nonpoint

福井大学
工 学 部 研 究 報告
第52巻
第1号2004年3月
23
Mem.Fac.Eng.Univ.Fukui,Vol.52,No.1(March2004)
Rainfall
Deduction
Method
for Estimating
Cai Ming*, Li Huai-en
Non-Point
**
Source
Pollution
and Yoji KAWAKAMI
Load
for Watershed
***
.(Received February 20, 2004)
The water pollution can be divided into point source pollution (PSP) and non-point source
pollution (NSP). Since the point source pollution has been controlled, the non-point source
pollution is becoming the main pollution source. The prediction of NSP load is being increasingly
important in water pollution controlling and planning in watershed. Considering the monitoring
data shortage of NPS in China, a practical estimation method of non-point source pollution load
---rainfall deduction' method is established based on the rainfall and water quality data which
already existed in China. CoMpared with the runoff division method, the rainfall deduction method
has a simple calculation and a reasonable result without additional NSP monitoring data.
Key words: Non-point Source' Pollution (NSP), Point Source Pollution (PSP), Load PredictiOn,
Rainfall Deduction Method,-Runoff DiviSion Method, TN
Point source pollution (PSP) and non-point source
pollution (NSP) are the main pollution source of the
environment. Since the PSP has been controlled, the NSP
is becoming the main pollution source of the
environment. In China, the management system of PSP
has been improved in recent years. With the application
estimation
methods
the runoff
from
season
is approximately
total pollution
NSP load.
prediction of NSP load is becoming more and more
important in water pollution controlling and planning in
watershed. Because the occurrence of NPS is related to
environment factors such as atmosphere, land, vegetation,
hydrology, geologic, land form and physiognomy and
human activities, it lets off , the uncertain quantitative
many
and NSP load. The runoff division method, one of the
*R
load,
is firstly
and then divide
to ascertain
the runoff
into
the flood season runoff and the dry season runoff. The
'h
ypothesis of this method is that the pollution toad in dry
of Gross Quantity Control of contamination, the
pollutant in uncertain time with uncertain ways. Thereby,
the quantification estimation of NSP is being the stress
and nodus in environment protection.
The 'pollution load includes the two parts of PSP load
of NSP
rainfall
equal to the PSP load,
load minus
the dry season
In the process
of calculation,
steps and the hypothesis
The paper attempts
deduction
method,
NSP load,
cockamamie
to propose
As
are too
an
exact.
the rainfall
of rainfall and the
the NSP load, which
calculation.
there
is not necessarily
example,
River basin is studied with the new method
1. Principle
one equals the
a new method,
with the correlation
to estimate
and the
ignores
the
the
Weihe
in this paper.
of the Method
It is known that the non-point source pollution (NSP)
is influenced both by rainfall and runoff; hence, the NSP
load must have a correlation with rainfall. But the PSP
esearch fellow of the University
of Fukui, Japan;
load is stable and not influenced by the rainfall. In the
Science Institute of Xi'an University of
water quality data of river basin, the total' pollution load
Technology, China
*E
nvironment Science Institute of Xi'an University of
includes two parts: PSP load and NSP load. It is difficult
Technology, China
*** D
epartment of Architecture and Civil Engineering of
Because the PSP load is stable, it can be considered that
Environment
the University of Fukui, Japan
to separate
NSP load from the total pollution
the margin (absolute
value) of any two annual
load.
total
pollution load equals the NSP load which is caused by
馳
24
betweenthemisasfbllows:
thexna区ginofrai皿fa.11inthesetwoyears.Sothe
correl{磁onbetweenthetwomaπ9螂
αmbees励lished
L困=0.0354]戸2-15!719]P+24235,ぜ=0.9637(】L)
鴨ere:LTNisthemeasulredvalueofTN,(t);Pisthe
{翻w圓enoneedtot盛ethePSP且oadi血oacco㎜t.㎞
ad曲o恥becauseofthedi価cu丑tyofthemonito血g,
thehiglhcosta孤
く且lessrecognitio]馬
.曲 酬of血ebas血(㎜).
ロ
血erearehardlylong
3。2T脱C⑪rl汽e丑a{苗
termmonitor血lgdataofNSPinC舳.Buttherearelong
te㎜
面 副1㎝dw飢erq曲
呼an心q㎜
directco10『elationbetwee]【lthe1曲
劔(漁.Ifa
⑪m●ff]踊
Becausethe】
しTNl㎞dudestwopartsof]PSP且oada皿d
obta㎞1血ee即ress孟onofra血
mendonedabove,it・willbeasig㎡
鋤 《vYr
NSP且oad,蛮ePSPTNmustbededucted血om]LTNto
皿丑andtheNSPload
inthewaterbasincanbeest融b髄sぬedv瞬ththemethod
匠canttask血
皿a皿andNSPTN.The
de認uctionprocessesareasfbllows:
(i).Calcu皿ati皿gthen畑(曲soluteva皿ue)ofanytwoof
pre(髄ctionandmanagementofNSPload.
