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ඥႎȫȸȫƷஇᢘƳཎܭࣱƷᆉࡇƴƭƍƯ
ㄽ ㄝ ඥႎȫȸȫƷஇᢘƳཎࣱܭƷᆉࡇƴƭƍƯ ࣦࣥࢩ࣮࣭ࣇ࢛ࣥ㼂㼕㼚㼏㼥㻌㻲㻻㻺 ࣇࣛࣥࢳ࢙ࢫࢥ࣭ࣃࣜࢩ㻲㼞㼍㼚㼏㼑㼟㼏㼛㻌㻼㻭㻾㻵㻿㻵 ஂ ⌮Ꮚ㸦ヂ せ⣙㸸 ❧ἲ⪅ࡣࠊἲࢆ㉳ⲡࡍࡿ࠶ࡓࡗ࡚ἲࡢ࡞࣮ࣝࣝࢫࢱࣥࢲ࣮ࢻࢆධ ࢀ㎸ࡴࡇࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚ࠊุᐁࡢពᛮỴᐃࢆࡢ⛬ᗘࠊ⣽ࡃㄏᑟࡍࡿࢆ㑅ᢥࡍࡿ ࡇࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࠋ␗࡞ࡿእⓗ≧ἣ࠾ࡅࡿ᭱㐺࡞≉ᐃᛶࡢ⛬ᗘ㸦optimal degree of specificity㸧ࠊ࣮ࣝࣝ࡞࠸ࡋࢫࢱࣥࢲ࣮ࢻࡢᶵ⬟ࢆ᫂ࡽࡍࡿࡇࡀࠊᮏ◊✲ࡢ ㄢ㢟࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡲࡎἲᚊࡢ᭱㐺࡞≉ᐃᛶࡢ⛬ᗘࡢᇶᮏⓗ࡞ࣔࢹࣝࢆ♧ࡋࠊ᭱㐺࡞㑅ᢥ ࢆ⾜࡞࠺ୖ࡛ἲࡢ㝞⭉ἲⓗ⣮தࡢ㔞ࡀ㛵㐃ᛶࢆࡶࡘࡇࢆ᫂ࡽࡍࡿࠋࡑࡢ ୖ࡛ࠊἲࡢࢫࢱࣝࠊุᐁࡢᑓ㛛ࠊ❧ἲᶵ㛵ࡢ᭱㐺㑅ᢥࢆࡵࡄࡿ」㞧࡞ ⌧ᐇࡀࡶࡘ㔜せ࡞ᙳ㡪ࡘ࠸᳨࡚ウࡍࡿࠋࡇࡢୖ࡛ࠊ◊✲⤖ᯝࡢྵពࢆࠊᵝࠎ࡞ἲ ศ㔝࠾ࡅࡿ⌧௦ࡢ❧ἲ㐣⛬ࢆ≉ᚩ࡙ࡅ࡚࠸ࡿࠊࡉࡽ」㞧࡞ไᗘⓗ⌧ᐇ↷ࡽࡋ ࡚ࠊ᳨ウࡍࡿࠋ 㸯㸬ࡣࡌࡵ㻌 ἲ㉳ⲡ❧ἲ⪅ࡀࠊἲࡀ㐺⏝ࡉࢀࡿࡇ࡞ࡿලయⓗ≧ἣࡢ࡚ࢆຠ ᯝⓗணぢࡍࡿࡇࡣࠊྍ⬟࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡢࡓࡵไᐃἲࡣࠊᮏ㉁ⓗ ୍⯡ⓗ࡛࠶ࡗ࡚ࠊᐇ㝿ୖࡢᚲせᛶࡽࡳ࡚࡞ࡶࡢ࡞ࡽࡊࡿࢆᚓ࡞ ࠸ࠋྂ௦ࢠࣜࢩ࡛ࣕࡣࣜࢫࢺࢸࣞࢫ㸦⣖ඖ๓ᖺ㸧ࡀἲᚊࡀࡓ ࡽࡊࡿࢆᚓ࡞࠸ࡇࢆㄆ㆑ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࠋࡋࡋࠊἲⓗ࣮ࣝࣝࡢࡉࡣࠊ ⴭ⪅ࡣࠊGuido Calabresi, Ejan Mackaay, Daniel BenolielDan Milkove ࡢ ࠸ᡭຓ ࡅ㈗㔜࡞ࢥ࣓ࣥࢺឤㅰࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ༏ྡࡢᰝㄞ⪅ࡽࡼࡿ㠀ᖖヲ⣽࡛᭷ព⩏࡞ ࢥ࣓ࣥࢺࠊIan Beed ࡢ᭷┈࡞◊✲⿵ຓᑐࡋ࡚ㅰពࢆ⾲ࡍࡿࠋ ᪂ୡ௦ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 㼂㼛㼘㻚㻝㻡㻔㻞㻜㻝㻞㻕 㻟㻝㻥 ㄽ ㄝ ἲⓗ࣮ࣝࣝࡢ᭱㐺࡞≉ᐃᛶࡢ⛬ᗘࡘ࠸࡚ࣇ࢛ࣥ㸻ࣃࣜࢩ 㑊ࡅࡀࡓ࠸⌧ᐇ࠸࠺ࡲࡽ࡞࠸ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࡇࡶ࠶ࡿࠋ❧ἲᶵ㛵ࡀ ᨻ⟇ศᯒᑗ᮶ࡢࡉࡽ࡞ࡿᣑᙇࡢࢹࢆ᳨ウࡍࡿࡇࡼࡾࠊᡃࠎ ๓ᯝࡓࡉ࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞ࡗࡓࡔࢁ࠺ᙺࢆྖἲᶵ㛵ᘬࡁΏࡍࡇ ࡢᥦ♧ࡍࡿ㢟ࡢ᭷ຠᛶࡀ☜ࡵࡽࢀࡑ࠺࡞ศ㔝ࢆ᫂ࡽࡍࡿࠋ ࡼࡗ࡚ࠊ❧ἲᶵ⬟ྖἲⓗุ᩿ᶵ⬟㸦adjudicating function㸧ࢆ᭱㐺 ࡍࡿ୍ࡘࡢ᪉ἲࡋ࡚ࠊពᅗⓗ࡞ἲࡢ᥅ࡀసࡾฟࡉࢀࡿࡇࡀ࠶ ࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࢪ࢙࣑࣮࣭ࣞ࣋ࣥࢧ࣒㸦㸧ࡣࡇࡢᩥ⬦࡛ἲࡢ᭱㐺࡞≉ᐃ 㸰㸬࣮ࣝࣝࠊࢫࢱࣥࢲ࣮ࢻࠊἲࡢ᭱㐺࡞≉ᐃᛶࡢ⛬ᗘ㻌 ᛶࡢ⛬ᗘࢆၥ㢟ࡋࠊ࣮ࣝࣝࢫࢱࣥࢲ࣮ࢻࢆࡵࡄࡗ࡚⌧ᅾࠊ⾜࡞ࢃࢀ࡚ ἲ⤒῭Ꮫࡢᩥ⊩࡛ࡣࠊࠕࢫࢱࣥࢲ࣮ࢻࠖࠕ࣮ࣝࣝࠖࡢᕪ␗ࡁ࡞ ࠸ࡿㄽதᑐࡋ࡚㇏࡞ᅵተࢆᥦ౪ࡋࡓࠋ࣋ࣥࢧ࣒ࡢࠊ୍⯡ᕷẸࡣ୍⯡ⓗ ὀពࡀᡶࢃࢀ࡚ࡁࡓࠋࢫࢱࣥࢲ࣮ࢻ࣮ࣝࣝࡣࠊἲᚊࡢ⢭☜ࡉࡢ⛬ᗘࢆ ࡞ࢫࢱࣥࢲ࣮ࢻࢆ▱ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡢᑐࡋ࡚ࠊุᐁࡣಶูࡢ㐺⏝ࡉࢀ ♧ࡍ୍ḟඖ✵㛫࠾ࡅࡿࡘࡢ୧ᴟࡋ࡚どぬࡍࡿࡇࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࠋࢫࢱ ࡿ࣮ࣝࣝࢆ㐀ࡍࡿࡇࡼࡾ୍⯡ⓗࢫࢱࣥࢲ࣮ࢻࢆලయࡍࡿ࠸࠺ ࣥࢲ࣮ࢻࡣࠊලయⓗ≧ἣୗ࡛⾜࡞ࢃࢀࡓ⾜Ⅽࢆἲ㐺⏝⪅ࡀุ᩿ࡍࡿୖ࡛ ᒙࡉࢀࡓࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࡢ⪃࠼᪉ࡣࠊពᅗⓗἲⓗ࣮ࣝࣝࢆࡍࡿࡇ ⏝࠸ࡿἲⓗࡲࡓࡣ♫ⓗ࡞ᇶ‽࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡢព࡛ࠊࢫࢱࣥࢲ࣮ࢻࡣࠊ≧ ࡀࡶࡕ࠺ࡿព⩏ࢆ♧ࡍዲ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ ἣⓗ࡞ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ࠸࠸࠼ࢀࡤࠊࢫࢱࣥࢲ࣮ࢻࡣࠊ↓つᐃ࡞ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡗ ࣋ࣥࢧ࣒௨᮶ࠊ⌧௦ࡢἲ⌮ㄽᐙࡽࡣࠊἲࡢ᭱㐺࡞≉ᐃᛶࡢ⛬ᗘࢆỴᐃࡍ ࡚ࠊἲ㐺⏝⪅ࡀᐇつᐃࡉࢀࡓุᐃ㸫ࡓ࠼ࡤࠊ୍ᐃࡢ≧ἣୗ࡛㐠㌿ᡭ ࡿୖ࡛⏝࠸ࡽࢀࡿࡁཎ⌮ࡢᐃᘧࢆヨࡳ࡚ࡁࡓࠋࡇࢀࡽᇶ‽ࢆ⪃៖ࡍࡿ ࡀࠕྜ⌮ⓗ࡞ὀពࠖࢆᡶࡗࡓ࠺ࡢุᐃ㸫ࢆ⾜࡞࠺ࡇࢆㄆࡵࡿࠋྜ 㝿ἲ࣭⤒῭◊✲⪅ࡽࡣࠊ᭱㐺Ỵᐃ⌮ㄽࠊබඹ㑅ᢥㄽ࡞ࡽࡧ❧᠇ⓗᨻ ⌮ᛶ࠸ࡗࡓᇶ‽ࡣᴫࡡ┤ほⓗ࡞ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡗ࡚ࠊࡇࡢࡓࡵ୍⯡ᕷẸࡣ⌮ ⤒῭Ꮫࡽᚓࡽࢀࡓ㐨ලࢆ⏝࠸࡚ࡁࡓࠋࡇࢀࡽ୍㐃ࡢᩥ⊩ࡣࠊ⣧⌮ㄽⓗ࡞ ゎࡋࡸࡍ࠸ࠋࡇࢀࡣᑐࠊ࣮ࣝࣝࡣࠊࢫࢱࣥࢲ࣮ࢻࡼࡿ࡞ࡽࡤពᛮ ࡶࡢ࡛ࡣࡃ࡞࠸ࡢ࡛࠶ࡗ࡚ࠊḢᕞࡢ࠾ࢀࡓ≧ἣࡢ୰࡛ࡣᐇ㝿ୖࡢ㔜せ Ỵᐃ㛵㐃ࡋࡓࡔࢁ࠺≧ἣࢆἲ㐺⏝⪅ࡀ⪃៖ࡍࡿࡇࢆṆࡵࡉࡏࡿࠋ࣮ࣝ ᛶࢆ┈ࠎࠊ㧗ࡵࡘࡘ࠶ࡿࠋ࠸ࡃࡘࡢḢᕞἲศ㔝࡛㐍⾜ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ⤫୍ࡢ ࣝࡣࢫࢱࣥࢲ࣮ࢻࡼࡾࡶ≉ᐃᛶࡀ㧗ࡃࠊ㐠㌿ᡭࡀ㏿࣐ࣝ࠸࠺᭱㧗 㐣⛬࡛ࠊᵝࠎ࡞ἲⓗ㐨ල❧࡚ࡽఱࢆ㑅ᢥࡍࡁ࠸࠺ၥ㢟ࡀᾋୖࡋ࡚ ㏿ᗘࢆ㉸࠼ࡓྰ࠸࠺ࡼ࠺ࠊ᫂☜࡞⥺ᘬࡁࡢ࡛ࡁࡿࢸࢫࢺࢆࡘࡃࡾ ࠸ࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋḢᕞẸἲⲡࡸ᪂ࢫ࢚ࣛࣝẸἲࡢࡼ࠺࡞᪂ࡓ࡞ἲ ࡔࡍࠋ≉ᐃᛶࡢ⛬ᗘࢆ㧗ࡵࢀࡤࠊ࣮ࣝࣝࡢᰂ㌾ᛶࡣῶࡿࠋࡇࡢࡇࡣࠊࡋ ࡴࡅࡓ‽ഛసᴗࡣࠊࡇࢀࡽἲࡀࡢ⛬ᗘࡲ࡛ヲ⣽࡞ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࡁ ࡤࡋࡤࠊ࣮ࣝࣝࡢ≉ᐃࡢᩥゝࠊつᚊࡉࢀࡿ⾜Ⅽࡢᵝࠎ࡞ᐇࡢࣃࢱ࣮ࣥ ࠸࠺㔜せ࡞ၥ㢟ࢆᥦ㉳ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ ࡀࡣᩚྜࡋ࡞ࡃ࡞ࡿ࠸࠺⤖ᯝࢆࡶࡓࡽࡍࠋ ࡇࡢㄽᩥࡣࠊࡇࡢศ㔝ࡢ◊✲ᑐࡋ୍࡚⯡ⓗ࡞㈉⊩ࢆ⾜࡞࠺ࡶࠊ ❧ἲᶵ㛵ࡀ࣮ࣝࣝࢫࢱࣥࢲ࣮ࢻࡢ㛫ࡽ㑅ᢥࢆࡍࡿࡁࡣࠊ࠸ࡘࠊ ᵝࠎ࡞ἲⓗ࣭ไᗘⓗᩥ⬦࠾࠸࡚ἲⓗ࣮ࣝࣝࡢ᭱㐺࡞≉ᐃᛶࡢ⛬ᗘࢆ㆑ู ࠸࡞ࡿ㈝⏝ࢆᨭᡶ࠸ࡘࡘࠊ࣮ࣝࣝࢫࢱࣥࢲ࣮ࢻࢆ≉ᐃࡢ≧ἣ㐺⏝ࡍ ࡍࡿࣇ࣮࣒࣮ࣞ࣡ࢡࢆᥦ౪ࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ➨❶࡛ࡣࠊࡇࢀࡲ࡛ࡢᩥ⊩ ࡁࢆ᳨ウࡋ࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ࠋࡓ࠼ࡤࠊ࣮ࣝࣝࡣἲࡢෆᐜࢆ๓ ࢆᴫほࡋ࡞ࡀࡽࠊၥ㢟ࡢᡤᅾࢆ᫂ࡽࡍࡿࠋ➨❶࡛ࡣࠊἲᚊࡢ㝞⭉ࠊ Ỵᐃࡍࡿࡇࢆᚲせࡍࡿࠋ࣮ࣝࣝࢆᐃ❧ࡍࡿࠊࡼࡾ⛬ᗘࡢ㧗࠸≉ᐃࢆ ἲⓗ⣮தࡢ㔞ࠊἲⓗఏ⤫ἲࢫࢱࣝࠊุᐁࡢᑓ㛛ࠊ⌧ᐇࡢ」㞧 ⾜࡞࠺ࡇ࡞ࡿࡓࡵ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ❧ἲ⪅ࡣࠊ㐺ษ࡞࣮ࣝࣝࢆ๓ᐃࡵࡿࡓ ࡉࡀࠊ࠸ἲࡢ᭱㐺࡞㐨ල❧࡚ࡢ㑅ᢥᙳ㡪ࡍࡿࢆศᯒࡍࡿࡓࡵࡢࠊ ࡵࠊ๓ࡶࡗ࡚ㄪᰝࢆ⾜࡞ࢃ࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ࠋࡇࡢࡓࡵ❧ἲᶵ㛵ࡀไ ἲᚊࡢ᭱㐺≉ᐃᛶࣔࢹࣝࢆᐃᘧࡍࡿࠋ➨❶࡛ࡣࠊ⌮ㄽⓗศᯒࡢ❶ࡢ⤖ ᐃࡢࡓࡵࡅࡿ㈝⏝ࡣࠊ࣮ࣝࣝࢆᐃࡵࡿሙྜࡢ᪉ࡀࠊ≉ᐃᛶࢆࡉせ ᯝࢆ᳨ウࡋࠊࡼࡾ」㞧࡞ไᗘⓗ≧ἣ࠾ࡅࡿࣔࢹࣝࡢྵពࢆ᳨ウࡍࡿࠋ ồࡋ࡞࠸୍⯡ⓗ࡞ࢫࢱࣥࢲ࣮ࢻࢆᐃࡵࡿሙྜࡼࡾࡶࠊ㧗ࡃ࡞ࡿࠋࡋࡋࠊ ࡇࡢࠊࡼࡾ」㞧࡞ไᗘⓗ≧ἣࡣࠊၿⰋ࡞ࡿィ⏬ࡢᅾࡸࠊἲᚊࡢ≉ᐃᛶ ྖἲᶵ㛵⾜ᨻᶵ㛵ࡣࠊἲࡀ๓ࡶࡗ࡚≉ᐃࡉࢀ࡞࠸ࠊࡼࡾ㧗㢠ࡢ ࢆ❧ἲ⪅ࡀไᗘⓗ⏝࠸ࡿ༴㝤ᛶࠊᨻⓗ࡞㛫㑅ዲࡀἲᚊࡢ≉ᐃᛶࡢ⛬ ᗘᑐࡋ࡚ᙳ㡪ࢆ࠼ࡿ᪉ࡀྵࡲࢀࡿࠋ⤖ㄒ࡛ࡣࠊᑗ᮶ࡢᐇドⓗ◊✲ࠊ 㻟㻞㻜 ᪂ୡ௦ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 㼂㼛㼘㻚㻝㻡㻔㻞㻜㻝㻞㻕㻌 ᪂ୡ௦ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 㼂㼛㼘㻚㻝㻡㻔㻞㻜㻝㻞㻕 㻟㻞㻝 ㄽ ㄝ ἲⓗ࣮ࣝࣝࡢ᭱㐺࡞≉ᐃᛶࡢ⛬ᗘࡘ࠸࡚ࣇ࢛ࣥ㸻ࣃࣜࢩ ⾜ᐇ㈝⏝ពᛮỴᐃ㈝⏝ࢆ㈇ᢸࡍࡿࡇ࡞ࡿࠋἲࢻࣂࢨ࣮ࡢண 㸦Sullivan㸧ࠋಶேᴗࡣࠊ୍ᐃࡢ⾜Ⅽࡀἲゐࡍࡿ࠺ࢆ ぢ㈝⏝ἲ㐺⏝⪅ࡢ㐺⏝㈝⏝ࡣࢫࢱࣥࢲ࣮ࢻࡢ᪉ࡀ㧗ࡃ࡞ࡿ ࠋࢫࢱࣥࢲ ุ᩿ࡍࡿࡓࡵᑓ㛛ᐙࡢἲⓗࢻࣂࢫࢆᚲせࡍࡿࡇࡀࠊࡋࡤࡋࡤ࠶ ࣮ࢻࡘ࠸࡚ࡣἲࡢෆᐜࢆᚋỴࡵࡿᚲせࡀ࠶ࡿࡽ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡓ࠼ࡤࠊ ࡿࠋࢡࢱ࣮ࡢ⾜Ⅽࡢ⤖ᯝࡀ๓ࡶࡗ࡚ヲ⣽࡞࣮ࣝࣝࡢ୰࡛᫂☜≉ᐃࡉ ㏿࣐࣭࣮ࣝࣝࣝࡢୗ࡛ࡣࠊ㐠㌿ᡭࡀ㏿࣐ࣝࢆ㉸࠼ࡿ㏿ᗘ࡛㐠 ࢀ࡚࠸ࢀࡤࠊᘚㆤኈࡀἲⓗࢻࣂࢫࢆ࠼ࡿࡇࡣࡼࡾᐜ᫆࡞ࡿࡔࢁ ㌿ࡋࡓࡁ㉳ࡇࡿ⮬ື㌴ᨾࡢ㈐௵ࡢᡤᅾࡣ⮬ືⓗỴࡲࡿࠋࡋࡋࠊ ࠺ࠋヲ⣽࡞࣮ࣝࣝᑐࡍࡿ᪉ࡀࢡࢭࢫࡀᐜ࡛᫆࠶ࡿࡍࢀࡤࠊ࣮ࣝࣝࡀ ࠕྜ⌮ᛶࠖ࠸ࡗࡓࢫࢱࣥࢲ࣮ࢻࡢୗ࡛ࡣࠊุᐁ࡞࠸ࡋ㝙ᑂࡀࠊᨾ ᨭ㓄ⓗ࡛࠶ࡿࣞࢪ࣮࣒ࡢୗ࠶ࡿ᪉ࡀࠊࢫࢱࣥࢲ࣮ࢻࡀᨭ㓄ⓗ࡞ࣞࢪ࣮࣒ ࡢㅖᐇ≧ἣࢆุ᩿ࡋ࡚ࠊ㈐௵ࢆㄢࡍ࠺ࢆỴᐃࡋ࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞ ࡢୗ࠶ࡿࡁࡼࡾࡶࠊࡼࡾከࡃࡢேࡀἲ㏻ࡌࡿࡇࡀ࡛ࡁࡑ࠺࡛࠶ࡿࠋ ࠸ࠋࢫࢱࣥࢲ࣮ࢻࢆ㐺⏝ࡍࡿ࠺ࡀࠊᐇつᐃࡉࢀࡿ⛬ᗘࡀ㧗ࡲࡿࡀࠊ ࡇࢀࡣἲࡀ≉ᐃⓗ࡛࠶ࡿࡇࡢ౯್ࡢࡦࡘ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ࣮ࣝࣝࡢୗ࡛ࡣࠊㅖ 㛗ᮇⓗࡳࡓࡁࡢ୍㈏ᛶࡣ⮬↛పࡃ࡞ࡿࠋࡇࡢࡇࡽࠊ๓ࡢどⅬ ಶேࡣࠊἲࡢ᥅⮬ᕫࡢ⾜Ⅽࢆ࠶ࢃࡏࡿぢ㎸ࡳࡀ㧗ࡃ࡞ࡿࠋྜ⌮ᛶࡢࡼ࠺ ࡽࡳࢀࡤࠊ࣮ࣝࣝࡢ᪉ࡀࠊἲࡢ㐺⏝ᑐ㇟⪅ࡼࡾࡼ࠸ᣦ㔪ࢆᥦ౪ࡍࡿࠋ ࡞ࢫࢱࣥࢲ࣮ࢻࡢୗ࡛ࡣࠊ୍ᐃࡢ≧ἣୗ࡛ྜ⌮ⓗ࡛࠶ࡿࡶࡢࡢෆᐜࡣࡁ ᚋࡢどⅬࡽࡳࢀࡤࠊࢫࢱࣥࢲ࣮ࢻࡢ᪉ࡀࠊ௳ࢆࡵࡄࡿᵝࠎ࡞≧ἣ ࡃ␗࡞ࡾ࠺ࡿࠋࢫࢱࣥࢲ࣮ࢻࡀ㐺⏝ࡉࢀࡿࡁࡣࠊ⤒㦂ࡀ┦ᑐⓗᑡ࡞࠸ ࡼࡾࡼࡃ㐺ྜࡍࡿࡇࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࠋ ἲࡢୗ࠶ࡿࢡࢱ࣮ࡣࠊ᠈ ࢆാࡏࡊࡿࢆᚓ࡞࠸ࡶࡋࢀ࡞࠸ࠋ⤖ᯝ ୍⯡ࠊ◊✲⪅ࡽࡣࠊࠕࢫࢱࣥࢲ࣮ࢻࠖࡋ࡚つᐃࡉࢀࡿἲࡣࠊࡑࡢἲ ࡋ࡚ࠊࢫࢱࣥࢲ࣮ࢻࡣࠊಶேࡀ࠸⾜ືࡍࡿࢆỴᐃࡍࡿ࠶ࡓࡗ࡚ つ⠊ࢆලయࡍࡿୖุ࡛ᐁ⾜ᨻᶵ㛵ࡼࡾࡁ࡞㔞ࡢవᆅࢆṧࡍ ㈝ࡸࡍゎ㔘㈝⏝ࢆࠊࡼࡾ㧗㢠࡞ࡶࡢࡍࡿഴྥࢆࡶࡘࠋࢫࢱࣥࢲ࣮ࢻࡢព ㏙࡚ࡁࡓࠋ୍᪉ࠊࠕ࣮ࣝࣝࠖࡣࠊ๓ࠊࡼࡾヲ⣽≉ᐃࡉࢀࡿࡶࡢ ෆᐜࡣㅖಶேࡢ⾜ືࡢᚋึࡵ࡚࠼ࡽࢀࡿࡶࡢࡔࡽ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡢࡇ ࡛࠶ࡗ࡚ࠊつ⠊ࢆලయࡍࡿୖ࡛ṧࡉࢀࡿ㔞ࡢవᆅࡣࡼࡾᑠࡉࡃ࡞ࡿࠋ ࡽࠊἲࡢᑗ᮶ᚿྥⓗ࡞ᢚṆᶵ⬟ࡣࠊἲࡀ⢭☜࡞࣮ࣝࣝࡋ࡚ᐃ❧ࡉࢀ ๓つᐃࡉࢀࡿἲⓗ࣮ࣝࣝಶู࠾ࡅࡿ≧ἣࡀ㐺ྜࡍ ࡓࡁࡼࡾ᭷ຠാࡃࠋࡇࢀࡀࠊἲࡀ≉ᐃⓗ࡛࠶ࡿࡇࡀࡶࡓࡽࡍࡶ࠺ ࡿࡇࡣ࡞࠸ࡢ࡛࠶ࡗ࡚ࠊࡇࢀࡼࡾ♫ⓗ㈝⏝ࡀⓎ⏕ࡋ࠺ࡿࠋຠ⋡ᛶࡢ ୍ࡘࡢ౽┈࡛࠶ࡿࠋ つไ⎔ቃࡀ㛫ࡢ⤒㐣ࡶእ⏕ⓗኚࡉࡽࡉࢀࡿࡁࡣࠊἲᨵ ほⅬࡽ࠸࠼ࡤࠊࢫࢱࣥࢲ࣮ࢻࡣࠊ≧ἣᛂࡌ࡚ࢻ࣍ࢵࢡἲࢆၥ㢟 ࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ௳ࢆࡵࡄࡿ≧ἣ㐺ྜࡉࡏࡿࡇࡀྍ⬟࡛࠶ࡾࠊ㐣つไ ṇࡢᚲせᛶࡀ㢖⦾⏕ࡌ࠺ࡿࡇࡀࠊࡋࡤࡋࡤᩥ⊩࡛ࡣᣦࡉࢀ࡚ࡁࡓ 㐣ᑠつไࡢၥ㢟ࢆῶࡽࡍࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ㐣つไ㐣ᑠつไࡢၥ㢟ࡣࠊつᚊ 㸦ࡓ࠼ࡤࠊEhrlich and Posner㸧 ࠋ࠸࠸࠼ࢀࡤࠊつไ⎔ቃࡢኚࡣ ࡉࢀࡿ⾜Ⅽࡀከᵝ࡞ࡾࠊつไ⎔ቃࡢኚࡢ㏿ᗘࡀ㏿ࡃ࡞ࡿࠊࡼࡾ῝ ἲࢆ㝞⭉ࡉࡏࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ≉ᐃᛶࡢ㧗࠸࣮ࣝࣝࡢ᪉ࡀࠊࡼࡾ㏿ࡃ㝞⭉ ้࡞ࡿࠋ ࡍࡿࡇࡣࠊἲⓗ࣮ࣝࣝࡢ᭱㐺࡞≉ᐃᛶࡢ⛬ᗘࡣࠊእᅾⓗ⎔ቃࡢኚࡢᮇ ᮏㄽᩥ࡛ࡣࠊἲࡢ౯್ࢆࠊἲࡢ⢭☜ᛶࡢ㛵ᩘࡋ࡚ࡳࡿࠋ࣮ࣝࣝࡣࠊ⚾ ᚅ㏿ᗘ౫Ꮡࡍࡿࡇࢆពࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡋࡋࠊ⌧Ꮡࡍࡿࣔࢹࣝࡣࠊ᫂ ே☜ᐇᛶࠊ୍㈏ᛶࠊணぢྍ⬟ᛶࢆࡶࡓࡽࡋࠊἲࡀ㐺⏝ࡉࢀࡿࡓࡧᐇ ♧ⓗ᭱㐺࡞≉ᐃᛶࡢ⛬ᗘࢆእᅾⓗ⎔ቃࡢኚࡢᮇᚅ್ࡢ㛵ᩘࡋ࡚ᐃ ≧ἣࢆヲ⣽᳨ウࡍࡿᚲせᛶࢆ᭱ᑠࡉࡏࡿࡇ࡛ッゴ⤒῭㈨ࡍࡿ Ehrlich and Posner ࡣࠊ❧ἲᶵ㛵ࡢỴᐃࡣ✲ᴟⓗࡣ⥲㈝⏝ࡼࡗ࡚Ỵࡵࡽ ᘧࡋࡓࡶࡢࡣᏑᅾࡋ࡞࠸ࠋ௨ୗ࡛ࡣࠊࡇࢀࡲ࡛ࡢᩥ⊩ࡢ◊✲ᡂᯝࢆᣑᙇ ࡋ࡚ࠊ㝞⭉>㐺⏝@㢖ᗘࡀࠊἲࡢ᭱㐺࡞ヲ⣽ࡉࡢ⛬ᗘࡢ㑅ᢥ࠸ 㛵ಀࡍࡿࢆ᳨ウࡍࡿࠋྠࠊ㐺ษ࡞ἲⓗ㐨ලࡢ㑅ᢥࠊࡢせᅉ ࢀࡿࡁ࡛࠶ࡿ࠸࠺⪃࠼ࢆၐᑟࡋࡓࠋKaplow ࡣࠊࡇࡇ࡛ㄽࡌࡿᵝࠎ࡞ၥ 㢟ࢆࠊࡉࡽ᫂ࡽࡋࡓࠋ ࡣࠊἲⓗ࣮ࣝࣝࡢ≉ᐃᛶࡢ⛬ᗘᘚㆤኈࡢᚲせᛶ㸫࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣࠊᘚㆤኈࡢせᛶ㸫 ࡇࡢᩥ⬦࡛ࠊEhrlich and Posner ࡣࠊ⾜Ⅽࡀ୍ᵝ࡛࠶ࡿ࠸࠺≉ᚩࢆࡶࡘἲ ศ㔝ࡢ᪉ࡀ࣮ࣝࣝࡢ᥇⏝⋡ࡀ㧗࠸ࡇࢆண ࡋࡓࠋ 㻟㻞㻞 ᪂ୡ௦ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 㼂㼛㼘㻚㻝㻡㻔㻞㻜㻝㻞㻕㻌 ㈋ᅔ⪅ࡢྖἲᑐࡍࡿࢡࢭࢫ࠸࠺㔜せ࡞ၥ㢟ࡩࢀࡿ୰࡛ࠊCalabresi ࡢ㛵ಀࡘ࠸࡚ၥ㢟ᥦ㉳ࡋࡓࠋ ᪂ୡ௦ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 㼂㼛㼘㻚㻝㻡㻔㻞㻜㻝㻞㻕 㻟㻞㻟 ㄽ ㄝ ἲⓗ࣮ࣝࣝࡢ᭱㐺࡞≉ᐃᛶࡢ⛬ᗘࡘ࠸࡚ࣇ࢛ࣥ㸻ࣃࣜࢩ ࡀ࠸㛵ಀࡍࡿࡶ᳨ウࡍࡿࠋ ἲࢆᐃ❧ࡍࡿ࠶ࡓࡗ࡚㑅ᢥࡍࡿ≉ᐃᛶࡢ⛬ᗘ㸦s㸧ࠊ㝞⭉ࡢᮇᚅ ㏿ᗘ㸦㸧ࡼࡗ࡚ࠊἲࡢᖹᆒⓗ౯್V㸦♫ⓗᘬ౯್ࡼࡾ㐺ษ 㸱㸬ἲ䛜㝞⭉䛧ྖἲⓗุ᩿䛻つᶍ䛾⤒῭䛜䛿䛯䜙䛟䛸䛝䛾❧ἲ㻌 ࡾᘬࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡶࡢࡍࡿࠋ㸧ࡀኚࢃࡿࡶࡢࡍࡿࠋᚑ᮶ࡢᩥ⊩ࡋࡓࡀ ࠸ࠊἲ௧ࡀࡼࡾヲ⣽≉ᐃࡉࢀࡿࠊἲⓗ࣮ࣝࣝࡽᚓࡽࢀࡿ౯್ࡣቑ ࡇࡇ࡛ࡣ❧ἲ㐣⛬ࢆࠊᅛᐃ㈝⏝ኚື㈝⏝ࢆక࠺⏕⏘㛵ᩘࡋ࡚ᢅ࠺ࠋ ࡍࡿ௬ᐃࡍࡿࠋࡓ࠼ࡤࠊἲⓗ࣮ࣝࣝࡢ≉ᐃᛶࡢ⛬ᗘࡀ㧗࠸ࠊἲࡀ ἲࢆసࡿࡇࡣࠊἲⓗ⛛ᗎࢆ⏕⏘ࡍࡃᅛᐃ㈝⏝ࢆᢞ㈨ࡍࡿ⾜ືࡋ࡚⪃ ᥦ౪ࡍࡿሗෆᐜࡣቑ࠼ࠊᙜ⪅ࡀゎ㔘ࡢࡓࡵ㈇ᢸࡍࡿ㈝⏝ࡣῶࡿࡢ࡛ ࠼ࡿࡇࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࠋ❧ἲ⪅ࡣࠊ⏕⏘㐣⛬ᅛᐃ㈝⏝ࢆᢞධࡍࡿࡇࢆ㏻ࡌ ࠶ࡗ࡚ࠊࡇࡢࡓࡵἲⓗ࣮ࣝࣝࡢ౯್ࡀቑࡍࡿࠋἲⓗ࣮ࣝࣝࡢ౯್ࡀቑ ࡚ࠊἲⓗ࣮ࣝࣝࡢ≉ᐃᛶࡢ⛬ᗘࢆỴᐃࡍࡿ ࠋἲⓗ࣮ࣝࣝࡀไᐃࡉࢀࢀࡤࠊ ࡍࡿྜࡣ㏴ῶࡍࡿࡶࡢࡍࡿ㸦Vs > 0 ࡞ࡽࡧVss < 0 ࠋ㝞⭉㏿ᗘ ἲⓗ࣮ࣝࣝࡀ㐺⏝ࡉࢀࡿࡓࡧኚື㈝⏝ࡓࡿྖἲⓗุ᩿ࢆ⾜࡞࠺㈝⏝ࡀ ࡀቑࡍࡿࠊἲⓗ࣮ࣝࣝࡢ౯್ࡣ࠸࠺ࡲ࡛ࡶ࡞ࡃῶᑡࡍࡿ㸦V < 0 㸧ࠋ Ⓨ⏕ࡍࡿࠋἲࡢ≉ᐃᛶࡢ⛬ᗘࢆ㧗ࡵࡿࠊἲࢆసࡾฟࡍࡇࡢ㈝⏝ࡀቑ࠼ ≉ᐃᛶࡢỈ‽ࢆୖࡆࡿࡇࡢ㝈⏺ⓗ౯್ࡣࠊ㝞⭉㏿ᗘࡀୖ᪼ࡍࡿࡘࢀ ࡿࡇࡀ㏻ᖖ࡛࠶ࡿࡀࠊุᡤ⾜ᨻᶵ㛵ࡀࡑࢀࢆ⾜ᐇࡍࡿࡓࡵࡢ㈝ ࡚ࠊῶࡿࡶࡢࡍࡿ㸦Vs < 0 㸧ࠋἲⓗ࣮ࣝࣝࡢ㐺⏝㢖ᗘࢆ㹌ࡍࢀࡤࠊἲ ⏝ࡣపࡃ࡞ࡿࠋࡘࡲࡾࠊἲᚊࡢ≉ᐃᛶࡢ⛬ᗘࡀ㧗ࡲࡿࠊᅛᐃᢞ㈨㢠ࡣ ⓗ࣮ࣝࣝࡢ⥲౯್ࡣN࣭V㸦s, 㸧࡛࠶ࡿࠋ ❧ἲࡿ㈝⏝ࡣࡘࡢせ⣲ࡀ࠶ࡿࠋᅛᐃ㈝⏝࡛࠶ࡿไᐃࡢ㈝⏝ࠊ ࡁࡃ࡞ࡾࠊኚື㈝⏝࡛࠶ࡿ⾜ᐇ㈝⏝ࡣᑠࡉࡃ࡞ࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ࠸࠺ࡲ࡛ ࡶ࡞ࡃࠊࡼࡾ㢖⦾ἲⓗ࣮ࣝࣝࡀ㐺⏝ࡉࢀࡿ࠺ࡀࠊኚື㈝⏝ࡢ⥲㢠ࡣ ኚື㈝⏝࡛࠶ࡿྖἲⓗุ᩿ࢆ⾜࡞࠺㈝⏝࡛࠶ࡿࠋἲࢆつᐃࡋไᐃࡍࡿ㈝⏝ ࡁࡃ࡞ࡿࠋ 㹄ࡣࠊ࣮ࣝࣝࡢ≉ᐃᛶࡢ⛬ᗘṇࡢ㛵ಀ࠶ࡾࠊ≉ᐃᛶࡢỈ‽ࢆୖ᪼ࡉࡏ ἲⓗ࣮ࣝࣝࡢ≉ᐃᛶࡢ᭱㐺࡞⛬ᗘࡣࠊ❧ἲࡢࡓࡵ㈝ࡸࡉࢀࡿᅛᐃ㈝⏝ ࠋࡉࡽࠊἲไᐃࡢ㝈⏺㈝⏝ࡣࠊ≉ᐃ ࢀࡤࠊᅛᐃ㈝⏝ࡣቑࡍࡿ㸦Fs > 0 㸧 ྖἲⓗุ᩿ࡢࡓࡵ㈝ࡸࡉࢀࡿኚື㈝⏝ࢆᕪࡋᘬ࠸ࡓࠊἲࡢ౯್ࢆ᭱ ᛶࡢỈ‽ࡀୖ᪼ࡍࡿࡋࡓࡀࡗ࡚ࠊቑࡍࡿ㸦Fss > 0 㸧ࠋἲไᐃࡢᅛᐃ㈝ ࡍࡿỈ‽タᐃࡉࢀࡿࡁ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࢀࡲ࡛ࡢᩥ⊩࡛ㄽࡌࡽࢀ࡚ࡁࡓ㈝ ⏝ᙳ㡪ࢆ࠼ࡿ➨ࡢせ⣲ࡣࠊ᪂ࡋ࠸ἲࢆ᪤Ꮡࡢไᐃἲ࠶࠺ࡼ࠺ㄪᩚ ⏝౽┈ࡢࠊࡇࢀࡲ࡛ࡣᙉㄪࡉࢀ࡚ࡇ࡞ࡗࡓㅖせᅉࢆࠊᮏㄽᩥ࡛ࡣ ࡋࠊࡢไᗘⓗไ⣙ࡋࡓࡀ࠺ࡼ࠺ࡍࡿᚲせᛶ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࢀࢆㄪᩚ㈝⏝ 㞟୰ࡋ᳨࡚ウࡍࡿࠋ ࡲࡓࡣ❧ἲࡢ㞴᫆ᗘȢࡼࡧࠊF > 0 ࢆ௬ᐃࡍࡿࠋໟᣓⓗ࡛ㄪⓗ࡞ἲ ࠸࠺≉ᚩࢆࡶࡘ㝣ἲࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࡢୗ࡛ࡣࠊ᪂ࡋ࠸࣮ࣝࣝࢆ᪤ἲ ࣔࢹࣝ ྵࡲࢀࡿࡢ࣮ࣝࣝࡸཎ⌮࠶࠺ࡼ࠺ㄪᩚࡍࡿᚲせࡀ࠶ࡿࡇࡽࠊ୍ᐃ ᮏㄽᩥࡀᥦ♧ࡍࡿἲࡢ᭱㐺≉ᐃᛶࡢࣔࢹࣝࡣࠊἲⓗ࣮ࣝࣝࡢ㐺⏝㢖ᗘ ࡢἲ୰ࡢつᐃࢆᨵṇࡍࡿἲࢆไᐃࡍࡿࡣ㧗㢠ࡢ㈝⏝ࡀࡿࠋ❧ἲࡢ ࠊἲࡢ㝞⭉㏿ᗘࠊ᪂ࡋ࠸࣮ࣝࣝࢆ᪤Ꮡࡢἲⓗࢩࢫࢸ࣒࠶ࢃࡏㄪᩚ 㞴᫆ᗘȢࡣࠊ␗࡞ࡿᨻඪࡀࢥࣥࢭࣥࢧࢫ࠸ࡓࡿࡲ࡛΅ࢆ⾜࡞࠺ᚲせ ࡍࡿ㈝⏝ࠊุᡤࡢᑓ㛛ࡢ⛬ᗘࠊつไ⎔ቃࡢ」㞧ࡉࡢ⛬ᗘࡀྵࡲࢀ ᛶࠊไᗘⓗไ⣙ࡢᏑᅾࠊ᠇ἲ࡛ᐃࡵࡽࢀࡓྜἲ❧ἲࢆ⾜࡞࠺ࡓࡵ‽ᣐ ࡿࠋࡇࢀࡽኚᩘࡀ᭱㐺࡞ἲⓗ㐨ලࡢ㑅ᢥ࠸࡞ࡿᙳ㡪ࢆ࠼ࡿࢆ⪃ᐹ ࡍࡿᚲせࡢ࠶ࡿຍ㔜ࡉࢀࡓᡭ⥆ࡀྵࡲࢀ࠺ࡿࠋ❧ἲㄪᩚࡢ㞴᫆ᗘࡀቑࡍ ࡍࡿࠋ ࡘࢀ࡚ࠊ≉ᐃᛶࢆቑࡍࡇ࡛ἲไᐃ㈝⏝㏣ຍࡉࢀࡿ㈝⏝ࡢ㢠ࡣࠊቑࡍ ࠋἲไᐃ㈝⏝ࡢ➨୕ࡢỴᐃせᅉࡣࠊつไ⎔ቃࡢ」㞧ࡉ ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ ࡿ㸦Fs > 0 㸧 ᮏㄽᩥ࡛࣮ࣝࣝࡢ≉ᐃᛶࡢ⛬ᗘ㛵ࡋ࡚㏙ࡿࡁࡣࠊ ࠕ࣮ࣝࣝࠖࠕࢫࢱࣥࢲ ἲไᐃࡿᅛᐃ㈝⏝ࡣࠊつไ⎔ቃࡀ」㞧࡞ࡿࡘࢀ࡚ቑࡍࡿ௬ ࣮ࢻࠖࡢ㛫ࡢᗈ⠊⾜ࡁࢃࡓࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ༊ูࢆ᥇⏝ࡍࡿࠋEllinghaus and Wright ᐃࡍࡿ㸦F > 0 㸧ࠋࡉࡽࠊFs > 0 ࢆ௬ᐃࡍࡿࠋࡇࢀࡣࠊḟࡢࡘࡢ࠺ࡕࡢࠊ ࡀᣦࡋࡓࡼ࠺ࠊࡇࡢ༊ูࡣࠊḢᕞࡢ◊✲⪅ࡽࡢ࠸࠺ࠕ࣮ࣝࣝࠖࠕ୍⯡ ཎ๎ general principles㸧ࠖࡢ㛫ࡢ༊ู㉁ⓗ┦ఝࡋࡓࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ 㻟㻞㻠 ᪂ୡ௦ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 㼂㼛㼘㻚㻝㻡㻔㻞㻜㻝㻞㻕㻌 ࡇࡢ௬ᐃࡣ Ehrlich and Posner ྜ⮴ࡍࡿࠋ ᪂ୡ௦ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 㼂㼛㼘㻚㻝㻡㻔㻞㻜㻝㻞㻕 㻟㻞㻡 ㄽ ㄝ ἲⓗ࣮ࣝࣝࡢ᭱㐺࡞≉ᐃᛶࡢ⛬ᗘࡘ࠸࡚ࣇ࢛ࣥ㸻ࣃࣜࢩ ࠸ࡎࢀࡢ⌮⏤ࡢࡓࡵ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ➨୍ࠊ⌧ᐇࡀ」㞧ࡍࡿࠊ」㞧࡞⎔ቃ Cs < 0 ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡢ௬ᐃࡣࠊᑓ㛛ࡋࡓุᐁࡣࠊ㛫ࡢ⤒㐣ࡶࠊ ࡢࡶ࡛㉳ࡇࡾ࠺ࡿ㇟ࢆ≉ᐃࡍࡿࡇక࠺᫂ⓑ࡞ᅔ㞴ࡉࡢࡓࡵࠊ≉ ⮬ࡽࡢᐇయ⟶㎄㛵㐃ࡍࡿἲⓗࢩࢫࢸ࣒័ࢀぶࡋࡳࠊ」㞧࡞ἲࢆࡼࡾࡼ ᐃࡍࡿࡇࡿ㏣ຍⓗᅛᐃ㈝⏝ࡢ㢠ࡀቑ࠼ࡿࠋ❧ἲ⪅ࡣࠊከᩘࡢ⏕㉳ ࡃゎ㔘ࡋ㐺⏝ࡍࡿࡇࡀ࡛ࡁࡿ࠸࠺ࢩࣥࣉࣝ࡞┤ほࢆᫎࡋࡓࡶࡢ࡛ ㇟ࡢ㛫ࡢ」㞧࡞┦స⏝ࢆ⪃៖ࡋ࡚ࠊἲⓗ࣮ࣝࣝࡀ㐺⏝ࡉࢀࡿ⌧ᐇࡢࢩ ࠶ࡿࠋࡓ࠼ࡤࠊᑓ㛛ࡋࡓ⛒⛯ุᐁࡀࠊ୍⯡ⓗ⟶㎄ࢆ᭷ࡍࡿุᡤ ࢼࣜ࢜ࢆ≉ᐃࡋ࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞ࡃ࡞ࡿࠋ➨ࠊἲⓗࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࡀ」㞧ࡍ ᒓࡍࡿุᐁࡼࡾࡶࠊ」㞧࡞⛒⛯࣮ࣝࣝࢆࡼࡾࡼࡃᢅ࠺ࡇࡀ࡛ࡁࡿ௬ ࡿࠊ≉ᐃࡢἲⓗධࢆไᐃࡍࡿࡇࡿᅛᐃ㈝⏝ࡢ㢠ࡣቑຍࡍࡿࠋ ᐃࡍࡿࡢࡣྜ⌮ⓗᛮࢃࢀࡿࠋ᭱ᚋࠊ⌧ᐇࡀࡼࡾ」㞧࡞ࡿࠊྖἲⓗ ᪂ࡋ࠸ἲⓗ࣮ࣝࣝࢆࠊ᪤Ꮡࡢἲⓗ࣮࡛࡛ࣝࣝࡁࡓࠊࡼࡾ」㞧࡞ࢩࢫࢸ࣒ ࠋ≉ᐃᛶࡢ⛬ᗘࢆቑࡉࡏࡿࡇ ุ᩿ࡢ༢࠶ࡓࡾ㈝⏝ࡣቑࡍࡿC > 0 㸧 ྜࢃࡏࡿࡼ࠺ㄪᩚࡍࡿᚲせᛶࡀ࠶ࡿࡓࡵ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ❧ἲ⪅ࡣࠊἲࡀ⾪✺ࡍࡿ ࡼࡾ⏕ࡌࡿ㏣ຍⓗ౽┈ࡣࠊ⌧ᐇࡀࡼࡾ」㞧࡞ࡿቑࡍࡿࠋࡘࡲࡾࠊ ࡇࢆ㑊ࡅࡿࡃࠊ᪂ࡋ࠸࣮ࣝࣝࡀࡑࢀඛ❧ࡘ࣮ࣝࣝࡢࡼ࠺࡞㛵ಀ ࡀቑࡍࡿࡘࢀ࡚Csࡀቑ࠼ࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡗ࡚ࠊCs < 0 ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ ❧ࡘ㸦ࡓ࠼ࡤࠊᚑ๓ࡢ࣮ࣝࣝࢆᗫṆࡋࠊ᪤Ꮡࡢἲእࢆタࡅࡿ࡞ ≉ᐃᛶࡢ⛬ᗘࡣࠊ⣧⥲౯್ࢆ᭱ࡍࡿỈ‽タᐃࡉࢀࡿࠋ 㸧ࠊඛ⾜࣮ࣝࣝᑐࡋ࡚᪂ࡋ࠸࣮ࣝࣝࡀࡢࢱ࣑ࣥࢢ࡛㐺⏝ࡉࢀࡿ max N㺃V (s, ) F (s,,) N㺃C (s, , ) s ୖ࡛⾜࡞ࡗࡓ௬ᐃࡢࡶ࡛ࡣࠊ᭱㐺ၥ㢟ࡢ㝵ࡢ༑ศ᮲௳ࡣࡓࡉࢀ 㸦ࡓ࠼ࡤࠊ㐳ཬⓗ㐺⏝ࡍࡿࡢࠊ㐳ཬࡋ࡞࠸ࡶࡢࡍࡿ㸧 ࠊ᪂ࡋ࠸ࣝ ࣮ࣝࡀ㐺⏝ࡉࢀࡿᆅ⌮ⓗ⠊ᅖࢆࠊ᫂ࡽࡋ࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ࡔࢁ࠺ࠋ ❧ἲ㈝⏝ࡢ➨ࡢせ⣲ࡣࠊἲⓗ࣮ࣝࣝࡘ࠸࡚ྖἲⓗุ᩿ࢆ⾜࡞࠺ࡇ 㛵ಀࡍࡿࠋNࢆἲⓗ࣮ࣝࣝࡢ㐺⏝㢖ᗘࡍࢀࡤࠊྖἲⓗุ᩿ࡢ⥲㈝⏝ࡣ ࡚࠸ࡿࠋヲࡋࡃゝ࠼ࡤࠊ≉ᐃᛶࡢ⛬ᗘࡀୖ᪼ࡍࢀࡤἲⓗ࣮ࣝࣝࡢ౯್ࡀ㏴ N࣭C࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡇ࡛ࠊCࡣࠊྖἲⓗ୍ุ᩿༢࠶ࡓࡾࡢ㈝⏝㸦♫ⓗ ῶࡋ࡞ࡀࡽቑࡋ㸦Vss < 0 㸧ࠊไᐃࡢࡓࡵᚲせ࡞㝈⏺㈝⏝ࡣ≉ᐃᛶࡢ⛬ ᘬ⋡ᇶ࡙࠸࡚㐺ษࡾᘬࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡍࡿࠋ㸧࡛࠶ࡿࠋྖἲⓗุ᩿㈝ ᗘࡋࡓࡀࡗ࡚ቑࡋ㸦Fss > 0 㸧ࠊ࣮ࣝࣝࡢ≉ᐃᛶࡢ⛬ᗘࡢୖ᪼ࡶ࡞ ⏝ࡣࠊ≉ᐃᛶࡢ⛬ᗘs ࠊุᡤࡢᑓ㛛ࡢ⛬ᗘ ࠊ⌧ᐇࡢ」㞧ࡉࡢ⛬ᗘ ࠺ྖἲⓗ୍ุ᩿༢࠶ࡓࡾࡢ㈝⏝ῶᑡ㔞ࡣ㏴ῶࡍࡿ㸦Css > 0 㸧࠸࠺௬ᐃ ࡼࡗ࡚ኚࢃࡿࠋ࡞࡛ࡶࠊ≉ᐃᛶࡢᗘྜ࠸ࡀ㧗ࡲࡿࠊྖἲⓗุ᩿ࡢ༢ ࡽࡋ࡚ࠊN㺃VssFss N㺃Css < 0 ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡇࡽࠊ≉ᐃᛶࡢ⛬ᗘࢆ᭱㐺 ࠶ࡓࡾ㈝⏝ࡣపࡃ࡞ࡿ㸦Cs < 0 㸧ࠋ⤯ᑐ್࡛ࡳࡿࠊྖἲⓗุ᩿ࡢ㈝⏝ࡢኚ ࡍࡿࡓࡵࡣࠊḟࡢ᮲௳ࡀࡓࡉࢀ࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ࠋ ࡣࠊ࣮ࣝࣝࡢ≉ᐃᛶࡀ㧗ࡲࡿࡇࡼࡾࡶࡓࡽࡉࢀࡿྖἲⓗุ᩿㈝⏝ࡢ ῶᑡࠊ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣࠊࡼࡾ༢⣧ࠊἲࡀࡼࡾヲ⣽࡞ࡿࡇࡼࡾ⏕ࡌࡿ㏣ຍ N㺃Vs (s*,)Fs (s*,,)N㺃Cs (s*,,) = 0 ⓗ౽┈ࡋ࡚ࠊ⪃࠼ࡿࡇࡀ࡛ࡁࡿ ࠋ≉ᐃᛶࡢᗘྜ࠸ࡀୖ᪼ࡍࡿࠊ≉ ᐃᛶࡢᗘྜ࠸ࢆቑࡍࡇࡼࡾ⏕ࡌࡿ㏣ຍⓗ౽┈Csࡣῶᑡࡋࠊࡇࢀ ᙜ㠃ࡢࡇࢁࠊ ࠊ ࠊࡣ୍ᐃࡋ࡚ࠊ㐺⏝㢖ᗘN ࠊ㝞⭉㏿ᗘ ࡢ ࡼࡾCs ࡣࡁࡃ࡞ࡿࠋࡼࡗ࡚Css > 0 ࢆ௬ᐃࡍࡿࠋḟࠊྖἲⓗุ᩿ࡢ༢ ኚࡀࠊ᭱㐺࡞≉ᐃᛶࡢỈ‽s* ࠼ࡿᙳ㡪ࢆ㞟୰ࡋ࡚⪃ᐹࡋࡼ࠺ࠋࡇࡢ ࠶ࡓࡾ㈝⏝ࡣࠊุᡤࡀᑓ㛛ࡍࡿࡘࢀ࡚ῶᑡࡍࡿ௬ᐃࡍࡿ㸦C < 0 㸧ࠋ ࡓࡵࡢ᭱㐺᮲௳ࡣࠊᘧࢆᚤศࡍࡿࡇࡼࡾᑟࢀࠊḟࡢ࠾ࡾ ἲⓗ࣮ࣝࣝࡢ≉ᐃᛶࡀቑࡍࡇࡢ㏣ຍⓗ౽┈ࡣࠊࡇࢀࡽἲⓗ࣮ࣝࣝࡀᑓ㛛 ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ ࡋࡓุᡤࡼࡗ࡚ゎ㔘ࡉࢀ㐺⏝ࡉࢀࡿࡁࡁࡃ࡞ࡿࠋゝ࠸࠼ࡿ ࠊࡀቑࡍࡿࡘࢀ࡚Csࡢ್ࡀࡁࡃ࡞ࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡗ࡚ࠊせࡍࡿ dN㺃Vs + N㺃Vss㺃ds* + N㺃Vs㺃d Fss㺃ds* dN㺃Cs N㺃Css㺃ds* = 0 ࡇࡇ࡛ࡣࠊ≉ᐃᛶࡢୖ᪼ࡼࡾ⏕ࡌࡿ㝈⏺ⓗ࡞౽┈ Vs ࠸࠺ࡢせ⣲ࡣ⪃៖ࡋ࡚ ࠸࡞࠸ࠋ 㻟㻞㻢 ᪂ୡ௦ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 