01dIcelandicTristramssagaoleIsondar

明 治大 学 教養 論 集
通 巻305号
(1998・1)pp.23-56
TristanthePolyglot:``Languages"
タ
inGottfriedvonStra8burg'sTristan,
01dIcelandicTristramssagaoleIsondar
andMiddleEnglishSirTristrem
KoichiNakamura
Introduction
ReferencestovariouslanguagesintheearlierpartofGottfried's
Tristanmayseematfirstsighttobetrivialandhavebeenscarcelymentioned,asWemer(1985:166)observes,"EsistdieseinMotiv,dasinder
bisherigenweitenTristan-Diskussion,soweitichsehe,nochwenig
BeachtunggefundenhatidasaberbeigenaueremZusehenzuinteressanten
AspektenundStrukturfadenfiihrtundzurAufhellungdesGesamtge且echts
beitragenkann."True,itdoesnotconcemthemaintheme,butitiscertainly
oneofthetriggersofeventsinthetale,ifweconsiderthegoodandbad
effectsitmoreorlessindirectlyproduces:theabductionandhissuccessful
diplomacywithwhichtogainKingMark'sfavourandhealingbyQueen
IsoldeofIreland.Tristan's(orGottfried's)interestinlanguagessporadicallymanifestsitselfinthemainscenesaswell.Haug(1997:222)says,``[1]tis
hisartistic,musicalandpoeticgiftswhichgainhimadmissiontotheIrish
courtandthepostoftutortotheyoungIsolt.HeusesaplayonwordsreversillgthesyllablesofhisnametogiveTantrisinsteadofTristan-toconcealhisidentityinIreland."SinceWerner(1985)almostcompletelyinvesti一
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gatedtherelevantpartsconceming(foreign)languagesinGottfried's
抗
血 η,thispaperwiladdthecorrespondingpartsfromotherversions
baseduponThomas'swork,i.e.TristramssagaokisondarandMiddle
EnglishRomanceSirT短istrem,whichsupposedlyhavesome(butmuchfewer)remarksaboutthelanguages.Wewilllookatallthedescriptionsabout
thisskillofTristanandofothercharactersandinvestigatehowtheycontributetothewholestory.TheEnglishtranslationofGottfriedisthatofHatto
(1967).ForOldIcelandicandMiddleEnglishversions,thetranslationis
minebutowesmuchtotheGermantranslationofK61bing(1878;1882)and
theFrenchtranslationofBoyer(1995)andCr6pin(1995).
1.LanguageSkillsofTristan
1.11tisindeedtheTristan'sabilityofspeakillgmanylangllagesthat
causedbothhis五rstmisfortuneandthewayoutfromit.However
doesnotinchldeanythinginhis夕
,B6dier
η〃vanaboutthelanguagesT亘stanstudied
,
thoughitisundoubtedlyoneoftheimportanttriggersofadventllrousevents
andhappeningsinthistale:
Gorvenalluienseignaenpeud'ann6esles「artsquiconvienllent
auxbarons.Illuiappritamanierlalance,1'6p6e,1'6cuet1'arc,a
lancerlesdisquesdepierre,afranchird'unbondlespluslarges
foss6s;illuiappritadεtestertoutmensongeettoutef610nie
,a
secourirlesfaibles,atenirlafoidonn6e;illuiapPritdiverses
manieresdechant,1ejeudelaharpeet1'artduveneur;et
1'enfantchevauchaitparmilesjeunes6cuyers,onetitditqueson
cheval,sesamesetluineformaientqu'unseulcorpsetn'eussent
,quand
TristanthePolyglot
jamais6t6s6par6s.(P.411.4-16)
ComparethiswithGottfried'soriginal;RualliFoitenant,hisfosterfather
nam
undbevalchin.eillemwisenman:
mitdemsant'eriniesadan
durchfremedespracheinfremediulant;
unddazeraberalzehant
derbuochelereanvienge
unddenouchmitegienge
vorallerslahtelεre.
(tookhimandplacedhiminthecareofamanofexperienceand
promptlysenthimabroadwithhimtoleamforeignlanguages
andbeginatoncetostudybooks,andplythemmorethanany
otherbranchofstudy.)(2058-65)
Therefore
[u]nderdisenzweinlernungen
derbuocheundederzungen
soverteteersinerstundevil
aniegelichemseitespi1:
dakεrteerspateundefruo
sinemzekeits6sεrezuo,
biZereswunderkunde.
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(duringthetimethathewasengagedonthesetwostudiesof
booksandlanguages,healsospentmanyhoursplayingstringed
instrumentsofankinds,perseveringfrommorningtonighttillhe
becamemarvellouslyadeptatthem.)(2091-97)
ThusGottfriedalwayslinksTristan'slanguageskillswithhismusicalones.
RuallatertalksaboutthissortofeducationofTristanatKingMark'scourt,
mentioning``skillsofbothtongueandhand":
wieerinsanteinfremediulant,
undswazerfuogekunde
mithandenundmitmunde,
wieerindazlεrenhiez._
(h・wh・bim・elfh・dse・tth・b・y・b・
・adandh・dhimt・ught・ll
theskillswhichhehadmastered,bothoftongueandhand_.)
(4252-55)
Tristramss噸
αoゐfsonda夕(Saga),thoughbaseduponthesamesourceas
Gottfried's,i.e.Thomas,describeshiseducationoflanguagesinadifferent
way:
Sf6an16thannkennahanumb6kfrce6iokvarhannhinnneemasti,
okfroeddisthannfbessunami,VIIhQfu6v61um,oksnildasthann
allskonartungum;pvineestnamhannVIIstrengleika,svaatengi
fannstha皿mfraegrin6betrkunnandi_.
