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2008-8906 :ʸ¸¼·Y¾Ì] {Y|¿ZfY ÃZ¼
dƧ
10-1
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FTIR Á 16S rDNA ½ Ì·Z¿M Y Ã{Z¨fY
Êv·Z ÂË Á É}Â] |Ìn» ,ÉZÌf»Y Êf̳ ,¹|¬» ÂaÉ|Æ» {YÂm|¼v»
26-11
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ʷ°·Â» Á ÊfyZÀdzË ÉZÅÃ{Y{ Ã{Z¨fY Z] Astragalus L. sect. Ornithopodium
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É{mÆ» Z^y Z̸ Á É{ZÀ« Z̸ ,É{°Å{ ʼZ« Ä·Y¿
76-63
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10-1 Äv¨ ,1391 ZÆ] ,ºÅ{ ÃZ¼ ,¹ZÆq µZ ,®ÌeZ¼fÌÂÌ] Á ʻ¿¯Ze
1390/12/03 :ÊËZÆ¿ Ë~a
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FTIR Á 16S rDNA ½ Ì·Z¿M Y Ã{Z¨fY Z]
1
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½YËY ,d ,½Ô̳ ÃZ´¿Y{ ,¹Â¸ Ã|°¿Y{ ,ÊZÀdË ÃÁ³ 1
½YËY ,½ZƨY ,½ZƨY ÃZ´¿Y{ ,¹Â¸ Ã|°¿Y{ ,ÊZÀdË ÃÁ³ 2
Ã|Ì°q
Ä/ Á (StR1 Á PxR2 ,PxR1 ÉZ/ÅÄËY|m) l¿] º« Ä ÄË Y ÄËY|m Ä ¶»Z ,ḑÁ|¿Y ÄËY|m Ä ·Z» ¾ËY {
¶»Z/ ,ÊbÌeÂÀ§ ËZ»M Y Ã{Z¨fY Z] Á ÉZY|m (PxW3 Á PxW2 ,PxW1 ÉZÅÄËY|m) ¹|À³ º« Ä ÄË Y ÄËY|m
Ä] ZÅÄËY|m ¹Z¼e ,16S rDNA ½ PCR Ì¿ ÊbÌe¿ Ì·Z¿M ,¾ÌÀr¼Å Á (FTIR) Ä˧ ¶Ë|^e »« ½Á{Z» ÊnÀ¦Ì
l¿/] Ä/ËY|m Á{ Ä/¯ {Y{ ½Z¿ Ã| {ZË ÉZÅÁ ÄËZ¬» .|¿| ÊËZZÀ Pseudoxanthomonas StR1 ÄËY|m Y Ì£
Ä/¿Â³ º/Å ½M Á Ä/¿Â³ ®/Ë Á/m Á ÄÌ^/ ´Ë|°Ë Ä] (PxW2 Á PxW1) ¹|À³ ÄËY|m Á{ ¾ÌÀr¼Å Á (PxR2 Á PxR1)
´Ë{ ÉYĿ³ Ám PxW3 ÄËY|m |Ê» ¿ Ä] į Ê·Zu { ,|¿ÂÊ» [Âv» Pseudoxanthomonas Y É|Ë|m
Ä/¯ {Â/] ¾/ËY /] Â/e Y|/f]Y { .d/Y Stenotrophomonas Y É|/Ë|m Ä/¿Â³ /Ì¿ StR1 ÄËY|m .|Z] Àm ¾ËY Y
Á (S1) Azospirillum Brasilense Sp7 ÄËÂ// Á{ Y~//· ,|Àf//Å Azospirillum À//m Á//m Â//]» ÉZ//ÅÄ//ËY|m
Z/»Y ,|¿|/ Ä/ËZ¬» Ä ·Z» {» ÉZÅÄËY|m Z] Á [Zzf¿Y {Y|¿ZfY ÉZÅÄË ½YÂÀ Ä] (S2) Azospirillum lipoferum
½Z/¿ Ä ·Z» ¾ËY { Z] ¾Ìfz¿ ÉY] .|ÀfÌ¿ Azospirillum ZÅÉf¯Z] ¾ËY į {¯ |ÌËPe ÊbÌe¿ Á ÊbÌeÂÀ§ ÉZÅÌ·Z¿M
.{Y{ {ÂmÁ l¿] ÄË { ḑÁ|¿Y c Ä] Pseudoxanthomonas į | Ã{Y{
Stenotrophomonas ,Pseudoxanthomonas ,Azospirillum ,¹|À³ ,l¿] ,ḑÁ|¿Y :É|̸¯ ÉZÅÃYÁ
ÉYY{ ,ÊËZ̼Ì/ cZÌ/Ây
ZY ] É|À]Ã{ Zv· Y
Ä»|¬»
Á Ê/f¿M/Á/ËY ¿ Y Y{ÄyZ Á Z^YÌ£ [q ÉZÅ|ÌY
Á Pseudoxanthomonas À/////////////////////m Á{
ÉYY{ ,¾Ì//Àr¼Å Á |Àf//Å 3-OH [//q ÉZÅ|Ì//Y //Ì¿
Xanthomonadaceae Ã{Y¿Zy Ä] Stenotrophomonas
cZ/ÔY .|ÀfÅ (Q-8) ½aÁËY |uYÁ 8 Z] ½ÂÀÌW¯Ê]ÂË
,Pseudoxanthomonas À//m ÉZ//Y .|//¿Y{ ª//¸ e
2011 µZ/ Ze Á {Y{ {ÂmÁ Àm ¾ËY Z] Z^eY { ʯ|¿Y
,Ã{Â/] Y{Âb/YÌ£ ,Ê/¨À» ¹³ ,ÉYÂÅ ÉZŶÌZ] ¶»Z
* [email protected]
1391 ZÆ] ,ºÅ{ ÃZ¼ ,¹ZÆq µZ ,®ÌeZ¼fÌÂÌ] Á ʻ¿¯Ze
2
{ /»« ½Á{Z/» kYÂ/»Y [~m Y a Á dY |¿ÂÌa ®Ë
Ä/Ìu { À/m ¾/ËY ÉZ/ÅÄ/¿Â³ Ä] Â]» cZ ·Z» j¯Y
Ê/Z eY cZ¯u É ®Ë {ZnËY hZ] ,µÂ°·Â» ®Ë
É|//////À]Ã{ Á ÊbÌeÂ//////À§ cZÌ//////Ây Ê//////]
½Á{Z/» ÊnÀ/¦/Ì ÉZ/À^» Á
ZY į {ÂÊ» ½M {
Ê°Ìf¿Â/¸Ì§ ¾Ì/Àr¼Å Á ÊËZ̼Ì/ cZÌ/Ây
Z/Y /]
Á Naumann Z//] ¾Ìf//z¿ .|//Å{Ê//» ¶Ì°//e Y //»«
(Young et d/Y (16S rRNA Ê·YÂ/e Ì·Z/¿M
ZY ])
//»« ½Á{Z//» ÊnÀ//¦//Ì Á Y (1994) ½YZ//°¼Å
.al., 2007)
¾/ËY Y .|¿{¼¿ Ã{Z¨fY Zź̿Z³YÁ°Ì» ÊËZZÀ ÉY]
Z] ÃY¼Å Z] ¾Ìfz¿ Ì¿ Stenotrophomonas Àm
t// { Z//ÅÉf¯Z//] Y ÉZÌ//] ÊËZ//ZÀ ÉY//] Á
1961 µZ/ { Pseuodoxanthomonas maltophiila
,¾Ì//Àr¼Å Á Staphylococcus Á Listeria //Ì¿ À//m
¹Z////¼e ////ÌyY Ä//// ·Z» { .d////Y Ã|//// Ê////§ »
Pseudomonas /Ì¿ ÊËZÅ Éf¯Z] ÉY] Ŀ³ t {
/] rRNA Ä]Z/e Zv· Y ÃÁ³ 5 Ä] ZÅPseudomonas
Á Z///żz» ÊËZ///ZÀ ÉY///] ,¾Ì///Àr¼Å Á Bacillus Á
É|//À]ºÌ//¬e rRNA Z//Ë DNA ½ÂÌ//Y|Ë^ÌÅ
Z//Y
Á ¾/ËY Y ,¾Ì/Àr¼Å .d/Y Ã|/ Ã{Z¨fY Ì¿ ZÅoZ«
ÊËZZÀ Stenotrophomonas Ŀ³ 8 ½ÂÀ¯Ze .|¿Y Ã|
Ã|/ Ã{Z¨fY Ì¿ ÄËÂ t { ZÅÉf¯Z] ÊËZZÀ ÉY]
Z/ÅÉf¯Z/] ¾/ËY .(Hayward et al., 2009) d/Y Ã|
(Goodacre et al., 1998; Kummerle et al., d/Y
DNA { ÓZ/] G+C Y|/¬» Z/] ,¶°/ÉYĸ̻ ,ʨÀ»¹³
.1998; Tindall et al., 2000)
¹Z/¼e { Ê/¿aÁËY |/uYÁ 8 Z/] Z/ŽÂ/ÀÌW¯Ê]ÂË .|ÀfÅ
ÊËZ///ZÀ Á ÉZ///Y|m ,Ä/// ·Z» ¾///ËY Y ¥|///Å
Ã|/ÀÀ¯d/Ì^je ÉZ/ÅÉf¯Z/]) ¥Á/eÁYÉ{ ÉZ/ÅÉf¯Z]
(Hayward et al., {Y{ {Â/mÁ À/m ¾/ËY ÉZ/ÅĿ³
.2009)
ÊËZZÀ Á ¹|À³ Á l¿] ÃZ̳ Á{ Y Ê»Â] ḑÁ|¿Y (cY
Ä//] ª//¸ f» //Ì¿ Azospirillum À//m ÉZ//ÅÉf¯Z//]
ÊnÀ/¦/Ì ¶/j» ÊbÌeÂ/À§ ÉZ/ÅÁ Y Ã{Z¨fY Z] ZÆ¿M
Z//ÅÉf¯Z//]ÂXeÁaZ¨·M Ã{//Ë ,Spirillaceae Ã{Y¿Z//y
PCR ¶j» ÊbÌe¿ ÉZÅÁ Á Ä˧ ¶Ë|^e »« ½Á{Z»
ÉZ///ÅÉf¯Z///] ,Azospirillum ÉZ///ÅÄ///¿Â³ .|Àf///Å
.dY Ã{Â] 16S rDNA ½
Y |////{ ®////Ë {Á|////u) ÉYÂ////Å ¥Á////eÁfÅ
,/̤f» ¹³ Ze ʨÀ»¹³ ,(Zy ÉYÂÅ ÉZÅ¥ÁeÁfÅ
ZÅÁ Á {Y»
ËY/ d/ve Ä/¯ Ã{Â/] Ã|/̼y Ê/¼¯ Á ÉYĸ̻ ,ÃZe¯
Á l¿] ÉZÅ ÄË Y Ê»Â] ÉZÅ ḑÁ|¿Y ÉZY|m
.|//ÀÀ¯Ê//» d//Ì^je Y Ê·Â//°·Â» cY ,®//̸̧ÁWMÁ°Ì»
¹|À³
Ã{Y{ ½Z/¿ 16S rDNA Ê·Â/°·Â» ®/Ìf¿Â¸Ì§ cZ ·Z»
,½Zf/¸³) ¹|/À³ º/« Ä/ Y ÃZ/e Ä/Ë ÉZ/ÅĿ¼¿
Á /y ,¹Z/) l¿/] º/« Ä Á (ʸv»|̨ Á ÉYÌ
{Y{ {Â//mÁ À//m ¾//ËY Y Ä//¿Â³ 11 ½ÂÀ¯Z//e Ä//¯ d//Y
.(Young et al., 2008)
Ä/Ë ÉZ/ŠĿ¼¿ .|¿| ºÅY§ ½Ô̳ ½ZfY { (ʼZÅ
c|/ Á kÂ/» µÂ/ ,/»« ½Á{Z/» ÊnÀ/¦Ì {
Z//y cY} ½{¯Y|//m Â//À» Ä//] (Ã|À//¯ ÉZ//ÅZe)
É//̳ÃY|//¿Y Ä//¿Â¼¿ //Âe //»« ½Á{Z//» Â//¿ [~//m
Ì/ [M Z/] Ä/¬Ì«{ 20 c|/» Ä/] Ä/Ë t/ Ä/] ¶f»
Ä//ÌuZ¿ { ÌZ//À¤»Áf°·Y // e ¿Z//¯§ .{Â//Ê//»
µÂ//¸v» Z//] Ã|// Äf// ÉZ//ÅÄ//Ë .|¿|// Â//f
ÉZ/ź/eY Ê/ Ì^ Z/ eY ¿Z¯§ Z] ª]Z» »« ½Á{Z»
3
FTIR Á 16S rDNA ½ Ì·Z¿M Y Ã{Z¨fY Z] ¹|À³ Á l¿] Z̼ŠḑÁ|¿Y ÉZÅ¥ÁeÁYÉ{ Y É|Ë|m ÉZÅĿ³ ÊËZZÀ
ÉZ//ÅÉf¯Z//] Ä//¯ {Â//Ê//» ¶//Zu Ä//nÌf¿ ¾//ËY ,|//
¶Ëf/Y Ĭ̫{ 30 c|» Ä] |{ 0/5 ºË|d˸¯ÂbÌÅ
(Martin- |Àf//Å cY Ã|//ÀÀ¯d//Ì^je Ã|// ÉZ//Y|m
¶Ëf/Y ¬» [M Z] Z] 3 ¶«Y|u ZÅÄË .|¿| Êv
.Didonet et al., 2000)
.|¿| Ã|Ë] Éf»Ê¸Ì» 8 Ze 5 cZ « Ä] b Á Ê°]M
ÉZ/ÅÄ/·Â· Ä/] ,¶ËfY Àa Z] ½|Ã{§ Y a cZ «
PCR Y Ã{Z¨fY Z] 16S rDNA ½ Ìj°e
Ä/m{ { Á µZ/¬f¿Y cY |/«Z§ |/»ZmÄ/¼Ì¿ Ì/v» ÉÁZu
Á ÊËZ/ZÀ Â/À» Ä/] ,Z/ÅÉf¯Z/] ÉZ/Y|m Y a
Ã{Y{ Y/« ÂeZ]°¿Y ½Á{ {Y³Êf¿Z Äm{ 30 cYu
Z¯ Ä] 16S rDNA ½ PCR Á ,ZÅÄËY|m ÊËZÆ¿ |ÌËPe
,¹³ 5 |ÌY ®Ì·Z» :Y |ÀeZ^ Ìv» ¾ËY ÉYmY .|¿|
ÉZ////ÅÄ////ËY|m { DNA kYzf////Y .|//// Ä////f§³
ºË/ÌÀ» cZ¨·Â/ ,¹³0/5 ºÌZfa É{ ½Á|ÌÅ cZ¨§
Á
,Pseudoxanthomonas
0/02 ºÌ/¸¯ |/˸¯ ,¹/³ 0/1 ºË| |˸¯ ,¹³ 0/2
¾/ËY { .|/ ¹Zn¿Y ºË| cZfY Á Ä] Azospirillum
Ê/¸°·Y µÂ/¸v» ,f̷ʸ̻ 2 [Z̼¯ ZÀ µÂ¸v» ,¹³
¶»Z/) Ã|/ÀÀ¯ /Ì· §Z/] Y Ã{Z¨f/Y Z] Éf¯Z] µÂ¸ Á
¾Ì/»M É{ ¾¸Ì/eY ,(|/{ 5) f̷ʸ̻ 2 ¸]µÂ¼Ìe»Á]
Á Ã|// Äf//° (K Z//ÀÌXeÁa ,SDS ,ºËÁ//Ì· ,EDTA
,//fÌ·Ê//¸Ì» 1 ¾Ì»Z//fËÁ µÂ//¸v» ,//fÌ·Ê//¸Ì» 4 cZf//Y Y//fe
¶/À§ Y Ã{Z¨fY Z] b ,Ã{Y{ dÌÅZ» Ì̤e ½M ÉZžÌXeÁa
[M Á ¹//³ 1/75 Z//³M ,¹//³ 4 ºÌ//Zfa |Ì//¯Á|ÌÅ
[ ®ÌX¸¯Â¿ ÉZÅ|ÌY Y Ì£ Ä] YmY ¹Z¼e ¹§Á¸¯ Á
Ze ÄfË|ÌY ºÌÀe ÉY] { µÂ¸v») f̷ʸ̻ 1000 ¬»
Á ºË|/ cZf/Y Y Ã{Z¨f/Y Z/] ,½Z/ËZa { Á {Â/Ê/» Ã{Y{
:Y |///ÀeZ^ [Z///̼¯ ///ZÀ µÂ///¸v» ÉY///mY .(6/8
|//ÀÅ{Ê//» [Â// Y µÂ//¸v» { {Â//m» DNA ,µÂ¿Z//eY
,¹/³0/235 /À´À» cZ¨·Â ,¹³ 0/2 ºË| cY|^̷»
.(Maciel et al., 2009)
,¹//³0/008 //» cZ¨·Â// ,¹//³0/28 |Ì//Y ®//ËÂ]
Stenotrophomonas
,PCR Y Ã{Z¨f/Y Z] 16S rDNA ½ Ìj°e ÂÀ» Ä]
.f̷ʸ̻ 200 ¬» [M Á ¹³ 0/024 ÉÁ cZ¨·Â
16S rDNA Y 64 Z//e 37 |//ÌeÂX¸¯Â¿) d//§ //¼ËYa Y
,¹///³ 0/01 ¾ÌeÂ///Ì] :¶»Z/// ¾Ì»Z///fËÁ µÂ///¸v»
Z//e 407 |//ÌeÂX¸¯Â¿) d//³] //¼ËYa Á (Azospirillum
//fÌ·Ê//¸Ì» 100 //¬» [M Á ¹//³ 0/02 ¾Ì//¯Á{ÁÌa
///Ë Ê·YÂ///e Z///] (Azospirillum 16S rDNA Y 436
|// ®//Ë{ Ä//¯ Á 5 Z//e 3 d//~³ Y //a .d//Y
:| Ã{Z¨fY
¾/ËY ,|/ ¶Ì°e d¯Ìv» t Ä] ®Ë{¿ (¶°Ì¸a)
PFAZO: 5'-AGA GGG GCC CGC GTC CGA
TTA GGT AGT T-3'
PRAZO: 5'-CCC GAC AGT ATC AAA TGC
AGT TCC CAG GTT-3'
Ê»Z/´ÀÅ .|¿|/ ¶/¬fÀ» NFb |/»Zm Ìv» Ä] ZÅ Éf¯Z]
{ cY Ã|/ÀÀ¯d/Ì^je ḑÁ|/¿Y ÉZ/ÅÉf¯Z/] Êy] į
É|// ®//Ë{ ®//Ë ,|¿Â// //Ìj°e |//»ZmÄ//¼Ì¿ Ì//v»
Z/e d/Y ¾/°¼» ½Z/» d/~³ Z/] į {{³Ê» ¶Ì°e
Ã{Z¨f/Y Z] 16S rDNA ĬÀ» ÉY] ZżËYa ÊuY
Ä/] sÔ/Y { Á |/ËZ¼¿ cmZ/Æ» Ìv» t ®Ë{¿
¹Z//n¿Y http://www.ncbi.nem.nih.gov ®//¿Z] ½ Y
t { | Y a .{ÂÊ» Äf¨³ « | ®Ë{ » ½M
.{Â] Z] d¨m 400 PCR µÂv» µÂ .|
|/»Zmļ̿ Ìv» Ä] ÃZ]Á{ ZÅÉf¯Z] ,NFb |»Zm Ìv»
Y //Ì¿ (StR1) Z//ÅÄ//ËY|m Y Ê//°Ë ÉY//] ¾Ì//Àr¼Å
®/Ë{ {|/n» ¶Ì°/e cÂ/ { ,Ã|/ ¶¬fÀ» NFb
1391 ZÆ] ,ºÅ{ ÃZ¼ ,¹ZÆq µZ ,®ÌeZ¼fÌÂÌ] Á ʻ¿¯Ze
4
ºÌe Á 16S rDNA ½ PCR µÂv» Ê·YÂe ¾ÌÌ e
Á 27F ÉZ//ŹZ//¿ Ä//] 16S rDNA Ê»Â//¼ ÉZ//żËYa
®Ìf¿Â¸Ì§ dy{
d/¨m 1500 PCR µÂ/v» µÂ .| Ã{Z¨fY 1492R
Á Z/ÅÄ/ËY|m µÂ¸/ ¾ÌXeÁ/a ¶/¯ ÉÂ/´·Y Ä/] Ä/mÂe Z]
¶/¯ Z/żËYa ¾/ËY Y Ã{Z¨f/Y Z/] ,ÊeZ/^ Ä] Á dY Z]
400 bp ÉZ/ÅÊ·YÂ/e ,´Ë|/°Ë Z] ZÅÄËY|m Êy] dÆ]Z»
Z/Æ¿M Ê·YÂ/e .{Â/Ê» fÀ PCR Ê 16S rRNA µÂ
ÉY] PxW3 Á PxW2 ,StR1 ,PxR1 ÉZÅÄËY|m Ä] Â]»
:Y |ÀeZ^
Â/]» 1500 bp |/¿Z] ,¾ÌÀr¼Å .|¿| [Zzf¿Y Ê]ZËÊ·YÂe
Z/] Z/ÅÊ·YÂ/e .|/ [Zzf¿Y Ì¿ StR1 ÄËY|m 16S rRNA Ä]
(Sanger et al., DNA sequencer ®//Ë Y Ã{Z¨f//Y
Á (SEQLAB, Germany) Z/¯{Ây cÂ/ Ä] 1977)
Ä//] Á (Sanger Á) Ã//Ìn¿ ¹Z//¼eY Á
Z//Y //]
Ê·YÂ/e ¾Ì/Ì e (Faza Biotech) ÃÁ/aY§ d¯/ Z¨
Ê·YÂ/e
Z/Y /] ®/Ìf¿Â¸Ì§ d/y{ ºÌe ÉY] .|¿|
(neighbour- ÁZ////n» µZ////eY Á Y 16S rRNA
MEGA Y§Y¹¿ Á (Saitou and Nei, 1987) joining)
.| Ã{Z¨fY 4 Äz¿
Ä˧ ¶Ë|^e »« ½Á{Z» ÊnÀ¦Ì
PF (27F):
5´-AGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG-3´
PR (1492R):
5´-GGCTTACCTTGTTACGACTT-3´
¶»Z// PCR À//¯YÁ µÂ//¸v» //fÌ·Á°Ì» 25 //Å
DNA ,(Ó»Á°Ì» 10) fÌ·Á°Ì» 2 ¹Y|¯ Å ZżËYa
Á dGTP ,dCTP ,dATP) dNTPs ,/fÌ·Á°Ì» 2 Â/´·Y
Taq DNA ,(ÓÂ/»Ê/¸Ì» 10) /fÌ·Á°Ì» 0/5 (dTTP
,½YÁM¾///§ ½ Y) (|///uYÁ 0/25) ///fÌ·Á°Ì» 0/5 Pol
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15 ¶Ëf/Y /¬» [M Á (Ó»ʸ̻ 50) fÌ·Á°Ì» 0/5
ÉZ/żËYa Y Ã{Z¨f/Y Z/] PCR ¶/uY» .{Â/] fÌ·Á°Ì»
Ì/v» t/ { Y|/f]Y Z/ÅÄËY|m ,ËZ»M ¹Zn¿Y ÉY]
¸°ËZ//»e ÃZ´f//{ { Azospirillum 16S rDNA
Y Z/ÅÊ¿Â/¸¯ b/ Á |¿|/ Ã{Y{ d/¯ Z/³M dÀËe¿
d/YÁ ¶»Z/ Ä/»Z¿] .|/ ¹Z/n¿Y (Bio Rad, USA)
rpm { b Á Âf ¶ËfY ¬» [M Z] Ìv» t
30 ,Ä/¬Ì«{ 4 c|/» Ä] {Y´Ìf¿Z Äm{ 95 { ÄÌ·ÁY ½|
Ê/ËÁ µÂ/¸v» .|¿|/ ¨Ëf¿Z Ĭ̫{ 5 c|» Ä] 10000
55 ,Ä/¬Ì«{ 1 c|/» Ä/] {Y´Ìf¿Z Äm{ 94 ¶»Z ¶°Ì
Â/f ¶Ëf/Y ¬» [M Z] Z] 3 Éf¯Z] [ Á Y|m
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[Â/ Y ¹/³Ê¸Ì» 20 |u { º¯ ZÌ] Y|¬» .| Ã{Y{
72 fÀ/ ÊËZÆ¿ ¶°Ì ®Ë Á Ĭ̫{ 1 c|» Ä] {Y´Ìf¿Z
ÉÁ |ÌÀ¸// Ê·Zf//˯ ®//Ë{ ÉÁ Á Äf//Y{] Éf¯Z//]
Z] PCR ¶uY» .{Â] Ĭ̫{ ®Ë c|» Ä] {Y´Ìf¿Z Äm{
Á |// Ã{Y{ Y//« (Spectra-Tech ARK ATR cell)
¶»Z// 16S rDNA Ê»Â//¼ ÉZ//żËYa Y Ã{Z¨f//Y
Ä//m{ 45 ÉZ//»{ { dZ// ®//Ë c|//» Ä//] Z//Å®//Ë{
5 c|/» Ä/] {Y´Ìf¿Z Äm{ 93 { ÄÌ·ÁY ½| dYÁ
ÃZ´f{ Ä] ZÅ®Ë{ ,dËZÆ¿ { Á |¿| ®y {Y´Ìf¿Z
45 c|/» Ä] {Y´Ìf¿Z Äm{ 93 ¶»Z ¶°Ì 35 ,Ĭ̫{
Á (Nicolet 6700 FT-IR Spectrometer) |/Àf§ZË µZ¬f¿Y
Ä/m{ 72 ,Ä/Ì¿Zi 45 c|/» Ä/] {Y´Ìf¿Z Äm{ 55 ,ÄÌ¿Zi
ÊËZ̼Ì/ ÉZÅ|¿ÂÌa Y ¶Zu ¦Ì ÊÅZe¯ c|» Y a
fÀ/ ÊËZ/Æ¿ ¶°Ì/ ®Ë Á Ĭ̫{ 1/5 c|» Ä] {Y´Ìf¿Z
ÉÁ ĸ/Zu ¦/Ì Á ¾°/Y Éf¯Z/] s { {Âm»
.{Â] Ĭ̫{ 7 c|» Ä] {Y´Ìf¿Z Äm{ 72 ¶»Z
5
FTIR Á 16S rDNA ½ Ì·Z¿M Y Ã{Z¨fY Z] ¹|À³ Á l¿] Z̼ŠḑÁ|¿Y ÉZÅ¥ÁeÁYÉ{ Y É|Ë|m ÉZÅĿ³ ÊËZZÀ
µÂ¸/ ¶/yY{ ÉZ/žÌXeÁa ¶¯ wºÌ¿ ½Â»M
ZY ])
{Y|¿Zf/Y µÁ|/m Z/] Ä/ËZ¬» Z] ,Ã| Z°M Ä¿ZËY ÂfÌ¿Z»
½{Â/] z/» Ä] ÄmÂe Z] Á (Ã|¿ Ã{Y{ ½Z¿ ZÅÃ{Y{ į
Á Ä]Z//e ,ʸ»Z// ÉZ//ÅÃÁ//³ Á ZÅ|//¿ÂÌa YÂ//¿Y Ä//] Â//]»
16S rDNA ½ PCR µÂ//v» ,S2 Á S1 ÉZ//ÅÄ//ËY|m
{ .|/ Ì/¨e Z/ÅÉf¯Z/] ¾Ì/] { Z/Ŧ/Ì ¾Ì/] cÁZ¨e
PxW3 Á PxW2 ,StR1 ,PxR1 ÉZ//ÅÄ//ËY|m Ä//] Â//]»
Ä/] d^/¿ µÂ/Æn» ÉZ/ÅÉf¯Z/] ¦/Ì Ä/ËZ¬» Z] ,¾¼
Ê/f«Á .|¿|/ µZY ÃÁaY§ d¯ Ä] Ê]ZËÊ·YÂe dÆm
ÊËZ/ZÀ Ã|/ ÉZ/Y|m ÉZÅÄËÂ ,{Y|¿ZfY ÉZÅÄËÂ
Y Ã{Z¨f/Y Z] Azospirillum ÊZfyY ÉZżËYa {Ây
,Ä/ ·Z» ¾/ËY { .(Erukhimovitch et al., 2005) |¿|
Ê·YÂ/e Z/] /¬§ ,{Â/Ê/» d/Ô] Á ª/Ì^e ncbi dËZ
ÊËZ/ZÀ ÉY/] Á ¾/ËY Y ½Y/ËY { Z/] ¾Ìf/z¿ ÉY]
Ä//¿Â³ Ã//ËÁ Ä//] Á Azospirillum À//m 16S rRNA
.dY Ã| Ã{Z¨fY ZÅÉf¯Z]
/´Ë{ ÊËZËf¯Z] ÉZÅÀm ,ÄfY{ dÆ]Z» Brasilense
Â]» 400 bp ÉZÅÊ·YÂe Êf«Á Z»Y ,|À¯Ê¼¿ ÊËZZÀ Y
lËZf¿
,Ã|/ PCR Ã|/ /¯} ÉZżËYa Z] į ÄËY|m ZÆq Ä]
|/ ®Ë{ ¶Ì°e Y Y³ ¾Ìfz¿ Ä ·Z» ¾ËY
É|Ë|m Ŀ³ ÄËY|m ZÆq Å ,|¿ÂÊ» dÔ] Á ªÌ^e
Á Pseudoxanthomonas ĸÌ//Á Ä//] NFb Ì//v» {
Z////] Á Pseudoxanthomonas ÊËZ////Ëf¯Z] À////m Y
| ®Ë{ ZÅÉf¯Z] ¾ËY .dY Stenotrophomonas
Ê·YÂ/e Ê/f«Á .|/ÀÅ{Ê» ½Z¿ Y |{ 95 Ä]Ze j¯Y|u
|/ ÊËZ¿YÂe .|ÀÅ{Ê» ¶Ì°e ʬ¼ Ze t Ä] ®Ë{¿
StR1 ÄËY|m ¹Z¿ Ä] ÄËY|m ZÆq ½M Y Ê°Ë 16S rRNA
/] µY{ Z/ÅÉf¯Z/] ¾/ËY /Âe |/ ®/Ë{ ¶Ì°e Á
,{Â//Ê//» d//Ô] ,Ã|// PCR Ê»Â//¼ //¼ËYa Z//] Ä//¯
®Ì¸Ì§ÁWMÁ°Ì» ËY { ºÅ ½M ,cY dÌ^je ÊËZ¿YÂe
À///m Z///] Y Éf¯Z///] ¾///ËY É|///{ 95 dÆ]Z///»
Azospirillum {Y|¿Zf/Y ÉZ/ÅÄËÂ .dY ÉYÂÅ Ê] ZË
Ä/] ÄmÂe .(1 ¶°) |Å{Ê» ½Z¿ Stenotrophomonas
¾ËY .|ÀfÅ Ä]Z» É| ®Ë{ É´·Y ÉYY{ 0Z^ˬe Ì¿
À////m Á{ Ä////¯ d////Y ÉÁ//// ,Ä////f°¿ ¾////ËY
NFb Ì//v» { Z//ÅAzospirillum Ä]Z//» Z//ÅÉf¯Z//]
Á//m Stenotrophomonas Á Pseudoxanthomonas
.|ÀÅ{Ê» ¶Ì°e Ê]M ë ÉZÅʿ¸¯ ,|»Zm
Xanthomonadaceae Ã{Y¿Z/y Ä/] ,Ã{Â/] Ã{Y¿Zy ®Ë
.|¿Y{ ª¸ e
Ä/] StR1 Á PxR2 ÉZ/ÅÄ/ËY|m dÆ]Z/» Ä/] Ä/mÂe Z]
º/Å Z/] PxW2 Á PxW1 ÉZÅÄËY|m ,¾ÌÀr¼Å Á ´Ë|°Ë
Herbaspirillum seropedicae
89
Ralstonia pickettii strain AR1
86
Alcanivorax dieselolei
82
Pseudomonas stutzeri
Pseudoxanthomonas mexicana
99
Stenotrophomonas acidaminiphila
Sinorhizobium sp. AR2
100
Azospirillum brasilense
93 Azospirillum lipoferum
0.02
´Ë{ ÉZÅÀm Y Êy] Á Pseudoxanthomonas Àm ¾Ì] 16S rRNA Ê·YÂe
ZY ] ®Ìf¿Â¸Ì§ dy{ -1 ¶°
1391 ZÆ] ,ºÅ{ ÃZ¼ ,¹ZÆq µZ ,®ÌeZ¼fÌÂÌ] Á ʻ¿¯Ze
6
Z//] ,¾Ì/Àr¼Å Á ´Ë|//°Ë Y cÁZ/¨f» /Ì¿ Azospirillum
¹Z//¼e { ,(2 ¶°//) Z//ÅÄ//ËY|m FTIR Z//] Z//^eY {
Ê/y] { StR1 Ä/ËY|m |Àq Å .|ÀeÁZ¨f» ZÅÄËY|m ËZ
Á ¾Ì/»M ÉZ/ÅÃÁ³ Ä] į N-H |¿ÂÌa ZÅÄËY|m Á ZÅÄËÂ
ÉZ/ÅÄ/ËY|m Ä]Z/» ÓZ] Ê]~m ÉZÅ®Ìa ÃËÁ Ä] ,ZÅ®Ìa
.{Y{ {Â/mÁ ,d/Y Â/]» Z/žÌXeÁa { {Âm» |Ì»M
Ä//] Á [~//m c|// Z//»Y ,d//Y PxW3 Á PxW2 ,PxR2
ÉZ/ÅÄ/ËY|m { ZŽ·ZÅ Ä] Â]» Ê]~m |¿Z] ,¾ÌÀr¼Å
.dY fÌ] StR1 ÄËY|m { |¿Z] d¸£ Y|¬» ,ÊeZ^
{Y|¿Zf///////Y ÉZ///////ÅÄËÂ/////// Á PxW2 ,PxW1 ,S2
Á (StR1 Á PxR2) l¿/] ḑÁ|/¿Y ÉZ/ÅÄ/ËY|m Á Azospirillum {Y|¿Zf/Y ÉZ/ÅÄË Y 4000-400 cm-1 ÊuY¿ { FTIR ÉZÅ¦Ì -2 ¶°
(PxW3 Á PxW2) ¹|À³
7
FTIR Á 16S rDNA ½ Ì·Z¿M Y Ã{Z¨fY Z] ¹|À³ Á l¿] Z̼ŠḑÁ|¿Y ÉZÅ¥ÁeÁYÉ{ Y É|Ë|m ÉZÅĿ³ ÊËZZÀ
Stenotrophomonas Y /Ì¿ À/m ¾Ë/e ½YÁY/§ ,Ã{Â]
.{Â] (malthophilia Ŀ³)
É̳ÄnÌf¿ Á hv]
Pseudoxanthomonas À/m ÉZÅĿ³ Y ÉZÌ]
Ä//] ª//¸ f» //Ì¿ Azospirillum À//m ÉZ//ÅÉf¯Z//]
ÉZ///ÅÃ|/ /ÀÀ¯º///Å Y ,¾///n· Á Êf///Ë ÉZ///Åf¸Ì§ Y
Z//ÅÉf¯Z//]ÂXeÁaZ¨·M Ã{//Ë ,Spirillaceae Ã{Y¿Z//y
Ä] Ã{·M ÉZÅZy ,Ã| ÊÅ{YÂÅ ÉZÅZy ,ÉYÂÅÊ]
Ä/] ¶/f» Z/Ë Á Z/y { {YM cÂ/ Ä/] ZÆ¿M .|ÀfÅ
Y ¾Ì/Àr¼Å Á Z/ž/£Á ZË ÉYĬ¸u|Àq ÉZž]¯Á|ÌÅ
Á cÔ/£ { Ã/ËÁ Ä/] Á~/] Á Z/ű] ,ZÅÄ«Z ,ZÅÄË
(Young et |¿Â/Ê/» ÉZ/Y|m ¡Y{ [M ÉZ/Åļq
/Ì¿ Ê¿Z/ÅZ̳ { |Àq Å ,|¿ÂÊ» d§ZË Ê¨¸ ½ZÅZ̳
|Àf///¿YÂe (2010) ½YZ///°¼Å Á Manter .al., 2007)
/Ì¿ ÉYÃ|/£ ½ZÅZ̳ Á ¹Â´· ,ZÅÃÂÌ» ,cZnË^ ,¶Ì³Z¿
ÃZ/̳ Y ḑÁ|/¿Y c Ä] Y Pseudoxanthomonas
{ ,Äf/Y{ d/̧Ê/aY d/·Zu Z/Æ¿M Ä/q³Y .|¿YÃ| d§ZË
.|ÀÀ¯ ÉZY|m ÊÀÌ»\Ì
Ä/] |/À¿YÂeÊ/» Ê/·Á ,|¿Y{ {ÂmÁ ÄË t ZË Ê°Ë{¿
Y ÉZÌ//] ¨//ÁË { //Ì¿ Stenotrophomonas
Y ÉZÌ/] .|ÀÀ¯ }¨¿ Ì¿ ḑÁ|¿Y d·Zu Ä] ÄË ½Á{
ÉZ/Y .(Hayward et al., 2009) {Y{ {ÂmÁ ½ZÅZ̳
½Z//ÅZ̳ Y Ê//ZfyY ½Z//]Ì» ÉYY{ Z//ÅAzospirillum
{ ®//Ë·¯Y d//̼ÅY Stenotrophomonas À//m
.(Doebereiner et al., 1995) |ÀfÅ cÔ£ Á ʨ¸
Á |//¿Y{ {³Â//³ Á cY ÉZ//ÅÄ//yq { ÊÆmÂ//e Â//y
ḑÁ|/¿Y cÂ/ Ä] į ÊËZÅÉf¯Z] Ä ·Z» ¾ËY {
Stenotrophomonas |À¿Z» ,Àm ¾ËY Y Ŀ³ ¾Ë|Àq
Ä/] ª/¸ f» |/¿YÃ|/ ÉZY|m ¹|À³ Á l¿] ÉZÅÄË Y
{ |////À¿YÂeÊ/////» S.
Á Pseudoxanthomonas ÉZ////////////ÅÀ////////////m
|À///Z] Äf///Y{ ///¬¿ ½Z///ÅZ̳ Z///] |///̨» À°¼Å///]
¿ Ä] ʸ^« ÉZŽ»M { .|¿{Â] Stenotrophomonas
Stenotrophomonas ÉZÅĿ³ .(Ryan et al., 2009)
ÄÌ^ StR1 ,PxR2 ÄËY|m Á{ l¿] ÄËY|m Ä Y į |Ì
Stenotrophomonas
Y ,|/ Ã{Y{ tÌÂe Ä»|¬» { į  ½Z¼Å .|ÀfÅ ºÅ
ZÅÉf¯Z] ¾ËY .|¿ÂÊ» d§ZË ½ZÅZ̳ Z] Z^eY { \¸£Y
Á À/m |/u { Z/ÅÉf¯Z] ÊËZZÀ ÉY] FTIR Á
Ä/] ,ÃZ/̳ Ê/¸yY{ ÉZÅd§Z] Y ZË Á ¨ÁË Y |À¿YÂeÊ»
¾ËY Y Z] ¾Ìfz¿ ÉY] Ì¿ ½YËY { Á Ã| Ã{Z¨fY Ŀ³
.|¿Â/ ÉZY|m Ä«Z Á ÄË É|¿ÁM ÉZÅd§Z] Y ÃËÁ
ʸ»Z/¯ dÅZ^/ ,FTIR Ì·Z¿M .dY Ã| Ã{Z¨fY Á
Stenotrophomonas maltophilia ḑÁ|¿Y ÉZÅÄËÂ
|ÌËPe Azospirillum Z] Á ¹|À³ Á l¿] ÉZÅÄËY|m ¾Ì] Y
ËZ/ Á l¿/] ¶»Z ÊÅZ̳ ÉZÅĿ³ Y ÉZÌ] ÄË Y
Ä/¯ {Â/Ê/» |ÌËPe ©Â§ ÉZÅÁ Ä̸¯ ÄËZ¬» Z] .{°¿
.(Ryan et al., 2009) |¿YÃ| Y|m ½ZÅZ̳
rhizophilia Á malthophilia
rhizophila Á maltophilia
Ê]Z/ËÊ·YÂ/e .|Àf/Å ÄÌ^/ ´Ë|/°Ë Ä/] ¹|À³ ÉZÅÄËY|m
Â/////Àe ,(2008) ½YZ/////°¼Å Á Sun Ä///// ·Z» {
Éf¯Z/] ,Ê»Â/¼ ÉZ/żËYa Y ¶/Zu 400 bp Ê·YÂe
/Ì¿ ÊËZÅÁ Y Ã{Z¨fY Z] l¿] ḑÁ|¿Y ÉZÅÉf¯Z]
Y |////Ë|m Ä////¿Â³ |////{ 95 dÅZ^//// Z////] Y StR1
16S Ê»Â/¼ ÉZ/żËYa ®¼¯ Ä] 16S rRNA Ì·Z¿M
Z/] ¾Ìf/z¿ ÉY] .{¯ ʧ » Stenotrophomonas
192 Á Ê/] 1492R Á 799F ¹Z¿ Ä] ZÅÉf¯Z] rRNA
Ä///////¯ |/////// Ã{Y{ ½Z///////¿ Ä/////// ·Z» ¾///////ËY {
,Z/¨·M ÉZ/ÅÃ{/Ë ¹Z¼e ¶»Z į |¿| ÊËZZÀ ÄËY|m
Ä/Ë { ḑÁ|/¿Y cÂ/ Ä] Pseudoxanthomonas
ÃÁ/³ .|/¿{Â] Z/ÅÉf¯Z/]ÂXeÁa ½Â¸ÌaY Á Zf·{ ,Z»Z³ ,Zf]
.{Y{ {ÂmÁ l¿]
(Z/Ž¸¯ ¶¯ Y |{ 27/8) ZÅÉf¯Z]ÂXeÁa Zf] \·Z£
1391 ZÆ] ,ºÅ{ ÃZ¼ ,¹ZÆq µZ ,®ÌeZ¼fÌÂÌ] Á ʻ¿¯Ze
8
]ZÀ»
Doebereiner, J., Baldani, V. and Reis, V. M. (1995) Endophytic occurrence of diazotrophic bacteria in
non-leguminous crops. In: Azospirillum VI and related microorganisms (eds. Del Gallo, M.,
Vanderleyden, J. and De Zamaroczy, M). 3-14. Springer Verlag, Berlin.
Erukhimovitch, V., Pavlov, V., Talyshinsky, M., Souprun, Y. and Huleihel, M. (2005) FTIR
microscopy as a method for identification of bacterial and fungal infections. Journal of
Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis 37: 1105-1108.
Goodacre, R., Timmins, E. M., Burton, R., Kaderbhai, N., Woodward, A. M., Kell, D. B. and Rooney,
P. J. (1998) Rapid identification of urinary tract infection bacteria using hyperspectral wholeorganism fingerprinting and artificial neural networks. Microbiology 144: 1157-1170.
Hayward, A. C., Fegan, N., Fegan, M. and Stirling, G. R. (2009) Stenotrophomonas and Lysobacter:
ubiquitous plant-associated gamma-proteobacteria of developing significance in applied
microbiology. Journal of Applied Microbiology 108: 756-770.
Kummerle, M., Scherer, S. and Seiler, H. (1998) Rapid and reliable identification of fermentative
yeasts by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 64:
2207-2214.
Maciel, B. M., Santos, A. C. F., Dias, J. C. T., Vidal, R. O., Dias, R. G. C., Gross, E., Cascardo, J. C.
M. and Rezende, R. P. (2009) Simple DNA extraction protocol for a 16S rDNA study of bacterial
diversity in tropical landfarm soil used for bioremediation of oil waste. Genetic and Molecular
Research 8: 375-388.
Manter, D. K., Delgado, G. A., Holm, D. G. and Stong, R. A. (2010) Pyrosequencing reveals a highly
diverse and cultivar-specific bacterial endophyte community in potato roots. Microbial Ecology 60:
157-166.
Martin-Didonet, C. C. G., Chubatsu, L. S., Souza, E. M., Kleina, M., Rego, F. G. M., Rigo, L. U.,
Yates, M. G. and Pedrosa, F. O. (2000) Genome structure of the genus Azospirillum. Journal of
Bacteriology 182: 4113-4116.
Naumann, D., Helm, D. and Schultz, C. (1994) Characterization and identification of microorganisms
by FT-IR spectroscopy and FT-IR microscopy. In: Bacterial diversity and systematics (eds. Priest,
F. G., Ramos Cormenzana, A. and Tindall, B. J.) 67-85. Springer, New York.
Ryan, R. P., Monchy, S., Cardinale, M., Taghavi, S., Crossman, L., Avison, M. B., Berg, G., Lelie, D.
and Dow, J. M. (2009) The versatility and adaptation of bacteria from the genus
Stenotrophomonas. Nature Review 7: 514-525.
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Sanger, F., Nicklen, S. and Coulson, A. R. (1977) DNA sequencing with chain-terminating inhibitors.
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rice (Oryza sativa L.) roots estimated by 16S rDNA sequence analysis. Microbial Ecology 55: 415424.
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Stackebrandt, E. (2000) Cultivatable microbial diversity: gnawing at the Gordian knot.
Environmental Microbiology 2: 310-318.
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A. F. (2007) Pseudoxanthomonas spadix sp. nov., isolated from oil-contaminated soil. International
9
FTIR Á 16S rDNA ½ Ì·Z¿M Y Ã{Z¨fY Z] ¹|À³ Á l¿] Z̼ŠḑÁ|¿Y ÉZÅ¥ÁeÁYÉ{ Y É|Ë|m ÉZÅĿ³ ÊËZZÀ
Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 57: 1823-1827.
Young, C. C., Hupfer, H., Siering, C., Ho, M. J., Arun, A. B., Lai, W. A., Rekha, P. D., Shen, F. T.,
Hung, M. H., Chen, W. M. and Yassin, A. F. (2008) Azospirillum rugosum sp. nov., isolated from
oil-contaminated soil. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 58: 959963.
