ
178
ⷰశࠠࡖࡦࠣࠠࡖࡄࠪ࠹ࠖ⎇ⓥࠍⴕ߁ߎߣ
P.R.᳁ߩޟSocioeconomic equity, sustainability, and
ߪᄢಾߛߣᕁ߁ޕ
Earth’s carrying ECRCEKV[⺰߁ߣޠᢥߪ↢‛‛ℂ
ᧄ⎇ⓥߢߪߎߩࠃ߁ߥ⁁ࠍ〯߹߃ߚ߁߃ߢ㧘
ࠠࡖࡦࠣࠠࡖࡄࠪ࠹ࠖ㧘ᢥൻࠠࡖࡦࠣࠠ
ⷰశߩធ⛯น⢻ߥ⊒ዷߩߚߦ㧘ᣢሽ⎇ⓥ߆ࠄᓧ
ࡖࡄࠪ࠹ࠖ㧘␠ળࠠࡖࡦࠣࠠࡖࡄࠪ࠹ࠖߩਃ
ߚ⍮ࠍᢛℂߔࠆߢⷰశߩࠠࡖࡦࠣࠠࡖ
ߩᔨࠍឭߒߚ◲ޕනߦ⸒߃߫㧘߹ߢ㧘ᧄᢥ
ࡄࠪ࠹ࠖᔨࠍࠄ߆ߦߒ㧘ߘߒߡ㧘ⷰశߩࠠ
ߦ㑐ߔࠆ⎇ⓥᚑᨐߪ࿑␜ 㨪࿑␜ ߢ✚⚿ߒߚޕ
ࡖࡦࠣࠠࡖࡄࠪ࠹ࠖߊߟߩᓇ㗀ⷐ࿃ࠍⓥ
ߒޔ᷹ቯߣ੍᷹ࡕ࠺࡞ࠍ᭴▽ߒ㧘ౕ⊛ߥⷰశ
ࠠࡖࡦࠣࠠࡖ
↢‛ቇߣ↢ᘒቇ
ࠍኻ⽎ߣߒߡᬌ⸽ߔࠆߎߣࠍ⋡⊛ߣߔࠆޕ
ࡄࠪ࠹ࠖߩᔕ↪
ᔕ↪↢ᘒቇ
ੱญ↢ᘒቇ
㧟⎇ⓥߩᚻᴺ
ಽ㘃㧔✚㧕
࿑ ࠠࡖࡦࠣࠠࡖࡄࠪ࠹ࠖߩᔕ↪ಽ㘃㧔✚㧕
ᧄ⎇ⓥߩᚻᴺߪ㧘ᄢ߈ߊ ߟߦಽߌࠆߎߣ߇ߢ
߈ࠆޕ
․ᱶታ⸽ࠠࡖࡄࠪ࠹ࠖ
╙ ߦ㧘ᣢሽ⎇ⓥࠍᬌ⸛ߒ㧘ᣂߚߥ⍮ࠍዉ߈
ߛߒ㧘ⷰశࠠࡖࡦࠣࠠࡖࡄࠪ࠹ࠖߩℂ⺰
บࠍ⏕┙ߔࠆߎߣߢࠆޕ
╙ ߦ㧘ⷰశࠠࡖࡦࠣࠠࡖࡄࠪ࠹ࠖᓇ㗀
ⷐ࿃ࠍᬌ⸛ߒߡ⹏ଔᜰᮡࠍ⏕ቯߒ㧘᷹ቯࡕ࠺࡞ࠍ
᭴▽ߒࠃ߁ߣ⠨߃ߡࠆޕ
╙ ߦ㧘ࠕࡦࠤ࠻⺞ᩏߢᓧࠄࠇߚᖱႎߣ࠺
⎇ⓥ
ᣇᴺ
৻⥸ታ⸽ࠠࡖࡄࠪ࠹ࠖ
ℂ⺰ታ⸽ࠠࡖࡄࠪ࠹ࠖ
࿑ 2 ࠠࡖࡦࠣࠠࡖࡄࠪ࠹ࠖߩ⎇ⓥᣇᴺಽ㘃
⥄ὼ⾗Ḯ㧔ⅣႺ㧕ߪੱญߦኻߔ
ࠆࠠࡖࡦࠣ䯂 ȵɫəȿɎȫ
ȵɫɲɻȸ
䯂 ȵɫ
əȿɎȫȃᖰ⫼
ߚ串˄ԧⱘ˅
࠲ߦߟߡ㧘⛔⸘ಽᨆߥߤߩᚻᴺࠍᜬߞߡ㧘ౕ
⊛ߥⷰశࠍኻ⽎ߣߒߡࡕ࠺࡞ࠍᬌ⸽ߔࠆߎߣ
ࠍⴕ߁ޕ
㧠వⴕ⎇ⓥ
ࡖࡦࠣ䯂 ȵɫəȿɎȫ
ⷰశߩࠠࡖࡦࠣ 䯂 ȵɫəȿ
Ɏȫ
ⷰశߪ࠺ࠖࡦࠣ↥ᬺߣߒߡ㊀ⷐⷞߐࠇࠆ
ࠆⅣႺߪࠆ↢‛ߦኻߔࠆࠠ
࿑ 3 ࠠࡖࡦࠣࠠࡖࡄࠪ࠹ࠖߩᔕ↪ಽ㘃㧔ౕ⊛㧕
ࠃ߁ߦߥࠅ㧘ੱߩޘ㑐ᔃߦߥߞߡ߈ߚߒ߆ߒޕ㧘
ߛ߇㧘߹ߢߩ⎇ⓥᚑᨐ߇೨ᢥߢㅀߴߚࠃ߁ߦ㧘
৻ᣇߢߪⷰశߦኻߔࠆቇ⊛ߥ⎇ⓥ߇߹ࠅㅴ
ℂ⺰⊛ߥᲑ㓏ߦ⇐߹ߞߡࠆ߽ߩ߇ᄙߊ㧘ታ⸽⊛
ࠎߢߥߩ߇⁁ߢߪߥߛࠈ߁߆ߦ․ޕ㧘ⷰ
⎇ⓥߪߘ߁ᄙߊߥ⎇ᧄޕⓥߪන⚐ߦℂ⺰⊛ߥᛠ
శᵴേࠍⴕ߁ࡅ࠻ߦ㑐ߒߡ㧘․ߦᧄ⎇ⓥߢขࠅ
ីߦߣߤ߹ࠆߩߢߪߥߊ㧘ⷰశߩߣ᧪ߦ㑐ߔ
ߍࠆⷰశࠠࡖࡦࠣࠠࡖࡄࠪ࠹ࠖߩ⎇ⓥᚑᨐ
ࠆᬌ⸽ࠍㅢߒߡ㧘ℂ⺰ߣታ〣ߩ⚿วࠍ࿑ߞߡⴕߊ
߇ᣣᧄߢߪ㧘ᄢ㔐ጊ࿖┙㧔ᗲ↲ື㧘㧕㧘
ߣ߁ὐߢ㧘ቇⴚ⊛ᗧࠍᜬߟ߽ߩߣ⠨߃ࠄࠇࠆޕ
⊕ጊ࿖┙㧔⟤㚍⑲ᄦ㧘㧕ߥߤ․ቯߩ⥄ὼ
߹ߚⷰశޟ⠪ߦ࠻ࡅߩߘޠ㑐ߒߡ㧘ߎࠇ߹ߢߣ㆑
߅ࠃ߮⦼↢㧔ㄭ⮮ਃ㓶㧘ઁ㧘㧕㧘ࠠࡖ
߁ⷞޟὐߢޠ㧘⠨ኤߒ㧘ߘߩࡅ࠻ߩᅤߦࠃߞߡ㧘
ࡦࡊ႐㧔ᗲ↲ື㧘㧕㧘ㇺᏒࡎ࠹࡞㧔ጊᧄෘ
␠ળߦਈ߃ࠆࠗࡦࡄࠢ࠻߇㆑߁ⷰߩߘߦࠄߐޕశ
ᢥ㧘㧕㧘⊓ጊᱠ㧔೨ਛਭⴕ㧘㧕ߥߤ
ߦ߅ߌࠆࠠࡖࡦࠣࠠࡖࡄࠪ࠹ࠖߦ㑐ߒߡߪ㧘
㓸࿅ᣉ⸳ߩኈജࠍኻ⽎ߣߒߚએᄖߦߪ㧘ߘࠇ
⸘㊂ಽᨆߦ⥋ࠆߎߣ߇ߢ߈ࠇ߫⁛ഃ⊛ߥߣߎࠈ
߶ߤᄙߊߪߺࠄࠇߥޕ
ߣߥࠅᓧࠆޕ
ߘߩኻߦⷰశ߇⋓ࠎߦⴕࠊࠇࠆ᰷☨ߢߪⷰ
శࠠࡖࡦࠣࠠࡖࡄࠪ࠹ࠖߦ㑐ߔࠆ⎇ⓥߪⷰ
㧡ᓟߩ੍ቯ
శߩ⊒ዷߦߞߡዷ㐿ߐࠇߡࠆ߫߃ޕ㧘Hardin
ᧄ⎇ⓥߢߪޔవⴕ⎇ⓥߩౝኈࠍ〯߹߃ߟߟޔᄢ