TristanthePolyglot27
(Thenhehadhimgaintheknowledgeofbooksandhewasvery
quickatlearningandhemasteredduringthislessonsevenp血
cipalarts.Hebecameversedinallkindsoflanguages.Thenhe
learnedsevenstringinstrumentssowellthatnoonecouldbe
foundwhowasmorefamousorskilledthanhewas.)(16.2917.3)
FriarRobertdoesnotsaythatTristanwassenttoforeigncountriestolearn
languagesasGottfrieddoes;hesimplysaysTristanbecameversedinall
kindsoflanguages,sotheideaofsendinghimabroadmighthavebeen
Gottfried'sinvention.Thatisconfirmedwhenwelookatthecorresponding
partofSirTristrem,whichdoesnotrefertoanylanguage,muchless
Tristremstudyingabroad;afterallthisMiddleEnglishromanceisvery
muchabridged,asCr6pin(1995:1541)intryingtosummarisethiswork,
says,``Ler6sumer,c'estr6sllmercequiestd6jafortabr696":
pechildhesettolore,
AndlerndhimalsosWipe;
Inbok,whilehewaspore,
Hestodiepeuer,batstipe.
poレatbihimwore,
Ofhimwerenfulbliレe;
Patbold,
Hiscraftesganhekipe
O3aineshem,whenhewold.
(Heeducatedthechildandheleamedveryfast.Wllilehewas
−
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there,healwaysstudiedbooks,thesteadfastboy.Thosearound
himwereverygladofhim,thatexcellentchild.Hedemonstrated
hisskillstothem,whenhewished.)(278-86)
ThereforeGottfried'sexpression``sant'eriniesadan/durchfremede
spracheinfremediulant"seemstobehisowncreとtion.Itappears'allthe
moreso,becauseitcontainsatthesametimehisprevalenttendencyofrhe-
toricalrepetition,``fremede_fremediu",anexampleofpolyptotoninthis
case(1).Stevens(1990:73)callsthistraductiousingCicero'stermsandsays,
"Gottfrieddoesnotrelyonplainlanguage
,butdramatiseshiscasebyem-
ployingastrikingrangeofrhetoricalfigures.AssoofteninTristan,figures
ofdiction,especianythoseeitherdirectlyinvolvingorotherwisegenerated
bywordrepetition,featureabundance."
ThisgiftofTristanbecameoneofthereasonsforhisfirstmisfort皿e
(excludingPerhapstheveryfirstonethathisparentsdiedyoung):theabduction.Norwegians'firstreactiolltoTristanspeakingtheirownlanguageis
pu「esu「p「lse:
《ei》,spracher《edelenkoufman.
s6helfeiugot!undkunnetir
schachzabelspil?dazsagetmir!》
undsprachdazinirzungen.
nusahensfdenjungen
abernoch且izeclicheran,
d6erirspracheredenbegan,
dieltttzeliemenkundeda.
susbegundens'andemjungensa
TristanthePolyglot29
merkenelliusiniudinc.
(`Oh,'hesaid,`noblemerchants,inHeaven'sname,don'ttellme
youplaychess?'andsaiditintheirlanguage.Hearinghimuse
theirspeech,whichnexttononeinthosepartsknew,theylooked
attheboywithmountinginterestandtookstockofhimmi皿tely.)(2228-37)
Quiteinterestingly,itistheSagathistimethatismorespecificaboutthe
languageinthisscene:
enkaupmennvarunorroenirokskilduhvarkibrezkun6vOlskun6
a6rartungur,atf(erasamankaupsfn.Tristramvarレafrceddr
nOkkunlmtungum,okger6ihannkaupvi6レ
えumVIIfugla....
(butthemerchantswereNorwegiansandunderstoodneither
BretonnorFrenchnorotherlanguageswithwhichtomakea
bargain.ButTristan㎞ewseverallanguagesandhestrokea
bargainofsevenbirdswiththeln.)(17.29-18.1)
InGottfriedthebirdswereapparentlyboughtbyhisfosterfatheroritmight
havebeenhisretainers,butatanyratenotTristanhimself.HistalentforlanguagesismoreexplicitinSagathaninGottfried,forintheformeritmustinvolvebargaininginaforeignlanguagealldnotjustasimpleexchangeof
words.ThelanguagethatTristanusedhereis,asWerner(1985:172)says,
"Altwestnordisch"
,sotheauthorofSagaprobablywentalittlebitfurther
intootherwiseunusualdetailsbecause,afterall,itmusthavebeenalmostthe
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'
sameashisnativetongueandthefactthatTristanwasabletocommunicate
insuchacomplicatedsituationinNorwegianmusthavebeentooimportant
forhimtoignore.
Sir抗s『
夕@〃2,asusual,tellsusnothingaboutthelanguageusedatthis
scene.Moreover,bytheomissionoftheboy'sgoodqualitieswehaveto
thinkthatthereasonofhisabductionisnotthathehadhistalentsbutthathe
wonallthechessgames.Hencearatherdebasedresum60fThomas:
percomaschipofNorway
TosirRohandeshold
WiphaUkeswhiteandgray
Andpanesfairyfold.
Tristremherditsay;
Onhisplayinghewold
Tventischillingtolay.
SirRohandhimtold
Andtau3t;
Forhaukesiluerhe301d,
pefairest,menhimrau3t.
