PDF：2210KB

185
'
&
“]Œ>“¦M7=^T;¾NÆ2JÙËNS
€»8ç/r’„¨ŽÂÜ'!2+€»8ç/-ˆ#€J¼!3+°€£ŽW£
1+
Ö¹ ª0+
AŒvì1+
F…
ý
i0+
~ì0+
)o ¡Š0+
¢oTZU0+
Åm
mP
ð0+
œ2+
Key words : JVARM, national surveillance, antimicrobial resistance, farm animals,
future correspondence
1!$"%#
’­Ñ¾;’ùa3­r’Mh=Mé­@!]ç3Ž
]瓦M7=^Ñ>’ùNž gLé­O!Xy
N€J;a¡™A^EWMñ·€J›Nš=*1975
ô9›WEËM—ØIœë?_E"C_O!Ñ>’ù
|+
!¨ò›Nš=*1979 |+Y,r’­„¨ŽNé
ƒÔèÅañ·J¶Mµ«@E“]Mƒ†O69{W
­N¯:M¨A^/¾-N:e*1980 |+9Ó`_
\_E>JMëT^"Æã!r’­J@Hé­?_H
E"1990 |V˄Õ!r’­Ñ¾âaW<^¤Y
4^Ñ>’ùO§ 60 þ½I3^"C_\NQ;O7
O9›gLr:J@Hß}@!9›™Á®¨*WHO+
R­J@HNÀê9È;!„¸­J@Hφ‚Mé­
O!3­r’RѾ;’ùaé5>JM[]$Æ@E
?_H:EXN9KI3FH!r’D­N<“O½
¨âT;¾YT;ƒlì93’ÁÝa—@H7Rl
WHÇ\_H4^"‡…Mr’­Ñ¾;’ùJ46
@*Fig. 1+
!7NྥG.Nõ¸aÚxMA^ª
P!r’­Ñ¾âJѾ;ñ·j’’a©V"r’­
Ä;MG4H²ÂA^EW!1997 |M,3­r’M
ѾâO„¨ŽI3]!ûJ@HøNõ¸a£gJ
7=^Ѿ;’ùNé­97M„¸M³SAŠº-M
@!7R¨Js¬M,¨ò›-N¯:aÿ=H4^"
G4HND¥“˜²aœÞ@E"C_Õ!WHO!
Ѿ;ñ·j’’O!ñ·9©©@H4^‹¯<“N
Øá"ò ¼*OIE+³QØÁ3¹€»®¨*FAO+
©ÍL±­NO6pa£gJ@!¿RgMO!3­r
NûÞA^þ&LØᘲYØáðNMB”0+00+1/+10+
’M7=^ƒ†O6³Qñ·Í´NšI–QMgfh
N^I!3Ž‚—;Å¾N¨âT;9r’J7JN
icu#w‘¬>_M¥G@L4>Ja­U@H!d
§IKNfnƒÆ#Ÿæ@H7NÁÐMSA^xjf
~nI‡¢gb­§Mé­?_!Ѿ;ƒ†O6’ù
JLFH4^89²Â?_^J¶M!£gL[Ãa
*Antimicrobial Growth Promoter%AGP+JXÉP
t^EWNØzryINT;¾NrÎaÜN#®;Y
_!,ñ·N€J;N¡™³QŽùNšIM¨A^›
ØágLpln|'fNÒ\p9¸a?_H:E"C
³-*ñ·€J›+N¯:aÿ=H4^"
N•fIO!žØ9úî@H4^T;¾NrÎaÜY
r’Nžþ¥G.Nõ¸Mé­?_H4^r’­Ñ
Ѿ;’ùNé­ºaÜNš›ÂaaÃ?B^J¶
¾âO!7N1×Js¬M!žþà¾M¨âT;¾N
M!r’­Ñ¾âN5#é­a¿Ó@H4;EWNe
HZ#N’a‰:±>A®ˆI3^>J9[\_H4
bowb}*2002 |+³QØágM¶cL¨âT;
^"uM!ѾâT;O!¼*Æ1Ié­?_^Ѿ
NïkMµFEr’­Ñ¾âN+{«%M¨A^eb
âN©Í;MŠºa³S@!õ¸Í”ad‘?B^Å
owb}*2003 |+9 OIE a^4J@Häe?_E"
ˆN‡GJLFH4^"“]M$Æ@ET;¾O!3
2003 |J 2004 |Mivp'q³Qdj{IœÞ?
’ÁÝa—@H7MlA^>J9öÛ?_!7NÁ
_E,7RNѾ;’ùNé­J¨âT;M¨A
ÐM¨`^¤YJ@H&WHü]KU!̌?_EN
^ WHO!
FAO!
OIE ×sD¥“˜²-M74HO!
9j|}zt'n*1969 |+I3^"–9ØM74
9›žØ9·a@HªÄˆìa™‰A^EWN¿Rg
HO!>NT;¾¤YY¨âN趤YMS@H!r
LšäNÂqX¤ƒM6W\_!3·>çhjmuJ
˜å@´C$*.185(8511+ؓóíÊL1 `£ 15(1
€»8ç/r’„¨ŽÂÜ'ÂÜX 2 ‘Ñ>
’ù?âÂÜ÷
Ö¹ ª
•<18| 5 À20z
…MÄ^xjf¦²N‹®;9¸;(`_E"TE!
2004)2005 |MO OIE J WHO 9C_D_!kjf
s'jD¥“˜²a,!@!"„¸0ŸO7„¸0N
186
âÅ ž¹ a
Fi
g.1 薬剤耐性菌（遺伝子）の伝播経路
”•gpÉGM§J!1999&2001 ‰L´JMA
£IœÔÉLNGCF1Yø¢ƒXóKIgpÉ
'STEC(\qçd=G=AVå‡z†FMé5GI
YÏÛ n¸¾eIÉLrm…ŠgqçT¤?E$
ú=A./("JVARM LšrS>Lqç!Ç'}¡»‘
¶LL\¡Oˆ¬d›Ç±L”²(G=EM!.‘
ÈLÌ:Õ?Fö»<ZY}¡»ÜÉíL·ÙI\ª
ª=!@ZWLB/ö»\EC>Y:G\³uG=
E!VåL nªÏ™K6LÄÊ\E!}¡œÔÉ
'x q ` ¾ É.0(!Í è ¾ É.0(!œ Ô I g p É0(¼ O
Mannheimia haemolytica /({(L´§Äà­\*-=!
