productionandindustrial systems

γ爾醗トン′
∵う√ノ
PRODUCTIONANDINDUSTRIAL
SYSTEMS：
FUTUREDEVELOPMENTANDTIIE
ROLEOFINDUSTRIALAND
PRODUCTIONENGINEERING
ノー…．・＝ん〃；・ヾ・・J、血
FouRTHINTERNATIONALCoNFERENCEONPRODUCTIONRESEARCH
heJdat
Tokyo，Japan
22−30August1977
且7血r∫
R．MuRAMATSU
WasedaUnjversity，Tokyo
d†JJ
N．A．DuDLEY
UniversityofBirmingham
UnitedKingdom
管−ナノノ
TAYLOR＆ FRANCIS LTD
lO−14MacklinStreet，LondonWC2B5NF
1978
Amethodofdecisionmakingformanagement
川・・∴・ん再一′・．！−・・′＝車‥′・りい・・ト／・・イヾJ‖′いリーJりん＝・ざ…り、J・ナノ両′′りりべ・ヾり′・
M．ESAKI
Aircl・aftl）ivision，Kawa8akiHeavyIndustries Ltd・，Ka，kamigaharaCity．
Gifu，J叩an・
In ordertomake8n ELPPrOPIliat8andrationalizedd8Ci8ionof8CtioninthemEulage−
mentandinduBtria18ngln88ring鮎1d，th8neCeB8aIlyCOndition8ar8tO88tablighavi8W
Ofvalu8（＝diIle・Ctionofval118）andaphneofbehaviourinwhichbeh8一viouralacbionB
aJ℃C8JTi8dout■ でhi8p8perindie8・t8S＝
1・An別鱒y8nd quickmethodofegtablishing仇dir8Ctionofvalu8andaplaneof
bβh8Viouronp8p即∴
2．Th8behaviouIlali11dgement／actionmech且nismwhichiscaus8dbyinformation
OfdiLT8renC8de町iv8dfIlOmCOmpCLrjson仇nddircctionofvdue．
1．Introdubtion
、t■，−・−ト
ー
ーF−﹂■−Lデー
ThepurPOSeOfthispapel・istointrod11Cean岳nalys180fthemechanismand
elementscontainedinarationalbehaviouralactiontoobtainsomething，and
theseveraltechniqueswhichhavebeendevelopedfol・PraCtical11Se・
ItcanbeBafelysaidthatrationalmanagementistoaccomplishobjective
resultsbycombi11ingandoperatingvariouselementswhichareobtainablefor
managempnt（element・SSuChaJSPeOPle，ma′terial，mOney，time，teChnique and
information），SOthatitcangivethcut・mOSt・e鮎et．
Itneedscarcelybesaidthatinordertooperatetheseelements，tOjudgeand
makeanaCtionrationa11ylSVerylmPOIrbant・
Inordertojudgc and make ana′Ct・ionrationally，t・hispaperanalytically
l・eVeals Bix condit・ions and summari乙eS the eBSentialpoint・S Ofarranglng the
teohniq11e．
Thatis・Ihave（1）triedtodescribeintheTeChanismofjudgmentand
actionbeingcasual1yta｝kenroutinely，thattheorlglnOfjudgmenta′ndaction
liesintheinformationofdifferencebycomparison，then（2）explainedindetail
andillust・rat・ed t・he direction of man’s value by collating his judgment・
and act・ionwit・htheinformat，ion ofdi鮎rence，and丘nally（3）described t・he
techniqueandtheway ofthinkinglnthe case ofapplyingthesaididea to
PraCt・icalma・nagOment・．
封−トー
ユ．FamiliarexampleofbehaYiollr乱1action
′・−，・−I−㍉“′．−1・−1．＝﹀“し1さh卜‖L■．・
Supposet・herearebeforeyoureyes，t・WOJamdoughnutswhicharejust・t・he
sameint・heirappea・ranCe，Youwouldhesit・at・eforamoment・OVerWhichone
youwouldchoose・Then，1nyOurimaglna′tion，yOuWOuldmakea′COmPa′rison
betweenthetwoastowhichha′Sthemostfi11inga・ndthendecide．Thusyo11Will
reali乙e that when you makesomejudgmentoraction，yO11do so afberyou
haveacq11iredsomea′PPrOPriateinformationofdi鮎rence．
Namely，eVenifyouchangeyourwayofviewlngOrthinkinga′bolユtSubject
m＆tter，yOlユwi11beforeverhesitantt，Orea′ChforeitheroneunlessyolユaCqulre
theinformatic．nofdiff6rencebycomparison・
322
〃．ガぶαた壱
Andatrt／hesametime，Whet・heryouchoosetheonewithmore］amOrthe
OneWit・hlessjamdcpendsuponyourdirectiol−Ofpurposeandmeaz−S（helleafber