(TherecameashipfromNorwaytoSirRohand'scastlewith
whiteandgrayhawksandgarmentsbeautifullyfolded.Tristrem
heardofit.Hewishedtopaytwentyshillingsforhisplay.Sir
Rohalldgavehiminstruction.Hepaidsilverforahawk,the
fairestonetheyofferedhim.)(298-308)
Gottfriedshowsinthisscenehowmuchheisconcernedwithlanguage
TristanthePolyglot31
itselfbecausehereherefersnotonlytoTristan'spolyglotismbutprobably
alsotohispronunciationbysaying
sinamdeswunder,dazeinkint
s6manegesprachekunde:
die且uzzenimezemunde,
dazsi'sεnievernamen,
answelhestatsikamen.
derh6veschehovebeere
liesiniuhovemaere
undfremediuzabelwortelin
underwilenfiiegenin:
diuspracherwol....
([t]heywereamazedthatachildcouldspeaksomanylallguages,
which且owedtohislipsinawaytheyhadneverheardinanyport
theyhadcalledat.Everynowandthenthispolishedyoungcourtierinterposedwithfashionablesmall-talkandexotictermsof
chess.Theseheprono皿cedwel1....)(2280-89)
SowecanseethatinGottfrieditisTristan'stalentforlanguagesin
particularthatledtheNorwegianmerchantstoabducthim;theywereso
amazedathisabilitythattheythoughttheycould``reapgreatprofitand
hon皿rfromhim"bygettinghimaway:
alsolhercfirt6sie
dertreibervilunds6vilan,
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bizaberdiewerbendenman
zeratewurdenunderin:
kundensiiniemerbringenhin
mitdeheinerslahtesinnen,
sim6htenslngewinnen
gr6zenfrumenund6re.
(Heperseveredwiththeseandotherpoliteacquirementstosuch
apointthatthetradersresolvedthatif,bysomeruse,theycould
gethimawaytheywouldreapgreatprofitandhonourfromhim.)
(2294-301)
Wemer(1985:173)wonderswhatsortofpro趾thosemerchantscouldobtainfromTristan.Hesupposesthatcouldbetheboy'sabilityasaninterpreter:``SeineKenntnisse,dieinersterLiniegenanntenSprachkenntnisse,
k6nntendenreisendenKau且eutenabersehrnUtzlichseinfUrangemessene
KontakteundDolmetscherdienstemitihrenHauptkUnden,denLeutenbei
Hof."
InSagaitisTristan's"knowledge",``skill",``beauty",andhistechniqUeofchessthatmadethemerchantsdecidetoabducthim.Theyknow
thathecanspeakatleastNorwegian,sohislanguageskillsareimplicitly
involvedhereinthewords``kunnOsta"and"margfroe6i":
Enkaupmellnundru6upennaungamannoklofu6ukunnOstu
hans,listokfegr60katgor6,vizkuokme6fer6,erhannupplεk
paalla,ok伽gu6upeir,atefpeirkoemihinumbruttme6s6r,at
レeimmyndimikitgagnafstandahanskunnOstuokmargfroe6i,
TristanthePolyglot33
sviok,efpeirviljaseljahann,レi
faレeirmikitf6fyrirhann.
(Butthemerchantsweresurprisedatthisyoungmanandpraised
hisknowledge,hisart,hisbeautyandability,hisclevemessand
moves[ofchess],whenhebeatthemalLAndtheythoughtthatif
theytookhimawaywiththem,greatprofitmightbederivedfor
themfromhisknowledgeandvariedleamingandalsoifthey
wishedtosellhim,thentheywouldgainalotfromhim.)(18.813)
NotonlyTristan'sgiftforlanguagesblltalsoothertalentsarediscardedin
SirTristrem,sowearelefttoconsiderthatthereasonofhisabductionis,as
weobservedabove,thathewonthegame:
Tristremwanレatperwaslayd.
Atresounレerwasmade.
Nolengerpanレemaisterseyd,
Ofgatenasレernobade.
Aspaibestsatandplayd,
Outofhauenレairade;
Oponpesesogray
Framレebrimesbrade
Gun且ete:
Oflodレaiwerewelglade,
AndTristremsorewepe.
(Tristremwoneverythingthatwasstaked.Thentreasonwas
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made.Whenthemastermarinergaveorders,theshipleft
withoutdelay(2).Astheysatandplayedintently,theysailedout
oftheport;upontheverygrayseafromthebroadcoastthey
sailed.Theywereallgladoftheirvoyage,whileTristanwept
bitterly.)(342-52)
ThecomparisonoftwoofthethreeworksbasedonThomasreveals
thattheremighthavebeenatleastsomepartsconcerningTristan'sabilityof
speakingNorwegianorOtherlanguagesilltheoriginal.Gottfried,veryinterestedinlangu'ageshimself,enlargedthem,whichtheauthorofSir
Tristremcompletelyignoredassomethingtrivial.
1.2Thankstohisfosterfathe〆scareandattention,weseethat
Tristanwasabletospeaknolessthanninelanguages:fourfromCeltic-
Breton,Welsh,ScottishandIrish,twofromItalic-LatinandFrench,and
threefromGermanic-Norwegian,GermanandDanish(3).KingMark,
surprised,askshim:
《Tristan,ichh6rtedichdoche
brit{inischsihgenundgalois,
guotlatineundfranzois:
kanstdttdiesprAche?》
(Tristan,IheardyousinginginBretonjustnow,andinWelsh,
good'Latin,andFrench.Doyouknowtheselanguages?)