1391 ZÆ] ,ºÅ{ ÃZ¼ ,¹ZÆq µZ ,®ÌeZ¼fÌÂÌ] Á ʻ¿¯Ze
10
26-11 Äv¨ ,1391 ZÆ] ,ºÅ{ ÃZ¼ ,¹ZÆq µZ ,®ÌeZ¼fÌÂÌ] Á ʻ¿¯Ze
1390/11/16 :ÊËZÆ¿ Ë~a
1390/09/13 :Ä·Z¬» d§ZË{
(Carpinus L.) ¼» Àm ÉZÅĿ³ { ¯ Á Ä¿Á ,±] ÊZÀdzË
1
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½YËY ,¿ ,
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Á ÉÂ/¿ _°/Á°Ì» Y Ã{Z¨f/Y Z/] /¯ Á Ä/¿Á ¶/Ì^« Y ,±/] ®/Ë·§»Á°Ì» cZ¨/ Ê] Ä] ¹Y|«Y
ÉZ/ÅÄ/¿Â¼¿ ,¾Ì/Àr¼Å Á Æ/¿ ®/Ë·¯Y ¡Z/] { {Â/m» Ê»ÂËZ/]Å ÉZ/ÅĿ¼¿ ÉÁ ] Ê¿Áf°·Y _°Á°Ì»
Y|/f]Y { ,±/] ®/Ë·§»Á¯Z» cZ¨/ Ê]Z/ËY ÉY/] .d/Y Ã|/ Ê/ Ì^ ÉZ/ÅÃZ´/ËÁ Y Ã|/ ÉÁM¼m
ÉZ/Ŷ/´Àm { (C. orientalis) · Á (C. schuschaensis) ¦r¯ ,(Carpinus betulus) ¼» Ŀ³ Ä É|À]Ĭ^
kzf/» ÉZ/ÅÂv» .d/§³ Y« ªÌ¬ve {» ±] {Z ]Y ÃËÁ Ä] ,±] ®Ë·§»Á¯Z» cZ¨
ZY ] µZ¼
¶»Z¯  Ä] Y ÃÁ³ Ä d¿YÂf¿ ,±] {Z ]Y cZ¨ Y Êy] Z] ÓZ] Ê´f^¼Å ¾¼ ʸY ÉZÅĨ·R» ÄËne Y Ã|
Ä/¿Â³ .{¯ |ÌËPe Y É|À]ÃÁ³ ¾ËY dv |{ 64/7 ZÆÀe Ì¿ Ìze Ì·Z¿M ½M Z] ZfY ºÅ Á |ËZ¼¿ ®Ì°¨e ºÅ Y
Á d/Y {Z/ ]Y ¾Ëf°qÂ/¯ ÉYY{ Â/· Ä/¿Â³ Á dYY{ 4¯ Á Ä¿Á cZ¨ Ä̸¯ {» { Y {Z ]Y ¾Ëf³] ¼»
(anomocytic) ®ÌfÌ/¼¿M Á (paracytic) ®ÌfÌYZa `Ìe ¿ Ä ¼» Ŀ³ { .{Y{ ÊÀÌ]ZÀÌ] d·Zu ¦r¯ Ŀ³
Ä/¯ Ê·Z/u { ,dY ¹|ÌaY ÉZŵ¸ Y eÓZ] Ä¿Á ÉZŵ¸ ½M { į | ÊËZZÀ (anisocytic) ®ÌfÌÁÌ¿M Á
Á{ ¾ËY { į | ÊËZZÀ ®ÌfÌÁf· Á ®ÌfÌÁÌ¿M `Ìe ¦r¯ { Á (laterocytic) ®ÌfÌÁf· `Ìe · Ŀ³ {
Y Ä/¿Â³ Ä/ ¾/ËY Ê·Á ,|ÀfÅ Ã{Z ¿ Y Zů Äq ³Y .dY ¹|ÌaY ÉZŵ¸ Y e¾ÌËZa Ä¿Á ÉZŵ¸ Ŀ³
ÌiP/e d/ve cZ¨/ ¾/ËY Ä/¯ ¾ËY Ä] ÄmÂe Z] Ê·Á ,|ÀfÅ ®Ì°¨e ¶]Z« ºÅ Y É{Á|u Ze ¯ ÃY|¿Y Á º¯Ye Zv·
|/ÌËPe ¹|/ ¾¼/ /Zu ªÌ¬ve ,¾ËY]ZÀ] .|ÀfÌ¿ ®Ì»Â¿Â¯Ze Y ÉYY{ ,|¿Y{ Y« ®Ë·¯Y ËY ºÌ¬f»
d/ËZÆ¿ { Á Ä/f¯Y] Á ~/] Ê/ZÀd/zËË Ä/¯ |À¯Ê» {ZÆÀÌa ¼» ʻ¿¯Ze { ±] ÊZÀdzË ÊËMZ¯
.{Ì´] Y« ½ZZÀÃZ̳ ¿ |» ʷ°·Â» cZ ·Z»
¯ ,Ä¿Á yZ ,±] ÊZÀdzË ,¼» :É|̸¯ ÉZÅÃYÁ
* [email protected]
1391 ZÆ] ,ºÅ{ ÃZ¼ ,¹ZÆq µZ ,®ÌeZ¼fÌÂÌ] Á ʻ¿¯Ze
12
-1373 ,Êf]Z/i) dY Ã| Àm ¾ËY ÉZÅĿ³ É|À]Ã{
Ä»|¬»
»Z/m cZ ·Z» ¹Á· ,¾ËY]ZÀ] .Li and Cheng, 1979)
Ä/] Ä/¿Â³ 35 {Á|/u Z/] (Carpinus L.) ¼» Àm
{ Z/ÅÄ/¿Â³ ¾/ËY ®Ì°¨e {» { Ìa Y Ì] ªÌ¼ Á
Ostryopsis
.(1381 ,Êf]Zi) {ÂÊ»
ZuY ¯ µZ¼ ÉZŶ´Àm
©|///À§ Ã///Ìe Y À///m Z///Æq ½YÂ///À Ä///] Decne.
:¶»Z///// /////¼» Ä/////¿Â³ Ä///// (1358) ¾Ì/////^»
Ä/¯ -(Chen, 1994) d/Y Ã| ʧ » (Corylaceae)
C. schuschaensis H. Winkl ,Carpinus betulus L.
/Ë Y Ê°Ë ½YÂÀ Ä] ÊÅZ³ ©|À§ ÃÌe ]ZÀ» Y Êy] {
ÉY///] Y (Â///·) C. orientalis Mill. Á (¦///r¯)
{Â///Ê///» Â///À» (Betulaceae)
Â///e ÉZ///ÅÃ///Ìe
Ä//¯ Ê·Z//u { d//Y Ã{//¯ Y//³ µZ¼// ÉZ//Ŷ//´Àm
,Â//¼n» { .(Cronquist, 1981; Winkler, 1904)
¾Ì/] ±Á{ Ä/¿Â³ ®/Ë Y ¦/r¯ Ŀ³ (1377) ½Z»Æ«
®/Ë Á Ã|ÀÀ¯½Yy ,Êfy{ Ŀ³ 35 ¶»Z ¼» Àm
Ä/¿Â³ (1383) ½Z/˨» .d/Y Ã{/¯ ʧ » · Á ¼»
ZaÁY Y Ê·Z¼ ð¼Ì¿ { Ê»Â] c Ä] į dY ÄËZa
Á C. betulus var. betulus ÉZ//ÅÄ//fËYÁ Z//] Y //¼»
Z/°Ë»M /¯» Z/e µZ¼/ Á Z/Ì·Z¼ÌÅ [ÂÀm ,ZÌM © Ze
Y Â/· Ŀ³ Á C. betulus var. parva Radde-Fomin
(Krüssmann, 1984; Hillier, 1991; {Y{ ʳ|À¯Ya
C. orientalis Mill. subsp. orientalis Ŀ³ Ë ¶»Z
.Furlow, 1990; Suszka et al., 1998)
Á Ostrya Scop. ,Corylus ÃY////¼Å
C. orientalis Mill. subsp. macrocarpa (Willk.) Á
|/ /f» Ä/ {Á|/u) |/ |/À4¯ Ê¿Zfy{ Zż»
¦/r¯ Ä/¿Â³ Ä] į Ê·Zu { ,|À¯Ê» |ÌËPe Y Browicz
Ê¿YÂ//m { ¶°// Ê//»Å kZ//e Z//] (µZ// Ã{ { ÊZ//¨eY
Ê/§ » º£Ê¸ (1381) Êf]Zi .dY Ã{°¿ ÉYÃZY pÌÅ
Á Ê/Ì] ¶°/ Ä/] Ê·Z/ÀƯ ½YÁ{ { ,Ä/f^·Y į |ÀfÅ
,Â/· Á (C. macrocarpa) /¤e ,¦r¯ ,¼» ÉZÅĿ³
¾/ËY .(Suszka et al., 1998) |/ÀÅ{Ê» ¶° Ì̤e {³
:ÉZ///ŹZ///¿ Z///] ///¼» Ä///¿Â³ ÉY///] Ä///fËYÁ Z///Æq
Y ʯZ/y Á ÉÂ/¿ ¦¸fz» ËY Y Ê ÌÁ ÄÀ»Y{ Ŀ³
C. betulus L. ,C. betulus L. var. betulus Browicz
d/Y Ê Ì/Á ®/Ë·¯Y ÄÀ»Y{ ÉYY{ Á |À¯Ê» ¶¼ve
C. betulus L. var. ,var. carpinizza (Host) Neilr
ËY/ [Â/y Ê/°Å Z] Á ÊÀ£ Zy Á ¶»Z¯ ¿ Z»Y
C. betulus L. var. typic Á parava Radde-Fomin
d/¸ Ä/] .(Metzger, 1990) d/ZÆ¿M |/ ÉY] ÄÀÌÆ]
{ Ì/Á À¯Y/a Z] ¼» ʸY `Ìe ½YÂÀ Ä] Y Medo
ÊvËe cZÌÂy .dY Ã{¯ |ÌËPe µZ¼ ÉZŶ´Àm
/f¼¯ /¼» Àm É|À]Ã{ ,ÊZÀdzË ÉZÅdÅZ^
d/Y Ä/f§³ Y/« ZÌM ÃZ« { ½ZZÀÃZ̳ ÄmÂe {»
¾Ë//e{]Z//¯ //9a Á ¾Ìf//z¿ Á//m Ê//ZÀd//zË Á
{Â//» { Â//» ¾//ËY .(Li and Cheng, 1979)
Ä/mÂe {Â/» ÃYÂ/¼Å Z/] /Ë{ Y Ä/¯ |Àf/Å ÊËZÅ´¿Z¿
©{Z/ 0Ô»Z/¯ /Ì¿ Éy ÉZŶ´Àm { ¼» ÉZÅĿ³
±/] ÊfzË cZ¨ ½ZÌ» ¾ËY { į |¿YÃ{Â] ½ZZÀÃZ̳
{Â/» { É/¿ ©Z/¨eY pÌÅ {Âm» ]ZÀ» { YË ,dY
d///Y ½Z///ÅZ̳ É|///À]Ã{ { ÉYÃ///ËÁ ÃZ///´ËZm ÉYY{
-1381 ,Êf]Z/i) {Y|¿ {ÂmÁ ½M ÉZÅÄfËYÁ Á ZÅĿ³ ¾ËY
.(Wang et al., 2001)
.(1383 ,½Z////˨» -1377 ,½Z////»Æ« -1358 ,¾Ì////^»
{Â/» ½ZÅZ̳ É|À]Ã{ { į ±] cZ¨ ´Ë{ Y
d /Á d/¸ Ä] ½M ÊZÀdzË ÉÓZ] ÂÀe ,¾ÌÀr¼Å
(Miskin et al., |Àf/Å Z/ÅÄ/¿Á ,{̳ʻ Y« ÄmÂe
{ ½YÁY§ ÉYÂ{ \^ Ê·Z¼fuY ijÁ{ Ì¿ Á ÃZ´ËÁ
13
(Carpinus L.) ¼» Àm ÉZÅĿ³ { ¯ Á Ä¿Á ,±] ÊZÀdzË
Á ½Z´À/Ê/ ,Ân¯ ,Ë|¯ ªZÀ» { Æ¿ ½ZfÆ
{ Ä/¿Á º¯Y/e Á {Y|/ e Ä/¯ |¿|¬f » ½Z¬¬v» .1972)
Ê/=¼¯ d¨/ 14 ,¼n» { .d§³ ¹Zn¿Y Ì¿ ƺWZ«
ÉYY{ Z/ÅÄ/fËYÁ Á Z/ÅĿ³ ,ZÅÀm ¾Ì] { t |uYÁ
Ê/¨Ì¯ cZ¨/ ÃY/¼Å Ä/] Ä/¿Á Ê/=¼¯ d¨/ 3 ,±]
cZ¨/ /´Ë{ Y .d/Y Ä/ ·Z» Á Ê] ¶]Z« Á cÁZ¨e
Êf/a t/ Á ±/^»{ ÉÁ /] ¯ º¯Ye Á Ä¿Á
Á ±/] t/ ÉZ/Å/¯ ½ZÅZ̳ ʻ¿¯Ze { ºÆ»
|/ Ê]Z/ËY Ä/¿Â¼¿ /Å Y ±/] {|/ 5 ÉÁ ] ±]
Hardin ,µZ/j» ÉY/] .(Dennert, 1884) dY ±^»{
.(2 µÁ|m)
Z/Y /] ʸ»Z/¯ É|/À]Ĭ^ (1986) Jones Á (1976)
.|/¿{Y{ ¹Z/n¿Y Z/°Ë»Y { Â/¸] À/m {Â/» { ¯
ÉZ»M ¶Ì¸ve Á ÄËne
cZ¨/ d/̼ÅY ´¿Z/Ì] Äf~³ cZ¬Ì¬ve Á» ,¾ËY]ZÀ]
ÉZ/ÅÁ Y Ê/°Ë (PCA) ʸ/Y ÉZ/ÅĨ·R» Ì·Z¿M
\/¸£Y { .d/Y ¦/¸fz» ÉZ/ÅĿ³ É|À]Ã{ { ±]
,cZ/ÔY º/nu ÅZ¯ Z] į dY ÉZ»M Ã̤f» |Àq
Ä/] /¼» À/m Ê»ÂËZ/]Å ÉZ/ÅĿ¼¿ ®Ì°¨e ,{Y»
{{//³Ê//» cZ//ÔY ¶/̸ve Á Ä//Ëne { ¶ÌÆ//e \^/
cZÌ/Ây
Z/Y /] ZqZ¿ Ä] ,~] Âu ¹| d¸
(Sneath and Sokal, 1973; Johnson and
¾Ë/eº/Æ» ,ʸY ÉZÅĨ·R» Ì·Z¿M Z] .Wichern, 2002)
ª/^ Ä/¯ Ê·Zu { ,Ã| ¹Zn¿Y ±] ®Ë·§»¯Z»
Á ¾Ì/Ì e ¿ {» Ŀ³ Ä ®Ì°¨e ] Y~³ÌiPe ¶»YÂ
¿Z/ËYÁ j¯Y|/u Ã|ÀÀ¯ÄÌmÂe į ÄÌ·ÁY ¶»Y \·Z« {
{ Ã|/ Ä/WYY (score) ÉZÅü¿ .|Ë{³ kYzfY ,Ã{Â]
Y/« Ä/§®/Ë ¿Z/ËYÁ Ì·Z/¿M ¹Z/n¿Y ÉZÀ^» ¶»Z Å
/] Ä/¿Â³ Ä/ ®/Ì°¨e ÉY/] ¿ZËYÁ Ì·Z¿M Y~· .d§³
ÉY/] LSD ½Â»M Y b Á | ¹Zn¿Y Ĩ·R» Á{
ZY
.|/ Ã{Z¨f/Y ¶/»Z /Å { Ä/¿Â³ /Å Á{ Ä/] Á{ ÄËZ¬»
cZ//fz» Â//v» ÉZ//§ { Ê//fy{ ÉZ//ÅÄ//ËZa //za
|/» Z/ÌfuY Z] |ËZ] lËZf¿ ¾ËY ,(2002) Wen Á Yoo ¿
É´¿Z/] ] ÃÁÔ ,Zu ªÌ¬ve { Y~· .{̳ Y« ¿
Y Ã{Z¨f//Y Z//] ,±//] ®//Ë·§»Á¯Z» cZ¨// {
ÉÂ/¿ _°Á°Ì» Á (SEM) Ê¿Áf°·Y _°Á°Ì»
Ä¿Á ®Ë·§»Á°Ì» cZÌÂy Y Êy] (LM)
Ä ·Z» Àm ¾ËY {» { Z] ¾Ìfz¿ ÉY] Ì¿ ¯ Á
.{ ¹Zn¿Y ÉfÌ] dÌ Z« Z] É̳ºÌ¼e Ze |
ZÅÁ Á {Y»
|///{ 95 {Á|///u Ä///¯ Ä///Ì·ÁY Â///v» Á{ Y ¶///Zu
Ä/¿Â¼¿ 18 :¶»Z/ Ê»ÂËZ/]Å Ä/¿Â¼¿ 44 ,¼n» {
É|/À]ÃÁ³ Ze | ¹Zn¿Y ,{Â] Ã{¯ ÄÌmÂe Y ZÅ¿ZËYYÁ
¡Z/] ¹ÂËZ/]Å Y Â/· Ä/¿Â¼¿ 8 Á ¦r¯ Ŀ¼¿ 18 ,¼»
dv |ÌËPe ÂÀ» Ä] ,dËZÆ¿ { .{{³ Ê]ZËY ZÅĿ³
.(1 µÁ|//m) |// Ä// ·Z» Á Ê//] Æ//¿ ®//Ë·¯Y
(Sattarian |Ë{³ Ã{Z¨fY Ìze Ì·Z¿M Y É|À]ÃÁ³
¡Z//] Ê»ÂËZ//]Å ÉZ//ÅÄ//¿Â¼¿ Ä//¯ d//Y //¯} ½ZËZ//
Ä/] Ä/¿Á ÉZ/ÅyZ Ä ·Z» ÂÀ» Ä] .et al., 2011)
Á µZ¼// ÉZ//Ŷ//´Àm ¦//¸fz» ªZ//À» Y ®//Ë·¯Y
c|/» Ä/] ±/] ÉZ/ÅĿ¼¿ ,É¿ _°Á°Ì» ĸÌÁ
¾/ËY Z/] Ê·Á ,dY Ã| ÉÁM¼m ½YZ^Y ÉZŶ´Àm
¢/Ìe ĸÌÁ Ä] b ,Äf§³ Y« Âm [M { Ĭ̫{ lÀa
Y Ä//¿Â¼¿ 10 ,//¼» Ä//¿Â³ Y Ä//¿Â¼¿ 26 Ä// ·Z» ,¦//Á
ZÌ] ÉZÅĿ¼¿ ¾ËË t { ±] ¹|ÌaY ÉZÅÄËÓ Y
ÉZ/ÅÃZ´/ËÁ Y Â/· Ä/¿Â³ Y Ä/¿Â¼¿ 5 Á ¦/r¯ Ŀ³
.|//Ë{³ Ä//ÌÆe Ä//¿Â¼¿ ¶//»Ó Á ¹Ó //Âe Á Y|//m Z//¿
ÉZ/Ŷ/´Àm { ½Z³|/¿Z´¿ ĸÌÁ Ä] ZÅĿ³ ¾ËY Ê Ì^
1391 ZÆ] ,ºÅ{ ÃZ¼ ,¹ZÆq µZ ,®ÌeZ¼fÌÂÌ] Á ʻ¿¯Ze
14
Y|/f]Y ,Â/À» ¾Ë|/] .|/ Ä/ÌÆe Ê/¿Áf°·Y _°Á°Ì»
Z/] ,Ä/¿Á / Á µÂ/ ¶/Ì^« Y Ä/¿Á ÉZ/ÅyZ
/Âe Á |/ Y|/m ±/] ÉZ/ÅÄ/¿Â¼¿ Y Ê°q¯ Ä «
º¯Y/e .|/ É̳ÃY|¿Y d«{ Ä] Image tools Y§Y¹¿
Ä/f§³ Y« Âz» (stub) ÉZÅ®ËZa ÉÁ ] \q
Ä/] .|/Ë{³ Z¼/ /]» /f»Ê¸Ì» |uYÁ { Ì¿ Ä¿Á
Ä/¨v» ½Á{ Ä/] Z/Å®ËZa ¾ËY ½| [Â¯Ô Y a Á
Ê/=¼¯ cZ/ÔY Ä¿Á Ê=¼¯ ÉZÅyZ ÄËZ¬» ÂÀ»
.|¿|///// Ã{Y{ µZ/////¬f¿Y Ê/////¿Áf°·Y _°/////Á°Ì»
Y Ã{Z¨f/Y Z/] Ä/§®/Ë ¿Z/ËYÁ Ì·Z/¿M ¹Z/n¿Y Y a
µ|/» Philips _°/Á°Ì» ĸÌ/Á Ä/] ZÅ¥Y³Á°Ì»
.d/§³ ¹Zn¿Y 16 Äz¿ SPSS Y§Y¹¿ Z] ¾°¿Y{ ½Â»M
.| Äf§³ XL 3
ĸÌ////Á Ä///] ///¯ Á Ä///¿Á ÉZ///Å¥Y///³Á°Ì»
(Æ¿ ¹ÂËZ]Å) ¼» Àm Y Ä ·Z» {» Ê»ÂËZ]Å ÉZÅĿ¼¿ cZz» -1 µÁ|m
Ê»ÂËZ]Å ÃZ¼
Ã|ÀÀ¯ ÉÁM¼m
Z¨eY
ÉÁM¼m ¶v»
Ŀ³ ¹Z¿
8666
Y
2400
ÄÌ] ÃZÌ ,½YÁ|À¯ ,
·Zq
C. betulus
8666
Y
2400
ÄÌ] ÃZÌ ,½YÁ|À¯ ,
·Zq
C. betulus
8666
Y
2400
ÄÌ] ÃZÌ ,½YÁ|À¯ ,
·Zq
C. betulus
8678
ÊÀÌ»Y
1500
¶ËÁY ÉZfÁ ,Ân¯ ,Æ¿
C. betulus
8678
ÊÀÌ»Y
1500
¶ËÁY ÉZfÁ ,Ân¯ ,Æ¿
C. betulus
8678
ÊÀÌ»Y
1500
¶ËÁY ÉZfÁ ,Ân¯ ,Æ¿
C. betulus
8679
ÊZ^ ,ÊÀÌ»Y ,Y
2000
cY°Y Ze Z]{Á Ã{Zm ,»Y
C. betulus
8680
ÊÀÌ»Y ,Y
1600
Ã|´À ,Ä´¿Y{ Á{ ,ÉZ
C. betulus
8681
ÊÀÌ»Y ,Y
1700-1400
Ó¯ cZa ,ÉZ
C. betulus
8682
ÊÀÌ»Y ,Y
2400-2000
½ZnËZÅ ,½YÁ|À¯ ,
·Zq
C. betulus
8682
ÊÀÌ»Y ,Y
2400-2000
½ZnËZÅ ,½YÁ|À¯ ,
·Zq
C. betulus
8682
ÊÀÌ»Y ,Y
2400-2000
½ZnËZÅ ,½YÁ|À¯ ,
·Zq
C. betulus
8686
ÊÀÌ»Y
-21
Æ¿ ÊZÀÃZ̳ ¡Z]
C. betulus
10678
{Y¿|¿ÂyM
1180
½YZ^Y
C. betulus
10677
{Y¿|¿ÂyM
-
½YZ^Y
C. betulus
10679
{Y¿|¿ÂyM
-
½YZ^Y
C. betulus
8667
ÊÀÌ»Y ,Y
2200
ÄÌ] ÃZÌ ,½YÁ|À¯ ,
·Zq
C. betulus
8681
ÊÀÌ»Y ,Y
1700-1400
Ó¯ cZa ,ÉZ
C. betulus
8671
Y
1700
· ½ZzÆe Ã{Zm ,Ë|¯ ,Ân¯ ,Æ¿
C. schuschaensis
8668
Y
1000-800
{Á ¾ËÌ Ä¿Zy{Á ,Ä´¿Y{ Á{ ,ÉZ
C. schuschaensis
8668
Y
1000-800
{Á ¾ËÌ Ä¿Zy{Á ,Ä´¿Y{ Á{ ,ÉZ
C. schuschaensis
8668
Y
1000-800
{Á ¾ËÌ Ä¿Zy{Á ,Ä´¿Y{ Á{ ,ÉZ
C. schuschaensis
8669
ÊÀÌ»Y ,Y
1900-1600
d· da ,ÓÂ] ¶´Àm ,Ã|´À ,Ä´¿Y{Á{ ,ÉZ
C. schuschaensis
8670
Y
2400-2000
ï da ĬÀ» ,Ä´¿Y{ ZÆq ,ÉZ
C. schuschaensis
8664
Y
-21
Æ¿ ÊZÀÃZ̳ ¡Z]
C. schuschaensis
8664
Y
-21
Æ¿ ÊZÀÃZ̳ ¡Z]
C. schuschaensis
8665
ÊÀÌ»Y ,Y
-21
Æ¿ ÊZÀÃZ̳ ¡Z]
C. schuschaensis
15
(Carpinus L.) ¼» Àm ÉZÅĿ³ { ¯ Á Ä¿Á ,±] ÊZÀdzË
Ê»ÂËZ]Å ÃZ¼
Ã|ÀÀ¯ ÉÁM¼m
Z¨eY
ÉÁM¼m ¶v»
Ŀ³ ¹Z¿
8672
Y
2800-1500
ï ÃZ ,Ân¯ ĬÀ» ,Æ¿
C. schuschaensis
8672
Y
2800-1500
ï ÃZ ,Ân¯ ĬÀ» ,Æ¿
C. schuschaensis
8672
Y
2800-1500
ï ÃZ ,Ân¯ ĬÀ» ,Æ¿
C. schuschaensis
8673
ÊÀÌ»Y ,Y
1700
Ì·{ ,ÄÌ] ÃZÌ ,½YÁ|À¯ ,
·Zq
C. schuschaensis
8673
ÊÀÌ»Y ,Y
1700
Ì·{ ,ÄÌ] ÃZÌ ,½YÁ|À¯ ,
·Zq
C. schuschaensis
8673
ÊÀÌ»Y ,Y
1700
Ì·{ ,ÄÌ] ÃZÌ ,½YÁ|À¯ ,
·Zq
C. schuschaensis
8675
Y
-
{Á|À¸³ ,Ã|¼¸ ,¿
C. schuschaensis
8675
Y
-
{Á|À¸³ ,Ã|¼¸ ,¿
C. schuschaensis
10680
{Y¿|¿ÂyM
-
{Z]M ½» ,
·Zq
C. schuschaensis
8676
ÊÀÌ»Y ,Y
2400
d· da ,ÓÂ] ¶´Àm ,Ã|´À ,Ä´¿Y{Á{ ,ÉZ
C. orientalis
8676
ÊÀÌ»Y ,Y
2400
d· da ,ÓÂ] ¶´Àm ,Ã|´À ,Ä´¿Y{Á{ ,ÉZ
C. orientalis
8677
Y
-21
YÁ ¶´Àm ,¿
C. orientalis
4490
É{Y» Âa
-
{Á|À¸³ ,Ã|¼¸ ,¿
C. orientalis
10682
{Y¿|¿ÂyM
-
ɯ{¯
C. orientalis
10681
{Y¿|¿ÂyM
-
¶»M
C. orientalis
8676
ÊÀÌ»Y ,Y
2400
d· da ,ÓÂ] ¶´Àm ,Ã|´À ,Ä´¿Y{Á{ ,ÉZ
C. orientalis
8677
Y
-21
YÁ ¶´Àm ,¿
C. orientalis
¼» Àm ±] { Ä ·Z» {» cZ¨ -2 µÁ|m
ÉZfyY d»Ô
Z̬»
®Ë·§» d¨
¦Ë{
LL
f»Êf¿Z
±] µÂ
1
LW
f»Êf¿Z
±] ÉZÀÆa j¯Y|u
2
PL
f»Êf¿Z
±^»{ µÂ
3
BW
f»Êf¿Z
±] Ã|Z« Ze ±] d¼« ¾Ëe¾Æa ĸZ§
4
V
{|
ʸY ±^³ d¨m {Y| e
5
T
{|
ʸY Ä¿Y|¿{ {Y| e
6
LL 0.1
f»Êf¿Z
½M µÂ 0/1 { ±]
8
LL 0.9
f»Êf¿Z
½M µÂ 0/9 { ±]
9
LA
]» f»Êf¿Z
±] duZ»
10
LL/PL
-
®ÀÆa Ä] µÂ d^¿
11
LL/BW
-
±] Ã|Z« Ze ±] d¼« ¾Ëe¾Æa ĸZ§ Ä] µÂ d^¿
12
BW/PL
-
±^»{ µÂ Ä] ±] Ã|Z« Ze ±] d¼« ¾Ëe¾Æa ĸZ§
13
LL/LW
-
( Ä] µÂ d^¿) ®ÀÆa ¶°
14
SL
f»Á°Ì»
Ä¿Á µÂ
15
SW
f»Á°Ì»
Ä¿Á
16
SD
]» f»Ê¸Ì» { {Y| e
Ä¿Á º¯Ye
17
1391 ZÆ] ,ºÅ{ ÃZ¼ ,¹ZÆq µZ ,®ÌeZ¼fÌÂÌ] Á ʻ¿¯Ze
16
Ê´f//^¼Å ÉYY{ (LA) duZ//» Á (LL) cZ¨// ¹Á{
lËZf¿
Ê/¨À» Ê´f/^¼Å ÉYY{ (T) Ä¿Y|¿{ {Y| e d¨ Á d^j»
±] ®Ë·§»Á¯Z» cZ¨
±/^»{ µÂ Ä] ±] µÂ ¶Ì^« Y ,Ê^¿ cZ¨ .dY
¥Yv¿Y ÃÁÔ Ä] ±] Ê=¼¯ cZ¨ ¾Ì´¿ZÌ» Ë{Z¬»
±/] Ã|/Z« Ze ±] ÉZÀÆa j¯Y|u ĸZ§ Á (LL/PL)
µÁ|/m { Ä/¿Â³ Å ®Ì°¨e Ä] cYÌ̤e \Ë Á ZÌ »
Z/] Y ÊËÓZ/] 0Zf^¿ Ê´f^¼Å (BW/PL) ±^»{ µÂ Ä]
/j¯Y { cY/Ì̤e \Ë/ Ê]Z/ËY .d/Y Ã|/ ÄWYY 3
.(4 µÁ|m) |ÀÅ{Ê» ½Z¿ ¹Â ¶»Z
cZ¨ cYÌ̤e ÌÁ ÄÀ»Y{ Y ʯZu ±] Ê=¼¯ cZ¨
.dY ¼» Àm ÉZÅĿ³
Ä] ÄËne Y kzf» ¶»Y ÉZÀ^» ] ¿ZËYÁ Ì·Z¿M
½M Y ʯZ/u ½M lËZ/f¿ Ä/¯ |/ ¹Z/n¿Y ʸY ÉZÅĨ·R»
d/Y ½M Y ʯZu ,ʸY ÉZÅĨ·R» Ä] ÄËne lËZf¿
ÊËÓZ] Ê´f^¼Å į ¹Á{ Á µÁY ¶»Y { ¬§ į dY
Ä/ÌmÂe µÁY Ä/¨·R» Ä/ { ¿ZËYÁ |{ 97 {Á|u į
Ä/¿Y|¿{ {Y|/ e Á ±/] duZ/» ,±/] µÂ/ cZ¨ Z]
,|/{ 70 µÁY ¶/»Z ºÆ/ Ä/¯ ÉÂ/ Ä/] -dY Ã|
¥Ôf//yY ´Ë|//°Ë Z//] //¿ {Â//» ÉZ//ÅÄ//¿Â³ ,|//¿Y{
Ã{Â//] |//{ 2/5 ¹Â// ¶//»Z Á |//{ 24 ¹Á{ ¶//»Z
ZÅĿ³ ,¹Â ¶»Z { Ê·Á ,|ÀÅ{Ê» ½Z¿ Y ÉY{ÊÀ »
µÂ/ ¶Ì^« Y ÊeZ¨ ,¹Á{ Á µÁY ¶»Z Z] Ä]Y { .dY
.(5 µÁ|m) |ÀÅ{ʼ¿ ½Z¿ Y ÉY{ÊÀ » ¥ÔfyY
(T) Ä/¿Y|¿{ {Y|/ e Á (LA) ±] duZ» Á (LL) ±]
¶»Z { .|ÀfÅ YY{ ZÅ¿ZËYÁ ¾Ì] { Y ºÆ ¾ËfÌ]
Ŀ³ Å ®Ì°¨e Ä] Ä ·Z» {» cZ¨ { cYÌ̤e \Ë Á ZÌ » ¥Yv¿YÁ ¾Ì´¿ZÌ» Ë{Z¬» -3 µÁ|m
·
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cYÌ̤e
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6/28
21/44
0/69
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29/96
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5/76
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32/78
0/377
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0/77
2/57
22/04
1/2
3/6
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25/25
0/5
1/98
21/03
0/56
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28/55
0/217
0/76
36/22
0/17
0/80
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3/35
14/52
43/14
6/23
4/14
13/64
8/28
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16/85
4/94
11/51
9/56
1/27
13/28
17/30
1/82
13/34
V
15/65
5/44
34/76
25/5
10/93
42/8
10/49
7/6
43/93
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9/30
0/173
1/86
13/86
0/28
2/02
20/07
0/212
2/02
LL/LW
13/47
0/9
6/68
43/96
2/95
6/71
23/7
1/51
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26/55
0/616
2/32
16
0/4
2/5
24/21
0/58
2/44
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17/53
0/54
3/08
28/72
0/79
2/75
21/44
0/77
3/18
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¾Ì´¿ZÌ»
17
(Carpinus L.) ¼» Àm ÉZÅĿ³ { ¯ Á Ä¿Á ,±] ÊZÀdzË
µÁY Âv» Ä { ±] ®Ë·§»Á¯Z» cZ¨ ʨz» ÉZÅÄË -4 µÁ|m
3 ¶»Z
2 ¶»Z
1 ¶»Z
±] cZ¨
0/01
0/14
0/14
LL
-0/02
0/06
0/06
LW
0/05-
0/01
0/01
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-0/01
0/08
0/06
BW
-0/02
0/02
0/03
LW 0.1
0/02
0/00
0/00
LW 0.9
0/31-
0/73
0/62
LA
0/05
-0/05
0/09
V
-0/02
-0/64
0/75
T
0/01
-0/00
0/00
LL/LW
0/98
0/00
0/03
LL/PL
0/01
-0/02
-0/00
LL/BW
0/16
0/02
0/00
BW/PL
356/140
3325/998
9763/611
ÃËÁ Ë{Z¬»
2/576
23/973
70/372
ÊvÌmÂe ¿ZËYÁ
96/912
94/345
70/372
(0/0) Ê ¼ne ¿ZËYÁ
ʸY ÉZÅĨ·R» Ì·Z¿M Y kzf» ¶»Y ÉZÀ^» ] ¿ZËYÁ Ì·Z¿M -5 µÁ|m
ÉY{ÊÀ »
F
cZ ]» ¾Ì´¿ZÌ»
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cZ ]» ¼n»
0/00
10/02
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2
1897/19
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95/66
82
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84
587/97
¶¯
321/38
2
776/64
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32/72
82
229/28
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84
3326
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2/63
2
5/26
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4/27
82
350/87
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84
356/13
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0/00
0/54
9/82
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1 ¶»Z
2 ¶»Z
3 ¶»Z
¥Ôf/yY Â/· Á /¼» Ä/¿Â³ Á{ Ä/¯ Ê·Z/u { ,|Å{Ê»
Y ʯZ/u ,µÁY ¶/»Z {Â/» { LSD ½Â/»M lËZf¿
Ì·Z//¿M lËZ//f¿ |//ÌËPe { .|//Å{Ê//¼¿ ½Z//¿ Y ÉY{Ê//À »
Ê·Z/u { d/Y Â/· Á /¼» Ŀ³ Á{ Y{ÊÀ » ¥ÔfyY
Y ÉY{Ê/À » ¥ÔfyY ÉZÅĿ³ ¹Â ¶»Z { ¿ZËYÁ
¥Ôf//yY Â//· Á //¼» Ä//¿Â³ Á{ Z//] ¦//r¯ Ä//¿Â³ Ä//¯
.(6 µÁ|m) |ÀÅ{ʼ¿ ½Z¿ ´Ë|°Ë Z]
¦/r¯ Ŀ³ ¹Á{ ¶»Z { .|Å{ʼ¿ ½Z¿ Y ÉY{ÊÀ »
½Z//¿ Y ÉY{Ê//À » ¥Ôf//yY Â//· Á //¼» Ä//¿Â³ Á{ Z//]
1391 ZÆ] ,ºÅ{ ÃZ¼ ,¹ZÆq µZ ,®ÌeZ¼fÌÂÌ] Á ʻ¿¯Ze
18
.(1 ¶°) dÌ¿ Yn» ÉZÅÃÁ³
LSD ½Â»M Y ¶Zu lËZf¿ -6 µÁ|m
¦r¯
{ZË ÉZÅÉ|À]ÃÁ³ |ÌËPe { Ì¿ Ìze Ì·Z¿M lËZf¿
ns
{Á|/u Z/e Z/ÅÉ|/À]ÃÁ/³ dv į |Å{Ê» ½Z¿ Ã|
Ä/¿Â¼¿ 44 Y į É Ä] -dY |ÌËPe ¶]Z« |{ 64/7
6 ,/¼» ÃÁ/³ { Ä/ËZa 30 /¼» Ŀ³ Y Ä ·Z» {»
Á d§³ Y« · ÃÁ³ { ÄËZa 8 Á ¦r¯ Ŀ³ { ÄËZa
17 ZÆÀe Ã| Ê] ÄËZa 28 Y Ì¿ ¦r¯ Ŀ³ {» {
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2 ¶»Z
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|/{ 60/7 ,¾/ËY {Â/mÁ Z] .dY Äf§³ Y« · ÃÁ³
Ä/ÌmÂe Y Z/Å¿ZËYÁ |{ 95 {Á|u ʸY ÉZÅĨ·R»
Ä/¿Â³ {Â/» { ½Z/ËZa { Á dY |ÌËPe {» É|À]ÃÁ³
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Ä/ËZa 1 ,Â/· ÃÁ³ { ÄËZa 8 ,Ã| Ê] ÄËZa 13 Y ·
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į d§³ Y« ¦r¯ ÃÁ³ { ÄËZa 4 Á ¼» ÃÁ³ {
Ŀ³ Ä Ä¯ | ¹Zn¿Y ʸY Âv» Á{ ÉZ§ { Êfy{
µÁ|/m) dY |ÌËPe ¶]Z« É|À]ÃÁ³ |{ 61/5 {Á|u
{ .|¿|/¿ É|/À]ÃÁ/³ t/YÁ Ô»Z/¯ Â/ Ä/] ¯~»
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dÅZ^/ Ä/¿Â³ Ä/ Y Êfy{ ÉZÅÄËZa Y Êy] ,¼n»
{ ®/Ì°¨e ¶/]Z« ,Ã{Y{ ½Z¿ ´Ë|°Ë Ä] Y É{ZË ZÌ]
ʸY ÉZÅĨ·R» ÄËne Y ¶Zu µÁY Ĩ·R» Á{
ZY ] cZfz» Âv» ÉZ§ { Êfy{ ÉZÅĿ¼¿ À¯Ya Y{¼¿ -1 ¶°
19
(Carpinus L.) ¼» Àm ÉZÅĿ³ { ¯ Á Ä¿Á ,±] ÊZÀdzË
Ìze Ì·Z¿M Y ¶Zu lËZf¿ -7 µÁ|m
į dY ½M ÉZ˳ ,ħ®Ë ¿ZËYÁ Ì·Z¿M lËZf¿
Á{ Z/] Ä/ËZ¬» { /¼» Ä/¿Â³ { Ä/¿Á / Á µÂ
Á{ { Ä/¿Á º¯Y/e ¶/]Z¬» { Á dY fÌ] ´Ë{ Ŀ³
Ä/ËZ¬» .d/Y /¼» Ä/¿Â³ Y f/Ì] ¦r¯ Á · Ŀ³
Á{ Z/] /¼» ¾Ì] į {Y{ ½Z¿ ¾°¿Y{ ½Â»M Z] Zž̴¿ZÌ»
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8
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17
6
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64/7
61/5
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Ŀ³
½M º¯Y/e ,¾Ì/Àr¼Å Á Ä/¿Á {Z ]Y Zv· Y ´Ë{ Ŀ³
100
13/6
18/2
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68/2
¶¯ |{
±] ®Ë·§»Á°Ì» cZ¨
Y Y|/¬» ¾Ëf/Ì] .|/¿ Y{ÊÀ » ¦r¯ Á · Ŀ³ Á{
Z/Ì » ¥Y/v¿Y Á ¾Ì´¿ZÌ» Ë{Z¬» :Ä¿Á {Z ]Y cZ¨
º¯Y/e ¾ËfÌ] Á | Ã|ÅZ» ¼» Ŀ³ { {Z ]Y Zv·
{ Ä/¿Á ®Ë·§» cZ¨ ÉY] cYÌ̤e \Ë Á
.|»M d{ Ä] · Ŀ³ { Ì¿ Ä¿Á
.dY Ã| Y³ 8 µÁ|m
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§Z/v» ÉZ/ŵ¸/ Ê·Â/ Âv» {Y|f»Y { ÃY¼Å ÉZŵ¸ :®ÌfÌYZa) Ê¿Z¯ÌÅ ÉZŶ´Àm { ¼» Àm Ä¿Á ¦¸fz» ÉZÅ`Ìe -2 ¶°
(Metcalfe and Chalk,
|/¿Y{ cÁZ/¨f» ÉZ/ÅÃY|/¿Y §Z/v» ÉZ/ŵ¸/ ¥Y/Y ÃY¼Å ÉZŵ¸ :®ÌfÌÁÌ¿M ,(Dilcher, 1974) |¿Y{ Y«
ÉZ/ŵ¸/ :®ÌfÌ/¼¿M ,(Den Hortag and Bass, 1978) d/Y f/Ì] ZË Ä §Zv» ÉZŵ¸ ¥YY ÃY¼Å ÉZŵ¸ :®ÌfÌÁf· ,1950)
.(Metcalfe and Chalk, 1950) |ÀfÅ ÃY/¼Å µÂ¸ |«Z§ d¨³ ½YÂeÊ» Á Ã{Â] ½Z°Ë Á ¶° ®Ë §Zv» ÉZŵ¸ ¥YY ÃY¼Å
1391 ZÆ] ,ºÅ{ ÃZ¼ ,¹ZÆq µZ ,®ÌeZ¼fÌÂÌ] Á ʻ¿¯Ze
20
Ä/¯ ¹|ÌaY ÉZŵ¸ Ä] d^¿ Ä¿Á É̳Y« dÌ «Â»
Ä/¯ /¼» Ŀ³ { dY ®Ë·¯Y ËY ÌiPe dve
Á ʧZ¯ d] |À¿Z» ®Ë·¯Y \ZÀ» Zf^¿
0 ËY Y
Z//e Á t//¼Å Z//ÅÄ//¿Á ,d//Y Y{Â//y] YÂ//Å µY|//fY
Ä¿Á ʨ̯ cZ¨
Ä/ ±/] Êf/a t/ { Ä¿Á cZ¨ Ê] {
Á ®ÌfÌ//¼¿M Á ®ÌfÌ//YZa ¶»Z// Ä//¿Á `//Ìe Â//¿
Â/· Ä/¿Â³ { .| ÊËZZÀ ¼» Ŀ³ { ®ÌfÌÁÌ¿M
.|/Ë{³ Ã|ÅZ» ®ÌfÌÁf· ¹Z¿ Ä] Ä¿Á Y É´Ë{ ¿
{ .|/¿YÄ/f§³ Y/« ¹|/ÌaY ÉZŵ¸ Y eÓZ] ÉYÃY|¿Y
®ÌfÌ/ÁÌ¿M Á ®ÌfÌ/Áf· `/Ìe /Ì¿ ¦/r¯ Ŀ³ {
{ Ä/¯ ¦/r¯ Á Â/· Ŀ³ { ¹|ÌaY ÉZŵ¸ ,¶]Z¬»