曲
露。罵面e奮]㎞ 重『⑪dl皿c⑬t⑪ 重i血
￠Z脇a面m
皿and血emea慮uredTNcorreSPond重
皿91y(table2),
紐n(1toanalysisthe並correlation:
'△L=α0157△
TheWe血eRive町
匝i酬
血ebiggestbranchofYeUowRiver,
】
巨z+15504△P+1156
Wheπe:△Listhemargin(absolutev{盛ue)ofanytwoof
isthe㎜L㎞sur暗acewaterofG鯉hongzone,S㎞d
measuredTN,(t);△Pisonemargin(&bso且utevalue)
province,Ch血
ofr血
乱Thesu】r岱acealreaof庫eW6血eR孟ver
basinis62,500㎞2,舳59.3×108m3m曲
一am1励me訓n
翻owandabout502㎞
囲coπespon伽gl第(㎜).㎞
血eEq.(2),△Lc鋤
わereg釦rdastheNSPTNwhichiscausedby磁
且onginS㎞dprovince.The
瓠1
completely、
VVeiheRiverbasinisanareawithhuge,㎞pactedpeople
(ii).Ca岨cu1飢
andthema㎞yieldbaseofgr血cottonandoil,anda皿so
isthe㎞po血ntagd㎝lturecu皿
.鼠1R3=α7301(2)
血gthePSPTN
W五thtlheral㎞
樋va血onarea.Thereare4
魚 皿d飢aa皿dEq.(2),theNSP皿oad(島)of
1血eexitsectioniscalculated.ThedeductionofLTNand
bigcities(Ba句i,Xianyang,Xi'anandVVe㎞a皿)an【
Lnis血ePSPload(魎ble3).Fromthed叙aofPSPload,it
戴9
㎞ga樋onregions(Baqlixia,Feng匝aしshan,Shito曲e,etc)
c釦nbeseendhatdhePSPloadisstea砥whichisupto血e
with100×104haareain1血ebasin.
'1'fliereare13pere㎜i訓waterqualit
血cts.Atthesametime,italsoindic飢esthereli盆bilityof
themethod.
ymon且toring,
SeCtiOnSWithperem訟1generalWaterqU掘itydat&a10ng
㈹.Es励
theWeiheRiverinS㎞Provi㏄e.T㎞e'monitored
leng血of血e鴨ihe随veris曲out495㎞.Basedo曲e
翻1andNSPTN
面血皿andNSP
.TN,following
re皿ationshipisdeveloped:
L=7.402丑P1°2046,R2=0.9974(3)
waterqualityandhydrologydat盆ofLb】ntongstation
du正'Y皿gl99五
且ishingthecorrelationof舳
Tbcorrdatera血
聯1999,tlhepaperputsfa)rw細rdtheI曲
丑
W㎏:LisNSPT民(窺pis血e蜘
飴皿(㎜
〉
deduc樋onmethodtoestimatetheNSPloadoft血eわasin.
Becausethetoilni笹oge]n(TN)istlhemal㎞ponu加
血ebas血
皿tof
ちalltheysflsisb盆sedon蓋t
3.3C⑪m脚
血e㎜
3。E離 曲 皿
亜
曲me皿tofR掘
廊 ⑪皿 轍h伽1㎞
皿⑪僧1ゆiv恥 血⑪皿M②
伽
皿
Tbva皿id8tethera面on曲tyofthemethodproposedhere,
皿制 皿脱 面皿￠伽 皿M[⑬ 曲 ⑪面
・舳visi・nme血
・d[1]輸[3]isqu・tedt・calc皿ate
thepoll面onlo紐dofthebasinwiththesameda魎.The
pr㎞dpleOfthe㎜0翌fdiViSiOnme伽diS伽tthe㎜Off
$。1T㎞eC⑪r㎎
皿ati⑪皿 ⑪fR劇 血皿咄a皿
E藍 重Sect最on⑰fF航
1n∬uencedby血e磁
correlationwit㎞therail血
thebasi】
翻TNM⑪a醒
皿圃at
㎞㊧.,. ,8×14
canbedividedintothe」
season】
且oodseasonrmoffanddledry
㎜off(whichcanbea丑soregaldedasthebase
セ皿,theloadofNSPhasthe
flowofther薩ver).Thescourofr皿offisi皿
皿.The謡
NSRandt弛e㎜offistheca㎡erofNSP∬thereisno
皿飴皿landtheTNof
哩⊃ulsionof
runol日 ζitisdi箇cultfbr血eno】n。Po垂ntsourcepollutant
【1血1991-fl999arehstedin謝ble1.Theequ溢ion
Tablelther盆infaUandthemeasuredTNof出eWeiheRiverduring1991-1999
year
Rau血11(㎜)
M剛TN〔
め
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
610
939
487
29R
271
749
364
639
26946
40436
24501
23000
23710
3aoio
2100
30iio
1999
i
2003
25
Table2thedeductionvaluesofrainfallandTNoftheWeiheRiverduring1991-1999
rah血
year
皿TN、yearrah曲
皿.TN
year磁
deduc曲Ddedu(北bn.dedu(Riodedu(嘘ion
.deducdo・d6du(加n
deduchodedudo
、
r
t
nmm
year曲TN
皿TN
・nmn
t
nmm
n㎜
ち
層t
91.92
329
13490
92-94
641
17436
123
.;
91-93
123
2445
92-95
91-94
312
3946
92-96
190
8426
91-95
339
3236
92.97
575
19356
94.95
27
91.96
138.