:ZWLÉ­JC2ET¶í°)I{LI@¥M\¤
?E$ú=!Ñ¿J¡\ؚ=E7E2Y"
2000 ‰y¼O 2001 ‰yL}¡»ÜÉíL–‘É
'}¡§EsÉT¶SE3°±ô(JC2EM!Fig.
2¼OFig. 3J"=A"ƉyL–‘ÉM!‰´¨K
1,000 pŠF1X!2001 ‰yFM}¡§FRYG!„
/¼IJ¸D8!ÜÉI¡#L„ŠfŸ9ðÇ6¦÷
»6 54- GéTb8!Fó» 22-!λ 16-!À»
<ZE4X!…kf³ÁcyjƒŠLTiJÚ9A$
8- L4F1Y"Ì|¶í§FM!op„i_f…Š
#uI}76Ÿ_=E7E2Y"
Ì6 43- GéTb8!k†wbŠ^~qÌ 16-!}
@:F!­ÞFMåì}Ú\ËJªÃ<ZAå…
fˆ„_qÌ!{rj…ŠÌ 10-!^~tg…hj
L n™K¢´J49YeIÉLrm…ŠgcH
qÌ 6- IHF1X!D‘È>!‚J/¼ü<ZYl
'Japanese
Veterinary
Resistance
wa€ÌUw†cˆetˆŠÌL}¡»ÜÉíVcJ
Monitoring
System$JVARM(L õ Y R G 1999&
QSY–‘ÉL¬äM!ÈSE9I2L6Õ@F1
Antimicrobial
2003 ‰yJWZA JVARM LJN{\¨P>YG
ÃJ!æ×LeIÉdñLîX«{JC2ETÖ¼=
Y"
Vå‡z†LeIÉ}ÚqçLASL)ïǼO«
¬*JC2E!ŒœJP²>Y"qçÐcM‹?J4
A2"
2!JVARM #*)"$%&'(+
9YÏÛ nL£©G=!1999 ‰yMº˜qçL
U1=AV3Iåì}Ú\)9E![6åJ42E
lŸ9F 47 x€ ÒJ42E!—“À!—“„¼O
M!2000 ‰y5W n™K¢´J49YÜÉI¡#
†»Î'xˆ_„%(L£©\*-=!©ÒVX[Ÿ
eIqç\‹ËFó<L!ÇG=E!) n¸¾ëÉ
<ZAïÇ5W}¡‘¶Ðç6F 4 É(L¢Â~s
LÜÉI¡#°)Iqç*JVX$ú>Y:GG=!
\àBA6!2000 ‰yŒáM”ÍLðÇ$ú\©x
@LqçcHG=E JVARM 6 1999 ‰yJkm%p
€ ÒJŽ¿=A"Ô]uJ!ÐcGMx€ Ò;G
=A"o%WL6`>Y‹ËFó<}¡‘¶Ðç6
J©É(GT 4 n('—“À!—“„!êÀÎ'‡_
M!VåLx€ ÒºµF1Yµ 180 d6L nªÏ
‚%(¼Oxˆ_„%(
+6 nó͖cŒ>+1 Ðc,
™K6GL´FÝm<ZAsnp‰%fF1Y
24 ÐcŒ>G=!© 1 Ðc5Wx€ Ò;GJùs
JVARM L … w ] ‡ Š k „ | „ p … % F 1 Y"
<ZAÉ(\ 2 ­¢Â>Y:GG=A"I4!©x€
JVARM L'AY³uM!U1L¶íeI}ÚLr
ÒM®‰ 1 É(JC2Eqç=!qçd=GIYÉ
m…ŠgU}¡»ÜÉíLö»Éqç\à2!…kf
(Mk’J¨X6I2V3JŽÅ=E2Y"
›ž¼O…kf³ÁLASL¸WÿÇG>YGÃJ!
­qçM!®‰$úUJz6J42E!x€ Òj
}¡»ÜÉíLB/ö»J“˜<?Y:GJ1Y"
z%Jd=E»0Ñ+¤\$ú=!d=É(;GJ|
2003 ‰yQFL 5 ‰´\ JVARM Lh 1 f%†G=
”!¥2<ZA¢Â½¬!É(~s¼O¶í°
ElŸ9!VåuJ‹?‡z†LeIÉ}Ú\Œ
)IýÓ¬JVXàBA"ÉL¢Â~sM!Êf«u
‹#¥M>Y:G\'·Jl2AqçÑ¿6$ú<Z
Ðç!K«uI@Ðç¼Ow«uÐçJVBA"
A"Ø,™K¢´PL—Æ\ßÅ=A JVARM J4
¢ÂÉ­LÂý¶íJd>Y°)ILsÉuI^s
2EM!A£IœÔëÉG=Ei†s„GdŠ
M!‡­«È¬«¤¯M¦åÌ:Ðç™2•¤
vˆufm%\!¶í°)ILù™ëÉG=EMp¾
'NCCLS(Lt7>Y®v¥”¹&¬J2Á=A«
ÉGgpÉ\qçd=G=A"QA!ù™ÉG=EL
¬JVX$ú=!é8’“ZûŠy'MIC(
\½SA"
°R;«òþ h80¯ h 3 ã
m§kž·¿<+/G¥›{=„˜9Š†=¤l
187
Fi
g.2 動物用抗菌剤の販売量
Fi
g.3 動物用抗菌剤の動物別推定販売量
Ta
bl
e1 1
9
9
9～ 2
0
0
3年度健康家畜糞便由来の調査菌株数
年度
大腸菌＊
腸球菌＊
カンピロバクター
サルモネラ
1
9
9
9
2
0
0
0
2
0
0
1
1
,
0
1
8
6
2
0
5
8
0
1
,
0
2
4
5
5
6
3
0
2
1
6
6
3
0
2
2
3
9
1
2
4
9
1
2
2
2
0
0
2
2
0
0
3
5
3
2
4
7
5
2
4
2
2
8
6
1
6
8
2
4
7
5
0
2
0
3
,
2
2
5
2
,
4
1
0
1
,
1
2
2
3
0
7
合計
＊一般指標菌
3!(2'/56$"#&1-*4+3,.0%)7
1999$2003 ±¬B8=nz 5 ±v<+/G‚‡m
§¸»ÂÆ=©‹tš>¡~ 7,064 t8(G%Table
1&
"ÅÁ!2;I4!β-bOT_}!K^YPc
QSW}!]OfbLW}!UVbRLOcg}x?