G.᳁ߩޟCultural carrying capacity: a biological
߈ߊᰴߩߣ߅ࠅߟߩ⎇ⓥ⺖㗴ࠍ⸳ቯߔࠆߎߣ߇
approach to human problemsޠ, Daily G.C. & Ehrlich
ߢ߈ࠆޕ
179
ᣢሽ⎇ⓥࠍᬌ⸛ߒ㧘ᣂߚߥ⍮ࠍዉ߈ߛߒ㧘
٤
ࠃ߁ߣ⠨߃ߡࠆⷰޕశࠠࡖࡦࠣࠠࡖࡄࠪ
ⷰశࠠࡖࡦࠣࠠࡖࡄࠪ࠹ࠖߩℂ⺰บࠍ⏕
࠹ࠖߊߟ߆ߩᓇ㗀ⷐ࿃㑆ߦࠆ⒟ᐲߩ⚂㑐
┙ߔࠆߎߣߢࠆޕ
ଥ߇ሽߒߡࠆ߆ߒ߽ޕ㧘ሽߢࠇ߫㧘ߤࠎ
Cⷰశࠠࡖࡦࠣࠠࡖࡄࠪ࠹ࠖᔨࠍ᥋
ߥ⚂㑐ଥᒻߢሽߒߡࠆ߆㧔᳓ᐔ⚂㑐ଥ߆㧘
ൻߔࠆߎߣ⎇ߩߢ߹ޕⓥᚑᨐߦࠆߣ㧘ࡖࠠޟ
ု⋥⚂㑐ଥ߆㧘ᚗߪઁߩᒻߢࠆ߆㧕ߚ߹ޕ㧘
ࡦࠣࠠࡖࡄࠪ࠹ࠖ߁ߣޠᔨߪฦޘቇ⑼ߩ
⮎㑐ଥሽߒߡࠆᓇ㗀ⷐ࿃㑆ߦ⚂⒟ᐲߪ
⎇ⓥಽ㊁ߦࠃߞߡ㧘᭽ߥޘቯ⟵߽ࠅ㧘ฦ⎇ⓥ㗔
ߤ߁㧫
ၞߩᔨ㒢ቯߣ⎇ⓥౝኈ߽⼾ንߒߡࠆ߇㧘ⷰޟ
ࠕࡦࠤ࠻⺞ᩏߢᓧࠄࠇߚᖱႎߣ࠺࠲ߦ
٤
శࠍޠᯏ⊛৻ߣߒߡ↢ᘒቇ㧘ᔃℂቇ㧘ⷰశ
ߟߡ㧘⛔⸘ಽᨆߥߤߩᚻᴺࠍᜬߞߡ㧘ౕ⊛ߥ
ቇߥߤ⋧㑐ቇ⑼ߩ⎇ⓥⷞὐࠍࠎߢ㧘ⷰޟశࠠ
ⷰశࠍኻ⽎ߣߒߡࡕ࠺࡞ࠍᬌ⸽ߔࠆޕ
ࡖࡦࠣࠠࡖࡄࠪ࠹ࠖޠᔨࠍࠄ߆ߦߒߡ㧘
⸥⎇ⓥ⺖㗴ߩߦߟߡߪᣢሽ⾗ᢱ߮వⴕ
⎇ⓥࠍⴕ߁ߎߣߪ⺞ߴߚ▸࿐ߦᒰߚࠅߥޕ㧘 ⎇ⓥߦၮߠߊᢛℂࠍⴕ߁ߎߣߣߒߩߘޔߢޔ
ޟᐔ⊒ޟߣޠዷࠍޠ⇇ߩਥ㗴ߣߒߡⷰశߩᄢ
߆ࠄ߹ߢߩ⎇ⓥ⺖㗴ߦߟߡ⺞ᩏߩ⚿ᨐࠍ
ᵹᤨઍߦߥࠅ㧘ᣣᧄ߽ⷰޟశ┙࿖ޠ╷ࠍផㅴ
ၮߦߒߚಽᨆ⎇ޔⓥࠍⴕ߁ߎߣߣߔࠆޕ
ߒߡ߅ࠅ㧘ߩᤨઍ⢛᥊ࠍ⠨߃ࠇ߫ၞ㑆ߩⷰశ
ᵴേ߇Ბੱޘ᳇ߦߥࠅ㧘৻ㇱಽߩⷰశߪੱ᳇ㆊ
ෳ⠨ᢥ₂
߉ࠆߩߢ㧘ฃߌࠇߚⷰశੱญߪⷰశࠠࡖࡦ
Hardin G. (1976). Carrying capacity as
ࠣࠠࡖࡄࠪ࠹ࠖࠍ߃ߣታߢࠆ߁ߘޕ
an Ethical Concept. Soundings, 59,
ߒߚࠄ㧘ᄢಾߥⷰశ⾗Ḯࠍ⎕უߐࠇࠆᕟࠇ߇
120-137.
ࠆߡߞ߇ߚߒޕ㧘ⷰశࠠࡖࡦࠣࠠࡖࡄࠪ࠹
Environmental Stewardship &
ࠖߦߟߡ⎇ⓥࠍⴕ߁ߎߣߪᕆോߢࠆߩߘޕਛ㧘
Planning (2000). El Dorado County
ⷰޟశࠠࡖࡦࠣࠠࡖࡄࠪ࠹ࠖޠᔨߩ᥋
River Management Plan Carrying
ൻߔࠆߎߣߪⷐോߢࠆⷰޕశߩోࠍ⎇ⓥኻ
capacity White Paper, In: A Report
⽎ߣߒߡ㧘⋧㑐ቇ⑼ߩవⴕ⎇ⓥࠍၮ⋚ߣߒߡ㧘ⷰ
prepared for Department and Services.
శฦㇱಽߩޠࠖ࠹ࠪࡄࡖࠠࠣࡦࡖࠠޟ㧔
EI Dorado County Placerville,
߃߫㧘↢ᘒቇߩⷞὐ߆ࠄ⦼↢㧘ⷰశቇ߿ᑪ▽ቇ
California.
ߩⷞὐ߆ࠄⷰశࡎ࠹࡞ߥߤߩࠠࠣࡦࡖࠠޟ
Seidl I, Tisdell C A. (1999). Carrying
ࡖࡄࠪ࠹ࠖޠ㧕ࠍ✚ว⊛ߦ⠨߃㧘ߘߒߡ㧘ⷰశ
capacity reconsidered: from Malthus'
ోߦኻߒߡޠࠖ࠹ࠪࡄࡖࠠࠣࡦࡖࠠޟᔨ
population theory to cultural carrying
ࠍ᥋߇ᔅⷐߛߣᕁ߁ޕ
capacity. Ecological Economics, 31,
395-408.