.(2 ¶°) {Y{ ZfyY {Ây Ä] Y |{ ¾ËfÌ]
|/¿Y{ À¯Y/a Ê¿Z/¯ÌÅ ÉZ/Ŷ/´Àm ÉÓZ/] cZZ¨eY
Y ¶/Zu ÉZ/Å¥Y/³Á°Ì» Y Ã|»M d{ Ä] lËZf¿ {
.(3 ¶°) |¿Y{ Y« Ä¿Á Y eÓZ]
Ä] ´Ë{ Ŀ³ Á{ Y ¼» Ŀ³ ,Ê¿Áf°·Y _°Á°Ì»
Ê/] { .|Àf/Å ®/Ì°¨e ¶/]Z« {Z ]Y Zv· Y sÂÁ
/¼» Àm { ±] ¾ËË t Ä] Â]» (SEM) Ê¿Áf°·Y _°Á°Ì» Y ¶Zu ÉZÅ° ¥Y³Á°Ì» -3 ¶°
(¦r¯ Ŀ³ E Á F -· Ŀ³ D Á C -¼» Ŀ³ Ä] Â]» B Á A)
21
(Carpinus L.) ¼» Àm ÉZÅĿ³ { ¯ Á Ä¿Á ,±] ÊZÀdzË
{ Ä/¯ ÉÂ/ Ä/] |Àf/Å Ìz/e ¶/]Z« ¯ {Z ]Y Á
¯ ¿ Á º¯Ye
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Á Ã{Z/ ÉZ/Å/¯ Â/¿ Y Ä/¿Â³ Ä/ Å { Ê¿Áf°·Y
Á Ã{/§ Ì/] ¶/]Z¬» { Á ¼» Y f°q¯ ZÌ] {Z ]Y
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d/{ Ä/] lËZ/f¿ ,| ÉY{]° b Á ÊËZ¼À³]
º¯Ye Zv· Y ¼» Àm ÉZÅĿ³ į {Y{ ½Z¿ Ã|»M
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(¦r¯ Ŀ³ :I Á H ,G ,· Ŀ³ :F Á E ,D ,¼» Ŀ³ Ä] Â]» ±^»{ Á ±] Êfa t ÉZů :C Á B ,A) ÃZ´¿
Z^eY { Y ¦r¯ Á · ,¼» Ŀ³ Ä ±] {Z ]Y {
hv]
½M //] º¯Z//u ®//Ë·¯Y ËY// Á Z//ÅÃZ´//f³ Z//]
ËY// ¾Ì//] ÉY{Ê//À » Z//^eY Ä//¯ ÊËZ//n¿M Y
ÉZ/Ŷ/´Àm Ê¿Z/«Â§ cZZ¨eY { · Ŀ³ .{¯ ¶Ì¸ve
d/Y Ã|/ Y³ ±] ÊfzË cZ¨ Á ®Ë·¯Y
{Z/ ]Y ¾Ëf°qÂ/¯ Á Äf/Y{ À¯Y/a ½YZ^/Y Á µZ¼
¥Ôf/yY Á ÂÀe ½YÂeÊ» (Linhart and Grant, 1996)
1391 ZÆ] ,ºÅ{ ÃZ¼ ,¹ZÆq µZ ,®ÌeZ¼fÌÂÌ] Á ʻ¿¯Ze
22
(McElwain, |//Z] ¾]//¯ |Ì//¯Y É{ Ã{Z//] ËY//§Y
Ŀ³ į Ê·Zu { ,dY Ã{Y{ ZfyY {Ây Ä] Y ±]
|//Z] [M ÉY|//Æ´¿ { ÃZ//̳ ÉeYf//Y Z//Ë Á 2004)
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Ì/Á ÃZ/³f³ Z] ¸] ÉZÅĿ³ ±] { Y ÊËÓZ]
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(1358 ,¾Ì/^») ÄfY{ ÉZÌ] ÊfzË Ä]Ze · Z] ¦r¯
Â//¿ ºÌ¬f//» ]Z//e Ä//¯ Äf//Y{ À¯Y//a cinerasens)
|/Àq ÉZ/»M ÉZ/ÅÁ /Ì¿ ÅÁ/a ¾/ËY { ,Ä/f^·Y į
Ê/¸´Àm Z/] ÉZÅÄ ] ¨À] LYÁZ» Ä Y Á |ÌÂy
¾Ì] ÉY{ÊÀ » cÁZ¨e (multivariate analysis) Ã̤f»
{ ½M ÉZ/ÅÃZ´/ËÁ d/] {Â/^¼¯ ] d¸ |Ë» Ì¿
Ìz/e Ì·Z¿M .|À¯Ê¼¿ |ÌËPe Ê «  Ä] Y Ŀ³ Ä
.d/Y /¼» [Â/» Á º¯Yf» ÉZÅÃZ´ËÁ Z] ÄËZ¬»
64/7 {Á|/u Z/e Y /¼» Ä/¿Â³ Ä/ ®Ì°¨e dv Ì¿
|Ì ÄnÌf¿ ¾ËY Ä] (1999) Uzunova ,Ä]Z» ʬ̬ve {
É|À]Ã{ { į |Ê» ¿ Ä] Y~· -|À¯Ê» |ÌËPe |{
Y Y ¾Ëf°qÂ/¯ Â/· Á {Z/ ]Y ¾Ëf³] ¼» Ŀ³ į
Ã/ËÁ Ä/] ,±] ®Ë·§»Á¯Z» cZ¨ ¼» Àm
YY{ Corylaceae Ã{Y¿Z//y { ¹|//ÌaY ÉY//mY Z//v·
Ì¿ ¾ËY Y Ìa Äf^·Y į {Y|¿ Y ¹Ó ÊËMZ¯ ±] {Z ]Y
ÃY/¼Å ÉZ/Å µÂ¸/ {Y|/ e
Z/Y /] Ä¿Á `Ìe .|ÀfÅ
Àm ʻ¿¯Ze { Y Äf§ZË ¾ËY (2002) Wen Á Yoo
/¬¿ Z/ŵ¸/ ¾/ËY Ä/¯ {Â/Ê/» z/» ½M ¥YY
.|¿YÃ| ¯~f» ¼»
(Acer
(Oyeleke et {Y{ Z/ÅÄ¿Á ½| Äf] Á Z] { ÉiR»
Z/ÅÄ/¿Á ½Z/ÅZ̳ É|/À]Ã{ { ´Ë{ ºÆ» cZ¨ Y
Z/ÅÄ/¿Â³ ¾Ì/] cÁZ/¨e Ê] { ʧ Y Á al., 2004)
{ ÃZ//̳ ÊËMZ//¯ Á ½Y//Ì» { Ê//¼Æ» //¬¿ Ä//¯ |Àf//Å
.(Blunden and Jewers, 1973) |Àf/Å Ê/] ¶/]Z«
Ä/]Y d/¸ Ä] Ä¿Á º¯Ye Á {Y| e .|¿Y{ [M ¥»
Ä/¿Á cZ¨/ Zv· Y ¼» Àm ÉÁ ] ʬ̬ve {
,À//m t// { ,ÃZ´//ËÁ cZÌ//Ây Z//] ²//ÀeZ´Àe
ÉY/] Á · { ®ÌfÌÁf· Á ®Ìf̸°Ì `Ìe ¿ Á{
cÁZ/¨f» ®/Ë·¯Y {/] ÉYY{ į ÊËZÅÄfËYÁ Á Ŀ³
Ä/¿Á Â/¿ ¾/ËY Ä/¯ | Y³ ®ÌfÌYZa `Ìe ¼»
Y/Ë (Luo and Zhou, 2001) |/¿Y¶/»Pe ¶/]Z« ,|Àf/Å
Z/ÅÉYÄ/b·Á{ Ây Ä] ,ÊËY|f]Y Y|¸³ ½ZÅZ̳ { fÌ]
cZ¨/ ¾/ËY É/̳¶° ] c| Ä] Ì¿ Ê°Ìf¿ ¶»YÂ
{ Ä/¿Á `/Ìe .(Baranova, 1992) {Â/Ê/» Ã|ÅZ»
(Teare et al., 1971; Miskin et al., d/Y ¶/Ìy{
(1999) Uzunova ª/̬ve lËZf¿ Z] Ê¿Z¯ÌÅ ÉZÅ ¶´Àm
ÃY¼Å Ŀ³ ½YÂÀ Ä] ¼» Ŀ³ į ÊËZm ½M Y .1972)
Â//· Á //¼» ÃY//¼Å ÉZ//ŵ¸// Á Ä//¿Á Â//¿ ÉÁ //]
Êf]Â/// ËY/// Y Z///ŽZf///Y Á Z///ŽZf///¸] {
¦/¸fz» ÉZÅdÌ ¼m { Ä¿Á `Ìe ,Äf^·Y .{Y{ dÆ]Z»
¾ËY { Ä¿Á f³] {Z ]Y Y~· ,dY |À»ÃÆ] Ée\ZÀ»
Á Ã{Y¦/ÂË Ä¯ É Ä] dY cÁZ¨f» Ì¿ Ŀ³ ®Ë
Ä/¯ ÊËZÅĿ³ { º¯Ye ËY§Y .dY ÄÌmÂe ¶]Z« Ŀ³
{ Y Ä/¿Á ¦/¸fz» `/Ìe ¿ ZÆq (1389) ½YZ°¼Å
ÉY/] d/Y ¾/°¼» ,|/¿Y{ À¯Ya eÓZ] cZZ¨eY {
23
(Carpinus L.) ¼» Àm ÉZÅĿ³ { ¯ Á Ä¿Á ,±] ÊZÀdzË
¾/ËY ÉZ/ÅÄ/f§ZË .d/Y /̤f» ,Ã{Â/] ®/Ë·¯Y ËY
.|/¿{¼¿ Y/³ Ê¿Z/¯ÌÅ ÉZ/Ŷ/´Àm { Y|¼¿ Ŀ³
º¯Y/e Z] Ë ZÌ] ÉZů · Ŀ³ {» { Ä ·Z»
/´Ë{ Y ,ÃY/¼Å ÉZ/ŵ¸/ Ä/] d^¿ Ä¿Á É̳Y«
Ä//¿Â³ {Â/» { ,±/] d//a Á ±/^»{ t/ { ÓZ/]
(Cutler, dY ®Ë·¯Y ËY Z] ½| ½Z¼Å {Y»
{ ÊÀÌ]Z/ÀÌ] d·Zu Á ¾ÌËZa º¯Ye Z] |À¸] ÉZů ¼»
{ //e¾ÌËZ/a t// { ½M É/̳Y//« ,¾ËY]Z/À] .1982)
½YÂ/eÊ/» ,d/ËZÆ¿ { .d/Y Ã{¯ |ÌËPe Y ¦r¯ {»
®Ë·¯Y edz ËY Zy Ä] ¦r¯ Á · Ŀ³
,±] ÊfzË cZ¨ { Ã| Ã|ÅZ» ÂÀe į {¯ ½ZÌ]
(1389) ½YZ//°¼Å Á Ã{Y¦//ÂË .d//Y Ä//ÌmÂe ¶//]Z«
/eÃZe¯ {Z ]Y Z] ÊËZÅÄ¿Á Á º¯Yf» ÉZů ¶Ì^« Y
ÉZ/Ŷ/´Àm |/À]ÓZ] ÉZ/Åd¼/« { į |¿{¯ Y³
(Zhang d/Y Ê/Ìv» ËY/ Ä] ÉZ³Z dÆm {
Y/« ¹|ÌaY ÉZŵ¸ t Y e¾ÌËZa Ä¿Á ,Ê¿Z¯ÌÅ
.and Marshall, 1995)
t//¼Å Ä//¿Á |//À]½Z/Ì» ªZ//À» { Ä//¯ Ê·Z/u { {Y{
Z/^eY { ºÅ Y ½M d¸ Á {Y{ Y« ¹|ÌaY ÉZŵ¸
É̳ÄnÌf¿
.|Àf¿Y{ ÃZ´ËÁ dÌ Á Z]
ÉZ/Å/¯ Á Ä/¿Á ,±/] Ê/fzË Â/Àe Ê]ZËY
Y ,ÊÌv» ÉZÅÀe ]Y] { ʼƻ ÉYmY Zů
Ã| {ZË cZ¨ ¾ËY į {Y{ ½Z¿ ¼» Àm { ÊÂa
½YÂ/eÊ/» į |ÀfÅ » ÉZÅÄ Y ]Ze Á Ê°y ¶Ì^«
ÃZ´ËÁ ®Ë·¯Y ËY Z] ®Ë{¿ Z^eY { ZÆÀe Ä¿
//Ì¿ ʻ¿Â//¯Ze cZ// ·Z» { Z//Æ¿M Â//¿ Á ZfyZ// Y
Ä/] .|¿Y|¿ ÊÆmÂe ¶]Z« ®Ì»Â¿Â¯Ze Y Ä°¸] ,Ã{Â]
{ .(Agrawal and Fishbein, 2006) {//¯ Ã{Z¨f/Y
ʸ/Y ¶»Z Ŀ³ Å ÉZÅdÌ ¼m ÂÀe į |Ê» ¿
{ į dY ®Ì»Â¿Â¯Ze d¨ ®Ë ¯ ¿ ,«YÁ
,¾ËY]Z//À] d//ZÅÄ//¿Â³ ¾//ËY tÌv// ®//Ì°¨e { ¹Z//Æ]Y
Ã|ÅZ/» Z/v· ¾/ËY Y ÊeÁZ/¨e /¼» ¦¸fz» ÉZÅĿ³
ÉZ/ÅÄ/¿Â³ /eª/Ì«{ ®/Ì°¨e Â/À» Ä] {ÂÊ» {ZÆÀÌa
{ //¯ Â//¿ Â//Àe Ä//¯ d//Y Ê·Z//u { ¾//ËY .|//¿
Á Ê/ZÀdzË ZÆ¿M É|À]ÃÁ³ dv ËY§Y Á ¼»
Y Ê//°Ë Y|//¼¿ Ä//¸¼m Y ,//´Ë{ ÉZ//ÅÄ//¿Â³ É|//À]Ã{
Ê·Â/°·Â» cZ/ ·Z» ,d/ËZÆ¿ { Á ~] ÊZÀdzËË
{ .(1390 ,Ã{Y ¦ÂË) dY ÊËZZÀ ʸY ÉZÅ|̸¯
.{Ì´] Y« ½ZZÀÃZ̳ ¿ |»
Á |/ Ã|ÅZ/» Ã{Z/ ÉZů ¼» Ŀ³ Ä Z] Ä]Y
Z//] ºÌ¬f//» Z//^eY { Ä//¯ //¯ º¯Y//e Á {Z// ]Y //¬§
]ZÀ»
ÉZ/ÅÄ/¿Â³ ®/Ì°¨e ÉY/] Ã{³ Á ±] cZ¨ ÊZÀdzË Ë Y (1390) .Y ,sÔ§ ,. ,{Yºm ,.¹ ,½ZË|Ìn»Âa ,._ ,ÊÅZÀa
.179-163: (1)19 ½YËY ]ÂÀ Á ¶´Àm cZ¬Ì¬ve ĸn» .½YËY { ¸] Àm
.{Ë ,{Ë ÃZ´¿Y{ cYZf¿Y .½YËY ÉZÅÄrfy{ Á ½Zfy{ (1381).s ,Êf]Zi
.½YÆe ,½YÆe ÃZ´¿Y{ ¿ Á cYZf¿Y ÄR» .½YËY ÊÅZ̳ ÉZÅĿ³ ÊfË ÂÀe (1377) .Y ,½Z»Æ«
.½YÆe ,½YÆe ÃZ´¿Y{ _Zq Á cYZf¿Y ÄR» ,2 |¸m .É|¿ÁM ½ZÅZ̳ ¸§ .½YËY ÉZÅÊÀf9 (1358) . ,¾Ì^»
1391 ZÆ] ,ºÅ{ ÃZ¼ ,¹ZÆq µZ ,®ÌeZ¼fÌÂÌ] Á ʻ¿¯Ze
24
.½YÆe ,½YÆe ÃZ´¿Y{ ¿ Á cYZf¿Y ÄR» .½YËY ÉZÅÄrfy{ Á ½Zfy{ (1383) .Á ,½Z˨»
.½YÆe ,½YÆe ÃZ´¿Y{ cYZf¿Y .¶´Àm Áa Á ÊZÀ¶´Àm (1380) .¹ ,mZÆ»
.½YÆe ,
|» dÌ]e ÃZ´¿Y{ ,Éf¯{ Ä·Z .½YËY { Y|¼¿ Àm ®ÌeZ¼fÌÂÌ] (1390) .s ,Ã{Y¦ÂË
Y|/¼¿ ±/] Ä/¿Á ¦/¸fz» ÉZ/Å`Ìe ÊËZZÀ (1389) .¹ ,.É|Y ,. ,½ZËZf ,.¹ ,É^ ,.Y ,³Ô¯ Ã{Y¾Ìu ,.s ,Ã{Y¦ÂË
.28-17 :5 ®ÌeZ¼fÌÂÌ] Á ʻ¿¯Ze ĸn» .Ê¿Z¯ÌÅ ÉZŶ´Àm { (Tilia spp.)
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Dennert, E. (1884) Contributions to the comparative anatomy of the leaf stem of Cruciferae feren.
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1391 ZÆ] ,ºÅ{ ÃZ¼ ,¹ZÆq µZ ,®ÌeZ¼fÌÂÌ] Á ʻ¿¯Ze
26
40-27 Äv¨ ,1391 ZÆ] ,ºÅ{ ÃZ¼ ,¹ZÆq µZ ,®ÌeZ¼fÌÂÌ] Á ʻ¿¯Ze
1390/12/16 :ÊËZÆ¿ Ë~a
1390/09/01 :Ä·Z¬» d§ZË{
ÉYÄyZ Á{ 4¯ ÉZŽ³ Y ÊËZÅz] Ê°Ìf¿Â¸Ì§ Ä ·Z»
Astragalus L. sect. Ornithopodium dÌ «Â» ] |̯Pe Z]
½YËY { ʷ°·Â» Á ÊfyZÀdzË ÉZÅÃ{Y{ Ã{Z¨fY Z]
2
ÊmÂÆ¿ Ê¿Z]« |Ìn» Á 4 ʻ » ¤Y ʸ ,3 ·ZÁY ÂaºZ¯ wÅZ ,2 Æ» É^¯Y xÌ Z ,*1 É|Ì
Z^
½YËY ,½YÆe ,ÊfÆ] |ÌÆ ÃZ´¿Y{ ,¾Ë¿ ÉZÅÉÁZÀ§ Á É¿Y Ê|ÀÆ» Ã|°¿Y{ 1
½YËY ,½YÆe ,ÊfÆ] |ÌÆ ÃZ´¿Y{ ,ÊfË ¹Â¸ Ã|°¿Y{ 2
½YËY ,½YÆe ,
|» dÌ]e ÃZ´¿Y{ ,ÊfË ¹Â¸ Ã|°¿Y{ 3
½YËY ,½YÆe ,¯ eY» Á ZƸ´Àm cZ¬Ì¬ve È» ,ÊZÀÃZ̳ z] 4
Ã|Ì°q
®/Ë{¿ /z] Á{ Á Ornithopodium Bunge z] Ä] Â]» Ä·Z|Àq Á ʨ¸ Ŀ³ 15 ʿ¸̧ ,Zu Ä ·Z» {
,Ê/ZÀd/zË Y ¶/Zu ÉZ/ÅÃ{Y{ Y Ã{Z¨f/Y Z] Dissitiflori DC. Á Onobrychoidei DC. ÉZÅz] ÊÀ Ë ½M Ä]
Y Ã|»M d{ Ä] lËZf¿
ZY ] .| ¶Ì¸ve Á Ê]ZËY ,ÊfÔaÁ¸¯ matK ½ Ê·YÂe Á ÉYÄfÅ ¹Â¿ ITS ÄÌuZ¿ Ê·YÂe
,Ã{Â/] º/Å Ä/] ®Ë{¿ ÉZŽ¯Ze Ornithopodium Á Onobrychoidei z] Á{ ÉZY ,ÊfyZÀdzË ÉZÅÃ{Y{
Ì¿ Dissitiflori z] Y Ã| Ä ·Z» ÉZÅĿ³ ,¾ÌÀr¼Å .|ÀÅ{Ê» Y |uYÁ Z^e ®Ë ¶Ì°e ,ºÅ Z] ÄfzÌ»M c Ä]
matK Á ÉYÄfÅ nrDNA ITS ÉZÅÊ·YÂe Y ¶Zu ʷ°·Â» ÉZÅÃ{Y{
ZY ] .|¿Ì³Ê» Y« Ä¿Z³Y|m ÉZ^e ½Á{
,|/ÀÅ{Ê/» ½Z¿ ºÅ Ä] Ê°Ë{¿ ZÌ] Ê´f]YÁ Ornithopodium Á Onobrychoidei ÉZÅz] ÉZY ,ÊfÔaÁ¸¯
Ä/fzÌ»M Â/Å [ Á ÓZ/] ÉYÄyZ dËZ¼u Z] Z^e ®Ë ½Á{ ,z] Á{ ¾ËY Y Ã| Ä ·Z» ÉZÅĿ³ Ä̸¯ į ÉÂÄ]
Yn» ÉZ^e Dissitiflori z] Ä] ª¸ f» ,Ã| Ä ·Z» ÉZŽ¯Ze ,ʷ°·Â» ÉZÅÌ·Z¿M Ä̸¯ { .|¿YÄf§³ ÉZm ºÅ Z]
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Ä/] Y/ÌyY
0
Ä/¯ A. pravitzii Podlech. ȿ³ ,| z» ªÌ¬ve ¾ËY Y Ã|»M d{ Ä] lËZf¿
ZY ] ¾ÌÀr¼Å .|ÀfÅ
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ZY ] ,{Â] Ã| ¶¬fÀ» Ornithopodium z]
.{ÂÊ» |ÌËPe z] ¾ËY ½Á{ ½M ÃZ´ËZm ,ÄfY{
,Onobrychoidei ,Dissitiflori ,(Astragalus) ½Â//³ ,(®Ìf//Ë{Ô¯) ÊfyZÀ//Z^e ,Ê¿Â//¸Ì§ :É|//̸¯ ÉZ//ÅÃYÁ
Ornithopodium
* [email protected]
1391 ZÆ] ,ºÅ{ ÃZ¼ ,¹ZÆq µZ ,®ÌeZ¼fÌÂÌ] Á ʻ¿¯Ze
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28
Ä»|¬»
Z/ÅÀm/Ë ´Ë{ ½Á{ Ä] Y Pogonophace Bunge
½ZÌWÔ«Z] ÃÌe Ä] ª¸ f» (Astragalus L.) ½Â³ Àm
{ Ä//¯ Ê »Z//m Ê·Â//°·Â» cZ// ·Z» { .{//¯ ¶//¬fÀ»
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Y É{|/// f» ÉZ///ŽÂ///¯Ze ÉÁ ///ÌyY ÉZ///ŵZ///
(section) z] 250 Y Ì] ½ZÆm { į dZÅÀm
Y ¹Y|¯pÌŠį |Ë{³ z» ,| ¹Zn¿Y Astragalus
(Lock and Simpson, {Y{ Ä//¿Â³ 3000 {Á|//u Á
|Àf///Ì¿ Z///^e®///e ÉZ///ÅÃÁ///³ ,Z///ÅÀm///Ë ¾///ËY
.1991, Podlech, 1998)
(Wojciechowski et al., 1999; Kazempour
Maassoumi ,¾ËY]Z/À] .Osaloo et al., 2003, 2005)
,½Y//ËY Â//¸§ ÉY//] Z//ŽÂ//³ É´¿Z//] ¹Z//´ÀÅ (2003)
Ä//] ¹Y|//«Y Á d§Ë~/b¿ Y Z//ÅÀm//Ë ¾//ËY Y ®//ËpÌ//Å
Z/ÆÀe .{Â/¼¿ /z] t/ { ZŽ³ ʧ » Á É|À]Ĭ^
½M Ä/¿Â³ 2400 {Á|u ,½Â³ ÉZÅĿ³ ¹Z¼e ½ZÌ» Y
Â//Àe ½Â//»YÌa .|/¿Y{ À¯Y//a ZÌ//M ÃZ//« { YZ/
0 /v¿Y
ÉZ//Åd//Ì· ®//q Á cÓZ//¬» ,À//m ¾//ËY { ÉYÄ//¿Â³
(Lock and Simpson, d//Y Ã|// _Z//q É{|// f»
ÉÁ //] ½Y//ËY { Ä//¯ Ê »Z//m Ê·Â//°·Â» cZ// ·Z»
1991; Maassoumi, 1998; Podlech, 1986;
,Ä/¿Â³ 804 ¾f/Y{ Z/] ½YËY .Yakovlev et al., 1996)
Y Ã{Z¨f///Y Z///] Astragalus Y Ê Ì///Á ÉZ///Å///z]
Ä/] ,d/Y Â/¯ ÉZ/v¿Y Ä/¿Â³ 527 ZÆ¿M ½ZÌ» Y į
//z] 6 Z//ÆÀe ,|// ¹Z//n¿Y nrDNA ITS ÉZ//ÅÊ·YÂ//e
Ä/f§³ /¿ { ½Â/³ Ê/ËYÄ/¿Â³ /¯Y» Y Ê/°Ë ½YÂÀ
,ZÅz] ËZ ½ZÌ» ]YÁ Á |¿{¼¿ z» Y Z^e®e
É|/À]Ã{ ¹Z¿ ¾Ìfz¿ .(Maassoumi, 2005) {ÂÊ»
(Kazempour Osaloo |/¿Z» Ê«Z] Ã|¿ ¶u c Ä]
{ ,µÁ|/¿Z¯Á{ /Âe Á ºÅ{¿ ½« ¶ËYÁY { ,ZŽ³
.et al., 2003, 2005)
,//z] Z//] ¥{Y//f» ÉY
5 Ä//¿Â³ ©Â//§ ÉZÅ|//uYÁ t//
ÉZ/ÅÃ|/ÀËZ¼¿ ,cZ ·Z» ¾ËY Y ¶Zu lËZf¿
ZY ]
Y ///a (1869-1868) Bunge .|///Ë{³ É///ËÄ///ËZa
,Ornithopodium ÉZ////Å////z] Y Ã|//// [Z////zf¿Y
{ Z/] ¾Ìf/z¿ ÉY/] ,½Y/ËY Y ½YÁY/§ ÉZÅÉÁM¼m
ÊËZŽ¯Ze ÃY¼Å Ä] Dissitiflori Á Onobrychoidei
Z/] Á {ZÆ¿ {ZÌÀ] Y ZŽ³ É|À]Ĭ^ [ÂqZq 1868 µZ
Z/^e ®/Ë ½Á{ ,ÉYÄyZÁ{ ¯ ÉZÅz] ´Ë{ Y
Z] Astragalus Àm É|À]Ĭ^ ,{Ây iY ¾Ìfz¿ _Zq
Z] .|¿Ì³Ê» Y« ,Ã|¿ ¶u ]YÁ Z] ®Ì»Âeʸa ±]
b/ Á {/¯ ÄWYY Y z] 150 {Á|u Á ÀmË 10
{Y|// e d//Æm Y Astragalus À//m Ê//³] Ä//] Ä//mÂe
.{Â/¼¿ ¹Y|/«Y Z/Æ¿M ʳ|À¯Ya Á |Ë|m ÉZÅĿ³ s Ä]
{ ZÅz] Ä̸¯ ʿ¸̧ Ê] ,½YËY { z] Á Ŀ³
Â//¸§ ,Bunge Àm//Ë 9 ¾f§Ë~//a Z//] Gontscharov
//¿ Ä//] ,Ã{Â//] ¾°¼»Z//¿ ,{Á|//v» Ä// ·Z» |//Àq Z//Ë ®//Ë
{////¯ É´¿Z////] ,Z////ŽÂ////³ ////¿ Y Y ÉÁÂ////
ZË ®Ë {| f» ®Ìf¿Â¸Ì§ cZ ·Z» Ê ,ºÆ» ¾ËY |Ê»
//] (1982) Podlech .(Gontscharov et al., 1946)
¦/¸fz» cZ¨/ Y Ã{Z¨fY Z] ,ºÅ Ä] ®Ë{¿ z] |Àq
¿ ,¾ÌÀr¼Å Á ZÅĿ³ ½{Â] Ä·Z|Àq ZË Ä·Z®Ë
ZY
{ .|//]ZË ª//¬ve ,Ê·Â//°·Â» Ã//ËÁ Ä//] Á ÊfyZÀ/d//zË
ÉZÅAstragalus ÉY] Y ÀmË Á{ ZÆÀe ,Âa¯
®Ìf¿Â¸Ì§ dÌ «Â» Ze dY Ã| ¯ ,Zu ªÌ¬ve
(1998) Maassoumi b/ .{Y{ Ìz/e ºË|« ÉZÌ¿{
,¾Ì//Àr¼Å Á ½Â//³ À//m Y Ornithopodium //z]
ĸÌ/Á Ä/] Ã|/ Ê/§ » ÉZÅÀmË Y {» 8 µÂ^« Z]
29
... Astragalus L. sect. Ornithopodium dÌ «Â» ] |̯Pe Z] ÉYÄyZ Á{ 4¯ ÉZŽ³ Y ÊËZÅz] Ê°Ìf¿Â¸Ì§ Ä ·Z»
pÌ/Å ,cZ¨/ ¦/¸fz» cÓZ/u Ä] Ã| Ã{Y{ ÉZÅ Y
®/Ë{¿ ÉZÅz] Á z] ¾ËY ½ZÌ» ÊfyZÀZ^e ]YÁ
cÓZ/u Á cZ¨ ,ÄfY|¿ ´Ë|°Ë Ä] d^¿ Ée] Ŀ³
cZ¨/// Y ¶///Zu cZ///ÔY Y Ã{Z¨f///Y Z///] ½M Ä///]
d/Ì^« ¾Ì/Ì e ÉY] .|¿{Â] ½Z°Ë Y ÉYY{ ¦¸fz»
¹Â/¿ Y ÊËZÅz] Ä] Â]» ÉZÅÃ{Y{ Á ÊfyZÀdzË
(Maddison et ÃÁ³½Á] É̳Z¯Ä] Á Y cZ¨
.{ Ê]ZËY ÊfÔaÁ¸¯ Á ÉYÄfÅ
/¿ Y ,Ã|/ {YÁ cZ¨ Ä̸¯ .| Ã{Z¨fY al., 1984)
(parsimony cZ//ÔY ÉÁZ//u ,ÊËÂ//mħ// ÈÀÌ//Ì]
É{|/// ËeZ///» ,d///ËZÆ¿ { .|Àf///Å informative)
ÊfyZÀZ^e Ì·Z¿M { ,ÊfyZÀdzË ÉZÅÃ{Y{ Y ¶Zu
.dY Ã| ÄWYY 3 µÁ|m { į | Ã{Z¨fY
ʷ°·Â» cZ ·Z»
Á{ Ä/] Â]» ÉZÅĿ³ Y É{Y| e ,Zu ªÌ¬ve {
7 ÃY///¼Å Ä///] Onobrychoidei Á Dissitiflori ///z]
/]YÁ Ze |¿| Ä ·Z» Ornithopodium z] Y Ŀ³
ÃZ/´ËZm Z/] Z^eY { ,Ã| Ê] ZÆ¿M ½ZÌ» ®Ìf¿Â¸Ì§
.{Ë~a ¹Zn¿Y ÉeªÌ«{ ¿ ZÆY ZÆ¿M ®Ì»Â¿Â¯Ze
Á (PCR) Y//¼Ì¸a ÉYÃ//Ìn¿ À//¯YÁ ,DNA kYzf//Y
ZÅÁ Á {Y»
ÊZÀdzË cZ ·Z»
,¾Ì//Àr¼Å Á Ã|// ÉÁM//¼m ÊÅZ//̳ ÉZ//ÅÄ//¿Â¼¿
Êf/Æ] |ÌÆ/ ÃZ´/¿Y{ ¹ÂËZ/]Å { {Â/m» ÉZÅĿ¼¿
{ /«YÁ (TARI) ½Y/ËY É/¯» ¹ÂËZ]Å Á (SBUH)
cZ// ·Z» ÉY//] ,//eY» Á Z//Ŷ//´Àm cZ//¬Ì¬ve Ä//R»
Â/¼n» { .|¿|/ Ã{Z¨f/Y Ê·Â/°·Â» Á ÊfyZÀdzË
/] Ì¿ Ŀ³ Á{ ¾ÌÀr¼Å Á ÃÁ³½Á{ ½YÂÀ Ä] Ŀ³ 15
(Kazempour Osaloo ¾ÌÌa ʷ°·Â» cZ ·Z»
ZY
Ä/ ·Z» {YÁ ÃÁ/³½Á] ½YÂÀ Ä] et al., 2003, 2005)
cZ/ ·Z» Á {Â/m» ]Z/À»
Z/Y /] .(1 µÁ|/m) |¿|
cZ¨/ ,¯~/» ÉZ/Åz] ÉZÅĿ¼¿ ÉÁ Ã| ¹Zn¿Y
ÉY//] Z//Æ¿M ¦//¸fz» ÉZ//Åd//·Zu Á ,[Z//zf¿Y É{|// f»
Ê]ZËÊ·YÂe
¾/ËY ¦/¸fz» cÓZ/u ,b/ .|¿|/ dY{{ZË ,ZÅĿ³
ÉZ/ÅÄ/¿Â¼¿ Ã|/ ®/y ÉZ/ű/] Y ¹Â¿ ¶¯ DNA
cÂ/ Ä] Á É{| ÉZÅÉY~³Y
ZY ] cZ¨
Á ÉZ/À^» /] kYzfY Á .| kYzfY Ê»ÂËZ]Å
Ä//] Êf·Z//u Y //Ì̤e ,½M { Ä//¯ (unordered) \//e»Z¿
ʯ|/¿Y Z/] ÃY/¼Å (Doyle and Doyle, 1987) C TAB
ÊÅ{|¯ ,{ÂÊ» [Âv» ¹Z³ ®Ë d¨ ´Ë{ d·Zu
nrDNA ITS Ä/ÌuZ¿ Ê·YÂ/e Y ,ªÌ¬ve ¾ËY { .dY Ì̤e
cZ¨//// ¦////¸fz» cÓZ////u Ä////] ÊÅ{|////¯ .|¿|////
ÉY//] Êf//ÔaÁ¸¯ matK ½ Ê·YÂ//e Á ÉYÄf//Å ¹Â//¿
¹Z/n¿Y gap-coding Á Y Ã{Z¨f/Y Z] ,ÊfyZÀdzË
.| Ã{Z¨fY ,Ã| Ä ·Z» ÉZŽ¯Ze ®Ìf¿Â¸Ì§ Ê]ZËY
Ä/] cZ¨/ ¾/ËY Ze | Ôe Á (Tiele, 1993) d§Ë~a
ÉYÄf//Å Ê·YÂ//e ÉY//] PCR À//¯YÁ ¹Z//n¿Y Â//À» Ä//]
Ã|/ ¦/Ë e cÓZ/u Ã{Á|/v» ,Ã{Â/] Äf/³ cÂ
ITS4 Á ITS5m (//¼ËYa) ÉZ//ųZ£M Y nrDNA ITS
26 Z/¼n»
0
.|ÀZ] ÄfY|¿ Ê¿ZÂaºÅ ´Ë|°Ë Z] cZ¨
Á AB101F ÉZ//ųZ£M Z//Ë (White et al., 1990)
Ä/¯ |/ Ã{Z¨f/Y ª/̬ve ¾/ËY { ÊfyZÀ/dzË d¨
.|/// Ã{Z¨f///Y (Douzery et al., 1999) AB102R
ÉZÅ|//¯ Á cÓZ//u ÃY//¼Å Ä/ ] cZ¨// ¾//ËY cZ//z»
Á trnk-F ÉZųZ£M Y matK ½ Ìj°e ÉY] ,¾ÌÀr¼Å
Ä/¯ d/Y ¯} ½ZËZ .|¿YÃ| ÄWYY 2 µÁ|m { ÄÂ]»
1391 ZÆ] ,ºÅ{ ÃZ¼ ,¹ZÆq µZ ,®ÌeZ¼fÌÂÌ] Á ʻ¿¯Ze
30
Z/ųZ£M µZ/eY -Ä/Ì¿Zi 60 c|» Ä] {Y´Ìf¿Z Äm{ 94
Ê·YÂ//e .|//Ë{³ Ã{Z¨f//Y (Ooi et al., 1995) matK-R
Ä/Ì·ÁY ] ,ÄÌ¿Zi 45 c|» Ä] {Y´Ìf¿Z Äm{ 53 ÉZ»{ {
.d/Y Ã|/ Ä/WYY 4 µÁ|m { Ã{Z¨fY {» ÉZųZ£M
{ Á -(Ä//Ì¿Zi 50 c|//» Ä//] {Y´Ìf¿Z// Ä//m{ 72 ÉZ//»{ {
Z/] Ã| ÄÀÌÆ] Ä»Z¿] Y Ã{Z¨fY Z] Y¼Ì¸a ÉYÃÌn¿ À¯YÁ
Ä/¬Ì«{ 7 c|/» Ä] {Y´Ìf¿Z Äm{ 72 { ÊËZÆ¿ ] ½ZËZa
¸°ËZ///»e ÉZ///ÅÃZ´f///{ Á ///¿ {Â///» ³Z///£M
¾/ËY Z/] -{Â/] ITS Ä]Z/» Ì¿ matK ÄÌuZ¿ Ìj°e .| ¹Zn¿Y
96 ÉYY{ (Eppendorf, Germany; Astec, Japan)
ËY§Y Äyq 35 Ä] À¯YÁ ÉZÅÄyq {Y| e į cÁZ¨e
ËY/ ÉZÄÀÌÆ] Y a PCR Ä»Z¿] .| ¹Zn¿Y ®ÅZq
Ä/ÌuZ¿ µÂ/ Ä/] Ä/mÂe Z] ,ÄÌ·ÁY ] ½Z» ¾ÌÀr¼Å Á d§ZË
:ITS È// « //Ìj°e ÉY//] :d//Y s// ¾Ë|//] ,À//¯YÁ
.| Äf§³ ¿ { ÄÌ¿Zi 90 ,¿ {»
c|/» Ä/] {Y´Ìf¿Z/ Ä/m{ 94 ÉZ»{ { ÄÌ·ÁY Ê´fYÁ
ÉZ»{ { Ê´fYÁ) PCR À¯YÁ Äyq 27 -ÄÌ¿Zi 150
ZÅĿ³ ʷ°·Â» Á Ê»ÂËZ]Å cZz» Á Zu Ä ·Z» { Ã| Ã{Z¨fY ÉZÅĿ³ -1 µÁ|m
Ŀ³
(section) z]
Ê·YÂe d^i ÃZ¼
(vucher) Ê»ÂËZ]Å cZz»
½ ®¿Z] {
Astragalus brachyodontus Boiss.
Ornithopodium
(TARI) 72296 ,ºË¯ Z] ,½YÆe
A. glochideus Boiss.
Ornithopodium
(TARI) 55145 ,¶ÌnÀ» Ä] ¾ËÁ« Éf»Â¸Ì¯ 30
A. jodostachys Boiss.
Ornithopodium
(TARI) 45696 ,
Z¼¸ Ä] ÉÂy Éf»Â¸Ì¯ 22
A. lunatus Pall.
Ornithopodium
(TARI) 82421 ,{Z]M ½» ,½Y|¿Z»
A. ornithopodioides Lam.
Ornithopodium
(TARI) 80129 ,¶Ì]{Y Y ÉÂ̳ Éf»Â¸Ì¯ 40 Ze 20
A. shelkovnikovii Grossh.
Ornithopodium
(TARI) 347 ,½YÁ|·Zq Ä] Z¨¸m
A. stevenianus DC.
Ornithopodium
(TARI) 82512 ,ÅY Ä] ZÌ¿Á Éf»Â¸Ì¯ 13 ,½ZnËZ]}M
A. argyroides Beck.
Dissitiflori
(SBUH) 20112 ,ÃY ï ,{ÁÅZ
A. pravitzii Podl.
Dissitiflori
(TARI) 2183 ,½Zf°Æ» ,Ã{Z]M
A. ruscifolius Boiss.
Dissitiflori
(TARI) 20118 ,ÃY ï [ÂÀm ,{ÁÅZ ,½ZÀ¼
A. onobrychis L.
Onobrychoidei
(TARI) 84011 ,Ë^e ¥ Ä] ÅY Éf»Â¸Ì¯16
A. brevidens Freyn & Sint.
Onobrychoidei
(TARI) 21366 ,|Æ» µZ¼ Éf»Â¸Ì¯ 45
A. cancellatus Bunge.
Onobrychoidei
(TARI) 84074 ,¸¼¸Æ» ,ÉÂy ¥ Ä] ½YÁ|·Zq ,¯Z»
A. sevangensis Grossh.
Onobrychoidei
82555 ,½YÁ|·Zq ¥ Ä]  Éf»Â¸Ì¯11 ,¯Z»
A. lilacinus Boiss.
Onobrychoidei
(TARI) 58962 ,½ZÀ¼ ¥ Ä] ïÁ̧ Éf»Â¸Ì¯20
A. stocksii Benth.
Caraganella
(TARI) 10108 Z] ¥ Ä] ®Y ,½Zfq¸]
A. frigidus (L.) Gray.
Cenanthrum
(TARI) 5732 ,ª]Z ÉÁ ¸§
ITS: AB727530
matK: AB727537
ITS: AB727531
matK: AB727538
ITS: AB727532
matK: AB727539
ITS: AB727533
matK: AB727540
ITS: AB727534
matK: ITS: AB727535
matK: AB727541
ITS: AB727536
matK: AB727542
ITS: AB721936
matK: AB727543
ITS: AB721944
matK: AB727544
ITS: AB721945
matK: AB727545
ITS: AB727518
matK: AB727546
ITS: AB727511
matK: AB727547
ITS: AB727513
matK: AB727548
ITS: AB727521
matK: AB727549
(TARI)
ITS: AB727516
matK: AB727550
ITS: AB051966
matK: (Kazempour Osaloo
et al., Unpubl. data)
ITS: AB231092
matK: (Kazempour Osaloo
et al., Unpubl. data)
31
... Astragalus L. sect. Ornithopodium dÌ «Â» ] |̯Pe Z] ÉYÄyZ Á{ 4¯ ÉZŽ³ Y ÊËZÅz] Ê°Ìf¿Â¸Ì§ Ä ·Z»
Zu ªÌ¬ve { Ã| Ã{Z¨fY ÉZÅd·Zu ÉY~³|¯ Á ÊfyZÀdzË cZ¨ -2 µÁ|m
Habit
1. Height: 15 cm (0), 15-50 cm (1), >50 cm (2)
Stem
2. Branching: low (0), high (1)
Stipule
3. Stipule size: 2 mm (0), > 2 mm (1)
4. Stipule color: greenish (0), white (1)
5. Hair compression: dispersed (0), dense (1)
6. Hair color: only white (0), white mixed with black (1)
Leaf
7. Leaf size: 2 cm (0), 2-7 cm (1), > 7 cm (2)
8. Leaflet pairs no.: 3 (0), 3-10 (1), > 10 (2)
9. Leaflet L/W ratio: 1.5 (0), > 1.5 (1)
10. Leaflet shape: linear (0); oblong elliptic (1), obovate (2)
11. Leaflet indumenta type: both sides densely covered (0), both sides dispersedly covered (1), one side densely and other one
dispersedly covered (2)
Inflorescence
12. Black hair on peduncle: absent (0), presence (1)
13. Inflorescence type: sparse raceme (0), dense raceme (1), head (2)
Calyx
14. Calyx type: campanulate (0), tubular (1), gibbose tubular (2)
15. Calyx hair symmetry: symmetrical (0), asymmetrical (1)
16. Calyx teeth type: equal (0), unequal (1)
17. Calyx teeth internal surface hair: absent (0), presence (1)
Corolla
18. Corolla color: yellow (0), purple (1), blue (2)
19. Standard L/W ratio: 2.5 (0), > 2.5 (1)
20. Standard shape: elliptic (0), obovate (1), rhomboid (2)
21. Standard tip: obtuse (0), acute (1), emarginated (2)
Style
22. Style hair: absent (0), presence (1)
Pod
23. Pod shape: linear (0), elliptic (1)
24. Pod L/W ratio: 3 (0), 3-15 (1), > 15 (2)
25. Hair compression on pod: dispersed (0), dense (1)
26. Black hair on pod: absent (0), presence (1)
ÊfyZÀdzË cZ¨ ¦¸fz» cÓZu ÊÅ{|¯ Y ¶Zu É{| ËeZ» -3 µÁ|m
Character No.