Cal1eddirectionoftmenatureordirectrionofvalue）；j11dgmentwillbemade
afberthedirectionofeitrhereatingmoreorlesssweets払rthesakeofhealthhas
been collatedwiththein払rmat．ionofdim）renCe．In ot，herwords，t，hosewho
h乱Ve乱SWeet tOOth and are healthy eno11gh to take sweets willohoosethe
do11glm11t that・SeemSt・Ohavemore］aminitr，andthosewhohavenosweet
toot・handillhealtrhwi11choosetheonetrhatseemstohaveless】aminitr・Th11S，
asyou searchforthe mechanism ofjudgmentand action o11t Oftrhecasual
judgmentandactionyouroutinelymake，yO11wi1lrealiz・etrhattheremustbe
StePSOfestablishingtrheinformationofdiffbrencebeforeyo11makej11dgmentor
aotion．
Andalsoyouwi11realiz・etrhatthereisnowaytoobtaintheinformationof
diffbrenoeotherthanthro11ghcomparison，andinordertomakecomparison
trherem11StbeeitrhermorethaJntWOPlanst・Obecomparedoroneplanandast・an−
dardtobecompared．
Inot・herwords，WeCanSayt・hatt・hemechanismanddirectionwit・hwhichwe
ro11tinelymakecommonj11dgementandactionisbasedontrheinformationof
di鮎renoea．vailable，andat．t．hesametimewhenthein払rmat．ionofdiHerence
accordswiththedirectionoftruenatr11reOfthemanwhomakesjudgment，tho
directionmovesintowardsthesamedirect，ionast．heinformatrionofdiffbrence，
and when theinformat・ion ofdi飴renceis contrary tothe direction oftrue
natureofthema11Whomakesjtldgment・，ViceverBal
Namely，Whenwehavesomethingtodo，inordertomakeiceasyinterms
Ofjudgmentandaction，itrisinevit・ablcto t・ry tObring atleast・trhe direction
Ofinformationofdifference（VeCtrOl・）intolinewithtrhedirectionoftruena，tureOf
the manWho makes judgment Emd aobioll（vector）evellifthey ELre Plus or
minusiandwecanhaveanewunderstrandingthattheinformationofdifference
Whichgoescrosswisewiththedirectionoftruenat11redoesnotmeananything
乱tall一
3．Fowtoe血blisllapⅥrtIO＄e−meam5blockdiagramomapaper
Supposewearerequiredtodosomet，aSkordeoidetrodoitforour＄elvesand
Welmowthatifwet・rytOgraSPthecontentoftrhetrasktoacertaindegreeinan
abstractedexpression，itiseasytojudgeandactproperly・Intrheeventthat
SeVeralofusgettogetrher，however，We負ndt・hatitisnotrsoeasytosummariz・
trheaccordedopinionint・hisabst・raCtedexpression，eVenifwi1at・Wehaveinour
mind畠issame．
Theconcreteexampleis，WhenwehaveameetingallddollOtfinditeasyto
determine a′main subject orfo0alpoint ofthe meeting．In suclla CaSeI
WOuldliketosuggesthere丘rstofal1trhewaywhichenablesustosummari2＝
Various oplll10nSand expre邑Sions very quickly，and thu眉1eads us to Lind a
PrOPereXPreSSion which should betrhe main s11bject oftrhe moeting．Then
Iwouldliketoexplainabo11trtherclatrionoftrruenaturetrOjudgmentandaction．
TJり・、∴／・・ヾごり・rリ・りrJ′・・＝人・J川rJ・・・中仙・Iトご／・Jり・十・J∴リr・川一
（l）Atfirst，aSubjectispresented，Whichhasbeengivenor determinedby
OurSelves，andwhichmaybeexpre8Sedeitherin awordoraphrase・
A研e≠ゐodo／dec由われmαた慮れダ／0γ桝αれαダβ肌8れ≠
323
（2）Thenwetrytomakeseveralexpressions，mainlyby11Singaverband
anoull，andmodifiei・8ifnecessary，Ofthemostappropriateandconcrete
actionintendedinthesubjectinthetbrmof，inbrief，‘todoso’，
（3）Writeonpaperasmanyverbsandnounsshowninthe丘・rmOf‘todo
80，aspos良ibleuntilwecanthinkofnomore・