Dⷰశࠠࡖࡦࠣࠠࡖࡄࠪ࠹ࠖߩᓇ㗀ⷐ࿃
ࠍⓥߔࠆߎߣⷰޕశߦᄢⷙᮨߩળ⼏႐߿ዷ␜
Population Information Network, the
႐㧘ⷰశ⠪ߚߩኋᴱᣉ⸳ߥߤߩࡂ࠼ࠗࡦࡈ
United Nations Population Division,
߇ᴛጊሽߒߡ߅ࠅ㧘ฦ⒳ࡂ࠼ࠗࡦࡈߩࠠࡖ
Department for Economic and Social
ࡦࠣࠠࡖࡄࠪ࠹ࠖ߇㆑㧘߹ߚ㧘ࡂ࠼ࠗࡦ
Information
ࡈߛߌߢߥߊ㧘ੱߩᔃℂቇ߿ᬀ‛ߩฃኈജߥߤ
Population and the Environment in
߽ⷰశࠠࡖࡦࠣࠠࡖࡄࠪ࠹ࠖᓇ㗀ⷐ⚛ߩ৻
Developing Countries: A Literature
ㇱߢࠆߩߢ㧘ⷰశࠠࡖࡦࠣࠠࡖࡄࠪ࠹ࠖ
Survey and bibliography. The United
ߩࠆߎߣ߽ߚߊߐࠎࠆޕᓥߞߡ㧘ⷰశࠠ
Nations Population Division, 1994.
ࡖࡦࠣࠠࡖࡄࠪ࠹ࠖᓇ㗀ⷐ࿃ߦߟߡߩ⎇ⓥ
and
Policy
Analysis.
Price D. (1999). Carrying capacity
reconsidered. Population and
ߪⶄ㔀ߥ߽ߩࠊߌߢࠆޕ
Environment: A Journal of
ⷰశࠠࡖࡦࠣࠠࡖࡄࠪ࠹ࠖᓇ㗀ⷐ࿃ࠍ
٤
Interdisciplinary Studies, 21(1), 5-26.
ᬌ⸛ߒߡ⹏ଔᜰᮡࠍ⏕ቯߒ㧘᷹ቯࡕ࠺࡞ࠍ᭴▽ߒ
180
ᐔᚑ ᐕᐲ࿖㓙↢␠ળ⎇ⓥࡦ࠲ ⎇ⓥⷐ
ਛ࿖ᄢㅪᏒߦ߅ߌࠆ⋭ࠛࡀ࡞ࠡߣౣ↢น⢻ࠛࡀ࡞ࠡ
ߦኻߒߡᏒ᳃ߩᗧ⼂ߦ㑐ߔࠆ⎇ⓥ
࿖㓙↢␠ળ⎇ⓥࡦ࠲ RA
ᄢቇ㒮࿖㓙ၞቇ⎇ⓥ⑼ ඳ჻ᓟᦼ⺖⒟ ઃ 㧆
5VWF[QPEKVK\GPEQPUEKQWUPGUUQH'PGTI[UCXKPICPFTGPGYCDNGGPGTI[KP&CNKCP%JKPC
⎇ⓥ⢛᥊
ߥ߇ࠄޔਛ࿖ੱߩⅣႺߦኻߔࠆᗧ⼂ߪ⏕ታߦ㜞߹
ਛ࿖ߪ⚻ᷣ␠ޔળߩᕆㅦߥ⊒ዷߣߣ߽ߦࡀࠛޔ
ߞߡ߈ߡ߅ࠅ↢ޔᵴ᳓ḰߣⅣႺ⼔ߩࡃࡦࠬࠍ
࡞ࠡߩ⏕ߪߎࠇ߆ࠄߩᄢ߈ߥ⺖㗴ߣߥߞߡ
ㅊ᳞ߒߡߎ߁ߣ߁ᆫࠍ߁߆߇⍮ࠆߎߣ߇
ࠆߪ⏕ߩࠡ࡞ࡀࠛޕਛ࿖⚻ᷣ␠ޔળ⊒ዷߩ㊀
ߢ߈ࠆޕ
ⷐߥ㎛ߢࠅ⚻ޔᷣߩቯߣ࿖ኅߩోߦߟߥ߇
ࠆ߽ߩߢࠆޕ
⎇ⓥ⋡⊛
ਛ࿖ᡷ㕟ߩ ᐕ㑆ߦߪ⚻ޔᷣ⊛ߥ⋉ࠍᦨఝవ
ၞ㑆ᩰᏅߩᄢ߈ਛ࿖ߢߪޔၞߦࠃߞߡ߽
⊛ㅊ᳞ߔࠆߚߦޔⅣႺߦኻߔࠆ࠳ࡔࠫ߇⛯
⋭ࠛࡀ࡞ࠡߣౣ↢น⢻ࠛࡀ࡞ࠡߩ↪ߦኻߔ
ߚޕ
ࠆᗧ⼂ߦߪᄢ߈ߥᏅ߇ࠆߣ⠨߃ࠄࠇࠆ⎇ᧄޕⓥ
ߪᄢㅪᏒࠍߣߒߡޔᄢㅪᏒ᳃ߩ⋭ࠛࡀ࡞ࠡߣ
ᐕએ᧪ ߩߎޔᐕ㑆ߪ↢ޔᵴⅣႺߩᖡൻ
߆ࠄᏒ᳃ߩ㑆ߦⅣႺ⼔ߦኻߔࠆᗧ⼂߇ᕆㅦߦ㜞
ౣ↢น⢻ࠛࡀ࡞ࠡߩ↪ߦ㑐ߔࠆᗧ⼂ࠍ⺞ᩏߒޔ
߹ߞߡ߈ߚ⧯ߦ․ޕઍߦߪޔ⇇Ꮢ႐ߦ߅ߌ
ߘߒߡޔᣣᧄߩ࿖᳃ᗧ⼂߽⺞ߴޔᄢㅪᏒߣᲧセߒ
ࠆਛ࿖ߩ⚻ᷣജ߇㜞߹ࠆਛߢ⚻ޔᷣ⊒ዷߣᒁ߈឵
ߡߣࠡ࡞ࡀࠛ⋭ޔౣ↢น⢻ࠛࡀ࡞ࠡ↪ߩ
߃ߦ⥄࿖ߩ⥄ὼⅣႺࠍ‶†ߦߒߡࠆߎߣࠍ⇼
㗴ߦኻߔࠆߢ߹ޔᏒ᳃ߩⴕേߣᗧ⼂ߩ㆑ࠍ
ⷞߔࠆੱ߇Ⴧ߃ߡࠆޕ
⏕ߒޔࠄ߆ࠇߎޔᏒ᳃ߩᗧ⼂ߦኻߔࠆߥࠎߤޔ
╷ࠍታᣉߔࠆߩ߆ߥࠎߤޔᣇะࠍ␜ߔߩ߆ޔᗧ⼂
࿖᳃ߩ↢ᵴࠍᒁ߈ߍࠆߚߦޔ࿖᳃ߩᣣჇߒ
ߦჇᄢߔࠆࠛࡀ࡞ࠡᶖ⾌ߩ࠾࠭ࠍḩߚߔߚ
߇ะߐߖࠆᣇᴺࠍᬌ⸛ߔࠆޕ
ߦޔਛ࿖ߪᓟޔ⇇ᦨᄢߩࠛࡀ࡞ࠡᶖ⾌ߣଏ
⛎ߩ♽ࠍቢᚑߐߖࠆߎߣߦߒߡࠆޕਛ࿖․
⎇ⓥᚻᴺ
ߥ࿖ᖱߣⅣႺ⁁ߩਅߦ߅ߡ⚻ޔᷣ␠ޔળ⊒ዷ
㧕ਛ࿖߿ᣣᧄߩ߆߶ޔ࿖ߢߩ⋭ࠛࡀ࡞ࠡߣౣ
ߩหᤨߦޔⅣႺߦ߿ߐߒኻ╷ࠍᦨᄢ㒢ߦታߔ
↢น⢻ࠛࡀ࡞ࠡ↪ߦ㑐ߔࠆᗧ⼂⺞ᩏߩࠍ
ࠆߎߣߪਛ࿖߇⋥㕙ߒߡࠆ࿎㔍ߥ⺖㗴ߢࠆޕ
⺞ߴࠆޕ
৻ᣇߢޟⅣႺ⼔ߩߚ↢ޔᵴ᳓Ḱࠍਅߍࠆߴ
㧕ᣣᧄߢࠕࡦࠤ࠻⺞ᩏߥߤߩᣇᴺߢᣣᧄ࿖᳃
߈ߢߪߥ߽ੱࠆߔߣޠඨᢙࠍභߡ߅ࠅ↢ޔᵴ
ߩ⋭ࠛࡀ࡞ࠡߣౣ↢น⢻ࠛࡀ࡞ࠡ↪ߦ㑐ߔ
᳓Ḱࠍಾࠅਅߍߡ߹ߢⅣႺ㗴ࠍఝవߐߖࠆߣ
ࠆᗧ⼂ࠍ⺞ᩏߒޔਛ࿖ߣߩ⇣ߥࠆὐࠍ⎇ⓥߔࠆޕ
߁ߎߣߦߪޔᘕ㊀ߥᣇࠍߔࠆੱ߽ᄙߒ߆ߒޕ
㧕㧚ਛ࿖ߢߩࠕࡦࠤ࠻⺞ᩏߪޔਛ࿖ߣᣣᧄߩ࿖
181
᳃ᗧ⼂ࠍ⏕ߒޔᄢㅪᏒߩᏒ᳃⺞ᩏࠍਛᔃߣߒߡޔ
㧝㧕
ࡀࠛ⋭ޟᗧ⼂ߣ⾼⾈ⴕേߦ㑐ߔࠆ⎇ⓥޠ
࿖᳃ߩᐕ㦂ޔ⡯ᬺޔၞߥߤ߆ࠄ⧯ߦߊߣޔ㓏
ࠫࠚ࠻ࡠޔ2010 ᐕ 12 㨪2011 ᐕ 1 ޔਛ࿖ߩ
ጀߩᏒ᳃ᗧ⼂ࠍ⺞ߴޔࠄ߆ࠇߎޔਛ࿖ߩ࿖᳃ߩ⋭
ർ੩߅ࠃ߮ 40km ౝㄘㇱ㧔㔚ൻᏪ㧕
ߩࠗ࠲ޔ
ࠛࡀ࡞ࠡߣౣ↢น⢻ࠛࡀ࡞ࠡߩ↪ߦኻߒߡޔ
ࡃࡦࠦࠢ߅ࠃ߮ 80㨪130km ౝㄘㇱ㧔㔚ൻ
ᗧ⼂߇ะߢ߈ࠆᣇᴺࠍ⠨߃ࠆޔߡߒߘޕᓟߩ
Ꮺ㧕
߮ࠃ߅࠺ߩ࠼ࡦࠗޔ40㨪80km ౝㄘ
ⅣႺᢎ⢒߿ޔⅣႺ╷ߦߟߡߪޔၞߦ߅ߌࠆ
ㇱ㧔㔚ൻᏪ㧕ߩ৻⥸↢ᵴ⠪Ꮺࠍኻ⽎ߦ⸰ޔ
ኻᔕߦߟߡ߽ᬌ⸛ߔࠆޕ
⺞ᩏߦࠃࠆࠕࡦࠤ࠻⺞ᩏࠍታᣉߒޔ783 ฬ߆ࠄ
࿁╵ࠍᓧߚޕ
వⴕ⎇ⓥ࠺ࡆࡘ
ߘߩ⺞ᩏ⚿ᨐߣߒߡ㧦
㧝 వⴕ⎇ⓥߦߟߡ
ⷐ
⺞ᩏኻ⽎
⺞ᩏ⋡⊛
Ԙ ࠲ࠗߪޔਛ࿖ߦ࠼ࡦࠗޔᲧߴߡ⋭ࠛࡀᗧ⼂߇
㜞ߣ߃ࠆޕ
㧔࿑㧝㧕
⺞ᩏᣇᴺ
࿑㧝 ⋭ࠛࡀᗧ⼂
వⴕᢥ₂ ࠛ ⋭ ޟ
ਛ࿖
ኻ⽎࿖ߩᶖ⾌
⸰ ⺞ ᩏ
ࡀ ᗧ ⼂
㧔ർ੩㧕 ⠪ߩ⋭ࠛࡀᗧ
ߦ ࠃࠆ ࠕ
ߣ ⾼ ⾈
࠲ࠗ
⼂ߣ⾼⾈ⴕേ
ࡦ ࠤ ࠻
ⴕ േ ߦ
㧔 ࡃ ࡦ ࠦ ߩታᘒࠍᛠី
㑐 ߔ ࠆ
ࠢ㧕
⎇ⓥޠ
ࠗࡦ࠼
100
90
95.6
94.4
86.6
85.6
83.6
81.6 81.3
80
⺞ᩏ
ߔࠆߎߣ
70
56.5
60
㧔࠺㧕
ޟౣ ↢
ᣣ ᧄ ో ࿖ ౣ↢น⢻ࠛࡀ
ࠗ ࡦ࠲ ࡀ
น ⢻ ࠛ
ᱦએ ࡞ࠡߦߟ
࠶ ࠻ߦ ࠃ
ࡀ ࡞ ࠡ
ߩ ↵ ᅚ ߡޔ㑐ㅪᐲ
ࠆ ࠕࡦ ࠤ
ߩ ో
ਁੱ
ߩ⍮⁁ᴫ߿
㊂ ⾈ ข
㔚ജ㔛ⷐኅߣ
ߦ 㑐 ߔ
ߒߡߩ⠨߃ᣇ
ࠆ ᗧ ⼂
╬ߦ㑐ߒߡ࿖
⺞ ᩏ ߦ
᳃ߩᗧ⼂
50
ਛ࿖
43.6
40
࠲ࠗ
30
࠻⺞ᩏ
ࠗࡦ࠼
20
10
0
ࠛࠕࠦࡦ ኅ㔚ຠ
ߟߡޠ
㔚Ḯ
ౖ㧦ෳ⠨ᢥ₂ ࠃࠅ╩⠪ߩᚑ
ޟᣂ ࠛ
᧲ ੩ ㇺ ↸ ౣ↢น⢻ࠛࡀ
ㇷ ㅍߦ ࠃ
ࡀ ࡞ ࠡ
↰ Ꮢ Ꮢ ౝ ࡞ࠡࠆ
ࠆ ࠕࡦ ࠤ
ԙ ⋭ࠛࡀࡑࠢ⍮⠪߇ᦨ߽ᄙ࿖ߪ࠲ࠗߢ
ߦ 㑐
ߩ ᣇ ߪᣂࠛࡀ࡞ࠡ
࠻⺞ᩏ
ࠅޔᰴߢࠗࡦ࠼ޔਛ࿖ߩ㗅ޕ
ߔ ࠆ ᧲
㧟 㧜 㧜 㧜 ߩಽ㊁ߦ߅
੩ ㇺ ↸
ੱ
Ԛ ਛ࿖ߢߪޔᶖ⾌⠪߇ታ㓙ߦᐫ㗡ߦ⸰ࠇࠆߎߣ
ߡߪޔᣂߒ
ߢ⋭ࠛࡀࡑࠢࠍ⍮ߒߡࠆࠤࠬ߇ᦨ߽ᄙ
↰ Ꮢ ᳃
ᛛⴚ߿⚵
ߦኻߒࠕࠖ࠺ࡔޔߪߡ߅ߦ࠼ࡦࠗޔࠗ࠲ޔ㧔࠹
ࠕ ࡦ ࠤ
ߺ߇⠨᩺ߐࠇ
ࡆᐢ๔⇟⚵㧕ࠍㅢߒߚ⍮߇ᄙޕ
࠻ ⺞
ߡࠆ
ԛ ኅ㔚ຠో⥸ߩ⾼ᤨߦߪߩࠇߕޔ࿖ߦ߅
ᩏႎ๔ޠ
ߡ߽ޟຠߩຠ⾰ᕈ⢻ൎᚻ߽ᦨ߇ޠ㊀
ౖ㧦ෳ⠨ᢥ₂ ࠃࠅ╩⠪ߩᚑ
ⷞߐࠇࠆޔߪޠߣߎࠆߡߟ߇ࠢࡑࡀࠛ⋭ޟޕ
182
࠲ࠗߢߪޔ2 ⇟⋡ߦ㊀ⷐᐲ߇㜞߆ߞߚ߇ޔਛ࿖ߢ
࿑䋲䋮䇸࿕ቯଔᩰ⾈ขᐲ䇹䈮䉋䉎ౣ↢น
⢻䉣䊈䊦䉩䊷ዉᄢ䈻䈱ᦼᓙ
ߪ߹ࠅ㊀ⷞߐࠇߡߥోߪߡ߅ߦ࠼ࡦࠗޕ
㗄⋡ਛᦨ߽㊀ⷞᐲ߇ૐ߆ߞߚޕ
Ԝ ⋭ࠛࡀࡑࠢࠍ⾼ᤨߦ㊀ⷞߔࠆᦨߚࠆℂ↱
㘧べ⊛䈮ዉ
䈏ㅴ䉃䈖䈫䉕ᦼ
ᓙ䈚䈩䈇䉎
ߪߩࠇߕޔ࿖ߦ߅ߡ߽ޟ㔚᳇ઍߩ▵⚂ߦߟߥ