Taxa
A. frigidus
A. stoksii
A. pravitzii
A. ruscifolius
A. argyroides
A. brachyodontus
A. jodostachys
A. glochideus
A. lunatus
A. ornithopodioides
A. shelkovnikovii
A. stevenianus
A. onobrychis
A. cancellatus
A. lilacinus
A. brevidens
A. sevangensis
11111111112222222
12345678901234567890123456
21100121022000000001210001
21000000020100010001210100
00010011120002000000210000
10000010120102001011200000
10100011120102001211210001
11110111110101011202200100
11110112111101010201100111
11111112111101011201100111
11110112111001001110100101
11100112120120001202200110
11100111000111011202100110
11111111110111011211110101
11110112111101011212101110
11111121110111011211110101
11110102111101011212101110
11111111110121101212000110
11111112101120101211200110
° » ¼ËYa :R ,ÁÌa ¼ËYa :F ,Y¼Ì¸a ÉYÃÌn¿ ÉZÅÀ¯YÁ ÉY] Ã| Ã{Z¨fY ÉZżËYa Ê·YÂe -4 µÁ|m
ÄÌuZ¿
ITS1+ITS2
matK
¼ËYa ¹Z¿
¼ËYa Ê·YÂe
ITS5m (F)
ITS4 (R)
AB101F
AB102R
trnK-F
matK-R
5´-GGAAGGAGAAGTCGTAACAAGG-3´
5´-TCCTCCGCTTATTGATATGC-3´
5´-AGGAATTCATGGTCCGGAAGTC-3´
5´-TAGAATTCCCCGGTTCGCTCGCCGTTAC-3´
5´-GTATCGCACTATGTATCATTTGA-3´
5´-TTGCATAGAAATAGATTCGCTCAAA- 3´
1391 ZÆ] ,ºÅ{ ÃZ¼ ,¹ZÆq µZ ,®ÌeZ¼fÌÂÌ] Á ʻ¿¯Ze
32
cZ¨ ½ZÌ» { (ÊËZ¼¿ºÅ) ÉÔa¼ŠiY ÅZ¯ ÂÀ»
{Â/» Ä/ « Ìj°e Á PCR dv Y ½ZÀ̼Y Y a
cZ¨// {|//n» Ê//Å{½Á Á Y ,ÊfyZÀ//d//zË
®//e ,ÁZ//³M µ ÉÁ Â//§Áf°·Y ®//¼¯ Ä//] //¿
(Rescaled RC yZ/ Y Ã{Z¨fY Z] (reweighting)
ʧZ///Y |///¿Z] |///«Z§ Á (¹³Â¿Z///¿ 20)ÉÂ///« ÉZÅ|///¿Z]
.(Farris, 1989) |// Ã{Z¨f//Y Consistency Index)
ÃZ´//ÅÁa Ä//] Ê·YÂ//e ¾Ì//Ì e Â//À» Ä//] ʳ|Ì//¯Á
{ É//Ì̤e pÌ//Å ,{|//n» Ê//Å{½Á Á{ Ä// Y //a
,(½Y/Æe) ZÀÌ/ ¾/]Y ÊÅZ´/¿Y{ {Z/Æm ¾Ë¿ ÉZÅ ÉÁZÀ§
Y~/· .|/¿ Ã|ÅZ/» ,Ã|»M d{ Ä] ½Zfy{ ÉZÅ yZ
Ê·Â/°·Â» ®/Ìf¿ cZ/¬Ì¬ve /z] Âe Á | µZY
ÈÀÌÌ] Á Ä] ɯ» ª¸» dy{ ,ĸu» ¾ËY Y a
ABI Genetic analyzer ÃZ´f{ Âe ÃZ´ÅÁa ¾ËY
{Á|u Ê]ZËY ÂÀ» Ä] .| ÄWYY Á Ä^Zv» ÊËÂmħ
Ä//ÌuZ¿ Ê]Z//ËÊ·YÂ//e ÉY//] .|//Ë{³ Ê·YÂ//e ¾Ì//Ì e 3130
(bootstrap) _Yf///eÂ] Á Y ,Z//ÅÄyZ/// ½Z//À̼Y
Á AB101F Z//Ë ITS5m ÉZ//ųZ£M Y nrDNA ITS
.| Ã{Z¨fY (Felsenstein, 1985)
.| Ã{Z¨fY trnK-F Y ÊfÔaÁ¸¯ ÉZÅÊ·YÂe ÉY]
ÉZ//ŹY³ÂeZ//»Á¯ Y|//f]Y { :Ê·Â//°·Â» ÉZ//ÅÃ{Y{
Y/§Y¹/¿ Y Ã{Z¨f/Y Z/] ,Z/ÅĿ¼¿ Ê·YÂe ¾ÌÌ e Y ¶Zu
®Ìf¿Â¸Ì§ ÉZÅÌ·Z¿M
Z/] ÃZY {» ÉZÅÊ·YÂe b ,Ã| ËYËÁ ,Bioedit
Y /a Ê°Ìf¿Â/¸Ì§ Ì·Z¿M :ÊfyZÀdzË ÉZÅÃ{Y{
(Larkin et al., 2007) Clustal X Y/§Y¹¿ Y Ã{Z¨fY
PAUP* Y/§Y ¹/¿ ®/¼¯ Ä/] ,ÉYÃ{Y{ ËeZ» ¶Ì°e
ÉZ///ÅÃ{Y{ ËeZ///» b/// .|///¿|Ë{³ ¦///Ë{º///Å
Á Y Ã{Z¨f/Y Z/] Á (Swofford, 2002) 4b10 Äz¿
,¿ {» DNA Ä « Á{ Å ÉY] Ã| ÉZ¦Ë{ºÅ
¹Z//n¿Y (maximum parsimony) ÊËÂ//mħ// ÈÀÌ//Ì]
3/12 Äz////¿ MrBayes Y////§Y¹////¿ ®////¼¯ Ä////]
Y|/f]Y .d/Y \/e»Z¿ cÂ/ Ä] cZ¨ ÉY~³|¯ .|
cÂ// Ä//] (Ronquist and Huelsenbeck, 2003)
(equal weighting) ½Áº/Å cÂ/ Ä/] cZ¨/ È/¼Å
.|¿| ¶Ì¸ve Á Ê] ,´Ë|°Ë Z] \̯e Á Ä¿Z³Y|m
ÈÀÌ/Ì] /¿ Y ,Ã| {YÁ cZ¨ Ä̸¯ .|¿| Ì·Z¿M {YÁ
Á
Z///Y ///] Ê¿Â///¸Ì§ Ì·Z///¿M ¹Z///n¿Y ÉY///]
¶/uY» cZ/¼ÌÀe .|/¿{Â] cZÔY ÉÁZu ,ÊËÂm ħ
Äz//¿ MrModeltest Ä//»Z¿] Y Ã{Z¨f//Y Z//] ,Bayesian
ÉÂnf/m Á Y į {Â] c ¾Ë|] Ì·Z¿M ¦¸fz»
AIC ÊeZ///////ÔY Z///////Ì »
Z///////Y ///////] Á 2/3
Á ¹Z//³ Ä//] ¹Z//³ ËY//§Y Á Z//] (heuristic) ʧZ//f¯Y
ʸ»Z/°e ÉZŵ|» ,(Akaike Information Criterion)
cÓZ//u ÉZ//Ä//ÀÌÆ] Á Á Y//°e 1000 Z//] ʧ{Z//e
|¿|// [Z//zf¿Y ,//¿ {Â//» ÉZ//ÅÃ{Y{ ÉY//] \//ZÀ»
Ä/] ÄyZ È·{Z^» ®ÌÀ°e ÃY¼Å Ä] ,ACCTRAN cZ¨
Ä/] ,½Â/»M ¾/ËY ª^ .(Posada and Buckley, 2004)
(TBR) {|//n» µZ//eY Á d//y{ ÉZ//Ä//¼Ì¿Á{ Á
Ê·YÂ////e ÉY////] SYM+I+G ÉZ////ŵ|////» \////Ìee
Y Ã|/»M d/{ Ä/] ½Zfy{ ¾ËeÃZe¯ Ä̸¯ .| Ã{Z¨fY
Á ÊfÔaÁ¸¯ matK ½ ÉY] GTR+I ,nrDNA ITS
É/¯» ª/¸» dy{ c Ä] Á Ã| ÄÔy ,Ì·Z¿M
Ã|/ [Z/zf¿Y ,Ê^̯e ÉZÅÃ{Y{ ËeZ» ÉY] HKY+I
Ä//] ,Ä//»Y{Y { .|//Ë{³ Ä//WYY (strict consensus tree)
33
... Astragalus L. sect. Ornithopodium dÌ «Â» ] |̯Pe Z] ÉYÄyZ Á{ 4¯ ÉZŽ³ Y ÊËZÅz] Ê°Ìf¿Â¸Ì§ Ä ·Z»
Y ¶Zu ɯ» ª¸» dy{ { .|Ë{³ nÀ» 0/689
ÉZ/ÅÌ·Z¿M 3/12 Äz/¿ MrBayes Ä»Z¿] Y Ã{Z¨fY Z] Á
½Áº/Å Ê/ZÀd/zË cZ¨/ ÉÁ /] Ä/¯ Ì·Z¿M ¾ËY
ÉY//mY Á{ ,ËeZ//» //Å ÉY//] .|// ¹Z//n¿Y ®//Ìf¿Â¸Ì§
Á Ornithopodium ///z] ÉZ///ÅÄ///¿Â³ ,|/// ¹Z///n¿Y
/ËÂe Y Ê]Ây ÉZÅĿ¼¿ Ä] Ê]ZÌf{ ÂÀ» Ä] Ä¿Z³Y|m
ÓZ/] Ê»Â/eÊ/¸a Z/] |/uYÁ {Ô/¯ ®Ë ,Onobrychoidei
(PP, Posterior (ÉYÄyZ// d//ËZ¼u) ¾Ì//a µZ//¼fuY
Ä//¿Â³ Ä// d//y{ ¾//ËY { ¾Ì//Àr¼Å .|//¿{Y{ ¶Ì°//e
|/ Å Á | YmY ¶¿ ½Â̸̻ Á{ ÉY] ,Probability)
A. pravitzii ÃY¼Å Ä] A. argyroides ,A. ruscifolius
ÉYmY ½ZËZa Y a .| ÉY{]Ŀ¼¿ dy{ ®Ë ,¶¿
|¿ÂÊ» Y|m ZÅĿ³ Ä̬] Y ,Yn» ÄyZ ®Ë ¶Ì°e Z]
,ÉYÄf/Å ÉZ/ÅÊ·YÂe ÉY] ZÌ » ¥Yv¿Y ¾Ì´¿ZÌ» ,Ä»Z¿]
iY ÅZ¯ ÂÀ» Ä] .(dY Ã|¿ Ã{Y{ ½Z¿ dy{ ¾ËY)
\/Ìee Ä/] ,Ê/^̯e ËeZ/» Á ÊfÔaÁ¸¯ matK ½
Z/Y /] {|n» ÊÅ{½Á Á Y ,cZ¨ ÉÔa»ÂÅ
¶/̼°e Y a ,dËZÆ¿ { .{Â] 0/003 Á 0/003 ,0/002
Ä/] d/y{ Ä/ d/ËZÆ¿ { Ä/¯ | Ã{Z¨fY RC yZ
,Ã|/ ÉÁM¼m ½Zfy{ |{ 25 ,ÄÂ]» ÉZÅÌ·Z¿M
yZ/ Á ¹Z/³ 26 µÂ/ Z/] d/y{ ¾Ë/eÃZe¯ ½YÂÀ
50 Ê·Z/¼mY d/y{ c Ä] ZÆ¿M Ã|¿Z¼Ì«Z] Á Ã|¿YÂ
Ä/] 0/811 Z/] /]Y] Z/¬]Y yZ/ Á 0/730 ]Y] ÉY|ËZa
(PP) ÉYÄyZ/ dËZ¼u Ä] Â]» Ë{Z¬» Z] ÃY¼Å |{
ÃY/¼Å dy{ Ä ¾ËY ɯ» ª¸» dy{ .|»M d{
Á { Z/ÅÄyZ/ d/ËZ¼u .|¿|/ ÄWYY lËZf¿ z] {
.d/Y Ã|/ Ä/WYY 1 ¶°/ { _Yf/eÂ] ÉZ/ÅY Z]
.{ÂÊ» ½ZÌ] ¾Ìa µZ¼fuY Ä] Â]» {Y|Y Z] Bayesian
Ì·Z/¿M Y ¶/Zu d/y{ Z] dy{ ¾ËY ʸ¯ É·ÂaÂe
Á{ Ä/] Â/]» ÉZÅÃ{Y{ ÉË~a\̯e Ê]ZËY ÂÀ» Ä]
Ä/]Y Ä/¯ cÁZ/¨e ¾/ËY Z/] ,dY ½Z°Ë ½ÁºÅ cZ¨
ÉZ³Z/Z¿ µÂ/ cÁZ/¨e ½Â»M ,ʻ¿ ¦¸fz» ÄÌuZ¿
Ä/¯ Â/½Z¼Å .dY Ã| ¶u ´Ë|°Ë Z] ZÅĿ³ Êy]
|// ¹Z//n¿Y Paup Y//§Y¹//¿ ĸÌ//Á Ä//] (ILD test)
ÉZ/Å/z] ÉZ/ÅÄ/¿Â³ ¹Z/¼e ,{Â/Ê» Ã|Ë{ 1 ¶° {
.(Farris et al., 1995)
Z////////////À¯ { Onobrychoidei Á Ornithopodium
Dissitiflori //z] ÉZ//Y Y Á Äf//Y{ Y//« ´Ë|//°Ë
Ä/] ,µÁY /z] Á{ ÉZ/ÅÄ/¿Â³ /Ì¿ ZnÀËY { .|¿YÃ| Y|m
lËZf¿
ÊfyZÀdzË ÉZÅÃ{Y{ Ä ·Z»
{ Ä/¯ ÉÂ/ Ä] .|¿Y{ Y« ´Ë|°Ë Z] ÄfzÌ»M cÂ
Ä/] ÊfyZÀ/d/zË ÉZ/ÅÊ/³ËÁ ®/Ìf¿Â¸Ì§ Ì·Z¿M
,Ã{Y{ ÉÅYÂy ÃÁ³ ¶Ì°e ºÅ Z] Ŀ³ Á{ {Y» Êy]
¾Ë/eÃZ/e¯ 8 {ZnËY Ä] Y|f]Y { ÊËÂmħ ÈÀÌÌ] Á
d/Y Ã|¿Z¼Ì«Z] Ã|¿ ¶u c Ä] ,´Ë{ Ê ] Ä]Y
Á ¹Z//³ 83 µÂ// Ä//] (most parsimonious) d//y{
.(1 ¶°)
Z/] /]Y] (CI, Consistency Index) ÉY|/ËZa yZ/
Z/] /]Y] (RI, Retention Index) Z¬]Y yZ Á 0/538
1391 ZÆ] ,ºÅ{ ÃZ¼ ,¹ZÆq µZ ,®ÌeZ¼fÌÂÌ] Á ʻ¿¯Ze
34
cZ¨// Ì·Z//¿M Y ¶//Zu É/¯» ª//¸» d//y{ -1 ¶°/
{Y|/Y .ʿ¼Ì/Za Á Ä/] Ã|/ Ê/Å{½Á ÊfyZÀdzË
f¼¯ ÉZÅY) |ÀfÅ _YfeÂ] ÉZÅY ZÅÄyZ ÉÓZ]
.(|¿YÃ|¿ Ã{Y{ ½Z¿ |{ 50 Y
|/ÀÅ{Ê/» Y /´Ë{ ÉZ^e ¶Ì°e ZÅĿ³ Ç|¿Z¼Ì«Z] ,Ã{Y{
ʷ°·Â» ÉZÅÃ{Y{ È ·Z»
//z] ÉZ//ÅÄ//¿Â³ Ä//¯ ,//ÌyY Z//^e ½Á{ .(3 ¶°//)
nrDNA ITS Y ¶Zu ÉZÅÃ{Y{
¶»Z/////////// Y Onobrychoidei Á Ornithopodium
Ä/] nrDNA ITS Ê·YÂ/e Ä/] Â/]» ÉZ/ÅÃ{Y{ Ì·Z¿M
Ê»Â/e°Ë{ Ê/°Ë į Ã| ¶Ì°e ÄyZË Á{ ,{ÂÊ»
{Ô//¯ Á{ Z//] Ê¿Â//¸Ì§ d//y{ ®//Ë ,Bayesian Á
0/8 dËZ¼u Z] A. brachyodontus Á A. glochideus
,A. argyroides È//¿Â³ Ä// Ä//¯ {//¯ {Z//nËY ʸ//Y
z] Á{ Å ÉZÅĿ³ Y ÄyZ |Àq Z^e ®Ë É´Ë{ Á
Ä̬] Á ºÅ Z] Z^e ®Ë { A. ruscifolius Á A. pravitzii
,{Â//Ê//» Ã|ÅZ//» 3 ¶°// { Ä//¯ Â/ ½Z//¼Å .d//Y
É·ÂaÂe .(2 ¶°) |¿Ì³Ê» Y« ¹Á{ Z^e { ZÅĿ³
Y ¶Zu cZÔY
ZY ] ¯~» z] Á{ ÉZÅĿ³
Ì·Z/¿M Y Ã|/»M d{ Ä] dy{ Ä]Z» ,dy{ ¾ËY ʸ¯
|/¿YÄf§³ Y« ºÅ Z] ÄfzÌ»M c Ä] matK ½ Ê·YÂe
,Ì·Z¿M ¾ËY ÈnÌf¿ Ä] ÄmÂe Z] .dY ÊfyZÀdzË cZ¨
¾/ËY Ä/nÌf¿ .|/ÀÅ{Ê/» ½Z/¿ Y Ä]Z/e Y ÊËÓZ] |{ Á
ÉZÅĿ³ ËZ Y 0/91 dËZ¼u Z] A. onobrychis ȿ³
¾/ËY Z/] d/Y ITS ÉZ/ÅÃ{Y{ Ì·Z/¿M Ä/] ÄÌ^ ZÌ] Ì·Z¿M
Z/À¯ { ÉÅYÂy ÃÁ³ ½YÂÀ Ä] ,Ã| Y|m Ã| Ä ·Z»
È////¿Â³ ITS Ä////] Â////]» Ì·Z////¿M { Ä////¯ cÁZ////¨e
Á{ ,¾Ì/Àr¼Å .{/̳Ê/» Y/« {Ây |¿ÁZËÂy ÉZÅĿ³
¾//ËY ÉZ//ÅÄ//¿Â³ Ä//̬] ÉÅYÂ//y ÃÁ//³ A. onobrychis
ÃÁ//³ A. jodostachys Á A. brachyodontus Ä//¿Â³
.dZÅz]
Ä/̬] ½Z/Ì» /]YÁ ,µZ/u Å Ä] .|¿YÃ{Y{ ¶Ì°e ÉÅYÂy
ITS ÉZ/ÅÊ·YÂe Y ¶Zu Ê^̯e ÉZÅÃ{Y{ Ì·Z¿M
matK Á
¹|// Ç|//ÀÅ{½Z//¿ É{Á|//u Z//e ILD ½Â//»M È//nÌf¿
¶/u cÂ/ Ä/] ½Â³ Àm Y z] Á{ ¾ËY ÉZÅĿ³
.(2 ¶°) dY Ã|¿Z» Ê«Z] Ã|¿
ÊfÔaÁ¸¯ matK ÉZÅÊ·YÂe Y ¶Zu ÉZÅÃ{Y{
d//Y Ä//ÌuZ¿ Á{ ¾//ËY ÉZ//ÅÃ{Y{ ½Z//Ì» Ê¿Â//¸Ì§ ¿Z//ne
Z/^e Á{ ÉYY{ Ì·Z/¿M ¾ËY Y ¶Zu ʿ¸̧ dy{
Ê/À^» ½Y´/ÅÁa Y Ê/y] ¿ ÄmÂe Z] Z»Y ,(P=0.04)
/z] Ä/] ª/¸ f» Ä/¿Â³ Ä/ Ä/¯ ÉÂ/ Ä/] ,dY Ã|¼
{YÂ//» f//Ì] { ½Â//»M ¾//ËY ½{Â//] {Z//¼fY ¶//]Z«Ì£ //]
¶¬f/» Z/^e ®/Ë ¶Ì°e 0/94 dËZ¼u Z] Dissitiflori
35
... Astragalus L. sect. Ornithopodium dÌ «Â» ] |̯Pe Z] ÉYÄyZ Á{ 4¯ ÉZŽ³ Y ÊËZÅz] Ê°Ìf¿Â¸Ì§ Ä ·Z»
ÉZ/m A. ruscifolius Á A. pravitzii ,A. argyroides
ÉZ/ÅÄ/¿Â³ ,dY Éf³] Z^e į ¹Á{ Z^e Á |¿YÄf§³
Á Ornithopodium /////z] Á{ Y Ã|///// Ä///// ·Z»
ÊËY|/m .(4 ¶°/) {Â/Ê» ¶»Z Y Onobrychoidei
{|/ Z/] Dissitiflori z] Y ÌyY z] Á{ ÉZÅĿ³
.{ÂÊ» dËZ¼u 1/00 ¾Ìa µZ¼fuY
(Seelanan et al., 1997; Wiens, 1998; Yoder et
ÉÂ//·ÂaÂe { Ê//¸¯ dÅZ^// ,¾Ì//Àr¼Å Á ,al., 2001)
,{/¨À» ÉYÃ{Y{ ÉZ/ÅËeZ/» Y Ã|/»M d{ Ä] ½Zfy{
Ê»Â/¿ Ä/ÌuZ¿ Á{ ¾ËY Y ¶Zu ÉZÅÃ{Y{ ºÌf§³ ºÌ¼e
d//y{ .ºÌ//À¯ Ì·Z//¿M //Ì¿ Ã|// \//̯e cÂ// Ä//] Y
Z/^e Á{ ¶»Z/ ,(4 ¶°/) Ì·Z/¿M ¾ËY Y ¶Zu ʿ¸̧
Ä//¿Â³ Ä// ,Z//ÅÄyZ// ¾//ËY Y Ê//°Ë ½Á{ :d//Y ʸ//Y
Â/]» (PP) ¾Ì/a µZ/¼fuY Ä/] ÄyZ/ ÉÓZ] {Y|Y .Bayesian Á Ä] ITS ÄÌuZ¿ Ä] Â]» ÉZÅÃ{Y{ Ì·Z¿M Y ¶Zu ʿ¸̧ dy{ -2 ¶°
.|ÀfÅ
Z/Ë (PP) ¾Ì/a µZ/¼fuY Z/ÅÄyZ/ ÉÓZ] {Y|Y .Bayesian Á Ä] matK ½ ÄÌuZ¿ Ä] Â]» ÉZÅÃ{Y{ Ì·Z¿M Y ¶Zu ʿ¸̧ dy{ -3 ¶°
.|ÀfÅ ZÅÄyZ dËZ¼u Ä] Â]» {Y|Y ½Z¼Å
1391 ZÆ] ,ºÅ{ ÃZ¼ ,¹ZÆq µZ ,®ÌeZ¼fÌÂÌ] Á ʻ¿¯Ze
36
{Y|/Y ½Z¼Å ZË (PP) ¾Ìa µZ¼fuY ,ZÅÄyZ ÉÓZ] {Y|Y .Bayesian Á Ä] matK Á ITS ÉZÅÊ·YÂe Y ¶Zu Ê^̯e ÉZÅÃ{Y{ Ì·Z¿M -4 ¶°
.|ÀfÅ ZÅÄyZ dËZ¼u Ä] Â]»
/z] Ä/] ÊfyZÀ/d/zË /¿ Y ®/Ë{¿ ZÌ] z]
É̳ÄnÌf¿ Á hv]
Ê¿Z//ÅZ̳ ¶»Z// //z] ¾//ËY .d//Y Ornithopodium
Ä/] ¶Y { ,½Â³ Àm Y Ornithopodium z]
Ä/Z¯ ,¶/Ë ÉZÅô¿ZÌ» Á ʨ¸ ÉZÅÄ«Z Z] Ä·Z|Àq
¾ËY .| ʧ » Ŀ³ 9 Z] (1869-1868) Bunge ȸÌÁ
Ã|Ì/¯ Ê/Ì] ZË ÉÂÌ] ÉZÅÃÂÌ» Á ¶° Ê¿Z°fY ¶³
Á Ê/]£ Á Ä¿ZÌ» ÉZÌM { Ŀ³ 17 {Á|u ÃÁ»Y z]
///z] Z///] ///z] ¾///ËY cÁZ///¨e ¾ËeZ///] .d///Y
½YËY { ZÆ¿M Y Ŀ³ 7 Á dYY{ Y ZaÁY Y ÊËZÅz]
Ä/¯ ÉÂ/ Ä/] ,d/Y ÃÂÌ» ¶° { Ornithopodium
Ä/ÌuZ¿ Y Ê/¿YËY-Ê/À»Y ÃÂ/u Ê/]£ /z] .|/ËÁ Ê»
¾/ËY Ä] ÄmÂe Z] .dY Ê·ÔÅ-Êy ,ÌyY z] { ÃÂÌ»
¾/ËY Â/Àe Á Ê/ËYÄ/¿Â³ /¯» ½YÂÀ Ä] ,Ê¿YÂe-Ê¿YËY
ÉÂ/¸§ ÊfÌ/Ë{ /z] Z/] ¹ÂË{ÂaÂfÌ¿ÁY Z^eY ,d¨
.(Podlech, 1999) {ÂÊ» Äf§³ ¿ { z]
Ä/Z¯ ÃY|/¿Y Á ¶°/ ¿ Y Z»Y ,{ÂÊ» z» fÌ]
,ÊËZ/ÅÊ/³ËÁ
Z/Y /] ½Â/³ À/m Y z] ¾ËY
|/]ZËÊ/» Z/^eY Onobrychoidei z] Ä] fÌ] ,¶³Á
ÉZů -|À¸] ÉZÅó½ZÌ» Z] ʨ¸ ÉZÅÄ«Z ½Âr¼Å
.(Ghahremani-Nejad, 2004; Maassoumi, 2005)
Ä//Z¯ -ÃZ//̳ t// { Ã|//Ì]YÂy Á ½Z//¬f» ÉYÄyZ// Á{
{ ÊfyZÀ/d/zË cZ¨/ ÉÁ ÊfyZÀZ^e ÉZÅÌ·Z¿M
Ìze ¶]Z« ,¶Ë Á Êy ÉZÅÃÂÌ» Á ¶° Ê¿Z°fY
////z] ÉZ////Y Ä////¯ {Y{ ½Z////¿ ,////Zu ª////̬ve
Ornithopodium /z] .(Maassoumi, 2005) dY
//z] Z//] ®//Ë{¿ ZÌ//] Z//^eY { Ornithopodium
Á ,¶///ËÂ Á Ê///y ÉZ///ÅÃÂ///Ì» ½{Â///] YY{ d///¸ Ä//]
/Å { ,µZ/u Å Ä] .(1 ¶°) |ÀfÅ Onobrychoidei
Dissitiflori z] Z] ÊeZ¯YfY ÉYY{ |À¸] ÉZÅô¿ZÌ»
Ê/Å{½Á Á ½Áº/Å cZ¨/ ÉÁ ÊfyZÀZ^e Ì·Z¿M Á{
Ä/] ¶³ ¹Zm Á ÄZ¯ Ä] Â]» cZ¨
ZY ] Z»Y ,dY
cÂ/ Ä] z] Á{ ¾ËY Ä] Â]» ÉZÅĿ³ ¹Z¼e ,Ã|
.(Ranjbar, 2004) |¿ÂÊ» Y|m ºÅ Y ÊfuY
Ä/¯ ,|/ÀÅ{Ê/» Y |/uYÁ Z^e ®Ë ¶Ì°e ,ºÅ Z] ÄfzÌ»M
®//Ë //Ì¿ ½Â//³ À//m Y Onobrychoidei //z]
37
... Astragalus L. sect. Ornithopodium dÌ «Â» ] |̯Pe Z] ÉYÄyZ Á{ 4¯ ÉZŽ³ Y ÊËZÅz] Ê°Ìf¿Â¸Ì§ Ä ·Z»
>®/Ë{¿ ZÌ/] Z/^eY Ç|/ÀÅ{½Z/¿ ,Z/» lËZ/f¿ ,¾ËY]ZÀ]
Z/»Y ,Ã|/¿ ¶/u Ê]Â/y Ä/] Z^e ¾ËY ½Á{ ]YÁ Äq³Y
¾/ËY .d/Y /ÌyY /z] Á{ ÊfyZÀ/Z^e Á É|¿ÁZËÂy
/z] Á{ ¾/ËY ®Ë·§» ®Ë{¿ Z^eY Ç|ÀÅ{½Z¿
Ê·Â/°·Â» Á ®Ì/Ô¯ ʸ^« cZ ·Z» Z] ©Z^¿Y { ,Äf§ZË
.dY Dissitiflori z] ÉZY Y ZÆ¿M ËZ¼e Á ºÅ Z]
Ê·YÂ/e Z/Ë Á ~] É·§»Á°Ì» Y Ã{Z¨fY Z] į dY
À/m ¶/¯ ʿ¸̧ [ÂqZq į Ê »Zm Ä ·Z» {
À//m Y ¯~//» ÉZ//Å//z] ÉÁ //] nrDNA ITS
Y Ã|/ Ã{Z¨fY ÉZÅÃ|ÀËZ¼¿ ,dY Ã{¯ Ê] Y ½Â³
.dY Ã| ¹Zn¿Y Astragalus
½Á|/] ,Onobrychoidei Á Ornithopodium z] Á{
½YÂ/À Ä] Podlech Âe Z] ¾Ìfz¿ A. pravitzii
ÄyZË ®Ë ½Á{ ÉYÄuÔ» ¶]Z« ®Ì°¨e Ŀ³ pÌÅ
z] Ä] ª¸ f» Á ½YËY ¸§ Y {Y¹Â] Á |Ë|m Ŀ³ ®Ë
(Kazempour Osaloo |/¿Y{ Y/« "F" ±] Z^e Y
{ .(Podlech,
2001) |//// Ê////§ » Dissitiflori
0Y/ÌyY į ÉYÄ ·Z» { ,¾ÌÀr¼Å .et al., 2003, 2005)
ĬÀ» ÉZŽ³ ÉÁ ] Ã| ¹Zn¿Y É´¿Z] ¾Ëe|Ë|m
Á Ê///ZÀd///zË Ä///] Â///]» cZ¨///
Z///Y ///]
Ä////¿Â³ (2010) Sytin Á Podlech ,Z////°Ì¿YËY YÂ////¸§
¹Z/n¿Y z] Á{ ¾ËY ÉZY ÉÁ Ä¿Y{ ÊZÀdzËË
//z] Ä//] Á Y|//m ¯~//» //z] Y Y A. pravitzii
cZ¨/ /¿ Y /z] Á{ ¾ËY ÉZY į | ½ZÌ] ,Ã|
Ì·Z////¿M È////nÌf¿ .|////¿{¯ ¶////¬fÀ» Ornithopodium
/] Y ÉËZ/¼e pÌ/Å ,Ã{Â/] º/Å Ä/] Äf]YÁ 0Ô»Z¯ ,¯~»
lËZ/f¿ ,¾Ì/Àr¼Å Á ÊfyZÀ/ d/zË cZ¨/ ÊfyZÀZ^e
(Vural et al., |/ÀÅ{Ê/¼¿ ½Z¿ Ä¿Y{ ÉZÅʳËÁ
ZY
¾/ËY { Ã|/ ¹Z/n¿Y Ê·Â/°·Â» Ê¿Â/¸Ì§ ÉZ/ÅÌ·Z¿M Ä̸¯
,Ä/ ·Z» ¾/ËY { Ê»Â/¿ ¦¸fz» ÄÌuZ¿ Á{ Ì·Z¿M .2008)
Ä/] Ê´f/]YÁ pÌ/Å Ä/¿Â³ ¾/ËY į |ÀÅ{Ê» ½Z¿ ,ªÌ¬ve
Z/^ˬe
0
lËZ/f¿ ÉYY{ Ã|/ \/̯e Á Ä¿Z³Y|m c Ä]
Ä/] ½M µZ¬f¿Y ,¾ËY]ZÀ] Á ÄfY|¿ Ornithopodium z]
Ã|/ ¹Z/n¿Y Ê·Â/°·Â» ÉZÅÌ·Z¿M Ä̸¯ { .dY ÊÆ]Z»
/z] Ä/] 0Y{|n» Ŀ³ ¾ËY Á dY Ã|¿ |ÌËPe z] ¾ËY
///z] Ä///] Â///]» ÉZ///ÅÄ///¿Â³ ,///Zu ª///̬ve {
.{ÂÊ» ¶¬fÀ» Dissitiflori
Ä//] (A. ruscifolius Á A. argyroides) Dissitiflori
|/uYÁ Z^e ®Ë ¶Ì°e ºÅ Z] ,A. pravitzii ȿ³ ÃY¼Å
Ê¿Y{|« Á °e
Á (4 Á 3 ,2 ÉZŶ°) |ÀÅ{Ê» Y ZÅĿ³ Ä̬] Y Y|m Á
Êf/Æ] |ÌÆ ÃZ´¿Y{ ÉÁZÀ§ Á ÊÅÁa d¿ÁZ » Y
Á Ornithopodium ////////////z] Á{ ÉZ////////////Y
s/ Ê/ ,ªÌ¬ve ¾ËY Y Êz] É{Z» dËZ¼u Zy Ä]
¾Ì///] { Ã|///À¯Ya cÂ/// Ä///] ///Ì¿ Onobrychoidei
.{ÂÊ» °e ,¹fv» d¿ÁZ » ½M [» ÊÅÁa
.|//¿Ì³Ê//» Y//« Y//n» Z//^e //´Ë{ ½Á{ Á ´Ë|//°Ë
]ZÀ»
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phylogenetics of Diesae (Orchidaceae): A contribution from nuclear ribosomal ITS sequences.
American Journal of Botany 86(6): 887-899.
Doyle, J. J. and Doyle, J. L. (1987) A rapid DNA isolation procedure for small quantities of fresh leaf
1391 ZÆ] ,ºÅ{ ÃZ¼ ,¹ZÆq µZ ,®ÌeZ¼fÌÂÌ] Á ʻ¿¯Ze
38
tissue. Phytochemical Bulletin 19:11-15.
Farris, J. S. (1989) The Retention index and the rescaled consistency index. Cladistics 5: 417-419.
Farris, J. S., Kallersjo, M., Kluge, A. G. and Bult, C. (1995) Testing significance of incongruence.
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39: 783-791.
Ghahremani-Nejad, F. (2004) The Sections of Astragalus L. with bifurcating hairs in Iran. Turkish
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World Astragalus (Fabaceae) as inferred from nrDNA ITS sequence data. Brittonia 57: 367-381.
Larkin, M. A., Blackshields, G., Brown, N. P., Chenna, R., McGettigan, P. A., McWilliam, H.,
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G. (2007) Clustal W and Clustal X version 2.0. Bioinformatics 23:2947-2948.
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(eds. Assadi, M. and Maassoumi, A. A.) 43: 1-386. Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands
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Ã/Ìe 36 Á À/m 128 Ä/] Â/]» ÊÅZ̳ Ŀ³ {Y| e ¾ËY
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,Asteraceae ,Poaceae ÉZ////ÅÃ////Ìe .d////Y ÊÅZ////̳
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Ä///] d^///¿ Cyperaceae Á Brassicaceae ,Fabaceae
Ä/¼n» ÊËZ/̧Y¤m À¯Y/a į d§³ ÄnÌf¿ ½YÂeÊ»
{» ĬÀ» ÉZÅ[Y|¿Z» ¸§ { ÉfÌ] ºÆ ZÅÃÌe ËZ
Ê/Ìv» ËY ]Ze 0ÓÂY ĬÀ» ®Ë ÊÅZ̳ ÉZÅĿ³
Á Poaceae Ã//ËÁ Ä//] ¯~//» ÉZ//ÅÃ//Ìe .|//¿Y{ Ä// ·Z»
Ä/¬À» ºÌ¸«Y į ¾ËY Ä] ÄmÂe Z] ,dY ĬÀ» ½M ʼ̸«Y Á
(1389) ½YZ//°¼Å Á ÉYÃ//¼u cZ// ·Z» { Asteraceae
ʯ|//¿Y Á Ê¿Z//¯ÌÅ ,É^Ì// ÉZ//ŽZ//Ëm ÌiP//e d//ve
Á Ê¿Z//yʨ// Á ½YZ^//Y Ã//¯d//Ë ÃZ//³Ã//Ìy} {
Ê]Y|/¿Z» Ê/YY { ,(1368 ,Ì¿YÂm) dY ÉYÄ¿YfË|»
½YÂ/À Ä/] ½Y|¼Å |¿ÁZÆ¿ ½Z̯ ĬÀ» { (1385) ½YZ°¼Å
-Z/aÁY Ä/¬À» Ä/] Ê/] {Â/» Ê/ËÁ À ,½Ô^
Ê/§ » Z/Å Ä/¿Â³ ºÆ/ /¿ Y ÊÅZ/̳ ÉZÅÃÌe ¾ËeºÆ»
-Z/aÁY Ê/ËÁ /ZÀ ,½M Y /a Á {Y{ ª¸ e É^Ì
.|¿|
ÌiPe Ã|ÀÅ{½Z¿ į |Àf§³ Y« Ê¿YÂe-Ê¿YËY Á É^Ì
Á Z/Åd/̧Âfb˯Ê/¼Å ,ÊÅZ/̳ ÊfË ¶° ¿ Y
Á É^Ì/-ZaÁY ÊËZ̧Y¤m ĬÀ» Á{ ®Ìf˸§ ZÀ
½ZÅZ̳ ÊfË ¶° ¾Ëe½YÁY§ \Ìee Ä] ZÅḑÂfb˯
Y ¾Ì/Àr¼Å ÌiP/e ¾/ËY ,d/Y Ä/¬À» { Ê¿YÂ/e-Ê¿YËY
Á d//̧Âfb˯Ê//¼Å ½Z//ÅZ̳ Ê//¿YÁY§ .|Àf//Å Ä//¬À»
½Z/nËZ]}M ½ZfY { ½YZ^Y ĬÀ» |À¿Z» ÁZn» ªZÀ»
Á {// ºÌ//¸«Y Ã|//ÀÅ{½Z//¿ Ä//¬À» ®//Ë { d//̧Âfb˯
{ ·©|À§ ĬÀ» Á (1389 ,½YZ°¼Å Á ÉYüu) Ê«
lËZ/f¿ Z] ¿ ¾ËY .(Archibold, 1995) dY Ê¿Zfů
Ã|/ Ã|ÅZ/» /Ì¿ (1390 ,½YZ/°¼Å Á Ê/¼Ì) ¶Ì]{Y
{Z/Ë 0Zf^/¿ |/{ Âu .{Y{ d¬]Z» Ã|»M d{ Ä]
.dY
Ê]Y|/¿Z» Ê/YY { Z/Åd/̧Âfb˯ Á ZÅḑÂfb˯ʼÅ
¶/§ c|/» { Z/Æ¿M { d/]Â /¨u ´¿Z/¿ ½Ô^
1391 ZÆ] ,ºÅ{ ÃZ¼ ,¹ZÆq µZ ,®ÌeZ¼fÌÂÌ] Á ʻ¿¯Ze
46
-É^Ì/-ZaÁY :ES :ÊËZ̧Y¤m À¯Ya ÉZfyY ºWÔ .½Ô^ ï Ê« Á Ê·Z¼ ÉZÅÄÀ»Y{ ÉZÅ[Y|¿Z» ÊÅZ̳ ÉZÅĿ³ dƧ -1 µÁ|m
:Êf//Ë ¶°// ÉZ//fyY º//WÔ .Ã|//¿ ÊËZ//ZÀ :U -½Y//ËY {Y¹Â//] :(EN(Iran -ÉYÄ//ÌuZ¿ |//Àq :PI -ÉYÄ//¿YfË|» :M -Ê¿YÂ//e-Ê//¿YËY :IT
ÉZ/Åd/̧ÂW :GR -ÉZ/Ìa ÉZ/Åd/̧ÂW :GB -(|À/ad/]Â) Z/ÅḑÁ|/ÌÅ :Hy -Z/Åd/̨»Z¯ :Ch -Z/ÅḑÂfb˯ʼŠ:He -ZÅḑÁe :Th
.|ÀfÅ ½YËY {Y¹Â] ,|¿YÃ| z» * ÃZf Z] į ÊËZÅĿ³ .ÉYÃ|£ ÉZÅḑÂW :GC -Y{¹ÁË
*
*
*
Ŀ³ ʼ¸ ¹Z¿
Achillea filipendula Lam.
Achillea millefolium L.
Adonis dentata Delile
Aeluropus littoralis (Gouan) Parl.
Agropyron cristatum (L.) Gaertn.
Agropyron repens (L.) P.Beauv.
Agrostis stolonifera L.
Agrostis tenuis Sibth.
Alchemilla persica Rothm.
Alchemilla rigida Buser
Alchemilla citrina Frohner
Alisma plantago R.Br.
Allium ampeloprasum L.
Alyssum linifolium Stephan ex Willd.
Alopecurus aequalis Sobol.
Alopecurus arundinaceus Poir.
Anagallis arvensis L.
Anemone biflora DC.
Anthemis atropatana Iranshahr
Anthemis sp.
Arenaria gypsophiloides Willd. ex Ledeb.
Artemisia fragrans Willd.
Asparagus persicus Baker
Astragalus hamosus L.
Astragalus odoratus Lam.
Astragalus asciocalyx Bunge
Atriplex leucoclada Boiss.
Barbarea plantaginea DC.
Blysmus compressus Panz.
Bolboschoenus maritimus (L.) Palla
Bromus scoparius L.
Bromus danthoniae Trin. ex C.A.Mey.
Bromus tomentellus Boiss.
Bupleurum leucocladum Boiss.
Calamagrostis epigejos (L.) Roth.
Capsella bursa-pastoris Medik.
Cardamine hirsuta L.
Cardamine uliginosa M.Bieb.
Cardaria draba (L.) Desv.
Carex riparia Poir.
Carex distans L.
Carex divulsa Gaudin
Carex orbicularis Boott subsp. kotschyana (Boiss. & Hohen.)
Kukkonen
Carex songorica Kar. & Kir.
Carex sp.
Carex stenophylla Wahlenb.
Carex strigosa Willd. ex Kunth
Catabrosa aquatica P.Beauv.
Centaurea cheiranthifolia Willd.
ÃÌe
ÊfË ¶°
ÊËZ̧Y¤m À¯Ya
Asteraceae
Asteraceae
Fabaceae
Poaceae
Poaceae
Poaceae
Poaceae
Poaceae
Rosaceae
Rosaceae
Rosaceae
Alismataceae
Alliaceae
Brassicaceae
Poaceae
Poaceae
Primulaceae
Fabaceae
Asteraceae
Asteraceae
Caryophyllaceae
Asteraceae
Liliaceae
Fabaceae
Fabaceae
Fabaceae
Chenopodeaceae
Brassicaceae
Cyperaceae
Cyperaceae
Poaceae
Poaceae
Poaceae
Apiaceae
Poaceae
Brassicaceae
Brassicaceae
Brassicaceae
Brassicaceae
Cyperaceae
Cyperaceae
Cyperaceae
He
He
Th
Cr(GR)
He
Cr(GR)
Cr(GR)
Cr(GR)
Cr(GR)
He
He
Cr(Hy)
Cr(GB)
Th
Cr(GR)
Cr(GR)
Th
Th
Th
Th
Th
Ch
He
Th
He
He
Ch
He
Cr(GR)
Cr(Hy)
Th
Th
He
He
Cr(GR)
Th
Th
Th
He
Cr(GR)
Cr(GR)
Cr(GR)
ES (CAU), IT
ES(CAU), IT
ES(CAU), M, IT
PL
PL
PL
ES, IT, M
PL
IT, ES(CAU)
ES
En(Iran)
PL
ES(CAU), M
PL
PL
PL
PL
ES, M , IT
ES(CAU), IT
U
PL
ES(CAU), IT
PL
PL
IT, CAU
PL
PL
ES(CAU), M
ES,IT
PL
PL
PL
PL
PL
PL
PL
ES( CAU)
ES( CAU)
ES, IT
IT, ES( CAU)
ES, M ,IT
ES, M ,IT
Cyperaceae
Cr(GR)
IT, ES( CAU)
Cyperaceae
Cyperaceae
Cyperaceae
Cyperaceae
Poaceae
Asteraceae
Cr(GR)
He
Cr(GR)
Cr(GR)
Cr(GR)
He
IT, ES( CAU)
U
ES( CAU), IT
ES( CAU), IT
PL
EN(Iran)
47
*
*
½Ô^ Ê« Á Ê·Z¼ ÉZÅÄÀ»Y{ ,(wetlands) Ê]Y|¿Z» ÊYY ½ZÅZ̳ ÊËZ̧Y¤m À¯Ya Á ÊfË ¶° ,®Ìf˸§ Ê]
Ŀ³ ʼ¸ ¹Z¿
Centaurea iberica Trevir. ex Spreng.
Chaerophyllum bulbosum L.
Chenopodium album L.
Chenopodium ambrosioides L.
Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.
Cyperus longus L.
Cyperus sp.
Dactylis glomerata L.
Deschampsia caespitosa (L.) Beauv.
Descurainia sophia (L.) Webb ex Prantl
Deyeuxia parsana Bor
Dianthus pachypetalus Stapf
Draba huetii Boiss.
Draba nemorosa L.
Eleocharis palustris (L.) Roem. & Schult.
Ephorbia sp.
Equisetum palustre L.
Equisetum arvense L.
Equisetum sp.
Eragrostis curvula (Schrad.) Nees
Eremopoa persica (Trin.) Roshev.
Eremopyrum distans (K.Koch) Nevski
Eremurus sp.
Erysimum repandum L.
Euphrasia juzepczukii Denissova
Falcaria vulgaris Bernh.
Festuca heterophylla Wahlenb.
Festuca ovina L.
Festuca pratensis Huds.
Festuca rubra L.
Festuca sp.
Filipendula vulgaris Moench
Fragaria sp.
Galium humifusum M.Bieb.
Galium verum L.
Geranium albanum M.Bieb.
Geranium pyrenaicum Burm.f.
Geum rivale L.
Glyceria plicata Fr.
Hesperis kurdica Dvorak & Hadaþ
Hippuris vulgaris L.
Hordeum bulbosum L.
Hordeum glaucum Steud.
Hordeum marinum Huds.
Hordeum violaceum Boiss. & Hohen.
Hypericum perforatum L.
Inula sp.
Iris caucasica Hoffm.
Iris pseudocaucasica Grossh.
Juncus gerardii Loisel.
Jurinella sp.
Juncus Littoralis C.A.Mey.
Jurinella moschus (Hablitz) Bobrov
Kochia prostrata (L.) Schrad.
Koeleria cristata Pers.
Koeleria eriostachya Panþiü
ÃÌe
Asteraceae
Apiaceae
Chenopodeaceae
Chenopodeaceae
Poaceae
Cyperaceae
Cyperaceae
Poaceae
Poaceae
Brassicaceae
Poaceae
Caryophyllaceae
Brassicaceae
Brassicaceae
Cyperaceae
Euphorbiaceae
Equisetaceae
Equisetaceae
Equisetaceae
Poaceae
Poaceae
Poaceae
Liliaceae
Brassicaceae
Scrophulariaceae
Apiaceae
Poaceae
Poaceae
Poaceae
Poaceae
Poaceae
Rosaceae
Rosaceae
Rubiaceae
Rubiaceae
Geraniaceae
Geraniaceae
Rosaceae
Poaceae
Brassicaceae
Hippurridaceae.
Poaceae
Poaceae
Poaceae
Poaceae
Hypericaceae
Asteraceae
Iridaceae
Iridaceae
Juncaginaceae
Asteraceae
Juncaginaceae
Asteraceae
Chenopodeaceae
Poaceae
Poaceae
ÊfË ¶°
ÊËZ̧Y¤m À¯Ya
Th
Cr(GB)
Th
Th
Cr(GR)
Cr(GR)
He
He
Cr(GR)
Th
He
He
Th
Th
He
He
Cr(GR)
Cr(GR)
Cr(GR)
He
Th
He
Cr(GC)
Th
Th
He
He
He
Cr(GR)
He
Cr(GR)
He
Cr(GR)
Cr(GR)
Cr(GR)
Th
Th
Cr(GR)
Cr(Hy)
He
Cr(Hy)
Cr(GB)
He
He
He
He
He
Cr(GC)
Cr(GC)
Cr(GR)
He
He
He
Ch
He
He
ES, M
ES( CAU) , IT
PL
ES, M
PL
ES( CAU), IT
U
PL
PL
PL
En(Iran)
ES, M, IT
PL
PL
PL
U
PL
PL
PL
PL
IT, M
PL
U
PL
ES(CAU), M, IT
PL
PL
PL
ES(CAU)
PL
U
ES( CAU)
U
ES, IT, M
PL
ES(CAU), M
ES(CAU), M
PL
IT.ES
M, IT
ES
PL
PL
ES, M, IT
IT, ES(CAU)
PL
PL
M, IT
PL
IT
U
PL
PL
PL
PL
ES(CAU), IT
1391 ZÆ] ,ºÅ{ ÃZ¼ ,¹ZÆq µZ ,®ÌeZ¼fÌÂÌ] Á ʻ¿¯Ze
*
*
*
Ŀ³ ʼ¸ ¹Z¿
Lactuca orientalis Boiss.
Lactuca undulata Ledeb.
Lathyrus pratensis L.
Lolium persicum Boiss. & Hohen.
Lotus angustissimus L.
Lotus corniculatus L.
Marrubium astracanicum Jacq.
Mentha aquatica L.
Mentha longifolia Host
Medicago sativa L.
Melilotus officinalis (L.) Lam.
Mentha sp.
Minuartia hybrida (Vill.) Schischk.
Muscari caucasicum Baker
Muscari comosum (L.) Mill.
Muscari racemosum (L.) Mill.
Myosotis asiatica (Vestergr.) Schischk. & Serg.
Myosotis olympica Boiss.
Nasturtium officinale R.Br.
Nepeta ucrainica L.
Neslia apiculata Fisch., C.A.Mey. & Avé-Lall.
Nigella integrifolia Regel
Nigella oxypetala Boiss.
Onosma trachytrichum Boiss.
Orchis mascula (L.) L.
Orchis latifolia L.
Origanum vulgare L.
Ornithogalum montanum Ten.
Pedicularis sibthorpii Boiss.
Pedicularis wilhelmsiana Fisch. ex M.Bieb.
Phalaris minor Retz.
Phleum paniculatum Huds.
Phleum phleoides H.Karst.
Prunella vulgaris L.
Phlomis aucheri Boiss.
Phlomis tuberosa L.
Phragmites australis (Cav.) Steud.
Pimpinella tragium Vill.
Plantago lagopus L.
Plantago atrata Hoppe
Plantago lanceolata L.
Plantago major L.
Plantago maritima L.
Plantago sp.
Poa araratica Trautv.
Poa nemoralis L.
Poa sp.
Poa bulbosa L.
Poa pratensis L.
Poa trivialis L.
Polygonum arenastrum Boreau
Polygonum lapathifolium L.
Polygonum alpestre C.A.Mey.
Polygonum amphibium L.
Polygonum sp.
Potamogeton nodosus Poir.