（4）ChteachexpressionfromチPieceofpapersotha七itcanbeindependent・
（5）Put these cut−Out eXPre且Sions o11alarge paperin such ordBr aStO
make‘inorderto’comebefore‘howto’，aSfollowsニ Atfiirst，Place
OnthedesktwopleCeSWhicharechosenatrandomandthenputthem
inslユChawayastoplace‘inordert・OdoA∵doB’inanorderofA
upandBdownlThenoomparethenextcutr−OuteXPre邑Sionwiththe
OneWhichhaspreviouslybeenplacedonthedeskanddecidewhichcomes
Brst・Keeprepeatil−gthisactionuntila1lofthe8eC11t−OuteXPreSSions
CanbeplacedillanOrderlyaudcomprehe皿SivewayintheorderoftopL
downSeq11enCe‘inordertodoA，doB，，‘inordertodoB，doC，‘ir）
OTdertodo（〕，do工）’．．．
（6）At・t・histime，t・heremight・beacasewheresomeexpressionscannotbein
theorderoftop−downsequencewithanyreason．Inthiscaseyouwi11
釦the expressionsinsidebysideandkeeptheminthcorderoftop−
downSequenCewithotherexpressions・
（7）Whenallofthesecut−OuteXPreSSionshavebee？PrOPerlyplaced・takea
SeOOndlooktoseeifthereisanyexpressio11misslngOrinneedofadditicLn
aIldoorre（）tion．
（8）ThenfiⅩthemwithtransparc11tadhesivet・aPeOntOalargepieceofpaper．
（9）Observingtheseexpre占sions，trytO丘ndthemostappropriateexpressiol−
asanexpressionofthesubject．WeuBua11yfindtheappropriat∋eXPreSq
Sionin the middle part，Whichwe cal1the sul）−title・（This subTtitle
expressionistheexpres8ionoftheplaneofbehaviour．）
Note＝ Sincethemostimportantknackoft・heaboveistherepetitionofthe
PhraBeOf‘inbriefinordertodoA，doB’‘inbriefinordert・OdoB，do（〕’，it
isthemllSttOSti（）ktotherl】1e．
Theaboveisthewaytopreparethepurpose−meanSblockdiagramandthe
establishedkeyexpresflionast・hesub−titleint・helevelofbehaviouralactionto
materializethesubjectmostappropriately．
So，ifweworko11t・aSub−titleatthebeginnlngOfameetillgOratrthestage
（phase）wherewepreparetosoIv8theproblem，WeShallfindtherestofthework
Can be carried out unbelievably鮎ter tha′n We eXPeCt．Sincethelevelof
expression ofsub−tit・1estart且aCtingwithbothexpressionsthat comebeforc
（upward）a・ndafber（downward）t・hesub−tit・1e，itwi11hamet・hekeybehavioullal
lev81whichenablesustoestablishasubjecte餌∋CtivelyaIlde伍ciently．Letrus
Cal1thelineoftheseexpressionsarrangedinthiswaya‘p一ユrPOSe−meanSblock
diagram’or’abstract・edladder’．
Now，theabstractedladderregardingtwopeopledescribedintheexampleof
thedoughnutis邑hownin Figurelbelow．
324
Inorderto
IIowto
ガ．且氾崩
Sta−yllea．1thy
ea．ta−lotof8WeetS
Stayhea・lthy
noteatmanysweets
FiguTel．
WhenweseeFigurel，WeCOmetOrealizetheabstractedladderitselfisthe
vectorwhichisthedirectionofthe七ruenatureOfthemanwhomakesj11dgment．
Tnotherwords，glVlngOrderもothepurposeandmeansinvoIvedinth8ab−
straotedladderistheveryexpressiontoshowthedirectionofvalueofthema′n
who makeB jlldgment．Then the abstractedladderwi11be applied七o the
8ubjectca11ed‘todomanagement’asshowninFigure2・
Su坤由＝Toper‘っr111】細l仇ge】tl叩l
Figure2．Purpo8e・meanSblockdiagram．
4．Meeh8nismolm8nagememtandbehaYiouralactiom
Ih8Vedesodbedhthepreviousseotionthewa′ytOprepa・rethep11叩OSe−
meanSblockdiagramandthepracticalexa・mPlesmadeonthetheme ofthis
paperitselfhaveledm8intopTePanngthepuIPOSe−meanS blockdiagramas
ShowninFigure2．Inthisblockdjagramyouwi11notethattheBub一七itleasan