߇ࠆ߆ࠄޕߚߞߢޠ
2.40% 6.00% 7.00%
ㅜ࿖ߩਛߢ߽ਛ࿖ߩ⋭ࠛࡀᗧ⼂߇ૐࠛ⋭ޔ
䈅䉎⒟ᐲዉ
䈏ㅴ䉃䈖䈫䉕ᦼ
ᓙ䈚䈩䈇䉎
ࡀࠍ㊀ⷞߒߡ߽㔚᳇ઍߦߟߥ߇ࠆߎߣ߇ᄙޕ࿖
᳃ߪⅣႺࠍ⠨߃ߡⴕേߔࠆߎߣ߇ዋߥޕਛ࿖㔚
22.50%
᳇ຠ⾼⾈ߩᣇ㕙ߦߟߡ⾼⾈ߩ㊀ⷐᐲ⾼⾈ℂ
↱ߥߤࠍߪߞ߈ࠅߒߚޕ
62.00%
㧞㧕
ޟౣ↢น⢻ࠛࡀ࡞ࠡߩో㊂⾈ขߦ㑐ߔࠆᗧ⼂
⺞ᩏߦߟߡޠ
ዉ䈏ㅴ䉃䈖
䈫䈲䈅䉁䉍ᦼᓙ
䈚䈩䈇䈭䈇
ዉ䈏ㅴ䉃䈖
䈫䈏䉁䈦䈢䈒ᦼ
ᓙ䈚䈩䈇䈭䈇
䉒䈎䉌䈭䈇
ᐕ ᣣ㨪 ᣣోޔ࿖ ᱦએߩ↵ᅚ
ਁੱߣኻ⽎ߣߒߡ࠻ࠤࡦࠕ࠻࠶ࡀ࠲ࡦࠗޔ
⺞ᩏߦࠃࠆ⺞ᩏࠍታᣉߒޔౣ↢น⢻ࠛࡀ࡞ࠡߦ
ߟߡޔ㑐ㅪᐲߩ⍮⁁ᴫ߿㔚ജ㔛ⷐኅߣߒߡ
ౖ㧦ෳ⠨ᢥ₂㧞ࠃࠅ╩⠪ߩᚑ
ߩ⠨߃ᣇ╬ߦ㑐ߒߡ࿖᳃ߩᗧ⼂ࠍ⺞ᩏߔࠆޕ
Ԝ ⥄ቛߦᄥ㓁శ⊒㔚ࠍ⸳⟎ߐࠇߡࠆᣇߪోޔ
ߘߩ⺞ᩏ⚿ᨐߣߒߡ㧦
Ԙ ޟ࿕ቯଔᩰ⾈ขᐲߩޠዉߦ߁⽶ᜂฃኈ
ߩ 3.1㧑ߢߞߚޕ
㗵ߩోᐔဋߪ 308.13 ߢࠆޕ
⸳⟎ߒߡߥᣇ߽ޔ78.2㧑߇⥄ቛߦᄥ㓁శ⊒㔚
ߩᄥ㓁శ⊒㔚ߩ⾈ขᐲߦ߅ߌࠆ⽶ᜂߩ⒟ᐲ
ࠍ⸳⟎ߔࠆߎߣߦ⥝ߪࠆߣ࿁╵ޕ
ߢࠆޟ100 એਅߩޠ࿁╵߇ 48.5㧑ࠍභߡ߅
ᄥ㓁శ⊒㔚ࠍ⸳⟎ߐࠇߡࠆᣇߪ⽶ޟᜂߒߡ߽ࠃ
ࠅޔ࿁╵ᢙ߇ᦨ߽ᄙ߆ߞߚߩߪޟ100 ޠ
㧔22.0㧑
ߚߞߣޠ࿁╵߇ᄙ߆ߞߚ৻ޕᣇߢߒࠍ⟎⸳ޔ
㧔11,007 ੱ㧕㧕ߢࠆޕ
ߡߥᣇ߿⸳⟎ߩᬌ⸛ࠍߒߡߥᣇ߶ߤޔ
⽶ޟ
ԙ ᐲߩᬌ⸛ߦᒰߚߞߡߩᄙ᭽ߥ⺰ὐߦߟߡ
ᜂߒߚߊߥߚߞߣޠ࿁╵߇ᄙ߆ߞߚޕ㧔࿑㧟㧕
ߪޟޔ㊀ⷞߔߴ߈ߩߣޠ࿁╵߇ᄙ߆ߞߚޕ
࿑3䋺ᄥ㓁శ⊒㔚䈱⸳⟎䊶㑐ᔃ䈱⁁ᴫ
․ߦోޔߩ 85.6㧑ߩੱ߇ޔ
ޟ࿕ቯଔᩰ⾈ขᐲޠ
3.10%
ߩᬌ⸛ߩ㓙ߦޔ
ޟ࿖᳃⽶ᜂߣߩࡃࡦࠬߩขࠇߚዉ
1.40%
⥄ቛ䈮⸳⟎䈚䈩䈇
䉎
ᄢࠍޠൊ᩺ߔߴ߈ߣ⠨߃ߡࠆޕ
Ԛ ోߩ 69㧑߇ޟ࿕ቯଔᩰ⾈ขᐲࠆࠃߦޠౣ
17.40%
↢น⢻ࠛࡀ࡞ࠡߩዉᄢࠍᦼᓙߒߡࠆޕ
㧔࿑
2㧕
ԛ 2009 ᐕ 11 ߆ࠄ㐿ᆎߐࠇߡࠆޟᄥ㓁శ⊒
78.20%
㔚ߩ㔚ജ⾈ขᐲߩޠ⍮ᐲߪ 89.5㧑ޕ
⸳⟎䈚䈩䈇䈭䈇䈏䇮
1ᐕએౝ䈱⸳⟎䉕
ᬌ⸛䈚䈩䈇䉎
⸳⟎䈚䈩䈇䈭䈇䈏䇮
⥝䈲䈅䉎
⸳⟎䈚䈩䈇䈭䈒䇮⥝
䉅䈭䈇
4 ੱߦ 1 ੱ߇ޟᐲߩ⚦ࠍ⍮ߞߡࠆߣޠ࿁╵ޕ
৻ᣇޟޔౣ↢น⢻ࠛࡀ࡞ࠡߩ࿕ቯଔᩰ⾈ขᐲޠ
߇ᬌ⸛ߐࠇߡࠆߎߣߩ⍮ᐲߪ 53.4㧑ߢࠆޕ
183
ౖ㧦ෳ⠨ᢥ₂㧞ࠃࠅ╩⠪ߩᚑ
ᣣᧄߩ⾈ขᐲࠍ⏕ߒߡޔౣ↢น⢻ࠛࡀ࡞ࠡ
ᄙޔᑄ᫈‛↪ޔΆᢱ㔚ᳰޔᾲࠬࡑࠝࠗࡃޔ
ߩዉ߳ߩᦼᓙ⁁ᴫ߿⍮ᐲࠍߪߞ߈ࠅߒߚޕ
ߩࠣ࡞ࡊߦޟ⡞ߚߎߣ߇ࠆߩޠ࿁╵ᢙ߇৻
㧟㧕
ޟᣂࠛࡀ࡞ࠡߦ㑐ߔࠆ᧲੩ㇺ↸↰Ꮢ᳃ࠕࡦࠤ
⇟ᄙߢࠆޕ
ᣣᧄߩⅣႺᗧ⼂ᣂࠛࡀ࡞ࠡߦߟߡߩ㑐ᔃ
࠻⺞ᩏႎ๔ޠ
ਛᄩᄢቇߣ↸↰ᏒߪޔᏒౝ㧔㧞㧜㧝㧜
ᐲⅣႺ╷ߥߤࠍ⏕ߒߚޕ
ᐕ㧤㧝㧜ᣣ㧕ߩᣇ㧟㧜㧜㧜ੱࠍήὑ
ߦߒߡޔ8 20 ᣣ߆ࠄ 9 15 ᣣ߹ߢߩ
߹ߢߊߟߩవⴕᢥ₂߿వⴕ⺞ᩏࠍ⎇ⓥߒߚޔ
ᦼ㑆ߦㇷㅍߦࠃࠆࠕࡦࠤ࠻ࠍታᣉߒߚߘޕ
ߘߩਛ߆ࠄ⥄ޔಽߩ⎇ⓥߦ㑐ߔࠆ߽ߩࠍ߹ߣߚޕ
ߩ⚿ᨐޔ813 ߩല࿁╵߇ᓧࠄࠇߚޕ
㧝㧕
㧚ࠕࡦࠤ࠻ߩ⺞ᩏᣇᴺߣᚻ㗅ࠍ⏕ߒߚޕ
⋭ޟ
ࠛࡀᗧ⼂ߣ⾼⾈ⴕേߦ㑐ߔࠆ⎇ⓥ⺞ޔߪߦޠᩏᣇ
ߘߩ⺞ᩏ⚿ᨐߣߒߡ
Ԙ ▵㔚ࠧࡒߩᷫࠛࠦࡃ࠶ࠢߩ↪ߥߤߩ
ᴺ߿ࠨࡦࡊ࡞ߩ⸳⸘߆ࠄ⚿ᨐಽᨆ߿⺞ᩏ⚿ᨐߩᲧ
ⅣႺᗧ⼂ⴕേ߇৻⇟ቯ⌕ߒߡࠆޔ߽߆ߒޕ࿁╵
セ߹ߢౕ⊛ߦ߹ߣߚߩߢޔෳ⠨ߦߥࠆޕ
₸߇㧡㧜㧑ࠍ߃ࠆ㗄⋡ߪޔⅣႺ߳ߩ㈩ᘦⴕേ߇