Hereplies:
TristanthePolyglot35
《hεrre,ja,/billfchewol.》
(Yes,tolerablywell,Sire.)(3688-92)
ThereisnodoubtthathistalentforlanguageshelpedhimtowinKing
Mark'sfavour,though,ofcourse,itisnottheonlyreason,anditis
``connected
withhisgiftforstory-tellingandforplayillgavarietyofmusical
instruments.Hisabilitytoexpresshimselfindifferentmodes
,togive
differentversionsofthesamematerial_isrelatedtohistendencytopresent
himselfindifferentguisesandroles",asFerrante(1990:178)says
.
Athisreply,courtiersatKingMark'scourttesthimintheselanguages
and``tonguesofneighbouringcountries":
hierunderantwurteerd6
hofslicheirallermaeren:
Norwεegen,Irlandaeren,
Alamanjen,SchottenundeTenen.
(Whilethiswasgoingonhecourteouslyrepliedtowhattheyhad
tosay-toNorwegians,Irishmen,Ge㎜ans,Scots
,andDanes.)
(3698-701)
HereWemer(1985:179)takesnoteoftheorderoflanguagesreferred
to,i.e.NorthGermanic-Celtic-WestGermanic-Ceitic-NorthGermanicby
saying,"lhreAufzahlungfolgtzwarnichtdemgeographischenRaum
abereinemumarmendenPrinzip,aparterweisemitdenDeutschenim
Zentrum;dieswUrdeeinegewisseKenntnisGottfriedsvonden
Sprachverwandtschaftellvoraussetzen...ノ'Hejusttalksabout``einemumar一
,wohl
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melldenPrinzip"butthisstructuremightbebetterconceivedashighly
elaboratelinguisticchiasmusinthateachcomponent(Norweegen,
Irlandeeren,/Alamanjen,SchottenundeTenen)doesnothaveanycommon
formalcharacteristicsbutistheappellationofcorrectlyclassifiedlanguage
(A-B-A'-B-A).Simplerformsofchiasmiareabundant.Johnson(1984;
1995:215)observes,``[P]arallelandchiastic-chiasmusisprobablyGottfried'sfavouriteform-arrangementsofsymonymsandantonyms,thebalancingandcombiningofopposites,haveoftenbeencomparedWiththelanguage
ofmystics,seekingtoexpressinpaltrywordstheineffableoftheirsoul'suniollwithitsmaker."
InSagaandSirTristrem,wefindnodescriptionofhislanguageskills
andonlyhismusicaltechniquesarementioned.Thefomer,however,at
leasttellsusthathecansinglaysinBreton(Butthisisprobablyhisnative
language.Wemer(1985:179)says,"Sobleibtnur`Bretonisch'sinnvollerweiseUbrig,eineSprache,dieTristanjavonPamaenfeundbesondersvon
MorgansLehenslandhereigentlichalsHeimatsprachekennenmtiSte._"):
,,ptiharpari!'tsegirhann,,,leikvelpennaslatt!pettahlj6δger6u
BretariBretlandiumunnustuhinsg66aGeirnis."
("Youharpist!"hesaid,``playthismusicwell!Bretonscomposed
thissonginBretagneaboutthesweetheartofthegoodGeirnis.")
(23.31-33)
'
Anharpourmadealay,
patTristrem,aresollndhe.
peharpour3edeoway:
TristanthePolyglot37
》Whobettercan,latse!《
》Botyレemendimay,
WrongPanwiteyレe!《
peharpourgantosay:
》pemaistri3iueype
Fulsket!《
(Aharpistplayedalay,whichTristremcriticised.Theharpist
gaveway,[saying]"Hewhocal1[play]better,1ethim[play]!
``IfIcan'tplaybetterthanyou
,Icriticiseyouunfairly!"The
harpistsaid,``Igiveupmymastershiptoyouimmediately!")
(551-59)
MusicsuchasTristanplayedontheharpappealstothesenses,whereasthe
surprisewhenoneseessomeonespeakingmanylanguagesappealsratherto
themind.GottfriedcombinesthetwotoinduceKingMark'sfavourtoward
Tristan.Since,asinSagaandS〃Tristrem,onlyenchantingmllsicisgood
enoughtomaketheKinglovehim,weseehereagainGottfried'speculiarin-
terestinlanguagespersθ,athingtodowiththemindratherthanwith
senses.ThismustberelatedtohistendenCytoembellishhisworkwithvari-
ousrhetoricaldevices.Tristan'slinguistictalentmoredirectlyappealstothe
polyglotpriestlaterwhenhearrivとsinIreland.
1.3Tristan'sabilityoflanguagesisreferredto,orrather,takenad-
vantageof,bymaliciousroyalcouncillors,'whourgeKingMarktodispatch
TristanforobtainingIsolde;thisisthecaseinwhichhistalentworkedbadly
forhim:
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《h6rre,gefUegetir'zals6,
dazmlnhεrTristan,derhiestat,
derdazehovekUndehat,
iuwerboteschaftdawerbenwil
,
SδiSteZalleZaneinZil
undaneinsta)tezendebraht.
deristwis'皿dewolbedaht
undsaelicz'allendingen;
dermagezz'elldebringen:
erkanirallersprachewol,
erendet,swazerendensoL》
(lfyouarrangeformylordTristanhere,whoisacquaintedWith
thatcourt,toconductyourembassy,itwillallbeconcludedand
settled.Heisprudentanddiscerning,andluckyinallhisworks;
heWillaccomplishitsuccessfUlly.Hehasanexcellentknowledge
oftheirlanguage.Hecompleteseverytaskheisset.)(8528-38)
JustlikeinthecaseofNorwegianmerchantswementionedin1.1,Sagatalks
morespecificallyabouttherelevantlanguagehere:
hannkennirkonunginnokmeylla,okhannerVingarδrvelvi6
dr6ttningina.Hannkannokirskuokhanumer㎞nnugtallt
frland;efhannvillalhugaileggja,pagetrhannatvisus6tthana,
me6v61,stuldie6rrani,e6rkonungrinns6hanagiptandi.