48
ÃÌe
ÊfË ¶°
ÊËZ̧Y¤m À¯Ya
Asteraceae
Asteraceae
Fabaceae
Poaceae
Fabaceae
Fabaceae
Lamiaceae
Lamiaceae
Lamiaceae
Fabaceae
Fabaceae
Lamiaceae
Caryophyllaceae
Liliaceae
Liliaceae
Liliaceae
Boraginaceae
Boraginaceae
Brassicaceae
Lamiaceae
Brassicaceae
Ranunculaceae
Ranunculaceae
Boraginaceae
Orchidaceae
Orchidaceae
Lamiaceae
Liliaceae
Scrophulariaceae
Scrophulariaceae
Poaceae
Poaceae
Poaceae
Liliaceae
Lamiaceae
Lamiaceae
Poaceae
Apiaceae
Plantaginaceae
Plantaginaceae
Plantaginaceae
Plantaginaceae
Plantaginaceae
Plantaginaceae
Poaceae
Poaceae
Poaceae
Poaceae
Poaceae
Poaceae
Polygonaceae
Polygonaceae
Polygonaceae
Polygonaceae
Polygonaceae
Potamogetonaceae
He
He
Cr(GR)
He
He
He
He
He
He
He
He
He
Th
Ge(B )
Ge(B )
Ge(B )
Th
Th
He
He
Th
He
He
He
Ge(C )
Ge(C )
He
Ge(B )
He
He
Cr(GR)
Th
He
He
He
He
He
He
Th
He
He
He
He
He
Cr(GR)
Cr(GR)
Th
Cr(GB)
Cr(GR)
Cr(GR)
He
Th
He
He
He
Cr(Hy)
PL
PL
PL
PL
ES, M, IT
ES, M, IT
ES(CAU), M
ES, M
ES, M
ES,IT
PL
U
ES, IT, M
M, IT, ES(CAU)
ES, M, IT
PL
PL
En(Iran)
ES, IT
ES, IT
PL
ES(CAU), M, IT
ES(CAU), M, IT
En(Iran)
ES(CAU), M
ES(CAU), M
PL
ES(CAU), M
PL
PL
PL
ES(CAU), M, IT
PL
PL
PL
PL
PL
ES(CAU), M, IT
PL
ES(CAU), IT
ES, M, WIT
PL
ES, IT
U
PL
PL
U
PL
PL
PL
PL
ES, IT, M
ES(CAU), M, IT
PL
U
PL
49
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
½Ô^ Ê« Á Ê·Z¼ ÉZÅÄÀ»Y{ ,(wetlands) Ê]Y|¿Z» ÊYY ½ZÅZ̳ ÊËZ̧Y¤m À¯Ya Á ÊfË ¶° ,®Ìf˸§ Ê]
Ŀ³ ʼ¸ ¹Z¿
Potamogeton pectinatus L.
Potentilla canescens Besser
Potentilla persica Boiss. & Hausskn. ex Boiss.
Potentilla recta L.
Puccinellia grossheimiana V.I.Krecz.
Puccnellia koeieana Melderis
Ranunculus arvensis L.
Ranunculus lateriflorus DC.
Ranunculus persicus DC.
Raphanus sp.
Rumex acetosa L.
Rumex acetosella L.
Salsola crassa M.Bieb.
Salsola sp.
Salvia aethiopis L.
Salvia sp.
Sanguisorba minor Scop.
Schoenoplectus lacustris (L.) Palla
Schoenus nigricans L.
Sedum pallidum M.Bieb.
Sedum pilosum M.Bieb.
Senecio vernalis Waldst. & Kit.
Sonchus asper (L.) Hill
Sparganium erectum L.
Stachys byzantina K.Koch
Stellaria pallida (Dumort.) Pire
Taraxacum azerbaijanicum Soest
Taraxacum bessarabicum Fisch.
Taraxacum hydrophilum Soest
Taraxaceum sp
Taraxacum montanum DC.
Thalictrum elatum Jacq.
Thelypteris palustris Schott
Thlaspi kotschyanum Boiss. & Hohen.
Thlaspi tenue (Boiss. & Buhse) Hedge
Tragopogon reticulates Boiss. & A.Huet
Tribulus terrestris L.
Trifolium ambiguum M.Bieb.
Trifolium montanum L.
Trifolium pratense L.
Trifolium repense L.
Trifolium hybridum L.
Trifolium alpestre L.
Tripleurospermum decipiens (Fich. & C.A.Mey) Bornm.
Trisetum flavescens (L.) P.Beauv.
Trisetum bungei Boiss.
Typha latifolia L.
Urtica dioica L.
Veronica anagalloides Guss.
Veronica orientalis Mill.
Vicia cracca L.
Vicia ervilia Willd.
Vicia subvillosa Boiss.
Viola arvensis Murray
ÃÌe
ÊfË ¶°
ÊËZ̧Y¤m À¯Ya
Potamogetonaceae
Rosaceae
Rosaceae
Rosaceae
Poaceae
Poaceae
Ranunculaceae
Ranunculaceae
Ranunculaceae
Brassicaceae
Polygonaceae
Polygonaceae
Chenopodeaceae
Chenopodeaceae
Lamiaceae
Lamiaceae
Rosaceae
Cyperaceae
Cyperaceae
Crassulaceae
Crassulaceae
Asteraceae
Asteraceae
Sparganiaceae
Lamiaceae
Caryophyllaceae
Asteraceae
Asteraceae
Asteraceae
Asteraceae
Asteraceae
Ranunculaceae
Thelypteridaceae
Brassicaceae
Brassicaceae
Asteraceae
Zygophyllaceae
Fabaceae
Fabaceae
Fabaceae
Fabaceae
Fabaceae
Fabaceae
Asteraceae
Poaceae
Poaceae
Typhaceae
Urticaceae
Scrophulariaceae
Scrophulariaceae
Fabaceae
Fabaceae
Fabaceae
Violaceae
Cr(Hy)
He
He
He
He
He
Th
Th
He
Th
Cr(GR)
He
Th
Th
He
Th
He
Th
He
He
He
Th
He
Ch
He
Th
He
He
He
He
He
He
Cr(GR)
Th
Th
He
Th
He
Cr(GR)
He
Cr(GR)
He
Cr(GR)
Th
He
Cr(GR)
Cr(Hy)
Cr(GR)
Th
He
He
Th
Cr(GR)
He
PL
PL
En(Iran)
PL
ES(CAU), M,
En(Iran)
ES, M
PL
En(Iran)
U
PL
PL
ES(CAU), IT
U
PL
U
PL
PL
PL
ES(CAU)
ES(CAU)
ES, IT, M
IT, M
PL
ES(CAU), IT
ES(CAU), IT
En(Iran)
ES, NIT
EN(Iran)
ES, NIT
M, ES(CAU)
PL
PL
M, IT
En(Iran)
ES, IT
ES, IT, M
PL
ES, IT, M
ES, M, IT
ES, IT, M
ES, IT
PL
ES(CAU), M
PL
U
PL
En( Iran, Irag)
ES, IT
ES, IT
ES, IT
PL
ES, IT
ES, IT
1391 ZÆ] ,ºÅ{ ÃZ¼ ,¹ZÆq µZ ,®ÌeZ¼fÌÂÌ] Á ʻ¿¯Ze
50
ÊÅZ/̳ ÉZÅĿ³ Y É{Y| e ÊËZZÀ dÆm Ä] Ì¿ eY»
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Ä/¸n» .ÄËÔ¯ Ì»Y ʸuZ [ÓZe Á ¡Z] Ìm-Ä·Zz¼q ʸuZ ĬÀ» ¸§ Á ZÅÃZ´ËÁ (1383) .¥ ,Z Á . , ,{Y¿Ê¬¿ ,.Y ,½Z»Æ«
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.½YÆe ,¯ eY» Á ZƸ´Àm cZ¬Ì¬ve ÄR» .1 |¸m (Ä·Z®Ë ÉZŽ³) ½YËY ÉZŽ³ (1365) . ,ʻ »
.½YÆe ,¯ eY» Á ZƸ´Àm cZ¬Ì¬ve ÄR» .5 |¸m ½YËY ÉZŽ³ (1384) . ,ʻ »
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½Ô^ Ê« Á Ê·Z¼ ÉZÅÄÀ»Y{ ,(wetlands) Ê]Y|¿Z» ÊYY ½ZÅZ̳ ÊËZ̧Y¤m À¯Ya Á ÊfË ¶° ,®Ìf˸§ Ê]
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1391 ZÆ] ,ºÅ{ ÃZ¼ ,¹ZÆq µZ ,®ÌeZ¼fÌÂÌ] Á ʻ¿¯Ze
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al., 2002; Albach et al., 2005; Husain et al.,
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C. pontica C. Koch ʼ¸ ¹Z¿ Z] Êm³ ®·Y·Y
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d/Y Ã| ªf» ²¿ { ÉZÀ » Ä]
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Á |/ ħZY cZfY ¶ÌeY f̷ʸ̻ 15 Á [M f̷ʸ̻ 20
50 ¾/·Y ®/Ë Ä/] Ê¿Zf/Y ¶/ÌeY Z/§ ,½{ º/Å Ä] Y a
Ä// { //Ì¿ ½Âf//Y Á [M Z//§ .|/Ë{³ ¶//¬fÀ» //fÌ·Ê/¸Ì»
|/ kYzfY cZfY ¶ÌeY fÌ· ʸ̻ 10 Z] Z] Å Á ĸu»
.|Ë{³ Ã{Á§Y ʸ^« cZfY ¶ÌeY Ä] ÊeZfY ¶ÌeY ÉZÅZ§ Á
50 Z] Ä^e» Å Á Z]Á{ ,ÊeZfY ¶ÌeY ÉZÅZ§ ļn»
{ ,(Ä/f¿Z¯{) Ã|/ Ã{Y{ ½Z/°e Á Â/¸z» [M fÌ· ʸ̻
.|/ Ã|¿Z ºnu Ä] Éf̷ʸ̻ 50 ¾·Z] ®Ë { dËZÆ¿
2 µÂ/¸v» Y /fÌ·Ê/¸Ì» 1 ,µÂ/¸v» ¾ËY Y f̷ʸ̻ 10 Ä]
,ZÅÁ Á {Y» d¼« { Ã| ÄWYY Á ª^ :ÃZ
{ |/{ 5 |Ì/Y ®Ìf/Y { ¹Â/ÌÀ̻·M Á¸¯ |{
µ{Z » Rf Z] ÊËZÅÄ°· {ÂmÁ ʧY³ÂeZ»Á¯ ¹Zn¿Y Y a
Éf̷ʸ̻ 25 ÃÁ ¾·Z] ®Ë { Á |Ë{³ Ã{Á§Y µÂ¿Zf»
±//////] Á ¶//////³ Â//////¸z» { 0/55 Á 0/45 ,0/35
ºÌ/¿ Y /a ĸ/Zu µÂ¸v» [~m .| Ã|¿Z ºnu Ä]
Ä/mÂe Z/] į | cZ^iY C. pontica Á C. oxyacantha
|ÅZ µÂ¸v» ¶]Z¬» { f»Â¿Z¿ 425 k» µÂ { dZ
Á Rf Ä/ËZ¬» Á f»Â¿Z/¿ 365 kÂ/» µÂ { Ä°· ²¿ Ä]
|/{ ,(1) Ê/]ne µÂ/»§ Y Ã{Z¨f/Y Z] Á É̳ÃY|¿Y
Ä/] Z/ÅÄ/°· ¾/ËY ,{Â/m» ÉZÅ{Y|¿Zf/Y Z] ĸZu ²¿
ÄÌÆe ÉY] .|Ë{³ Ä^Zv» |ËÁbÌÅ
ZY ] Zŵ¿ÁÔ§
|/ËÁbÌÅ Á |Ì/Y ®/Ì¿Á¸¯ ,¾ÌeÁ Ä] Â]» \Ìee
ÊeZf/Y ¶/ÌeY Ŀ¼¿ µÂ¸v» Y f̷ʸ̻ 10 ,|ÅZ µÂ¸v»
.(Wagner et al., 1999) dY
|/{ 5 µÂ¸v» Z] Á ÄfzË Éf̷ʸ̻ 25 ÃÁ ¾·Z] {
ÉZ//ŵÂ//¿ÁÔ§ Ê/ =¼¯ ¾Ì/ Ì e Y ¶//Zu lËZ//f¿
[~/m .|/ Ã|¿Z/ º/nu Ä/] µÂ¿Z/f» { |ÌY ®ÌfY
ZÅ|/ÌË¿ÁÔ§ ½YÌ» É̳ÃY|¿Y Y ¶Zu ÄnÌf¿ :ÊÅZ̳
//¿ { 500 µ{Z// » |//ËÁbÌÅ Y |//{ ®//Ë µÂ//¸v»
.dY Ã| ÄWYY 2 µÁ|m { Z¯ Á ª^
|/ ËÁbÌÅ Y |//{ ®/ Ë µÂ//¸v» [~//m .|// Ä//f§³
Ê/]ne µÂ/»§ ¾/ËY Y Á |/ Ä/f§³ ¿ { 500 µ{Z »
.|Ë{³ Ã{Z¨fY ÃZ̳ { ZÅ µÂ¿ÁÔ§ Ä^Zv» ÉY]
C. oxyacantha Á C. pontica ½ZÅZ̳ ÉÅZ ÉZÅʳËÁ -1 µÁ|m
ÃZ̳ ¹Z¿
C. pontica
Âa ÄÀ̯¯ Êfa t Z] ,ÃZe¯ ±^»{ ,ªÌ¼ [· 5 ÉYY{ ,f»Êf¿Z 5/6 Ze 5/2 Á 6 Ze 3µÂ Ä] ,Ê£»ºze Ze Ê¿]{Z]
3 c|¿ Ä] Á Ä»Zy 2 ÉYY{ ,Á|» 0Z^ˬe Ze Ê£»ºze Zű^¸³ ,Êj¸j» Zű^Z¯ ,¶³14 Ze ¶»Zu ÉZžË}M¶³ { ¼fn» ,|̨ ¶³
Ze
Ä¿Y{ 3-2 ÉYY{ ,ʯYÂy Á Ên¿Z¿ Á ÊËÔ { ²¿ Ä] ,f»Ê¸Ì» 18 Ze 12 « Ä] ,ÉÁ¯ Z^ˬe
0
±]
¶³
ÃÂÌ»
ÃZ̳ ¹Z¿
C. oxycantha
Ä/À̯¯ Êf/a t/ Z] ,ÃZe¯ Á f»Êf¿Z 3 Ze 1 ±^»{ ,[· 7 Ze 3 ÉYY{ Á f»Êf¿Z 7 Ze 3µÂ Ä] ,¾Æa Ê£»ºze Ze Ê£»ºze YÁ
Âa
±]
Ä»Zy 3 Ze 1 ÉYY{ ,f»Ê¸Ì» 17 Ze 12 « Ä] ¶³ ,{ZË ¶³ Ze ¶»Zu ʼÌÆË{ ÉZžË}M¶³ ,Êe Á |̨ ¶³
¶³
Ä¿Y{ 3-1 ÉYY{ ,ʯYÂy Á ÃÌe Ê¿Y£Y Ze ¾Á »« ²¿ Ä] Á f»Ê¸Ì» 10 « Ä] ,ÉÁ¯ Z^ˬe
0
ÃÂÌ»
57
... Êm³ ®·Y·Y ÊËZÌ¼Ì ®ÌeZ¼fÌ cZ ·Z» { ZÆ¿M Y Ã{Z¨fY Á ÊËZÌ¼Ì ,ÉZ´¿Ã{y ,Êa°Á¯Z» ÉZÅʳËÁ Ê]
¹|/ÌaY (2 -/Ìe Â/¿ Êv/e /Ì£ ¹Â/°Ëe Z] Ê ÉZ¼¿ { ±] Y (1 .C. pontica ÃZ̳ ÊËYÂÅ ¹Y|¿Y {Âa ÉZ´¿Ã{y -1 ¶°
-®Ìf̼¿M ÊËYÂÅ ÉZÅ Ä¿Á Z] Z] ÃY¼Å ±] ¹|ÌaY (3 -ºÌ¸¯ cÓY³Y ÉZŵZf˯ Z] ÃY¼Å kY»
= ¶° Z] Êv ÉZ¼¿ { ±]
Á Ã|/̼y ,Êv/eÌ£ ÉZ/Ź°Ëe (6 -±^¸³ ¹|ÌaY d§Z] (5 -tricolpat ¿ Y ,Éa ÊmZy t Z] ³ Ä ¶³ ÉZÅÃ{³ (4
.dY ²¿ »« { ÄeY|ÌÅ µY¸¯ µÂ¸v» { į ¹ÂÌeÁ|¿Y d§Z] (8 -{¨À» c Ä] Ê^ °» µZf˯ cY} (7 -²¿ ¹5¯>
Ê] {» ½ZÅZ̳ { Zŵ¿ÁÔ§ |{-2 µÁ|m
|ËÁbÌÅ
ZY ] µÂ¿ÁÔ§ |{
Ŀ¼¿
0/67±0/08
C. oxyacantha ±] Á ¶³ ¸z»
0/81±0/10
C. pontica ±] Á ¶³ ¸z»
0/34±0/05
C. pontica ¶³
0/95±0/10
C. pontica ±]
0/15±0/03
C. pontica ÃÂÌ»
{ Ze|/¼
0
®/·Y·Y ÃZ/̳ Ê/ËÁY{ ÉZ/ÅÃ{ÁM§ Y
hv]
YÂ//y .{Â//Ê//» Ã{Z¨f//Y Ê//^¸« ÉZ//ÅÉZ//¼Ì] ½Z//»{
Ä/] ÁY Ê]ZÌf{ Á ] ʼ¸ d§Ìa º£Ê¸ ÃÁ»Y
(Xiao-Ping et al., 2010; Ching- d¿Y|Ì/¯YÊ/f¿M
Ä/] Ä/mÂe Z/ÆÀe Ä/¿ ,/eË/ ÌiP/e Z/] Á |/Ë|m ÉZÅÁY{
(Erl- ½Z/ |/ Á [Z/Æf·Y | ,Yee et al., 2010)
º/Å f/Ì] Á Ä] Á Ä°¸] ,Ã|¿ f¼¯ ÊËÁY{ ½ZÅZ̳
(Alarcon- ½Â/y |/À« Ã|/ÀÅZ¯ ,Shyh et al., 2007)
Y Ä/¿Â³ 300 Ä/] ®/Ë{¿ .(1385 ,ɤ/Y) dY Ã|
{ ½Â/y µÁf/¸¯ Ã|ÀÅZ¯ Á Aguilara et al., 1998)
/¿ Y Ä/¯ d/Y Ã|/ ÄfyZÀ/ Z/Ì¿{ { ®·Y·Y Àm
½M ÉY/] (Wieland et al., 2008) Ê¿YÂ/Ìu ÉZ/ŵ|/»
Ã{Z¨f/Y ¦¸fz» ¹Â¸ { |À¿YÂeÊ» Á |ÀfÅ µZ § ÊfË
.dY Ã| Y³
.|¿Â ÉY{]ÃÆ] Á
1391 ZÆ] ,ºÅ{ ÃZ¼ ,¹ZÆq µZ ,®ÌeZ¼fÌÂÌ] Á ʻ¿¯Ze
.(Lai Fang et al., 2001) dY {Á|v»
58
{Â/mÁ Ä/YÁ Ä/] Ã/ËÁ Ä] ,Y·Y Ê¿Z»{ cYÌiPe
d/̬§Â» Z/] cZ^̯e ¾ËY dY Ã| \^ ËY ¾ËY
(Xiao-Ping, dY ½M { {Âm» ®Ì¸À§ ʸa cZ^̯e
Ã{Z¨f/Y ¦/¸fz» ÉZ/ÅÀm { ʻ¿¯Ze cZ ·Z» {
®ÌeZ¼f//Ì { Ê Ì//Á Â// Ä//] ZÅ|//ÌW¿ÁÔ§ .2010)
:Y |///ÀeZ^ Z///ÅÀ///m ¾///ËY Y ÊËZ///ÅÄ///¿Â¼¿ .|¿Â///
,½YZ/°¼Å Á {Â/m) |/¿YÃ|/ Ä/f§³ Z/¯ Ä/] Ì¿ ÊÅZ̳
,(Sinnott
1983) Crataegus
ZË ÊËZÌ¼Ì ®ÌeZ¼fÌ .(Husain et al., 1982 -1386
1970) Potentilla
cZ//ÔY Y Ã{Z¨f//Y Á {]Z//¯ º//¸ ®ÌeZ¼f//̼¯
Olmo,
1966)
¦/¸fz» ¶WZ/» { ÃZ/̳ { {Â/m» ÊËZ̼Ì/ cZ^̯e
(Masao et al., Trichosonrhes ,(Weimarck, 1970)
.(1369 ,´ÀÌ/ o· Á ¿Âm) dY ÊÅZ̳ ®ÌeZ¼fÌ
(Haufler and Z//Åy// Y ÊËZ//ÅÄ//¿Â³ Á 1987)
Y ÊÅZ/̳ ®ÌeZ¼f/Ì { Ê ÌÁ  Ä] ÊËZÌ¼Ì {Y»
.Giannasi, 1982)
//]YÁ ¾Ì//Ì e Z//e Ä//f§³ ÉYÄ//¿Â³Á§ cZ//ÂÀe ¶//̸ve
and
Rubus ,(Asker
Phipps,
and
Hierochloe ,(Bammi
Frost,
and
ÉZÅ|//ÌW¿ÁÔ§ Ê//¨Ì¯ Ê//] Z//] //Zu Ä/ ·Z» {
eÓZ/] ®Ì»Â¿Â¯Ze ÉZÅÃÁ³ Á ZÅÃ{Y¿Zy ÊfyZÀZ^e
z/» TLC Á Ä/] C. pontica Ä/¿Â³ { {Âm»
Z/Ŷ/À§Ê/¸a .(1386 ,½YZ°¼Å Á {Âm) |¿ÂÊ» Ã{Z¨fY
ÉZÅ|//ÌW¿ÁÔ§ ÉÁZ//u ÓZ//¼fuY
0
Ä//¿Â³ ¾//ËY Ä//¯ |//
,½Z///ÅZ̳ { {Â///m» ÊËZ̼Ì/// ÉZ///ůZ» ½Z///Ì» {
c Ä] į dY |ÌY ®Ì¿Á¸¯ Á ¾ÌeÁ ,|ËÁbÌÅ
®ÌeZ¼f//Ì cZ// ·Z» { Y Ã{Z¨f//Y ¾Ë//eÃ{f//³
®/Ì¿Á¸¯) 0/45 ,(¾ÌeÁ) 0/35 µ{Z » Rf Z] ÊËZÅÄ°·
,Ê//¸À§ ¦//¸fz» ÉZ//ÅÃÁ//³ ½Z//Ì» { .|//¿Y{ ÊËZ̼Ì//
{ µZ°Ì¸Ì/ Äv¨// ÉÁ (|//ËÁbÌÅ ) 0/55 Á (|Ì//Y
Ä/] d/̬§Â» ¾Ëf/Ì] Z] į |ÀfÅ ÊeZ^̯e ZÅ|ÌW¿ÁÔ§
.|¿| ÅZ ÃZ̳ ÉZÅÃZ Ê]
Ä//Ë¿Zi cZ//^̯e Y Äf/{ ¾Ëe|//̨» |ËZ// Á Ä//f§ Z//¯
C. melanocarpa Á C. monogyna ÉZ//ÅÄ//¿Â³
µZ/ 30 µÂ/ { .|ÀZ] ®ÌeZ¼fÌ ÃZ³|Ë{ Y ÊÅZ̳
,kZ///fv») C. curvisepala Á (1374 ,{///§ÊÀ///v»)
{ |À¿YÂeÊ» ZÅ|ÌW¿ÁÔ§ į dY Ã| z» ,Äf~³
Ä/¯ |Àf/Å ®·Y·Y Àm Y É´Ë{ ÉZÅĿ¼¿ (1374
cZ^iY Êfu Á |ÀZ] Ã|ÀÀ¯¾ÌÌ e ʻ¿¯Ze s ¹Z¼e
Y/« Ä]Z/» ÊeZ/ ·Z» {» Ô^«
0 Á Ã{Â] {Âm» ½YËY {
ÊÅZ/̳ ÉZÅ|Ë^ÌÅ Ìze { |À¿YÂeÊ» į dY Ã|
Y ZÅĿ³ ¾ËY ÉZÅ|ÌW¿ÁÔ§ ,cZ ·Z» ¾ËY { .|¿YÄf§³
.|¿Á Z¯Ä]
¾Ì/] Ä/¯ ÉYÄ/ËZ¬» Z] .|¿YÃ| Ê] ʼ¯
= Á ʨ̯ ¿
,/´Ë{ Ä/Ë¿Zi cZ/^̯e Ä] d^¿ ZÅ|ÌW¿ÁÔ§ dË»
Ä/¿Â³ /Ì¿ Á Ã{^»Z¿ ÉZÅĿ³ Á Ŀ³ ¾ËYY ¶Zu lËZf¿
½Z/¿ Y ÉZfyZ/ cY/Ì̤e cZ/^̯e ¾ËY į dY ¾ËY
cÂ/ C. oxyacantha Ê/À Ë ÃZ/̳ ÊËÁY{ {Y|¿ZfY
.{/¯ ºÌ/¬e Â/¿ ¾Ë|/Àq Ä] ½YÂeÊ» Y ZÆ¿M Á |ÀÅ{Ê»
,|ËÁbÌÅ ,ZÅĿ³ ¾ËY ļŠ{ į | z» ,d§³
¹|/ h/Z] ,½Z/ÅZ̳ { Z/Æ¿M Ã{f/³ /ËÂe ¾ÌÀr¼Å
Á ZÅ|//ÌW¿ÁÔ§ ½YÂ//À Ä//] |Ì//Y ®//Ì¿Á¸¯ Á ¾Ì//eÁ
cZ/ ·Z» { ¯Z/» ½YÂÀ Ä] ZÆ¿M Y Ã{Z¨fY dË{Á|v»
.|ÀfÅ {Âm» yZ |ÌY ®Ì»ZÀÌ Ê¯Á|ÌÅ
ÊËZ//ZÀ Á ÊËZ̼Ì// ÉY|//ËZa .{Â//Ê//» ®ÌeZ¼f//Ì
ÉZ/ŹY|¿Y Êa°Á°Ì» Á Êa°Á¯Z» Ê] {
Á d//ZÅ|ÌW¿ÁÔ§ //´Ë{ ÉZ//ËY» Y Ë// Á d//uY
Ä/r¿M Z] cZÌÂy ¾ËY Y Êy] į | z» ,ÃZ̳
ZÌ/] Z/Å Ä/¿Â³ t/ { Z/Æ¿M ʨ̯ cYÌ̤e ,¾ÌÀr¼Å
59
... Êm³ ®·Y·Y ÊËZÌ¼Ì ®ÌeZ¼fÌ cZ ·Z» { ZÆ¿M Y Ã{Z¨fY Á ÊËZÌ¼Ì ,ÉZ´¿Ã{y ,Êa°Á¯Z» ÉZÅʳËÁ Ê]
cZÌ/Ây Y ÉZÌ/] .|/ Ã|/Ë{ Ì¿ |¿{Â] ²¿»«
,d/Y Ã|/ /¯} ÃZ̳ ÉZÅĿ³ ËZ {» { ]ZÀ» {
/Ì¿ ®/·Y·Y ÉZ/ÅĿ³ ËZ { Ã| {ZË Êa°Á°Ì»
Z] Y ÊeZÆ]Ze Ì¿ ÃZ̳ ÊZÀdzË lËZf¿ .dY ½Z°Ë
.dY Ã| Ã|Ë{
-1389 ,Ê·Y|/^ -1376,½Z/»Æ«) {Y{ ½Z¿ ZŠĿ³ ËZ
Á |/ËÁbÌÅ ÉZ/Å|/ÌË¿ÁÔ§ Y ½YÂ/f] |Ê» ¿ Ä]
{ Ä/¯ ÉZ/] ÉZ/ÅcÁZ/¨e .(Donmez, 2005, 2009
Ê///eM cZ/// ·Z» { |Ì///Y ®///Ì¿Á¸¯ ///Ì¿ Á ¾Ì///eÁ
Ê///À Ë -ÃZ///̳ Ê/ /ËÁY{ {Y|¿Zf///Y Ä///¿Â³ Z///] Ä///ËZ¬»
Àm ËZ Êfu ZË ®·Y·Y Àm ÊËZÌ¼Ì ®ÌeZ¼fÌ
±//] ¶°// ¶»Z// ,|// Ã|ÅZ//» C. oxyacantha
Ã{Z¨fY ½ZÌy¸³ Ã{Y¿Zy Ä] ª¸ f» ½ZÅZ̳ ÊÅZ̳ ÉZÅ
.{Â//] C. pontica { ½M ÉZ//Å[Â//· ½{Â//] //eª//̼Á
\/̯e Ä/ ¾/ËY į Äf°¿ ¾ËY Ä] ÄmÂe Z] 0ZÂy ,{¼¿
Ä//¿Â³ Ä//] d^//¿ Ä//¿Â³ ¾//ËY { Z//ű//^»{ ,¾Ì//Àr¼Å
{Â/m» /Ì¿ ®/·Y·Y Y /´Ë{ ÊÅZ̳ Àm ¾Ë|Àq {
Ä//¿Â³ ¾//ËY { ¾//Ë}M¶//³ .d//Y //eÃZ//e¯ {Y|¿Zf//Y
(Sinnott -1374 ,{/§ÊÀ/v» -1374 ,kZfv») |¿YÃ{Â]
®/·Y·Y Ä/¿Â³ .{Â/] cÁZ/¨f» Z/Ŷ³ ²¿ Á eº¯Yf»
.and Phipps, 1983
ÃÂ/Ì» ÉZÅÄ¿Y{ {Y| e Á ²¿ º¯ ÉZÅÃÂÌ» ÉYY{ Êm³
.{Â] fÌ] ½M
Ê¿Y{|« Á °e
¹|/ÌaY ,C. pontica ÊËYÂ/Å ¹Y|/¿Y ÉZ/´¿Ã{y {
Ê°/a ¹Â/¸ ÃZ´/¿Y{ Ê/ÅÁa ¹fv» d¿ÁZ » Y
ÉÁZ/u ÉZ/Å µÂ¸/ ÊÅZ/³ Á ÊËYÂ/Å ÉZÅÄ¿Á Z] ±]
ÃZ¼/ Ä/] ÊeZ¬Ì¬ve s ¾ËY ÄÀËÅ ¾Ì»Pe ÉY] ½ZƨY
ÉZ/Å Ã{/³ .|/ Ã|ÅZ» ºÌ¸¯ cÓY³Y ÉZŵZf˯
ÉZ/«M Y ,¾Ì/Àr¼Å .{{³Ê» Ê¿Y{|« Á °e 389368
.|¿{Â] {Âm» {ZË {Y| e Ä] tricolpat ¿ Y Ì¿ ¶³
ÃZ´¿Y{ ÉÁZ¯ Ã|°¿Y{) ʻ » |¼v» |Ì f¯{
Á Ã|//̼y ÉZ//Ŷ°// { Êv//eÌ£ ÉZ//ŹÂ//°Ëe
{ Ê/] {Â/» ÃZ/̳ ÊËZZÀ dÆm (ÃZ¿Z»¯ ÉY
Y ÊeZ/ « .|¿|/ Ã|ÅZ/» ½YÁY/§ {Y|/ e Ä] ,²¿¹¯
5>
.{ÂÊ» ÉY´Zb ªÌ¬ve ¾ËY
{// Ä//eY|ÌÅ µY//¸¯ µÂ//¸v» { Ä//¯ ¹ÂÌ//eÁ|¿Y d//§Z]
]ZÀ»
ÉY/f¯{ Ä·Z/ .½Y/ËY Â/¸§ { Crataegus pentagyna®·Y· Y ÉYĿ³ ÊËZ̼ÌÂf̧ Á É·§» Ê] (1374) .µ ,É|¼uY
.½ZƨY ,½ZƨY Ê°a ¹Â¸ ÃZ´¿Y{ ,ʻ¼
.½ZƨY ,ÊÅZ´¿Y{ {ZÆm cYZf¿Y .ÊÅZ̳ ÉZÅÁY{ |Ì·Âe Á ÊËÁY{ ½ZÅZ̳ (1385) .¡ ,ɤY
.{Ë ,{Ë ÃZ´¿Y{ cYZf¿Y .½YËY ÉZÅÄrfy{ Á ½Zfy{ ,ZƸ´Àm (1373) .s ,Êf]Zi
.s ,É|Ì / Ä/¼me .(ÊfyZÀ/Z^e ÊÅZ³|/Ë{) ÊÅZ/̳ ®ÌeZ¼f/Ì (1386) ._ ,¿ÂÌfY Á .¦·Y ,±Â¸¯ ,. ,¶b¼¯ ,.Á ,{Âm
.½ZƨY ,½ZƨY Êf À |uYÁ ,ÊÅZ´¿Y{ {ZÆm cYZf¿Y ½Z»Z
//¿ //¯» .¹ ,{Y//¿Ê//¼Ìu Ä//¼me .(É|//À]Ã{ ÉZ//ÅÁ Á µÂ//Y) ÊÅZ//̳ ®ÌeZ¼f//Ì (1369) .M ,´ÀÌ// oÂ//· Á .
,¿Â//m
.½YÆe ,ÊÅZ´¿Y{
1391 ZÆ] ,ºÅ{ ÃZ¼ ,¹ZÆq µZ ,®ÌeZ¼fÌÂÌ] Á ʻ¿¯Ze
60
.½YÆe ,¯ eY» Á ZƸ´Àm cZ¬Ì¬ve ÄR» .½YËY ¸§ (1371) .¹ ,Z¼eZy
.½YÆe ,Ê¿Z» cYZf¿Y .ZÆ¿M Ê]ZÌY ÊËZZÀ ÉZÅÁ Á ½ZÅZ̳ ÃiR» {Y» kYzfY Á É̳ÃZ (1372) .à ,d Ë ¹Z¼
Á Ê//ZÀÃZ//̳ Ê//] Á ¹Ô//ËY ½Zf//Y { [//£ ½YÂ//ËY ½Zf//Æ Y ʬZ//À» ½Z//ÅZ̳ ÊËZ//ZÀ Á ÉÁM//¼m (1389) .¹ ,Ê·Y|//^
.½ZƨY ,½ZƨY Ê°a ¹Â¸ ÃZ´¿Y{ ,ʻ¼ ÉYf¯{ Ä·Z .ZÆ¿M Y Ê^zfÀ» ÊeZ»|¬» ÊËZ̼ÌÂf̧
¹Â/¸ ÃZ´/¿Y{ ,Ê»Â/¼ ÉY/f¯{ Ä·Z/ .½ZYy ½ZfY { Ë|¿Z ĬÀ» ½ZÅZ̳ ÊeZ»|¬» Ê] ÉÁM¼m (1378) .¡ ,É´
.½ZƨY ,½ZƨY Ê°a
.½YÆe ,Ê°a »M Á ½Z»{ ,dY|Æ] cYÁ cYZf¿Y (1381) ½YËY ÊÅZ̳ Äa¯Z»Z§
.½YÆe ,¯ eY» Á ZƸ´Àm cZ¬Ì¬ve ÄR» .16 |¸m .½YËY ¸§ (1376) .¦·Y ,½Z»Æ«
Ä·Z/ .½Y/ËY Â/¸§ { (Crataegus curvisepala) ®/·Y· Y ÉYÄ/¿Â³ ÊËZ̼Ì/Âf̧ Á ÉÂ/·Â§Â» Ê/] (1374) .¥ ,kZ/fv»
.½ZƨY ,½ZƨY Ê°a ¹Â¸ ÃZ´¿Y{ ,ʻ¼ ÉYf¯{
¹Â/¸ ÃZ´¿Y{ ,ʻ¼ ÉYf¯{ Ä·Z .½YËY { Ã| Ã|ÌËÁ Crataegus Ŀ³|Àq ÉÂÀ³Â¯Z»Z§ Ê] (1374) ._ ,{§ÊÀv»
.½ZƨY ,½ZƨY Ê°a
.½YÆe ,Z » ²Àŧ .½YËY ½ZÅZ̳ ÉZŹZ¿ ²Àŧ (1375) .Á ,½Z˨»
.½ZƨY ,½ZƨY ÃZ´¿Y{ ,|Y ÊZÀZ¯ Ä»Z¿½ZËZa .½YÂËY ÊËZ̧Y¤m Á ÊZÀ¾Ì» Ä ·Z» (1379) . ,É¿
Alarcon-Aguilara, F., Roman-Ramos, R. and Perez-Gutierrez, S. (1998) Study of the antihyperglycemic effect of plants used as antidiabetics. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 61: 101-110.
