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 seem to have a higher incidence of microchimerism ( 2 ) others. And small studies in 2009
and 2011 showed that mothers who have a low genetic risk of arthritis ( 3 ) go on to get the
condition are more likely to show microchimerism.
東大螢雪会
医学部英語 攻略演習
第 16 回　防衛医科大学校医学科編
東大螢雪会講師　尾関 茂、藤堂 嘉章
To investigate why this happens, Cruz and her colleagues analysed genes associated ( 4 )
arthritis in women with the condition and members of their family. They did the same for
healthy women who had given birth ( 5 ) least once, and unrelated men. In total, they looked
at 5000 people.
They found that women with arthritis were twice as likely to have given birth to children who
themselves had genes that put them at high risk of developing the condition. If the woman
carried no high-risk genes, the child would have inherited them from the father.
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ǦEʆƶEɇƔ (
1
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10
) D¢EʲɬXZˣ`@Þ\XQ9̘¢ɦ˥(A)̘(B)_
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マンツーマン指導で医学部に多くの合格者を輩出している「東大螢雪会」では，主要な医学
The pyramid of Cheops at Giza is ( 1 ) among the monuments of Egypt in several ways.
部の予想問題を作成しています。このコーナーでは，「東大螢雪会」の作成した予想問題を用
Not ( 2 ) is it the largest, best built, and ( 3 ) thoroughly surveyed of the pyramids, but it
いて，主要な医学部の英語を攻略するための演習を行います。毎号１校分の演習を行っていく
possesses several architectural features not found elsewhere.
予定です。
these are two shafts leading north and south out
2 of the King’s Chamber. Although the northern
2
shaft ( 4 ) an average angle with the horizontal of about 31 degrees and the southern ( 5 )
shaft ( 4 ) an average angle with the horizontal of about 31 degrees and the southern ( 5 )
an angle of 44.5 ( 6 ), the two shafts ( 7 ) nearly at the same height on the northern and
an angle of 44.5 ( 6 ), the two shafts ( 7 ) nearly at the same height on the northern and
southern faces.
southern faces.
The purpose of these shafts has not been determined, but ( 8 ) has frequently been held
The purpose of these shafts has not been determined, but ( 8 ) has frequently been held
that they were intended simply ( 9 ) ventilation, hence the name ‘air-shafts’. In ( 10 ),
that they were intended simply ( 9 ) ventilation, hence the name ‘air-shafts’. In ( 10 ),
however, of the profoundly religious character of the pyramids themselves for the Ancient
however, of the profoundly religious character of the pyramids themselves for the Ancient
Egyptians (B)it seems not unreasonable to look for some deeper meaning to the shafts.
Egyptians (B)it seems not unreasonable to look for some deeper meaning to the shafts.
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1
今月号では，防衛医科大学校医学科の英語を攻略します！
Ǔĺʌ˼º ÿņ˥ʆʲ ưȠȆɯ ˱ʑÿȿĺņǙÿņȿɧ ̚ Ǔĺʌ˼ºʸš ŗ˰ ʇ̘
ʋıĥɉ
防衛医科大学校医学科
̛
11
Read the article below and explain the relation between microchimerism
and rheumatoid arthritis in less than 45 words in English. Do not simply copy the
expressions in the text.
12
Fill in the following blanks ( 1 )̱( 5 ) with an appropriate English word.
Unborn babies can sow the seeds for rheumatoid arthritis in their mothers ― and their
(A)Among
the most obvious of
fathers might be to ( 1 ).
A pregnant woman exchanges cells with a fetus while it is in the womb. “For most women, the
fetal cells clear up shortly after they give birth,” says Giovanna Cruz, an epidemiologist at the
University of California at Berkeley. “But in a subset of women they actually persist for
decades.” In these women, the fetal cells are incorporated into their tissues, a process called
microchimerism.
Women who have autoimmune diseases when the body’s immune system turns on itself
seem to have a higher incidence of microchimerism ( 2 ) others. And small studies in 2009
and 2011 showed that mothers who have a low genetic risk of arthritis ( 3 ) go on to get the
condition are more likely to show microchimerism.
To investigate why this happens, Cruz and her colleagues analysed genes associated ( 4 )
arthritis in women with the condition and members of their family. They did the same for
healthy women
who number
had given2015
birth ( 5 ) least once, and unrelated men. In total, they looked
sixteenth
1
at 5000 people.
