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Mayhew, Peter. これからの進化生態学：生態学と進化
Mayhew, Peter. 䛙䜒䛑䜏䛴㐅⏍ឺᏕ䠌⏍ឺᏕ䛮㐅Ꮥ䛴⼝ྙ㻔䠀 Ờฝኰ࣬㧏ಲ⪌ୌ࣬ᕊᅽ࣬▴ཋ㐠༡ゼ㸡භ❟ฝ∟㸡2009㸣㻃 ཋ᭡㸯Discovering evolutionary ecology: Bridging together ecology and evolution. New York: Oxford University Press, 2006. ୯ᑹኳ㸝NAKAO Hisashi㸞2 ࡆࡡᮇࢅ▩ࡖࡒࡡࡢഃ↓࡚࠵ࡽ㸡ࡈࡾ ML ࡚Ὦࡈࡿࡒࢰࢹࣜ࡞࠾ࡿ࡙㉆ථࡊࡒ㸣 ゕ࠹ࡱ࡚ࡵ↋࠷ࡆ࡛ࡓ㸡㐅⏍ឺᏕ࡛࠷࠹ฦ㔕࠵ࡾࡻ࠹࡞ࡆࡿࡱ࡚⏍ឺᏕ࡛㐅 ᏕᏰධ࡞ஊ㞫ࡊ࡙࠷ࡒࡢࡍࡵ࠷㸣ࡓ㸡࡛ࡵࡌࡿࡣ⣵ฦࡊ㸡ืࡡࢷ࣭࣏ࡷິ ᳔∸࡞◂✪ᑊ㇗೩ࡽࡔ⏍∸⛁Ꮥࡡ⌟≟ࡷ 㸝ࡆࡿࡢⰃ࠷ࡆ࡛࡚ࡵ࠵ࡽ㸡Ửࡊ࡙㈈ ࡴࡾࡆ࡛ࡢ࡚ࡀ࠷ࡡࡓ㸞㸡㎾ᖳ⏍ឺᏕ⏍∸ᏕࡡူᏕ࡞࠽ࡄࡾ㔔さࢷ࣭࣏ࡡୌ ࡗ࡛ࡽࡗࡗ࠵ࡾ࡛࠷࠹≟Ἓࢅ㚯ࡲࡿࡣ㸝e.g., Cooper 2003; Maclaurin & Sterelny 2008; Sarkar 2005; Sterelny & Griffiths 1999㸞㸡⏍∸Ꮥධమࢅぜῳࡌࡆ࡛ࢅୌࡗࡡ┘ᵾ࡛ࡌࡾ ⏍∸ᏕࡡူᏕ࡞ᦘࢂࡾ⩽࡛ࡊ࡙㸡ࡆࡡࢰࢹࣜࡢ㟸ᖏ࡞㨡ງⓏࡵࡡࡓ㸣ࠔゼ⩽ࡱ࠻ ࡀࠕ࡚ࡵᘤ⏕ࡈࡿ࡙࠷ࡒ㸡ࢰࢹࣜ࡞ࡵ࠵ࡾࡻ࠹➱⩽ࡡណᅒࡢḗࡡṹⴘ࡞Ⰳࡂ ⌟ࡿ࡙࠷ࡾ㸣 ࡆࡡᮇࡢୌࡗࡡ㔔さ┘Ⓩࢅࡵࡖ࡙࠷ࡾ㸣㐅⏍ឺᏕࡡฦ㔕ࢅ⤣ྙࡌࡾࡆ࡛㸡ࡗࡱ ࡽ㸡㐅⏍ឺᏕࡡ⣵㒂ࢅࡒࡓ⥑⨮ࡌࡾࡻࡽࡵ㸡ධమ࡛ࡊ࡙ࡡࡻ࠹Ⓠぜࢅࡊ࡙ࡀ ࡒࡡ࠾ࢅㄕ᪺ࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡚࠵ࡾ㸣ࡐࡡ㏭୕࡞ࡢ㸡ࠍࡡ◂✪ᠺᯕ࡛࠷࠹࠷ࡂࡼ࠾ࡡ⣵ 㒂࠵ࡾ㸣 ⣵㒂 ࡢ⤣ ྙ ࡊ ࡞Ꮛ ᅹࡊ ࠹ ࡾࡄ ࡿ ࡵ 㸡⤣ ྙ ࡢ⣵ 㒂࡞ ౮ೋ ࢅ ࡗࡄ ຊ࠻ ࡾ 㸣 ⣵㒂ࡡ࠹ࡔࡡ࠷ࡂࡼ࠾ࡢንࡊࡒࡽࢂࡿࡒࡽࡗࡄຊ࠻ࡼࡿࡒࡽࡌࡾࡵ ࡡࡵ࠵ࡾ㸡 ࡐࡡ⤣ྙࡢ⥌ᣚࡈࡿࡾ࡛⚶ࡢᛦ࠹㸝ᮇ᭡㸡vii㸣ᙁㄢࡢ➱⩽㸣ࡱࡒ㸡࣋ ࣭ࢩᩐ㸡ゼᩝࡢධ࡙㑝ゼ࡞ࡻࡾ㸞3㸣 ࡈ࡙㸡┘ḗࡢḗࡡࡻ࠹࡞ࡖ࡙࠷ࡾ㸣➠ 1 ❮㸯㐅Ꮥ࡛⏍ឺᏕࡡⅤ―ࢨࢠࣛࢴࢺࡡ ⛸ฦࢅౚ࡞㸣➠ 2 ❮㸯さ⛛⾔࡛ᛮࡡ㐅㸣 ➠ 3 ❮㸯⏍∸ᅥࡡ㐅࡛㣍⾔ࡡ㐅㸣 ➠ 4 ❮㸯⏍Ὡྍࡡ㐅㸣➠ 5 ❮㸯ᛮẒ࡛ᛮ㒼ฦ㸣➠ 6 ❮㸯⛛ິฦᩋ࡛ఆ┸ࡡ㐅㸣➠ 7 ❮㸯᳔∸ࡡ⾔ິ⏍ឺᏕ㸣 ➠ 8 ❮㸯㐅࡛మ⩄ິឺ㸣➠ 9 ❮㸯ࢼࢴࢲࡡ㐅㸣➠ 10 1ࡆࡿࡢ᭡フ࡛࠷࠹ࡻࡽࡢㄖ᭡ࢿ࣭ࢹ࡞㎾࠷ࡵࡡ࡚ࡌ㸣 හᐖ࡞ࡗ࠷࡙ࡡㄏよࡷࢤ࣒ࣤࢹࡇࡉ ࠷ࡱࡊࡒࡼ㸡ࡇ㏻⤙࠷ࡒࡓࡄࡿࡣᖶ࠷࡚ࡌ㸣 2 ா㒌ኬᏕᩝᏕ◂✪⛁⛁ᏕူᏕ⛁Ꮥྍ Email: [email protected] 3 ࠽㸡ཋ᭡ࡢኬᏕ࡞ᡜⶮ↋࠾ࡖࡒࡒࡴ㸡ᑊᚺ⟘ᡜࡡࢲ࢘ࢴࢠࡢ⾔ࡖ࡙࠷࠷㸣 ❮㸯┞ฺභ⏍㸣➠ 11 ❮㸯භ㐅㸣➠ 12 ❮㸯⛸ࡡ⏍㸣 ➠ 13 ❮㸯⛸ࡡ⤧⁓㸣➠ 14 ❮㸯 ኬ㐅㸣➠ 15 ❮㸯࣏ࢠࣞ⏍ឺᏕ㸣➠ 16 ❮㸯㐅⏍ឺᏕࡡࡴࡉࡌ࡛ࡆࢀ㸣 ࡚ࡢ⠾༟࡞හᐖࢅぜ࡙࠷ࡆ࠹㸣➠ 1 ❮࡚ࡢᛮ㐽ᢝ࡛ᛮẒ㐽ᢝ࡞ᇱࡘࡂࢨࢠࣛࢴࢺࡡྜྷ ᡜⓏ⛸ฦ⣺ࡈࡿ㸡ᮇ᭡ධమࢅ㏳ࡋ࡙ࡡࢷ࣭࣏࡚ࡵ࠵ࡾࠔ㐅࡛⏍ឺࡡ㐛⛤┞ ப࡞ᙫ㡢ࡊ࠵ࡖ࡙࠷ࡾ㸝12㸞ࠕࡆ࡛♟ࡈࡿ࡙࠷ࡾ㸣๑⩽㸝ᛮ㐽ᢝ㸞ࡡ㐛⛤ࢅኬ㞟ᢍ ࡞ࡱ࡛ࡴࡿࡣ㸡Ⰵᙤ࡞ᑊࡌࡾ㞜ࡡ㐽ይ࡞ࡻࡖ࡙≁ᏽࡡ㞕㒼ഃ⩽࡛ࡊ࡙㐽ࡣࡿ㸡⛸ฦ ࠾ࡽࡡ㏷ᗐ࡚㐅ࢆࡓ࡛ㄵࡋࡼࡿ࡙࠷ࡾ㸣➠ 2 ❮ࡢ࣒ࢻ࣭ࢺ࣬ࢪ࣐ࢪ࡛ࢦࢹ࣏ ࣭ࣛ࡞ࡻࡾ㸡ୠ㛣࡚㐿ఎሒఎ㐡ࡈࡿࡾ᪁Ἢࡡࠔさ⛛⾔㸝major transition㸞ࠕ ⣺ࡈࡿ࡙࠷ࡾ㸣ࡐࡡౚ࡛ࡊ࡙ᛮࡡ㐅㸡⥌ᣚཱིࡽ୕ࡅࡼࡿ࡙࠷ࡾࡡࡓ㸡㉝ࡡ ዥ⋜௫ㄕ࠽㤾ࡲࡡㄕࡷ㸡༟Ⅵ⏍Ṣ࡛Ẓ࡙ࡡⅤඁࡿ࡙࠷ࡾࡡ࠾࡛࠷ࡖࡒⅤ よㄕࡈࡿࡾ㸣3 ❮ࡢ࠷࠾࡞ࡊ࡙⏍∸⏍∸ᅥࢅᣉኬࡈࡎ㸡㣍⾔⏍ࡊࡒ࠾࡛࠷࠹ リ࡚࠵ࡾ㸣ࡆࡆࡵ㸝≁࡞㣍⾔ࡡ㐅࡞㛭ࡊ࡙ࡢ㸞࠾࠾⠾₡࡚㟻Ⓣ࠷ࡡࡓ㸡ࡈࡌ ࡞⏍∸ᅥࡡᣉኬ࡛࠷࠹㛏࡞ῳࡾࢷ࣭࣏ࢅࡆࡡ▯ࡈ࡚ࡖ࡙ࡊࡱ࠹࡛㸡ⱕᖱᾐ Ⰳ㐛ࡁࡾវྫྷࡴ࠷࠾ࡵࡊࡿ࠷㸣 ⤾ࡂ 4 ❮ࡢ⏍Ὡྍࡡ㐅࡚࠵ࡾ㸣࠽ࡐࡼࡂ➱⩽ࡡᑍ㛓ฦ㔕ࡡୌࡗ࡚࠵ࡾࡡࡓࢀ࠹㸣 ࡡ❮࡛ࡢᑛࡊງࡡථࡿ᪁㐢࠹ࡻ࠹࡞វࡋࡒ㸣≁࡞⮾࠷ࡡࡢ㸡Charnov ࡞ࡻࡾࠔ ን㔖ࠕ4ࡡ⣺ࡓࢀ࠹㸣 ⏍Ὡྍᙟ㈻ࡡኣࡂࡢ㸡⛸㛣࡚ࡲࡾ࡛㸡࠵ࡾ≁᭯㸝ࡀ㸞㛭ᩐ࡞ࡻࡖ࡙మࢦࢫ ࡛㛭౿ࡊ࡙࠷ࡾ㸣ࡆࡿࡢ࣒ࣞࢹ࣭ࣛ㸝┞ᑊᠺ㛏㸞ᣞᩐ࡛ࡊ࡙▩ࡼࡿ࡙࠷ࡾ...