abstractedladderisBhownonthelevelofconnec七ionbetweentheexpreBSionof
thelevelwhichemphasizesthe11PPerabst・raCtiveBideandtheonewi1ichem−
Phasizesth8lowerprac七icalside，namely，theexpressionofthelevelwithinthe
framewithahea・VylineiBthes11bLtitle，
ByexplainlngthecolltentSOfbhes11b−title，Ishallshowyouhowjudgment
andactionshouldbeinm払nagement．Letmebeginbyexplainlngtheblockon
thele允Bideofthelevelofth8Sub−title．Firstofal1，blockNo．1showshowt．0
、1′舟Jふ・〝／‥／・／・・∴ヾJ‥′＝巾右′！ソトI′′トりり小′什′一J
35‡5
PreParethopurposeLmeanSblockdiagramtoclearthedirectionofvaluewhich
hassofarbeenexplainedforthesubjectofmanagement．ThenNo．2toNo．6
describetheconditionsforthenecessaryelemQntStOmakeinformationondif−
ferencet，Obe．co11at，edwithdirectionofvalue．
That・is，blockNo・2suggeststhat・t・WO Or mOrePlansbe obt・ainedt・Obe
comparedfortheinformationofdiffbrencebycomparison，OrOnePlananda
Standard to be compared・For these two or more plans，itis absolutely
necesBarythatbothpla・nSarePOSSibletoputintopractice・BlockNos・3and4
ShowthatinordertomakethecomparisonoftwoormoreplanSthusmadeor
Obtainedabthesa・melevel，thesimultaneityofcomparisonshouldbesecuredand
the elements ofcompariBOn Sho111dbe weighted．Namely，thelOOwehave
nowarequitediLrerentfromthe100wemayhavenextyeaJr・Forin血nce，
ifwebringo11tthepointofcoml）arisonatpresentinordertosecurethesimuld
taneityofCOmParison，anditsann11alinterestrateislO％，thecomparisonmust
be made onlOO and90forlOO next year．And as to weighting，for ex−
aml）1ewhenyouchoBeaPartnertOmarry，theelementsofevaluationsuchas
fig11re，Clevemess，healthandso正）rthshouldbemade．Althoughtheorderand
magmitudeofthisweightingdiffbraccordingtodi鮎rentl）eOPle，WerePlacethese
Weightingswith coe胤〕ients．Andifthere are twol）erSOnS tO Choose for
ma′rrlage，gradinghreachfactorwi11bemadefirBtandthenitwillbemulti−
Pliedbythecoe侃cientofweighting，andwhicheverofthemhasgainedhigher
POintsingradingwi11be・Cho8enaSthebetterpartnerformamage．
BlockNo．6meansobtainl・ealist，icandcorrect，informat，ioninclude）dint．he
Planssubjecttobecompared・Namely，itcanbesafblysaidthattheinfor−
mationweobtainbyseelngSOmethingortouchingitdirectlylSCOnvinclng，
Whiletheone，WeObtainthroughpeoplehaJSunCertaintyinib．AIsoevenin
Obtainlngi山brmation，theonewhichhasbeenobtainedwithanObjectiveand
theonewitho一ユtanObjectiveareverydiLrerent．（Youwillreali2：ethatinthe
PrOCeSSOfobtain1ngthisrealisticinformationitisverye鮎ctiveifyoucollect
information afber the purpose−meanS block diagram ha，S been prepared・）
Therefore，itissuggestedherethatitisverylmpOrtanttOObtaincertainand
realist，icinformat，ion．
IIere，Ⅰwi11explainaninBtanOeOf“themechanism”ofpeoplebelievingth8
in血rmationtobetrue bycitingastory，‘Threemen couldrunatige，rinto
toⅥ1’writ・tenbyKwangHishi，aChineseauthor．Oneuponatimet・here
livedinChinaakingcalledKingGi，andonedayⅡoeKyo，OneOfhissubject・S，
aBkedthekingthefo1lowlngqueStion：‘S11PpOSlngBOmeOneCries‘Atigerh錮
COmeintot・hetown’，WOuldyoubelieveit，冒，ENo，Iwouldnot，’，Saidtheking．
‘Thenifonemorel）erBOnCries‘Atigerhascomeintothetown，whatwould