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Ìz//e ÉY//] {Â//m» ÉZ//ÅcÁZ//¨e {YÂ//» //j¯Y {
.(Atri et al., 2009 -1386 ,½YZ/°¼Å Á É/) |/
Ã|//ÀÀ¯ËZ¼f» ʧZ//¯ ÃY|//¿Y Ä//] (®//ÌbÌeÂÀ§) ÉYÄ//¿Â»w
1391 ZÆ] ,ºÅ{ ÃZ¼ ,¹ZÆq µZ ,®ÌeZ¼fÌÂÌ] Á ʻ¿¯Ze
66
¹Z/³ { ,{Â/Ê/» ¹Y|/«Y Ê/] {» ½Â¯Ze ʻ¼
¦/¸fz» ÉZÅ´¿Z/¿ Y ,Â/Àe Â/¿ Á t/ ¾ÌÌ e ÉY]
Z/Y /] Ê»Â/¼ ÉZ/ÅÃZ´f/Ë Y ®/Ë /Å { É| ]
(... Á Ê·Â//°·Â» ,ÊËZ̼Ì// cZ//^̯e ,Ê//ZÀd//zË)
Á Y Y Ã{Z¨f/Y Z/] Á Ê/] {» Ŀ³ {§ Âu
ÉZ//ÅÊ//³ËÁ Y //Zu ÅÁ//a { ,{Â//Ê//» Ã{Z¨f//Y
,(Cain and Castro, 1959) Cain Z//Ë Ä//¿Â³-t//
.| Ã{Z¨fY ÊZÀdzË
¾Ì//Ì e Ê//] {Â//» Ä//¿Â³ {Y//§Y Ã//ËÁ ÉZ//ÅÃZ´f//Ë
d/Y YÂf/Y ¶/Y Á ZÀ^» ¾ËY ] D.S.S. Á .{ÂÊ»
ªÌ¬ve Á
ÊfyZÀ/¹Â/] d/ ÉYY{ Ä/¯ ÊËZ/ÅĿ³ ¼n» į
½Y//ËY Ê//]£ ½Zf//Y lÀ//a ,Ä// ·Z» {Â//» Ä//¬À»
®//Ë { ÉYÃ//ËÁ ÉYÄ//¿Â³ \//̯e Z//] ,|Àf//Å Ê¿Z//°Ë
Á ÃZ//¿Z»¯ ,½Y|//¼Å ,É//¯» ,½Zf//· ÉZ//ŽZf//Y)
ÉYĿ³ \̯e ¾ËY]ZÀ] .|ÀËMÊ» ºÅ {³ ¾Ì » ÃZ´fË
ÉZ/Åd/Ì ¼m ÊËZ/̧Y¤m À¯Ya ¶v» .{Â] (½Zf{¯
Âu
ZY ] į ÊÅZ̳ Âa Y Êv dyYÂÀ°Ë
Ã|/ Ã{Y{ ½Z/¿ 1 ¶° { T. eriocalyx Ä ·Z» {»
ÊfyZÀ/¹Â/] ËY/ { ¾Ì/ » Ä/¿Â³ ®/Ë {Y/§Y Z/Ë {§
.dY
ÃËÁ ÃZ´fË ½YÂÀ Ä] |¿YÂeÊ» ,{{³Ê» ¾ÌÌ e ,½Z°Ë
5 Ä/¸u» ¾/ËY { .{Â/ Ä/f§³ ¿ { Ê] {» {§
/Å { Ê/Å{¶/³ Ä/¸u» { T. eriocalyx Ŀ³ Y {§
(Ã/ËÁ ÃZ´f/Ë 10 ZnÀËY {) ÃËÁ ÉZÅÃZ´fË Y ®Ë
ÊÅZ/̳ ÉZ/ÅÄ/¿Â³ Ä/̸¯ Á Éf»Â/§Â» cZ/ ·Z» ÉY/]
®Ìf˸§ Ì·Z¿MÁ ÊËZZÀ ÉY] ¿ {» Ŀ³ ÃY¼Å
:|/À¿Z» ÊfyZÀ//¹Â//] ¶/»Y ,¾Ì//Àr¼Å .|// ÉÁM/¼m
Á ÉY{/]d/Y{{ZË /Ì¿ \Ì/ |/{ Á d/Æm ,Z¨eY
kYzf/Y /Ì¿ Ä/ ·Z» {Â/» ªZ/À» ʼ̸«Y ÉZÅyZ
30 ª/¼ Z/e Ã/ËÁ ÃZ´f/Ë Å Zy Y ÊËZÅĿ¼¿ .|
Ä//¿Â³ Ã|// Ä// ·Z» ÉZ//Åd//Ì ¼m ÊËZ//̧Y¤m À¯Y//a -1 ¶°//
Ê/y] ¾Ì/Ì e Á Zy d§Z] ÊËZZÀ dÆm Éf»Êf¿Z
½YËY { T. eriocalyx
Z/y ÉZ/ÅÄ/¿Â¼¿ .|/ ÉY{/] Ŀ¼¿ ,½M cZÌÂy
¾Ì///Ì e Á Ä///] d/// Ì^ Y ½Z///ÅZ̳ ÉÁM///¼m
ÃZ´/ËZ»M Ä/] Ì·Z/¿M d/Æm Ä/¬À» Å Y Ã| dY{]
ÊËZ/Ž¯Ze Á ¾ËY { .d§³ ¶° ÃËÁ ÃZ´fË
Ê/ Ì^ ]Z/À» Á ÉÁZ¯ cZ¬Ì¬ve ¯» ÊZÀZy
Á ʳ|/À¯Ya ,Ã{Â/] ÄÅZ´f/Ë|Àq į |¿ÂÊ» Ê]
Y Ê///y] Z///v· Y Á |¿|/// ¶///¬fÀ» ½Y|///¼Å ½Zf///Y
ËY// Z//] ÊËZ//ÅÃZ´f//Ë { ,Äf//Y{ É{Z//Ë f//³
dËY|//Å ,ÄfË|Ì//Y |//À¿Z» Ê//¨Ì¯ Á Ê//=¼¯ cZÌ//Ây
Ã{Z¨f/Y Z] Y|f]Y .|ÀZ] ÄfY{ Âu ¦¸fz» ÊfyZÀ ¹Â]
¾]¯ |{ ,Ã|¿ÂÊjÀy {Y» |{ ,(EC) Ê°Ëf°·Y
½Â/¯Ze À¯Y/a ¾Ì/Ì e Ä/] d^/¿
f{ { ]ZÀ» Y
|¿|/ Ê]Z/ËY Z/y d§Z] Á ¶]Z« ºÌZfa Á ¨§ ,Ê·M
¾Ì/Ì e Z/¬¿ Ä/] Ä/ mY» Z] b ,Ã{¼¿ ¹Y|«Y ¿ {»
.(4 Á 3 ,2 ,1 ÉZŵÁ|m)
ÉZÅÃZ´fË ¾ÌÌ e Ä] d^¿ Ê] {» ªZÀ» { Ã|
T. eriocalyx Ŀ³ ÉZÅdÌ ¼m ÃËÁ ÃZ´fË Å ÃY¼Å ÉZÅĿ³ {Y| e Á ZË{ t Y Z¨eY Á ÊËZ̧Y¤m cZfz» ,ÉÁM¼m ÉZŶv» ,dÌ ¼m |¯ -1 µÁ|m
67
ÃËÁ ÃZ´fË ¾ÌÌ e Á Y Ã{Z¨fY Á ®Ìf˸§ ´¿Z¿ ] |̯Pe Z] ½YËY { Thymus eriocalyx (Ronniger) Jalas Ŀ³ ®Ì»Â¿Â¯Ze Ê]
Ã| Ä ·Z» ªZÀ» ʼ̸«Y ÉZÅyZ -2 µÁ|m
1391 ZÆ] ,ºÅ{ ÃZ¼ ,¹ZÆq µZ ,®ÌeZ¼fÌÂÌ] Á ʻ¿¯Ze
68
T. eriocalyx Ŀ³ ÉZÅÃZ´fË ÊfyZÀ¹Â] Á ÊfyZÀdzË cZÌÂy É|À]Ĭ^ -4 µÁ|m
T. eriocalyx Ŀ³ ÉY] Ã| Ä ·Z» ÉZÅÃZ´ËÁ { Zy ÉZÅĿ¼¿ ÊÅZ´ËZ»M ÄËne -3 µÁ|m
69
ÃËÁ ÃZ´fË ¾ÌÌ e Á Y Ã{Z¨fY Á ®Ìf˸§ ´¿Z¿ ] |̯Pe Z] ½YËY { Thymus eriocalyx (Ronniger) Jalas Ŀ³ ®Ì»Â¿Â¯Ze Ê]
1391 ZÆ] ,ºÅ{ ÃZ¼ ,¹ZÆq µZ ,®ÌeZ¼fÌÂÌ] Á ʻ¿¯Ze
70
¾Ì´¿Z//Ì» ĸ//Z§ \ËY// Z//] PCO Á Ä//] ,MVSP
ÃZ´f/Ë Å (ÊÀf9 \̯e) ÊÅZ̳ ÉZÅĿ¼¿ Ä̸¯
Á (average taxonomic distance) ʰ̻¿Â//¯Ze
ÉZ/ÅÃZ´f/Ë ÉZÅÊÀf9 \̯e { .| ÊËZZÀ ÃËÁ
Á Ì·Z////¿M (squared Euclidean) Ê////|̸«Y ////]»
ÊËZ/ZÀ ÊÅZ/̳ Ä/¿Â³ 148 Â/¼n» { ,Ä/ ·Z» {»
33 ,Ê/ZÀd/zË ÉZ/ÅÊ/] { .|Ë{³ É|À]ÃÁ³
{ Ã/ËÁ ÃZ´f/Ë Å ÃY¼Å ÊÅZ̳ ÉZÅĿ³ {Y| e .|
Á Ê/=¼¯ ,Ê/ËY Á Ê/ËÁ ÉZ/ÅʳËÁ ¶»Z ,ʳËÁ
ÉY{{Â/y Z/Æ¿M ¹Z/¿ /¯} Y) d/Y Ã| ¯} 1 µÁ|m
.(5 µÁ|/m) |/ [Zzf¿Y É{| ʻ¿¯Ze ÉY] ʨ̯
/¯» ¹ÂËZ/]Å { Ã|/ ÉÁM/¼m ÉZ/ÅÄ/¿Â¼¿ .(|
,Ã///̤f» |///Àq ÉZ///»M ÉZ///ÅÌ·Z¿M ¹Z///n¿Y Â///À» Ä///]
½Y|//¼Å ½Zf//Y Ê// Ì^ ]Z//À» Á ÉÁZ//¯ cZ//¬Ì¬ve
|/Àq Z/Ë Á{ ÉZ/ÅÊ/³ËÁ cÂ/ Ä] ʨ̯ ÉZÅʳËÁ
]Z/À» Y Ã{Z¨f/Y Z/] Z/Æ¿M ÊËZZÀ Á |¿ÂÊ» ÉY|Æ´¿
,Ê/=¼¯ ÉZ//ÅÊ//³ËÁ ÉY/] Á |¿|// ÉY~//³|//¯ Ä//f·Zu
-1389-1367 ,½YZ°¼Å Á É|Y) |Ë{³ ¹Zn¿Y {Âm»
(d/Ì ¼m /Å Y {/§ 5) {Y§Y { ZÅÉ̳ÃY|¿Y ¾Ì´¿ZÌ»
-1354 ,½Z/»Æ« -1380 ,Ê¿Zyʨ -1384 ,Ê¿Zyʨ
ÉZ/ÅÁ Ä/] MVSP Y/§Y¹/¿ Z/] Ì·Z/¿M .|/ Ã{Z¨fY
,Ê»Â// » -1379-1376 ,¾Ì//^» -1388 ,{Y//¼m -1386
¾Ì´¿Z////Ì» ĸ////Z§ \Ë//// Z////]) UPGMA Á PCO
Davis, 1965-1988; Townsed and -1384-1365
¾Ì//Ì e ÉY//] ,d//ËZÆ¿ { .|// ¹Z//n¿Y (ʰ̻¿Â//¯Ze
.Guest, 1965-1985; Rechinger, 1963-2010)
ÉYĿ³½Á{ ÂÀe ] ÊfyZÀ¹Â] ¶»Y ÌiPe Ê´¿Â´q
Ä/]) Z/ÅÊÀf9 \̯e
ZY ] ÃËÁ ÉZÅÃZ´fË b
.| Ã{Z¨fY CCA Á Á MVSP Y§Y¹¿ Y
Y//§Y¹//¿ Y Ã{Z¨f//Y Z//] (®Ìf//˸§ ´¿Z//¿ ½YÂ//À
ʨ̯ Á Ê=¼¯ ÊZÀdzË cZ¨ -5 µÁ|m
¹Zm µÂ-
ÄZ¯ µÂ-
ÉYÄ«Z ±] µÂ-
ÃZ̳ µÂ-
µÂXf¯Y] µÂ-
ÄZ¯ -
ÉYÄ«Z ±] -
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µÂXf¯Y] -
ÄZ¯ ÊËÓZ] È^· ÉZÅÄ¿Y|¿{ µÂ-
±] Ä] µÂ d^¿-
ÊÀË}M¶³ ±] µÂ-
ÄZ¯ ÊÀÌËZaÈ^· ÉZÅÄ¿Y|¿{ µÂ-
ÉYÄ«Z
ÊÀË}M¶³ ±] -
ÄZ¯ ȷ· µÂ-
±^»{ µÂ-
Ä] µÂ d^¿-
cZ¨
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(f»Ê¸Ì»)
ÊÀË}M¶³ ±]
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±] ÊËÁ t ¯ º¯Ye-
ÊÀË}M¶³ ±] ¶°-
Ä«Z ¯ º¯Ye-
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±] ¾ËË t ¯ º¯Ye-
ÉZű]
O ¶°-
Ä«Z ¯ dÌ Á-
ÄZ¯ ÊËÓZ] È^·
Zű] ¯ dÌ Á-
ÉYÄ«Z
Ä«Z ¯ ÇY|¿Y-
ÉZÅÄ¿Y|¿{ ÈÌZu ¯ ¿-
ZÅÃ|£ º¯Ye-
Zű^³ d¨m {Y| e-
Ä«Z ¯ ¿-
ÄZ¯ ÊÀÌËZa È^·
ZÅÃ|£ ²¿-
{ 10 Á 4 ÉZ/ÅÃZ´f/Ë .|/ /nÀ» ËZ¼f» ÃÁ³ 6 {
cZ¨
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Ä«Z ¯ d·Zu-
lËZf¿
,Á{ ÃÁ///³ { 8 Á 6 ÉZ///ÅÃZ´f///Ë ,®///Ë ÃÁ///³
Z/ÅÊÀf/9 \̯e
ZY ] ÃËÁ ÉZÅÃZ´fË Ì·Z¿M
{ 5 Á 2 ÉZÅÃZ´fË ,Ä ÃÁ³ { 9 Á 7 ÉZÅÃZ´fË
ZÅÃZ´fË É|À]ÃÁ³ Ä] ,(®Ìf˸§ ´¿Z¿ ½YÂÀ Ä])
71
ÃËÁ ÃZ´fË ¾ÌÌ e Á Y Ã{Z¨fY Á ®Ìf˸§ ´¿Z¿ ] |̯Pe Z] ½YËY { Thymus eriocalyx (Ronniger) Jalas Ŀ³ ®Ì»Â¿Â¯Ze Ê]
ÃÁ//³ Á 10 Á 4 ÉZ//Åd//Ì ¼m ¶»Z// ¹Z//Æq ÃÁ//³ ,9
ÉZÅÃÁ³ { ¹Y|¯ Å 3 Á 1 ÉZÅÃZ´fË Á ZÆq ÃÁ³
.d///Y 8 Á 6 ,1 ÉZ///Åd///Ì ¼m Ã|///¿Ì³]{ ºnÀ///a
¾///ËY .(3 Á 2 ÉZ///Ŷ°///) |///Àf§³ Y///« Ä///¿Z³Y|m
Y É|/À]ÃÁ³ ¾ËY Ì¿ PCO Y ¶Zu Ê°ÌfÀ§ ÉZÅÃÁ³
Ä/¿Â³ { ÉYÄ/¿Â³½Á{ Â/Àe {Â/mÁ ´¿ZÌ] ,É|À]ÃÁ³
.(5 Á 4 ÉZŶ°) {Y{ ½Z¿
{ .d///Y Ê///] {Â///» ªZ///À» { T. eriocalyx
Z] ÊfyZÀ¹Â] ¶»Y ¶Ì¸ve Á ÄËne Y ¶Zu lËZf¿
UPGM Á Z] MVSP Y§Y¹¿ Y ¶Zu ¹Y³Á|¿{
{ ʨ¸fz» ÊfyZÀ¹Â] ¶»Y į {Y{ ½Z¿ CCA Á
/] Ä/¯ (average distance) ¾Ì´¿Z/Ì» ĸ/Z§ \Ë Á
|/¿Y{ /¬¿ ÃËÁ ÉZÅÃZ´fË ÂÀe {ZnËY Á É|À]ÃÁ³
Á Ê/¨Ì¯ Á Ê/=¼¯ ÊZÀdzË ÉZÅʳËÁ Ä̸¯
ZY
,\Ì/// d///Æm ,Z///¨eY :¶///»YÂ Z///Æ¿M ½Z///Ì» { Ä///¯
¶/Zu ,d/Ì ¼m /Å {Y§Y { cZ¨ ¾Ì´¿ZÌ»
ZY ]
Á Z/ÅÃZ´f/Ë É|/À]ÃÁ³ { Zy d§Z] Á ÉË~a}¨¿
0/15 Á 0/12 ¶/Z§ |/u Ê/§ /y /³Y ,dY Ã|
Á ¦·Y-6 ÉZŶ°) dY iR» Ê°ÌfÀ§ ÉZÅÃÁ³ {ZnËY
|¿Ì³Ê» Y« ʸY ÃÁ³ lÀa { ZÅdÌ ¼m ,{ º
.([-6
¶»Z// ¹Á{ ÃÁ//³ ,3 d//Ì ¼m ¶»Z// ,µÁY ÃÁ//³ Ä//¯
Á 7 ÉZ/Åd/Ì ¼m ¶»Z ¹Â ÃÁ³ ,5 Á 2 ÉZÅdÌ ¼m
] ÃËÁ ÉZÅÃZ´fË Ì·Z¿M Y ¶Zu É|À]ÃÁ³ -2 ¶°
ĸZ§ \Ë Á PCO Á Ä] ZÅÊÀf9 \̯e
ZY
T. eriocalyx Ŀ³ ÉZÅdÌ ¼m ¾Ì´¿ZÌ»
] ÃËÁ ÉZÅÃZ´fË Ì·Z¿M Y ¶Zu É|À]ÃÁ³ -3 ¶°
]» \Ë Á PCO Á Ä] ZÅÊÀf9 \̯e
ZY
T. eriocalyx Ŀ³ ÉZÅdÌ ¼m Ê|̸«Y
1391 ZÆ] ,ºÅ{ ÃZ¼ ,¹ZÆq µZ ,®ÌeZ¼fÌÂÌ] Á ʻ¿¯Ze
ÉZÅÃ{Y{ Ì·Z¿M Y ¶Zu ¹Y³Á|¿{ -4 ¶°
¾Ì´¿ZÌ» ĸZ§ \Ë Á UPGM Á Ä] ÊZÀdzË
T. eriocalyx Ŀ³ ÉZÅdÌ ¼m {
ÉZÅÃ{Y{ Ì·Z¿M Y ¶Zu ®ÌfÀ§ ÉZÅÃÁ³ -5 ¶°
{ Chi-Squared \Ë Á PCO Á Ä] ÊZÀdzË
T. eriocalyx Ŀ³ ÉZÅdÌ ¼m
ÊfyZÀ¹Â] ÉZÅÃ{Y{ Ì·Z¿M Y ¶Zu lËZf¿ (¦·Y -6 ¶°
CCA Á Ä] T. eriocalyx Ŀ³ ÃËÁ ÉZÅÃZ´fË
72
73
ÃËÁ ÃZ´fË ¾ÌÌ e Á Y Ã{Z¨fY Á ®Ìf˸§ ´¿Z¿ ] |̯Pe Z] ½YËY { Thymus eriocalyx (Ronniger) Jalas Ŀ³ ®Ì»Â¿Â¯Ze Ê]
ÊfyZÀ¹Â] ÉZÅÃ{Y{ Ì·Z¿M Y ¶Zu lËZf¿ ([ -6¶°
CCA Á Ä] T. eriocalyx Ŀ³ ÃËÁ ÉZÅÃZ´fË
Ä/¯ Ê/ Ì^ ÉZ/ÅÌ/v» .|À¯Ê¼¿ ʳ|¿ Yn» ¶° Ä]
{Â//mÁ Ä//] Y ÊÅZ//̳ cZ//Z¼fmY Á ÃZ//̳ d//Ë Ì//v»
hv]
Ã|/¿ cY{Âm» ¾Ì] ʿ³Z¿Â³ ÊÀ » Ä] ÊfË ÂÀe
Â/Àf» ÊfyZÀ/¹Â] ¶»Y Y ʿ³Z¿Â³ Y¿Y ,|¿ÁMÊ»
Y Ê/z] cY{Âm» ¾ËY į ÊfyZÀ¹Â] ÉZÅļn» Á
Ê//Ìv» ËY// ,¾//ËY]Z//À] .|//¿Y~³Ê//» ËZ//¼¿ Ä//] Y
Ä/ ¶»Z Á {ÂÊ» ¦Ë e ,|¿ÂÊ» {Y|¼¸« ºfÌ ½M
YË ,dY {§ ®Ë ÉZÅʳËÁ Ã|ÀÀ¯° À» ÃZ´fË
½Z³Z/¹Â/] Á ÉYÄ/¿Â³¾Ì/] ,ÉYÄ/¿Â³½Á{ ÂÀe :t
|///¿YÄf///]YÁ Ê///Ìv» ËY/// Ä///] Z///ÅÊ///³ËÁ ¾///ËY
ÉY/] ºÌ¿Z°» Á{ ,ʸ¯  Ä] .(Hunter, 2002) dY
Ä//¯ Z//n¿M Y .(Hussain and Mahmood, 2004)
Ì//Á cY//Ì̤e //]Y] { Z//Åd//Ì ¼m À¯Y//a ÊËZ//¿YÂe
\//̯e Z//] ²//ÀeZ´Àe Ê´f//^¼Å { Z//ÅÊÀf//9 \//̯e
ÉZ/ÅÌ/v» Ä/] ÉZ/]{] -1 :d/Y Ã| ½ZÌ] ZÅÃZ´fË
ZÌ » ¾ËfÆ] ½YÂÀ Ä] ,¾ËY]ZÀ] ,dY ÊfyZÀ¹Â] ¶»YÂ
(Phenotypic ÊbÌeÂÀ§ ÉË~a¥Z ¿Y ĸÌÁ Ä] Ã{f³
ÃZ´f//Ë ®//Ë { ÊfyZÀ//¹Â//] ¶//»Y Ìz//e ÉY//]
¶»Z// Y Z//ÅÃZ´f//Ë Y Ê Ì//Á Ä//À»Y{ Ä//¯ Plasticity)
{Â/ ¶/¼vf» Y ÊnË|/e ÊeYÌ̤e ,ÃZ´fË ³Y .dY
ÉZÅZ//§ Ã{f//³ Â// Ä//] Ä//¯ ,Z// -2 -{Â//Ê//»
,|//Z] Z³Z// Ä//Â]» d//Ì ¼m ʳ|//¿ Ä//»Y{Y Z//] Ä//¯
(Sexton et al., |/ÀÀ¯Ê/» ¶/¼ve Y Ì/v» Ê]Z/zf¿Y
į É Ä] -|À¯Ê» Ì̤e Ì¿ dÌ ¼m ʿ»{Y \̯e
,dÌ¿ `Ìe¿ ÌiPe dve ZÆÀe `ÌeÂÀ§ ,¾ËY]ZÀ] .2002)
Ê¿Â//»{Y \//̯e ,Ê¿ÓÂ// Ì//] Á º//¯ Êe|//» Y //a
`Ìe¿ Ì̤e { ʼƻ ¬¿ Ì¿ ÊfyZÀ¹Â] ¶»Y İ¸]
dÌ ¼m Á |]ZËÊ» cÁZ¨e ,{Â] Z£M { į Är¿MZ] Â]»
Y ¦/¸fz» ÉZ/Å`/ÌeÂÀ§ {ZnËY ÊËZ¿YÂe .|¿Y{ `ÌeÂÀ§ Á
ÉÁ ʸ/¿ /Å { ÃZ´f/Ë ½Â/q .d§ZË |ÅYÂy µÂve
ÊbÌeÂ//À§ ¥Z// ¿Y Y Ì//v» ÌiP//e d//ve ,`//Ìe¿ ®//Ë
Y ®Ì°¨e Á ÉZY|m ¶¼ ,dÌ ¼m ®Ë ÉZŽ»{Y
Ä //Âe .(Jothi and Manickam, 2005) |//À»Z¿Ê//»
\//̯e Ê//À Ë ,[Z//zf¿Y ¾//ËY ¶//Zu ,|//Å{Ê//» ¹Z//n¿Y
f//³ { ÉYÄf//m] d//̸]Z« ,¦//¸fz» ÉZ//Å`//ÌeÂÀ§
cÁZ¨f» Ì¿ ¦¸fz» ÉZÅÃZ´fË { |ËZ] Ê «YÁ ʿ»{Y
Ê¿Z/°» Á Ê¿Z/» cY/Ì̤e Z] ÉË~aÂy ÊËZ¿YÂe Á ½ZÅZ̳
Á cÁZ//n» { ʧY³Â//aÂe //¿ Y //³Y Ê//fu ,|//Z]
d/Ë Ì/v» { Ã|/¿ cY{Â/m» Ä/̸¯ .d/Y Ìv»
Êfu į dY ¶Ì·{ ¾Ì¼Å Ä] .|ÀZ] ´Ë|°Ë Z] Ê´fÂÌa
|/¿Ì³Ê/» Y« ʨ¸fz» ¶»Y ½Z»¼Å ÌiPe dve {Ây
/Å ºËË~/b] Ä/°ÀËY / Ä/] ,ʧZ¯ ¶ËÓ{ ¾fY{ ½Á|]
Á {Ây ¥YY Ìv» Ä] Ê´f]YÁ ½Á|] É{Âm» pÌÅ Á
1391 ZÆ] ,ºÅ{ ÃZ¼ ,¹ZÆq µZ ,®ÌeZ¼fÌÂÌ] Á ʻ¿¯Ze
74
Á 8 ,6 ,2) Ã/ËÁ ÉZ/ÅÃZ´f/Ë ËZ/ .dY \Ì dÆm
½YÂ/eÊ/» ,{Y{ ª/¸ e Ã/ËÁ ÊÅZ´f/Ë Ä] ÊÅZ̳ Ä »Zm
d/Æm |/À¿Z» ÊfyZÀ¹Â] ¦¸fz» ¶»Y ÌiPe dve (10
\//̯e { ÊÅZ//̳ Ä//¿Â³ ®//Ë Ä//¯ Ê»Z//´ÀÅ d§Ë~//a
,
Z/Y ¾/ËY /] .|¿Â/Ê/» É|/À]ÃÁ/³ \Ì/ |{ Á
/Å { ,{Y{ Â/u ÊÅZ/̳ Ä/ »Zm ¾Ë|Àq ÉZÅÊÀf9
Ê/§ » ¶/]Z« Ä ·Z» {» Ŀ³ ÉY] ºË{¯Y Ä ¶«Y|u
ÉZ//Å\//̯e Z//] ÉZ//Åd//Ì ¼m ¶°// Ä//] Z//Æ¿M Y ®//Ë
-5 Á 4 ÉZ/ÅÃZ´fË ¶»Z ,Z¨eY ºË{¯Y -¦·Y :dY
/Å -{Y{ Â/u cÁZ/¨f» Ì/] Á º/¯ Ê «YÁ ʿ»{Y
-k Á 9 Á 7 ÉZ/ÅÃZ´f/Ë ¶»Z/ ,ʯZ/y ºË{¯Y -[
Z/Ì » Y ,/»Y ¾/ËY .|ÀZ] ÌqZ¿ Á º¯ ZÅcÁZ¨e |Àq
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|¿ÁZ/ËÂy {Y/§Y Y Ê/ÅÁ³ m ÉÌq ,|¿Âa {Ây į
Ä/// ·Z» Y Ì///a ,½Y///ËY { T. eriocalyx Ä///¿Â³
Z/] Z/ÅÃYÁ ª/Ì«{ Ê¿Z/ » .d/Ì¿ z/» ½Â/¯Ze ®Ë
,ÊbÌeÂÀ§ ÂÀe Ä] ½{] Êa ÉY] ZÅdÌ ¼m ÊZÀdzË
{ .{Â/Ê/» z/» ½Â³Z/¿Â³ ÉZÅ|¿ÂÌa Y Ã{Z¨fY
{ .|/ Ã{Z¨fY ,ÃËÁ ÉZÅÃZ´fË ®Ìf˸§ ÂÀe Y
ÉYÃ/ËÁ ÃZ´fË { į dY ʼË{ ,ºË{¯Y ,ZfY ¾ËY
Ä/] Ã/ËÁ ÉZ/ÅÃZ´f/Ë ÉZ/ÅÊÀf/9 \/̯e ,ZfY ¾ËY
Z/] ÊbÌeÂ/À§ /¿ Y Ä/¯ dY ʼË{ ,ºË{ÂÀ§ -{Y{ {ÂmÁ
Á Ä/] ,MVSP Y§Y¹¿ Z] ®Ìf˸§ ´¿Z¿ ½YÂÀ
dY ʼË{¯Y ,ºË{¯YÂÀ§ Á dY cÁZ¨f» ZźË{ ´Ë{
®Ìf/˸§ ÃÁ/³ 6 d/ËZÆ¿ { Á |/Ë{³ Ì·Z¿M PCO
d/Y cÁZ/¨f» Z/źË{Â/¯Y /´Ë{ Z] `ÌeÂÀ§ Zv· Y į
ʳËÁ 33 Ì·Z¿M Á Ê] .(3 Á 2 ÉZŶ°) | ¾ÌÌ e
(Gilmour and Gregor, 1939; Gilmour and
.Heslop-Harrison, 1954; Winsor, 2000)
Ä/] ,MVSP Y§Y¹¿ Z] Ê] {» Ŀ³ ÊZÀdzË
ÃZ//]{ ½Z/ ¬¬v» ËZ// lËZ//f¿ Z//] Ê//] ¾//ËY lËZ//f¿
Ê/fzË cZ¨/ Â/Àe Ä/¯ À/m ¾/ËY /´Ë{ ÉZ/ÅĿ³
ÉZ//ÅÃZ´f//Ë { Ä//¿Â³ ®//Ë ½Â³Z//¿Â³ ÉZ//Åd//Ì ¼m
Á ÉÁZ/Ë) {Y{ Ê¿YÂ/z¼Å ,|/¿{Â] Ã{Y{ ½Z¿ Y ¦¸fz»
-(1385 ,½YZ/°¼Å Á ¾Á|¿ÊËYÌ» -1389b,½YZ°¼Å
{ Ê/fzË ÂÀe Z] ®Ìf˸§ \̯e ÂÀe
Z° ¿Y Z»Y
.| ¹Zn¿Y Ê] ¾ËY { Z] ¾Ìfz¿ ÉY] ¾ËÁM Àm
,Ê//ZÀd//zË ÉË~//a//Ì̤e |//Ê//» //¿ Ä//]
®//ÌfÀ§ ÃÁ//³ 5 Ìz//e Ä//] UPGMA Á PCO Á
Z/] ª/^À» {Â/» ®/Ë m Ä] {Y» ļŠ{ į | nÀ»
½M .(5 Á 4 ÉZ/Ŷ°/) d/Y ®Ìf/˸§ É|/À]ÃÁ³
{ Ä/¯ {Â/Ê» Â]» 1 dÌ ¼m Ä] ¥ÔfyY {» ®Ë
Y/« Ä/¿Z³Y|m ÃÁ/³ ®/Ë { ®Ìf/˸§ É|À] ÃÁ³
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Ä/¯ {Y{ ½Z/¿ Ã/ËÁ ÉZ/ÅÃZ´f/Ë Y ®/ËÅ Ä] Â]»
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ÓZ/] ÂÀe {ÂmÁ Á ½Â³Z¿Â³ ÉZÅÌv» Ä] ÉZ³Z
-6 Á ¦/·Y-6 ÉZ/Ŷ°) |¿Y{ ¬¿ ÃËÁ ÉZÅÃZ´fË
{Â/mÁ Y ¶/Zu ʸ°/ |Àq Y ÊZ¿ Ŀ³ ¾ËY {
Ä/¯ {Â/Ê» z» ¯~» ÉZŶ° Ä] ÄmÂe Z] .([
Á{ Á (gynodioecious) Ê///ÀmÁ{-Ã{Z///» Ã|///Ë|a
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Ä//¯ |//Z] Ä//¿Â³ ¾//ËY ÉZ//Åd//Ì ¼m { É//̳Ä//³
¶//»Z Ä//¯ Ê·Z//u { d//Y Z//¨eY ¶//»Z ,5 Á 4 Ã//ËÁ
.dY fÌ] ÉZÅÊ] |À»ZÌ¿
,9 Á 7 ÃËÁ ÉZÅÃZ´fË É|À]ÃÁ³ { ºÆ» ÊfyZÀ¹Â]
3 Á 1 ÉZ/ÅÃZ´f/Ë ÉY/] Á Z/y ÉË~a}¨¿ Á d§Z]
75
ÃËÁ ÃZ´fË ¾ÌÌ e Á Y Ã{Z¨fY Á ®Ìf˸§ ´¿Z¿ ] |̯Pe Z] ½YËY { Thymus eriocalyx (Ronniger) Jalas Ŀ³ ®Ì»Â¿Â¯Ze Ê]
]ZÀ»
.½YËY ,½YÆe ,¯ eY» Á ZŶ´Àm cZ¬Ì¬ve ÄR» .65 Ze 1 ÉZÅÃZ¼ .½YËY ¸§ (1389-1367) .½YZ°¼Å Á ,É|Y
.½YËY ,½YÆe ,¯ eY» Á ZŶ´Àm cZ¬Ì¬ve ÄR» cYZf¿Y .¾ËÁM (1373 ) . ,{Y¼m
.½YËY ,½YÆe ,¯ eY» Á ZŶ´Àm cZ¬Ì¬ve ÄR» cYZf¿Y .½YËY ÉZÅû Á ZžËÁM (1388 ) . ,{Y¼m
Ä/¼me .(ÊfyZÀ/Z^e ÃZ³|/Ë{) ÊÅZ/̳ ®ÌeZ¼f/Ì (1382) .¥Y ._ ,¿ÂÌf/Y Á .M .M ,±Â¸¯ ,.
Y . ,¶^b¼¯ ,.
Y .Á ,{Âm
.½ZƨY ,½ZƨY ÊÅZ´¿Y{ {ZÆm cYZf¿Y ,.s ,É|Ì
½Zf/Y Ê/ Ì^ ]Z/À» Á ÉÁZ¯ cZ¬Ì¬ve ¯» .½Y|¼Å ½ZfY ¸§ ÊËZZÀ Á ÉÁM¼m s Y³ (1384 ) . ,Ê¿Zyʨ
.½Y|¼Å ,½Y|¼Å
-2-/ËÔ» {°/· -1 :½Y|/¼Å ½Zf/Y { Ã|/d/Z¨u Ä/ÌuZ¿ Ä/ Â/¸§ Ê/§ » Á ÊËZ/ZÀ ,ÉÁM¼m (1380) . ,Ê¿Zyʨ
.½ZƨY ,½ZƨY ÃZ´¿Y{ ,|Y ÊZÀZ¯ Ä»Z¿½ZËZa .|¿ÁZÆ¿ ½Z̯-3-({Z]M |Y ©)»³½Zy
ÊZÀdË Ä¸n» .É·Á¯ Á ®ÌeZ¼fÌ ,ÊZÀZy { ºÌeZ¼´ËÂX¿ Á {]Z¯ Y ÊËZÅÄ^Àm ʧ » (1375) .¹ ,É
.126-105: 1(2) ½YËY
Â/Àe ¾Ì/Ì e ÉY/] (Determination of Special Stations) DSS Á Ê/§ » (1386) .¥ ,¾¯|̨/ Á . ,É|/¿Â¸¯ ,.¹ ,É
,½Y/ËY ÊÅZ/̳ É|/À]Ã{ Ê/zeÁ Ê/¸» ËZ/¼Å ¾Ìf/z¿ .½Y/ËY { Thymus eriocalyx É{» µZj» ¯} Z] ÉYĿ³ ½Á{
.½YËY ,½YÆe ,eY» Á ZŶ´Àm cZ¬Ì¬ve ÄR»
.½YËY ,½YÆe ,¯ eY»Á ZŶ´Àm cZ¬Ì¬ve ÄR» .26-1 ÉZÅ|¸m .½YËY Ê´¿ ¸§ (1354-1386) .¦·Y ,½Z»Æ«
,Â/¯ eY» Á ZŶ´Àm cZ¬Ì¬ve ÄR» cYZf¿Y ,.¹ ,É Ä¼me .(ÊÅZ̳ ÊZÀÄ »Zm) É·ÂÌÂÂf̧ (1375) .¹ ,ÄÂÀ̳
.½YËY ,½YÆe
.½YËY ,½YÆe ÃZ´¿Y{ _Zq Á cYZf¿Y ÄR» ,4-1 ÉZÅ|¸m .½YËY ÉZÅÊÀf9 (1379-1376) . ,¾Ì^»
.½YËY ,½YÆe ,¯ eY» Á ZŶ´Àm cZ¬Ì¬ve ÄR» cYZf¿Y ,5-1 ÉZÅ|¸m .½YËY ÉZÅ ½Â³ (1365-1384) . ,ʻ »
Á ÅÁa .¾ËÁM Y Ŀ³ Ä { ¿ZY ] iR» cZ¨ { d̸ ÄËne (1385) .¥ ,¾¯|̨ Á . ,ÂaÆ» ,.s ,¾Á|¿ÊËYÌ»
.94-88 :70 Ê¿Z^£Z] Á dY { ʳ|¿Z
É|/ÌW¸a t ,ÊfzË ÉZÅʳËÁ ,ÊfyZÀ¹Â] ¶»Y Êy] Ä ·Z» (1389a) .Y .¹ ,ÊÀu Á .¥ ,¾¯|̨ ,.Á ,ÉZ¿ ,. ,ÉÁZË
½ZfY Ê Ì^ ÃZ´ËÁ Á{ { (Thymus pubescens Boiss. & Kotschy ex Celak) {·M ¯ ¾ËÁM ¿ZY ÉZÅ\̯e Á
.512-500 :(4)26 ½YËY » Á ÊËÁY{ ½ZÅZ̳ Ä»ZÀ¸§ .Ê« ½ZnËZ]}M
¿Z/Y ½Y/Ì» Á ,Ê/fzË ,ÊfyZÀ/¹Â/] cZÌ/Ây Ê/y] Ê/] (1389b) .Y .¹ ,ÊÀu Á .¥ ,¾¯|̨ ,.Á ,ÉZ¿ ,. ,ÉÁZË
- 227 :(2)26 ½Y/ËY / » Á Ê/ËÁY{ ½Z/ÅZ̳ Ä»ZÀ¸/§ .(Thymus migricus Kotschy ex Desj.-Shost) Ê¿ZnËZ]}M ¾ËÁM
.238
1391 ZÆ] ,ºÅ{ ÃZ¼ ,¹ZÆq µZ ,®ÌeZ¼fÌÂÌ] Á ʻ¿¯Ze
76
Atri, M., Alebouyeh, Z., Mostajer Haghighy, A. and Kalvandy, R. (2009) Introduction of 2
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94-77 Äv¨ ,1391 ZÆ] ,ºÅ{ ÃZ¼ ,¹ZÆq µZ ,®ÌeZ¼fÌÂÌ] Á ʻ¿¯Ze
1390/12/08 :ÊËZÆ¿ Ë~a
1389/12/24 :Ä·Z¬» d§ZË{
Erysimum L. (Brassicaceae) Àm ÉZÅĿ³ ®Ëf»Â§Â» Ä ·Z»
Ê]ÂÀm Á É ,Ê·Z¼ ½ZYy ÉZŽZfY {
3
ÊqÅÂm Z|¼v» Á 3 ÊZ§ |¼v» ,1 É{ZÆfmY |̼u ,*2 ÊYÁ ¶Ì¼m ,1 ÃZÀaºWZ« Ä̼
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,E. sisymbrioides ,E. griffithianum ,E. repandum ÉZ/ÅÄ/¿Â³ ¶»Z/ µÁY ÃÁ/³ :|/¿{Y{ ½Z/¿ Y Ìze ¶]Z«
Á E. crassipes Á E. kerbabaevii ,E. aitchisonii ÉZ/ÅÄ/¿Â³ ¶»Z/ ¹Á{ ÃÁ/³ -E. persepolitanu Á E. nanum
Á Y{///¯ E. crassicaule ,E. stocksianum ,E. crassicaule ÉZ///ÅÄ///¿Â³ Ã|///¿Ì³] { ÃÁ///³ ¾Ì»Â///
{ Erysimum ÉZ/ÅÄ/¿Â³ ÊËZZÀ ÉY] ,ÊZÀdzË cZ¨
ZY ] É|̸¯ ,dËZÆ¿ { .dY E. ischnostylum
.|Ë{³ ʧ » ½ZYy ÉZŽZfY
Erysimum ,Brassicaceae ,ÊZÀdzË ,ʸY ÉZÅĨ·R» Ä] ÄËne ,ÉYÄÂy ÄËne :É|̸¯ ÉZÅÃYÁ
Mummenhoff, 2006; Gupta, 2009; Khosravi et
,Ê//¨¸ Ê¿Z//ÅZ̳ ¶»Z// Erysimum À//m .al., 2009)
Ä»|¬»
Zů -(1372 ,½Z»Æ«) dZËZa ZË Á Ä·ZÁ{ ,Ä·Z®Ë
Ã/Ìe Y Erysimeae Ä/¨ËZ { Erysimum L. Àm
c|/¿ Ä/] Á ÄyZ/ |/Àq Z/Ë ÄyZ Á{ ,\q½ZÌ» 0Ó¼ »
(Koch and
* [email protected]
{Y{ Y///« (Brassicaceae) Â///]\///
1391 ZÆ] ,ºÅ{ ÃZ¼ ,¹ZÆq µZ ,®ÌeZ¼fÌÂÌ] Á ʻ¿¯Ze
78
YÂ//¸§ { Erysimum À//m ÊËZ//ZÀ |//̸¯ ¦Ì·P//e
,Ê//y Z//Ë ÉYÃÌ¿// Z//ű//] -|//¿YÉYÄ//¿Y|¿{ Á \ //À»
Z/n¿M { Á {Â/¼¿ Y/³ Y ½YÂe ĬÀ» ¸§ ,Z°Ì¿YËY
,Y{®ÀyZ¿ Zű^¸³ -|ÀfÅ ¶»Z¯ ZË Y{Ä¿Y|¿{ ,Y{k»
,{Â/] Ã{/¯ Ä/WYY Ã|/ {Z/Ë Â/¸§ { {Ây į Y É|̸¯
-(1364 ,¾Ì^») ²¿Êe Á Ê¿Y£Y c|¿ Ä] ZË Á {
Á E. crassicaule Ä/¿Â³ Á{ Ä/¯ É Ä] ,{¯ sÔY
¾ÌmÂ//y -|Àf//Å ½M |//«Z§ Z//Ë Y{½Z//ů Z//ű^//Z¯
{ .{¯ ʧ » ´Ë|°Ë Z] ¥{Yf» Y E. stocksianum
,¶°/ ÉÁZ¿ 0Z^·Z£ Á ij ®Ë ÉYY{ ½M ÉZÅĨ¯ ,Z§Â°
cÂ/ Ä/] ½ZÀr¼Å ,ZÅÄËYM ¾ËY Ì¿ ½Zf¯Za ʸ § ¸§
®/ËZ] Z/Ë Y{ ,z» 0Zf^¿ Ä»Zy Z] ZË Á ÃZe¯ Ä·Ô¯
ÊeÁZ/¨e .(Nasir, 1973) |/¿YÃ|/ ʧ » Yn» Ŀ³ Á{
|/¿Y{ Y/« ¦/Ë{ ®/Ë { į dY ÊËZÅÄ¿Y{ ÉÂfv» Á
Ä/] Ŀ³ Á{ ¾ËY ÉZY|m ÉY] Ã{^»Z¿ ÉZÅ|̸¯ { į
.(1364 ,¾Ì^» -1372 ,½Z»Æ«)
¶//v» Ä//] Â//]» cZ¨// :Y |//ÀeZ^ ,d//Y Ä//f§ Z//¯
dZÌ¿{ ¶¯ { Ŀ³ 225 ÉYY{ Erysimum Àm
{ ,¾ËY]ZÀ] .¶³ ÉYmY µÂ Á ʧ ÉZÅÄyZ [Z ¿Y
,(1968) ½YZ/°¼Å Á Polatschek Ä/¯ (Berry, 2011)
½Z/°»Y cÂ/ { Z/e {/¯ ºÌÅYÂy ¯ Ä ·Z» ¾ËY
ʧ » ½YËY cÔ§ ÉY] Z°Ì¿YËY Y¸§ { Y ½M Ŀ³ 40
´Ë|/°Ë Ä/] d^/¿ Y Ä/¿Â³ Á{ ¾/ËY d/Ì «Â» Á Z/^eY
Y/³ ½Y/ËY Â/¯ Y Ä/¿Â³ 26 ½Z/Ì» ¾ËY Y Á Ã{¯
.ºÌÀ¯ e¾Á
{ À/m ¾/ËY ÊËZ/̧Y¤m À¯Y/a ¾ËfÌ] .dY Ã|
cZ¨/// É̳Z///¯Ä/ /] { cÔ°///» {Â///mÁ Z///]
Y Ŀ³ lÀa ZÆÀe Á {ÂÊ» {Á|v» ¯ [£ Ä] ,½YËY
{ cZ¨// ¾//ËY Ã//ËÁ d//̼ÅY Á //¬¿ ,®//Ë·§»
Y/³ Ê]Â/Àm Á ÉÂ/ ,Ê·Z¼/ ½ZYy ÉZŽZfY
,µZ//j» ÉY//] .d//Y Ê¿|//Z¿Z//°¿Y Z//ÅÄ//ËYM É|//À]Ä//¬^
Ä/] f/Ì] ÉZÅÊ] Á ½Z» d~³ Z] ,Äf^·Y .dY Ã|
,Z/ÅĨËZ ÊËZZÀ ÉY] ÊY Z] ÉZÅʳËÁ ,Zů
Y Ä/¿Â³ 11 {Á|/u ½Â/À¯Y º/Å Á Ã| Ã{Á§Y {Y| e ¾ËY
Ã//Ìe { Z//ÅÄ//fËYÁ Á Z//ÅÄ//¿Â³Ë ,Z//ÅÄ//¿Â³ ,Z//ÅÀ//m
.d//Y Ã|// ÊËZ//ZÀ ½Z//Yy ½Zf//Y { À//m ¾//ËY
½ÂÀ¯Z///e Á (DvoĜák, 1973) |Àf///Å Brassicaceae
:Y |/ÀeZ^ Ä/ ·Z» {Â/» Ä/¬À» { {Â/m» ÉZ/ÅĿ³
Ê/¯¯ cZ¨/
Z/Y /] Ê/¨¸fz» ÊËZ/ZÀ ÉZÅ|̸¯
¶/̸ve Á Ä/Ëne ,¾ÌÀr¼Å Á ½ZYy ÉZŽZfY { Àm
E. repandum L., E. griffithianum Boiss., E.
sisymbrioides C. A. Mey., E. crassicaule
(Boiss.) Boiss., E. stocksianum (Boiss.) Boiss.,
E. nanum Boiss. & Hohen., E. persepolitanum
Boiss., E. aitchisonii O. E. Schulz., E.
ischnostylum, E. kerbabaevii Kurbanov &
Á Gudkova, E. crassipes Fisch. & C. A. Mey.
