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大統領への報告書 米国民の保健医療改善に向けた 保健
2010 12 PCAST PCAST PCAST OSTP PCAST http://www.whitehouse.gov/ostp/pcast i P MIT CEO S J MIT S MIT C 2010 7 9 PCAST iii NCI E D CEO PCAST PCAST iv E DC20502 DC20502 PCAST Realizing the Full Potential of Health Information Technology to Improve Healthcare for Americans: The Path Forward PCAST PCAST PCAST PCAST P v ...............................................................................................i .................................................................................................................................... iii ................................................................................................................................................ iii ................................................................................................................................................ iv ...................................................................................................................................................... 1 PCAST ......................................................................................................... 8 .......................................................................................................................................... 8 .................................................................................................................................................. 8 I. ................................................................................................................................ 9 .................................................................................................................................................. 9 ................................................................................................................................10 ....................................................................................................................................10 ........................................................................................................................12 ....................................................................................................................................14 II. IT .......................................................................................................................16 ................................................................................................................................................16 IT ......................................................................................................16 ....................................................................................18 ........................................................19 ............................................................21 IT ...............................................................................23 ................................................................................................................................................25 III. IT ..........................................................................................................................26 ................................................................................................................................................26 ....................................................................26 ........................................................................................................27 ................................................................................................29 ............................................................................................................................33 ....................................................................................35 HITECH ONC CMS ....................................................................................36 ........................................................................................................37 ................................................................................................................................................41 vii IV. IT .............................................................................................43 ................................................................................................................................................43 ....................................................................................43 ............................................45 ................................................................................................46 ....................................................................................................48 V. ........................................................................50 ................................................................................................................................................50 ................................................................................................................................50 ........................................................................51 ....................................................................................53 ....................................................54 21 IT .....................55 ........................................................57 VI. .......................................................................................................60 ................................................................................................................................................60 ............................................................................60 ........................................................................................................61 ....................................................................................................63 ....................................................................................................................64 ................................................................................65 ........................................................................................................66 ............................................................................................................................67 VII. ..............................................................................................70 ................................................................................................................................................70 ........................................................70 ....................................................................................................................73 VIII. ................................................................................................................77 ................................................................................................................................................77 ....................................................................................77 ................................................................................................79 ................................................................................................81 IX. ...................................................................................................................................86 A ....................................................................................................89 viii B .....................................................................................................................................92 C .................................................................................................................................93 D ....................................................................................................................................95 ix IT IT 10 IT 8 2011 IT IT 1 IT IT 1 IT 1 IT 1 2 EHRs 3 IT 4 IT IT 2009 ARRA HITECH 200 HITECH ONC ONC HITECH CMS 2 ONC CMS 2011 HITECH 1 ONC HITECH CMS 2013 2015 PCAST IT IT PCAST PCAST PCAST PCAST 1. HHS ONC HITECH 2011 ONC NHIN IT SHARP ONC CMS 2011 2. IT 3 3. IT 4. ONC CDA ONC IT 5. ONC CMS ONC 2013 2015 ONC IT 4 ONC 6. CMS CMS IT IT CMS IT DEAS IT 5 IT IT ONC CMS ONC ONC ONC CDA IT CMS IT CMS IT CMS ONC CMS HHS VA DoD 6 IT HHS IT 12 IT 1 20 7 PCAST PCAST MIT CEO B L 2 PCAST PCAST 2 2010 7 9 PCAST 8 NCI I. 1960 GDP 5 16 3 GDP 1 4 5 6 7 IT 8 8 IT 2 3 3 Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality Care Costs Fact Sheet 4 2010 Health http://www.ahrq.gov/news/costsfact.htm Anderson, G. and P. Markovich 2009 Systems Data, 2009 Multinational Comparisons of Health 2009 The Commonwealth Fund 5 6 Chaudhry, B., J. Wang, S. Wu, M. Maglione, W. Mojica, E. Roth, S.C. Morton, and P.G. 9 Shekelle 2006 Systematic review: impact of health information technology on quality, efficiency, and costs of medical care Annals of Internal Medicine 7 Blumenthal, D. 2010 2144 742 Launching HITECH HITECH of Medicine 362 382 752 New England Journal 385 8 National Center for Health Statistics 2009 12 Electronic Medical Record/Electronic Health Record Use by Office-based Physicians: United States, 2008 and Preliminary, 2009 2008 2009 IT IT PCAST PCAST 9 2009 12 18 DC 8 PCAST 7 16 PCAST 9 7 IT 1 1 14 IT STPI 2010 2010 IT CMS 10 15 2 IT 3 HIEs 4 IT IT VHA HealthConnect 1 4,000 11 VistA 900 2009 10 HITECH 200 90 270 HITECH HITECH ONC ONC HITECH CMS 2011 HITECH ONC 1 CMS ONC HITECH CMS 2013 2015 2011 CMS 2015 12 CMS ONC HITECH ONC IT ONC 5 6,400 ONC 3 ONC 2011 ONC IT IT ONC 11 ONC CMS 2013 2015 CMS CMS IT IT CMS IT CMS CMS IT HHS IT AHRQ 13 IT 2009 3 7,200 8 12 FDA FDA 13 CDC IT 10 111-5 " "American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 ARRA 2009 111 11 1 2 3 12 13 AHRQ Healthcare IT News http://www.ahrq.gov/about/ataglance.htm IT 2010 2 26 http://www.healthcareitnews.com/blog/should-fda-regulate-ehr-safety 2 3 ONC CMS 4 5 14 6 IT 4 5 IT 7 IT 8 ONC IT IT 15 CMS II. IT 4 IT IT IT IT IT 1 1 16 IT IT IT IT IT 17 1. IT IT 18 1 1 2 CT X 70 2 CT 1,200 1,930km 1 19 3 PCMH 10 2 4 CAHPS 20 5 H1N1 6 21 H1N1 14 7 TNF FDA 8 FDA 1 1 FDA 22 9 14 Brownstein, J.S., C. Clark, B.S. Freifeld, E.H. Chan, M. Keller, A.L. Sonricker, S.R. Mekaru, and D.L. Buckeridge 2010 Cases of 2009 H1N1 Influenza Information Technology and Global Surveillance of 2009 H1N1 New England Journal of Medicine 362 1731 1735 IT 1 2 15 3 HITECH 1 23 16 4 15 16 24 17 IT IT 17 Brynjolfsson, E. and L.M. Hitt 1998 Beyond the Productivity Paradox: Computers are the Catalyst for Bigger Changes http://ebusiness.mit.edu/erik/bpp.pdf 25 III. IT IT IT IT IT IT IT 18 CDC NAMCS 2009 6.9 20 19 FAX IT IT 20 26 IT 1 18 Garwin, R.L. 1968 Impact of Information-Handling Systems on Quality and Access to Health Care Public Health Reports 83 5 346 351 19 http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/hestat/emr_ehr/emr_ehr.htm 20 27 21 10 15 22 C C 28 1996 HIPAA HIPAA IOM 23 5 HIPAA 21 Stead, W.W., and H.S. Lin 2009 Computational Technology for Effective Health Care: Immediate Steps and Strategic Directions DC National Academies Press http://www.nap.edu/catalog.php?record_id=12572 22 Schiff, G.D, and D.W. Bates 2010 Can Electronic Clinical Documentation Help Prevent Diagnostic Errors? New England Journal of Medicine 362 23 Nass, S.J., L.A. Levit, and L.O. Gostin 2009 Advancing Research, Improving Health Through Research HIPAA National Academy http://www.nap.edu/catalog.php?record_id=12458 29 1069 Beyond the HIPAA Privacy Rule: DC Press 1066 VA VHA VHA VistA 24 6,000 25 VHA VHA 4,000 26 VistA VHA 7 100 20 27 1 VistA PHRs VistA AHLTA VistA 1,000 AHLTA HealthConnect 860 431 36 1 4,000 28 29 30 31 IT 300 10 1 32 2009 HealthConnect 4 26.2 33 30 4 VA 24 Asch, S.M. 2004 Comparison of Quality