youthink写’‘Iwouldt・hinktheremightbeat・igerint・het・0wn’，Saidtheking・
J‘Thenagainifathirdonecries‘Atigerhascomeintothetown，wha七w〔11d
yousay‘Iwo111dsayt・here m一ユStbe atigerint・het・OWn，，anSWeredth8
king．
Wecansaythesamethingeven丘omthestati8ticalpointofview・While
WeCOuldsaytheaboveistrue，italsoimpliestha・tifpeoplewhomakejudgment
arenobw811equlPPedwit・ht・heirownfirmjudgment・t・h8yareaPt・t・Obee，aSily
Oarriodaw8yt・ypOOrjudgment．
IaJmgOingtoaddtothestorytheexplanationofmecha，nismwhenwe七血e
informationfromastaJti8ticall）Ointofviewasfo1lows‥
〟．風犯崗
3≦！6
Onlyonepieceofinformationforonlyonesubjectgivesusverythincrcdi−
bility，butwhentherearetwosimilarpiecesofinformation，theinformatior）
between these two can beg11eSSedwithinthe range Ofthewidth oferrors
regarding thesetwo pleCeS Ofinformation，amd with three8imi1arpieceB Of
informationitcanbeguessedasmuchasthewidthoftheerrors，Andthe8e
PICCeS Ofinformat・ion helpeachot・herinproviding highoredibility・Andif
bhere arefoursimilarpユeCeS Ofinformation，itcan besafelysaidthatthere
m11Stbemoreandmorehight3r8dibility・
hotherwordB，theinformationobtainedbyseelngdirectlyandtouching
WithourDWnhands，unleBS We払rCblinda点refbrredtointhest．oryofLThe
BlindM＿an andtheElepha・nt’，hasthe maximum credibilityasitha′Sbeen
Obtainedthro11gha′greatnumberofacts
BlockNo．6t811Babo11ttheobtain1ngOfinformationforpers11aSiveforeca眉t．
Therearemanycaseswherejlユdgmentsaremadebased onforecaBtSSuChas
‘whatwo111dhappenifthiswasdone’or‘1etustakecertainstepsbecausethis
islikelytohappen’・Iwi1lexp】ainthispersuasiveforecastinthenextsection，
a眉i七t乱kesahirlylongexpla′nation・
Ishallsummari2：ethissectrionbystatingthatinordertomakerationaland
q11ick j11dgm8nt and actioninmanagement，We Should first of allprepare
SeVeralpruPOSermeanSblockdiagramsformanyaBPeCtSandBubjectstoatもain
theobjectiveofmana・gement，andinacaseofmakingjudgmentandaGtionitis
nece8Sary，tOmakeiteasy，tOObtainorcreatetherequiredcontentsindicated
in Block No．2to No．6．Ⅰ8hallcallthese element．8‘t．hesix conditionsfor
makingjudgmentandaction’．
5．PersⅥ鑓SiYeforeca5f
Attheendoftheprcvious8eCtrion，IexplainedthcnooeBELityofpersu舶ive
foreca6tWhenjudgment／actiona・nddecisionmakingaremade，Whichshouldbe
constr11ed8Sfollows．
Tob喝inwith，Whenwethink8′bo11t・theval11einforecastorforecaBting
Value（hereafter callod foreca眉ting value），Wefind thatit cannot become
WOrthwhilcuntilwe11Seitasastandardofjudgment／actionordecisionmaking
formanagoment■ Anda】gowecannotte11ifth8forecastingval11eiscorIleCtOr
notuntilrealvaluecorrespondingtoitBforecastingval11ebecomesavailable・
Atthetimeoffbrecasting oratthetimewhenjudgmont／actionismadeby
usingforecaBtingvalue，OnlyGodknowsiftheLbreca8tiscorrectornoも．
Whenweoometothinkthi邑Way，Wefindthat，Whenwe11維jbrecasting
Val11eforj11dgment／action，Wedonotutilizeitasastandardofjudgmenb／action
unもilwefeeliもmaywork；namely，Wheもhertheforecastingval11ei8COITeCもOr
notisthemo8timportantmatter．However，aもthetimewemakej11dgmeユ1t／
actionbyuslngit，WearenOtSureOfit，andsoweuseitasastandardof
judgment／actionafberw8areCOnvincedthatitsforecastingvalueBe8mStObe