NYfg}Á;:<¤2G©‹ 4 {‘=¥›È=±
Ž™hJÂÆ­¶‘º<²q13¡s«;©‹œŸ<
6)7!{‘09<pÉJ•AG"
1&Rd`Xb
Fig. 4<13E*<!Rd`Xb=‚‡m§,F
ƒ¢917!¥›…o¦%[e#O\LgV&>!
=·ÇÈ>![fLb#<+)7À 10$35' 9ŒD
NCCLS MLWbLg8wª17)G¦J–Ä1!¾
ˆ,53"“”t=€|>!³iyx?³i®ÂÆ
ª=D=> MIC ·µ-¯¼›J13—‰!u’
t8 Salmonella Typhimurium -£.![fLb#Â
›{9¥›{=Z#O=¨v¦J´ž¶r«[e#O
Æt8 S . Infantis -£,53"j½!eLa#ÂÆ
\LgV917 ª13"
t8> 15 ‘Ê<x@£Ã;€|-CFH3"
¹œ18± 5 20°
188
‹ƒ ´¾ ¤
Fi
g.4 サルモネラの分離率
Fi
g.5 サルモネラ：畜種別耐性率
Fi
g.6 大腸菌：年次別耐性率
£‡ 307 y?9+:@»{˜ “‰@ˆu$Fig.
t€~B³t¯Kªž?±DGJ!
6@§ ÁA!
2000
5%; A!‚ “ 16 »  ª 10 » $M q d W m q
²­.E‹-87"1JA!S . Typhimurium ?,
$ABPC%
!Xb^pY]og]hNWq$DSM%
!
0I¥§ eL#X† 104$DT104%@¡¼x<
Q_hNWq$KM%
!TmY[q$CL%
!PRW\]
®4…Š;*87)%"C7!KM ~B TMP § A!1999
lUNSmq$OTC%
!cTVhNWq$BCM%
!S
²­@³t€@ KM § Kš+:!–?fpNl#
plieO`T#n$CP%
!_mXSY’$NA%
!P
½¿y?±DGJ7"1JA!fpNl#-G·À2
RZmq’$OA%~B]mj]gmi$TMP%
%?
J I S . Infantis .!OTC!DSM!KM ~ B TMP >
°º @ MIC ·µ.±DGJ7"DSM ~B OTC ?
=@¶Ÿ@»?§ K•5¥§ K¹¼3:+I
¦3:A!70& r.§ y;*H!§ ÁA KM
1<<}„3:+7'%(%"C7!P#n^Rapq$NA
$37.5&%
!TMP
$29.0&%
!ABPC$15.6&%
!CP
$11.7&%
~B OA%
?¦5I§ A!fpNl#½¿y$9.8&%
@™;*87"©—¸;A!DSM F OTC § A!
<³t€½¿y$15.4&%;±DGJ!fpNl#½
³t€!³t¯!fpNl#½¿y;‹/!oNk#
¿y@§ ÁA!›5I…Š.±DGJ7"
½¿yA¼s?¬-87"ABPC ~B CP § A!³
v 5 ²|@ JVARM «Ž;AenPpRapq
{¢œw‘” ¨80z ¨ 3 Œ
{»w¯ËÔC/3M¸­ŠD“«A™”D·y
189
Fi
g.7 一般腸球菌：年次別耐性率
：1
9
9
9年の DSM 及び KM については，ブレークポイントが設定されなかったので耐性株を
記載せず．
＊＊
：1
9
9
9年は，AVM 及び EFM は検査せず．
＊
Fi
g.8 カンピロバクターの分離率
¸­J_fSj¸­O¡7[okdmE!•{»D
2&º½Š
ÌÐ0K±2ËØ5N?-B-":;6!2001 ÇC
¾š6: 5 ǃCËؤ¥5N:³Œ 3,225 €C>
E˜Ä@E¨H?ÊÃ0KfoUqWeqr¸­ S .
-?!՛£­O¾G:®°()&OFig. 6C¡6:"
Choleraesuis 1ËØ5N:*&"4D¸­€C>-?!
¾ š … ƒ ¼!‰ ž 6 : 20 Õ › D . <!17 Õ ›
Weqr¸­¿ÜuC/3MtÁÏsO¹Ý@Ë
%ABPC!_ f P ` n r%CEZ&
!_ f q W \ j
Ø5N:Ÿ…Dږ€AÉ~6:Ž|!ۀAI
%CXM&
!_fbUfo%CTF&!DSM!KM!Zr
gyrA tÁC 2 V©A parC tÁC 1 V©!8N9
aiR\r%GM&
!QhmiR\r%APM&!CL!
NÏsO†46?-:1!8DÏsÖ¢EÒK0Cs
OTC!BCM!CP!NA!OA!T r q f q W [ \ r
B=?-: "B/!„²yגˆDv‚A6?!™
%ERFX&
!UfqW[\r%OFLX&‡F TMP&C
”DkcanrYC/3MWeqr¸­[okdmD
·6?¸­€Dµœ1ÆHKN:"¸­Ù1—-՛
‘¦¬´zOÓÀC![RXnrYhq#gAnQo
E OTC%49.1$54.7'&@,L! -@ DSM%35.8$
)&
aRj PCR O×-?!DNA ]lRp#^D Asp D
41.2'&
!ABPC%21.9$30.0'&
!TMP
%12.6$20.8'&
!
ÏsO·ªA6:vx„tÁ¶‹­‘¦Ñ%nQo
KM%9.9$19.2'&!CP%9.0$14.0'&!NA%8.3$
aRj SNP ‹Î&D}ÈO–=: "
13.2'&D§@,=:"¸­Ù1—0=:՛C>-
87
+&
Í®18Ç 5 20Å
190
‹} ÏÜ ®
Ta
bl
e2 分離されたカンピロバクターの由来動物種と菌種との関係
菌種
C.j
e
j
uni
C.c
o
l
i
由来
1
9
9
9
2
0
0
0
2
0
0
1
2
0
0
2
2
0
0
3
肥育牛
3
4
4
3
2
8
2
6
3
4
肥育豚
3
1
0
2
0
ブロイラー
レイヤー
7
2
―
5
3
7
7
4
3
5
9
3
2
5
2
4
0
4
8
肥育牛
0
3
5
2
2
肥育豚
4
7
9
8
6
8
3
7
8
6
ブロイラー
レイヤー
3
―
1
5
4
1
1
5
1
2
1
5
2
2
Fi
g.9 カンピロバクター：菌種・年次別耐性率
<ÂџÓ@²§AÆÙN„L>!OTC BÍjÅ>
Æ=B!n¶@-1LV^Pa‚©‘%´ 1 ¥³ 3 Ÿ!