'
(Heknowsthekingandthemaidenandisongoodtermswiththe
TristanthePolyglot39
queen.HealsoknowsIrishandthewholebfIrelandisknownto
him;ifhewillsetallhisheartonit,hewillsurelyobtainherby
artifice,kidnapping,orabduction,orthekingwillgiveherin
marriage.)(42.24-7)
SirT痴s舵
〃1givesnoreasonsTristanshouldbedispatched;thebarons
simplyinsistheshouldgo,hopillgtoruinhim.InGottfriedandSごga,
Tristan'stalentforlanguagesresultedinbothgoodandbad廿lings,thus
demonstratingdramaticirony,whereasSirTriStrem'snarrativeismoreor
lessdominatedbylooseness:
InInglondfulwide
pebarounshembipou3t,
TofelTristremspride,
Houレaifairestmou3t;
pekingpairadtoride,
Aquentohimレaisou3t,
pathenowereitnou3t,
Noking:
paiseyd,batTristremmou3t
YsondeofYrlondbring.
Abridbri3tpaiches
Asblodoponsnoweing:
》Amaidenofswichereles
Tristremmaytoレebring!《
(InalloverEnglandthebaronswerethinkinghowtocrush
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Tristan'spride,howtheycoulddo[that]best.Theyadvisedthe
kingtodecide[thematter]incouncil④,theysoughtaqueenfor
him,sothathecouldnotbeaking.TheysaidthatTristrem
shouldbringYsondefromIreland.Theychoseabridefairas
blooduponfallensnow:"AmaidenofsuchbeautyTristremmay
bringtoyou!")(1343-57)
1.4AsisthecaseofKingMark'scourt,itwashispolyglotism
togetherwithhisskillinstringedinstrumentsthatinducedtheIrishpriest's
compassiontowardhimdisguisedasTantristheminstrel(itisveryplausible
bythewaythatareligious,intellectualmanshouldtakeparticularpityon
someonewhoshowsnotonlymusicalbutalsolinguisticskills)andmoreimportantlyweknowthatthepriesthimselfwaspolyglot(``kundeouch
fremedersprachevil"):
inderwneezdδgeschach,
dazeinpfaffedarinkam
皿dsfnefuogevernam
anhanden皿deanmunde;
wanerouchselbekunde
listundekunstgenuoge,
mithandenmanegefuoge
aniegelichemseitespil
皿dkundeouchfremederspracheVi1.
(Ithappenedmeanwhilethatapriestenteredandsawhow
accomplishedhewaswithhishandsandvoice,forhewashimself
TristanthePolyglot41
askillfulanddexterollsperformeroneveryvarietyofstringed
instrument,andmasterofmanylanguages.)(7700-08)
And
[d]6deranTristand'alsevil
schoenerkunstundfuogeersach,
inerbarmetesimungemach
vilinneclichesεre
und、enbeiteouchd6nimεre:
ergiezerkUniginnedan
undseiteir,dazeinspileman
inderstatdaweere,
derweereeinmartereere
undt6tmitlebelldemlibe,._
(seeingsomanyartsalldacqllirementsatTristan'scommand
thispriestwasmovedtodeepestpityforhissufferingsand,
delayingtherenolonger,wenttotheQueenandtoldherthat
therewasaminstrelinthetown,amanrackedwithpainsufferingalivingdeath,....)(7732-44)
TheQueen,impressed,agreedtohealhim,thesecondconsummationofthe
goodfortunehelpedbyhislanguageskills.
Sagaisambiguousaboutthelanguageeducationofisondandno
polyglotpriestappears,whichsuggeststhatthischaracterisaninventionof
Gottfried,whoishimselfconsidered``a`clerc'or`clerk',thatissomeone
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whohasenjoyedahighereducationandfunctionseitherinaspiritualor
administrativerole,perhapsinthecitychanceryorattheepiscopalcourt"
(Johnson(1984;1995):207-8).Wecanseethat5已ga'snarrativeisquite
vagueabouthistalentforlanguageshere;itsimplysays,"miklakunnittu
(greatknowledge)"and"margfr(eδi(variedlearning)t':
N6he丘rhanniframmistrengleikasina,kurteisiokh●versku,
semhannertilfoerr;faran6afhanumsn②ggtti6indiumfri61eik
hansokmiklakunnattu.Semlsondkonungsd6ttir,hillfri6aok
kurteisa,spyrゆessiti6indiafhanum,pagirnisthunmjOkatsja
hannoknQkkutafhansmargfroe6i,okbi6rn6fO6ursinnok
m66ur,atTrantrisskyldipangatfara.Ntihefirj皿gfniisondsv5
miklalist,atbi6jafQ6ursinnokIsodddr6ttningu,m66ursina,at
レauskulikomaserundirkynningarhans,レviathunvillfyrst
nemahOrpuslattokatrftabr6fokdikta.