COrreCtOrSeem8rightbyconven七ionalexperlenCe，knowledgeandtheexplana−
tionofwhyitis日0．
Forexample，1etusthinkabo11ttheyear1973whenwehadanOilcrisis・
Ithappenedattheendofthatyear，butnobodywouldhavobolioveditand
takenanyjudgement／actiona，gain8titifsomebodyhadhappenodtDSayat
thobeginnlngOft・hatyear，‘We’11haveanoilcriBisinNovemberthisyear’・
Ifheh＆dcome11PWithaforeca8tWhichw縄￠OnVincingtopoople，however，
、ト∫・／／小才いり‥・Jヾ；‥′‥′…Å．、〉・・Jト‥′‥′…小′Jハー・／
3ご三7
theywouldhavetakensomejudgment／actionagainstitbasedonhishrecastr
at・t・hebeginnlngOft・hatyear・
Thus，ahrecastingvalue，eVenifitmaybccorrectintheend，Willnotbe
appreciatedunlessitisconvincingatthetimeoftal【illgjudgment／aotion，and
willbe ofnoⅥSe乱t all．
The aboveis a brief explanat・ion of persuasive forecasting value・The
followlnglSabriefexplanationastowhatkindofmethodcanbeusedinorder
tomakeamatterconvinclng・AnexplanationoftheacqulrementOfpersuasive−
ness has already been madein the acqulrement Of practical1y oorrect
infbrma，tion．One oft，he methods which can be11Sedisint，he meohanism of
‘Three men couldrun a t・igerinもO the t・OWn’．Thenthereis alsoan0もher
methodwhereforecastingvalueisdividedinto（a）theportionwhichcanneァer
makeawrongforecast，（b）theportionwhichcanmakeaforecastbyohanglng
itspremiseand（c）theportionwhichisoonsideredasana｝berrationnol−mally
Called’noisc’，andaddsexplanationtoeachofthem．（SeenoteonFigure3．）
Anotherimportantthingistoprotcctthosepeople whoareemployedin
enterprisesandgovernment丘omlooBlngfacewhentheyadoptahrecasting
Valueandfail．Forexample，ifsomeoneisemployedinthegovel■nment，he
WOuldusea払reoastingvalueon‘theeoc・nOmicviewbytheGovernment正）r
197Ⅹ’whichisdecidedbytrheCabinet・andannounoedbytrheGovernmentat
thebeginnlngOfoaohyeartobackupthebudget．Nam81yhewouldusean
authoritativeforecastingvalueol・七山【eajudgment／actionwhichkeepshimon
thesafesideifitsforecastingvalueiswrong．
6．MethodofcollectingtheinformationofdifrerencewitlleaSe
Now，Sincet・heessayoninformatiollOfdi鮎rencewhichbecomest・heba8ic
POintofjudgement／actionhasbeenexplainedinもheprecedingsection，a鮎w
examplesofhowtocollectt，heinformat・ionofdi鮎rencewitheasewi11boex−
pl乱inedas払1lows．
（α）∬eさ九odo／￠抑轡αγわ呼扇仇如γαγ才五￠Je∂わyp九0軸γ叩九
Inthismethod，aPhotographofmorethantwoarbicleswhichhaveasimilar
Orthesamefunctionwillbetaken8idebysideinthesamephotographfromsuch
adirectionastoshowwellthefunctionpeouliartothem．Whenthephoto，
gra′Ph has beendeveloped，Wefi11inwith abl乱Ck pen ontrhe picture some
information，SuChascapa｝Cityandprice，WhichwewanttocomparelInthis
WayWeCanObtaininformationofdi鮎rencewhiohiBVeryeaSytOunderstand・
Therefbllowsanexampleexplainlngtheabovestatementinanea＄ierway・
First，WePutOurrightandlefbindexfingerssidebysideandseewithboth
eycswhichisbiggerorwhatdifEbrenceinBhapeexists，thenwelookatthem
WithoneeyeoloBed，andwecanSeemOreCleatllythedi鮎renceintheshpe
Ofbothfi11gerSthanwhenwelookedatthemwithbotheyesopel一・Thisisthe
PrlnCipleofthemethodofcomparlng8imi1ararticlesbyphotograph，andthe
PurPOSeOffi11inginformationdirectlyintothepictureisbasedonapnnciple
of collecting information accurately.