of Care for Patients in the Veterans Health Administration and Patients in a National Sample Annals of Internal Medicine 141 938 25 945 VistA: Winner of the 2006 Innovations in American Government Award 2006 27 2006 http://www1.va.gov/opa/pressrel/pressrelease.cfm?id=1152 VistA: Winner of the 2006 Innovations in American Government Award 2006 28 R. Kahn 2006 http://www.innovations.va.gov 26 VA Receives 2006 Innovations in Government Award VA 2006 VistA 2010 VistA 2006 http://www.innovations.va.gov Kaiser Permanente Completes Electronic Health Record Implementation http://xnet.kp.org/newscenter/pressreleases/nat/2010/030310ehrcomplete.html 29 Fast Facts about Kaiser Permanente http://xnet.kp.org/newscenter/aboutkp/fastfacts.html 30 Weissberg, J. Perspective: Electronic Health Records in a Large, Integrated Health System: It's Automatic...NOT! At Least, Not Yet National Quality Measures Clearinghouse 31 Kweder S. 2004 Vioxx and Drug Safety http://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Testimony/ucm113235.htm 32 Chen, C., T. Garrido, D. Chock, G. Okawa, and L. Liang 2009 The Kaiser Permanente Electronic Health Record: Transforming and Streamlining Modalities Of Care Health Affairs 28 323 333 33 IT 31 PAMF 1999 34 PAMF PAMF 1 2 IT PAMF 35 34 "Sutter Health and Affiliated Palo Alto Medical Foundation Praised by U.S. Health and Human Services for IT Innovation IT " 2005 http://www.sutterhealth.org/about/news/news_pamf-ehr.html 35 Academy Health "HIT and HSR for Actionable Knowledge: Description of Partnering Health Systems. Partner: Geisinger Health System HIT HSR " http://www.academyhealth.org/files/HIT/Geisinger%20Health%20System_1wfs.pdf IT 1 32 2 1 7 36 6 36 Pham, H.H., D. Schrag, A.S. O'Malley, B. Wu B, and P.B. Bach 2007 Patterns in Medicare and Their Implications for Pay for Performance New England Journal of Medicine 356 11 1130 1139 IT IT HIEs RWJF 37 RHIOs 33 RWJF Care FAX IT 2005 07 2 3 IT 2 3 34 37 Robert Wood Johnson Foundation Forces for Quality Aligning http://www.forces4quality.org/welcome IT HITECH PHRs 35 2 dbMotion ICA MediTrust Amalga HITECH 2009 5 HITECH 200 ARRA 90 270 36 HTB 3 CareAlign IT HITECH 2014 4 4,000 2016 5 HITECH 6 3,750 ONC CMS CMS CMS CMS CMS 3 2011 1 CMS 2013 2 2015 3 HITECH ONC ONC IT IT ONC ONC CMS CMS HITECH ONC NHIN ONC NHIN 4 37 ONC AHRQ 15 150 ONC AHRQ ONC ONC NIST ONC HITECH IT 4 6,000 IT IT iTunes CMS App Store IT CMS CMS VA IT PPACA CMS 6 IT 38 CMS CMS 2 CMS CMS IT CMS CMS 2 ONC CMS CMS 2002 03 2006 CMS CMS CMS IT 39 PPACA CMS CMS VHA CMS IT CMS CMS 2010 IT 12 2011 CMS CMS CMS CMS IT 38 IT CMS 39 40 ONC IT CMS IT 41 38 GAO 2009 "Social Security Administration: Effective Information Technology Management Essential for Data Center Initiative " 39 GAO 2008 GAO-09-662T "Information Technology: Agencies Need to Establish Comprehensive Policies to Address Changes to Projects' Cost, Schedule, and Performance Goals " 2008 GAO-08-925 GAO "DOD Business Systems Modernization: Progress in Establishing Corporate Management Controls Needs to Be Replicated Within Military Departments " GAO-08-705 GAO 2008 "Environmental Satellites: Polar-Orbiting Satellite Acquisition Faces Delays, Decisions Needed on Whether and How to Ensure Climate Data Continuity " GAO-08-518 40 Elm, J.P., Goldenson, D., El Emam, K., Donitelli, N., and Neisa, A. of Systems Engineering Effectiveness - Initial Results Carnegie Mellon University/SEI 40 2008 Survey CMU/SEI-2008-SR-034 41 Kibbe, D.C. http://www.sei.cmu.edu/library/abstracts/reports/08sr034.cfm 2010 Should Doctors Reject the Government's EHR Incentive Plan? Family Practice Management 17 8 IT 8 IT 8 ONC 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 2 IT 42 41 CMS ONC IT 42 5 33 42 IV. IT IT IT 20 IT 1 2 HIV IT SOA SOA 43 43 SOA 2009 190 3 1 44 45 SOA 1,000 1 44 100 43 Sprott, D. and L. Wilkes 2004 1 Understanding Service-Oriented Architecture Microsoft Architect Journal 44 eHealth Initiative 2009 Migrating Toward Meaningful Use: The State of Health Information