(Nowheperforrnshisstringinstruments,[demonstrates]courtesyandcourtlymannersofwhichheiscapable.Nowthenews
goesaroundrapidlyabouthisbeautyandgreatknowledge.When
beautiful,courteous正sondhearsofthisnewsabouthim,she
wantstoseehimverymuchand[tolearn]somethhlgfromhisvariedlearning,andnowasksherfatherandmothertob血gTrantristoher.NowthemaidenIsondcarriesoutgreatartsinorderto
persuadeherfatherandQueenisodd,hermother,thatshewould
maketheacquaintanceofhim,sinceshewantsassoonaspossible
tolearnhowtostriketheharpandtowritelettersandcompose
[poems].)(38.6-13)
し
TristanthePolyglot43
SirTn'stremreferstohismusicbutinterestinglyalsomentionslater(1226-
32)that"Histables,hischeshebare",whichneitherGottfriednorSaga
シdoesatthisscene
.ItwasalsoinSirTtistrem,asweobservedin1.1thatthe
reasonofhisabductioncanonlybethathewonthegame.Wecanseethis
workisparticularlyconcemedwithchess,whereasGottfriedwithlan-
guages:
Inhisschipwasレatday
Almanerofgle
Andalmaneroflay,
Inlondpatmi3tbe.
Toレequenposeydpay,
Morauntessoster,レefre,
Ywoundedswicheamanlay,
patSOrWeitWaStOSe
Andcare:
》Amirimanwerehe,
3ifheoliueware!《
(Inhisshiponthatdaytherewereallsortsofmusicalldlaysthat
couldbefoundintheworld.ThenpeoplesaidtotheQueen,noble
sisterofMoraunt,thatsuchamanlaywoundedthatitmadethem
fullofsorrowandpitytoseehim:``Hewouldbeamerryman,if
hewerealive!)(1189-99)
Anheyemanhewaslike,
peihewerwoundedsare;
44
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Hisgleswerensosellike,
patwonderpou3themレare.
Hisharp,hiscroudewasrike;
Histables,hischeshebare.
paisworebeseynPatrike,
Swichesei3eレaineuerare,
ErPan:
》3ifheinheleware,
Hewereamiriman!《
(Hewaslikeanobleman,thoughhewasteniblywounded.His
musicwassomarvellousthatitseemedamazingtothem.His
harpandcrowd(5)werecostly;hecarriedhisbackgammonand
chessmen.TheysworebySaintPatrickthattheyhadneverseen
suchamanbefore:``lfhewereingoodhealth,hewouldbeamerryman1s')(1226-32)
1.5Tristan,afterarrivinginWexford,Ireland,ordershisanxious
company(twentybarons,twenty㎞ightsandsixtymercenaries)nottointer-
ferebysaying:
bewart,daziuwerkeinerge
hinViirdenliutenz'ougen;
wesetallehinnetougen!
wanknehteundmarnacre,
dievorschendermeere
6fderbruckevorderschiftUr,
TristanthePolyglot
undiuwerkeinerkomederViir!
swigetundetuotiuchin!
ichwilselbedAvorsin,
wanichdielantsprachekan.
(Takecarethatnoneofyoushowshimselftothesepeople.You
alllielowinside.Crewandservantsonlyaretoaskfornewson
thegangplankfromtheloading-port.Noneofy皿istoappear.
Keepquiet,andgoalonginWithyou!Knowingthelanguage,I
shallstandoutsidemyself.)(8696-705)
HereitisTristanhimselfthatdeclareshehastheknowledgeofIrish.
Thatdoesnothappenfrequentlyandwhenitdoes,itiscoveredWithmodesty.Inthepassagewecitedin1.2(3688-92),whenhefirstmetKingMark
andwasaskedwhetherheknew"theselanguages(Welsh,Breton,French
andLatin)",heanswered,"Yes,tolerablywel1,Sire(herre,ja,/billlchewol)"
withwhatWemer(1985:178)considers"(rhetorical?)moderation
(Einschrankung)".ThereisnocorrespondingpalteitherinSbgaorinSir
T治
沈 沈whereTristanexplicitlyadmitsofhisabilityofspeakingIrish,
thoughhedoessaythat``lrelandisknowntomeandalsoIrishmen'scustoms
(kun皿gterm6rIrlandokirskramannasi6ir(42.36-7))".Soinoriginal
Thomasitisprobablethatnothingwasmentionedconceming"lrish"1anguageitselfbutonly``Ireland"wasincluded.Thisagainillustrates
Gottfried'slanguage-orienteddescription.
45
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II.LanguageSkillsofOtherCharacters
2.1Wehavealreadyseenthepolyglotpriestwhoonlyappearsin
GottfriedandadvisestheQueentoseeandhealTristan,whowemightpresumehassomethingsincommonwiththepoethimself.
Isolde,whowasunderthetuitionofTristan,ofcourseknewfewerlanguagesthanherteacherdid;Gottfriedsays,
sikundeeschoenefuoge
undh6vescheitgenuoge
mithandenundmitin皿de:
diuschoenesikunde
irsprachedavonDevelln,
sikundefranzoisundlatin,
videlenwolzeprise
inwalhischerWise.
(Shehadpreviouslyacquiredanumberofrefinementsandpolite
accomplishmentsthatcalledforhandsorvoice-thelovelygirl
spokethelanguageofDublin,andFrenchandLatin,andshe
playedthefiddleexcellentlyintheWelshstyle.)(7985-92)
ItwaswiththehelpofTristanhimselfthatIsoldemasteredhowtowriteher
mothertongueandtocomposepoemsandimprovedtheknowledgeofLatin.
SheremilliscesandtellsTristanaboutitontheshipboundforCornwall
皿derthespellofthepotion.Wecouldperhapssayit'sauniqueamalgama一
TristanthePolyglot
tionofloveandlearning:
vonendemantesiherdan,
wieerzeDeveline
ineinemschiffelfne
ge且ozzenw皿t皿deinekam;
wieinirmuoteransichnam
undwiesi'nouchgenerte;
vonallemdemgeverte,
wiesiselbeinsAmerpflege
schribenlerneteallewege,
latineundeseitespil.