_gOd#/G‹0!™+=fOc#!Íj{A¢
´ 2 ¥³ 1 ŸyC´ 3 ¥³ 2 Ÿ&AÀÝ/ÉFJM<
=*:9"DSM A²§áB!ÍjÅ>_gOd#/
+L±¤ÂÑB{>Å=*K!8A‘G·‘yC
G‹0!Íj{!fOc#A¢=*:9"ABPC
ÇÕmšâÝÇշȑ>5<†¾4M9”Ý@†J
B!_gOd#/G‹0!™+=ÍjÅ!fOc#!
M<+L"5.5!ŽoAkãA»=B֑AÀÝ
Íj{A¢@‹+²§áN›59"8A®A¯0AØ
/¬0ÉFJM<+?+_gOd#@G¯0V^P
‘@;+<G!ÍjÅ>_gOd#BÍj{HfO
a‚Ø‘²§~/ÉFJM!CTX-M A ESBL%x
c#@ÌD<²§á/‹+€‰@*:9"
œp¸ β-dTX`#W&“¨~G|–r¬°A×
^eQgS[ghHV^Pa‚Ø‘@±6L²§á
0.2' @wEM<+9()&"2MJ@;+<B!n¶l
B+7MG 2' «‡=i˜4M<+9"2MNÂџ
¨yCˆ l¨A„µ.J!ƒ­¿?»=8A¡…
Ó@„L>!^eQgS[gh²§B_gOd#>f
HÒÐNu•6LÎÞ/*L>Š,L"
Oc#=®AÂџIK‹+€‰@*K!^eQgS
3&ºz~
[gh²§ARh]g\TX#HQ#eYS[gh²
1999$2000 ÊÁB!k˺z~>5< Enterococcus
§AUebZd/_gOd#=¯+2>>vã5<+
spp. N±¤>5<-K!n¶3>AÒà4ML~Ÿ
L>GŠ,JM9"kÔ!V^Pa‚Ø‘²§@v5
AĹ>5<B!Íj{=B E. durans yC E. faecium
<!´ 1$3 ¥³V^PaN¼5<_gOd#Ûß/!
/Ú¦~Ÿ=*K!E. faecalis AÒàá/½0!Íj
®AÂџÛßIKG²§á/‹+€‰@*:9"
Å=Bž>5<2A 3 ~Ÿ/Ãá=Òà4M!fO
tª£q’— ´80s ´ 3 Œ
|ÔxÂîöB05NοC˜º@¢šCÍy
191
Fi
g.1
0 2
0
0
1
2
0
0
3年度に分離されたカンピロバクター家畜由来株と人症例由来株との耐性率
の比較
C.
j
e
j
uni3
5
5株（人 1
2
6株，牛 6
0株，レイヤー 1
0
0株及びブロイラー 6
9株）C.
c
o
l
i1
8
3株（人 8
株，豚 1
2
1株，レイヤー 3
4株及びブロイラー 2
0株）
Fi
g.1
1 薬剤耐性菌の環境 /生態系における循環
„B05Nø¥…³¿­–ÀÃQFig. 7B°8;"t
é Õ ˆ  B ê F!VCM Ù … ³ ¿ Õ ˆ (VCM Q
6µg!
mLÛz8;ÅÐèÓ?Cîþ„)D!‚ø¥B
Í9Nοÿ2ÇÌBÙ- ‘ › B , < ;"6 O D
VCM م³¿ÕˆCË4C„2!VCM Ùݱ
Æο?,Nv߿Ո(ÙÝοqܪ@8>
vanC Qú9N)?,<;6@!tò!téՈ?
D E. faecalis Cîþÿ2 4!1=!îþ„C÷ 99+
2Œ­ø¥C-:O1BοQ°8>-;6@1L!
²BKNw@«PON"EFM BÍ9Nοÿ
2!VCM م³¿Õˆ(93.9'96.7+)DtéՈ
(57.3'64.9+)KM -‘›H!‚%Cù¾²
BKNw2Ï3-@ž/LON"ûýßí²ðCø
h&‡EdmSi&?D E. faecalis!¯-? E. faecium
¥Î¿ÿC‘›@8>D!ësà‡EdmSi&ûý
2ù¾²?,M!E. durans Cîþÿ2Ù1<;"
„?-:OCø¥BÍ8>HësŠIlSh&ûý„
2001'2003 åÝD!téՈQ E. faecalis @ E. fae-
KM -‘›2äGLO;"
cium B™Ú8>îþ8;6@1L!ësŠ1LDt
éՈCîþÿ2Ù-‘›B,<;"
îþ´µ7O;ȓ 2,822 „(téՈ 2,410 „
JVARM 2 1999 åÝB~©7O>1L·G>!2003
åÝCÖ¤B0-> VCM οqܪ(vanA)Qñ
ú9N E.
faecium!-PJN VCM ÝοՈ
@`nWfSYn(VCM)م³¿Õˆ 412 „)
)
(VRE)2!dmSi&1Lîþ7O;(1 •Ì1L
B0->!5 å†QØ8>ο„2äGLO;ø¥
2 „)
"ށîþ„C in vitro ÜÑìÝD 10*8'10*9@
D!fUmiS^’(TjZmfSYn(EM)
#16.8'
Ù4!VCM οuªQÒ. Tn1546-like element C
40.0+$[SmYn(TS)#13.4'43.3+)
!jnWf
ÉH½ûý„@DpA<>-;"¡á?D!Rea
SYn(LCM)(14.3'56.7+)
!\]iXSUjn’
kYn(œ¿®!Ûzí)D 1997 åÝoŸ!¨ü
(OTC#44.5'80.0+)
!Rg_VjWY^’(GM#
2¬7O>-N2!óÖ¤?˜¦HŽG>Ùÿ?D
3.0'50.0+ $ DSM # 16.8'48.3+$KM # 16.2'
,NHCCîþ7O;6@D!}‹C¨üBK<>¶
58.0+)!CP(5.9'25.5+)
!RbifSYn(AVM)
˜8; VRE 2§Ê8>-N!ôD¸€1Lç¸B»
(2.3'18.5+)‡ETcm]fSYn(EFM)(57.3'
ã8;{æ¿2°£7O!˜¦!—u‰õ‡EÁ¹¿
96.7+)?,<;"2000'2003 åÝCtéՈîþ
ƒäB›5;×ÄÖ¤2îþ7O;Ór?¼GLO>
ïÀ18å 5 ”20â
192
ìÅ £Â c
4]"
{‰d‹fw‹Œù8’£#‡‘>^!C^Nâž@
4)eŒz‹xgo&
]7OZ5N C.
