講演資料 - 物質・材料研究機構

Urban mining
Kohmei HALADA
Center for strategic natural resource
National Institute for Materials Science
urban mining
exploration
metals in cell phone
電子機器内の基板（都市鉱石）には様々な部品が存在します。
それぞれの部品の中には、希少、有価な金属が含有しています。
一例として携帯電話の基板を示します。
Connector
Cu, Ni, Au
Shield Plate
Fe, Ni, Cr
IC
Au, Ag, Si, Sn, Cu
Coil
Cu
Tip Ceramics Capacitor
Ag, Sn, Ti, Ni, Pb, Sr, Zr
IC
Au, Ag, Si,
Tip Resistance
Sn, Cu
Fe, Ag, Ni, Cu, Pb, Zn
Connector
Cu, Ni, Au
Shield Plate
Fe, Ni, Cr
IC
Au, Ag, Si,
Sn, Cu
Connector
Cu, Ni, Au
Buttery
Ni, H
Connector
Cu, Ni, Au
Tip Resistance
Fe, Ag, Ni, Cu, Pb, Zn
Circuit Board
Cu
Plastics
Sb
an example of urban mine
Lens
Si
LCD
In, Sn,Ba
Plastics
Sb
Speaker
Ferrite, Cu
IC
Au, Ag, Si, Sn, Cu
Tip Resistance
Fe, Ag, Ni, Cu, Pb, Zn
Circuit Board
Cu
Lead wire
Cu
grade
Plastic
Cu
Ni 10000
Zn
Mg Fe
Sn Ba Zn Mg Al Ca
Pb
Ni
Cu4000
Cr
Ag
Co
Ta
Sn 2000
Sb
W Au B P Na
Mn Nd
Ta 300
Mo
Zr
Sr
La
K
Y Pr
Ag 100
Pd As V Li InHo
Gd
Au 4
Trade
statistics
ore
import
Trade
statistics
metal
small
parts
import
small
Top down method
products
import
import
country
In-Use stock
Industrial
statistics
mining
refiner
manufacturer
assembler
®
®
®
export
Meta;
export
parts
Trade
statistics
Used stock
Dissipated
stock
recycler
®
export
E-reuse/
waste
products
I/O
use
I/O
scrap
Trade
statistics
Urban mine
Country’s accumulation can be estimated by considering metals which transported
in products.
4000
Pd export as material
Pt export as material
Pd export as automobile
Pt export as automobile
Pd export as electric equipments
Pt export as electric equipments
3500
3000
2500
Pd accumulated in Japan
Pt accumulated in Japan
2000
1500
Pd素 材 輸 出
Pt素 材 輸 出
Pd自 動 車 輸 出
Pt自 動 車 輸 出
Pb電 子 輸 出
Pt電 子 輸 出
Pd蓄 積
Pt蓄 積
1000
500
06
04
20
02
20
00
20
98
20
96
19
94
19
92
19
90
19
88
19
86
19
84
19
82
19
80
19
78
19
76
19
74
19
72
19
70
19
68
19
66
19
64
19
62
19
60
19
58
19
56
19
54
19
52
19
19
19
50
0
18
Total accumulation in Japan compared with annual consumption in the world
150kt
わが国の都市鉱山蓄積は、
世界の年間消費を地球何個分まかなえるか
2.5kt
6.8kt
60kt
1.7kt
660kt
38Mt
1.2Gt
5.6Mt
130kt
140kt
PGM
4.4kt
Japan has great possibility of urban mining