(Sheremindedhimofallthathadhappened:howhehadcome
fioatinginaskifftoDublin,woundedandalone;howhermother
hadtakenchargeofhimandhowshehaddulyhealedh㎞;how,
inalldetai1,shehadlearnedthewholeartofwriting,underhistuition,andLatinandstringedinstruments.)(11944-53)
SagaandSirT冗istremarebothsilentaboutthelovers'talkontheshipafter
theydrankpotion.Itseemsthatunlesstheauthorisparticularlyinterested
inlanguageslikeGottfried,thereisnolongerroomformentioningsuch
thingsinthelatterpartofthetale:itistoounromantic.ButGottfried's
passionforlanguagesissuchthathecannothelptelling,togetherwithmusic
lessons,ofTristal1'slanguageteachingtoIsoldeevenatsoromanticascene
asthis.Inhismindlanguagescanactuallymergeintotherealmoflove.
2.2Unlikeotherversions,withtheexceptionofSaga17.29-18.1we
47
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mentionedin1.1Gottfriedispreciseaboutthelanguageusedineverysituation.SoweseeCurvenalcanspeakFrench:
NuKurvenalTristanden
denfrouwen皿derhanden
fr61ichenundegesundensach,
infranzoiserwiseersprach:
《a,bξ …ad6zsir,
durchgotesWillen,waztuotir,
dazirs6wunneclfche
indisemhimelriche
suslfizetverborgen
undlatunsindensorgen?
wirwandenallesfnverlorn....》
(SeeingTristansafeandhappyinthecareoftheladies,Curvenal
saidinFrench,`Mydearlord,inGod'snamewhatareyoudoing,
lyingundercoverinthisdelightfulparadiseandabandoningusto
ourfears?Weallthoughtwewerelost_.')(10717-25)
BothBranganeandtheQueen
understandFrench,fortheycorrectly
reproducewhatCurvenalsaid:
《nein》,sprachdiuguotekUnigin
《erlebetgesunderundefr6.》
(`Theywerewrong,'saidthegoodQueen,`heisaliveandsafe
TristanthePolyglot49
andhappy.')(10738-9)
Brangeenesprach:《weristderman?
indunketwaerliche
hierinneeinhimelri"che:
wederisterritteroderkneht?》
(`Whoisthatman?'askedBrangane.`Hereallythoughtitparadisehere!Isheaknightoraservant?')(10770-3)
Thebarons,whogaveKingMarkaneVilpieceofadvice,aredescribed
asmalevolentandcunning.Theycannotspeakthelanguageofthenatives:
badmenarepooratlanguages,whilenoblecharactersarepolyglotinGottfried(thoughthosebaronsmusthavespokenatleastFrench):
dazsiaberallestilleswigen,
demlantgesinderedeverzigen,
dazgeschachdurchdiegeschiht=
sinekundenderlantspracheniht.
(ThebaronsallkeptsilentandrefrainedfromspeakingWiththe
natives,butonlybecausetheydidnotknowtheirlanguage.)
(10875-8)
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明治大学教養論集
III.
通 巻305号(1998・1)
SomeAspectsoftheLanguages
3.1Commentsaboutsomeparticularaspectsoflanguagesarealso
f皿ndinGottfried.HereisthedescriptionofTristan'sfosterfatherRual
whenhearrivedatTintagel,Cornwal1:
,emwaswederzejuncnochz'alt,
waninderallerbestentugent,
dadazalterunddiujugent
demlebenegebentdiebestenkraft.
erwasanrehterh6rschaft
allerkeisergen6z.
sinstimmealsameinhorndδz,
slnredediuwasvilwolbesniten.
(Hewasneithertooyo皿g,noroldbutinhisprime,wheny皿th
andyearsgivelifeitsbestvitality,Fortruemajestyhewasthe
peerofanyemperor.Hisvoicerangoutlikeaclarion,hisspeech
waswell-trimmed.)(4038-45)
``Besniten(besniden)"literallymeans``cut"
,soitcorrespondsquitewellto
thenotiontheadjective``articulate"implies.Pretzel'ssupplementtoLexer
(1885;198637)says``bescheiden,wohlgesetzt(rede)".
SagadoesnotsaythatR6aldr'sspeechis``well-trimmed"buttheKing
Markisordersthatheshouldbewelltreatedbecause
TristanthePolyglot51
hannhefirjafnanrilrrma6rverit,hygginnokhoeverskrokvel
manna6r_.
(hehasalwaysbeenapowerfulman,considerate,courteousand
welleducated.)(26.3-4)
R6aldrbeginstotalkaboutTristram'sparents``eloquently"and"with
orderlyspeech",whichremindsusofGottfried'sexpression``slnredediu
wasvilwolbesniten"andmakesplausibletheexistenceofsomeremark
aboutRuarsspeechintheoriginalThomas:
pVineestberrR6aldrframme6snjOlluerendiokvelskipu6um
or6umokgleggsynuminnifyrirkonungiOllumaheyrandi,me6
hverjumheettiKanelangres,hansherraokhpf6ingi,haf6iレaδan
alaununguBlensinbil,konungssystur_.
L
(AfterthatR6aldrrepresentswitheloquentmannerandwith
well-orderedwordsandclearmemorybeforetheKingwhile
everyoneislisteninginwhatsituationKanelangres,hislordand
ruler,hassecretlytakenBlensinbil,Killg'ssister,fromthere....)