jejuni `5E]½˜ÌK?EMOe
eŒz‹xgo&OÛé¤nO§«7[O¦ÉÊ`
Œz‹xgo&r(©ïŒOöÌSHpŠJP³3
Fig. 8N!Áȅ¥7KÌ7KO·Ï`Table 2NC^
PP€yMi 1 (HpŠ]dO¼ 14, `YÀ)
$
D^.?E"Ì7K?IPœ–Ã!Šb…&ÀR|‹
1999 “~©ï0 eü#ðnŒo&(CDC)NZ
b‡&7[P Campylobacter jejuni 8!œ–‹7[P
]åžq&o-2)NZ^Q!“¶³3PP¼ 10,000 M!
C. coli 8C^D^¿N¦É>^E"=OÐçP 5 “
&¯3PX¼ 100 M)OCÏÁȯ!H¡ÁȯÀR
¶`v?Iª_[A!Q§ªïO­îK†ÄJ3G
¤nÁȯO{‰d‹fw‹ŒfSÊ8_¢ÐçN3
E"—®!¤n7[¦É>^]\>O5ÆM 2 Ì7
]=K!"eŒz‹xgo&`rµŒNxo>BEÖ
©OXOK?I!Ü=¢~PwÊJ3GE8!1999
`Å4EfS«ˆ'ÞN64I!²ù½ãP`Y7
“~O]ïsòJP C.
lanienae 8‹7[¦É>^]
=K`?WI¸[7N?E..)"
N{‰d‹fw‹ŒfS¯8ìÊN[k>^]=
K-1)!#²COߘH¡O±L8֏J3]=KÀR
Fig. 9N.?EZ5N!¦É9;>^E C. jejuni K
$²CNe@]-ÌOiŽ,[k½8{‰d‹fw‹
C. coli O^Õ 1,122 ¯N6;]½ù´8SO]dÐç
ŒùJ3\!CO½˜Ì8fS @]=KJMJO-
K?IP!OTC OfSÊ8ôXì7GE-.)"UE!
Ì8ðKM\!²+EPMOÛéNKGIh9MÆ
Ì7¶JfSÊNñ8’W[^!TKaLO½ùJ C.
‘KM]=KƒN·?IOxSyˆlgŸ¡O1%8
coli OfSÊ8 C. jejuni OC^Z\ì7GE"‰N
3GE"
g‹‡bsÒ½ù(EM!lz‡bkŒ(SP)ÀR
TS)Ne?IP!C.
ïŒN6;]<•ÌÅ{‰d‹fw‹ŒùP!1992
coli O¼™P8fSJ3]ON
“NÖâÁ¹Sbi}‡m YÖhrÌCO´œ
e?!C. jejuni NfS¯P]:’W[^M7GE"—
YC^N˜5NhMÓõyb/Ne@]°›eüƒ`
®!2002 “~7[Ä'½ùK?Iu¢>^E ABPC
ºyK?I‡‘>^E8!’£GÚK?IÉWIáx
P!¾— C. jejuni OfSÊ8 C. coli Z\ì7GE"
yMÅͼxÀRÆ$.•½¡#ÆKý•½¡K?I
—šN!eŒz‹xgo&PhrÌYj‰„v‡ML
iŽ,[k½JOáxy½ƒ8¤¢>^I9E">
KP“M\!fw‹ŒfS N·Ï@]”}"O|ª
[N!¼R‚ÈJ3]•ÎOÿDP!²ùO’£`À
“NZ\!d&‰sfw‹ŒùF;JPM:!{‰d
@]V½ƒ&e&Ne?IP!1øO²ù!ŕFN
‹fw‹ŒùNXfS`.@=K8m[^I4]"“
6;]eŒz‹xgo&`¸WEfSÌ1gsòƒO
~¨ÊJV]K!ïŒN6;] C.
jejuni O{‰d‹
ÔayM1%Kq&oO­î`ÂW!COÀÅS`z
fw‹ŒfSÊP|‹b‡&ÁȯJ 19.5,!Šb
¾Ÿ¡?I4]"FDA 8A’6\B?OeEK?E
…&ÁȯJ 3.5, J3\!Q§ªïO„uoˆŒh
*xbrˆ‰š+P!ïŒJXÖÅN’£>^I4]
q&oOpJP›­y!wŠ~‰N‡Œg¤;>^
8!©ïY EU JOA’ÅÍKP“M\!*50ppm!3
]"
¶+(½»¶8l:Xx)J3\!q3[./)O1
2001'2003 “~N¦É>^EMCÏÁȯKÛé
ÞTWJP\>O in vivo fS«ˆ'ÞN6;]{‰
¤nÁȯJ½ù´8S`›­?ETW`Fig. 10N
d‹fw‹ŒfS¯O[k¢~Y=àyo&ŒPA
.?E"COØ¥!! C. jejuni O ABPC fSÊPM
?Xº­-1).0)KP†ƒJPM4=K8¸[7KMGI
ÁȯN›SI|‹b‡&Áȯ8À’Nì4=K!
9I4]"4A^N?IX!ïŒN6;]*MOeŒ
"g‹‡bsÒNPMK¤nÁÈO C.
jejuni O4
z‹xgo&r+O—UÚPP©ïK›SIÇ7N
A^XfS8M4=KÀR #fw‹ŒÒOfSÊP
@M:!UE!CO½˜Ì8{‰d‹fw‹ŒNfS
¤nÁȯN›SIMÁȯ84²ì4=K8_7G
?EEWêÌù-Ì8¶æKMGECÏ­îPïŒ
E-/)"
JP±LM4"
àú!eŒz‹xgo&OfSÌ»jJôX€pr
4!.,'-+$"#&*(%/),
M ï ø y Ñ j P!2000 “ ³ O © ï H ¡ • ½ ¡ È
͓!H¡OŽ]S¬¬Ne@]ïµO·J8ìU
(FDA)NZ]ô?O°îë!©ïV½Ç§(x
]pJ!2002 “ 10 ÙN¨ó>^E•Ç)ûI¿¦N
bc‰2)Y<•#¦ƒKO¶JÄ%Mп8Î\è
64I!*•ÌN64I»jKM]½ùfSÌ`[k
<[^I9E8!H4N 2005 “ 7 Ù³N FDA i‚p
@]£”SO3]êÌS*Ë{¢¥NH4I$x`6
k†t&Oô:÷x8Ÿ>^E©ïN6;]¤ËÅ{
\B?+K@]‚¹OÝt?®L8×x>^E"=^
‰d‹fw‹Œù(™O{¢ù$¡·*xbrˆ‰
`8;!2003 “ 12 Ù!•ÎOÿDPêÌS*Ë{¢
š+
)OA’O6\B?J3]"=OA’6\B?O
¥ 29 T¦K=^[K†—UEP†Ò„JäñfS8
–ÑNP!!©ïN64IP!1995 “N<•ÌÅN
’W[^]…¥Å•½¡ 34 T¦NZGI[k>^]
´ZC®þ( i80± i 3 í
•uŒV°ÀK38[iQÄLØEHíÛLhŽ
193
iQÄKD0F!F«‚_…‰šKh=F«Ñዿ
ˆ·!iQľnM!âÄó_ùÅ>[VøØAQ
©’_$¾=B"F«‚_…‰šM 2004 ™ 9 Ð!ì
L-Z`T5ðV5ÆG/[:H4Y!Vø,ŠQL
”L©’¯7_÷åH=F!*•uŠQLâÄQ¯
ȼ¢ŽWÒ<°ÀL4‡üHLž/C¶Ü§Š_Y
*LùÅKXZ^o<\[ÁóiQÄLF«Ñዿ
Á€KKU[¦Æ5/["“GâÄóLùÅÐ5f0
K¬>[©’þL+_ö|=B"íÛ!:L©’þL
֊LOHDH=F!Ú´®¦]=JILfŠQ)ª
KXCF!F«‚_…‰š!›ÑPø>!&΃“¯
LI85¸9Y\["=B5CF!)ªLâÄó(Ï
ŠWdÀ,JI5%ÎL13#S¥_æ0!:\YK
KŸ1ªÖÄWBôÄLiQ‘H0CBp9J¾nG
¯E7zkg©’5æ^\[:HKJ["
MJ7!âÄóLùÅÐ_{×<?[BUKM!Ǔ
•uÃÈLÁóiQÄK30F5ÆJLM!•uK
K38[cê€JŒVhö 5 ¦ Æ H J ["í Û V
38[âÄQ¯*LùÅ5iQÄL6ØK¬Ó>[H
JVARM KX[xqmz~h_Ìe=!âÄóùÅÐ
<\[VLG!@Lk¨H=FM VRE!u{d}f
ŠL¬ÓC¶L13Š_æ0J5Y!yîϗK¯E
r } ~ i Q e ~ t } s g m %!f ó i Q S . Ty-
7TJâÄóL^oKÏPD7ÂÅC¶L~º_æ
phimurium DT104 Š5¸9Y\F0[":\SGL
1H»K!Øô!@L+ő5Ҍ<\F0[Ž¯\
_ìyîG!:\YLiQÄ5{ËGM/[5!ì”
ÅÁó¦0Qoakg(gJrŇÁ«)ŠV¢Å
K°­=F0[:H5ºY4HJZ!•uÃÈiQÄ
=BH5ùÅL‚}WVøØAQLiQÄLG—#„
Li~p}%{Kà8BãJ[-Z`T5¦ÆG/[
L¹!Kà8B-Z`TKÍ9F04J8\NJY
Hý^\["=4=!yîh@H=F0[Ä/M!x
J0"
”ñÄaLˆ®GV/[BU!d%{`bpKX[U
D‘5•=0u/GMiQÄLi~p}%{M!¤B
K•nHÙ2["
5!#"$
JVARM K38[m 1 g%{H=F!_ì€K›A
|v{GLiQÄLŽà_œ€#›X>[:H_½€
2003 ™ 12 ÐKM WHO!
FAO!
OIE KXZ*Mƒ
K!1999'2003 ™‡SGL 5 ™«LyîÓµ5+ÿ
QLâÄQ¯*LùÅHÁóiQK¬>[\¿•š
<\B":LvGM!Áó¦0Q#ÕK38[ NCCLS
²+5œï<\!@LvGFŎ¯K38[âÄQ¯
(National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Stan-
*LùÅ5MLÑáK‹¿>[ºY4J?·5/[:
dards)&Áó¦0Q#Õìò§7¸L—Š!ìò
H5¤ë<\!Ž¯ÅâÄóLzkgªÉQà8B-
€yî.¸QLyÕHjknwLät³P•uÃȞ
Z`TKl6J‹¿_Ä2F0["_ìyîLm 1
/ñÄK38[_ì|v{GLiQÄ6؎àLœ€
g%{K„s¬8Y\[™¶ 5 ™«L JVARM Lv
_æCB"íÛMm 1 g%{GŸÌ=Byî.¸Hu
GY\BRZM!!ì”K30F°Ê<\[FŎ
ø°ÀK38[iQÄ°­o%mK¯E6!2004 ™
¯ÃȪÖñĊLâÄQ¯*Kh>[¦0QL³‘
‡4YLm 2 g%{K30FM!Ìe€JiQĎà
_Ìe€K©"=!"@LØE_€ŸKœ€>[:H
Lœ€K†U[H»K!!âÄóLùÅ+jHÁói
KXZ!4‡ÏK38[âÄóLH5ùÅ_¥±=F
QHL¬ÆKD0FLf»€JƊ›X!"uøØA
@LÂÞQ_Ÿ´>[H»K!#âÄQ¯*LùÅK
K38[iQÄL6؞ÊW¡€ÆŠŠ_›º>[
XZ6Ø=BÁóiQÄ#†„ûL„L”šQ_­
BUL›AGLÌe€Jz[yîL+ÿ!#iQÄH
UF!•uÃÈ£LM‡ÏK³R>‹¿©’K%>[
iQ†„ûLVjËK38[M&Ž¯¨¼«GLÜÍ
BUL–¡€o%mKJZ[Hå2F0["
(Fig. 11)Vb|=B•uÃÈ£!¨¼ÃÈ£!F
2000 ™‡ƒç!ž/Ž¯ÅâÄóL¢QR°;H
«ÃÈ£³PMÃÈ£L†„¡€QEL¢ ›XŠ_
LùÅÐ5Ž¯²K3Î<\F3Z!:\YùÅÐ
KU!•uÃÈ£LM‡ÏK³R>‹¿©’K%>[
o%mK¯E6!ÀK38[âÄóLùÅ+jHÁ
–¡€o%mLät_æCF06B0"
ó¦0QL³‘HL¬ÆKD0F›X_KUF0["
SB!2003 ™‡KM•uŒV°ÀL¬Æ°¬H=
2001 ™‡LùÅÐHlxÄLiQËKD0FM!ž
FM!‰:H(’)Ž¯ŒVÓµ:_!M‡Ï#Ý2
u/;HK›X=BH:]!ùÅÐLf0ˋLÁó
ŒV°ÀL¬Æ°¬H=FM!ì̦]=Óµ:!ì
Kh>[iQËMè0Çà5˜UY\F0[.)"SB!
̇Á«F«ŒVÓµ:!ˆ¹…Ñá‚_Óµl~
g}ywucqi%{(1998 ™ƒç!FŎ¯K3
m%³PõÂԌVÓµ:_@\A\°qÓµ°¬H
8[ùÅÃ!)Kh>[iQ_ˆDLxo{H=F!
=B>wr€JiQÄÓµ KX[*Fv‘ÄLÁ
^oLJ0E¾GLiQÄL6ØKD0FV!i
óiQK¬>[¡€#†„¡€Óµ+(ßVԍ–
Q†„û|v{GL›X_KUF0[ "ˆÓLxq
¡Óµ£µ;ÅF«‚_Ÿ´Óµ'À(˜n¡é$H
mz~hLÌeM!:\YLùÅÐHiQËL¬Ó_
15-F«-012)
)5œú<\B:H4Y!íÛHV¬Æ
ºY4K>[BUKV5ÆG/["
°¬HLÓɽ‘_NZJ5Y!JVARM _OK=F
-,)
±R18™ 5 Ð20–
Œ| Üé »
194
.4=."
.;TE8@N!¾®€æÂE½f:S=MFˑ
…zåÙ!:DU>!ÀãÂB8@G_hF›‹3Š
0QTS"
)1*©êÓÞE‰€”V˜ê:S5BEPRCFÍ
ÑF^[]#ÛÑA¾®€3¶Ã7TSF2&
)2*ÓÞA°9=¾®€âG¾®aЙ3©Þï’
yH°¿ƒÒVk8@¬IÐ×7TSpìOÛÑG&
)3*ᛨGbí#‡¢e°äECFP/Ed}
8!¬F“€t´¦FœíVÕE:Sµ•Îw†®
)„ˆwm*VCFÍÑN=Q:F2&
JVARM E1.@G! E)1*B)2*FcÝVÄ
¯åÙFɪEÇ4!)2*B)3*E?.@G!·¤
FjÈe°ßçB¬bí#‡¢e°ßçBF§ÊgÅ
΅zØFÉAºrÎE¡R¹K=."5Fï‚{i
F£žEPR!+\XWß²,O+¾®ðÆ,FnÖ
V±RL5B3A4SNFBŠ0S"
Ÿ$áˑ…zG B8@!ÓÞêbèÚwxuë½
–›~E1.@ÔQT=¯³V¡RÏM!<TQFZ'Y
Vl²8=NFA-R!¼ÀDS6­îVÌ4J8=¸Ž
FjÈà„e°¥ÒFvo`E«Ÿ8J:"
"
!
1*Angulo FJ, Nargund VN, Chiller TC$Evidence
of association between use of anti-microbial agents in food animals and anti-microbial resistance among bacteria isolated from humans and
the human health consequences of such resistance. J Vet Med B 2004%51$374(9.
2*Asai T, Itagaki M, Shiroki Y, Yamada M,
Tokoro M, Kojima A, et al.$Antimicrobial resistance types and genes in Salmonella enterica Infantis isolates from retail raw chicken meat and
broiler chickens on farms. J Food Prot 2006%
69$214(6.
3*Asai T, Kojima A, Harada K, Ishihara K, Takahashi T, Tamura Y$Correlation between the
usage volume of veterinary therapeutic antimicrobials and resistance in Escherichia coli isolated from the feces of food-producing animals
in Japan. Jpn J Infect Dis 2005%58$369(72.
4*Esaki H, Asai T, Kojima A, Ishihara K, Morioka
A, Tamura Y, et al.$Antimicrobial susceptibility of Mannheimia haemolytica isolates from cattle in Japan from 2001 to 2002. J Vet Med Sci
2005%67$75(7.
5*Esaki H, Chiu CH, Kojima A, Ihishara K, Asai T,
Tamura Y, et al.$Comparison of fluoroquinolone
resistance genes of Salmonella enterica serovar
Choleraesuis isolates in Japan and Taiwan. Jpn
J Infect Dis 2004%57$287(8.
6*Esaki H, Morioka A, Ishihara K , Kojima A,
Shiroki S, Tamura Y, et al.$Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Salmonella isolated from cattle,
swine and poultry (2001(2002)$report from the
Japanese Veterinary Antimicrobial Resistance
Monitoring Program. J Antimicrob Chemother
2004%53$266(70.
7*Esaki H, Morioka A, Kojima A, Ishihara K, Asai
T, Tamura Y, et al.$Epidemiological characterization of Salmonella Typhimurium DT 104
prevalent among food-producing animals in the
Japanese Veterinary Antimicrobial Resistance
Monitoring Program (1999(2001). Microbiol Immunol 2004%48$553(6.
8*Esaki H, Noda K, Otsuki N, Kojima A, Asai T,
Tamura Y, et al.$Rapid detection of quinoloneresistant Salmonella by real time SNP genotyping. J Microbiol Meth 2004%58$131(4.