（あ）力叩肌而旬＝壷肪捕物
Whcnreadingnewspaper8andbooks，WeOftencutoutorreproduceimport−
antpagBSandfi1ethemsidebysidc・Bydoingsowefeela眉ifwehaveunder−
StOOdthemat，t，erWe11，Whichoomesfromt，hefact，t，hat，WOhavecolloct，ed．similar
328
〃．及描巌
materialcarriedinthenewspaper8andmadeiteaBytOCOmPar8them・There−
Lbre，itisthisprlnOiplethatinordertomakejudgment／actioninmanagement
ea野itJiB gOOdto accompany managemen七datawith visibility；七hatis，七o
arrangematerialsothat，itcanbecomparedaもthesameユevel，andtomal【eit
ea・Syt・OGOmPa−reSimila′rma′t・t・erSistoincreasevisibility．
（c）伽感知可血血元帥離山冊御砿研
ThiBmet，hodisaoonventionalone，bu七Iwould址e七OreViewitsprinciplein
Ordertoha・Vea㌧neWl］nderstandingofitJ；that／iB，ifdataarekL，PtOnCardsi七is
OaSytOChangetheorderandcombinationofthem，Whicheventua′11ymakeBit
easy to obtaininformation of diffbrence by compa′rison8ノnd t・O Obt・ainthe
OI・iginalpoint・for ma′nyiudgment・S／act・ions and decision makings，At t・ht・
t・ime，1nOrdertomakegooduseofollreyeSandheads，itisnece6SarytOrePeat・
themethodofcomparingtwocardsbecauseitiBObviol】Sthtwhileitiseasyto
getaresultofcomparisonwhencornparlngtWOCards，itismoredifncultto
COmParethreecardBatatime．AndifthereiBnOdi鮎ronceofinforma′tion
bebween two Gardsthis meanB eithor t・ha′t・in正・rmat・ion oomplet．ely agrees oI・
hasnorel雨ionatall・Thepurpose−meanSblockdiagramon‘inorderto’and
‘howto’carriedinthiB PaPer h＆dbeen made byutili血gthe m8thodof
COmPa′rlng七wo8et80fcardsintlユrn and￡11ing七heminthe blockdiagram．
Bettercomprehensionoftheabove】皿eehanismwillma′kebetterlユ錐Ofmethdき
SuCha点theK．J．methodofcarding（Kawakita，1967）andsoon，
7・LExampl乍○†pⅥ叩OSe一班囲nSblod【diagr8m
Aocordi喝tO仇e
blockdia騨amB，Whiohma′y bel】七ilizediTlma・nyWayS知managementパan
beprepared・（FiguI・e3isoneoft・heexamp］eB．）InthissectJionIwol］1dlike
tointroduceanotheradvanta′geWhichmaybegainedwhonapurpose−mea・nS
blockdi8伊乱misprepared．
Theprinciple ofprepa′rlng aPurPOSeTm8anSblookdiagramistokeepon
iLrI・anglng eXPreSEions on cardβ阜n one direction only，bllt therewi11bo a
CaS8inwhichiti8eSBentialtoplacethemonthesamelevelotherwisethey
m8ノkono8enSe．
In casetho oonten七s oontradicteaohother，itiss11ggeStedtha′ttheyare
in七egra七edintotheblockrightbelow；namely，intheprocessofframingupa
P−1rPOSe−meanBblockdiagramwecancreat・8a8i七uat・ioninwhidlWeare・q11it・e
likelytooomeaoro朗SⅦOhme8n8．Theexa￠tplac8WeOan￡ndatthat七im㊤is
thepla′OeOfthoⅥghtwherewe蝕dsuol18nintegra加dm組nSa8tObeableto
integra・tethe contradict・ingintereBtS Oflabourersandemployer8a8We8ee＞in
T乱ylor’sぶc宜eれ‘匝∬α彿α伊e肋e扉．
Inmycase，bymakillguSeOfs11Chamethodasabove，Ihavebeenabloto
COmC−1Pwit・hamet・hodcalled‘Rt｝ePlist・ma′nagement’（Esa−ki，1977），Whichis
ByStematic，Creative，faultlesst・eChniqueofmanagementplanthatcar．a放けdyou
easiermanagement・
8．Sig山一k8nCeO一也ismethod
Afberall，We Should take afutureTOriented type ofmanagement whioh
Start8from‘in orderto dowhat，，nOtthe onewhichsta′rtS鉦om‘why号’．
■】，′り沌恒／りト／・・・∴ごJ州′椚い′りト′…り′′一岬′・＝〃！
329
Ishal1be happyifyoureali2・e t・hefactthatifwemake‘why？’anofEbred
WOrd，WeCOmOtOh訂VeaStruCtureOfoonceptionwhichoT11ygoesbaoktothe
