ユーラシア古語文献の文献学的研究

京都大学大学院文学研究科 21 世紀 COE プログラム
「グローバル化時代の多元的人文学の拠点形成」31 研究会
ユーラシア古語文献の文献学的研究
NEWSLETTER
No. 11 2005/9/16
目次
活動報告
2
研究会報告の要旨
2
第 20 回研究会報告
3
次回研究会の開催予定
8
編集後記
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1
活動報告
2005 年 7 月 ∼ 9 月の間に第 22 回、第 23 回研究会が開催され、夏期集中講座が行われ
ました。
第 22 回研究会
日時:
2005 年 7 月 23 日 (土) 14:00 ∼ 17:00
場所:
京都大学大学院文学研究科附属ユーラシア文化研究センター (羽田記念館)
「古代イタリア半島 · サベル諸語の最上級形式について」
西村 周浩 (米国 UCLA)
「史料としてのシュメール語王碑文」
前田 徹 (早稲田大学大学院文学研究科教授)
夏期集中講座
日時:
2005 年 7 月 27–29 日、8 月 4–5 日、12 日 14:00 ∼ 16:00
場所:
京都大学大学院文学研究科附属ユーラシア文化研究センター (羽田記念館)
「リトアニア語の文法概説」
吉田 和彦 (京都大学大学院文学研究科教授)
第 23 回研究会
日時:
2005 年 8 月 31 日 (水) 14:00 ∼ 16:00
場所:
京都大学大学院文学研究科附属ユーラシア文化研究センター (羽田記念館)
「Uighur Versions of the Lotus Sutra with Special Reference to
Avalokiteśvara’s Transformation Bodies」
Peter Zieme (ベルリン–ブランデンブルク人文科学アカデミー教授)
研究会報告の要旨
2005 年 1 月 29 日 (土) にユーラシア文化研究センター (羽田記念館) で開催された第 20
回研究会の報告要旨を掲載します。
2
第 20 回研究会報告
「O T U B P: C A T P O C」
Abdurishid Yakup (ドイツ、ゲッティンゲン科学アカデミー研究員、
Göttingen Academy of Sciences, Germany)
Percentage of Uyghur block prints in all major collections are not so high: They consist about
12% of approximately 8000 Old Uyghur fragments preserved in the Berlin Turfan collections,
counting to little more than 1000 pieces, while the number of Uyghur block prints in the
St.-Petersburg collection seems to be 106 as the Catalogue of the microfilms of the Uyghur,
Sogdian, Manichean fragments brought to the Toyo Bunko shows. A general information on
the Uyghur block prints in the Berlin collection was given by Prof. P. Zieme in 1980. Here I
try to give further information based on the recent research and new discovers.
1. C
1.1 Tantric texts
One of the most popular Tantric texts is the Sitātapatrā-Dhāran.ı̄, hitherto identified fragments
of this text only in the Berlin collection reach to 106. Well preserved 36 block print fragments
in the Berlin collection have been published by F.W.K. Müller early in 1910, 16 fragments by
S. E. Malov in 1930, and further 2 fragments from the Nakamura Fusetsu collection by Prof.
M. Shōgaito. Recently, a new edition was published by professors K. Röhrborn and R. Tas.
L. Ligeti, recently also T. Porció, argues that Sitātapatrā-Dhāran.ı̄ was actually translated
from Tibetan. However, a small block print fragment U 400 (T III M 225 (61)), which was
excluded in the new edition, seems to speak against this argument. At least there is no exact
corresponding expression in the Tibetan version to alku türlüg süü čäriglärdä ‘in all kinds of
army and troops’ which was found in this fragment, but in the Chinese version, namely 一切
軍兵之中, which is the exact word for word corresponding of the Uyghur expression. If we
would consider ‘enemy hosts’ found in the Tibetan as a corresponding phrase, clearly it does
not exactly match the Uyghur expression. This seems to show that the Uyghur translator has
at least did not only rely on the Tibetan text.
Ārya-aparamitāyur-jñāna-nāma-mahāyāna-sūtra (Amitayuši sudur) is the 2nd largest
block print text, which has somewhat 102 fragments only in the Berlin collection. Detailed
information on this text from various collections are in given in my dissertation Studies in
some late Uighur Buddhist texts preserved in Russia (Kyoto 2000), and a detailed description of the Berlin fragments can be found in the forthcoming catalogue of block prints.