㧞㧕㧚వⴕ⺞ᩏࠃࠅ⾼⾈ⴕേ߿▵㔚ᗧ⼂ߣᣇᴺߥߤ
⚻ᷣ⊛ߥᗧߢ߽▵⚂ߦߟߥ߇ࠆౝኈߦߥߞߡ߅
ߩᣇ㕙߆ࠄߩ⺞ᩏߢਛ࿖ߩ⋭ࠛࡀᗧ⼂߇ૐߎߣ
ࠅޔⅣႺ㈩ᘦⴕേߦ߅ߌࠆ⚻ᷣ⊛ߥࠗࡦࡦ࠹ࠖ
ࠍࠄ߆ߦߒߚ⎇ᧄޕⓥߪᄢㅪᏒࠍਛᔃߣߒߡޔ
ࡉߩᓎഀ߇㜞ߣ߃ࠆޕ
㧔࿑㧠㧕
ᄢㅪᏒᏒ᳃ߩ⾼⾈ⴕേߛߌߢߪߥߊޔ᥉Ბ↢ᵴߩ
࿑㧠㧚ⅣႺࠍᗧ⼂ߒߚⴕേ
⋭ࠛࡀᣇᴺޔᐭߩᢎ⢒ትવߩฃߌࠇ⁁ᴫߥߤ
ߩᣇะ߆ࠄ⺞ᩏࠍⴕ߁ޕ
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
㧟㧕㧚ᣂࠛࡀ࡞ࠡ߿ౣ↢น⢻ࠛࡀ࡞ࠡߦߟߡޔ
వⴕ⺞ᩏߪᏒ᳃ߩ⍮ᐲ߆ࠄࠕࡦࠤ࠻ࠍߒߚޔ
ᧄ⎇ⓥߪᏒ᳃ߩ↪⁁ᴫߣߎࠇ߆ࠄߩ᥉₸ߥߤ
ߩᣇ㕙߆ࠄ⺞ᩏࠍⴕ߁ޕ
㧠㧕㧚వⴕ⎇ⓥ߆ࠄᣣᧄߩ࿖᳃߇⥄ਥ⊛ߦޔⅣႺ
ߩ⋭ࠛࡀᗧ⼂ߪ㔚᳇ઍߩ▵⚂ߣߟߥ߇ࠆޕ᧪ޔ
ή࿁╵
ⅣႺᗧ⼂ⴕേࠍߒߥ
ⅣႺᵴേߦෳട
ࠨࠗࠢ࡞ຠߩ↪
ⅣႺ㈩ᘦຠߩ⾼
ゞࠍࠊߥࠛࠦ࠼̖
ᐸ߿ࡌࡦ࠳ߢᬀ‛ᩱၭ
⾈ᦧ߃ߕߦ㐳ߊ߁
▵᳓
ࠛࠦࡄ࠶ࠢߩ↪
ࠧࡒߩᷫ
▵㔚
⼔ࠍ⋡⊛ߣߒߡ⋭ࠛࡀᗧ⼂ࠍߒߡࠆޕਛ࿖࿖᳃
ਛ࿖ߩ࿖᳃ߪⅣႺ⼔ࠍ⋡⊛ߦߒߡࡀࠛ⋭ޔᗧ⼂
ࠍᄌࠊࠆߎߣߦߟߡߥࠎߤޔᣇᴺ߿╷߇ߢ߈
ࠆߩࠍ⎇ⓥߔࠆޕ
ෳ⠨ᢥ₂
ࡀࠛ⋭ޟᗧ⼂ߣ⾼⾈ⴕേ㧔ਛ࿖࠲ࠗࠗࡦ࠼㧕
ޠ
ߦ㑐ߔࠆ⺞ᩏ ⺞ᩏႎ๔ᦠ ᣣᧄ⾏ᤃᝄ⥝ᯏ᭴
ౖ㧦ෳ⠨ᢥ₂㧟ࠃࠅ╩⠪ߩᚑ
ԙ ᣂࠛࡀ࡞ࠡߦߟߡߩ㑐ᔃᐲߪޔ
ޟዋߒ㑐ᔃ
㧔ࠫࠚ࠻ࡠ㧕 ᐕ
߇ࠆޟߣޠᄢߦ㑐ᔃ߇ࠆߩޠว⸘߇㧥㧜㧑
㧚
ޟౣ↢น⢻ࠛࡀ࡞ࠡߩో㊂⾈ขߦ㑐ߔࠆᗧ⼂
ߦ㆐ߒߡ߅ࠅޔᄢᄙᢙߩᏒ᳃߇ᣂࠛࡀ࡞ࠡߦ㑐
⺞ᩏߦߟߡ㧔ㅦႎ㧕⚻ ޠᷣ↥ᬺ⋭ ᐕ ᔃࠍߒߡࠆߎߣ߇⏕߆ࠄࠇߚޕ
ᣣ
Ԛ ᣂࠛࡀ࡞ࠡ߿⥄ὼࠛࡀ࡞ࠡߦߟߡޔᄥ
㧚ᣂࠛࡀ࡞ࠡߦ㑐ߔࠆ᧲੩ㇺ↸↰Ꮢ᳃ࠕࡦࠤ
㓁శߣ㘑ജߦߊࠃޟ⍮ߞߡࠆߩޠ࿁╵ᢙ߇৻⇟
࠻⺞ᩏႎ๔
184
V㧚ᄖ࿖ੱ߳⎇ⓥຬ
㧝㧚⎇ⓥႎ๔
Report of the Research Trip in Japan
Ms. Kanokrattana Netlomwong,
Project Specialist,
Collage of Innovation, Thammasat University,
Bangkok, Thailand
This is my first time in Japan and it was really great pleasure to receive an
invitation as a joint researcher from the Center for Sustainable Development
Studies of Toyo University. During two weeks in Japan, I had memorable
experiences. From the 1st day visited, I had a chance to have a meeting with
Prof. Makio Takemura Toyo University President together with Prof. Kitawaki
Hidetoshi The Director of the Center for Sustainable Development Studies
(CeSDes). I hope that there would be the collaboration between our universities
in nearly future.