Ã/̤f» |Àq ÉZÅÄËne Y Ã{Z¨fY Z] ®Ë·§» cZ¨
Ê//·Á ,E. crassicaule Ä//¿Â³ Ä//] ÄÌ^// ZÌ//] ÉYÄ//¿Â¼¿
{ Erysimum Àm Ä] ª¸ f» ÉZÅĿ³ ½ZÌ» É|À]» Á
e|////À¸] ÃÂ////Ì» ¹{ Á ¶////´»{ µÂ//// Z////] ,Y{////¯
.d//Y ®//Ëf»Â§Â» Á Ä//] Ä// ·Z» {Â//» Ä//¬À»
(Ghahremaninejad et (Y{/¯ E. crassicaule)
Ã{Y{ x/Za Ä/ ·Z» ¾/ËY { Ä/¯ ʰ̻¿Â/¯Ze ÉZŵYR
Ä// ·Z» Á al., 2005; Polatscheck et al., 1968)
:Y |ÀeZ^ ,| |ÀÅYÂy
.(Zu
(Khalik, d/Y Ã|/ Ä/WYY Ã/Ìe ¾/ËY ÉZ/ÅÄ/ËYM ÉY]
.2005)
¾/ËY ÉZ/ÅÄ/¿Â³ ÉY/] É|/̸¯ ÄÌÆe ,Ä ·Z» ¾ËY ¥|Å
Y ///a Êe|///» (1968) ½YZ///°¼Å Á Polatschek
79
Ê]ÂÀm Á É ,Ê·Z¼ ½ZYy ÉZŽZfY { Erysimum L. (Brassicaceae) Àm ÉZÅĿ³ ®Ëf»Â§Â» Ä ·Z»
Y Z/ÆÀe ½ZYy ÉZŽZfY { ,Z°Ì¿YËY Y¸§ { į dY
ÉZÅĿ³ ½ZÌ» ÉYÃ|ÀÀ¯ËZ¼f» ÊZÀdzË cÁZ¨e ZËM (1
d//Y Ã|// Y//³ (Bezg) « k//]» ¹Z//¿ Ä//] Ê//¸v»
{Â/mÁ E. crassicaule Á E. stocksianum Ä]Z/» 0Zf^/¿
Á{ {Â/mÁ Ä/] Ä/mÂe Z/] .(Polatscheck et al., 1968)
.{Y{
©/] Á (¹Z/md]e Ê]£ [ÂÀm {) {] ÉZŹZ¿ Ä] ¶v»
Á E. crassicaule ½Â//¯Ze Ä//] Â//]» {Y//§Y Z//ËM (2
Á{ /Å Ä/] ¨/ Z/] ,½Zf/Y { (¾¯|/¯ Ê]£ µZ¼ {)
.|¿Y{ ª¸ e Ŀ³ ®Ë Ä] ,Y{¯ E. crassicaule
ÉZ//ŹÂËZ//]Å Y |//Ë{Z] ¾Ì//Àr¼Å Á Ã|// {Z//Ë Ä//¬À»
E. crassipes ,E. kerbabaevii ÉZŽ¯Ze dÌ «Â» (3
.|//¿ //Ì» Ä//¿Â³ ¾//ËY Ä// ·Z» ,Ê¿Zf//Y ¶//yY{ ¦//¸fz»
Ä/] d^/¿ ,|¿Y{ Ä]Z» Zf^¿
0 ÉÅZ į E. aitchisonii Á
¶/ËÓ{ Ä/] Z/À] Z/Ë Ä/¿Â³ ¾/ËY į {ÁÊ» µZ¼fuY ,¾ËY]ZÀ]
.dY Ŀ´q ´Ë|°Ë
Z/Ë Á |Z] Äf§ ¾Ì] Y ¹Y{ |Ë| ÉYq ĸ¼m Y ,¦¸fz»
,®/Ë·§» /¿ Y Á Ä·Z®Ë Ŀ³ Ä ½YÂeÊ» ZËM (4
/Âe ,½Z/°» ¾/ËY Y Ã|/ ÉÁM/¼m Ŀ¼¿ ÊËZZÀ
,E. sisymbrioides) À////m ¾////ËY Ä]Z////» Zf^////¿
0
ÉZ/{Y cZ/^iY į |Z] Ã| ¹Zn¿Y ÃZ^fY ¸§ ¾ËY ¦·R»
Ìz/e º/Å Y Y (E. repandum Á E. griffithianum
Á Ä/¬À» ¾/ËY Y Ã|/ ÉÁM/¼m Ä/¿Â¼¿ ½|Ë{ Ä] ,ÌyY
.{Y{
¾/ËY Z/] .{Y{ Z/Ì¿ Ä/¬À» { f/Ì] ÉZÅÊ] ¾ÌÀr¼Å
Á{ Y ,ÉY{/]Ä/¿Â¼¿ ¶/̼°e ÉY/] Ä ·Z» ¾ËY { ,µZu
ZÅÁ Á {Y»
ÉÁM/¼m
Z/§ ½Zf/Y Y Ä/¯ Ŀ³ ¾ËY Ä] ª¸ f» {§
Y {/§ 468 ,Ä/Ì·ÁY Ä/ ·Z» { :ÊÅZ/̳ ÉZŠĿ¼¿
{ ,¾Ì/Àr¼Å .(1 µÁ|m) dY Ã| Ã{Z¨fY ,|¿{Â] Ã|
¹Â/¸ Ã|°ÅÁa ¹ÂËZ]Å { {Âm» ÊÅZ̳ ÉZÅĿ¼¿
ÊËZ/ÅÄ/¿Â¼¿ ,Ã|/ {Z/Ë Ä/¿Â³ 11 /] ÃÁÔ/ ,Ä ·Z» ¾ËY
Ê¿ZÅZ̳ Ì¿ Á (FUMH) |Æ» ÊÁ{§ ÃZ´¿Y{ ÊÅZ̳
Ä/] É{Z/Ë dÅZ^/ ÉÅZ/ Z/v· Y Ä/¯ |¿| Ê]
{Â/] Ã|/ ÉÁM/¼m 1389 µZ/ Ê/ËÁ ¶§ { į
¾/ËY .|Àf/Y{ E. crassicaule Ä/¿Â³ Ä] ª¸ f» ÉZÅĿ¼¿
¹Z/n¿Y ÉY] {§ 84 ,½ZÌ» ¾ËY Y .| Ê] ,(1 µÁ|m)
Ã|/ {Z/Ë Ä/¿Â³ Z/] {Á|/v» d¨/ |Àq { ZÆÀe ZÅĿ¼¿
{ .|/ [Z/zf¿Y cZ¨/ É/̳ÃY|¿Y Á fÌ] cZ ·Z»
½{Â/] Y{/¯ |/À¿Z» ÊeZ¨/ ĸ¼m Y -|ÀfY{ cÁZ¨e
Z/e ,cZ¨ É̳ÃY|¿Y ÉY] dY Ã| Ê Ä ·Z» ¾ËY
¾//ËY .ÃÂ//Ì» ¹{ Á ¶//´»{ cÁZ//¨f» µÂ// ,Ä«Z// t//
ÉZ/Åd/Ì ¼m Y Á Ê»ÂËZ/]Å ÉZ/ÅÄ/¿Â¼¿ Y ½Z°»Y |u
E. crassicaule" ¹Z//¿ Z//] //Ì¿
ZÀ//Z¿ ÉZ//ÅÄ//¿Â¼¿
Â///Àe ,¶///Zu lËZ///f¿ Z///e ,{{///³ Ã{Z¨f///Y ¦///¸fz»
ZÅĿ³ ËZ ½ZÌ» { ZÆ¿M ÃZ´ËZm ¾ÌÌ e ÉY] "Y{¯
ÊËZ//̧Y¤m ÉZ//ÅÄ//À»Y{ { Y Éf//Ì] ®//Ë·§»
.|¿| {YÁ ZÅÄËne {
.{̳] { eÌÁ
ÉZ/ŽZf/Y { Ã|/ ÊËZ/ZÀ Ä/¿Â³ 11 Y Ŀ³ Á{
Á E. nanum) Ê]Â//Àm Á ÉÂ// ,Ê·Z¼// ½Z//Yy
¾/ËY { Z] ¾Ìfz¿ ÉY] ,(1 µÁ|m) (E. kerbabaevii
Y Ê/°Ë .|¿|/ Ê/§ » Ä/¬À» ¾/ËY Â/¸§ ÉY/] ,Ä ·Z»
E. persepolitanum Ä//¿Â³ ,Ä// ·Z» {Â//» ÉZ//ÅÄ//¿Â³
1391 ZÆ] ,ºÅ{ ÃZ¼ ,¹ZÆq µZ ,®ÌeZ¼fÌÂÌ] Á ʻ¿¯Ze
80
{ į {§ Å Ä] ª¸ f» É{Y{Y« ÃZ¼ Á Ê»ÂËZ]Å |¯ ÃY¼Å Ä] ZÆ¿M ÉÁM¼m ¶v» Á Z¨eY Á xËZe ,Ä ·Z» {» ½ZÅZ̳ Ê»ZY -1 µÁ|m
¹ÂËZ/]Å Ä/] ª/¸ f» Z/ÅÄ/¿Â¼¿ ËZ/) |Æ/» ÊÁ{§ ÃZ´¿Y{ ¹Â¸ Ã|°¿Y{ ¹ÂËZ]Å { {Âm» ÉZÅĿ³ :(*) .dY Äf§ Z¯Ä] | ] ÉZÅÄËne
cZ/¯ µZË/ ÃZ¼/ :/f¿Ya ¶/yY{ ÃZ¼/ .ÊÅZ/̳ ¹Â/¸ Ã|°/ÅÁa Y duplicate Ä/¿Â¼¿ :(d) .(|Àf/Å (FUMH) ÊÅZ/̳ ¹Â/¸ Ã|°ÅÁa
.(dY Ã{Â] Ê»ÂËZ]Å |¯ |«Z§ cZ¯) Ê»ÂËZ]Å
ÉÁM¼m xËZe
(m) Z¨eY
ÉÁM¼m ¶v»
Ŀ³ʼ¸ ¹Z¿
Ê»ÂËZ]Å |¯
1389/2/5
1683
60 f»Â¸Ì¯ ,|ÀmÌ] Ä] ¾WZ« Ã{Zm
E. crassicaule
*1000
1374/1/27
1400
{Z]MÌ»Y ÉZfÁ ,14 f»Â¸Ì¯ ,ÄËÁ] Ä]
Á{§ Ã{Zm
E. crassicaule
24800
1366/1/20
1600
É Ä ¸« Éf»Â¸Ì¯ 20 ,É Ä ¸« -|À¼Å Ã{Zm ,|ÀmÌ]
E. crassicaule
15140
1366/1/29
1550
{Z]Mtf§ | cZZ¨eY ,®Y -ÄËÁ]
E. crassicaule
15262
1365/2/27
1600
30 f»Â¸Ì¯ ,|ÀmÌ] Ä] ¾WZ« Ã{Zm
E. crassicaule
14217
1375/1/27
1350
ZÌ¿ ÉZfÁ cZZ¨eY ,^ © [ÂÀm
E. crassicaule
26283
1371/2/14
1050
{Z]Mª Éf»Â¸Ì¯ 10 ,^ Ã{Zm
E. crassicaule
21605
1378/2/24
1100
¾ ¶´Àe ,{Z]Mʸ ,|À^ËZ¿ Ê]£ µZ¼ ,^
E. crassicaule Y{¯
32012
1370/2/10
1350
¿ Ä^Àa ½| » ,^ Á ½Y|À^Æ¿ ¾Ì]
E. crassicaule Y{¯
19837
1371/1/24
1300
¿ Ä^Àa ½| » ,½Y|À^Æ¿
E. crassicaule Y{¯
21472
1389/3/11
1287
n£Z] Y | ] ÉZÅï ,YÁ^ µZ¼
E. stocksianum
*1001
1389/3/11
2145
n£Z] ÉZÅï ,YÁ^ µZ¼
E. stocksianum
*1002
1367/3/12
1300
½ÁY{ Á ®ÅZ¯ ¾Ì] ,YÁ^ [£
E. stocksianum
(d)11272
1363/3/6
1400
n£Z] ÉZÅï ,YÁ^ © µZ¼
E. stocksianum
(9111)
1386/3/22
1750-700
²Àr§Y ÉZÅï ,YÁ^ µZ¼
E. stocksianum
39107
1378/1/23
-
[M Ã{ ÉZÅï ,Ä¿Á{ ,¼Z¯ [£
E. stocksianum
31947
1389/3/10
2186
Ê·Z] ÊÅYÁ{ ,¾ÌW Ä] ½Z¯Y ,{ÂÀn] [ÂÀm
E. ischnostylum
*1003
1389/3/10
1761
Ê·Z] ÊÅYÁ{ Y ¶^« ,¾ÌW Ä] ½Z¯Y ,{ÂÀn] [ÂÀm
E. ischnostylum
*1004
1389/2/12
1300
¯{-Âm ,Ä¿ZzM
E. ischnostylum
*1005
1370/3/27
2000 - 1800
¿ ÊÌ» ÉZÅï ,½Z¨Ì³ ,{ÂÀn] Ê« µZ¼
E. ischnostylum
20787
1389/2/27
1800
̯ ZÆ] ĬÀ» , ½Zq«
E. ischnostylum
*1006
1389/2/8
1850
É˧
E. ischnostylum
*1007
1387/3/1
1640
]Ìa d¼ Ä] Y Éf»Â¸Ì¯ 4 ,{ÂÀn] Ê]£µZ¼
E. ischnostylum
40303
1387/2/29
1435
®Ì¿ ɳ ©« ,½Z»Ô£ -½Ô³m ÊÅYÁ{ ,{ÂÀn]
E. ischnostylum
40121
1388/3/26
2050 - 1950
ÃZe Z£ÁY Ä] Z¨ Ä ¸« µZ¼ Éf»Â¸Ì¯ 2 ,kÁZ§ µZ¼
E. ischnostylum
43082
1370/2/23
1750
wĄ̂Y ï ÄÀ»Y{,ÄË|Ìu d]eµZ¼
E. aitchisonii
19997
1371/2/11
1500
½Z¼Ë§ |À]
E. aitchisonii
21970
1389/2/4
1655
ÄË|Ìu d]eÄ] Ã|¿Z» f»Â¸Ì¯ 5 ,ÄË|Ìu d]e-|Æ»
E. aitchisonii
*1008
1389/2/5
1801
29 f»Â¸Ì¯ ,|ÀmÌ] Ä] ¾WZ« Ã{Zm
E. aitchisonii
*1009
1389/2/30
1600
65 f»Â¸Ì¯ ,ÄË|Ìu d]eÄ] |Æ»
E. aitchisonii
*1010
1389/2/17
-
©] Á [M ÉZÅï ,|Æ»
E. aitchisonii
*1011
1381/2/4
1050-900
25 f»Â¸Ì¯ ,Ze Ê^¿ Ä] ¹Zm d]e
E. aitchisonii
34044
81
Ê]ÂÀm Á É ,Ê·Z¼ ½ZYy ÉZŽZfY { Erysimum L. (Brassicaceae) Àm ÉZÅĿ³ ®Ëf»Â§Â» Ä ·Z»
ÉÁM¼m xËZe
(m) Z¨eY
ÉÁM¼m ¶v»
Ŀ³ʼ¸ ¹Z¿
Ê»ÂËZ]Å |¯
1389/2/9
1500 - 1000
½Z´¿] ÄqZË{ [ÂÀm ÉZÅï ,y -|Æ»
E. aitchisonii
*1012
1389/2/2
1500 - 1000
½Z´¿] ÄqZË{ [ÂÀm ÉZÅï ,y -|Æ»
E. aitchisonii
*1013
1387/3/7
1363
½YZÀqÁ ,½YZÀq ÉZfÁ ,{ÂÀn] Ê« [ÂÀm
E. repandum
40427
1385/2/2
1693
ÁÓ{ Ã{ ÉY|f]Y ,¾ÌW ,{ÂÀn] Ê]£ [ÂÀm
E. repandum
37247
1385/1/25
1846
¾Ì¿ ÃZ ï Ê·Z¼ ÄÀ»Y{ ,¾ÌW ,{ÂÀn] Ê]£ [ÂÀm
E. repandum
37128
1385/2/2
1693
ÁÓ{ Ã{ ÉY|f]Y ,¾ÌW ,{ÂÀn] Ê]£ [ÂÀm
E. repandum
37246
1373/12/23
1950
Áy ,^ Ê« [ÂÀm
E. repandum
24641
1368/2/2
1800
ÄÌ] eY» sÔY s ÃZ´fËY ,|ÀmÌ]
E. griffithianum
17250
1375/2/10
1130
ÄÌ] Ä] {» Ã{Zm 22 f»Â¸Ì¯ ,|ÀmÌ] Ê« [ÂÀm
E. griffithianum
26416
1366/1/21
1700
{Z]Mdv ,ɼÌe ʧ Ã{Zm ,{» -|ÀmÌ]
E. griffithianum
15169
1369/1/23
1650
[ZÅ} ÉZÅï ,¦Â
E. griffithianum
18186
1370/1/20
1700
µZ§ ,½YZfz» Á ÄÌ] ¾Ì] ,|ÀmÌ]
E. sisymbroides
19299
1389/2/19
900
Z̸ ɸ¿Z°·Za ÉZfÁ
E. kerbabaevii
*1014
1387/1/28
931
cÂey Éf»Â¸Ì¯ 16 ,Y Ã{Zm ,{ÂÀn] Ê]£ µZ¼
E. kerbabaevii
39482
1386/3/9
850 -835
Ê£Y{Â] Ä] Ê¿Z¼ËY µZ¯ Æ Éf»Â¸Ì¯ 5 ,{ÂÀn]
E. kerbabaevii
39040
1389/2/19
-
¸¿Z»Z¿ Ä] ʸm·
E. repandum
*1015
1389/4/1
-
¹Y{Z]{ [ÂÀm Éf»Â¸Ì¯ 8-7
E. kerbabaevii
*1016
1369/3/7
1800
ʿ³ ÄeÔ¯ ,É|À]{ Á YÂzË ¾Ì] ,³{ [ÂÀm
E. crassipes
18655
1366/5/11
2700
|n» YÅ ÉZÅï ,|Æ» Ê]£ µZ¼ Éf»Â¸Ì¯ 110
E. nanum
15719
1379/2/10
2000
|n» YÅ Ä] p¼¬] Éf»Â¸Ì¯ 56 ,½YZÀq Ê« µZ¼
E. nanum
32735
E. persepolitanum
*1017
-
-
½Ìa ¶f¯ ,½ÁZ¯ ,
Z§ ½ZfY
Ä ·Z» ,Z] ¾Ìfz¿ ÉY] Ì¿ |ÀZ] ®Ì»Â¿Â¯Ze d̼ÅY
d¨// 75 Â//¼n» { :Ê//ZÀd//zË cZ¨//
Y ¶///Zu ÉZ///ÅÃ{Y{ ¹Z///¼e ,|/// ] Ä///¸u» { .|¿|///
d¨// 35 Á Ê/ =¼¯ d¨// 40 ¶»Z// ,Ê//ZÀd//zË
¾/ËY { .|¿|/ ZÅÃ{Y{ ËeZ» {YÁ cZ¨ É̳ÃY|¿Y
ÉY/] .(2 µÁ|/m) |/ Ä/f§³ ÃY|/¿Y {§ Å { ,ʨ̯
Z//] (missing data) Ä//f§ d//{ Y ÉZ//ÅÃ{Y{ ,ËeZ//»
{ Ä//¯ ÊeZ¨// Y f//Ì] |// Ê // cZ¨// [Z//zf¿Y
|¿|/ ¾Ë´ËZ/m Ä/¿Â³ ½Z/¼Å {Y/§Y { ,d¨ ¾Ì´¿ZÌ»
Ã|/ÀÀ¯ ËZ/¼f» cZ¨/ ½YÂ/À Ä/] Ä/¯ {Â/m» ÉZŸ§
.(Legendre and Legendre, 1998)
/] Ä/ ·Z» Z/] ,¾ÌÀr¼Å .{ Ã{Z¨fY ,|¿{Â] Ã| ʧ »
ÉYY{ |ÌÊ» ¿ Ä] į ÊeZ¨ Y Êy] ZÅĿ¼¿ ÉÁ
1391 ZÆ] ,ºÅ{ ÃZ¼ ,¹ZÆq µZ ,®ÌeZ¼fÌÂÌ] Á ʻ¿¯Ze
82
{ Ä/¯ ÊeÂ/ Ä/] cZ¨/ ÉZfyY ¹Z¿ ÃÁÔ Ä] ÊÅZ̳ ÉZÅĿ¼¿ ÊËY Á ÊËÁ ÉZŹY|¿Y { Ã| Ê]ZËY ʼ¯
= Á ʨ̯ cZ¨ -2 µÁ|m
PCA) É| ] ÉZÅÄËne { Á ¥~u ,ZÅĿ³ ®Ì°¨e { Y{ZÀ » ¥ÔfyY ¾fY{ ¹| d¸ Ä] į ÊeZ¨ .dY Ã| Ã{Z¨fY CA Á PCA ÄËne
.dY Ã| Ã|̯ y (d¨ ZfyY) ʼ¯
= cZ¨ Ë Ì¿ Á Ã| z» * d»Ô Z] |¿|¿ {YÁ (CA Á
Z̬»/ZÅd·Zu
d¨ ZfyY
(Fa) d¨ ½YÂÀ
\Ìee ÃZ¼
2:Ä·Z|Àq / 1:Ä·ZÁ{ / 0:Ä·Z®Ë
LICY
ʳ|¿ Äyq
1
f»Ê¸Ì»
PLHI
ÃZ̳ µÂ
2
STCO
Ä«Z ²¿
3
1:Y{¯ / 0:¯ |«Z§
STSU
*Ä«Z t
4
f»Ê¸Ì»
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* Ä¬Ë ¶v» { Ä«Z «
5
3:Á
BRSI
* [Z ¿Y ¶v»
6
{|
BRNB
Ã|Z« Y cZ]Z ¿Y {Y| e
7
{|
BRNM
Ä«Z Á Y ʧ ÉZÅÄyZ {Y| e
8
STTR
Ä«Z ¯ ¿
9
4:Z¼¶]Z«Ì£ Á º¯Yf»Ê¸Ìy / 3:ºÅ Ä] ®Ë{¿
STTD
(Ä¿ZÌ» {) Ä«Z ¯ º¯Ye
10
f»Ê¸Ì»
BLLE
(¶»Z¯ | Z] Á ¢·Z]
f»Ê¸Ì»
BLWI
c ±]
12
BLSH
c ±] ʸ¯ ¶°
13
2:¿ Á{Å /1:Y{Ä¿Y|¿{ / 0:¶»Z¯
BLMA
c ±] ÄÌZu ¶°
14
f»Ê¸Ì»
BLMD
c ±] ÄÌZu ÉZÅÄ¿Y|¿{ ª¼
15
1:Ìe / 0:(|À¯) {³
BLAP
* c ±]
O ¶°
16
2:±^»{ ÉYY{/ 1:Ã|¿Â®ËZ] Á |À¸] / 0:±^»{ |«Z§
BLPE
* c ±] ½{Â] Y{±^»{
17
TADB
c ±] ÊËÁ t ¯ ¿
18
TABB
c ±] Êfa t ¯ ¿
19
¶»Z¯ / 3:ÉYÃÂÆ« ¾] Z] ^ / 2:^ ¶»Z¯ / 1:ÉYÄfa Ze { / 0:{
4:ÉYÃÂÆ«
Y ºÅ Á Ã|Z« ¶v» Y ºÅ / 2:Á Y / 1:Ã|Z« ¶v» Y / 0:Ä]Z ¿Y ®e
5Á4Á3Á2 / 3:ÄyZ 4Á3Á2 / 2:ÄyZ 3Á2 / 1:ÄyZ 2 / 0:¯ |«Z§
5:(Y{ÄyZ 5 Y Ì]) ÉYÃZf / 4:ÄyZ
Á º¯Yf» / 2:ĸZ§ Z] Á Âf» / 1:®Àe Á º¯ ʸÌy / 0:¯ |«Z§
±] Ä ¾Ì´¿ZÌ») c ±] µÂ
/ 2:Êy -ÉYÃÌ¿ / 1:ʬZ« -ÉYÃÌ¿ / 0:(ÉYÃÌ¿YÁ Á) ÉYÃÌ¿
5:ÊÌ] -ÉYÃÌ¿ / 4:ʬZ« / 3:Êy
5Á4Á3Á2 / 3:ÄyZ 4Á3Á2 / 2:ÄyZ 3Á2 / 1:ÄyZ 2 / 0:¯ |«Z§
5:(Y{ÄyZ 5 Y Ì]) ÉYÃZf / 4:ÄyZ
5Á4Á3Á2 / 3:ÄyZ 4Á3Á2 / 2:ÄyZ 3Á2 / 1:ÄyZ 2 / 0:¯ |«Z§
5:(Y{ÄyZ 5 Y Ì]) ÉYÃZf / 4:ÄyZ
Á º¯Yf» / 2:ĸZ§ Z] Á Âf» / 1:®Àe Á º¯ ʸÌy / 0:¯ |«Z§
4:Z¼¶]Z«Ì£ Á º¯Yf» ʸÌy / 3:ºÅ Ä] ®Ë{¿
±] ÊËÁ t ¯ º¯Ye
DADB
Á º¯Yf» / 2:ĸZ§ Z] Á Âf» / 1:®Àe Á º¯ ʸÌy / 0:¯ |«Z§
c
±] Êfa t ¯ º¯Ye
4:Z¼¶]Z«Ì£ Á º¯Yf» ʸÌy / 3:ºÅ Ä] ®Ë{¿
DABB
f»Ê¸Ì»
SLLE
c
Ä ¾Ì´¿ZÌ») ÉYÄ«Z ±] µÂ
(¾ÌWZa Y ¶»Z¯ ±]
11
20
21
22
83
Ê]ÂÀm Á É ,Ê·Z¼ ½ZYy ÉZŽZfY { Erysimum L. (Brassicaceae) Àm ÉZÅĿ³ ®Ëf»Â§Â» Ä ·Z»
Z̬»/ZÅd·Zu
d¨ ZfyY
(Fa) d¨ ½YÂÀ
\Ìee ÃZ¼
f»Ê¸Ì»
SLWI
ÉYÄ«Z ±]
23
2:ÊÌ] -ÉYÃÌ¿ / 1:Êy-ÉYÃÌ¿ / 0:(ÉYÃÌ¿YÁ Á) ÉYÃÌ¿
SLSH
ÉYÄ«Z ±] ʸ¯ ¶°
24
2:¿ Á{Å /1:Y{Ä¿Y|¿{ / 0:¶»Z¯
SLMA
* ÉYÄ«Z ±] ÄÌZu ¶°
25
f»Ê¸Ì»
SLMD
ÉYÄ«Z ±] ÄÌZu ÉZÅÄ¿Y|¿{ ª¼
26
1:Ìe / 0:(|À¯) {³
SLAP
ÉYÄ«Z ±]
O ¶°
27
Á 4 Á 3 Á 2 / 3:ÄyZ 4 Á 3 Á 2 / 2:ÄyZ 3 Á 2 / 1:ÄyZ 2 / 0:¯ |«Z§
5:(Y{ÄyZ 5 Y Ì]) ÉYÃZf / 4:ÄyZ 5
±] ÊËÁ t ¯ ¿
TADS
5Á4Á3Á2 / 3:ÄyZ 4Á3Á2 / 2:ÄyZ 3Á2 / 1:ÄyZ 2 / 0:¯ |«Z§
5:(Y{ÄyZ 5 Y Ì]) ÉYÃZf / 4:ÄyZ
±] Êfa t ¯ ¿
TABS
Á º¯Yf» / 2:ĸZ§ Z] Á Âf» / 1:®Àe Á º¯ ʸÌy / 0:¯ |«Z§
4:Z¼¶]Z«Ì£ Á º¯Yf» ʸÌy / 3:ºÅ Ä] ®Ë{¿
ÉYÄ«Z
±] ÊËÁ t ¯ º¯Ye
DADS
Á º¯Yf» / 2:ĸZ§ Z] Á Âf» / 1:®Àe Á º¯ ʸÌy / 0:¯ |«Z§
4:Z¼¶]Z«Ì£ Á º¯Yf» ʸÌy / 3:ºÅ Ä] ®Ë{¿
ÉYÄ«Z
ÉYÄ«Z
±] Êfa t ¯ º¯Ye
DABS
ÉYÄ«Z
28
29
30
31
32
1:¶° Á{ / 0:¶°ºÅ
POLE
{|
SLTL
{|
FLDE
f»Ê¸Ì»
INLE
{|
NRCO
{|
ILTL
{|
ILTN
*ÊËY ÉYmY
f»Ê¸Ì»
PELE
¶´»{ µÂ
39
PETR
¶´»{ ¯ ¿
40
PETD
¶´»{ ¯ º¯Ye
41
3:
O { fÌ] ʸÌy º¯YeZ] t ¶¯
PETS
¶´»{ ÉÁ ] ¯ À¯Ya ¶v»
42
f»Ê¸Ì»
BSLE
ÉYÄ̯ ±^Z¯ µÂ
43
f»Ê¸Ì»
HSLE
Y{½Zů ±^Z¯ µÂ
44
f»Ê¸Ì»
BSWI
ÉYÄ̯ ±^Z¯
45
f»Ê¸Ì»
HSWI
Y{½Zů ±^Z¯
46
SETR
±^Z¯ ¯ ¿
47
µÂ Ä] Y{±] Ä«Z µÂ d^¿
¾Ë}M¶³ µÂ
(ÃÂÌ» Á ¶³
ÃZ̳ µÂ Ä] ¾Ë}M¶³ µÂ d^¿
{Y| e Ä] ¾Ë}M¶³ µÂ d^¿
{ Ã|À¯Ya / 2:t ¶¯ { Ã|À¯Ya dyYÂÀ°Ë / 1:
O { ¤ / 0:{Y|Á 4 Á 3 Á 2 / 3:ÄyZ 4 Á 3 Á 2 / 2:ÄyZ 3Á2 / 1:ÄyZ 2 / 0:¯ |«Z§
5:(Y{ÄyZ 5 Y Ì]) ÉYÃZf / 4:ÄyZ 5
¾Ë}M¶³
O
,ÄrÀ£ Y ºY) ÊËY ÉYmY {Y| e
Á º¯Yf» / 2:ĸZ§ Z] Á Âf» / 1:®Àe Á º¯ ʸÌy / 0:¯ |«Z§
4:Z¼¶]Z«Ì£ Á º¯Yf» ʸÌy / 3:ºÅ Ä] ®Ë{¿
ÃZ̳ ¶¯
(f»Êf¿Z 1/5) { ZŶ³ º¯Ye
Á 4 Á 3 Á 2 / 3:ÄyZ 4 Á 3 Á 2 / 2:ÄyZ 3Á2 / 1:ÄyZ 2 / 0:¯ |«Z§
5:(Y{ÄyZ 5 Y Ì]) ÉYÃZf / 4:ÄyZ 5
Zű] ½{Â] ¶° |Àq
33
34
35
36
37
38
1391 ZÆ] ,ºÅ{ ÃZ¼ ,¹ZÆq µZ ,®ÌeZ¼fÌÂÌ] Á ʻ¿¯Ze
84
Z̬»/ZÅd·Zu
d¨ ZfyY
Á º¯Yf» / 2:ĸZ§ Z] Á Âf» / 1:®Àe Á º¯ ʸÌy / 0:¯ |«Z§
(Fa) d¨ ½YÂÀ
±^Z¯ ¯ º¯Ye
\Ìee ÃZ¼
48
4:Z¼¶]Z«Ì£ Á º¯Yf» ʸÌy / 3:ºÅ Ä] ®Ë{¿
SETD
Z̬» ½Á|]
PLTW
*±^¸³
f»Ê¸Ì»
PETL
±^¸³ µÂ
50
f»Ê¸Ì»
PEWI
±^¸³ ®ÀÆa
51
f»Ê¸Ì»
CLLE
±^¸³ ®ÀyZ¿ µÂ
52
Z̬» ½Á|]
CLTP
2:¥Z / 1:Äf§ Á§ / 0:{³
PEAP
±^¸³
O ¶°
54
f»Ê¸Ì»
FSLE
¶³ Ä»Zy µÂ
55
f»Ê¸Ì»
LSLE
|À¸] ºqa ĸ̻ µÂ
56
f»Ê¸Ì»
SSLE
ÃZe¯ ºqa Éĸ̻ µÂ
57
f»Ê¸Ì»
LSAL
|À¸] ºqa { Z] µÂ
58
f»Ê¸Ì»
SSAL
ÃZe¯ ºqa { Z] µÂ
59
f»Ê¸Ì»
LSAW
* |À¸] ºqa { Z]
60
f»Ê¸Ì»
SSAW
ÃZe¯ ºqa { Z]
61
f»Ê¸Ì»
FRLE
ÃÂÌ» µÂ
62
f»Ê¸Ì»
FRWI
* ÃÂÌ»
63
FRSH
ÃÂÌ» ʸ¯ ¶°
64
FRTR
ÃÂÌ» t ÉZů ¿
65
4:Z¼¶]Z«Ì£ Á º¯Yf» ʸÌy / 3:ºÅ Ä] ®Ë{¿
FRTD
ÃÂÌ» t ÉZů º¯Ye
66
Äm{
FRAN
ª§Y t Z] ÃÂÌ» ÄËÁY
67
4:Ã|Ë] / 3:®q¯ Ä]·Á{
STSH
* (ÃÂÌ»
O {) Ä·Ô¯
O ¶°
68
f»Ê¸Ì»
FRPL
ÃÂÌ» ®ËZa µÂ
69
f»Ê¸Ì»
FSTL
(ÃÂÌ» ÉÁ ]) Ä»Zy µÂ
70
f»Ê¸Ì»
FSTW
(ÃÂÌ» ÉÁ ]) Ä»Zy
71
Z̬» ½Á|]
FWTS
* (ÃÂÌ» {)
2:eºÌz /1:ÉÁZ» 0Z^ˬe / 0:e®ËZ]
PTFW
ÃÂÌ» Ä] d^¿ ¹{ d»Zz
73
2:eºÌz /1:ÉÁZ» 0Z^ˬe / 0:e®ËZ]
PTPE
* ¶´»{ Ä] d^¿ ÃÂÌ» ¹{ d»Zz
74
1:{Y{/ 0:{Y|¿
HABR
Äf¯Y] ¾fY{
75
®ÀÆa Ä] µÂ d^¿
®ÀÆa µÂ Ä] ®ÀyZ¿ µÂ d^¿
{ Ê·Á Êye½YÂm ÉZÅÃÂÌ» { / 2:ÉYÄ¿YÂfY / 1:ÊvÌ^e Ä¿Y{ / 0:Êy
3:ÊvÌ^eÄ¿Y{ ¢·Z] Á Ã| ®y ÉZÅÃÂÌ»
Á 4 Á 3 Á 2 / 3:ÄyZ 4 Á 3 Á 2 / 2:ÄyZ 3Á2 / 1:ÄyZ 2 / 0:¯ |«Z§
6:Y{ÄyZ 5 Y Ì] Ze 2 /(Y{ÄyZ 5 Y Ì]) ÉYÃZf / 4:ÄyZ 5
Á º¯Yf» / 2:ĸZ§ Z] Á Âf» / 1:®Àe Á º¯ ʸÌy / 0:¯ |«Z§
-½Z / 2:|Z^f» Ô»Z¯
0
Ä]· Á{ / 1:®q¯ ʸÌy Ä]·Á{ / 0:½Z
±^¸³
Ä»Zy Ä] ÃÂÌ» d^¿
49
53
72
85
Ê]ÂÀm Á É ,Ê·Z¼ ½ZYy ÉZŽZfY { Erysimum L. (Brassicaceae) Àm ÉZÅĿ³ ®Ëf»Â§Â» Ä ·Z»
|/ ] Ä/¸u» { ,¾ËY]Z/À] .|¿{°¿ ËZ¼f» ´Ë|°Ë Y Y
/]YÁ ÉÂ/´·Y Ê/] Â/À» Ä] :ZÅÃ{Y{ ÄËne
cZ¨// ½|//¿Z» Ê«Z//] Á cZ¨// f//Ì] ¥~//u ÉY//]
Ä/Ëne ,µÁY ĸu» { ,ZÆ¿M É|À]ÃÁ³ Á ZÅÄËYM ½ZÌ»
Mann- Ã/̤f» ®/e ½Â/»M Y|/f]Y { ,eÃ|ÀÀ¯ËZ¼f»
(Principal Component ʸ//Y ÉZ//ÅÄ//¨·R» Ä//]
Independent samples t-Test µ{Z/ ») Withney U
Äz/¿ CANOCO Y/§Y¹/¿ Y Ã{Z¨fY Z] Analysis)
ÊËZŠĿ³ d¨m ÉY] Y (Éf»YZa Ì£ ÉZÅ ½Â»M {
cÂ// (Ter Braak and Smilauer, 2002) 4/5
Á Ä/fzÌ»M º/Å { cÂ/ Ä] ÄÌ·ÁY PCA ÄËne { į
¥~u ÉY] ,z» É|À]ÃÁ³ ¹| d¸ Ä] .d§³
Á Ã{Y{ ¹Z/n¿Y ,|/¿{Â] Ä/f§³ Y/« ´Ë|/°Ë Ä] ®Ë{¿
½Â//»M Y ,Ã|//ÀÀ¯ËZ//¼f» //Ì£ Á \//ZÀ»Z¿ cZ¨//
®/Ë{¿ ÉZ/ŠĿ³ ¾ËY ÊËY|m { į Y ÊeZ¨ ʬ]Z»
/ÌyY ½Â/»M .|/ Äf§³ ®¼¯ Kruskal-Wallis H
¥~/u cZ¨/ Ä/Ì·ÁY ËeZ» Y ,|ÀfY|¿ ʬ¿ ºÅ Ä]
.|///// ¹Z/////n¿Y 16 Äz/////¿ SPSS Y/////§Y¹/////¿ {
.|/ nÀ» ´Ë{ d¨ 10 ¥~u Ä] Z¯ ¾ËY į Ã{¯
Ä/¯ d/Y ÊËZ/ŽÂ/»M Y Ê/°Ë Kruskal-Wallis H
Y Ã{Z¨fY Z] 0Y{|n» ,PCA Ã̤f» |Àq ÄËne ,Ä»Y{Y {
{Y/§Y ÃÁ/³ |/Àq Z/Ë Á{ ½Z/Ì»{ Z/Å̤f» ÄËZ¬» ÉY]
¾/ËY Ê/ { Z/Å Ã{Y{ .|/ Y°e Ã|¿Z» Ê«Z] d¨ 62
µ{Z// » ½Â//»M ¾//ËY .{Â//Ê//» Ã{Z¨f//Y º//Å Y ¶¬f//»
Ê´f/^¼Å °ËeZ/» b/ Á {Y|¿ZfY Y|f]Y ,½Â»M
¾/ËY .dY ħ ®Ë ¿ZËYÁ ÄËne nonparametric
{ .|// Ä^//Zv» Z//Æ¿M ÉY//] (correlation matrix)
Z¯Ä] ʼ¯
= ÉZÅÃ{Y{ į {ÂÊ» Ã{Z¨fY Ê¿Z» ½Â»M
,PCA Y ¶/Zu É|/À]ÃÁ/³ |/ÌËPe ÉY/] |/ ] ĸu»
) |ÀZ^¿ Y{Ây] µZ»¿ ËÂe Y ªÌ¬ve { Äf§
Ä//] //Ì¿ (CA, Cluster Analysis) ÉYÄ//Ây Ä//Ëne
Y Ã{Z¨f/Y Z/] .(Éf»YZ/a /Ì£ ÉZ/Å Á É̳Z¯ Ä]
®//¼¯ Ä//] //ÌyY Ä//Ëne .|// ¹Z//n¿Y UPGMA Á
ÉZ///ÅÃ{Y{ ///ËÂe Kolmogorov-Smirnov ½Â///»M
½Z/ËZa { .d§Ë~/a ¹Zn¿Y 2/0 Äz¿ NTSYS Y§Y¹¿
//ËÂe ÉYY{ cZ¨// Y Ê//y] .|// Ê//] Ê//=¼¯
|/̸¯ { Ã{Z¨f/Y ÉY/] \/ZÀ» cZ¨ ¾ÌÌ e ÉY] Ì¿
¶Ë|/////^e Á É̳Z/////¯Ä/////] Z/////] ,µZ/////»¿Ì£
ÉZ/Å Ä/¿Â³ d/¨m ÉY] cZ¨ ʳ|ÀÀ¯Y|m ,ÊËZZÀ
cZ¨/ Ä̬] Z»Y ,|¿| µZ»¿ lg10 (transformation)
½Â/»M Y ,ÂÀ» ¾ËY ÉY] .| Ê] ºÅ Ä] ®Ë{¿
½Â/»M Y Ã{Z¨fY Z] .|¿|¿ Y{Ây] Ê·Z»¿ ËÂe Y
SPSS Y/§Y¹/¿ { Mann-Withney U Ã/̤f» ®e
d»Zz ,[Z ¿Y ¶v») d¨ Ä ,Kruskal-Wallis
.(3 µÁ|m) | Ã{Z¨fY 16 Äz¿
d¨/ 75 Y (ÃÂ/Ì» / Á ¶/´»{ Ä] d^¿ ÃÂÌ» ¹{
Ä ·Z» {» ÉZÅĿ³ ÉY{ÊÀ »  Ä] ,Ä ·Z» {»
1391 ZÆ] ,ºÅ{ ÃZ¼ ,¹ZÆq µZ ,®ÌeZ¼fÌÂÌ] Á ʻ¿¯Ze
86
Mann- ½Â/»M ®/¼¯ Ä/] ,º/Å Ä/] ®/Ë{¿ ®/Ë·§» dÅZ^ Á É|¿ÁZËÂy Z] ÉZÅĿ³ Ã|ÀÀ¯ËZ¼f» cZ¨ dƧ -3 µÁ|m
./¿ {Â/» ÉZÅĿ³ ÉY] Ã| É̳ÃY|¿Y cZ¨ ÉY{ÊÀ » t ¾ÌÌ e ÉY] ,16 Äz¿ SPSS Y§Y¹¿ Y Ã{Z¨fY Z] Á Withney U
.dY 2 µÁ|m
ZY ] d¨ ÃZ¼ ´¿ZÌ] f¿Ya ¶yY{ {|
,kerba=E.
kerbabaevii ,crassi*=Y{//////¯ E.
crassicaule ,stock=E.
stocksianum ,crassi=E.
crassicaule
,repan=E. repandum ,griff=E. griffithianum ,sisy=E. sisymbrioides ,crassip=E. crassipes ,aitchi=E. aitchisonii
.perse=E. persepolitanum Á nanum=E. nanum
No.
crassi & stock
crassi & crassi*
kerba & aitchi
kerba & crassip
sisy & griff
repan & griff
nanum & perse
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
BLLE (11)
DADB (20)
DABB (21)
SLLE (22)
ILTL (37)
PELE (39)
PETD (41)
PETS (42)
BSLE (43)
HSLE (44)
BSWI (45)
SETD (48)
PETL (50)
PEWI (51)
CLLE (52)
PEAP (54)
FSLE (55)
LSLE (56)
SSLE (57)
LSAL (58)
SSAL (59)
FRSH (62)
FRPL (69)
FSTL (70)
FSTW (71)
FWTS (72)
PTFW (73)
HABR (75)
-
PLHI (2)
STTD (10)
BLSH (13)
DADS (30)
POLE (32)
INLE (35)
NRCO (36)
ILTL (37)
PELE (39)
PETR (40)
PETD (41)
PETS (42)
FSLE (55)
FRAN (67)
FRPL (69)
FSTL (70)
FSTW (71)
-
LICY (1)
STTR (9)
STTD (10)
BLLE (11)
BLWI (12)
BLSH (13)
DADB (20)
SLWI (23)
SLSH (24)
POLE (32)
SLTL (33)
FLDE (34)
ILTN (38)
PELE (39)
PETR (40)
PETD (41)
PETL (50)
PEWI (51)
CLTP (53)
FSLE (55)
LSLE (56)
SSLE (57)
LSAL (58)
SSAL (59)
SSAW (61)
FRLE (62)
FRSH (64)
FRPL (69)
FSTL (70)
PLHI (2)
STCO (3)
BRNM (8)
STTR (9)
STTD (10)
BLLE (11)
BLWI (12)
BLSH (13)
BLMA (14)
BLMD (15)
TADB (18)
TABB (19)
DADB (20)
DABB (21)
SLWI (23)
TADS (28)
TABS (29)
SLTL (33)
INLE (35)
NRCO (36)
ILTL (37)
SETR (47)
SSLE (57)
FRTR (65)
FRAN (67)
FSTL (70)
PTFW (73)
-
PLHI (2)
BRNM (8)
BLSH (13)
BLMA (14)
BLMD (15)
DADB (20)
DABB (21)
SLLE (22)
SLWI (23)
SLMD (26)
TABS (29)
DADS (30)
DABS (31)
INLE (35)
ILTL (37)
ILTN (38)
BSWI (45)
PEWI (51)
FSLE (55)
SSAW (61)
FRLE (62)
FRTD (66)
FRAN (67)
PTFW (73)
-
PLHI (2)
BRNB (7)
STTD (10)
BLWI (12)
SLWI (23)
SLMD (26)
PELE (39)
BSLE (43)
HSLE (44)
BSWI (45)
HSWI (46)
PETL (50)
PEWI (51)
CLLE (52)
CLTP (53)
LSLE (56)
SSLE (57)
LSAL (58)
SSAL (59)
SSAW (61)
FRLE (62)
FRTR (65)
FRAN (67)
FRPL (69)
-
PLHI (2)
BRNB (7)
SLLE (22)
INLE (35)
ILTL (37)
SSLE (57)
SSAL (59)
FSTW (71)
FWTS (72)
-
Ä/ ,PCA Ä/Ëne Y ¶Zu Y{¼¿ { :PCA ÄËne
-
lËZf¿
µÁY ÃÁ³ :(1A ¶°) {ÂÊ» Ã{Y{ Ìze ,Ã|¼ ÃÁ³
®/¼¯ Ä] :Mann-Withney
E. griffithianum ,E. repandum ÉZ//ÅÄ//¿Â³ ¶»Z//
É/f¼¯ d/̼ÅY ÉYY{ į ´Ë{ d¨ 10 ,½Â»M ¾ËY
-E. persepolitanum Á E. nanum ,E. sisymbrioides
¥~u d¨ Ä ] ÃÁÔ) ,|¿{Â] ZÅĿ³ ½ZÌ» ËZ¼e {
,E. aitchisonii ÉZ////ÅÄ////¿Â³ ¶»Z//// ¹Á{ ÃÁ////³
|¿|/ ¥~u (Kruskal-Wallis H ½Â»M Âe Ã|
{ Ä/¯ ÃÁ³ ¾Ì»Â Á -E. crassipes Á E. kerbabaevii
28 Á Ê/ ¼¯
= d¨// 34 ¶»Z// ,d¨// 62 d//ËZÆ¿ { Á
,E. stocksianum ,E. crassicaule ÉZ/ÅÄ/¿Â³ Ã|¿Ì³]
{YÁ É|/ ] ÉZ/ÅÄ/Ëne { į |¿|¿Z» Ê«Z] ʨ̯ d¨
.dY E. ischnostylum Á Y{¯ E. crassicaule
.|¿|
U Ã̤f»®e ½Â»M
87
Ê]ÂÀm Á É ,Ê·Z¼ ½ZYy ÉZŽZfY { Erysimum L. (Brassicaceae) Àm ÉZÅĿ³ ®Ëf»Â§Â» Ä ·Z»
-ʸ/Y Ä/¨·R» ¾Ì/»Á{ Á ¾Ì/·ÁY
Z/Y /] ZÅĿ³ dÌ «Â» :A .Ä ·Z» {» {§ 84 Ä] Â]» PCA Y ¶Zu Y{¼¿ -1 ¶°
/Å {Y|/f»Y { į dY ÊeZ¨ ÂÀe |{ ´¿ZÌ] f¿Ya ¶yY{ {Y|Y .ʸY Ĩ·R» ¾Ì»Â Á ¾Ì·ÁY
ZY ] ZÅĿ³ dÌ «Â» :B
, =E. stocksianum , =E. aitchisonii , =E. ischnostylum , =E. crassicaule .d/Y Ã|/ Ã{Y{ ËZ/¼¿ Â/v»
, =E. sisymbrioides , =E. griffithianum , =E. repandum , =E.kerbabaevii ,
=Y{¯ E. crassicaule
=E. crassipes , =E. persepolitanum, =E. nanum
®/Ì°¨e Y{¯ E. crassicaule Á E. ischnostylum
,{Â//Ê//» Ã|ÅZ//» //Ì¿ 1A ¶°// { Ä//¯ Â//½Z//¼Å
Ì¿ E. ischnostylum Ŀ³ ÉZY .(1A ¶°) |¿ÂÊ»
,E. crassicaule ¶»Z// ÃÁ//³ { ÉYÄ//¿Â³ ¾Ì//] ZfyZ//
Y {Ây ,(1B ¶°) ¹Â Á µÁY Âv» Y ¶Zu Y{¼¿ {
E. crassicaule Á E. stocksianum Á E. ischnostylum
¾//ËY ÉZ//Y ËZ// Y (PC3) Â//v» ¾Ì»Â// {Y|//f»Y {
Ä/] Â/]» {Y/§Y Äq ³Y -dÌ¿ z» ʸÌy Y{¯
.{ZÊ» Y|m °¸b¼¯
ʸ//Y Â//v» ¾Ì//»Á{ µÂ// { E. stocksianum Ä//¿Â³
ÉZ///ÅÄ///¿Â³ Ä///] Â///]» {Y///§Y Y É{Á|///u Z///e (PC2)
1391 ZÆ] ,ºÅ{ ÃZ¼ ,¹ZÆq µZ ,®ÌeZ¼fÌÂÌ] Á ʻ¿¯Ze
88
/Ë ÉZ/fyY ÉZ/Åd/»Ô Z/] Z/ÅĿ³ .½ZYy ÉZŽZfY { Erysimum Àm ÉZÅĿ³ ÉY] UPGMA Á Ä] ÉYÄÂy ÄËne -2 ¶°
.|¿YÃ| Ã{Z¨fY {Y|Y ªÌ«{ ¶v» ½{Y{ ½Z¿ ÉY] ZŸ§ -|¿YÃ| Ã{Y{ ½Z¿
cr: E. crassicaule, st: E. stocksianum, , is: E. ischnostylum, ai: E. aitchisonii, ke: E. kerbabaevii, cra: E. crassipes,
re: E. repandum, gr: E. griffithianum, si: E. ,sisymbrioides , na: E. nanum, pe: E. persepolitanum, cr*: E. crassicaule Y{¯
Á E. crassicaule =3 -1 ÃZ¼// //m Ä/ ] Z//ÅÄ//¿Â³ ʬ]Z//» =2 -Y{//¯ E. crassicaule Á E. stocksianum ,E. crassicaule Y ÉYÄ//¼n» =1
-Y{/¯E. crassicaule =8 -E. stocksianum =6 -E. crassicaule =7 Á 5 -Y{/¯ E. crassicaule Á E. crassicaule =4 -E. stocksianum
E. repandum, E. griffithianum, E.
Y ÉYÄ/¼n» =10 -E. ischnostylum, E. aitchisonii, E. kerbabaevii, E. crassipes Y ÉYÄ/¼n» =9
-E. crassipes Á E. kerbabaevii E. aitchisonii, Y ÉYÄ/¼n» =12 -E. ischnostylum =11 -sisymbrioides, E. nanum, E. persepolitanum
Y ÉYÄ///¼n» =17 -E. kerbabaevii =16 -E. aitchisonii =15 -E. crassipes =14 -E. kerbabaevii Á E. aitchisonii Y ÉYÄ///¼n» =13
Y ÉYÄ///¼n» =20 Á 19 -E. persepolitanum Á E. nanum Y ÉYÄ///¼n» =18 -E. sisymbrioides Á E. repandum, E. griffithianum
Á E. griffithianum Y ÉYÄ////¼n» =24 -E. griffithianum =25 Á 23 -E. repandum =22 Á 21 -E. griffithianum Á E. repandum
.E. persepolitanum =28 Á E. nanum =27 -E. sisymbrioides =26 -E. sisymbrioides
89
Ê]ÂÀm Á É ,Ê·Z¼ ½ZYy ÉZŽZfY { Erysimum L. (Brassicaceae) Àm ÉZÅĿ³ ®Ëf»Â§Â» Ä ·Z»
ÉZ/ÅÄ/¿Â³ Ä/] ª/¸ f» {Y/§Y ½Z/Ì» d/¿YÂe ,|/ Ã{Z¨fY
Y|///f]Y { CA Ä///Ëne :(CA) ÉYÄ///Ây Ä//Ëne
.{Â/ ¶/WZ« ËZ¼e E. stocksianum Á E. crassicaule
±///] ÃÁ///³ Á{ { Y Ä/// ·Z» {Â///» ÉZ///ÅÄ///ËYM
ÉZ/Y (2 ¶°/) Ä/Ëne ¾ËY Y ¶Zu ÄnÌf¿
ZY ]
{ ÃÁ//³ Á{ ¾//ËY Ä//¯ (2 ¶°//) |//À¯Ê//» É|//À]ÃÁ//³
ºÌ//¬e Äf//{ Á{ Ä//] E. crassicaule Ä//¿Â³ Ä//] ª//¸ f»
|//¿YÃ|ÅZ//» ¶//]Z« //Ì¿ PCA Ä//Ëne Y ¶//Zu Y{Â//¼¿
½M ÃÁ//³Ë ®//Ë |//Ê//» //¿ Ä//] Ä//¯ |¿Â//Ê//»
Ä·Z Á{ ÉZÅĿ³ ¶»Z (1 ÃZ¼) µÁY ÃÁ³ .(1 ¶°)
Ä////¿Â³ Ä////] Ê////°ÌfÀ§ ////¿ Y (5 ÃZ¼////=crassi1)
E. crassicaule/E. stocksianum/E. crassicaule
ÃZ¼/=crassi 2) /´Ë{ ÃÁ³Ë Á E. stocksianum
,{Â/Ê» ºÌ¬e ÃÁ³Ë Á{ Ä] {Ây į dY Y{¯
.|À//Z] //e®//Ë{¿ Y{//¯ E. crassicaule Ä//] (7
½Â//¯Ze Ä//] Â//]» {Y//§Y Y Ã|// ®//Ë Ä//¯ ÉÂ// Ä/]
d/¨Å Ä/¯ |/Å{Ê/» ½Z/¿ (3 µÁ|m) Ã̤f» ®e ÄËne
{ E. stocksianum Ä/¿Â³ ÃY/¼Å Ä/] E. crassicaule
Ä/Z¯ ÉY/mY µÂ/ ¶»Z/ ¶³ ÉYmY Ä] Â]» d¨
¾Ì/¼Å {Y/§Y Y ´Ë{ ÉYÃ| Á (3 ÃZ¼) ÃÁ³Ë ®Ë
¹{ d»Zz/ Á Zźqa ÉYmY µÂ ,±^¸³ µÂ ,¶³
ÃÁ//³Ë { Y{//¯ E. crassicaule Z//] ½Â//¯Ze
Ä/¿Â³ ÉZ/Y É|À]ºÌ¬e Ä] ,ÃÂÌ» Ä] d^¿ ÃÂÌ»
.|¿Ì³Ê» Y« (4 ÃZ¼) ´Ë{
(crassi 2 Á crassi 1) ÃÁ³Ë Á{ { E. crassicaule
¾ËY ÉZÅĿ³ ËZ Ã|¿Ì³] { (2 ÃZ¼) ¹Á{ ÃÁ³
{ Ã|// //¯} ÉZ//ŹY|//¿Y µÂ// Ä//¯ d//Y Ã|// //nÀ»
ºÌ/¬e Ã|/¼ ÃÁ³Ë Á{ Ä] {Ây Y{|n»
0
į dY Àm
{ Y//mY ¾//ËY µÂ// Y //eÃZ//e¯ crassi 1 ÃÁ//³Ë
Ä·Z/// |///Àq Ä///¿Â³ ÃÁ///³ ///Ë ®///Ë { .{Â///Ê///»
fÌ] d]Y« Ã|ÀÀ¯ÄÌmÂe ¾ËY Á ,dY crassi 2 ÃÁ³Ë
ÉZ/////ÅÄ/////¿Â³ Á (11 ÃZ¼/////) E.