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Recently, 7 block print fragments of this text were discovered from the Northern Grottoes
of Dunhuang. 4 small pieces with dhārann.ı̄s (B 137: 2, 138: 10, B 160: 6, B 160: 12) were
correctly identified by Chinese scholar Zhang Tieshan. Unfortunately, 3 important fragments
(B 157: 12, 464: 142, B 172: 3) belonging to the beginning part of the text left unidentified
or were not identified correctly. Interestingly, the fragment B 464: 142 which was left
unidentified, actually bears the full Uyghur title tözün ülgülänčsiz öz yaš atlg kölüngü sudur,
and clearly is the word for word translation of the Chinese sūtra-name Dacheng Wuliangshou
zongyaojing. More curiously, Zhang gives the title Foshuo Dacheng Wuliangshou Jueding
Guangmingwang Rulai Tuoluonijing to B 172: 3, the three pages of a folded block print
book, which actually locate to the beginning part of the Ārya-aparamitāyur-jñāna-nāmamahāyāna-sūtra and corresponds to T Nr. 936 p. 82 a 6-11. Notably, this part is missing in
the known Uyghur versions of this text in all major collections.
At least 34 block print fragments in the Berlin collection were identified as parts of Ārya
sarva-durgati-pariśodhana-us.n.ı̄s.avijayā nāma-dhāran.ı̄ (Us.n.ı̄s.avijayā). Out of them, only 8
well-preserved fragments have been edited by Müller in Uigurica II. Notably, unedited fragments of this text contain parts of the text, which could not be found in the edited fragments
or bear considerable words that are missing in the edited parts.
Another block print text, which is found in considerable number, is the Mañjuśrı̄nāmasam
. gı̄ti.
Four pieces of this text in the St.-Petersburg collection (Rb. 1), are known from the edition by
Radloff (1928) and further 41 fragments from the publications of G. Kara and P. Zieme (BTT
VIII, Kara 1981 and BTT XIII). Recently, one further fragment (U 4286b) was identified
in the Berlin collection. It places to the beginning part of the Mañjuśrı̄nāmasam
. gı̄ti and
corresponds to U 4713 which was edited in BTT VIII, namely to the lines 1-12 of text B.
However, it might be from a different version, because the line order and usage of several
words show clear departures than the edited fragment.
Further two Uyghur block print texts are also of Tantric content: One is the Avalokiteśvara
Sādhana, and the other one is the Tārā-Ekavim
. śatistotra, both of them have been edited by
G. Kara and P. Zieme in BTT VII.
1.2 Chinese Apocrypha
Translations of so-called Chinese apocrypha constitute 2nd largest group of the Uyghur block
prints. Hitherto identified block print fragments of this text group mainly belong to the
texts Säkiz Yükmäk Yaruk (SYY), Foding xin da tuluoni, Yuanjuejing, Yetikän sudur and the
Vajracchedikāsūtra. All of them are now available in excellent editions, a descriptive catalogue of the Berlin fragments are also completed. The latter includes unedited fragments.
Notably, a small block print fragment, which is published under the signature number B 157:
14 in the 3rd volume of Northern Grottoes of Mogao Dunhuang by Peng Jinzhang and Wang
Jianjun, belongs to SYY and corresponds to the lines 438a-441 of TT VI, though it was left
unidentified by Zhang Tieshan.
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1.3 Mahāyāna Texts
Uyghur translations of several important Mahāyāna texts are also known in block print
versions, including Suvarn.aprabhāsa-sūtra, Saddharmapun.d.arı̄ka-Sūtra, Mahāmāyūrı̄vidyā-rājñı̄, and Amitāyur-dhyāna Sūtra. Here I am not going to deal with them in detail,
since all of them are available in rather complete editions, some of them are even described
in detail in subsequent catalogue volumes. However, two further Mahāyāna texts, whose
Uyghur block print fragments are recently known, have to be mentioned. One of them is the
Buddhāvatam
. saka-sūtra in fourty volumes, and the other one is the Bhais.ajyaguru-sūtra.