㼂㼛㼘㻚㻝㻡㻔㻞㻜㻝㻞㻕㻌 ᘧࡣࠊἲ㐺⏝㢖ᗘࡢእ⏕ⓗኚdN 㝞⭉㏿ᗘࡢእ⏕ⓗኚd ࡢ ࡶࡓࡽࡍᙳ㡪ࠊ≉ᐃᛶࡢ⛬ᗘࡀᚲせࡍࡿኚds* ࡢࡶࡓࡽࡍᙳ㡪ࡀࠊ ᪂ୡ௦ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 㼂㼛㼘㻚㻝㻡㻔㻞㻜㻝㻞㻕 㻟㻞㻣 ㄽ ㄝ ἲⓗ࣮ࣝࣝࡢ᭱㐺࡞≉ᐃᛶࡢ⛬ᗘࡘ࠸࡚ࣇ࢛ࣥ㸻ࣃࣜࢩ ࠸ࣂࣛࣥࢫࢆࡾ࠶ࢃ࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ᵝᏊࢆ♧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ㡯ࢆධࢀ അ↛㇟ࢆᤕᤊࡍࡿ࣮ࣝࣝࢆタィࡍࡿࠊከ㢠ࡢᅛᐃ㈝⏝ࡀࡾࠊ↓㥏 ᭰࠼ࢀࡤࠊḟࡢࡼ࠺࡞ࡿࠋ dN㺃(VsCs) + d㺃(N㺃Vs) = ds*㺃(N㺃VssFssN㺃Css) ࡀ⏕ࡌࡿࡔࢁ࠺ࠋࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞௬ⓗ≧ἣࡢṤࡣᐇ㝿ࡣ⏕ࡌ࡞࠸ࡔࢁ࠺ ࡽ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡢࡓࡵ㢖ᗘࡀప࠸ࡁࡣࠊ୍⯡ⓗࢫࢱࣥࢲ࣮ࢻࡀᮃࡲࡋ ࠸࠸࠺ࡇ࡞ࡿࠋ ἲ࣮ࣝࣝࡢ㐺⏝㢖ᗘ㝞⭉㏿ᗘࡀ࠸ኚࡋࡼ࠺ࡶࠊ᭱㐺࡞≉ᐃ ᛶࢆ㑅ᢥࡍࡿࡣࠊᘧࢆࡓࡉ࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ࠋᘧࡢ➨㡯ࡣࠊ 㝞⭉ၥ㢟 ἲⓗ࣮ࣝࣝࡢ㐺⏝㔞ࡀቑ࠼ࡿࡇࡼࡾ⏕ࡌࡿᙳ㡪ࡢྜィࢆ⾲ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ 㛫ࡶ≧ἣࡣኚࡍࡿࠋ࣮ࣝࣝࡼࡾἲつไࢆ⾜࡞࠺ࡇక࠺ ࡓ࠼ࡤἲⓗ࣮ࣝࣝࡢ㐺⏝㢖ᗘࡀቑ࠼ࢀࡤࠊVs Cs > 0 ࡛࠶ࡿࡇࡽࠊ 㔜せ࡞㈝⏝ࡋ࡚ࠊ♫ⓗࠊ⤒῭ⓗࡲࡓࡣᢏ⾡ⓗኚ࠶ࢃࡏ࡚࣮ࣝࣝࢆ ᙳ㡪ࡣṇ࡞ࡿࠋᘧࡢ➨㡯ࡣࠊ㝞⭉㏿ᗘࡢኚࡼࡾ⏕ࡌࡿᙳ㡪ࡢ ኚ᭦ࡍࡿ㈝⏝ࡀ࠶ࡿࠋࢫࢱࣥࢲ࣮ࢻࡼࡾ⤫ࡍࡿࡁࡣࠊ࣮ࣝࣝࡼ ྜィࢆ⾲ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡓ࠼ࡤ㝞⭉㏿ᗘࡀቑࡍࢀࡤࠊVs < 0 ࡛࠶ࡿࡇ ࡾ⤫ࡍࡿࡁẚ࡚ࠊ㝞⭉ၥ㢟ࡣ῝้࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ࠋࢫࢱࣥࢲ࣮ࢻࡣ ࡽࠊᙳ㡪ࡣ㈇࡞ࡿࠋࡇ࠺ࡋ࡚ࠊᘧࡣࠊṇ࡛࠶ࢀ㈇࡛࠶ࢀࠊN ࡀ 㛫ࡢ⤒㐣ࡶ⏕ࡌࡿኚࡢᙳ㡪ࢆ┦ᑐⓗཷࡅࡃ࠸ࠋࢫࢱࣥࢲ࣮ ᘬࡁ㉳ࡇࡍᙳ㡪ࢆࠊ㑅ᢥࡍࡿ≉ᐃᛶࡢ⛬ᗘs ࢆㄪᩚࡍࡿࡇࡼࡗ࡚ࣂࣛ ࢻࡣ㛵㐃ᛶࢆࡶࡘ≧ἣࢆ✀㢮ࡋ࡚♧ࡍࡔࡅ࡛࠶ࡗ࡚ࠊ≉ᐃࡢලయⓗ≧ἣ * ࣥࢫࡋ࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ࡇࢆ♧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ ࢆ♧ࡍࡇࡣࡋ࡞࠸ࡽ࡛࠶ࡿࠋྜ⌮ᛶᴫᛕࡣࠊ㛫ࡢ⤒㐣ࡶ᭱㐺 ࡞⾜ືᵝᘧࡀࡁࡃኚࡋ࡚ࡶࠊ᥇⏝ࡋࡘ࡙ࡅࡿࡇࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࠋࡇࡢࡼ࠺ ྖἲⓗุ᩿࠾ࡅࡿつᶍࡢ⤒῭ࡀ㛵ಀࡍࡿࡇࡘ࠸࡚ ࡋ࡚ࠊᏳᐃⓗ࡞⎔ቃࡀᏑᅾࡍࡿࡁࡣࠊ≉ᐃᛶࡢ㧗࠸࣮ࣝࣝࡀࡼࡾከ Kaplowᩚྜⓗࠊᮏㄽᩥࡢ⤖ᯝࡣࠊἲࡢ㐺⏝㢖ᗘࡀ᭱㐺࡞≉ ࡃ࡞ࡾࠊኚࡀ㏿࠸ࡁࡣࠊ୍⯡ⓗ࡞ࢫࢱࣥࢲ࣮ࢻࡀࡼࡾከࡃ࡞ࡿࡔࢁ ᐃᛶࡢ⛬ᗘࢆỴᐃࡍࡿ࠶ࡓࡗ࡚㔜せ࡛࠶ࡿࡇࢆ♧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ➨୍ࠊ ࠺⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋ እ⏕ⓗኚࡀ୍ࡘࡔࡅᏑᅾࡍࡿ༢⣧࡞ሙྜࢆ᳨ウࡉࢀࡓ࠸ࠋ㝞⭉㏿ᗘ ᚑ᮶ࡢᩥ⊩࡛ࡣࠊヲ⣽࡞࣮ࣝࣝࡢ᪉ࡀࠊつไ⎔ቃࡢእ⏕ⓗ࡛ணᮇࡋ࡞࠸ ኚࡀ࡞࠸ࡢ࡛࠶ࢀࡤ㸦d = 0 㸧ࠊ≉ᐃᛶࡢ᭱㐺࡞ኚࡣἲⓗ࣮ࣝࣝࡢ㐺 ኚᑐࡋ࡚ᩄឤ࡛࠶ࡗ࡚ࠊࡇࡢࡇࡽࡋ࡚㝞⭉ࡋࡸࡍ࠸ᣦࡍࡿ ⏝㢖ᗘࡢኚྠࡌ᪉ྥື࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸㸦ds /dN > 0 ࠋ * 㸦Ehrlich and Posner㸧ࠋᡃࠎࡢࣔࢹࣝࡣࠊ⎔ቃࡀᏳᐃ࡛࠶ࡿࡓࡵ ඹ㏻ࡋࡓ≉ᚩࢆࡶࡘ≧ἣୗ࡛㢖⦾⏕ࡌࡿἲⓗၥ㢟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊ≉ᐃᛶ ἲⓗ⛛ᗎࡀ㝞⭉ࡋࡑ࠺࡛࠶ࡿࡁࡣࠊ≉ᐃᛶࡢ⛬ᗘࡣప࠸Ỉ‽タᐃ ࡢ㧗࠸࣮ࣝࣝࡀᮃࡲࡋ࠸ࠋἲࡀ㢖⦾㐺⏝ࡉࢀࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࢀࡤࠊྖἲⓗุ᩿ ࡉࢀࡿࡁࡇࢆ♧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࡢࣔࢹࣝࡣࡉࡽࠊἲⓗ࣮ࣝࣝࡢ㐺⏝㢖 ࡿኚື㈝⏝ࡀἲไᐃ㈝⏝ࢆୖᅇࡾࡸࡍ࠸ࡔࢁ࠺ࠋ࣮ࣝࣝࡢ᪉ࡀప࠸ ᗘኚࡀ࡞࠸ࡢ࡛࠶ࢀࡤ㸦dN = 0 㸧ࠊ≉ᐃᛶࡢ⛬ᗘࡢ᭱㐺࡞ኚࡣࠊ㝞 ㈝⏝࡛▱ࡿࡇࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࡽࠊಶேࡀἲࡀఱ࡛࠶ࡿࢆ▱ࡿࡓࡵ ⭉㏿ᗘᑐࡢ᪉ྥྥ࠺ࡁ࡛࠶ࡿࡇ㸦ds*/d < 0 㸧ࢆ♧ࡋ࡚࠸ ㈝ࡸࡍ㈝⏝ࡣᑡ࡞ࡃ࡚ࡍࡳࠊ࣮ࣝࣝࡼࡾ㐺ษ⾜ືࡀㄏᑟࡉࢀ࠺ࡿࠋ ࡿࠋ ἲࡢෆᐜࢆ☜ㄆࡍࡿࡇࡀᐜ᫆ࡔࡽ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡢࡇࡣᚲ↛ⓗࠊἲࡀ 㢖⦾㐺⏝ࡉࢀࡿࡁࡣࠊ࣮ࣝࣝࡢ᪉ࡀࢫࢱࣥࢲ࣮ࢻࡼࡾࡶຠ⋡ⓗ࡛࠶ ྖἲⓗุ᩿࠾ࡅࡿつᶍࡢ⤒῭㝞⭉ ࡿࡇࢆពࡍࡿࠋ ḟࠊ㝞⭉㏿ᗘἲ௧ࡢ㐺⏝㢖ᗘࡀࠊࡶኚࡍࡿሙྜࢆ᳨ウࡋࡼ ㏫ࠊἲⓗၥ㢟ࡀࡵࡗࡓⓎ⏕ࡏࡎ≧ἣࡀከᵝ࡞ࡁ㛵㐃ࡍࡿ࡚ࡢ ࠺ࠋࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞ሙྜ᭱㐺࡞≉ᐃᛶࡢ⛬ᗘࡀࡶࡓࡽࡍᙳ㡪ࡢྜィࡣࠊ୍⯡ ⓗࡣ࡛᫂࠶ࡿࠋᵝࠎ࡞ྍ⬟ᛶࡀ⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋἲⓗ࣮ࣝࣝࡢ㐺⏝㢖ᗘࡀ ds*/dN=(Vs㸫Cs)/(N㺃Vss㸫Fss㸫N㺃Css)> 0 㻟㻞㻤 ᪂ୡ௦ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 㼂㼛㼘㻚㻝㻡㻔㻞㻜㻝㻞㻕㻌 d/ds*=(N㺃Vs)/(N㺃Vss㸫Fss㸫N㺃Css)<0 ᪂ୡ௦ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 㼂㼛㼘㻚㻝㻡㻔㻞㻜㻝㻞㻕 㻟㻞㻥 ㄽ ㄝ ἲⓗ࣮ࣝࣝࡢ᭱㐺࡞≉ᐃᛶࡢ⛬ᗘࡘ࠸࡚ࣇ࢛ࣥ㸻ࣃࣜࢩ ቑࡋࠊ㝞⭉㏿ᗘࡀῶᑡࡍࡿࡁࡣࠊࡇࢀࡽࡢእ⏕ⓗኚࡼࡗ࡚ᘬ ࡁ㉳ࡇࡉࢀࡿṇࡢᙳ㡪ࡀ࠸ᙉࡵ࠶ࡗ࡚ṇࡢኚࢆ⏕ࡌࡉࡏࠊ᭱㐺࡞≉ ᐃᛶࡢ⛬ᗘࢆୖ᪼ࡉࡏࡿࠋ୍ᐃࡢ᪂ࡋ࠸ἲศ㔝ࡀ☜❧ࡉࢀࡓࡶࡢ࡞ࡗ࡚ࠊ ࣮ࣝࣝࡢ㐺⏝㢖ᗘつไ⎔ቃࡢᏳᐃᛶࡢ୧᪉ࡀቑࡍࡁࡣࠊࡇ࠺ࡋࡓࡇ ࡀ㉳ࡇࡾࡑ࠺࡛࠶ࡿࠋ᪂ࡋ࠸ἲศ㔝ࡀᅛࡲࡾࠊࡼࡾ㔜せ࡞ࡶࡢ࡞ࡗ࡚ ࠸ࡃࡘࢀ࡚ࠊ࣮ࣝࣝࡀࡼࡾヲ⣽つᐃࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡇࡀᮃࡲࡋࡃ࡞ࡿࠋ ྠᵝࡋ࡚ࠊἲⓗ࣮ࣝࣝࡢ㐺⏝㢖ᗘࡀῶࡾࠊ㝞⭉㏿ᗘࡀቑࡏࡤࠊࡘࡢ ᙳ㡪ࡀ┦ᙉࡵྜࡗ࡚ࠊ᭱㐺࡞≉ᐃᛶࡢ⛬ᗘࡣప࠸ࡶࡢ࡞ࡿࠋ ᅗ㸯 ἲⓗ࣮ࣝࣝࡢ᭱㐺࡞≉ᐃᛶࡢኚ N N , N , N s* s* s* , N 㝞⭉㏿ᗘἲ௧ࡢ㐺⏝㢖ᗘࡀྠࡌ᪉ྥኚࡍࡿሙྜࡣࠊࡇࢀࡽ ࡼࡗ࡚ࡶࡓࡽࡉࢀࡿᙳ㡪ࡣ࠸ᡴࡕᾘࡋ࠶࠺ࠋࡇࢀࡽኚࡢ┦ᑐⓗ࡞ ࡁࡉࡇࢀࡽኚࡢᑍἲຠᯝḟ➨࡛ࠊ᭱㐺࡞≉ᐃᛶࡢ⛬ᗘࡣቑࡍࡿࡇ ࡶ࠶ࢀࡤࠊῶᑡࡍࡿࡇࡶ࠶ࡿࠋࡓ࠼ࡤࠊἲ㐺⏝㢖ᗘ㝞⭉㏿ᗘࡢ୧ ᪉ࡀୖ᪼ࡍࡿሙྜࢆ᳨ウࡋࡼ࠺ࠋᡂ㛗ⴭࡋ࠸ἲศ㔝࡛࠶ࡗ࡚ࠊἲ௧㐺⏝ࡢ 㢖ᗘࡀୖ᪼ࡍࡿྠࠊつไ⎔ቃࡀᏳᐃ࡛ኚࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡁࡣࠊࡇ ᑓ㛛ࡋࡓุᡤࡀᏑᅾࡋつไ⎔ቃࡀ」㞧࡛࠶ࡿࡁࡢ㝣ἲࢩࢫࢸ࣒ ࡢࡼ࠺࡞≧ἣࡀࡳࡽࢀ࠺ࡿࠋࡇࢀࡽせᅉࡼࡿຠᯝࡣูࡢ᪉ྥാࡃࠋἲ ࠾ࡅࡿἲⓗ࣮ࣝࣝࡢ᭱㐺࡞ヲ⣽ࡉࡢ⛬ᗘ s* , N s* s* 㐺⏝㢖ᗘࡢୖ᪼ࡼࡗ࡚ࡶࡓࡽࡉࢀࡿṇࡢຠᯝࡀࠊ㝞⭉㏿ᗘࡢୖ᪼ࡼ 㐺⏝㢖ᗘ㝞⭉㏿ᗘࡢኚࡀἲⓗ࣮ࣝࣝࡢ᭱㐺࡞ヲ⣽ࡉࡢ⛬ᗘ ࡾࡶࡓࡽࡉࢀࡿ㈇ࡢຠᯝ㸦ࡇࢀࡽࡣࠊࡇࡇ࡛ࡣࠊN ⾲ࡉࢀࡿ㸧ࢆ ࠼ࡿᙳ㡪ࢆୖ࡛ࡣ⪃ᐹࡋࡓࠋḟࠊࡢእ⏕ኚᩘࡼࡾᘬࡁ㉳ࡇࡉࢀࡿኚ ୖᅇࢀࡤࠊ᭱㐺࡞≉ᐃᛶࡢ⛬ᗘࡣቑࡍࡿ㸦s*㸧ࠋNࡢኚࡼࡾࡶࡓࡽ ↔Ⅼࢆ࠶࡚ࡼ࠺ࠋἲⓗࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࡢ᥇⏝ࡍࡿ᪉ἲㄽⓗࣉ࣮ࣟࢳࠊᑓ ࡉࢀࡿṇࡢࠊ┦ᑐⓗࡁ࠸ຠᯝࡣࠊdNࡢቑࡍࡿ⛬ᗘࡀࡁ࠸ࡓࡵ 㛛ࡋࡓุᡤࡢᏑᅾࠊつไ⎔ቃࡢ」㞧ࡉࡀࠊἲࢆᐃ❧ࡍࡿ㝿ࡢ᭱㐺࡞ヲ ᘬࡁ㉳ࡇࡉࢀࡓࡶࡢ࡛ࡶ࠶ࡾ࠺ࡿࡋࠊྖἲⓗุ᩿ࡢ㝈⏺ⓗ౯್ࡢṇ್࡛ ⣽ࡉࡢ⛬ᗘ࠸ᙳ㡪ࡍࡿࢆࠊࡇࡇ࡛ࡣ᳨ウࡍࡿࠋ ࠶ࡿࡇࢁࡢVs Cs ࠸࠺ಸ⋡ࡀࡁ࠸ࡀࡓࡵࡶࡓࡽࡉࢀࡓࡶࡢ࡛ࡶ ᪉ἲㄽⓗࣉ࣮ࣟࢳࡢᙳ㡪ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊ㝣ἲࢩࢫࢸ࣒࠾ࡅࡿࠕἲ ࠶ࡾ࠺ࡿࡋࠊࡑࡢ୧᪉ࡀࡣࡓࡽ࠸࡚࠸ࡿྍ⬟ᛶࡶ࠶ࡿࠋ㝞⭉㏿ᗘࡢኚ ࠖ࠸࠺≉᭷ࡢᴫᛕࢆ᳨ウࡍࡿࡇࡀ㔜せ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ㝣ἲࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࡢୗ ࡼࡾ⏕ࡌࡿ┦ᑐⓗᙅ࠸㈇ࡢຠᯝࡣࠊ㝞⭉㏿ᗘdࡢᑠࡉ࠸ୖ᪼ࢆཎ ࡛ࡣἲࡣࠊໟᣓⓗ୍࡛㈏ࡋࡓཎ⌮࣮ࣝࣝࡢࡲࡲࡾ࡛࠶ࡗ࡚ࠊ₇⧢ ᅉࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡛ࡶ࠶ࡾ࠺ࡿࡋࠊ㝞⭉ࡢࡓࡵ⏕ࡌࡿ㝈⏺౯್ࡢኚศ ⓗἲゎ㔘ࡢ᪉ἲࡼࡗ࡚㐺⏝ྍ⬟࡞ࡶࡢࢆᥦ౪ࡍࡿࡇࢆ┠ⓗࡋ࡚࠸ N࣭Vsࡢࢃࡎ࡞ῶᑡࢆཎᅉࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡛ࡶ࠶ࡾ࠺ࡿࡋࠊࡇࡢ୧᪉ࢆཎ ࡿ㸦Merryman㸧ࠋᩘᏛࡢᐃ⌮ࡸࢥ࣮ࣟࣛࣜࡢࡲࡲࡾࡢࡼ࠺ࠊἲ ᅉࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡛ࡶ࠶ࡾ࠺ࡿࠋ ࡣཝᐦ࡞ཎ⌮࣮ࣝࣝࡢయ⣔⦅ᡂࡉࢀࠊ୍⯡ⓗ࡞ࡶࡢࡽ≉ᐃࡢࡶࡢ 㐺⏝㢖ᗘ㝞⭉㏿ᗘࡢ୧᪉ࡀྠࡌ᪉ྥኚࡍࡿูࡢሙྜࠊ᭱㐺࡞ ࠊ୍⯡ⓗ࣮ࣝࣝࡽ≉Ṧ࡞እࠊࣆ࣑ࣛࢵࢻࡢࡼ࠺࡞ᙧ࡛୪ࡽࢀ ≉ᐃᛶࡢ⛬ᗘs ཬࡪຠᯝయࢆ᳨ウࡍࡿࡢࡣᐜ࡛᫆࠶ࡿࠋᅗࡣࠊN ࡿࠋࡇࡢ㝣ἲࡢἲࡢ⪃࠼᪉ࡣࠊ㸫ୡ⣖ࡢࣇࣛࣥࢫࡢᏛ⪅ࠊᚋ ࡀྠኚࡍࡿᵝࠎ࡞≧ἣ࠾࠸࡚ࠊ᭱㐺࡞≉ᐃᛶࡢ⛬ᗘ࠸࡞ࡿຠ ࡣ㏆௦Ḣᕞࡢἲࢆ่⃭ࡋࡓྜ⌮⩏ἲဴᏛࡢດຊࡼࡗ࡚ᙧᡂࡉ ᯝࡀ⤖ᯝࡋ࡚ཬࡪࢆࡲࡵ࡚⾲ࡋࡓࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ ࢀࡓࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ㝣ἲࡢἲ୰ࡢつᐃࢆኚ࠼ࡿࡇࡣࠊࡢつᐃࡘ࠸ * ࡚ࡶࠊ┦ᙜᅔ㞴࡛࠶ࡿࠋ୍ࡘࡢつᐃࢆᨵṇࡍࡿࡓࡵࠊἲࡢࡢ࣮ࣝ ࣝཎ⌮࠶ࢃࡏ࡚ㄪᩚࡋㄪࢆಖࡘࡓࡵࡢసᴗࡀᚲせ࡞ࡿࡇࡀࡋ 㻟㻟㻜 ᪂ୡ௦ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 㼂㼛㼘㻚㻝㻡㻔㻞㻜㻝㻞㻕㻌 ᪂ୡ௦ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 㼂㼛㼘㻚㻝㻡㻔㻞㻜㻝㻞㻕 㻟㻟㻝 ㄽ ㄝ ἲⓗ࣮ࣝࣝࡢ᭱㐺࡞≉ᐃᛶࡢ⛬ᗘࡘ࠸࡚ࣇ࢛ࣥ㸻ࣃࣜࢩ ࡤࡋࡤ࡛࠶ࡾࠊࡇࢀࡣἲ୰࠶ࡿࡢつᐃࡢ」㞧࡞㐃㙐ᛂࡀక࠺ࠋ ࣮ࣝࣝࡢ᭱㐺࡞≉ᐃᛶࡢ⛬ᗘࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊྖἲࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࡢయࢆࡳ᳨࡚ウ ࡇࡢࡇࡣࠊ㝣ἲࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࡢୗ࡛ࡣ┦ᑐⓗࡳ࡚ἲࡀᨵゞࡉࢀࡿࡇ ࡍࡿᚲせࡀ࠶ࡿࠋ ࡀ⛥࡛࠶ࡿࡇ㸦ྠࡌ㝣ἲࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࡢ୰࠶ࡿࡶࡢࡢࠊ㏻ᖖࡢ❧ἲࡢ⤖ ᑓ㛛ࡋࡓุᡤࡢᏑᅾࡀࠊἲࡢ᭱㐺࡞≉ᐃᛶࡢ⛬ᗘ࠸ᙳ㡪ࡍࡿ ᯝ࡛࠶ࡿἲᚊẚ㍑ࡋ࡚㸧ࠊᨵゞࡀ⾜࡞ࢃࢀࡿࡁࡣࠊࡇࡢᨵゞసᴗ ࢆ⪃࠼ࡼ࠺ࠋࡇࡢ⤖ᯝࢆ⌮ゎࡍࡿࡓࡵࠊࡇࡇ࡛ࡣࠊࡋ࡚ᑓ㛛ࡋ ࡣࠊࡘࡂࡣࡂ࡞ᅾࡀ࡞ࡉࢀ࡞࠸ࡼ࠺య⣔ⓗἲࡢ❶యࢆᨵゞࡋࡼ ࡓุᡤࡢ⟶㎄ୗ࡛㐺⏝ࡉࢀࡿἲࡢ≉ᐃᛶࡢ⛬ᗘࢆ᳨ウࡍࡿࠋ㛵㐃ࡍࡿẚ ࠺ࡍࡿᑓ㛛ᐙࡢጤဨࡼࡗ࡚⾜࡞ࢃࢀࡿࡇࠊ᫂☜⌧ࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ ㍑㟼Ꮫⓗ⤖ᯝࡣ┤᥋ồࡵࡿࡇࡀ࡛ࡁࠊds*/d > 0 ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ᭱㐺࡞≉ᐃ ࡇࡢࢩࢫࢸ࣒≉᭷ࡢ᪉ἲㄽⓗไ⣙ࡢࡓࡵࠊ㝣ἲࡢ❧ἲⓗᨵᐃࡢ㈝ ᛶࡢ⛬ᗘࡣࠊࡼࡾᑓ㛛ࡋࡓุᡤࡼࡗ࡚㐺⏝ࡉࢀゎ㔘ࡉࢀࡿἲࡘ࠸ ⏝ࡣࠊࡢ᪉ἲࡼࡿ❧ἲࡲࡓࡣἲࡿ㈝⏝ࡼࡾࡶࠊ㧗㢠࡞ࡶࡢ ࡚ࡣ㸦ࡀቑ࠼ࢀࡤ㸧ࠊቑࡍࡿࠋࡇࡢሙྜࡣヲ⣽࡞ἲつᐃࡀࡼࡾ㢖⦾ ࡞ࡿࠋ⣧౯್᭱㐺ࡢࡓࡵࡢ୍㝵᮲௳࡛࠶ࡿᘧࢆ⏝ࡍࢀࡤࠊἲ ⏝࠸ࡽࢀࠊࡼࡾከࡃࡢ࣮ࣝࣝࡀほᐹࡉࢀࡿࡇࡀணࡉࢀࡿࠋ ࡢ᪉ἲࡀ࠸᭱㐺࡞≉ᐃᛶࡢ⛬ᗘᙳ㡪ࡍࡿࢆ᳨ウࡍࡿࡇࡀ࡛ ᭱ᚋࠊἲⓗ⎔ቃࡢ」㞧ࡉࡀ᭱㐺࡞≉ᐃᛶࡢ⛬ᗘࡢ㑅ᢥ࠼ࡿᙳ㡪 ࡁࡿࠋ㛵㐃ࡍࡿẚ㍑㟼Ꮫⓗ⤖ᯝࡣ┤᥋ồࡵࡿࡇࡀ࡛ࡁࠊds /d < 0 ࡛ ࡘ࠸࡚㏙ࡿࠋ⌧ᐇࡀ」㞧࡞ࢀࡤࠊ❧ἲࡿᅛᐃ㈝⏝ྖἲⓗุ᩿ ࠶ࡿࠋࡇࢀࡣࠊἲⓗ࣮ࣝࣝࡢἲᨵṇࡀ㞴ࡋࡃ࡞ࡿ㸦ࡢ್ࡀ ࡿ㈝⏝ࡢ୧᪉ࡀቑࡍࡿࡇࢆᛮ࠸ฟࡉࢀࡓ࠸ࠋ❧ἲࡿᅛᐃ * ࡁࡃ࡞ࡿ㸧ࠊ≉ᐃᛶࡢ⛬ᗘࢆపࡃࡍࡿࡇࡀᮃࡲࡋ࠸ࡇࢆ♧ࡋ࡚ ㈝⏝ࡀቑࡍࡿࡓࡵࠊ≉ᐃᛶࡢ⛬ᗘࢆపࡃࡍࡿࡇࡀᮃࡲࡋࡃ࡞ࡿ㸦ἲ ࠸ࡿࠋࡋࡓࡀࡗ࡚ࠊࡢ᮲௳ࡀ➼ࡋࡅࢀࡤࠊヲ⣽ࡉࡢ⛬ᗘࡢపୗࠊࡼ ࡣࢫࢱࣥࢲ࣮ࢻࡢࡼ࠺ᐃᘧࡉࢀࡿࡁ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ㸧 ࠋ᪉࡛ࠊἲⓗุ᩿㈝ ࡾ㢖⦾࡞ࢫࢱࣥࢲ࣮ࢻࡢ⏝ࡀほᐹࡉࢀࡿࡶࡢ⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋ ⏝ࡀቑࡍࡿࡓࡵࠊ≉ᐃᛶࡢ⛬ᗘࢆ㧗ࡃࡍࡿࡇࡀᮃࡲࡋࡃ࡞ࡿ㸦ἲࡣ ἲⓗ࣮ࣝࣝࡢ᭱㐺࡞ヲ⣽ࡉࡢ⛬ᗘᙳ㡪ࡍࡿ➨ࡢせᅉࡣࠊุᡤࡢᑓ ࣮ࣝࣝࡢࡼ࠺ᐃᘧࡉࢀࡿࡁ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ㸧 ࠋ 㛛ࡢ⛬ᗘ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ㝣ἲᅪࡢࢇࠊ୍ᐃࡢἲⓗၥ㢟ࢆᢅ࠺ᑓ㛛 ࡇࢀ㛵㐃ࡍࡿẚ㍑㟼Ꮫⓗ⤖ᯝࡣࠊds*/dࡢ➢ྕࡀ୍ពⓗࡣỴᐃ࡛ࡁ ุ㒊ࡀᏑᅾࡍࡿࠋࡓ࠼ࡤࠊ㏻ᖖࡢྖἲุᡤ㸦ᑂุᡤࠊ᥍ッุᡤ᭱ ࡞࠸ࡇࢆ♧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡘࡢຠᯝࡀ⏕ࡌࡿࡓࡵయࡋ࡚ࡢ➢ྕࡣ 㧗ุᡤ㸧ࡢ୰ࠊ୍ᐃࡢ⧞ࡾ㏉ࡋ⏕ࡌࡿἲⓗၥ㢟ࢆᢅ࠺ᑓ㛛㒊㸦ุᡤ Ỵᐃ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ࡶࡢࡢࠊ≉ᐃᛶࢆ㧗ࡵࡿୖ࡛❧ἲࡿᅛᐃ㈝⏝ࡢቑ ࡢ㒊ࡤࢀࡿࡇࡀ㏻ᖖ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ㸧ࡀタࡅࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡓ࠼ࡤࠊṤ ࡼࡾ⏕ࡌࡿᅽຊࡀࠊྖἲⓗุ᩿㈝⏝ࡢቑࡼࡾ⏕ࡌࡿᅽຊࢆ㥙ࡍࡿ ࡢุᡤࠊປാ⣮தࠊಽ⏘ᡭ⥆ࠊዎ⣙ࠊ┦⥆࡞≉ࡋࡓ㒊ࡀഛ࠼ࡽ ࡁࡢ᭱㐺࡞≉ᐃᛶࡢ⛬ᗘࡣࠊ⌧ᐇࡀ」㞧࡞ࡿపࡃ࡞ࡿࠋ┤ほⓗ ࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ⛒⛯ุᡤࡳࡽࢀࡿࡼ࠺ࠊ≉ᐃࡢࢆᢸᙜࡉࡏࡿࡃ≉ ࠸࠺࡞ࡽࡤࠊつไ⎔ቃࡀ」㞧࡞ࢀࡤࠊ❧ἲࡢࡓࡵࡿᅛᐃ㈝⏝ࡀྖ ᐃⓗ⟶㎄ࡀタᐃࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡇࡶ࠶ࡿࠋ ἲ㈝⏝ẚ㍑ࡋ࡚ప࠸ࡁࡣ࣮ࣝࣝࢆࡼࡾ㢖⦾࠺᪉ࡀᮃࡲࡋ࠸ ࡉࡽࠊἲⓗ࣮ࣝࣝࡣࠊᑓ㛛ࡢุᐁࡢ⟶㎄ୗ࠶ࡿ≉ᐃࡢἲศ㔝ࡔ ࠸࠺ࡇ࡞ࡿࠋ୍᪉࡛ࠊྖἲ㈝ࡸࡍேⓗ㈨ᮏࡢቑࡼࡾྖἲ㈝⏝ࡀ ࡅᙳ㡪ࡍࡿࡶࡢࡀ࠶ࡿࠋ⛒⛯࣮ࣝࣝࢆ᭱ࡶ㢖⦾㐺⏝ࡍࡿࡢࡣ⛒⛯ุ ῶᑡࡍࡿࡓࡵࠊつไ⎔ቃࡢ」㞧ࡉࡢቑຍᑐᛂࡍࡿୖ࡛≉ᐃⓗ࡞ἲࡢ ᐁ࡛࠶ࡗ࡚ࠊࡢุᡤಀᒓࡍࡿ⣮த㛵ಀࢆࡶࡘࡇࡣ㝈ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ ⏝ᅇᩘࢆῶࡽࡋ࡚ࡶࡼ࠸࠸࠺ࡇ࡞ࡿࠋ ࡔࢁ࠺ࠋࡇࢀࡽ㐺⏝⠊ᅖࡢ⊃࠸࣮ࣝࣝࡢ᭱㐺࡞≉ᐃᛶࡢ⛬ᗘࡣࠊᑓ㛛ࡋ ࡓุᡤࢆࡳ᳨࡚ウࡍࡿࡇࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࠋ᪉࡛ࠊࡢἲⓗ࣮ࣝࣝࡣࠊከ ᩘࡢᵝࠎ࡞ุᡤࡀ⟶㎄ࡍࡿᙳ㡪ࡍࡿࠋࡓ࠼ࡤࠊ⾜Ⅽ⬟ຊࡸᙉ㏕ ds*/d = NCs/(NVss㸫Fss㸫NCss) > 0 㛵ࡍࡿἲࡣࠊἲศ㔝ࡢ࡚㛵ಀࡋ࠺ࡿࠋࡇࡢࡼ࠺ᗈ⠊㐺⏝ࡉࢀࡿ ds*/d = (Fs+NCs)/(NVss㸫Fss㸫NCss) Fs >㸫NCs ࡞ࡽࡤ ds*/d < 0 ࡛࠶ࡾࠊFs<㸫NCs ࡞ࡽࡤࠊds*/d > 0 ࡛࠶ࡿࡇ ὀពࡉࢀࡓ࠸ࠋ ds /d = Fs/(NVss㸫Fss㸫NCss) < 0 * 㻟㻟㻞 ᪂ୡ௦ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 㼂㼛㼘㻚㻝㻡㻔㻞㻜㻝㻞㻕㻌 ᪂ୡ௦ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 㼂㼛㼘㻚㻝㻡㻔㻞㻜㻝㻞㻕 㻟㻟㻟 ㄽ ㄝ ἲⓗ࣮ࣝࣝࡢ᭱㐺࡞≉ᐃᛶࡢ⛬ᗘࡘ࠸࡚ࣇ࢛ࣥ㸻ࣃࣜࢩ 㸲㸬ศᯒ⤖ᯝࢆ≧ἣࡢ୰⨨࡙ࡅࡿ㻌 ࡁ㒊ศࢆࡼࡾ㐺ษᐃࡵࡿࡇࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࡼ࠺࡞ࡿሙྜ⏕ࡌࡿࠋ᪉ ุ࡛ᡤࡀ❧ἲ⪅ᑐࡋ࡚᭷ࡍࡿไᗘⓗඃᛶࡣࠊุᡤಀᒓࡍࡿ௳ ❧ἲ⪅ࡣἲࢆ㉳ⲡࡍࡿ㝿≉ᐃᛶࡢỈ‽ࢆ㑅ᢥࡍࡿࡇࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࠋࡇࡇ ࡢ㑅ᢥࣂࢫࡀࡣࡓࡽ࠸࡚࠸ࡿࡁࡸ㸦Fon, Parisi and Depoorter ࡲ࡛ࡣࠊἲࡢ㝞⭉ࠊἲⓗ⣮தࡢ㔞ࠊุᐁࡢᑓ㛛ᛶࠊつไ⎔ቃࡢ」㞧ࡉ 㸧ࠊࢹ࢜ࣟࢠ࣮ᇶ࡙ࡃពᛮỴᐃࢆ⪃៖ࡍࡿ㸦Fon and Parisi㸧ࠊ ࡀ࠸㛵ಀࡍࡿ࡞ࠊἲ࣮ࣝࣝࡢ᭱㐺࡞≉ᐃᛶࡢ⛬ᗘᙳ㡪ࡋ࠺ࡿㅖ ᾘ⁛ࡍࡿྍ⬟ᛶࡀ࠶ࡿࠋࡉࡽࠊุᡤࡣࠊᚋ▱ᜨࣂࢫࡢࡓࡵࠊ➨ せᅉࡘ࠸᳨࡚ウࡋࡓࠋ≀ࢆᢅ࠸ࡸࡍࡃࡋ࡚࠾ࡃࡓࡵࠊᡃࠎࡢࣔࢹࣝ ୍✀ࡢㄗㅸ➨✀ࡢㄗㅸࡢ㛫ࡢ᭱㐺࡞ẚ㍑⪃㔞⤖ᯝࡽ㞳ࡍࡿࡇ ࡛ࡣࠊ⌧ᐇࢆᢳ㇟ࡋ࡚ຠᯝࢆูಶྲྀࡾฟࡍᚲせࡀ࠶ࡗࡓࠋࡇ࠺ࡋ࡞ࡅ ࡀࡋࡤࡋࡤ࠶ࡿ㸦Rachlinskiࠋ ࢀࡤࠊ⌧ᐇᏑᅾࡍࡿከࡃࡢ␗࡞ࡿືᅉࡢࡓࡵຠᯝࡀ᫂░࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ ᡃࠎࡢࣔࢹ࡛ࣝࡣࠊ≉ᐃᛶࡢ⛬ᗘࡀୖࡀࢀࡤࠊࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࡢ☜ᐇᛶண ࡓࡔࢁ࠺ࠋࡇ࠺ࡋࡓ㝈⏺ࢆకࡗ࡚࠸ࡓࡇࢆ⪃៖ࡋ࡚ࠊ௨ୗ࡛ࡣࠊ⌧௦ࡢ ྍ⬟ᛶࡀቑࡍࡿࡇࡀ௬ᐃࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ࠸࠺ࡲ࡛ࡶ࡞ࡃࠊࡇࡢຠᯝࡣ㏴ ᵝࠎ࡞ἲศ㔝࠾ࡅࡿ❧ἲ㐣⛬ࢆ≉ᚩࡅࡿࡼࡾ」㞧࡞ไᗘⓗ⌧ᐇ↷ ῶࡍࡿ㸫㐣ᗘ≉ᐃⓗ࡛」㞧࡛࠶ࡿࡇࡣࠊ᭱⤊ⓗࡣࠊ୍⯡ⓗ࡞ࢫࢱࣥ ࡽࡋ࡚ࠊᡃࠎࡢศᯒ⤖ᯝࢆ᳨ウࡍࡿࠋ ࢲ࣮ࢻࢆ⏝࠸ࡿሙྜࡼࡾࡶண ྍ⬟ᛶࢆῶࡽࡍ⤖ᯝࢆࡶࡓࡽࡋ࠺ࡿࠋ≉ᐃ ⓗ࡞࣮ࣝࣝ㐪࠸㸦᭱㧗㏿ᗘ࣮ࣝࣝࡣ≉ᐃࡢ㌴✀㐺⏝ࡉࢀࡿࠋ㸧ࠊࢫࢱࣥ ❧ἲࡢሗἲⓗᐇ㦂 ࢲ࣮ࢻࡢ㐺⏝⠊ᅖࡣ୍⯡ࡼࡾᗈ࠸㸦Ᏻ㏿ᗘ࠸࠺ࢫࢱࣥࢲ࣮ࢻࡣࠊ࠶ ❧ἲ⪅ࡣࠊつไ㡯ࡿ⌧ᅾ࡞࠸ࡋᑗ᮶ࡢ≧ἣࡘ࠸࡚ࡢሗࡀ ࡽࡺࡿ㏻ᡭẁ㐺⏝࡛ࡁࡿࠋ㸧ࠋ࣮ࣝࣝࡢࡶࡘண ྍ⬟ᛶ࠸࠺㛗ᡤࡣࠊ ࡞୰࡛ἲⓗධࢆ⾜࡞࠺ࡇࡀࡋࡤࡋࡤ࠶ࡿࠋつไ㡯ࡿ⌧ᅾ ࣮ࣝࣝࡢ㐺⏝⠊ᅖࡀ☜ᐇ࡛࠶ࡿࡓࡵ㸦㤿ࡣࠊ᭱㧗㏿ᗘ࣮ࣝࣝࡀཬ ࡢሗࢆ༑ศࡶࡓ࡞࠸ࡁࠊ❧ἲ⪅ࡣࠊไᐃࡉࢀࡓἲࢆලయࡋᇳ⾜ࡍ ࡪࡢ㸽㸧ࠊ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣࠊ୍㐃ࡢ࣮ࣝࣝࡀ㐺⏝ࡉࢀࡿ࠺ࡀ๓ࡣ᫂ ࡿ㐣⛬࡛ࠊሗࡀ᫂ࡽ࡞ࡿࡔࢁ࠺ࡇࢆᮇᚅࡋ࡚ࢫࢱࣥࢲ࣮ࢻࢆ᥇⏝ ࡽ࡛࡞࠸ࡓࡵ㸦㟁Ẽ⮬㌿㌴ࡣ⮬㌿㌴ࡢ᭱㧗㏿ᗘࡀ㐺⏝ࡉࢀࡿࡢࠊ ࡍࡿࠋึᮇᚓࡽࢀࡿሗࢆ⏝ࡋ࡚ࠊ≉ᐃᛶࡢỈ‽ࢆୖ᪼ࡉࡏࡿἲᨵṇ ⮬ື㍯㌴チࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡼࡾ㧗࠸᭱㧗㏿ᗘ࡛㉮ࡗ࡚ࡼ࠸ࡢ㸽㸧ࠊᐜ᫆ ࢆᚋ⾜࡞࠺ࡇࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࠋࢫࢱࣥࢲ࣮ࢻࡣࠊᑗ᮶ࡢฟ᮶ࡿ☜ ᾘኻࡋ࠺ࡿࠋ ᐇᛶ❧ἲ⪅ࡀᑐฎࡍࡿୖ࡛ࡶ᭷⏝࡛࠶ࡿࠋࢫࢱࣥࢲ࣮ࢻࡣᐃእࡢ ≉ᐃᛶྖἲⓗุ᩿㈝⏝ࡘ࠸࡚௬ᐃࡋࡓ㛵ಀ㸦≉ᐃⓗ࡞࣮ࣝࣝࡣࠊ୍ ᑐࡋ࡚ࠊࡼࡾ㡹࡛࠶ࡿࠋ㡰ᛂࡋࡸࡍ࠸ྖἲⓗุ᩿ࡼࡗ࡚つไ⎔ቃࡢ ⯡ⓗࢫࢱࣥࢲ࣮ࢻࡼࡾࡶࠊྖἲⓗุ᩿ࢆ⾜࡞࠺ࡇࡀࡼࡾᐜ࡛᫆ࠊ㈝⏝ࡀ ணᮇࡋ࡞࠸ࢩࣙࢵࢡᑐࡋ࡚ࠊࡼࡾᐜ᫆ᑐฎࡍࡿࡇࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࡓࡵ࡛࠶ ࡽ࡞࠸ࠋ㸧ࡣࠊࡢ㛵ಀࡍࡿ♫ⓗ㈝⏝ࢆ↓どࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡢ ࡿࠋ ♫ⓗ㈝⏝ࡣࠊἲつไࡢᑐ㇟⪅ࡀ㈇ᢸࡍࡿሗ㈝⏝࡛࠶ࡿࠋุᡤࡸᑓ ࢫࢱࣥࢲ࣮ࢻࡀ⏝࠸ࡽࢀࡿ࠸࠺ࡇࡣࠊุᡤࡼࡿᚋⓗ࡞つไࡀ 㛛ᐙἲ᭪㐪࠸ࠊἲつไࡢᑐ㇟⪅ࡗ࡚ࡣࠊ࠸࡞ࡿ⾜ືࢆࡿࡇࢆ ⾜࡞ࢃࢀࡿ࠸࠺ࡇ࡛࠶ࡿࠋᡃࠎࡢࣔࢹࣝࡣࠊᐇ㦂ἲⓗ☜ᐇᛶࢆᚎࠎ ἲⓗࢫࢱࣥࢲ࣮ࢻࡀせồࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡢឤぬࢆࡘࡴ᪉ࡀࠊヲ⣽࡞࣮ࣝࣝࡢ ቑࡉࡏࡿ࠸࠺ࠊྖἲࡼࡿἲᙧᡂࡀࡶࡘᅛ᭷ࡢ౽┈ࢆ⪃៖ࡋ࡚࠸࡞ ࠸ࠋἲ⤒῭Ꮫࡢᩥ⊩࡛ࡣࠊࡼࡃ▱ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡼ࠺㸫ࢩ࢝ࢦᏛὴࡼࡿ ࡇࡇ࡛ࡢ➨୍✀ࡢㄗㅸ➨✀ࡢㄗㅸࡣࠊ࣮ࣝࣝࡀ㐺⏝ࡉࢀࡿࡁ࡛࡞࠸ሙྜ ࢥ࣭࣮ࣔࣥࣟࡢຠ⋡ᛶ௬ㄝࡀࠊࡇࡢ୍࡛࠶ࡿ㸫ࠊุᡤࡣ௳࠾ࡅࡿ 㐺⏝ࡉࢀࠊ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣࠊ࣮ࣝࣝࡀ㐺⏝ࡉࢀࡿࡁሙྜ㐺⏝ࡉࢀ࡞ࡗࡓ࠸࠺ࡇ ⤒㦂ࢆ⏝ࡋ࡚ᵝࠎ࡞࣮ࣝࣝࢆタィࡋᐇ㦂ࡍࡿࡇࡘ࠸࡚ไᗘⓗ᭷ ࢆពࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋつ⠊ⓗࡣࠊࡇࡢẚ㍑⪃㔞ࡣ๓ࡢほⅬࡽ⾜࡞ࢃࢀࡿࡁ࡞ ࡞ᆅ❧ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿྍ⬟ᛶࡀ࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡢ᭷ᛶࡣࠊᑐᑂᡭ⥆⧞ࡾ㏉ࡋ ࡢࡔࡀࠊุᡤࡣᚋ▱ᜨࣂࢫࡀࡣࡓࡽ࠸࡚࠾ࡾࠊಀᒓࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ௳࡛ࡣࣜࢫ ࡚⾜࡞ࢃࢀࡿᥦッࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚ࠊ࡛ࡣධᡭࡀྍ⬟ࡔࡗࡓࡔࢁ࠺⚾ⓗሗ ࢡࡣ᪤ᐇ⌧ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ࠸࠺ᐇᙳ㡪ࡉࢀࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡗ࡚ࠊࡇࡢᙳ㡪ࢆཷࡅ࡚ࣝ ࡀ➨୕⪅᫂ࡽࡉࢀࠊࡇࢀࡼࡾุᡤࡀ୍ᐃࡢἲⓗ࣮ࣝࣝࡀᶵ⬟ࡍ 㻟㻟㻠 ᪂ୡ௦ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 㼂㼛㼘㻚㻝㻡㻔㻞㻜㻝㻞㻕㻌 ࣮ࣝࡀ㐣㐺⏝ࡉࢀࡿࡇࡀ࡞࠸ࡼ࠺ࡍࡿࡇࡣ㞴ࡋ࠸㸦Rachlinski, 2000㸧ࠋ ᪂ୡ௦ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 㼂㼛㼘㻚㻝㻡㻔㻞㻜㻝㻞㻕 㻟㻟㻡 ㄽ ㄝ ἲⓗ࣮ࣝࣝࡢ᭱㐺࡞≉ᐃᛶࡢ⛬ᗘࡘ࠸࡚ࣇ࢛ࣥ㸻ࣃࣜࢩ 」㞧࡞⥙ࡢ┠ࡼࡗ࡚⾜ືࢆㄏᑟࡉࢀࡿࡼࡾࡶࠊᐜ᫆ࡶࡋࢀ࡞࠸ࠋࡉࡽ ᐃࡢព⩏ࢆ⥔ᣢࡍࡃࠊ❧ἲ⪅ࡀࢫࢱࣥࢲ࣮ࢻࢆ㑅ࡪྍ⬟ᛶࡀ࠶ࡿࠋ❧ἲ ࠊᐃᆺࡉࢀࡓᐇࡼࢀࡤࠊࢫࢱࣥࢲ࣮ࢻ࣮ࣝࣝࡢ⾲⌧᪉ἲࡣ࡞ ⪅ࡣࠊ≉ᐃᛶࡢ᭷ࡍࡿ㈝⏝౽┈ࢆࡣࡾẚ㍑ࡋ࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ࠋ≉ᐃ ࡾ㐪࠺ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡾ࠺ࡿࠋࢫࢱࣥࢲ࣮ࢻࡣ⣲ேࡗ࡚ࡶ⡆༢⌮ゎ࡛ࡁࡿ ᛶࢆቑࡏࡤࠊᚋᨻⓗ࡞ኚࡀ⏕ࡌࡓࡁࡢἲࡢ⪏ஂᛶࡣྥୖࡍࡿࡶࡢ ᖹ᫂࡞ゝㄒ࡛ᐃᘧࡉࢀࡿࡇࡀࡋࡤࡋࡤ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࢀᑐࡋ࡚ࠊ࣮ࣝࣝ ࡢࠊಶேࡸᴗࡢἲつᐃࡢຠᯝࢆ㎽ᅇࡋࡼ࠺ࡍࡿᡓ␎ⓗ⾜ືᑐࡋ࡚ࡣ ࡣࠊྜ⌮ⓗゎ㔘ࢆ⾜࡞࠺ᢏ⾡ࢆせࡍࡿไᐃἲࡢᑓ㛛⏝ㄒࡀࡃࡳࡇࡲࢀࡿ ⬤ᙅ࡞ࡿࡓࡵ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ ࡇࡀࡋࡤࡋࡤ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ ၿⰋ࡞❧ἲ⪅࠸࠺௬ᐃࢆ㉺࠼ࡿ ἲࡢ≉ᐃᛶࡢ⛬ᗘࡣࠊ⤫ᶵᵓෆࡢᶵ㛵ࡽࡀ┦୍⮴ࡋ࡞࠸┠ⓗࢆࡶ ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡁࡶ㛵㐃ᛶࢆࡶࡘࠋࢫࢱࣥࢲ࣮ࢻࡣ❧ἲᶒ㝈ࢆุᡤ⛣ ࡍࠋุᡤ❧ἲ⪅ࡀᨻⓗ␗࡞ࡗࡓࡓࡕ࡛⦅ᡂࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡁࠊἲ ᡃࠎࡢἲⓗධࡢᐃᆺࡋࡓࣔࢹ࡛ࣝࡣࠊ❧ἲ⪅ࡣᨻⓗኻᩋࡸࠊ❧ἲ ࡢ≉ᐃᛶࡣࠊࡇࡢ≧ἣ㛵ಀࡍࡿᨻⓗ࡞㐨ල࡛࠶ࡾ࠺ࡿࠋ୍⯡ⓗࢫࢱࣥ ᶵ㛵ุᡤࠊἲつไࡢᑐ㇟⪅ࡢ⮬ᕫ୰ᚰⓗ⾜ືࡢᙳ㡪ࢆ┬ࡳࡿࡇ࡞ࡃࠊ ࢲ࣮ࢻࡢୗ࡛ࡣࠊุᡤࡀ❧ἲᑐᢠࡍࡿࡇࡀྍ⬟࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࢀᑐࡋ ၿⰋ⾜ືࡍࡿࡇࡀ௬ᐃࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋබඹ㑅ᢥㄽࡸ♫ⓗ㑅ᢥࡢほⅬ ࡚ࠊ≉ᐃⓗ࡞࣮ࣝࣝࡣࠊ❧ἲᶵ㛵ࡢไᐃἲࢆุᡤࡀ㣗ࡍࡿ⬟ຊࢆῶࡽ ࡽ࢚࣮ࢪ࢙ࣥࢩ࣮ၥ㢟ࢆ⪃៖ࡍࢀࡤࠊἲࡀ≉ᐃⓗ࡛࠶ࡿࡇࡣⰋ࠸Ⅼ ࡋ࠺ࡿࠋ ᝏ࠸Ⅼࡀ࠶ࡾ࠺ࡿࠋࡓ࠼ࡤࠊMahoney and Sanchiricoࡣࠊࢫࢱࣥ ❧ἲᶵ㛵ྖἲࡀࡶἲ※ࢆࡘࡃࡾ➇࠸ྜࡗ࡚ἲ⛛ᗎࢆᙧᡂࡍࡿ ࢲ࣮ࢻࡣࠊ❧ἲᶵ㛵ࡀࣟࣅ࣮άືࡢ᭷ຠᛶࢆపࡵࡿࡓࡵ⏝࠸ࡿ㐨ලࡓࡾ ΰྜᆺࡢἲᅪ࠾࠸࡚ࡣࠊἲࡢ≉ᐃᛶࡢᙳ㡪ࡣࠊᡓ␎ⓗྖἲධࢆ⪃៖ࡋ ࠺ࡿࡇࢆ♧၀ࡋࡓࠋࡋࡋࠊࡇࡢぢ᪉ࡣࠊࣟࣅ࣮άືࡀ❧ἲᶵ㛵౽ ᳨࡚ウࡉࢀࡿࡁ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ᪂ࡋࡃタࡅࡽࢀࡓࢫࢱࣥࢲ࣮ࢻࡢゎ㔘ᑗ᮶ࡢ ┈ࢆ࠼ࡿࡶࡢ࡛ࡶ࠶ࡾ࠺ࡿ㝈ᗘ୍࡛㈏ᛶࡀḞዴࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ࠸࠺ၥ㢟ࡀ 㐺⏝ࡢ࠶ࡾ᪉ࡣࠊࡇࢀࡀ᭱ึ㐺⏝ࡉࢀࡿࡁࡃᙳ㡪ࡉࢀࡿࠋࡇࡢ ࠶ࡿࠋࣟࣅ࣮άືࡽᚓࡽࢀࡿࣞࣥࢺࢆ᭱ࡍࡿ᪉⟇ࡋ࡚ࠊࢫࢱࣥࢲ ࡇࡣࠊᡓ␎ⓗྖἲⓗุ᩿ࡢᶵࢆ⏕ࡳฟࡍࠋධ⩏ⓗ࡞ุᡤࡣࠊ➇ ࣮ࢻ࡛࡞ࡃ࣮ࣝࣝࢆไᐃࡍࡿࡇணࡵࢥ࣑ࢵࢺࡍࡿࡇࡀࠊ❧ἲ⪅ࡢ ࡗ࡚᪂ࡋ࠸ࢫࢱࣥࢲ࣮ࢻࢆ㐺⏝ࡋ࡚ࠊ㢮ఝࡢ࠾ࡅࡿᑗ᮶ࡢゎ㔘ᙳ ┈࡞ࡾ࠺ࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡢࡇࡽࠊ≉ᐃࡢ┈ࢆ᧦ㆤࡍࡿࣟࣅ࣮άື 㡪ࢆ࠼ࡼ࠺ࡍࡿྍ⬟ᛶࡀ࠶ࡿࠋ᪉࡛ࠊ࣮ࣝࣝࡣࠊ୍⯡ⓗ࠸ࡗ࡚ࠊ ࡢࣜࢫࢡࢆῶࡌࡿไ⣙ࢆ㛗ᮇⓗࡘຠᯝⓗタࡅࡿࡇࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࡢࡣࠊ᠇ ᡓ␎ⓗ࡞ྖἲⓗุ᩿⾜ືᑐࡋ࡚ẚ㍑ⓗࠊ⬤ᙅ࡛࡞࠸ࠋ ἲࡸࡑࡢࡢไᗘⓗไ⣙ࡢࡼ࠺࡞ࠊࡼࡾ㧗⨨ࡍࡿ࣮ࣝࣝࡢࡳࡔ࠸ ࠺ࡇ࡞ࡿࡶࡋࢀ࡞࠸ࠋ ᭱ᚋࠊ❧ἲ⪅ࡣἲⓗ࣭ไᗘⓗไ⣙ࡢᣊ᮰ࢆཷࡅ࡞ࡀࡽᶵ⬟ࡍࡿࡇࡀ ࡋࡤࡋࡤ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ❧ἲつไࡣࠊࡼࡾ㧗ࡢ࣮ࣝࣝ㸦ࡓ࠼ࡤࠊ᠇ἲୖࡢ ἲⓗධࡀ㛫ࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚㑅ᢥⓗ࡞౽┈ࡢࡳࢆ⏕ࡌࡉࡏࡿࡃ⾜࡞ࢃࢀ ࣮ࣝࣝࠊ⤫㡿ࡢᣄྰᶒࠊᅜ㝿ἲ࡞㸧᭹ࡋ࠺ࡿࠋᣊ᮰ຊ࠶ࡿไ⣙ࡀᏑ ࡿࡁࡣࠊ࣮ࣝࣝࢆ㑅ᢥࡍࡿࡇࡣࠊࡾࢃࡅ࣮ࣝࣝࡀἲྵࡲࢀࡿ ᅾࡍࡿࡁࡣࠊ❧ἲ⪅ࡣࠊ❧ἲ⪅ࡢἲไᐃ⾜Ⅽࢆ↓ຠࡍࡿྍ⬟ᛶࢆࡶ ࡁࡣࠊᨻⓗ㌿そࡢྍ⬟ᛶᏳᐃ࡞ከᩘ㐃❧ࡢ࡞࡛ࠊ❧ἲᶵ㛵ࡀ ࡘࡼࡾ㧗࠶ࡿⓎಙ※ࡢ⤊ࢃࡾ࡞࠸⾪✺ࢆ㑊ࡅࡿࡃࠊ࠶࠸ࡲ࠸࡞ࢫ ⮬ࡽࡢᨻⓗỴᐃࡢ⪏ஂᛶࢆྥୖࡉࡏࡿࡓࡵ⏝࠸࠺ࡿࡼࡾຠᯝⓗ࡞㐨 ࢱࣥࢲ࣮ࢻࢆ⏝࠸ࡿྍ⬟ᛶࡀ࠶ࡿࠋࢫࢱࣥࢲ࣮ࢻࡣࠊ❧ἲ⪅ࡀ␗࡞ࡿᨭ ලࡓࡾ࠺ࡿ㸦Majone㸧ࠋไᐃἲࡢ≉ᐃᛶࡣࠊ❧ἲࡢࣞࣥࢺࡢ⌧ᅾ౯ ᣢ⪅ࡽࡢ┦▩┪ࡍࡿせồࡇࡓ࠼ࡼ࠺ࡍࡿᨻⓗ㒔ྜ⩏ࡢࡓࡵ ್ࢆቑࡍࡇ࡞ࡿࠋไᐃἲࡢ≉ᐃᛶࡢ㑅ᢥࡣࠊἲつไࡢᑐ㇟⪅ࡀᡓ␎ⓗ ⏝ࡉࢀࡿྍ⬟ᛶࡶ࠶ࡿࠋ ⾜ືࢆ⾜࡞࠺ࡁࡶ㛵㐃ᛶࢆࡶࡘࠋಶேᴗࡽࡣࠊἲࡢ≉ᐃࡢ௧ࢆ ᅇ㑊ࡍࡿ㐨ࢆ᥈ࡑ࠺ດຊࡍࡿࠋࢫࢱࣥࢲ࣮ࢻࡣࠊἲつไࡢᑐ㇟⪅ࡢἲⓗ ไ⣙ࢆචࢀࡼ࠺ࡍࡿヨࡳᑐࡋ࡚ࠊࡼࡾ㡹࡛࠶ࡿ㸦Wegner㸧ࠋ Tsebelis ࢆཧ↷ࡉࢀࡓ࠸ࠋ ࡇࡢࡇࡽࠊἲつไࡢᑐ㇟⪅ࡢ㈇ࡢാࡁࢆࡶࡘ㐀ᛶࢆ⪃៖ࡋ࡚ࠊἲไ 㻟㻟㻢 ᪂ୡ௦ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 㼂㼛㼘㻚㻝㻡㻔㻞㻜㻝㻞㻕㻌 ࡓ࠼ࡤࠊᣄྰᶒࡢᩥ⬦࡛ࢫࢱࣥࢲ࣮ࢻࡢ⏝ࡘ࠸࡚ศᯒࡋࡓ Immergut ࡓ࠼ࡤࠊ࠶࠸ࡲ࠸࡞ࢫࢱࣥࢲ࣮ࢻࡣࠊ▩┪ࡍࡿᨻⓗせồࡇࡓ࠼ࡿࡓࡵࡢ᪉ ᪂ୡ௦ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 㼂㼛㼘㻚㻝㻡㻔㻞㻜㻝㻞㻕 㻟㻟㻣 ㄽ ㄝ ἲⓗ࣮ࣝࣝࡢ᭱㐺࡞≉ᐃᛶࡢ⛬ᗘࡘ࠸࡚ࣇ࢛ࣥ㸻ࣃࣜࢩ ♫ⓗ㛫㑅ዲᨻⓗ㛫㑅ዲ ᨻⓗᘬ⋡ࡣࠊἲⓗኚࡢ⛬ᗘἲⓗ࣮ࣝࣝࡢ≉ᐃᛶࡢ⛬ᗘࡶᙳ㡪 ❧ἲ⪅ࡣࠊ⌧Ⅼ࡛❧ἲ㈝⏝ࢆࠊᮇ㛫ࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚㏣ຍⓗ㈝⏝ࢆ⏕ࡌࡉࡏࡘ ࡋ࠺ࡿࠋ᪂ࡋ࠸ἲࡀไᐃࡉࢀࡿࠊᏛ⩦ᮇ㛫ࡢ㛫ࠊุᡤἲつไࡢᑐ㇟ ࡘࠊ౽┈ࢆ⏕ࡳฟࡍࠋᵝࠎ࡞ἲⓗධࡢ⣧⌧ᅾ౯್ࢆィ⟬ࡍࡿࡁࠊᘬ ⪅ࡣ㈝⏝ࡀⓎ⏕ࡍࡿࠋࡇࡢᮇ㛫ࡀ⤊ࢃࡿࠊࡇࢀࡽࡢ㈝⏝ࡣᾘ࠼࡚࠸ࡁࠊ ⋡ࡣỴᐃⓗ࡞せᅉ࡞ࡿࠋᡃࠎࡢࣔࢹࣝࡣࠊ㐺ษ࡞♫ⓗᘬ⋡ࢆ⏝࠸࡚ ἲⓗ㠉᪂ࡢ⣧౽┈ࡀ⏕ࡌࡣࡌࡵࡿࠋ❧ἲ⪅ࡢ㛫ⓗไ⣙ẚࡋࡓᏛ⩦ᮇ㛫 ⌧Ⅼ࡛Ⓨ⏕ࡍࡿ❧ἲࡢ㈝⏝ࢆᑗ᮶ࡢ౽┈ẚ㍑ࡋ࡚ࡑࡢ㔜ࡳࢆࡣࡾ ࡢ㛗ࡉḟ➨࡛ࠊἲⓗ㠉᪂ࡢពḧࡣ༑ศ࡞ࡶࡢ࡞ࡾࠊ▷ᮇࡢ㈝⏝ࢆῶࡽ ᳨ウࡍࡿၿⰋ࡞ࡿ❧ἲ⪅ࡀᏑᅾࡍࡿࡇࢆ௬ᐃࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ❧ἲࡢᘬ⌧ᅾ ࡍࡃ࣮࡛ࣝࣝ࡞ࡃࢫࢱࣥࢲ࣮ࢻࡀዲࡲࢀࡿྍ⬟ᛶࡀ࠶ࡿࠋᡃࠎࡢศᯒ⤖ ౯್ࡣࠊᡃࠎࡢ౽┈ኚᩘࢆᬯ㯲ࡢ࠺ࡕᢕᥱࡋ࡚㏆ఝࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࡢศᯒ ᯝࢆᣑᙇࡍࡿࠊ␗࡞ࡿ♫ⓗ࣭つ⠊ⓗᘬ⋡↷ࡽࡋࡓ᭱㐺࡞❧ἲࡢࣃ ࡣἲࡢ᭱㐺࡞≉ᐃᛶࡢ⛬ᗘᙳ㡪ࡍࡿせᅉࢆ⌮ゎࡍࡿࡁࡣ㐺ษ࡛࠶ ࢱ࣮ࣥࢆ⪃࠼ࡿࡇࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࠋ ࡿࡀࠊࡼࡾ⌧ᐇⓗ࡞ᣑᙇࢆ⾜࡞࠺ࡇࡼࡗ࡚ࠊ♫యࡢᘬ⋡ࡣ┦ ᙜ㞳ࡍࡿᨻⓗᘬ⋡ࡀ⏝࠸ࡽࢀࡿࡁࡢ᳨ウࡀ࡞ࡉࢀࡿࡁ࡛࠶ ྵព᳨ドྍ⬟࡞௬ㄝ ࡿࠋ❧ἲ⪅ࡣ୍ᐃࡢ㛫ⓗไ⣙ࢆࡶࡗࡓᨻⓗࢡࢱ࣮࡛࠶ࡿࡓࡵ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ ࡇࡢㄽᩥࡢ⤖ᯝࡼࡗ࡚ࠊ⚾ἲࡢ≉ᐃ㡿ᇦ࠾ࡅࡿ❧ἲࡢṔྐⓗഴྥ࡛ ࡇࡢࡇࡣᵝࠎ࡞ࡓࡕ࡛㈝⏝࣭౽┈ィ⟬ᙳ㡪ࡋ࠺ࡿࠋ⯆῝࠸ࡇࠊ ࠶ࡗ࡚ࠊḢᕞࡢἲࡢヲ⣽ࡉࡢ⛬ᗘ⃰⦰ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡶࡢࢆゎ࡛᫂ࡁࡿ ᨻⓗ㛫㑅ዲࡀไᐃἲࡢ≉ᐃᛶ࠼ࡿᙳ㡪㛵ࡍࡿ᫂☜࡛ࡣ࡞࠸⤖ ࡶࡋࢀ࡞࠸ࠋḢᕞࡢ㏆௦ࡢἲ㸦ࣇࣛࣥࢫẸἲ㸦ᖺ㸧ࠊࢱࣜ ᯝࡀࠊᡃࠎࡢศᯒࡽ᫂ࡽ࡞ࡿࠋ Ẹἲ㸦ᖺ㸧 ࠊࢻࢶẸἲ㸦ᖺ㸧࡞㸧㝿❧ࡘᵓ㐀ⓗ≉ᚩࡣࠊ ❧ἲ⪅ࡀ㛫ⓗไ⣙ࢆཷࡅ࡚࠸ࡿࡓࡵࠊ≉ᐃⓗ࡞࣮ࣝࣝࡼࡾࡶࢫࢱࣥ ἲศ㔝ࡈἲࡢヲ⣽ࡉࡢ⛬ᗘࡀ␗࡞ࡿ࠸࠺ࡇ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡢศᩓ ࢲ࣮ࢻࡀ㢖⦾⏝ࡉࢀࡿࡇ࡞ࡿ࠺ࡣࠊ≧ἣ౫Ꮡࡍࡿࡇࢁ ࡣࠊᡃࠎࡢศᯒ࡛ᯒฟࡉࢀࡓไᗘⓗኚᩘࡸ⎔ቃኚᩘࡼࡗ࡚ㄝ᫂ࡉࢀ࠺ࡿࠋ ࡀࡁ࠸ࠋ࣮ࣝࣝࡢ≉ᐃᛶࡢ⛬ᗘḟ➨࡛つᶍࡀኚࢃࡿᑗ᮶ⓗ౽┈ࢆⓎ⏕ࡉ ᭱㏆ࡢḢᕞࡢᡂᩥἲ࡛ࡶࠊἲศ㔝ࡈ␗࡞ࡿἲࢫࢱࣝࡀࡽࢀ ࡏࡼ࠺ࡋ࡚❧ἲ⪅ࡀἲⓗධࢆ⾜࡞࠺ࡁࡣࠊᨻⓗ㛫㑅ዲࡀࡼࡾ ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࢀࡘ࠸࡚ࡶ㢮ఝࡢศᯒࢆ⾜࡞࠺ࡇࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࠋᐇドⓗศᯒࢆ 㧗࠸ࡀࡓࡵࠊ㠀ຠ⋡ప࠸≉ᐃᛶࡢ⛬ᗘࡀ㑅ᢥࡉࢀࡿࡔࢁ࠺ࠋ❧ἲࡼ ⾜࡞࠼ࡤࠊࡇࢀࡽἲ㐣⛬࡛⥅㉳ⓗࡳࡽࢀࡿࣃࢱ࣮ࣥࡀࠊ⤒῭Ꮫⓗࣔ ࡿ౽┈ྖἲⓗุ᩿ࡢ㈝⏝ࡣࡶᑗ᮶Ⓨ⏕ࡍࡿࡶࡢࡢࠊᨻⓗᘬ⋡ ࢹࣝࡢண⤖ᯝ୍⮴ࡍࡿ࠺ࢆ᳨ドࡍࡿࡇࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࡔࢁ࠺ࠋ ࡣ㈝⏝ࡼࡾࡶ౽┈ࡢ࠺ࡁ࡞ᙳ㡪ࢆࡶࡘࠋἲⓗධࡀ㈝⏝↷ࡽࡋ࡚ ࡓ࠼ࡤࠊṔྐⓗ⾜࡞ࢃࢀ࡚ࡁࡓἲࢆศᯒࡍࢀࡤࠊእ⏕ⓗ⎔ቃኚ ṇᙜ࡛ࡁࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࡍࢀࡤࠊᮇᚅࡉࢀࡿ౽┈ࡀ㈝⏝ࢆୖᅇࡿࡽ࡛ ࡀᵝࠎ࡞ἲศ㔝ࡢἲࢫࢱࣝࠊ࠸ᙳ㡪ࡋࡓࢆྫྷࡍࡿࡇ ࠶ࡿࠋࡋࡓࡀࡗ࡚ࠊࡢ᮲௳ࢆ୍ᐃࡍࢀࡤࠊᨻⓗᘬ⋡ࡀ㧗࠸ࠊ ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࡔࢁ࠺ࠋ⚾ἲ㛵㐃ࡋ࠺ࡿ᭷ព࡞ࢩࣙࢵࢡࡋ࡚ࠊᡤ᭷ᶒἲᙳ ≉ᐃᛶࡢ⛬ᗘࡣపࡃ࡞ࡾࠊࢫࢱࣥࢲ࣮ࢻࡢ⏝ࡀቑ࠼ࡿࡇ࡞ࡿࠋูࡢ 㡪ࡋࡓᑒᘓไᗘࡢ⤊↉ࠊၟἲዎ⣙ἲᙳ㡪ࡋࡓḢᕞ࠾ࡅࡿᏳᐃⓗ࡞ၟ ゝ࠸᪉ࢆࡍࢀࡤࠊἲⓗධࡢ౽┈ࡀᮇ㛫ࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚Ⓨ⏕ࡍࡿࡁࠊ㏆ど║ⓗ ័⩦ἲࡢ☜❧ࠊἲ⾜Ⅽἲᙳ㡪ࡋࡓ⏘ᴗ㠉࡞ࡀ࠶ࡿࠋ ࡞❧ἲ⪅ࡣ❧ἲ㝿ࡋ࡚┤㏆Ⓨ⏕ࡍࡿ㈝⏝ࢆࡼࡾ㔜どࡋ࡚ࠊ୍⯡ⓗࢫࢱ ࣇࣛࣥࢫࡢἲ⦅⧩ࡣᑒᘓไᗘࡢᔂቯᚋ⾜࡞ࢃࢀࡓࠋᑒᘓไᗘࡢᔂቯ ࣥࢲ࣮ࢻࢆ⏝࠸ࡿഴྥࢆࡶࡘࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋไᗘⓗほⅬࡽࡍࢀࡤࠊ❧ἲ⪅ࡢ ࡼࡗ࡚㈈⏘ࡢᡤ᭷ᵓ㐀ࡁ࡞ኚࡀ⏕ࡌࠊᡤ᭷ᶒἲศ㔝࡛㠉᪂ࢆ⾜࡞ ࡇࡢ㏆ど║ⓗ⾜ືࡣࠊ௵ᮇࡀ㝈ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡇࡸࠊ▷࠸❧ἲᮇ㛫ࠊᏳᐃ ࠺ࡇࡀᚲせ࡞ࡗࡓࠋᑒᘓไᗘ⤊ᮇ⏕ࡌࡓᛴ⃭࡞⤒῭ⓗไᗘⓗኚࡢ ࡞ከᩘ㐃❧ᨻᶒ࡞ࡢไᗘⓗせᅉࡀ✚ࡳ㔜࡞ࡗ࡚Ⓨ⏕ࡋ࠺ࡿࠋ ࡓࡵࠊヲ⣽࡞ᡤ᭷ᶒ࣮ࣝࣝࡣ㝞⭉ࡍࡿࣜࢫࢡࡀ࠶ࡗࡓࠋᡃࠎࡢἲࡢ ≉ᐃᛶࣔࢹࣝࡢ௬ㄝࡼࢀࡤࠊࡇࡢṔྐⓗᮇࡢᡤ᭷ᶒἲศ㔝࠾ࡅࡿἲ ἲ࡛࠶ࡾ࠺ࡿࡋ㸦Brunsson㸧ࠊ⛥࡞ᨻⓗ࡞ዲᶵࢆά⏝ࡍࡿࡓࡵࡢ᪉ἲ࡛ࡶ ࡣࠊࡑࢀඛ❧ࡘ㸦࠾ࡼࡧࠊࡑࡢᚋࡢ㸧ᡤ᭷ᶒἲࣞࢪ࣮࣒ẚ㍑ࡋ࡚ࠊ ࠶ࡾ࠺ࡿ㸦Heritier㸧ࠋ 㻟㻟㻤 ᪂ୡ௦ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 㼂㼛㼘㻚㻝㻡㻔㻞㻜㻝㻞㻕㻌 ࡼࡾࢩࣥࣉࣝ࡞ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࡁࡇ࡞ࡿࠋ ᪂ୡ௦ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 㼂㼛㼘㻚㻝㻡㻔㻞㻜㻝㻞㻕 㻟㻟㻥 ㄽ ㄝ ㏆௦ࡢዎ⣙ἲၟἲࡢἲ㛵ࡋ࡚ࡣࠊ␗࡞ࡿணࢆ⾜࡞࠺ࡇࡀ࡛ ἲⓗ࣮ࣝࣝࡢ᭱㐺࡞≉ᐃᛶࡢ⛬ᗘࡘ࠸࡚ࣇ࢛ࣥ㸻ࣃࣜࢩ ἣୗ࠾ࡅࡿ❧ἲࣃࢱ࣮ࣥᑐࡋ࡚」ᩘࡢྵពࢆࡶࡘࠋࡇࢀࡽྵពࡣࠊᐇ ࡁࡿࠋḢᕞ࡛㏆௦ἲࡀ⾜࡞ࢃࢀࡿࡁࡲ࡛ࠊၟ័⩦ἲࡣᡂ⇍ࡋᏳ ドⓗศᯒつ⠊ⓗศᯒࡢ୧᪉㛵ಀࡍࡿࠋᐇドⓗほⅬࡽࡍࡿࠊࡇࢀࡽ ᐃࡋࡓ≧ែ࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡓࠋࡇࡢࡇࡽࠊࡇࡢἲศ㔝࠾࠸࡚ࡣࠊࢧࣂ ⤖ᯝࡣࠊ␗࡞ࡿ❧ἲࣃࢱ࣮ࣥࢆ᥇⏝ࡍࡿࡇ࡛እⓗᙳ㡪ࡢእ⏕ⓗኚᑐ ࣮ྲྀᘬࡸྛᅜᕷሙࡢ⤫ྜ࡞ࡢእ⏕ⓗࢩࣙࢵࢡࡢࡓࡵࠊ㧗࠸ᰂ㌾ᛶప ᛂࡋࡘࡘࠊἲⓗධࡢ౯್ࢆ࠸ἲⓗࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࡀ᭱ࡍࡿࡘ࠸࡚ ࠸≉ᐃᛶࡀᚲせࡉࢀࡿ㏆ᖺࡢἲẚ㍑ࡋ࡚ࠊࡼࡾ≉ᐃᛶࡢ㧗࠸ἲ ࡢᐇドⓗࡘ᳨ドྍ⬟࡞௬ㄝࢆ❧࡚ࡿࡓࡵ⏝࠸ࡿࡇࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࠋἲࡢ≉ ࡀ⾜࡞ࢃࢀࡓࡔࢁ࠺ணࡉࢀࡿࠋ ᐃᛶࡢ⛬ᗘࡿᮏࣔࢹࣝࡣࠊᑗ᮶ࡣᐇド◊✲ࡼࡿ࡙ࡅࢆཷࡅ࡚ࠊ ࡉࡽࠊᮏㄽᩥ࡛ᒎ㛤ࡋࡓἲࡢ᭱㐺࡞≉ᐃᛶࡢࣔࢹࣝࡣࠊࡼࡾ୍⯡ⓗ࡞ ἲࡢṔྐⓗࣃࢱ࣮ࣥࢆㄝ᫂ࡍࡿࡓࡵ⏝ࡋ࠺ࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࡇࡀ ௬ㄝࠊࡍ࡞ࢃࡕࠊἲࡢ≉ᐃᛶࡢ⛬ᗘࡣࠊつไ⎔ቃࡀᏳᐃⓗ࡛࠶ࡿࡁ㧗 ᫂ࡽ࡞ࡿࡶࡋࢀ࡞࠸ࠋつ⠊ⓗᩥ⬦࡛ࡣࠊᡃࠎࡢ◊✲⤖ᯝࡣὀពࡋ࡚ ࡃ࡞ࡾࠊᛴ㏿ኚࡋࡘࡘ࠶ࡿศ㔝࡛ࡣపࡃ࡞ࡿ࠸࠺௬ㄝࢆᨭᣢࡍࡿࠋ ⏝࠸ࡿᚲせࡀ࠶ࡿࠋࣔࢹ࡛ࣝࡣࠊ⌧ᐇࡢ㔜せ㒊ศࢆ࡞ࡍไᗘⓗせᅉࡢከࡃ ⏘ᴗ㠉ࡢࡼ࠺࡞㔜せ࡞⎔ቃኚࡣࠊἲ⾜Ⅽἲࡢࡼ࠺࡞ศ㔝ࡢἲࡢ≉ᐃ ࢆᤞ㇟ࡏࡊࡿࢆᚓ࡞࠸ࠋࡇࢀࡣࠊᙳ㡪ࢆศ㞳ࡋ࡚ࠊண ຊࡸㄝ᫂ຊࢆࡶࡘ ᛶࡢ⛬ᗘᙳ㡪ࢆ࠼ࡓணࡉࢀࡿࠋ⏘ᴗ㠉ࡼࡾࡶࡓࡽࡉࢀࡓᛴ㏿ ࡼ࠺⤖ᯝࢆᐃᘧࡍࡿࡓࡵࡣᚲせ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ⌧≧㚷ࡳࢀࡤࠊ⌧ᐇࡢୡ ࡞ኚࡣࠊᐇつᐃࡉࢀࡿ࣮ࣝࣝࡢ㝞⭉㏿ᗘࢆୖ᪼ࡉࡏࠊ୍⯡ⓗࢫࢱ ⏺࡛ࡣࠊ᭱㐺࡞ἲࣃࢱ࣮ࣥࡣࠊࡼࡾヲࡋ࠸≧ἣศᯒࢆࡶࡋ࡚Ỵᐃ ࣥࢲ࣮ࢻࢆࡼࡾᮃࡲࡋ࠸ࡶࡢࡋࡓ࠸࠺௬ㄝࡀᑟࢀࡿࠋ ᡃࠎࡢࣔࢹࣝࡢࡶ࠺୍ࡘࡢྵពࡣࠊ࠶ࡿศ㔝࡛ἲⓗ⣮தࡢ㔞ࡀቑ࠼ࡿࠊ ࡉࢀࡿࡁ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡶࡗࡶࠊࡑ࠺ࡔࡋ࡚ࡶࠊᡃࠎࡢᐃᆺࡉࢀࡓศᯒ ᇶ࡙࠸࡚࠸ࡃࡘࡢ୍⯡ⓗ࡞ᇶ‽ࢆ❧ἲ⪅ᑐࡋ࡚ᥦ౪ࡋࠊἲⓗධࡢ ἲࡢ≉ᐃᛶࡢ⛬ᗘࡀ㧗ࡲࡿ࠸࠺ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡼࡾ㢖⦾࣮ࣝࣝࡀ⏝ࡉ ᭱㐺࡞㑅ᢥࢆ⾜࡞࠺㝿ࡢ⎔ቃኚࡼࡾ㓄៖ࡍࡿࡼ࠺ಁࡍࡇࡣ࡛ࡁ ࢀࡿࠊྖἲⓗุ᩿ࡿᖹᆒ㈝⏝ࡀῶࡿ㝈ᗘ࡛ࠊ࣮ࣝࣝࢆ❧ࡍࡿࡓ ࡿ࡛࠶ࢁ࠺ࠋ ࡵࡼࡾከ㢠ࡢᅛᐃ㈝⏝ࢆᢞ㈨ࡍࡿࡇࡀṇᙜࡉࢀࡿࠋᐇド◊✲ࡼࡗ ࡚ࠊྛἲศ㔝࠾࠸࡚ྖἲⓗุ᩿ࡀ⾜࡞ࢃࢀࡑ࠺࡞௳ࡢ௳ᩘࠊἲࡢ≉ ཧ↷ᩥ⊩ ᐃᛶࡢ⛬ᗘࡀᙳ㡪ࡉࢀࡿ࠺ࢆ᳨ドࡍࡿࡇࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࡔࢁ࠺ࠋᐇド◊ Aristotle (350 BC), Nicomachean, Ethics, bk. V. §10, in Roger Crisp (Ed. and Trans.), ✲ࡼࡗ࡚≉ᐃ⟶㎄ࡀ࣮ࣝࣝࡢ≉ᐃᛶࡢ⛬ᗘᙳ㡪ࡍࡿ࠺ࡶุᐃ ࡍࡿࡇࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࡔࢁ࠺ࠋࡓ࠼ࡤࠊᅜࢆᶓ᩿ࡍࡿศᯒࡼࡗ࡚ࠊᑓ㛛 ࡋࡓಽ⏘ุᡤ⛒⛯ุᡤࡀࡇࢀࡽἲศ㔝࡛ไᐃࡉࢀࡿ࣮ࣝࣝࡢ≉ᐃ ᛶࡢ⛬ᗘᙳ㡪ࡍࡿ࠺ࢆ᳨ドࡍࡿࡇࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࡔࢁ࠺ࠋ ᡃࠎࡢࣔࢹࣝࡣࠊ❧ἲ⪅ࡀၿⰋཌ⏕ࢆ᭱ࡍࡿ࠸࠺௬ᐃࡁࡃ Nicomachean Ethics, New York: Cambridge University Press. Bentham, Jeremy (1776), ‘A Fragment on Government’, in J. H. Burns and H. L. A. Hart (eds), A Comment on the Commentaries and a Fragment on Government, London: University of London Althone Press. Brunsson, Nils (1989), The Organization of Hypocrisy: Talk, Decisions, and Actions in Organizations, Chichester, New York: Wiley. ౫Ꮡࡍࡿࠋᐇドศᯒࡼࡾࠊᮏ❶࡛ㄽࡌࡓせᅉࡀ❧ἲ⪅ࡢ⾜ືᙳ㡪ࡍࡿ Calabresi, Guido (1979), ‘Access to Justice and Substantive Law Reform: Legal Aid for the ࠺ࢆ᳨ウࡍࡿࡇࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࡔࢁ࠺ࠋࡘࡲࡾࠊ♫ⓗ㑅ᢥኚᩘࢆࢥࣥ Lower Middle Class’, in Mauro Cappelletti and Bryant Garth (eds), Access to Justice, ࢺ࣮ࣟࣝࡋ࡚ࠊࡇࢀࡽኚᩘࡀᵝࠎ࡞ไᗘⓗ࣭ἲⓗ≧ἣ࠾࠸࡚᥇⏝ࡉࢀࡿ ❧ἲࡢࢫࢱࣝࡢ⛬ᗘࠊᙳ㡪ࡍࡿࢆぢᐃࡵࡿศᯒࢆ⾜࠸࠺ࡿࠋ ⤖ㄒ㻌 ᡃࠎࡀ♧ࡋࡓ❧ἲၥ㢟ᑐࡍࡿゎࡣࠊ␗࡞ࡗࡓἲⓗࠊ♫ⓗࠊ⤒῭ⓗ≧ 㻟㻠㻜 ᪂ୡ௦ἲᨻ⟇Ꮫ◊✲ 㼂㼛㼘㻚㻝㻡㻔㻞㻜㻝㻞㻕㻌 Vol III: Emerging Issues and Perspectives, Sijthoff and Noordhoff. 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