Exchange 45 2 3 IT XML 1 X IT X X i ii X iii 45 X DEAS 46 5 IT IT 47 46 48 49 HITECH ONC NHIN 50 46 47 World Health Organization " 2007 "Patient Identification Patient Safety Solutions 1 2 http://www.ccforpatientsafety.org/common/pdfs/fpdf/presskit/PS-Solution2.pdf 48 Markle Foundation 2005 Linking Health Care Information: Proposed Methods for Improving Care and Protecting Privacy http://www.connectingforhealth.org/assets/reports/linking_report_2_2005.pdf 49 J. Jonas 2006 Threat and Fraud Intelligence, Las Vegas Style IEEE Security and Privacy 47 50 Government Health IT IT the road" for NHIN Exchange ONC 2010 6 25 NHIN http://www.govhealthit.com/newsitem.aspx?nid=74064 IT 1 1 IT IT IT 48 ONC to issue "rules of 51 51 49 V. IT 52 53 2006 88 54 80 77 56 53 1 2 3 55 2003 HIPAA HITECH 56 50 52 NPR Kaiser Foundation Harvard School of Public Health 2009 53 3 Cost, Privacy Top Health Care Concerns Electronic Privacy Information Center Medical privacy public opinion polls 54 Lake Research Partners American Viewpoint 2006 11 Survey Finds Americans Want Electronic Personal Health Information To Improve Own Health Care 55 McGraw, D., J.X. Dempsey, L. Harris and J. Goldman 2009 Privacy as an Enabler, Not an Impediment: Building Trust into Health Information Exchange Health Affairs 28 2 56 CFR 416 45 27 160 164 http://www.hhs.gov/ocr/privacy/hipaa/understanding/index.html IT HIPAA HIPAA HIPAA HIPAA HITECH 51 57 58 IT 57 Health IT Policy Committee 52 IT Privacy and Security Tiger Team Consumer Choice Technology Meeting 2010 6 29 http://healthit.hhs.gov/portal/server.pt?open=512&mode=2&objID=2833&PageID=19477 58 Henriksen K. and H. Kaplan, H. 2003 Hindsight bias, outcome knowledge and adaptive learning Quality and Safety in Health Care 12 ii46 ii50 HIPAA HIPAA HIPAA HITECH HIPAA 2005 96 34 HIPAA 59 2006 60 HITECH D HIPAA 61 IT HIPAA HITECH 2HIPAA 62 59 Armstrong, D., E. Kline-Rogers, S.M. Jani 2005 Potential Impact of the HIPAA Privacy Rule on Data Collection in a Registry of Patients with Acute Coronary Syndrome HIPAA Archives of Internal Medicine 165 53 1125 1129 60 J.F. Wilson 2006 Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act Privacy Rule Causes Ongoing Concerns Among Clinicians and Researchers Annals of Internal Medicine 61 145 4 111-5 2009 313 316 13405 42 17935 http://www.hhs.gov/ocr/privacy/hipaa/understanding/coveredentities/hitechact.pdf#page=39 62 Nass, S.J., L.A. Levit, and L.O. Gostin 2009 Advancing Research, Improving Health Through Research Beyond the HIPAA Privacy Rule: HIPAA DC National Academy Press http://www.nap.edu/catalog.php?record_id=12458 63 1 64 IT 54 1 65 66 63 PI Newswire PI "Medical Records Found in DMV's Dumpster " 2010 6 3 http://www.pinewswire.net/2010/06/medical-records-found-in-dmvs-dumpster 64 http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2008/08/05/celebrity-medical-records_n_116968.html "Celebrity Medical Records in Massive UCLA Breach " http://abcnews.go.com/GMA/story?id=3711136&page=1 "Exposed: Clooney's Medical Records " 65 InformationWeek 2008 Stolen With Personal Data on 300,000 Health Insurance Clients 1 30 "Laptop 30 " http://www.informationweek.com/news/security/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=206100526 66 WBBM Chicago WBBM ID Theft Victims 20 2010 5 27 ID "Nearly 200,000 Are Potential " http://cbs2chicago.com/investigations/ID.theft.2.2.1719905.html 21 1 2 55 IT 67 ID IT ID 56 68 IT 67 HITECH 68 Markle Foundation 2006 Implementing a Trusted Information Sharing Environment: Using Immutable Audit Logs to Increase Security, Trust, and Accountability http://www.markle.org/downloadable_assets/nstf_IAL_020906.pdf 57 X X 4 DEAS 69 X https:// X X X X X X X 1 58 NIH X X 10 10 X i ii iii IT IT 69 10 59 VI. IT IT 4 ONC 5 CMS 4 70 60 3 2010 3 ONC IT IT 70 Halamka, J. 2009 11 11 The Magic of Middleware Life as a Helthcare CIO http://geekdoctor.blogspot.com/2009/11/magic-of-middleware.html 61 2 3 ONC 56 17 71 CMS VHA DoD 4 ONC 4 ONC 62 IT 71 Office of the National Coordinator 2010 5 26 Beacon Community Program http://healthit.hhs.gov/portal/server.pt?open=512&objID=1805&parentname=CommunityPage&par entid=2&mode=2&cached=true IT 5 63 3 ARRA 300 72 IT IT 1 80 73 64 72 Stytz, M. 2010 Electronic Patient Health Record Technology: Status and Challenges DC STPI 73 Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center 2000 10 John Halamka 3 GPS 1 3 65 IT IT IT IT 2 3 IT 1 IT 66 IT IT PPACA CMS IT IT IT PPACA PCAST IT 200 IT 67 1. 