The block print version of the Buddhāvatam
. saka-sūtra in fourty volumes take the characteristic mark of a string-hole, which is decorated with a flower as described by Professor Kudara
Kōgi. There are several fragments of this text in the Berlin collection, but they show different
features. Notably, there are several block printed fragments of the same sūtra in the Berlin
collection with the same characteristic mark together with other block printed versions. The
Uyghur version of the Bhais.ajyaguru-sūtra was known from P. Zieme’s edition of two small
manuscript fragments in the Berlin collection. Three block print fragments totally of 11
pages of the same sūtra, were recently published by I. Yüsüp in Turfan Revisited (411-415).
Interestingly, these fragments said to be bought from a farmer by A. Khoja in Turfan in
1980s.
1.4 Non-Mahāyāna Texts
Thus far known printed Uyghur texts of non-Mahāyāna Buddhism actually are Jātaka stories,
mainly including a small collection of Jātaka stories and 7 fragments of the famous Viśvantara
Jātaka. All block print fragments of both stories in the Berlin and Otani collections have been
edited in BTT XIII (Nr. 2), though the Otani fragment was known early in 1956.
1.5 Colophons
Main corpus of Uyghur colophons in the Berlin collection, including block prints have been
edited and investigated by P. Zieme in his monographs Buddhistische Stabreimdichtungen
der Uiguren (BTT XIII) and in Religion und Gesellschaft im Uigurischen Königreich von
Qočo. Further investigations from the historical point of view have been carrying out by
Yukio Kasai. Here I introduce a new block print (B 140: 5), which is recently discovered in
the Northern Grottoes of Dunhuang (Peng et al. volume 2, Pl. CXXIII 5).
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
öd eniš-intä üz.lünčü nom-ta togmıš törümiš : ünüš-in
bilmädin už-ikin adırtačı : ödmädük bošgut-lug örmädük
biliglig üč lükčüŋ balık-lıg čisön tutuŋ tavgač
til-intin türk til-inčä ikiläyü ävirmiš :: ary-a
mančušri bodis(a)t(a)v üz-ä [nom]la[tı]lmıš ačintay-a buda
višay-a tegmä sakıngalı []küngäli bolguluk-sız burxan-lar
-nıŋ adkangu uguš-ı atlg sudur nom bitig okıyu tükädi ::
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8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
namo bud:
namo dram:
namo saŋ :
sav-tın söz-tin öŋi ketmiš bo nom-ug agdarmak-tın bulılmıš
agır-ka oxšatı buyan-larımın sakınmadın ävirür-m(ä)n [...
[san]sar-takı parit šatin atl(ı)g bälgürtmä osug-lug-lar :
[ ]/ sip täg köz.üngüči ay täg burxan bolz-un-lar ::
A tentative translation: The reading of the (Buddhist) scripture called Acintyabuddhaviśayanirdeśa,
which was preached by Arya Manjuśri Bodhisattva and translated from Chinese into Turkic
for the second time by Čisön Tutuŋ of Üč Lükčüŋ Balık, who was born from the time
descent and ultimate doctrine, who differentiate letters not knowing the exit, and who is of
incomplete learning and not-rising knowledge, completed. Take refuge in the Buddha! Take
refuge in the Dharma! Take refuge in the Sangha! I generously transfer my merits earned
by translating this doctrine, which other than words and expressions. May those who of
manifestation appearance called Parita and Sātina in the Sam
. sara be Buddhas just like ... and
just like the visible moon!
Notably, the main part of this colophon was written in the alliterative verse form: The 1st
verse rhymes in ö, and the 2nd one in a as seen from the reconstruction below.