because Japan has developed with integrating
resources fronm all over the world
30
Accumulation potential I Japan
日本の蓄積量/世界の埋蔵量　(%)
of world primary reserve
/ amount
①
25
③
①
20
②
15
③
④
②
⑤
⑥
10
③
5
0
Sb
Cu
Au
In
Pb
Pt
Ag
Ta
Sn
Zn
Colaboration teamFrom
since2008
From
viewpoint
of
resource
MOE
METI
Recycling
material is
“goods”
colaboration team
Local government
Akita
Tokyo
collector
Ibaraki
Osaka
viewpoint of
waste
management
Recycling
material is
“bads”
- Collection measure
- Recycling technology
- Hazardous management
- System construction
Fukupka
Kyoto
Dis-assembler
Nagoya
separator
smelter
国環研or
筑波大
効果評価
貴金属
再生へ
本選別
センター持ち込み
物材機構
技術指導
目の前で破解
(物材機構の技術)
基板
(緑と銅色)
磁石
他金属
再生へ
買
い
取
り
物材機構新技術
タングステン
回収
モータ
まとめて粗選別
(簡単、雇用対策)
その他 不燃物
リサイクルの二つの側面
リサイクルにはgoodsとbadsの2側面があり、
循環型社会形成基本計画などではbads対策の側面が強く表に出ている。
天然資源採取の削減
goods
資源の再利用
製品
(goods)
リサイクルの役割
bads
bads
最終処分の減量
有害物質の管理
11
Global climate
change
Heaven
(tian)
Chemical
hazard
This presentation’s
focus
Being
(ren)
Earth
(di) Resource
sustainability
As the climate change is getting important, therefore,
we need to take care of other risks.
Catastrophe comes from neighboring risks.
Fe
P
Mg
Ti
K
Al
29Gt
79Gt
177Mt
858Mt
Cr
480Mt
1200Mt
20Mt
I
15Mt
38Mt
0.9kt 25kt
Zn
440Mt
15.3Mt
8.3Gt
145Mt
Mn
Cu
Zr
18Gt
11Mt
30Mt
Ni
220Mt
10Mt
2.2Gt
4Mt
Pb
64Mt
57Mt
1.55Mt 3.3Mt
Sn
V
62.4kt
Li
Nb
Co
13Mt
Mo
8.6Mt
7Mt
57.5kt
179kt
1.3Gt
10Mt
4.1Mt
2.9Mt
4.4Mt
6.1Mt
273kt
W
21.1kt
59.9kt
73.3kt 200年
100年
Bi
Y 540kt
8.9kt
Ag
320kt
5.6kt
Se
270kt
19.5kt
82kt
1.39kt
PGM Hg
71kt
445t
45kt
1.4kt
Ta
43kt
1.3kt
Au
In
42kt
2.5kt
2.8kt
450t
50年
20年
Causes of resource risk
Fe-type: weakly de-coupled
Al, Ni, Mo, Ag, Sb
Zn-type: de-coupled
Cu, Sn, Pb, W, Cr, Mn, Au
metal consumption per capita
(kg)
900
Fe
800
1990
Line B
y = 0.0064x + 440
R2 = 0.4506
700
8
Zn
7
6
1980
2000
600
5
500
400
3
Line A
y = 0.056x
2
R = 0.9501
300
y = 9.01E-04x
2
200
1
1960
100
0
GDP per capita ($) 
0
0
10000
20000
Si-type: still coupling
30000
40000
0
10000
20000
30000
40000
50000
50000
R.E.-type: further coupling Li, In, Ga
Pt, Co
y = 3.91E-05x
1.8
Si
1.6
y = -3.13E-05x + 6.74E+00
4
1970
250
R.E.