I attended the International Symposium 2011; Tourism and Endogenous
Development – In Search for Sustainable Tourism which organized by CeSDeS.
I got fruitful information especially from important Tourism keynote of Japan
and also Prof. Jamieson who presented his valuable experience on tourism.
Unfortunately, there was no time to share our working experiences on
Community-based Tourism Projects in the symposium. I think audiences would
also like to hear some different case studies.
The Workshop on Sustainable Tourism at Halusan campus of Toyo University
was really interesting to share our experience on community-based tourism in
Thailand and knew the alternative tourism in Japan and Cambodia especially
the case study from Japan which presented by Dr. Takashi Shimakawa on The
Past and Present on Tourism Development in Japan was quiet interesting by
using ruin of Tsunami after match as a tourist attraction. It was thinking out of
the box for creating a new alternative tourism.
On the research trip with Dr.Kawasumi Atsushi in Oita was a great pleasure to
see and meet with the most famous person of One Village, One Products: Dr.
Morihiko Hiramatsu , The President, Oita OVOP International Exchange
Promotion Committee. He initiated and introduced The One Village, One
㩷
1
189
Product throughout the world. He presented his three principles of the One
Village One Product Movement (OVOP) as follow;
1. Local yet Global; with distinct local flavors and cultures that create
products that can be marketed throughout Japan and the rest of the world.
2. Self-reliance and Creativity; Local citizens can decide for themselves
what is their OVOP will be. A village could choose two or three products
could combine to produce a single product. Local government can
provide assistance in the final stages in such activities as technical
support and marketing.
3. Human Resources Development; the ultimate goal of this movement is
the development of human resources. No success can come about without
visionary of local leaders. It is important to develop a local community
that responds creatively when challenged with difficult times.
I did try a product from Kabusu Limes called Lime juice. I had to admit that it
was delicious indeed. I could still remember the motto “Bringing the spirit of
the country to the city as well as “Think Globally Act Locally” he is amazing.
Thailand is also one of the countries which adopted this concept which we
called One Village One Product movement was originally started in Oita
Prefecture in Japan. The purpose of this campaign was to improve upon or
refine the locally available resources and produce goods that are acceptable
internationally. Inspired by this idea, the Thai government has been promoting
the local industry through the manufacturing of attractive specialty products
based on the abundant native culture, tradition and nature. This campaign is
called‚ One Tambon One Product (OTOP) in Thailand because the target area is
the administrative unit called ‚Tambon, which is the equivalent of village or
town in English.
The OTOP Thailand has applied a five-stars grading system to the assessment
of the local specialties. Five-star product can be export to other countries.
Three-stars are marketed domestically and product with one-star can be sell
only in the local area.
I would like to convey my sincere thanking to Dr. Morihiko Hiramatsu who