PaStandinsomecaseswetakeaconventionalwaylnWhichweinquirewhoisto
blamefbrt，heworkdone，Whileifwemal｛e‘inordertodowhat’asanofEbIled
WOrdand‘why？，asanacceptedword，WeCan，bymakinggooduseofthings
fromthe past，Changet・hestruCt・ureOfconceptionintot・he oneinwhichwe
COnCeivethingsforthefuture．Itis，however，difnculttounderstandthing8
Withonlythefirstwords‘inordertodowhat’，and80ifwetrytocoverupthe
expressionBinbetweenbytheproposedpurpose−meanSblockdiagram，Wewi11
beablet・OCOmeuPwithanewconceptionandmotivation．
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To m8k￠inror∬l札Lion（lr
pindouも亡O白もdrivtngf札CLorl8rCOBも亡く爪trOl・‡
difIorom￠8bye（】mp疋111g
th￠t・hing且COn血diet8ry
t○丑山け朗11」y＆ndlog■亡．
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l）Oi山Ofnl几inten8nee
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jlrl…l ／
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ort】181000＝】山一（汀＆rt．
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nl】lneric＆lv凡111e仇SpO6S】b18．
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ro81−11【−nllOurEr8Vi即dbyt】18
porccnt札gOOrIe町爪1ngCurVC．
Trytocontr0180th−しtthodi伽畑nebbbもWeOh
logl￠＆nd相凡1iもym且yb8n肝rDWbd・
Tocolltr01th8prer山与00rおpD九ionb且8edon
j爪bm8tionofdi斤8rαlee．
†Th町8肋8CO島tCOntr01亡乱nl）8mR血irolllyw8COIIC8ntr乱L0
0n仇ojn如m鵬10mOfdi鮎r8nCer8g乱rding払8月porbion■
‡Co8tdriYi爪gr山orm蝕n与th8elenlentOrpr8mi叫tb￠CO島tOf
whicllCh871gCBWhcnth8PrCn一血i8Ch＆ngedL
S Divid8m8Elh（】Lu色i∫l（Cthrecpor亡ion与，nunely，A，B＆11dC：
Apo】4ionme几n8し11eOneWl−id−e乱nneVCrgO、mng，B
porいonmemn6th80n凸Wlli￠11V几加島bycll−1ng−ngthe
pr8mi的（e．g・恥loetionbot、、・eenpr8白8れrmillg8mdt−8nd
hrming）▲CJ）0れionm組n8札b8汀8tionornoi88■
机gⅧ陀3．Mahten乱neeOfぬndardmamho11r
Thereismuchdifferencebetweenthistechniqueandworkd8Signteclmjque
by工）r・G・Nadler，becau8ethistechniqueisthemethodof￡ndingoutandde−
finlngtheplaneofbehaviourinwhiohmanagementiscarriedouttoreachthe
desiredr8Sult．
．1′トト・∼トミトJい∴・・J・・へ′′ごりぇご′・：り・〃′‥細り：′り‥′・f
330
，．Comclusiom
Iha′Veint・rOducedt・OyOu，a8above，theresult・Ofmystudyast・Ot・he
mechanismandteclmiquewhichmaybeahelpinmakingjudgment／actionon
management，butlookingbackatitIthinkIhaveonlycapturedanalytical1y
the things we are doing casually in our daily life and have justified them.
ButagainIthinkthattoretainitscontent／elementbecomesanoriginalpoint
Ofanewteclmiqueforjudgment／action・Andthemechanism andprinciple
explainedherearetheverymechanismandprinoiplewhichhavebeen11Sedin
the・COnVentionaltechniquesofIE，VA，QC，etC・，andsoIthinktheycanbe
utilizeda，Sa自uPPlementtotheBeteChniqⅦeSandasamethodtosaveagreatdeal
Oftimeboing11Sedincomplicatedmeetings・
Finally，Iwouldliketoconcludewit・hthehopet・hat・t・hispaperwi11bet・he
OnOtOStlggeSt・aneWPOint・OfviewwhichcombinesfutJuremanagement・SCience
wit，hbehaviouralscit〕nCe，
REFRRI引汀C召措
KAWARITA，J＝RO，1967，助ββ0・ガ00（必e伽dガ仇eα肋e r九血加犯ダ），（Tokyo：Chuoo・
KooronSha，BookCo．）
EsAEI，M工OIIIII工KO，1977，Methodofst・eP］ist・management−aneWCreativebolfor
COmPlexmanagement，SocietyqfA偽erican ValueEngineering，1nternatioMI
Co†癖γe循Ceタro（裾edi循gβ，Detroit（May）．