200
1.4
y = 0.0057x
1.2
150
1
0.8
100
0.6
0.4
50
0.2
y = 2.19E-03x
0
0
0
10000
20000
30000
40000
50000
0
10000
20000
30000
40000
Four types of the two step line model of metal consumption v.s. GDP per capita
50000
2040
2.0
Pt
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
2000
2010
2020
2030
2040
2020
2025
2030
2035
2040
2045
2050
2050
2030
2050
2020
2045
2010
2045
2000
2040
0
0
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
2040
10,000
500,000
2035
20,000
1,000,000
2030
2050
US
UK
Japan
Italy
Germany
France
Russia
India
China
Brazil
30,000
1,500,000
2035
40,000
2,000,000
2030
2050
US
UK
Japan
Italy
Germany
France
Russia
India
China
Brazil
Cu
2025
2050
2020
2040
2025
2030
2015
2020
2020
50,000
2010
already mined
Accumulated
consumption
2005
2010
2015
Annual 2000
consumption (kt)
0
2010
0
50,000,000
2015
500,000
reserve
100,000,000
2005
1,000,000
150,000,000
2010
1,500,000
reserve base
200,000,000
2005
2,000,000
250,000,000
Fe (K ton)
2,500,000
US
UK
Japan
Italy
Germany
France
Russia
India
China
Brazil
Cu (K ton)
Fe
Pt(K ton)
3,000,000
Several times amount of reserves will be required by 2050.
It will be close to the amount of reserve by 2050:
Fe,Mo,W,Co,Pt,Pd
It will require several times amount of reserve by 2050:
Ni,Mn,Li,In,Ga
It will run over the amount of reserve base by 2050:
Accumulated consumption
from 2000 to 2050
7
reserve bases
6
5
4
Cu,Pb,Zn,Au,Ag,Sn
10.3
72
3
2
0
Fe
Mn
Zn
Al
Cr
Pb
Cu
Ni
Sn
Mo
W
Sb
RE
Co
Li
Ag
Pt
In
Au
Ga
Pd
TMR
1
2
3
Already mined
HALADA,IJIMA,SHIMADA, Material Transactions, Vol,48(2008)3,402-410
reserves
1
Energy
Energy use
Generation, conversion, storage Heat, actuation, illumination, information
Solar Cell
Ga
As
In
Cd
Ru
Fuel Cell
Pt
Rh
La
Ce
Gd
battery
Li
Co
Ni
R.E.
ThermoElectric
Bi
Te
Co
Sb
motor
LED
Dy
Nd
Sm
Co
B
Ga
In
La
Eu
Y
cleaning
Electronic
parts
Ag
Au
Pd
Rh
In
Ta
W
Ni
Eco-innovation requires new demand of rare materials.
catalyst
Pt
Pd
Rh
R.E.
Mined material
(resource view)
Extracted metal
(consumer view)
Top of mount Fuji
10Gton
A 25m pool
Pt
mount Fuji
100Gton
two mount Fijis
215Gton
An Olympic pool
Au
1500 Pentagons
Fe
Cell Phone
Fe
4.72
Cr
L i 0.004
W 0.39
Al
Sc
Ni
B r2
Ru
Sb
100
10
Pr
1
0.10.01
Ho
0.001
Ba 0.17
W
Tl
c oal
Ir 0.005
0
Co
0.51
Ni 0.27
Be
Si
Ti
Cu
Rb
Rh
Te
Nd
Er
AuR0.02
e
Pb
oil
plastic
Cu 9.8
Ag 0.14
50
(g)
Resource-end
Product-end
plastic
37.1
39
Fe 0.39
B
P2
V
Z n Al 2.65
Sr
Pd
Sn 0.11
I2
Sm
Tm
O s Pb 0.006
B i 製品重量 55g
ston e s
100
150
Co
0.31
Ni 0.07
40
Cr 0.001
F2
Ne
41
42
S
C l2
44
Cr
Mn
45
46
Ga
Ge
47
Y
Zr
48
49
Ag
Cd
50
Cs
Ba
51
52
Eu
Gd
W
0.07
53
Y b Ba 0.09
Lu
55
56
Ir
P tPd 3.7
Ra
Th
aggre gate s plastic
200
Au 22
250
Na
K
Fe
As
Nb
In
La
Tb
Hf
Au
U
Ag 0.68
300
Cu 3.53
plastic
0.36
Mg
Ca
Co
S e Al 0.13
Mo
S n Sn 0.28
Ce
Dy
T a Pb 0.0002
Hg
資源重量 31kg
350
p ro d u c ts vie w
5C6ug
Fe
(1 0 0 g)
Cu
Ag
Pd
Au
re so u e c e vie w
3 1 kg
20 Giga tons/year are mined at the resource end.
Increasing at the rate of 560million tons per year.
Others
25,000,000,000
Ag
560million ton/y
Pb
Ti
20,000,000,000
Mo
1.5 times serious than
In 1960-70s
Li
Si
RE
15,000,000,000
Cr
Pt
380million ton/y
B
Sr
10,000,000,000
Mn
Zn
Zr
5,000,000,000
Ni
Sn
Al
Au
0
1949
1954
1959
1964
1969
1974
1979
1984
Increase of Total Material Requirement
1989
1994
1999
2004
Cu
Fe
25,000,000
y = 17,967,817
20,000,000
TMR (g/capt)
Factor 1
15,000,000
y = 441 x + 6,921,315
y = 1406.1x
2020
2030
10,000,000
Factor 2
5,000,000
Factor 4
2050
Factor 8
0
0
10,000
20,000
30,000
GDP ($/capt)
40,000
50,000
80,000
TMR / year (Mt)
70,000
f=1 till 2050
f=2 by 2050
f=4 by 2050
f=8 by 2050
f=16 by 2050
f=5 by 2050
f=6 by 2050
60,000
50,000
40,000
30,000
20,000
10,000
2050
2045
2040
2035
2030
2025
2020
2015
2010
2005
2000
0
Lifestyle change into “Factor8” is required !
Several times amount of reserves will be required by 2050.
It will be close to the amount of reserve by 2050:
Fe,Mo,W,Co,Pt,Pd
It will require several times amount of reserve by 2050:
Ni,Mn,Li,In,Ga
It will run over the amount of reserve base by 2050:
Accumulated consumption
from 2000 to 2050
7
reserve bases
6
5
4
Cu,Pb,Zn,Au,Ag,Sn
10.3
72
3
2
0
Fe
Mn
Zn
Al
Cr
Pb
Cu
Ni
Sn
Mo
W
Sb
RE
Co
Li
Ag
Pt
In
Au
Ga
Pd
TMR
1
2
3
Already mined
HALADA,IJIMA,SHIMADA, Material Transactions, Vol,48(2008)3,402-410
reserves
1
石垣島宣言
材料はこれまで人類社会の発展に貢献してきました。しかし、その一方で大量生産・
消費・廃棄を通じて環境負荷を増やしてきたことも指摘されています。
現在、人類活動の更なる発展を求めて材料への要求が一層高まってきています。そ
のために、材料に係わる資源リスク＊も急速に増大しようとしています。
そこで、材料を持続可能な社会の構築に役立てることを目指す私たちは、資源利用に
関する以下の３原則の重要性を再確認します。
資源利用の３つの原則
資源を枯渇させない
環境リスクを増やさない
地域的世代的公正に配慮する
また私たちは、材料を利用し使用する全ての人々に、この原則に則った以下の４つの
実践を呼びかけ、私たち自身も、これらを具現化する材料技術を開発していく決意を
表明します。
資源利用の４つの実践
使わずにすむものは使わない（Reduce）
丁寧に使う（Reuse）
何度も使う（Recycle）
ありふれたものを使う（リプレイス）
Http://www.nims.go.jp/ecomaterial/hal/MR/
53
DECLARATION OF ISSEM 2007 at ISHIGAKIJMA
While materials play an essential role in the development of human society, their
negative aspects of environmental burden through the massive production,
consumption, and disposal have been pointed out.
The demand for materials is now expanding further in order to satisfy growing human
needs. It may cause a rapid increase in the resource risk.
We, who aim to utilize materials to construct a sustainable society, reconfirm the
importance of the following three principles.
Three principles in the area of resource use
Resource Conservation
Environmental Protection
Regional and Generational Equity
Based on these principles, we ask you, consumers of materials, to observe the
following four practices. We also pledge ourselves to advance technologies which
realize these four practices in material research.