2,000 4,000 2. 5 10 500 2,000 3. 4. IT 1 3 1 0.1GB 1 0.2 IT 68 6,200 IT 69 VII. 2 300 1 2 A 70 B IT 74 IT 75 76 71 10 77 IT IT 74 USA Today USA Data 2009 H 10 25 "R.I. Tracks H1N1 with Electronic N " http://www.usatoday.com/news/nation/2009-10-25-rhode-island-flu-tracking_N.htm 75 Kweder S. " 76 2004 11 18 "Vioxx and Drug Safety http://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Testimony/ucm113235.htm Nissen, E., and K. Wolski 2007 Effect of Rosiglitazone on the Risk of Myocardial Infarction and Death from Cardiovascular Causes New England Journal of Medicine 356 24 2457 2471 77 Alliance for Health Reform 2006 72 3 "Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Health Care " http://www.allhealth.org/publications/pub_38.pdf 73 78 79 80 IT 74 DCIS 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. IT 3 1 1 81 IT 78 Cohen, H., G. Williams, J. Johnson, J. Duan, J. Gobburu, A. Rahman, K. Benson, J. Leighton, S. Kim, R. Wood, M. Rothmann, G.M. Chen, M. Staten, and R. Pazdur 2002 Approval Aummary for Imatinib Mesylate Capsules in the Treatment of Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia Clinical Cancer Research 79 8 5 935 National Cancer Institute 942 Beta-Carotene Supplements Confirmed as Harmful to Those at Risk for Lung Cancer http://www.cancer.gov/clinicaltrials/results/final-CARET1204 75 80 Gold, T., T. Do T, and W. Dick 2008 Correlates and Effect of Suboptimal Radiotherapy in Women with Ductal Carcinoma in Situ or Early Invasive Breast Cancer Cancer 113 11 3108 3115 81 W.H. Press W H 2009 Bandit Solutions Provide Unified Ethical Models for Randomized Clinical Trials and Comparative Effectiveness Research PNAS 106 76 22387 22392 VIII. IT ONC CMS 1 HHS XML XML ONC IT ONC 77 HL 82 ICD 83 ICD 84 ONC ONC ONC 78 IT ONC CMS IT 82 "Health Level Seven International " http://www.hl7.org/ 83 World Health Organization ICD " "International Classification of Diseases http://www.who.int/classifications/icd/en/ 84 AHRQ USHIK http://ushik.ahrq.gov/index.html IT 79 IT 6 85 ONC ONC ONC IT 86 IT ONC XML XML CDA CDA 80 ONC ARRA IT ONC 2 85 6 86 Gray, J. 16 CMS "A Conversation with Tim Bray " 2005 http://queue.acm.org/detail.cfm?id=1046941 ARRA CMS 4 5 IT CMS HHS CMS 87 CMS 1 2 IT 3 81 ONC HITECH 88 HL7 NIST IHE ONC CMS IT ONC 1 CMS 2 3 CMS CMS CMS PCAST 89 CMS CMS 90 82 91 2 CMS CMS NQF CMS HHS CMS PPACA CMS CMS CMS IT 2 6 CMS IT CMS CMS CMS 3 83 ONC CMS CMS IT CMS CMS 1 2 3 API 4 5 TCP 3 IT ONC IT CMS IT 87 88 Health Information Technology: Initial Set of Standards, Implementation Specifications, and Certification Criteria for Electronic Health Record Technology http://HealthIT.HHS.gov/standardsandcertification 89 Leatherman, S. and A. Epstein 2010 System Improvement Performance Measurement for Health Cambridge 84 University Press 90 Darves, B. 2008 " 6 "Ensuring - and Tracking - Physician Competence New England Journal of Medicine Career Center http://www.nejmjobs.org/career-resources/ensure-physician-competence.aspx 91 Gawande, A. 2009 The Checklist Manifesto: How to Get Things Right Metropolitan Books 85 IX. OMB HHS ONC IT 12 IT OMB HHB ONC ONC HITECH 2013 SHARP IT IT NRC 86 NRC 2013 2014 CMS 2013 CMS CMS 2013 2015 FDA CDC NIH AHRQ CMS VA IT FDA 87 AHRQ FDA HHS HHS CDC FDA ONC ONC 88 A PCAST HHMI 89 S CDISC MIT D C ASTM E 90 IBM 91 B 92 C 1 HITECH 2009 5 CMS 200 ARRA CMS 93 2006 CMS IT VistA XML 94 D ACO AHRQ ARRA CDA CDC CDS CMS EHR FDA HIE HHS HIPAA HL7 7 IHE IOM ONC NHIN NIST PCIP PCMH PHR PPACA RHIO SHARP IT VHA http://www.whitehouse.gov/ostp/pcast 95