(26.15-8)
3.21nGottfriedTristan'sspeechisalsosaidtobe
KingMarkaskshishuntsman:
DerkUnecdernamdeskindeswar:
denjagerdenbesandeerdar:
``well -trimmed"
.
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《sagean》,spracher《weristdizkint,
desworts6wolbesnitensint?》
(TheKingtookstockoftheboyandsummoninghishuntsman
said:`Tellme,whoisthischildwhosespeechissowelltrimmed?')(3271-74)
ざ
Theseexamplesdemonstratethatthearticulatenessoflanguagewascon−
sideredoneofthesignsofnoblebirth,asisoftenemphasisedevenmuch
laterinLordChesterfield'sletterstohisson:
Youwilltakecaretoopenyourteethwhenyouspeak,toarticulateeveryworddistinctly,andtobegofMr。Harte,Mr.Eliot,or
whomeveryouspeakto,toremindandstopy卯ifeveryoufall
intotherapidandunintelligiblemutter.(June21,0.S.1748)
Nomancanmakeafortuneorafigureinthiscountry,without
speaking,andspeakingwe11,inpublic.Ifyouwillpersuade,you
mustfirstplease;andifyouwillplease,youmusttuneyourvoice
toharmony,youmustaniculateeverysyllabledistinctly,yourem−
phasesandcadencesmustbestronglyandengaging;ifyoudonot
speakinthatmanner,youhadmuchbetternotspeakataU_.
Readaloud,thoughalone,andreadarticUlatelyanddistinctly,as
ifyouwerereadinginpublic,andonthemostimportantoccasion.(July9,0.S.1750)
ThuswecanseetheEuropeantraditionOftheimportanceofbeingarticu一
TristanthePolyglot53
1ate,especianytowinothers'favour.Tristanmadegoodfirstimpressions
towardKingMarkthankstohis"well-trimmed"speech.(Wecansuppose
bythewaythatthiswell-trimmedness"mighthavebeenproducedbythe
studyoflanguagesinhisyouth,whichrequiresonetoprono皿cemany皿
familiarso皿dsthatdonotexistinone'smothertongue,enablingoneto
have且exiblespeechorgans.)RualliFoitenant,Tristan'sfosterfatherwas
welcomedbyKingMarkforhis"well-trimmed"speechinspiteofhishideousclotheshewaswearing;hisappearancewashelplessanditwassomethingrelqtedtoearsthathelpedhim-hisgoodvoiceandhisarticulate
speech.
Conclusion
(1)Unlikeinotherversionstherearealotofcommentsonthecharacters'
abilityofspeakinglanguagesinGottfried,whichmustre且ectthepoet's
owncharacteristics.
(2)InGottfried,Tristan'spolyglotismgreatlycontributestoevelytumof
eventsintheearlierpartofthepoem,whereasitisnotsoinSirTristrem.
Skzgadoesmention,sometimesevenmoreexplicitlythanGottfried,the
languagesTristanuses,butitdoesnot,inthesamewayasinGottfried,
developintothestory.
(3)SirT)'istremshowsparticularinterestinchessalldsomet㎞esitis
equivalellttothelanguagesinGottfriedastoitsfunctioninthetale.
Notes
(1)Cf.Lausberg(1960;19903:326),inwhichiscitedAquilawhosays,
−
54
明治大学教養論集
``πoλ6π τω τov
通 巻305号(1998・1)
,expluribuscasibus:hancfiguramexeonominaverunt,quod,cllm
saepiusinitiumabeademparteorationisfiat,illaipsaparsdeclinationibuscasuum
autgeneribusautnumerisimmutatur;_generibusautemhocmodo:>pulchra
autemhaecfamacontingetcivitati,sioptimemeritumcivemdamnave亘mus;
pulchrumeritexterasnationesexistimareinfestioresnosessebonisquam
malis._7)
(2)K61bing(1882)andCr6pin(1995)donotagreeastowhat"pemaister"means:
Nichtmehrsagtedaderhofmeister,dasfortgehendUrftenichtaUfgeschoben
werden....
Apeine1'ordredonn6,1ebateaupritlamer....
Ifollowedthelatterbutretainedthesubjectas``themastercaptain".InMEI)we
findthispartasthefirstcitationunderbodn.(1)1"Theactofstayinginaplace;a
delay".Undergate3(a)going,depa血1re,travelling"alsothisisthefirstcitation.
ひ
ひ
(3)"Nine"isthema】dmumandthenumbermightbereduced.Wemer(1985:180)
observes,"DieweitereUberlegung,obdennTristan,nachGottfried,tatsachlich
mitNorwegemundDanenunterschiedlichgesprochenhat,mu且natiirlich
theoretischbleiben;indenLtindernselbstgabesfiirdendamalswenig
differenziertenSprachraumbisgegen1200nurdieEinheitsbezeichnungdδnsk
tuヵgaunddannnorr(2n....GottfriednimmtalsoeherLandemamen,denener
jeweilseineeigeneSprachezuordnet."
(4)K61bing(1882)translates,"Denk6nigriethensiefreizumachen",whileCr6pin
(1995)says,``llsd6ciderentde1'610ignerduroi._"``Ride"isinMEDreden10(a)
``Todecide(sth
.)incounci1;resolveincouncil(todosth.)".
(5)ThisisaInusicalinstrument.Seeル
伍D(croudn.(2)1),``Astringedinstrument
oftheCelticpeoples,thecrowd".,
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こういち
(中村 ・幸 一
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