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Nothing hurts Americans more than chronic pain. It’s our single biggest health problem,
Nothing hurts Americans more than chronic pain. It’s our single biggest health problem,
affecting the lives of 100 million adults more than heart disease, cancer, and diabetes
affecting the lives of 100 million adults more than heart disease, cancer, and diabetes
combined. And that figure, from a 2011 Institute of Medicine report, doesn’t even count kids in
combined. And that figure, from a 2011 Institute of Medicine report, doesn’t even count kids in
pain, veterans with devastating war injuries, or people in nursing homes.
pain, veterans with devastating war injuries, or people in nursing homes.
(1) The magnitude of these findings extends beyond the science. Many patients with chronic
(1) The magnitude of these findings extends beyond the science. Many patients with chronic
pain are mistakenly viewed by clinicians and society at large as drug seekers or hypochondriacs.
pain are mistakenly viewed by clinicians and society at large as drug seekers or hypochondriacs.
Without a blood test or biomarkers for pain, they fight skeptics and suffer through
Without a blood test or biomarkers for pain, they fight skeptics and suffer through
trial-and-error treatments. This visible validation that patients’ pain is real will go a long way
trial-and-error treatments. This visible validation that patients’ pain is real will go a long way
to ease the stigma.
to ease the stigma.
医学部攻略の学習指導 ●【英語】東大螢雪会
2
(2) The new method produced dramatic images showing how glial cells which are derived
(2) The new method produced dramatic images showing how glial cells which are derived
from the immune system but live in the nervous system get activated in chronic-pain
pain, veterans with devastating war injuries, or people in nursing homes.
In 1999, a scientist from New Zealand, James Flynn, conducted research that found that IQ
(1) The magnitude of these findings extends beyond the science. Many patients with chronic
scores appeared to be slowly increasing worldwide at a rate of about three IQ points per decade.
pain are mistakenly viewed by clinicians and society at large as drug seekers or hypochondriacs.
This phenomenon became known as
Without a blood test or biomarkers for pain, they fight skeptics and suffer through
various factors, including improved nutrition, the trend toward smaller families, and improved
trial-and-error treatments. This visible validation that patients’ pain is real will go a long way
literacy and education. As a result of this effect, IQ tests need to be renormalized periodically in
to ease the stigma.
order to obtain accurate mean scores. It also means that IQ scores measured in different
(2) The new method produced dramatic images showing how glial cells which are derived
decades must be adjusted before they can be accurately compared.
(1)the
Flynn Effect. It has been explained as the result of
from the immune system but live in the nervous system get activated in chronic-pain
Over the decades, IQ has been the subject of considerable controversy. Some educators claim
patients, ramping up the transmission of pain signals to the brain. “Over the past few years,
IQ is a social construct that is biased toward individuals from certain ethnic and income
we’ve seen this in animal studies,” says Marco Loggia, who led the MGH team. “But this is the
backgrounds, while others maintain that IQ scores are an accurate reflection of ability. The
first time we have proof that it works the same way in humans, and it’s a big step forward.”
former argument points to test score gaps between black and white students, which it explains
(3) The good news, finally, is that scientists from Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH) in
as resulting from cultural factors, such as difference in emphasis on education in the home. The
Boston have unveiled a new brain-scanning method that allows doctors to see chronic pain in
other side of the argument holds that any gaps are the result of hereditary differences in
exquisite detail for the first time. The technique, a merger of PET (positron emission
intelligence. This debate has been referred to as the nature-nurture controversy. (2)The fact that
tomography) and MRI (magnetic resonance imaging), clearly identifies that a patient is hurting,
test gaps were found to narrow toward the end of the twentieth century is viewed as evidence of
and offers a significantly better way to diagnose chronic pain. In trials, patients’ scans lit up in
the nurture hypothesis.
brain areas corresponding to where in the body they ached.
(4) But it’s only a start. Now that we can see the activation of chronic pain, pharmaceutical
41
¢ɦ˥(1)_ 25 ńµäEƽǏʲ@ʴǁ6X
companies should be aggressive with clinical trials
3 to pursue new and novel treatments. “Pain
3
can be reversed,” says Loggia. “In five to 10 years, we could potentially have a pill to do just
can be reversed,” says Loggia. “In five to 10 years, we could potentially have a pill to do just
that.”
that.”