Four practices in the area of resource use
Use minimum quantity
Use completely
Circulate as many times as possible
Use abundant resources
International Symposium of Sustainable Energy and Material was held at 2007 at Ishigaki Island,Japan to discuss
the contribution of materials science and engineering to sustainable use of energy and resource.
Some metal has more on-surface stock
than underground stock
160,000
Au (t) : 69%
140,000
120,000
Secondary Stock
100,000
On surface stock
80,000
60,000
Primary Stock
40,000
20,000
underground stock
(reserve)
0
74
79
84
89
94
99
04
1,000
Cu (Mt) : 48%
1,000
Ag (kt) : 70%
900
900
800
800
700
700
600
600
500
500
400
400
300
300
200
200
100
100
0
74
79
84
89
94
99
0
04
74
79
84
89
94
99
04
In use 100million
New 5million
Annual products
26 million
In-use
stock
Replaced
21 million
We have not
yet explored the vein of urban mine.
About 7mg Gold
Is contained
700kg Au
Is in-use.
150kg
Recovered from
Used stock
50kg
6.5 million phones
are recycled.
But, at the current status,
Major part of urban mine is dissipated stock.
100kg
Challenge of urban mining
Metals per unit are not so expensive
フラッ Cell
Smart
ポータブ CD
mobile
シュメモ
ポータブル LCD DVD
DVDプ Table car
MD
ルMDプ
ビデオカ
デジタル
ゲーム Audio 携帯電
Cam
phone
game
camera
リー
CDプレイ
レイ
オーディオ
電話機
カーナビ
Player 液晶テレビ
Tele
navigat
audio カメラ Player
レイ
player
メラ
機
話
TV
coder
オーディ
ヤー
ヤー
phone ion
ヤー
オ（A)
150
372
110
108
67
Co
0.04
0.16
0.04
0.04
0.02
Ni
1.90
6.99
2.86
1.54
1.15
0.60
Cu
4.21
28.97
12.75
6.15
3.74
Zn
0.07
0.52
0.25
0.06
0.10
¥/台
¥/unit
Mo
10
21
66
43
119
0.01
0.02
0.04
0.01
0.45
0.43
0.18
0.79
2.80
0.38
2.34
10.88
4.17
0.71
6.90
8.32
1.50
5.01
0.48
0.04
0.03
0.08
0.13
0.01
0.09
0.01
0.01
0.04
12.33
3.08
1.23
4.31
0.12
70
32
Pd
40.07
Ag
7.12
32.74
10.61
6.21
6.37
3.18
2.43
1.58
3.18
2.73
1.70
5.62
Sn
1.27
8.47
2.11
2.01
2.32
3.16
0.85
0.51
0.95
2.12
0.28
0.93
Ta
2.82
6.26
0.94
0.31
0.63
W
0.01
0.07
Au
77.32
274.90
51.54
85.91
51.54
25.77
17.18
3.44
8.59
Pb
14.87
7.48
16.24
1.97
0.79
23.48
5.91
3.47
0.25
Bi
0.08
0.04
0.04
0.01
0.01
0.02
0.06
0.01
0.01
0.00
0.05
34.36
37.80
96.21
14.87
0.08
3.96
0.04
31
0.00
1) material flow in the era of mass production
small scale circulation
large
scale
resource
mass
production
materialize
product
select
request
materialize
product
request
materialize
product
request
materialize
product
request
materialize
product
requests
consumer of
materialized
product
large scale waste
accumulation
of property
many variety of request
2) material flow in the era of dematerialization
less resources
production
circulation
of materials
materialize
the request
service
customize
appropriate presentation of request
consumer or
pro-sumer
of service
satisfaction
and content
less waste
summary
• Resource risk is near at hand
• We are at the entrance where secondary
resource is more than undergroung resource.
• For effective urban mining, recyclable design
is the master card
• Circulation chain (material leasing system)
should be constracted.