5064
300
10326
94・96
450
91-97
246
:..
92.99
359
12433
94.97
29
3164
93.94
189
1501
94・98
し91・98
.;
..:
93.97
16726
93.99
152
5609
93
3502
2630
.:
.-11
309
4293
384
10932
9009
96・98
109
1902
66
1921
96.99
168
4009
341
?109
97.98
275
9025
5002
97-99
.216
1057
93.95
216
791
94.99
282
92-93
452
15935
93.96
261
7509
95-96
477
709.
.;..
11
.'
.2107
59
血ble5.`Fromtheresults,fbllo而ngconclusion$canbe
River,t
year
93
.;
96-97
30
、NSFloadoftheWeihe
95.97
95-99
91.99
'1琶ble3theFSPloadand
3421
dTdWll:
NSP
measuredTN,t
PSPload,t
(1).NotonlytheloadofTNbutalsotheratioofNSPand
1991
つ.6946
164∼`
10490
1992
40436
29558
●'.',
1993
24501
12431
12070-
1994
23000
71・71
15829
1995
23710
6511
17199
(2)Becausetheyearof1993isanabundantwateryear,
199b
32010
10433
血edivideddryseasonrunoff(baseflow)ism皿ch舳
1997
21080
8880
i2200
actual,whichresultsinthehigherratioofPSPloadwith
..・
soiia
17475
12635
1999
28003
15431
12572
PSParesimilarwiththesetwomethods,whichindicate
thatbothofthemarereasonable,andtheycanbe
21577幽
confirmedwitheachother.
臣
therunoffdivisionmethod.So,theresultinthisyear
withthismethodisunreasonable
(3)The1997'srunoffisthelowestoneoftheWeihe
toentertheriver.So,itcanbeconsideredthat
loadiscausedby
Riverinrecent50yearswith4.02x108m3,whichisLess
.theNSP
than.onetenthofthemulti-annualmeanflow
,theflood.seasonrunoffandPSPis
mainlycausedbythedryseasonninoff.
●
Analyzingthepastlongtermhydrologydatain
1951-2000[4],itisfbundthatabout60-75%rainfalland.
(59.3・fO8㎡)IS・,血
・p・ll蜘
・f:血・b・・ini・ 曲y
causedbyPSP,whichisreflectedwellandtrulybythe
・
血10ffdivisionmethod
.
50-60%ruhoffconceht【ated血floodseason(6-9),即d
(4)Basedonthemonitoringdata,theprediction
onlyabout15%rainfallandrunofroccu1Ted,血dly
loadofthebasinwiththerainfalldeductionmethod
season(12-2),Withtherunoffdivisionmethod,the
isclosetothefactanditsdivisionisreasonable.While
pollutionloadisseparatedwithcounterpoisingthedry
theprediction'load舳
season'smonthflowsandconcentrationsasmeanflow
somegapwiththeactualone.insomecases.
andmeanconcentrationofthebaseflowwiththe
(5)Ihgeneral,theIatioofNSPpredictedwiththera血fall
1991-1999waterqualityandhydrologydata.Table4is
deductionmethodis.largerthanthatpredictedwiththe
theresultsofrunoffdivisionmethod.
runoffdivisionmethod.Thisseemstobeduetothe
,一
一
血enmoffdivisionmethodhas
assumptionthatthereisnoNSPindryseason,andPSP
4.Discussion
l・adi・
血 ・t6卿
・ll面 ・n19・as曲9山
・⑳
Owing.to血se血entationandhumana(;tivities,
・ea・・n・
Thecomparedresultsofthebothmethodsarelistedin
楓)1e5.Fro血
I:幽
廿ieresults,fbllowingconclusionscanbe
,
Thecomparedresultsofthebothmethodsarelistedin
NSPstillhappens.duringthedry
.血e
_season,sothe.