initiated the One Village, One Product movement spreading throughout the
2
190
world. I would also like to thank for being with us for interview. It was really
informative information and great experience to see him in person.
I had visited Beppu City Traditional Bamboo Crafts Center. I was amazed by all
bamboo products in the exhibition hall and all techniques which have endured
the test of time. We met with the director of the crafts center who gave us all
informative information of the craft center.
I had a chance to meet up with Mr.Tsuruta Koichiro once again in Beppu for
interview. He was the best tour guide to show us around the interesting
attraction around Beppu. It was nice to walk around the city indeed.
Also I had an opportunity to make two presentations for Prof.Takahashi Kozuo
class, researcher and faculties, to share community-based tourism concept in
Thailand and Community-Based Tourism project which I have done. I hope to
do some research work together with collaboration between Toyo University
and Thammasat University in the future.
During these two weeks, I would like to say Thank you to the Center for
Sustainable Development Studies (CeSDes) and faculties of Toyo University
which gave me a great opportunity to gain my memorable experiences in Japan.
I would also like to convey my sincere thanks to Dr.Kawasumi Atsushi for his
arrangement in Oita. And Dr. Takabayashi Akinobu for his hospitality,
arrangement and made my stay in Japan possible, also great hospitality from
former Toyo Summer workshop students. THANK YOU!
3
191
⾗ᢱ
࠾ࡘࠬ࠲ᢥ 25 ภ26 ภ27 ภ
࠾ࡘࠬ࠲⧷ᢥ 17 ภ18 ภ
᧲ᵗᄢቇ࿖㓙↢␠ળ⎇ⓥࡦ࠲▤ℂㆇ༡ⷐ✁
⑳┙ᄢቇᚢ⇛⊛⎇ⓥၮ⋚ᒻᚑᡰេᬺⷐ
࠾ࡘࠬ࠲ᢥ 25 ภ26 ภ27 ภ
࠾ࡘࠬ࠲⧷ᢥ 17 ภ18 ภ
᧲ᵗᄢቇ࿖㓙↢␠ળ⎇ⓥࡦ࠲▤ℂㆇ༡ⷐ✁
᧲ᵗᄢቇ࿖㓙↢␠ળ⎇ⓥࡦ࠲▤ℂㆇ༡ⷐ✁
㧝㧚⎇ⓥࡦ࠲ߩᬺᦼ㑆ߪޔᐔᚑ 22 ᐕᐲ߆ࠄᐔᚑ 26 ᐕᐲ߹ߢߣߔࠆޕ
㧞㧚ࡦ࠲㐳ߩ࠳ࡊ࡞ࠣޔછᦼߪᬺᦼ㑆⚳ੌ߹ߢߣߔࠆޕ
㧟㧚ㆇ༡ᆔຬળߩ⸳⟎߅ࠃ߮ㆇ༡
㧔㧝㧕⎇ⓥࡦ࠲ߩ⎇ⓥࠍലᨐ⊛ߦផㅴߒޔᬺࠍṖߦㆇ༡▤ℂߔࠆߚߦޔ
ޟㆇ༡
ᆔຬળޕࠆߌ⸳ࠍޠ
㧔㧞㧕ㆇ༡ᆔຬળߪޔฦᐕᐲߩᬺ⸘↹߅ࠃ߮ᬺ੍▚ߩ╷ቯޔᬺ੍▚ߩၫⴕ⎇ޔⓥຬޔ
ቴຬ⎇ⓥຬ⎇ޔⓥഥᚻ߅ࠃ߮ RA ߩㆬછ⎇ޔⓥࡊࡠࠫࠚࠢ࠻ߩផㅴޔᚑᨐߩೀⴕ╬ࠍᬺ
ോߣߔࠆޕ
㧔㧟㧕ㆇ༡ᆔຬળߪᲤ 1 ࿁ߩቯߩળวࠍ㐿߈ޔᔅⷐߦᔕߓߡ⥃ᤨߩળวࠍ㐿ߊޕㆇ༡
ᆔຬળߪࡦ࠲㐳߇㓸ߔࠆޕ
㧔㧠㧕ㆇ༡ᆔຬળߩᆔຬߪ࠲ࡦޔ㐳ޔ࠳ࡊ࡞ࠣޔ࿖㓙ၞቇ⎇ⓥ⑼ᆔຬ㐳ޔ
࿖㓙ၞቇ⎇ⓥ⑼࿖㓙ၞቇኾਥછޔ࿖㓙ၞቇㇱ㐳߅ࠃ߮⎇ⓥຬߦࠃߞߡ᭴ᚑߐ
ࠇࠆޕ
㧔㧡㧕ㆇ༡ᆔຬળߩᆔຬߩછᦼߪේೣ 1 ᐕߣߒޔ㊀છࠍᅹߍߥޕ
㧠㧚⹏ଔᆔຬળߩ⸳⟎߅ࠃ߮ㆇ༡
㧔㧝㧕⎇ⓥࡦ࠲ߩ⎇ⓥߩᚑᨐࠍ⹏ଔߒޔᰴߩ⎇ⓥߩ⊒ዷߦะߌߡഥ⸒ߔࠆߎߣࠍ⋡⊛
ߣߒߡޔ
⹏ޟଔᆔຬળޕࠆߌ⸳ࠍޠ
㧔㧞㧕⹏ଔᆔຬળߩㆇ༡ਗ߮ߦ⹏ଔᣇᴺߦ㑐ߔࠆᔅⷐ㗄ߪߦቯࠆޕ
㧡㧚⎇ⓥຬ╬
㧔㧝㧕⎇ⓥຬߪ᧲ᵗᄢቇᢎຬߩߥ߆߆ࠄޔฦᐕߩ⎇ⓥࡊࡠࠫࠚࠢ࠻ߦวࠊߖߡㆬછߔࠆޕ
㧔㧞㧕ቴຬ⎇ⓥຬߪቇᄖߩ⎇ⓥ⠪ߩߥ߆߆ࠄ⎇ⓥࡊࡠࠫࠚࠢ࠻ߦวࠊߖߡㆬછߔࠆޕ
㧔㧟㧕⎇ⓥຬޔቴຬ⎇ⓥຬߩછᦼߪේೣ 1 ᐕߣߒޔ㊀છࠍᅹߍߥޕ
㧔㧠㧕⎇ⓥഥᚻߪㅜቯࠆ⎇ޟⓥഥᚻߩ㓹↪ߦ㑐ߔࠆ㗄ߦޠᓥߞߡㆬછߔࠆޕ
㧢㧚⎇ⓥࡦ࠲ߦߩߘޔോࠍᜂᒰߔࠆോ⚵❱ࠍ⟎߈⎇ޔⓥදജ⺖߇ߎࠇࠍⴕ߁ޕ
㒝 ೣ
ߎߩⷐ✁ߪޔᐔᚑ 22 ᐕ 5 27 ᣣ߆ࠄᣉⴕߔࠆޕ
⑳┙ᄢቇᚢ⇛⊛⎇ⓥၮ⋚ᒻᚑᡰេᬺⷐ
⑳┙ᄢቇᚢ⇛⊛⎇ⓥၮ⋚ᒻᚑᡰេᬺⷐ
1.ᬺߩ⋡⊛
ᧄᬺߪ┙⑳ޔᄢቇ߇ޔฦᄢቇߩ⚻༡ᚢ⇛ߦၮߠߡⴕ߁⎇ⓥၮ⋚ߩᒻᚑࠍᡰេߔࠆߚ⎇ޔⓥࡊ
ࡠࠫࠚࠢ࠻ߦኻߒߡ㊀ὐ⊛߆ߟ✚ว⊛ߦഥࠍⴕ߁ᬺߢࠅ߇ࠊߡߞ߽ޔ࿖ߩ⑼ቇᛛⴚߩㅴዷߦነ
ਈߔࠆ߽ߩߢࠆޕ
2.ᬺߩౝኈ
ฦᄢቇ߇ᦨవ┵ߩ⎇ⓥ߿ၞߦᩮᏅߒߚ⎇ⓥߥߤߩⷰὐ߆ࠄ⎇ⓥࡊࡠࠫࠚࠢ࠻ࠍ⸘↹↳⺧ߒޔᢥ
ㇱ⑼ቇ⋭߇ክᩏߩߢㆬቯࠍⴕޔᒰࡊࡠࠫࠚࠢ࠻ࠍㆀⴕߔࠆߚߩ⎇ⓥὐߦኻߒߡ⎇ޔⓥᣉ
⸳⸳ᢛ⾌߿⎇ⓥ⾌ࠍ৻⊛ߦഥߔࠆޕ
3.⎇ⓥᦼ㑆߮ᡰេភ⟎
㧔1㧕⎇ⓥᦼ㑆
⎇ޟⓥὐࠍᒻᚑߔࠆ⎇ⓥޠ
㧦ේೣޔ5 ᐕ㑆
ޟᄢቇߩ․⦡ࠍᵴ߆ߒߚ⎇ⓥޠ߮ޟၞߦᩮᏅߒߚ⎇ⓥޠ
㧦ේೣޔ3 ᐕ㑆
3 ᐕ⋡ߦਛ㑆⹏ଔ⚳ᦨޔᐕᐲߦᓟ⹏ଔࠍⴕ߁㧔3 ᐕએਅߩᬺߪᓟ⹏ଔߩߺ㧕
㧔2㧕ᡰេភ⟎
٤⎇ⓥᣉ⸳
ࡊࡠࠫࠚࠢ࠻ߦᔅⷐߥᣉ⸳ߩᣂჇᡷ▽ޔᡷㅧᎿ
ഥኻ⽎㧦ᬺ⚻⾌ 1,000 ਁએ
ഥ₸㧦2 ಽߩ 1 એౝ
ේೣޔೋᐕᐲߩᢛߩߺഥ
٤⎇ⓥⵝ⟎⎇ⓥ⸳
ࡊࡠࠫࠚࠢ࠻ߦᔅⷐߥᯏ᪾╬ౕེޔ
ഥኻ⽎㧦
㧔⎇ⓥⵝ⟎㧕ᬺ⚻⾌ 4,000 ਁએ
㧔⎇ⓥ⸳㧕ᬺ⚻⾌ 500 ਁ㧔࿑ᦠߪ 100 ਁ㧕એ
ഥ₸㧦
㧔⎇ⓥⵝ⟎㧕2 ಽߩ 1 એౝ
㧔⎇ⓥ⸳㧕3 ಽߩ 2 એౝ
ೋᐕᐲ߆ࠄ 3 ᐕ⋡߹ߢߩᢛࠍഥ
٤⎇ⓥ⾌
↳⺧ߒߚ⎇ⓥᦼ㑆ਛߩᢎ⢒⎇ⓥ⚻⾌ᡰ࠻ࠗࡃ࡞ࠕޔ㑐ଥᡰ⸳ޔ㑐ଥᡰ㧔㧝ߪ㧝⚵ߩଔ
ᩰ߇ 500 ਁᧂḩ㧕߮ PD ߪ RA ⚻⾌
ഥ㒢 1 ం㧔
⎇ޟⓥ⾌ߩߺ ߪ࠻ࠢࠚࠫࡠࡊߩޠ3,000 ਁ㧕
ഥ₸㧦2 ಽߩ 1 એౝ
4.ᬺߩណᛯߦߟߡ
㧔1㧕⹏ଔ㗄⋡
1.⎇ⓥࡊࡠࠫࠚࠢ࠻ߩᗧ⟵ߣᔅⷐᕈ
2.⎇ⓥౝኈߩᅷᒰᕈ
3.⎇ⓥ⚵❱ߩᅷᒰᕈ
4.ᬺ⾌ߩᅷᒰᕈ
㧔2㧕ㆬቯᚻ⛯߈
ᄖㇱߩቇ⼂⚻㛎⠪ߢ᭴ᚑߔࠆ┙⑳ޟᄢቇᚢ⇛⊛⎇ⓥၮ⋚ᒻᚑᡰេᬌ⸛ળߡ߅ߦޠክᩏߩ߁߃ㆬቯ
ߔࠆޕ
㧔3㧕ഥߩᣇᴺ
ㆬቯߐࠇߚቇᩞߪޔᢥㇱ⑼ቇ⋭ߦ⸘↹⺞ᦠ╬ࠍឭߒഥࠍฃߌࠆޕ
ߚߛߒ⎇ޔⓥ⾌ߦߟߡߪޔᣣᧄ⑳┙ቇᩞᝄ⥝ᷣᬺ࿅ߦ↳⺧ߒഥࠍฃߌࠆޕ
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