,d/Y E. stocksianum Ä/¿Â³ ÉZY Z] µÁY ÃÁ³Ë
E. crassipes Á E. kerbabaevii ,E. aitchisonii
Ä/¿Â³ Y /e®q¯ ¶³ ÉYmY ÃY|¿Y Ŀ³ ¾ËY { YË
ÉZ/ÅÊ/³ËÁ Y ÉZÌ] ¿ Y į |¿Y{ Y« (12 ÃZ¼)
.dY E. crassicaule
ÃÁ/³ /Ë { .|/¿Y{ dÅZ^/ ´Ë|/°Ë Ä] ®Ë·§»
ischnostylum
Mann-Withney Ã̤f» ®e ÄËne Y ¶Zu lËZf¿
®/Ë { À/m ¾ËY Ä·Z®Ë ÉZÅĿ³ (10 ÃZ¼) ´Ë{
d¨/ 75 Y d¨/ 28 į (3 µÁ|m) |Å{Ê» ½Z¿ U
Á E. nanum Ä·Z/ |/Àq Ä/¿Â³ Á{ Á (17 ÃZ¼) [Z ¿Y
Y Ä/¿Â³ Á{ ¾/ËY ÉZ/Y ®Ì°¨e { ,Ã| É̳ÃY|¿Y
Y/« (18 ÃZ¼) ´Ë{ [Z ¿Y { E. persepolitanum
Ã|ÀÀ¯ËZ¼f» cZ¨ Y {» 24 į |¿Y{ ¬¿ ´Ë|°Ë
,|/ Ä/f¨³ ZnÀËY { Är¿M Z] Ì¿ ÊÆ]Z» É´·Y .|¿Ì³Ê»
Z/ÆÀe Á |/¿Y{ ª/¸ e ÊËY cZ¨ Ä] ¬§ ,ÄËYM Á{ ¾ËY
¶°/) {Â/Ê/» Ã|ÅZ/» /Ì¿ PCA Y ¶Zu Y{¼¿ {
¾ËY { cÁZ¨e .|ÀfÅ ÊËÁ ,Ã|ÀÀ¯ËZ¼f» d¨ ZÆq
.(1B
ÉZ/ŹY|/¿Y ¦/¸fz» ÉZ/Å/z] ÃY|/¿Y Ä] 0Ze|¼ cZ¨
½Z/Ë{Z¬» 0Z/»Â¼ Ä/¯ dY Â]» {Y§Y ¾ËY { ÊËY
É̳ÄnÌf¿ Á hv]
Y {Âm» ÉZÅ|̸¯ { .dY fÌ] E. crassicaule {
|//Àq Ä//Ëne :E.
Á (Polatscheck et al., 1968) Z/°Ì¿YËY YÂ/¸§ Ä/¸¼m
Ä/ ·Z» {Â/» ÉZÅÄËYM É|À]ÃÁ³ ÉY] į CA Ã̤f»
crassicaule Á E. stocksianum
1391 ZÆ] ,ºÅ{ ÃZ¼ ,¹ZÆq µZ ,®ÌeZ¼fÌÂÌ] Á ʻ¿¯Ze
90
ZY ] ,| Äf¨³ ¾ËY Y Ìa į ½Z¼Å .dY Ã|
Â]» cZ¨ Y ZÆÀe ,Ì¿ (Nasir, 1973) ½Zf¯Za ¸§
¹Á{ ÃÁ/³Ë Ä/] ª/¸ f» ÉZ/Y ,(2 ¶°/) ÄËne ¾ËY
Ã|/ Ã{Z¨f/Y ½Â/¯Ze Á{ ¾/ËY ÉZ/Y|m ÉY/] ¶³ Ä]
ÉZ/Y Z/] (7 ÃZ¼/=crassi2) E. crassicaule Ŀ³
|̸¯ 5 |À] { (Nasir, 1973) ½Zf¯Za ¸§ ,Äf^·Y .dY
Z//^eY Y{//¯ E. crassicaule Ä//ËYM Ä//] ª//¸ f»
nÀ» ´Ë|°Ë Y ½Â¯Ze Á{ ¾ËY ÉZY|m Ä] į ,{Ây
ÉY/mY {ZË µÂ ½M d¸ į |ÀÅ{Ê» ½Z¿ Éf°Ë{¿
¿ |» Y ʧ ÉZÅÄyZ [Z ¿Y ¶v» d¨ ,{ÂÊ»
Ä/¿Â³ ¥Ôy/]) d/Y Ä/ËYM Á{ ¾/ËY { (¶/³) ÊËY
Ä////¿Â³ { Ä////¯ d////Y Ã{////¯ ½Z////Ì] Á Ã{Y{ Y////«
É/eÃZ/e¯ µÂ/ Ê/ËY ÉY/mY į E. stocksianum
Ê/·Á ,{{³Ê» \ À» Ã|Z« Y Ä«Z E. stocksianum
.(|¿Y{
P/À» Ä«Z/ Ä/¿ZÌ» Y cZ]Z ¿Y E. crassicaule Ŀ³ {
ºÌ/ÀÌ]Ê/» (2 ¶°) CA Y ¶Zu Y{¼¿ Ä] ÊÅZ´¿ Z]
Ŀ³ Ä] ª¸ f» {Y§Y Ä̸¯ { Ä ·Z» ¾ËY { Z»Y -|¿Ì³Ê»
ÉZ/ÅÄ/ËYM ,ÄyZ/Ë Á{ Ä] 4 ÃZ¼ ÄyZ [Z ¿Y Z] į
\ /À» ʸ/Y Ä«Z/ Ä/¿ZÌ» Y ÄyZ/ ,E. stocksianum
Ê]Â/y Ä/] Y{¯ E. crassicaule Á E. crassicaule
¶/v» d¨/ Ä/¯ |/Ê/» /¿ Ä/] ¾ËY]Z/À] -{Â/] Ã|
Á{ ¾/ËY ¾Ì] ËZ¼e { d¨ 17 .|¿ÂÊ» Y|m ´Ë|°Ë Y
.|Z^¿ |̨» Ŀ³ Á{ ¾ËY ¾Ì] ®Ì°¨e ÉY] ,[Z ¿Y
Ã|//ÀÀ¯ËZ//¼f» cZ¨// ¾Ë//eº//Æ» Y .|//¿Y{ //¬¿ Ä//ËYM
¶°//) PCA Y ¶//Zu Y{Â//¼¿ { Ä//¯ ÊËZ//n¿M Y
Á Ä«Z/ ÉÁ /] Z/Å/¯ º¯Y/e Á Â/u Ä/] ½YÂ/eÊ»
{ E. stocksianum Ä/¿Â³ Ä/] ª¸ f» ÉZY \¸£Y ,(1A
¹{ Á ¶³ ¹{ µÂ ,ÉYÃ|Z« ÉZű] ʸ¯ ¶° ,¶´»{
Y|m E. crassicaule Ŀ³ ÉZY Y ,PC2 Âv» {Y|f»Y
¾/Ë}M¶/³ Ä/] Â/]» cZ¨ Á Ä»Zy Á µÂ ,ÃÂÌ»
É/̳Y« d/Ì «Â» ½Z/Ì» É{Z/Ë Ê¿Z/ÂaºÅ Á |¿ÂÊ»
//¿ Y µÁY ÃZ//´¿ { Ä//¯ ÊeÁZ//¨e ¾Ë//eº//Æ» .{//¯ ÃZ//Y
Ä/¯ |/Ê/» /¿ Ä/] ,{Y|/¿ {ÂmÁ Ŀ³ Á{ ¾ËY ÉZY
,{Â//Ê//» Ã|ÅZ//» Ä//ËYM Á{ ¾//ËY ¾Ì//] { ®//Ë·§»
Á{ Ä/] E. crassicaule Ŀ³ Ä] ª¸ f» ÉZY É|À]ºÌ¬e
½M {Y|f»Y Á Ä«Z ÉÁ ] ¶°ÉYÃZf ÉZů {ÂmÁ
cZ// ·Z» .|//Z^¿ {Z//¼fY ¶//]Z« CA { Y//n» ÃÁ//³ //Ë
.d/Y Y{/¯ E. crassicaule Ä/ËYM ¶/´»{ ÉÁ ]
ÉZ/Å®/ÌÀ°e cZ/«ÁY ÊÅZ/³ Ä/¯ dY Ã{Y{ ½Z¿ Äf~³
Y¸§ ĸ¼m Y ,{Âm» ÉZŸ§ { į dY Ê·Zu { ¾ËY
Ä// ·Z» ¾//ËY { Ä//¯ UPGMA ®//ÌÀ°e Ä//¸¼mY ,CA
½Zf/¯Za Â/¸§ Á (Polatscheck et al., 1968) Z/°Ì¿YËY
/] Ê/fu Y Ê^eY» ĸ¸ ZfyZ ®Ë ,dY Ã| Ã{Z¨fY
{ ÃZ/̳ Ä«Z/ ½{Â/] ¯Ê] d¨ Ä] ,(Nasir, 1973)
,|/¿Y{ Z/^eY Á Ê´fÂÌa ´Ë|°Ë Z] į ÊËZÅÃ{Y{ ÉÁ
{ ¾Ì//Àr¼Å .d//Y Ã|// ÃZ//Y E. crassicaule Ä//¿Â³
|//Z] Ã|//ÀÀ¯ÃY//¼³ |//¿YÂeÊ//» ¾//ËY Ä//¯ |//À¯Ê//» µZ//¼Y
Ä////¿Â³ { Ä////»Zy µÂ//// ,Ã|//// ////¯} ÉZ////Ÿ§
Ä//¯ |//Ê//¼¿ //¿ Ä//] ,¾ËY]Z//À] .(Thorpe, 1983)
{ ,d/Y Ã| ½YÂÀ f»Ê¸Ì» 1/2 Ze 1 ,E. crassicaule
Á{ { E. crassicaule Ä///¿Â³ ÉZ///Y É|///À]ºÌ///¬e
E. crassicaule Ä///] Â///]» {Y///§Y { Ä///¯ÊeÂ///
.|Z] ÊZy ®Ì»Â¿Â¯Ze ÉZÀ » ÉYY{ ÃÁ³Ë
{ .d/Y /̤f» /f»Ê/¸Ì» 5 Ze 3 Y Ä»Zy µÂ ,Y{¯
:Y{///¯ E. crassicaule Á E. crassicaule
ÉYmY {Y| e Á µÂ ,Ì¿ ¾Ë}M¶³ Ä] Â]» cZ¨ {»
¶/WZ« ËZ/¼e Ä/ËYM Á{ ¾ËY Ä] ª¸ f» {Y§Y ½ZÌ» CA ÄËne
91
Ê]ÂÀm Á É ,Ê·Z¼ ½ZYy ÉZŽZfY { Erysimum L. (Brassicaceae) Àm ÉZÅĿ³ ®Ëf»Â§Â» Ä ·Z»
Á ÓZ/] ®/Ë·§» dÅZ^/ ÉYY{ Ä/¯ ÊËZ/ÅĿ³ ½ZÌ»
{ cZ¨/ ¾ËY ʼ¯
= Y|¬» Y ,¯~» ÄËYM { ¾Ë}M¶³
(Otieno d/Y Ê^ZÀ» ZÌ] Y]Y ,|ÀfÅ ®Ë{¿ Z^eY
.dY f¼¯ E. crassicaule
,½Â/¯Ze Ä/ ¾/ËY Ä/] Êv/ ÊÅZ´¿ { .et al., 2006)
Ã/̤f» |/Àq Ä/Ëne ,{Â/Ê» Ã|ÅZ» į ½Z¼Å
Ä/¿Â³ Ä/ ¾/ËY ÉZY ½ZÌ» É{ZË ®Ë·§» dÅZ^
{ É{Á|u Ze Y ÄËYM Á{ ¾ËY ÉZY d¿YÂe Ì¿ PCA
Ä/] ½YÂeÊ» Ä]Z» cZ¨ ¾ËY ĸ¼m Y į {ÂÊ» Ã|ÅZ»
Y (1B ¶°/) PC3 Á (1A ¶°/) PC1 Â/v» {Y|f»Y
Z/ŹY|¿Y ÉÁ ] ÄyZ Á{ ÉZů dÌ^·Z£ Á Ä«Z ²¿
lËZ/f¿ Ä/] Ä/mÂe Z/] d/Y ¾/°¼» .|À¯ ®Ì°¨e ´Ë|°Ë
(2 ¶°/) CA Y ¶/Zu ÄnÌf¿ į ½Z¼Å .{¯ ÃZY
Â//e ¾//ËY (2 Á 1 ÉZ//Ŷ°//) PCA Á CA Y ¶//Zu
ÉÅZ/ ÉZ/ÅdÅZ^/ ] ZÀ] Ŀ³ Ä ¾ËY |Å{Ê» ½Z¿ Ì¿
Á{ ½Z/Ì» |/Ë^ÌÅ E. crassicaule |ËZ/ Ä/¯ {Â {ZnËY
ÃZ¼) |¿YÄf§³ Y« ÄyZ ®Ë { ,|¿Y{ ´Ë|°Ë Z] į
E. crassicaule Á E. stocksianum Ê·Z//¼fuY |//·YÁ
Ä/ ] (14 ÃZ¼//) E. crassipes ,©//¨e ¾Ìf//z¿ { .(12
ÉZY À¯Ya ¶v» ªZÀ» Ä] ÄmÂe Z] .|Z] Y{¯
Ä//¿Â³ Á{ Y (3 µÁ|//m) d¨// 38 ®//¼¯ Ä//] Ê//fuY
ÊuYÂ/¿ Y 0Ze|/¼ Ä/¯ Y{/¯ E. crassicauleÄËYM
(2 ¶° ,13 ÃZ¼) E. kerbabaevii Á E. aitchisonii
½Z/°»Y ¾/ËY ,|/¿YÃ| ÉÁM¼m ½ZfY Ê¿Z]ZÌ] Á ®y
Y|//m E. kerbabaevii Y (3 µÁ|//m) d¨// 27 Z//] Á
f//Ì] º¯Y//e Á Ä«Z// ½|// Y{//¯ Ä//¯ {Y{ {Â//mÁ
Ã|//ÀÀ¯ËZ//¼f» cZ¨// ¾Ë//eº//Æ» Ä//¸¼m Y .{{//³Ê//»
Ì/v» Z/] Z/ Ä/nÌf¿ { ,Z/ű/] ÉÁ ] Zů
Ä/] ½YÂ/eÊ/» E. crassipes Á E. kerbabaevii ÉZÅĿ³
Â/ÀÅ ,Ã{Â] ÊÌv» 0Z§ cZ¨ ¾ËY Á |ÀZ] Ã| {ZnËY
Ä«Z/ Z/] Ä/ËZ¬» { ,E. crassipes È«Z/ ½{Â] Y{¯
´Ë|/°Ë Y ÃÁ/³ Á{ ¾/ËY ÊËY|/m Ä/] ʸ»Z/°e Zv· Y
,ÃÁÔ// Ä/] .{//¯ ÃZ//Y E. kerbabaevii //¯ ½Á|//]
ÃYÁ Ä/¯ dY ¹Ó c ¾ËY { į |Z] Ã|¿ nÀ»
½{Â//] // º//¯ ,{Z//Ë cZ]Z //¿Y {Y|// e //Ì¿ ÊeZ¨//
]Z/À» { ,Ä«Z/ ½{Â/] /¯ |/«Z§ ÉZÀ » Ä] "glaber"
Á Ä«Z/ ÉÁ /] Z/ů cÁZ¨f» º¯Ye Á ¿ ,Zű]
¥~/u Ä/¿Â³ ¾/ËY s/ Ä/] Â]» cZvÌÂe Y Ã|ÀËM
{ Ä/»Zy {Z/Ë µÂ/ Á Ê/ËY ÉYmY º¯ {Y| e ,Zű]
ÉZ//À^» //] ½M
Z//Y Ä//¯ Ä// ·Z» ¾//ËY { ,Ä//f^·Y .{{//³
d//·Zy{ E. kerbabaevii Y E. crassipes ÉZ//Y|m
Á{ ¾/ËY Ä/¯ d/¨³ ½YÂ/eÊ» ZÆÀe ,dY ÃZ̳ É·§»
.|¿Y{
Á |//¿´Ë|°Ë Y ®//Ì°¨e ¶/]Z« ÉÅZ// Z//v· Y Ä/ËYM
d¨// 29 ,(13 ÃZ¼// ,2 ¶°//) //´Ë{ ÄyZ// {
¦/¸fz» Ä/¿Â³ Á{ Ä/] Z/Æ¿M Z/ËM Ä/°ÀËY ÃZ] { ¿ ZÆY
kerbabaevii ÉZ/////ÅÄ/////¿Â³ ,(3 µÁ|/////m)
E. crassicaule Z//ËM Ä//°ÀËY Z//Ë Á //Ìy Z//Ë |//¿Y{ ª//¸ e
Ä//¯ {Z//Ê//» ËZ//¼f» ´Ë|//°Ë Y Y E. aitchisonii
,Ìy ZË dY E. crassicaule Y ÉY Ä¿Â³Ë Y{¯
µÂ ,Ä«Z ½{Â] ¯ ½Á|] Á ¥Z ,ZÆ¿M ¾Ëe{ÂÆ»
Ê/ « ¿ ZÆY ÉY] Á dY Ä ·Z» ¾ËY ½YÂe Y kZy
{ Ä///»Zy e|///À¸] µÂ/// Á Z///ÅÃÂ///Ì» |///À¸] ZÌ///]
.dY ʷ°·Â» cZ ·Z» ÃËÁ Ä] ,fÌ] cZ ·Z» Ä] ZÌ¿
Á E.
¾/ËY ÉZ/Y|m Ä/] |/¿YÂeÊ» į dY E. kerbabaevii
:E. aitchisoni Á E. kerbabaevii ,E. crassipes
ÉZ//ÅcÁZ//¨e {Â//mÁ Z//] .|//ËZ¼¿ ®//¼¯ º//Å Y Z//ÅÄ//¿Â³
Ê°ÌfÀ§ ]YÁ Ê]ZËY ÉY] ®Ëf»Â§Â» ¶Ì¸ve Á ÄËne
1391 ZÆ] ,ºÅ{ ÃZ¼ ,¹ZÆq µZ ,®ÌeZ¼fÌÂÌ] Á ʻ¿¯Ze
92
Ä/¿Â³ Ä/] ª¸ f» {Y§Y Y Êy] { ¾Ë}M¶³
O { ¶³
,Ä/¿Â³ Á{ ¾ËY ÉZY ½ZÌ» z» 0Zf^¿ ®Ë·§»
{ {Y//§Y ¾//ËY Ä//¯ d//Y Ã|// h//Z] E. repandum
º//Å { Á ¶yY|//e ,(1A ¶°//) PCA Y ¶//Zu lËZ//f¿
À/m ¾/ËY Ä·Z/®Ë ÉZÅĿ³ ËZ Ä] ®Ë{¿ ÊfÌ «Â»
,|/Å{Ê» ½Z¿ Y ½Â¯Ze Á{ ¾ËY ÉZY ¾Ì] Ê´fzÌ»M
d¨// 24 .(21 ÃZ¼// 2 Á 1 ÉZ//Ŷ°//) |//¿Ì³ Y//«
/¿ Ä/] ¶°/» Z/Æ¿M ÉZY|m Á ®Ì°¨e į É Ä]
®//Ì°¨e \//m» ,(3 µÁ|//m) Y{Z//À » Ã|//ÀÀ¯ËZ//¼f»
Y Ŀ³ Á{ ¾ËY ÉZY Ê°Ë{¿ Á ¶yY|e d¸ .|Ê»
Ä/¯ ,d/Y Ã|/ E. griffithianum Y E. repandum
É|/Àq Ä/¯ ÊÆ]Z» ®Ë·§» cZ¨ ½Z¼Å ½YÂeÊ»
Z/ÅÄ/¿Â³ ¾/ËY { ¶/³ ÉY/mY µÂ/ Ä] fÌ] cZ¨ ¾ËY
ÉZ/ů dÌ^·Z£ ,Ä«Z ²¿ ĸ¼m Y) | Äf¨³ Ìa
.{Â Ê» Â]»
.{¯ ½ZÌ] (ZŹY|¿Y ÉÁ ] ÄyZ Á{
Ä//¿Â³ Ä//] ª//¸ f» {Y//§Y (2 ¶°//) 24 ÄyZ//Ë {
,E. sisymbrioides Ä·Z///®///Ë ÉZ///ÅÄ///¿Â³
d¨/ 24 ®/¼¯ Ä/] (26 ÃZ¼/) E. sisymbrioides
¶/Zu Y{Â/¼¿ { :E. repandum Á E. griffithianum
Á ¶/³ ,Z/ű/] ,cZ]Z /¿Y ¶v» Á ÃZ̳ µÂ Ä] Â]»
À//m Ä·Z//®//Ë Ä//¿Â³ Ä// //Å ,(2 ¶°//) CA Y
Ä////¿Â³ Ä////] ª////¸ f» {Y////§Y Y ,(3 µÁ|////m) ÃÂ////Ì»
.|/¿YÄ/f§³ Y/« (17 ÃZ¼) ÄyZ ®Ë { Erysimum
Y .|¿Â//Ê//» ËZ//¼f» (25 ÃZ¼//) E. griffithianum
d¨ 35 Z] ÊfuY Ä] (22 ÃZ¼) E. repandum Ŀ³
|ÀeZ^ Ŀ³ Á{ ¾ËY Ã|ÀÀ¯ËZ¼f» cZ¨ ¾ËeºÆ» ĸ¼m
//´Ë{ Ä·Z//®//Ë Ä//¿Â³ Á{ Y Ã|//ÀÀ¯ËZ//¼f» (3 µÁ|//m)
Ä/¿Â³ ÉZ/Y { ÃÂÌ» ZË ¶³ Å ÉZa { ij] {ÂmÁ :Y
{ÂÊ» Y|m (E. griffithianum Á E. sisymbrioides)
{ ¶/³ ÉY/mY /f³] ÃY|¿Y Ì¿ Á E. griffithianum
Â/]» ÃZ/̳ Ê/ËY ÉY/mY Ä/] ,cZ¨/ ¾ËY Ã|¼ į
®/Ë·§» ÉZ/ÅcÁZ/¨e Êy] {ÂmÁ Z] .Ŀ³ ¾Ì¼Å
µÂ Ä] ½YÂeÊ» Ã|ÀÀ¯ËZ¼f» cZ¨ ¾ËY ĸ¼m Y .|ÀfÅ
Ä/Ëne { Z/Æ¿M ®/Ì°¨e ,¾Ì/Àr¼Å Á Ŀ³ Á{ ¾ËY ½ZÌ»
Â/]» cZ¨ Á Zű] ÄÌZu |WYÁ ª¼ Á ¿ ,ÃZ̳
½Z//Ì» Ê//´fzÌ»M º//Å { ½Z//Àr¼Å ,(2 ¶°//) ÉYÄ//Ây
,¶/´»{ µÂ/ ,¾/Ë}M¶/³ µÂ/ |À¿Z» ,ÊËY ÉYmY Ä]
¶°/) PCA Y ¶/Zu Y{¼¿ { Ŀ³ Á{ ¾ËY ÉZY
µÂ/ ,Z/źq/a ,Zű^¸³ ,Zű^Z¯ Á µÂ
PC1 ÉZÅÂv» ¾Ì] ÉZ§ { ZÆÀe Á {ÂÊ» Ã|ÅZ» (1
ÃZ/Y ª§Y t Ä] d^¿ ÃÂÌ» ÄËÁY ,¾ÌÀr¼Å Á ÃÂÌ» ¹{
Y ÉYÄÌ/Zu Â/ Ä/] Ŀ³ Á{ ¾ËY ,(1A ¶°) PC2 Á
{Y|/f»Y { Y ÉYĿ³ ®Ì°¨e ¾ËY Ì¿ PCA ÄËne .{¯
dÅZ^ Á Ä]Y ´¿ZÌ] ¾ËY į |¿ÂÊ» ®Ì°¨e ´Ë|°Ë
{ dÅZ^ {ÂmÁ .(1A ¶°) |Å{Ê» ½Z¿ PC1 Âv»
.dY ´Ë|°Ë Ä] Ŀ³ Á{ ¾ËY É·§» {ZË ZÌ]
º¯Ye Á Ä«Z ¯ ¿ ,ÃÂÌ» ʸ¯ ¶° |À¿Z» ,ÊeZ¨
93
Ê]ÂÀm Á É ,Ê·Z¼ ½ZYy ÉZŽZfY { Erysimum L. (Brassicaceae) Àm ÉZÅĿ³ ®Ëf»Â§Â» Ä ·Z»
Ê]ÂÀm Á É ,Ê·Z¼ ½ZYy ÉZŽZfY { Erysimum Àm ÉZÅĿ³ |̸¯
2 ................................................................................................................................................... ¯ ½Á|] Á ¥Z Ä«Z :a1
4 ........................................................................................................................................................... ¯ Y Ã|ÌÂa Ä«Z :b
E. kerbabaevii Kurbanov & Gudkova .............................................................. ÉYÄyZ 3 Ze 2 ÉZů ÉYY{ Zű] :a2
3 ........................................................................... (ÄyZ/ 5 Y Ì/]) f/Ì] cZ]Z /¿Y Z/] ÉYÃZf/ ÉZ/ů ÉYY{ Zű] :b
E. stocksianum (Boiss.) Boiss. .... f»Ê¸Ì» 13 Ze 8 ±^¸³ ,f»Ê¸Ì» 9/5 Ze 6 ±^Z¯ ,f»Ê¸Ì» 1/5 Ze j¯Y|u Ä»Zy µÂ :a3
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7......................................................................................................................................../f»Ê¸Ì» 2 Y eÃZe¯ ÃÂÌ» ¹{ ,f»Ê¸Ì»
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9 .................................................................................................................................................................................... /f» ʸ̻
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E. nanum Boiss. & Hohen. ................................................................................................................ /f»Ê¸Ì» 2 Y f¼¯ Ä»Zy
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0
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E. ischnostylum Freyn & Sint. ...............................................................................................................................................
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E. crassipes Fisch & C. A. Mey. ...........................................................................................................................................
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Berry,
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(2011)
Encyclopædia
Britannica
Inc.
Retrieved
http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/94114/Brassicales. On: 10 March 2011.
from:
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in the family Brassicaceae. Plant Systematics and Evolution 121: 155-164.
Ghahremaninejad, F., Joharchi, M. and Vitek, E. (2005) New plant records for Khorassan province,
Iran. Naturhistorisches Museum Wien 106 B: 255- 293.
Gupta, S. K. (2009) Biology and breeding of Crucifers. Taylor & Francis Group. CRC Press. New
York.
Khalik, K. A. (2005) Morphological studies on trichomes of Brassicaceae in Egypt and taxonomic
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Khosravi, A. R., Mohsenzadeh, S. and Mummenhoff, K. (2009) Phylogenetic relationships of old
world Brassicaceae from Iran based on nuclear ribosomal DNA sequences. Biochemical
Systematics and Ecology 37: 106-115
Koch, M., and Mummenhoff, K. (2006) Editorial: Evolution and phylogeny of the Brassicaceae. Plant
Systemetics and Evolution 259: 81-83.
Legendre, P. and Legendre, L. (1998) Numerical ecology. Second edition, Elsevier Science BV,
Amsterdam.
Nasir, A. (1973) Erysimum. Flora of Pakistan 55: 232-242.
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in the Hemizygia bracteosa complex (Lamiaceae, Ocimeae). Plant Systematics and Evolution 261:
19-38.
Polatschek, A., Rechinger, A. and Rechinger, K. H. (1968) Erysimum. Flora Iranica 28: 285-306.
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for Windows: Software for Canonical Community Ordination (version 4). Microcomputer Power,
Ithaca.
Thorpe, R. S. (1983) A review of the numerical methods for recognizing and analyzing racial
differentiation. In: Numerical taxonomy (ed. Felsenstein, J.) 404-423. Springer, New York.
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Taxonomy and Biosystematics, 4th Year, No. 10, Spring 2012
7
Morphometric study of the genus Erysimum L. (Brassicaceae) in
Shomali, Razavi and Jonoubi Khorasan provinces
Somayeh Ghaempanah 1, Jamil Vaezi 2*, Hamid Ejtehadi 1, Mohammad Farsi 3
and Mohammad Reza Joharchi 3
1
2
Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Shahid Chamran University of Ahwaz, Ahwaz, Iran
3
Research Centre for Plant Sciences, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
Abstract
According to the “Flora Iranica”, the genus Erysimum has 26 species in Iran among which 11
species are reported in Shomali, Razavi and Jonoubi Khorasan provinces as yet. In this study,
two of the species ate introduced for the first time. Due to the extreme similarities and the
wide variation of the morphological characters, identification of these species is very difficult.
In this study, we attempted to separate the species using morphological characters. We scored
75 morphological (vegetative and generative) characters of 84 individuals belonging to 11
species. The results of the multivariate analysis indicated the separation among the studied
species and showed three distinct groups among samples. The first group was individuals of
E. repandum, E. griffithianum, E. sisymbrioides, E. nanum and E. persepolitanum. The
second group included individuals of E. aitchisonii, E. kerbabaevii and E. crassipes. The third
group consisted of E. crassicaule, E. stocksianum, E. crassicaule (with trichome) and
E. ischnostylum. Finally, an identification key was introduced based on morphological
characters for Erysimum species in Khorasan.
Key words: Cluster Analysis (CA), Principal Component Analysis (PCA), Brassicaceae,
Phenetics, Erysimum
*
Corresponding Author: [email protected]
Taxonomy and Biosystematics, 4th Year, No. 10, Spring 2012
6
Taxonomic study of Thymus eriocalyx (Ronniger) Jalas in Iran with
emphasis on Floristic marker and using special station method
Ramazan Kalvandi 1*, Morteza Atri 1, Ziba Jamzad 2 and Keivan Safikhani 3
1
Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran
2
Research Institute of Forest and Rangelands, Tehran, Iran
3
Hamedan Agriculture and Natural Resources Center, Hamedan, Iran
Abstract
Thymus L. is one of the largest genus of Lamiaceae family. This species had cammercial
values due to containing essential oils and also its wide applications in food and
pharmaceutical industries. From this genus, 18 species have been identified in Iran. Because
of the gene flow potentiality among populations, a high morphological diversity exists among
them. Thymus eriocalyx (Ronniger) Jalas is one of the species of this genus that is distributed
only in west of Iran and also north of Iraq to determine intraspecific variations in T. eriocalyx
from taxonomic point of view and effective ecological factors, data were collected using
special station method. In this way, ten special stations were recognized for T. eriocalyx in
west of Iran. Results from floristic data analysis (floristic composition of each special station)
with MVSP software by PCO method, led to the identification of 6 separate groups that was
indicative of the existence of intraspecific diversity. Furthermore morphometric data analysis
of individual collected from each special station, by using 33 vegetative and reproductive
characters, with PCO and UPGMA methods, confirmed 5-mentioned floristic groups.
Ecologic data analysis with CCA method showed that various ecological factors are effective
in grouping and forming special stations diversity, so that among studied factors, altitude, soil
texture and permeability and slop direction factors were all effective in groupment of special
stations. On this base, at least 3 ecodemes were identifiable and thus, could be introduced.
Key words: Thymus eriocalyx (Ronniger) Jalas, Ecodeme, Iran, Taxonomy, Morphology,
Special stations
*
Corresponding Author: [email protected]
Taxonomy and Biosystematics, 4th Year, No. 10, Spring 2012
5
Microscopical, macroscopical and chemical investigations
and their uses in chemotaxonomy of Crataegus pontica C. Koch
Nasrollah Ghassemi Dehkordi, Alireza Ghannadi * and Alireza Khabbaz Mehrjardi
Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences,
Isfahan University of Medical Sciences and Health Services, Isfahan, Iran
Abstract
The Crataegus genus is widely distributed in Iran. This genus belongs to Rosaceae family and
has 17 species in Iran one of which is Crataegus pontica C. Koch. In this paper, we analyzed
some microscopic and macroscopic characteristics of this plant, then compared them with
other features that were presented previously in previous reports. We analyzed all components
in C. pontica, using thin layer chromatography method and then specified the type of
flavonoids and hydroxycinnamic acid in C. pontica. Hyproside, rutin and chlorogenic acid
were the main flavonoids and hydroxycinnamic occurred acid in this plant. Also, we analyzed
its flavonoids quantitatively based on Deutsch Pharmacopoeia method according to hyproside
content. Because, to determine the chemosystematic relevancies in some species flavonoids
are used, so in this paper we compared C. pontica with 3 other species of its genus such as C.
monogyna, C. melanocarpa and C. curvisepala that are found in Iran, and also with the
medicinal standard species of Crataegus genus which is called C. oxyacantha. Finally we
concluded that hyproside, rutin and chlorogenic acid were the main and common structural
components in all species of that genus which were mentioned above.
Key words: Crataegus pontica, Chlorogenic acid, Rutin, Chemotaxonomy, Hyproside
*
Corresponding Author: [email protected]
Taxonomy and Biosystematics, 4th Year, No. 10, Spring 2012
4
Study on floristic, life form and plant chorology of wetlands
in northern and eastern slopes of Sabalan mountains
Jaber Sharifi 1*, Adel Jalili 2, Shakir Gasimov 3, Alireza Naqinezhad 4
and Farzaneh Azimi Motem 5
1
Institute of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Ardabil, Iran
Research Institutes of Forests and Rangelands, Tehran, Iran
3
Azerbaijan National Academy of Science, Central Botanical Garden, Baku, Azerbaijan Republic
4
Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar, Iran
2
Abstract
In the northern and the eastern slopes of Sabalan mountains which has a semi-aria climate.
There were several pools, and wetlands and the study of the flora in these areas is important.
Identification of plants provide useful guidelines for environmental and ecological
management. In this study, flora, life form and chorology the species were studied and
introduced. During vegetation growth, from 2008 to 2009 we collected and identified plant
species in the region, and floristic list was provided. The results showed that totally, there
were 216 plant species that belonged to 128 genera and 36 families in the studied area. The
flora of these regions included 216 plant species that belonged to 128 genera and 36 families.
Poaceae family including 25 genera and 46 species, Astraceae family with 11 genera and 19
species, Fabaceae family with 9 genera and 18 species and Brassicaceae family with 12
genera and 15 species, had the highest number of species. Also according to the classification
Raunkiaer system (Raunkiaer, 1934) there were 22%. Therophytes, 30% Cryptophytes, 46%
Hemicryptophytes, and 2% Chamaephytes. From view point of plant chorology, were formed
in: 44.44% Pluriregional, 20.83% Europa-Siberian, Irano-Turanian and Mediterranean,
15.74% Europa-Siberian, Irano-Turanian, 3.7% Europa-Siberian, 2.32% Irano-Turanian and
Mediterranean, 5.56% Indemic for Iran and 7.41% of species were not identified. Considering
that the region climate affected by Siberian, Hyrkaniane and Mediterranean climate therefore
the most vegetative elements in this study region belonged to Europa-Siberian and EuropaSiberian, Irano-Turanian, respectively.
Key words: Flora, Life forms, Chorology, Vegetative elements, Sabalan
*
Corresponding Author: sh_j2320 @yahoo.com
Taxonomy and Biosystematics, 4th Year, No. 10, Spring 2012
3
Phylogenetic study of some bifurcate hairy sections belonging to
Astragalus L. with emphasis on sect. Ornithopodium, based on
morphological and molecular data in Iran
Abbas Saidi 1*, Reza Sheikh Akbari Mehr 2, Shahrokh Kazempour Osaloo 3
Ali Asghar Maassoumi 4 and Majid Ghorbani Nahooji 2
1
Faculty of Energy Engineering and New Technologies, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
2
Faculty of Biological Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
3
Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
4
Research Institutes of Forests and Rangelands, Tehran, Iran
Abstract
In this research, total of 15 species belonging to Astragalus section Ornithopodium as well as
its closely related ones were analyzed using morphological and molecular data. A. frigidus
and A. stocksii were selected as outgroups based on previous studies. Based upon our results,
species of sect. Ornithopodium along with those of sect. Onobrychoidei were placed within a
single large clade with high support and are closely related taxa. Species from section
Dissitiflori formed a distinct clade from the two other studied sections. Based on our
molecular and morphological data, Astragalus pravitzii Podlech, which had been recently
transferred to the section Ornithopodium from the section Dissitiflori, was not affiliated with
that section.
Key words: Phylogeny, Cladistic, Astragalus, Dissitiflori, Ornithopodium, Onobrychoidei
*
Corresponding Author: [email protected]
Taxonomy and Biosystematics, 4th Year, No. 10, Spring 2012
2
Leaf, Stomata and Trichome Morphology of the species in Carpinus Genus
Iman Chapolagh Paridari 1, Seyyed Gholamali Jalali 1*, Ali Sonboli 2 and Mehrdad Zarafshar 1
1
2
Department of Forestry, Faculty of Natural Resource, Tarbiat Modares University, Noor, Iran
Department of Biology, Medicinal Plants and Drugs Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University,
Iran
Abstract
The species of Carpinus genus are widely distributed in the Hyrcanian and Arasbaran forests.
Previous researches identified the species only by leaf and seed macro-morphological traits.
Leaf morphological variations in the different ecological conditions led to some problems in
taxonomy of the genus. In the current research for first time, stomata and trichome
morphology were surveyed on plant collections of Noshahr Herbarium by scanning electron
microscope (SEM) and light microscope (LM). Some plant samples were collected from
natural sites by the authors. First, separation accuracy of Carpinus betulus, C. schuschaensis
and C. oreintalis was investigated by multivariate analysis. Extracted components of Principal
Component Analysis (PCA) were highly correlated with some leaf size parameters but could
not clearly separate the three groups. Discriminate analysis proved accuracy of grouping
about 64.7%. Carpinus betulus had the largest dimension in stomata and trichome trait while
C. orientalis had the smallest about this trait and C. schuschaensis had the medium size
between of two species. Stomata type in C. betulus was paracytic, anomocytic, and
Anisocytic and C. oreintalis were laterocytic and C. schuschaensis was Anisocytic and
laterocytic. In contrast to other species, cells of stomata located upper than epidermal cells in
C. betulus. Simple unicellular trichome was determined for the genus. Although the size and
dense of trichome on the leaf and petiole were different among three species, these traits were
highly associated with ecological conditions. We concluded that these traits did not have any
taxonomic significant in the genus. The current research calls for seed and bract morphology
as well as molecular markers to be revised.
Key words: Carpinus, Leaf morphology, Stomatal index, Trichome index
*
Corresponding Author: [email protected]
Taxonomy and Biosystematics, 4th Year, No. 10, Spring 2012
1
Identification of novel spp. of rice and wheat endophytic diazotrophs
by 16S rDNA gene and FTIR analysis
Mohammad Javad Mehdipour Moghaddam 1*, Giti Emtiazi 2, Majid Bouzari 2
and Zivar Salehi 1
1
2
Deparment of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran
Deparment of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran
Abstract
In this research, six isolates, including three from three rice roots (PxR1, PxR2 and StR1) and
three from three wheat roots (PxW1, PxW2 and PxW3) were isolated as endophytic bacteria
and except for StR1, all the isolates were identified as Pseudoxanthomonas based on
phenotypic analysis including FTIR and PCR amplification of 16S rDNA. The results showed
that PxR1, PxR2, PxW1 and PxW2 were all similar and belonged to a novel species of
Pseudoxanthomonas, but PxW3 was from different species. StR1 belonged to a novel species
of Stenotrophomonas. Two strains including Azospirillum brasiliense Sp7 (S1) and
Azospirillum lipoferum (S2) were selected as standard strains and compared with those
isolates; however, phenotypic and genotypic analysis verified that those isolates were not
Azospirillum. For the first time, it was indicated that Pseudoxanthomonas existed as an
endophytic bacterium in rice root.
Key words: Endophyte, Rice, Wheat, Azospirillum, Pseudoxanthomonas, Stenotrophomonas
*
Corresponding Author: [email protected]
Taxonomy and Biosystematics
4th Year, No. 10, Spring 2012
ISSN: 2008-8906
Contents
Ŷ Identification of novel spp. of rice and wheat endophytic
diazotrophs by 16S rDNA gene and FTIR analysis
1
Mohammad Javad Mehdipour Moghaddam, Giti Emtiazi, Majid Bouzari and
Zivar Salehi
Ŷ Leaf, Stomata and Trichome Morphology of the species in
Carpinus Genus
2
Iman Chapolagh Paridari, Gholam ali Jalali, Ali Sonboli and Mehrdad Zarafshar
Ŷ Phylogenetic study of some bifurcate hairy sections belonging
to Astragalus L. with emphasis on sect. Ornithopodium, based
on morphological and molecular data in Iran
3
Abbas Saidi, Reza Sheikh Akbari Mehr, Shahrokh Kazempour Osaloo, Ali
Asghar Maassoumi and Majid Ghorbani Nahooji
Ŷ Study on floristic, life form and plant chorology of wetlands
in northern and eastern slopes of Sabalan mountains
4
Jaber Sharifi, Adel Jalili, Shakir Gasimov, Alireza Naqhinezhad and Farzaneh
Azimi Motem
Ŷ Microscopical, macroscopical and chemical investigations
and their uses in chemotaxonomy of Crataegus pontica C. Koch
5
Nasrollah Ghassemi Dehkordi, Alireza Ghannadi and Alireza Khabbaz
Mehrjardi
Ŷ Taxonomic study of Thymus eriocalyx (Ronniger) Jalas in Iran
with emphasis on Floristic marker and using special station
method
6
Ramazan Kalvandi, Morteza Atri, Ziba Jamzad and Keivan Safikhani
Ŷ Morphometric study of the genus Erysimum L. (Brassicaceae)
in Shomali, Razavi and Jonoubi Khorasan provinces
Somayeh Ghaempanah, Jamil Vaezi, Hamid Ejtehadi, Mohammad Farsi and
Mohammad Reza Joharchi
7
Referees to this issue (4th Year, No. 10, Spring 2012)
We express our deep gratitude to the following faculty members of the
universities and of educational-research Institutes who have co-operated in
evaluation and assessment of the articles of this issue of Journal of
Taxonomy and Biosystematics (TBJ):
Dr. Rayhaneh Amooaghaei
University of Shahrkord
Dr. Firouzeh Bordbar
International Center for Science, High Technology and Environmental Science
Dr. Hamid Ejtehadi
Ferdowsi University of Mashhad
Dr. Marzieh Beygom Faghir
University of Guilan
Dr. Farrokh Ghahremaninejad
Tarbiat Moallem University of Tehran
Mr. Behnam Hameh'ee
Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands
Dr. Mohammad Hassan-Shahian
Shahid Bahonar University
Dr. Abasalt Hosseinzadeh Colagar
University of Mazandaran
Dr. Navaz Kharazian
University of Shahrkord
Dr. Seyed Abolghasem Mohammadi
University of Tabriz
Dr. Alireza Naqinezhad
University of Mazandaran
Dr. Masoud Ranjbar
Bu-Ali Sina University
Dr. Seyed Ebrahim Sajjadi Jazi
Isfahan University of Medical Sciences
Dr. Ali Sattarian
Gonbad Kavous University
Dr. Majid Sharifi Tehrani
University of Shahrkord
Dr. Habib Zare
Mazandaran Agricultural and natural Resources Research Center
Dr. Behzad Zolfaghari
Isfahan University of Medical Sciences
Taxonomy and Biosystematics
4th Year, No. 10, Spring 2012
ISSN: 2008-8906
Scientific Research Journal
Editor-in-Chief:
Dr. Mohammad Reza Rahiminejad Ranjbar
University of Isfahan
Editorial Board
Dr. Hamid Ejtehadi
Professor - Ferdowsi University of Mashhad
Dr. Ali Akbar Ehsanpour
Professor - University of Isfahan
Dr. Ali Asghar Maassoumi
Professor - Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands
Dr. Jamshid Darvish
Professor - Ferdowsi University of Mashhad
Dr. Mohammad Reza Rahiminejad Ranjbar
Professor - University of Isfahan
Dr. Homa Rajaei
Associate Professor - University of Shiraz
Dr. Badrodin Ebrahim Seyed Tabatabaee
Professor - Isfahan University of Technology
Dr. Mehrdad Abbasi
Associate Professor - Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection
Dr. Hossein Fathpour
Associate Professor - University of Isfahan
Dr. Iraj Nahvi
Professor - University of Isfahan
Dr. Sadegh Vallian Boroujeni
Professor - University of Isfahan
Executive and Manuscript Manager: Fariba Hadian (Msc)
Scientific English Editor: Fereidoon Parvizian
Literary Editor: Naser Karimpoor
General Layout Designer: Fariba Hadian
Professional Layout Designer: Fariba Hadian
Publisher: University of Isfahan
Address
Taxonomy and Biosystematics Office- Technology and Research Department- University of Isfahan- IsfahanIran.
Email: [email protected]
Website: http://uijs.ui.ac.ir/tbj
Journal of Taxonomy and Biosysematics has been ranked as a scientific-
research journal based on the document number 3/11/955 issued by the
Evaluation Committee of Scientific Journals of Research and Technology
Ministry in September, 2009; also it has been registered with
International Standard Serial Number (ISSN): 2008-8906 by
National Library and Archives of Islamic Republic of Iran.
The complete text of this Journal is available at the following sites:
http://uijs.ui.ac.ir/tbj
http://www.magiran.com
http://www.SID.ir
http://www.ISC.gov.ir
Publication and Lithography: University of Isfahan Publications
Publisher: University of Isfahan
Price: 40000 Rials
Published in: Spring 2012
Taxonomy and Biosystematics
4th Year, No. 10, Spring 2012
Published by
University of Isfahan Research Center