assumptionisnotaccurate.Asaresultofigno血19
血 ・NSP1・ad血
血 ・ ⑳seas・n・thepredi・d・n・f血
・runoffdivisionme血odislessthanthat冒of面
・
醐1
26
Table4
theresultsoftherunoffdivision.method
Abundantwaterperiod(6.9)
ordinarywaterperiod(3-5,10.11)
lowwaterperiod(12.2)
TNofNSP,t
year
flow,m3/s
TNoonoe血ahon,㎎
TNconcentration,mg/1flow,m3/s
TNoonoe血ah㎝,㎎
丑--OW,㎡/s
1991
215.31
5.917
130.86
5.631
1992
367.21
6.170
16'7.35
1993
297.88
1
181.26
.'
6.928
.1
43.94
7.128
4.620
71.31
9.752
丑
10885
1'・:
2253
1994
161.26
4.770
121.94
5.552
58.18
;..
1995
92.76
8.226
45.52
11.121
20.10
19.456
5351
1996
223.71
4.860
7.952
32.38
13.404
10575
1997
50.39
3.169
71.38
27.57
9.232
7a3
..;
243.32
2.554
100.65
6.056
17.15
15.174
204.41
3.769
110.04
6.358
27.94
1999
Table5
,.
.:
8271
10823
thecomparisonbetweenthemnoffdjvisionmethodanatherainfandeductionmethod
Pointsourcepollution
Non・pointsourcepollution
method
year
LoadofTN,t
load,t
1991
嬬9.562
6103
P8t10,
Ioad,t
ratio,
deductionmethod
16456
61.1
10490
..
26946
divisionmethod
1035
43.9
13292
56.1
23677
deductionmethod
29558
73.1
1'
divisionmethod
1"
76.1
9742
23.9
40740
12431
50.7
12070
49.3
24501
divisionmethod
2283
9.5
21630
90.5
23913
deductionme竜hod
7171
31.2
15829
68.8
23000
.・
40436
1992
dedu(嘘ibnme七hod
1993
1994
6103
30.1
14195
69.9
20298
deductionmethod
6511
27.5
17199
72.5
23710
divisionmethod
5351
30.6
12161
69.4
17513
deductionmethod
21577
67.4
10433
32.6
32010
divisionmethod
10575
43.9
13500
56.1
24074
deductionmethod
::1
42.1
12200
57.9
21080
divisionmethod
●
1995
1996
1997
.;
divisionmethod
703
8.2
psis
deductbnIned敦od
17475
58.0
12635
divisionmethod
8271
50.5
deduc樋OIn㎜d血od
15431
55.1
divisionmethod
10823
56.6
:.
42.0
soiia
49.5
16367
1998
:1'・
12572
11
28003
1999
deductionralediod.
1'
43.4
simplecalcula血onandreasonableπesult.Conside血gthe
lessmonito血gd鋤ofNSRtheminfalldedllction
5.C●
●clusi●ns
methodcanbeusedasoneoftheNSP皿oadprediction
methods.
Omittingtheruno燈feducinganddivisioncourse,but
Rd艶 騰 舳c㊧§
considering血eairsedimentationandhumanactivities,
therainfalldeductionmethoddarectlyestablishesthe
correlationofNSPloadand耐allbasedontheexisted
min制1andwaterqualitymo班
【11LiHuai-en,Meanconcentrationmethodfbr
並or血食gdata.Theme血od
canbenotonlyusedtopredictthea㎜
【u訓NSPload[,but
alsousedtopredicttheNSPloadcausedbyeveryone
min制.Itisause血
丑NSPloadp舳cdonmeUlo￠with
estimatio蹴ofnon。pointsourceloadandits
application.Jo皿
魁ofE曲o㎜e咽Sciences,
2000Vbl.20No.4:397-400(inChinese).
[21ChenY又Hu童
耳Q.Ahydrologicalmethodfbr
19132
27
■
estimationofnon-po血sourcepollutionloadsand・
itsapplication.ResearchofEnvironmentalSciences,
2003,Vo1.16No.1:10-13(inChinese).
[3】ShiWGLiWZ.Tocalculatethepollutantloadof
'
non-pointsourceinbasinbysurveyeddata..
ResourcesandEnvironmentintheYangtzeValley,
1996,Vo1.5,No.3:273-277(inChinese).
[4]ThesyntheticalharnessgroupoftheWeiheRiver
,basin.Thepla皿ingandsyntheticalhamessofthe
WeiheRiverbasin.2002.8(inChinese).'
[5]ZhuangY.T.Non-pointsourceTNloadresearchin
basinaboveLintongsection,Degreepaperof
Xi'an:Xi'anUniversityofTechnology,2001(in
Chinese).
9
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