A. öd eniš-intä üz!lünčü nom-ta togmıš törümiš :
ünüš-in bilmädin už-ikin adırtačı :
ödmädük bošgut-lug örmädük biliglig
üč lükčüŋ balık-lıg čisön tutuŋ tavgač til-intin türk til-inčä ikiläyü ävirmiš ::
B. ary-amančušri bodistv üz-ä [nom]la[tı]lmıš
ačintay-a buda višay-a tegmä sakıngalı [bögü]längäli bolguluk-sız burxan-larnıŋ
adkangu uguš-ı atlg sudur nom bitig okıyu tükädi ::
1.6 Further block prints
A short time ago further important new block prints have also been discovered in Dunhuang,
including a title page of the Sariputra-ks.ama-sūtra (Nanyu 1106), and one page from the
introductory part of the verse collection by famous Uyghur scholar Anzang as well as a small
fragment of a block print text in the Pothi form. The afore-mentioned title page only bears
following two lines, actually is the title of the sūtra:
1. üč ärdini-lärig /// 2. ömäk-li tiskandak nom ärür
‘This is the Tiskandhaka-doctrine concerning the Three Jewels’
Note that Sariputra-ks.ama-sūtra is the Vinaya text of the Mahāyāna, and so far no translations of real Vinaya texts are known in Uyghur Buddhist literature.
In another highly interesting fragment, namely in 464: 141 we found the title as well as
the chapter number both in Uyghur and Chinese: Antsaŋ baxši košmıš takšut-ı-nıŋ ödiki tört
An-xu si ‘Introduction of the praise composed by Master Anzang: four’. More interestingly,
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at the end of the last line of this text we read two lines Chinese text in rather small characters,
which might be read and translated Fan yiqian er-bai bashiba song ‘Altogether are 1288
praises’ / ‘Altogether are 1288 Ślokas’. Note that the Uyghur text uses the word šlok for the
Chinese song. It clearly tells us that Anzang’s work altogether comprises 1288 Ślokas. This
is an amazing information as P. Zieme wrote, and deepens our knowledge on Anzang, who
was one of the important government officials and Academicians during the Yuan dynasty.
2. P O C
As it is well-known, Germany possesses one of the largest collections of Oriental languages in
the world. As far as the Old Turkic texts concerned, 6 catalogue volumes have been published:
The 1st volume is on the Old Turkic texts written in Brāhmı̄ and Tibetan scripts, and the
2nd volume on some fragments of Suvarn.aprabhāsa-sūtra, including some fragments of the
famous story-collection Das.akarmapāda-avadanamāla, while the 3rd and 4th volumes deals
again but systematically on the Suvarn.aprabhāsa-sūtra, and further two volumes (5th and 6th
volumes) on the Uyghur Manichean and Buddhist confession texts. Some other volumes on
the famous Maitrisimit-text, narratives and the remaining fragments of the Suvarn.aprabhāsasūtra, are in print or in preparation.
The early result of the cataloguing of the Uyghur block prints in the Berlin collection is the
forthcoming catalogue volume Uigurische Blockdrucke der Berliner Turfansammlung, Teil 1:
Tantrische Texte (VOHD 13,19. Alttürkische Handschriften. Teil 11), it deals with altogether
306 fragments, including considerable folded book fragments of good many pages. The 2nd
and the last catalogue volume of Uyghur block prints in the Berlin collection will include
about remaining fragments, including Apocryphal Sūtras, Mahāyāna texts, colophons and
calendar fragments as well as some unidentified pieces in rather fragmentary situation. I
hope we can present it in published form very near future, thus all the scholars interested
in this field may have a general understanding on the woodblock prints in the Berlin Turfan
collection. Meanwhile, it is also hoped to be that all possible block print fragments from
other collections will also be made available for researchers and public, so we can discuss
remaining philological, technical and historical problems in rather broader perspective.
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次回研究会の開催予定
第 24 回研究会
「古代世界における学派
(
· 宗派の成立と＜異＞意識の形成」研究会と共同開催)
日時:
2005 年 9 月 30 日 (金) 13:00 ∼ 14:30
場所:
京都大学文学部第 6 講義室
「An Indo-European Custom of Sacrifice」
Norbert Oettinger (エアランゲン–ニュルンベルク大学教授)
編集後記
COE 31 研究会ニューズレター第 11 号をお届けいたします。研究会等、今後も活発に
活動して参ります。皆様のあたたかいご支援、ご協力をお願い申しあげます。
連絡先
「ユーラシア古語文献の文献学的研究」(事務補佐員: 稲垣 和也)
〒606-8501
京都市左京区吉田本町 京都大学大学院文学研究科言語学研究室
Tel & Fax: 075-753-2862
E-mail: [email protected]
Web page: http://www.hmn.bun.kyoto-u.ac.jp/eurasia
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