(5) Yet despite the fact that chronic pain is the primary reason Americans receive disability
(5) Yet despite the fact that chronic pain is the primary reason Americans receive disability
benefits, it’s one of the least understood afflictions. Medical schools teach doctors almost nothing
benefits, it’s one of the least understood afflictions. Medical schools teach doctors almost nothing
about it, spending a median of nine hours on the topic over four years. The federal government
about it, spending a median of nine hours on the topic over four years. The federal government
puts absurdly few dollars toward research: $4 a year for every person in pain versus $2,562 for
puts absurdly few dollars toward research: $4 a year for every person in pain versus $2,562 for
every person with HIV/AIDS. One big reason for the lack of resources is that there’s no objective
every person with HIV/AIDS. One big reason for the lack of resources is that there’s no objective
way to confirm that pain exists.
way to confirm that pain exists.
42
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Sensory awareness and learning start in the womb, which the recently reinvigorated
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study of fetal perception has made clearer than ever. A"#žƶ_¢ʥʆƶDơÞ4
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Newborns are hardly blank slates devoid of knowledge and experience, contrary to historical
notions about the infant mind. In the past few years lifelike images and videos created by 3-D
and 4-D ultrasound have revealed much more about physiology and behavior than the blurry
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ǦEʆƶ_ʵ`@̘ʦġDɍ$X
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Intelligence is the quality of mind that includes capacities such as reasoning, planning,
Intelligence is the quality of mind that includes capacities such as reasoning, planning,
solving problems, learning languages, and thinking abstractly. The term “smart” is used
solving problems, learning languages, and thinking abstractly. The term “smart” is used
colloquially to refer to intelligence. Psychometric tests have been developed in an effort to better
colloquially to refer to intelligence. Psychometric tests have been developed in an effort to better
understand and identify differences in intelligence. These tests provide an intelligence quotient,
understand and identify differences in intelligence. These tests provide an intelligence quotient,
or IQ, score.
or IQ, score.
In 1999, a scientist from New Zealand, James Flynn, conducted research that found that IQ
In 1999, a scientist from New Zealand, James Flynn, conducted research that found that IQ
scores appeared to be slowly increasing worldwide at a rate of about three IQ points per decade.
scores appeared to be slowly increasing worldwide at a rate of about three IQ points per decade.
This phenomenon became known as (1)the Flynn Effect. It has been explained as the result of
This phenomenon became known as (1)the Flynn Effect. It has been explained as the result of
various factors, including improved nutrition, the trend toward smaller families, and improved
various factors, including improved nutrition, the trend toward smaller families, and improved
literacy and education. As a result of this effect, IQ tests need to be renormalized periodically in
literacy and education. As a result of this effect, IQ tests need to be renormalized periodically in
order to obtain accurate mean scores. It also means that IQ scores measured in different
order to obtain
accurate
mean
scores. It also means that IQ scores measured in different
sixteenth
number
2015
3
decades must be adjusted before they can be accurately compared.
decades must be adjusted before they can be accurately compared.
Over the decades, IQ has been the subject of considerable controversy. Some educators claim
2-D silhouettes of typical ultrasound. And noninvasive devices can now measure electrical
activity in the developing brain of a fetus or newborn. Recent insights obtained from such tools
provide a rich portrait of how a fetus uses its budding brain and senses to learn about itself and
the outside world well before birth. Such research has improved care for preterm babies,
suggesting the benefits of dim lights, familiar and quiet voices, and lots of comforting skin
contact between mother and child.
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Moving silently through the air isn’t just for birds. Wind turbines inspired by the stealthy
flight of owls could generate more energy than existing ones, without annoying those who live
nearby.
(A)Turbines
医学部攻略の学習指導 ●【英語】東大螢雪会
4
create emissions-free electricity by using the wind to turn propeller-like blades
contact between mother and child.
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flight of owls could generate more energy than existing ones, without annoying those who live
nearby.
create emissions-free electricity by using the wind to turn propeller-like blades
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the mother’s body, and sometimes
around a rotor. But nearby wildlife and people prefer they keep quiet.
Now Nigel Peake of the University of Cambridge and his colleagues have turned to owls famously silent predators thanks to sound-dampening wings for inspiration. Evenly spaced
which
called
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remainis in
hermicrochimerism.
tissues after delivery,
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a woman
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which is called
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the
bristles along the wings’ width break up sound waves as an owl flies, preventing them from
building up and producing noise. “These features are absolutely unique to owls,” says Peake.
genes
related
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arthritis
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tomore
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The team made its own owl wings by adding a number of fins that trail across and off the edge
of the surface of the blades. When the team tested the wings in a wind tunnel, they found that
it.
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noise reduction worked best when the fins were spaced 1 millimetre apart across the blades.
The best performing fins cut noise by a factor of 10.
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解　答　・　解　説
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「東大螢雪会」
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sixteenth number
2015
医学部攻略の学習指導 ●【英語】東大螢雪会
24