9*Harada K, Asai T, Kojima A, Oda C, Ishihara K,
Takahashi T$Antimicrobial susceptibility of
pathogenic Escherichia coli isolated from sick
cattle and pigs in Japan. J Vet Med Sci 2005%
67$999(1003.
10*Harada K, Asai T, Kojima A, Ishihara K, Taka-
hashi T$Role of co-resistance in the development of chloramphenicol resistance in Escherichia coli isolated from sick cattle and pigs.
Am J Vet Res 2006%67$230(5.
11*Hurd HS,
Doores S, Hayes D, Mathew A,
Maurer J, Silley P, et al.$Public health consequences of macrolide use in food animals : A deterministic risk assessment. J Food Prot 2004%
67$980(92.
12*Ishihara K, Kira T, Ogikubo K, Morioka A, Kojima A, Kijima-Tanaka M, et al.$Antimicrobial
susceptibilities of Campylobacter isolated from
food-producing animals on farms (1999-2001)$
results from the Japanese Veterinary Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring Program. Int J
Antimicrob Agents 2004%24$261(7.
13*Ishihara K, Yamamoto T, Satake S, Takayama S,
Kubota S, Negishi H, et al.$Comparison of
Campylobacter isolated from humans and foodproducing animals in Japan. J Appl Microb
2005%100$153(60.
14*Kijima-Tanaka M, Ishihara K, Kojima A, Morioka
A, Nagata R, Kawanishi M, et al.$A national
surveillance of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia
coli in food-producing animals in Japan. J Vet
Med B 2005%52$230(7.
15*Kijima-Tanaka M, Ishihara K, Morioka A, Kojima A, Ohzono T, Ogikubo K, et al.$A national
surveillance of antimicrobial resistance in Escherichia coli isolated from food-producing animals in Japan. J Antimicrob Chemother 2003%
t´¦q—š Á80s Á 3 
4@2=CE/,-1?;507:.980>3
51"447$51.
16&Kojima A, Ishii Y, Ishihara K, Esaki H, Asai T,
Oda C, et al."Extended-spectrum-β-lactamaseproducing Escherichia coli strains isolated from
farm animals from 1999 to 2002"report from
the Japanese Veterinary Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring Program. Antimicrob Agents
Chemother 2005#49"3533$7.
195
food animals pose a risk to human health? A
critical review of published data. J Antimicrob
Chemother 2004#53"28$52.
21&Salisbury JG, Nichols TJ, Lammerding AM,
Turnidge J, Nunn MJ"A risk analysis framework for the long-term management of antibiotic resistance in food-producing animals. Int J
Antimicrob Agents 2002#20"153$64.
17&Mcdermott PF, Bodeis SM, English LL, White
22&Sasaki Y, Fujisawa T, Ogikubo K, Ohzono T,
DG, Walker RD, Zhao S, et al."Ciprofloxacin resistance in Campylobacter jejuni evolves rapidly
in chickens treated with fluoroquinolones. J Infect Dis 2002#185"387$40.
18&Mead PS, Slutsker L, Dietz V, McCaig LF, Bresee JS, Shapiro C, et al."Food-related illness
and the United States. Emerg Infect Dis 1999#
5"607$25.
19&Morioka A, Asai T, Ishihara K, Kojima A, Tamura Y, Takahashi T" In vitro activity of 24
antimicrobial agents against Staphylococcus and
Streptococcus isolated from diseased animals in
Japan. J Vet Med Sci 2005#67"207$10.
Ishihara K, Talahashi T"Characterization of
Campylobacter lanienae from pig feces. J Vet
Med Sci 2003#65"129$31.
23&Takahashi T, Ishihara K, Kojima A, Asai T, Harada K, Tamura Y"Emergence of fluoroquinolone resistance in Campylobacter jejuni in
chickens exposed to enrofloxacin treatment at
the inherent dosage licensed in Japan. J Vet
Med B 2005#52"460$4.
24&Van Boven M, Veldman KT, De Jong MCM,
Mevius DJ"Rapid seletion of quinolone resistance in Campylobacter jejuni but not in Escherichia coli in individually housed broilers. J
20&Phillips I, Casewell M, Cox T, Groot BD, Friis C,
Antimicrob Chemother 2003#52"719$23.
Jones R, et al."Dose the use of antibiotics in
Present Situation of National Surveillance of Antimicrobial Resistance in Bacteria Isolated from
Farm Animals in Japan and Correspondence to the Issue
Toshio TAKAHASHI)&, Tetsuo ASAI)&, Akemi KOJIMA)&, Kazuki HARADA)&, Kanako ISHIHARA*&,
Ayako MORIOKA)&, Mayumi KIJIMA)& & Yutaka TAMURA+&
National Veterinary Assay Laboratory)& and Food Safety and Consumer Affairs Bureau*&,
Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, 3)Rakuno Gakuen University
The Japanese Veterinary Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System (JVARM) was formed in 1999 in
response to international concerns about the impact of antimicrobial resistance on public health. The aim of
the present investigation was to provide insight into the occurrence of antimicrobial resistance among bacterial strains isolated from cattle, swine and poultry on farms across Japan. In this paper, we summarize a
nationwide investigation (1999-2003) on antimicrobial susceptibility of the targeted bacterial species for the
JVARM, namely Salmonella, Campylobacter, Enterococcus and Escherichia coli, isolated from the feces of healthy
domestic animals. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of 10-18 antimicrobial agents including the major generic groups were determined using an agar dilution method according to the international NCCLS
guideline in principle.
The outline of present results is as follows"!A total of 307 Salmonella, 3,225 Escherichia coli, 2,822 Enterococcus and 1,122 Campylobacter were isolated from healthy domestic animals and examined for antimicrobial susceptibility!"The isolates of all targeted bacterial species represent high rates of antimicrobial resistance to both oxytetracycline (OTC) and dihydrostreptomycin (DSM). #Among the isolates of Campylobacter
and E. coli, the frequency of isolation of resistance to fluoroquinolones ranged from 14 to 24% and 2 to 3%,
respectively! $Resistance to fluoroquinolones was not observed among the isolates of Salmonella or Enterococcus.
Continious investigation at the nation level of antimicrobial resistance among the isolates from healthy
domestic animals remains a high priority for the JVARM program. Furthermore, appropriate and prudent
use of antimicrobials for diseased animals should be considered essential.
'J.J.A. Inf. D. 80"185%195, 2006(
D<18B 5 620A