ࡒ࡛ ࠻ࡣ㸡ဳ㢦ࡡ⛸Ẏࡡฝ⏍⋙ࡢమࢦࢫࡡ-0.25 ࡞Ẓౚࡌࡾ 㸝ࡗࡱࡽ⛸㛣࡚ࡢฝ ⏍⋙ࡢమࢦࢫࡡቌኬ࡛࡛ࡵ࡞΅ᑛࡌࡾ㸞㸣㦣ࡂࡀࡆ࡛࡞㸡ဳ㢦ࡡ⏍Ὡྍᙟ㈻ ࡞ࡗ࠷࡙ࡡ࣒ࣞࢹ࣭ࣛᣞᩐࡢࡌ࡙ 1/4 ࡡಶᩐ࡞㎾࠷ೋ࡛ࡾ... ࡈࡼ࡞...࠵ࡾ≁ ᏽࡡᙟ㈻ೋࢅୌ⥬࡞᤻ࡄྙࢂࡎࡾ࡛㸡మࢦࢫࡡቌኬ࡞㛭౿ࡊ࠷ೋࢅࡵࡗ㸣ࡒ࡛ ࠻ࡣ㸡ࡵࡊ 0.25 ࡡ⣴ᣞᩐࢅࡵࡗ࠵ࡾᙟ㈻࡛-0.25 ࡡ⣴ᣞᩐࢅࡵࡗࡡᙟ㈻ࢅ᤻ࡄ ྙࢂࡎࡾ࡛㸡ࡐࡡ⤎ᯕࡢࡐࡡ⛸ࡡమࢦࢫ࡛㛭౿ࡡ࠷ᩐ࡛ࡽ㸡Ẓ㍉Ⓩୌᏽೋ࡞ ㎾ࡂࡾࡓࢀ࠹㸝50㸞㸣 5 ❮࡚ࡢᛮẒ࡛ᛮ㒼ฦ࡞ࡗ࠷࡙ࡡ㆗ㄵ㸡ࡒ࡛࠻ࡣ᭯ྞࡆࢀ࡚ゕ࠻ࡣ Fisher ࡷ Hamilton ࡼࡡ㆗ㄵ⣺ࡈࡿ࡙࠷ࡾ㸣➱⩽⤎ㄵ࡚ࠔ㞕ྜྷమᛮ࡛㞜㞕␏మᛮࡡ㐅࡞ࡗ࠷࡙ࡡ ⌦よࡢ㸡ᑑᮮⓏぜ㎲ࡲࡢ☔࠾࡞࠵ࡾࡵࡡࡡ㸡ᛮ㒼ฦࡡ೩ࡽ࡞ࡗ࠷࡙ࡡ⌦よ࡞ࡢ 㐅ࢆ࡚࠷࠷㸝76㸞ࠕ ࡛㏑࡙࠷ࡾࡻ࠹࡞㸡ࡆࡡࢷ࣭࣏ࡢࡱࡓࡱࡓⓆᒈ㏭୕࡛࠷࠹༰ 4 John Whitfield ࡞ࡻࡾࠖ⏍ࡀ∸ࡒࡔࡢ 3/4 ይࡀ㸯ኣᵕ⏍∸⏲ࢅᨥ㒼ࡌࡾ༟⣟Ἢ์࡛ࠗ࠷ ࠹ᮇࡵ࠵ࡾࡻ࠹ࡓ㸣 ࢰࢹࣜ࠾ࡼࡌࡾ࡛㛭㏻ࡊࡒහᐖࡡࡻ࠹ࡓ㸡හᐖࡢᮅ☔ヾ࡚࠵ࡾ㸣 ㇗ࢅུࡄࡒ㸣ḗ❮࡚ࡢ㸝⛛ິ㸞ฦᩋ࡛ఆ┸࡛࠷࠹フ⩽࡞ࡢ㤾ࡲࡡ↋࠷ࢷ࣭࣏ࢂ ࡿ࡙࠷ࡾ㸣୦⩽ࡢమ࡞࡛ࡖ࡙ࢤࢪࢹࡡ࠾࠾ࡾᙟ㈻࡚࠵ࡾ࡞ࡵ㛭ࢂࡼࡍ㸡ኣࡂࡡమ ࡞ぜࡾࡆ࡛࡚ࡀࡾ㸣୦⩽ࡡ㛭౿ࡢࡐࡿࡓࡄ࡞࡛ࡱࡼࡍ㸡ኬ㞟ᢍ࡞ゕ࠹ࡼࡣ ࠔ... ฦᩋࡢ✭㛣Ⓩ㏠㑂࡚࠵ࡽ㸡ఆ┸ࡢ㛣Ⓩ㏠㑂࡚࠵ࡽ㸡 ⛸ᏄࢦࢫࡢᑻᡜⓏ⎌ሾᑊ ࡌࡾ⪇ᛮ࡚࠵ࡾࠕ࡛࠷࠹㸡ப࠷ࢹ࣭ࣝࢺ࢛࣬ࣆࡡ㛭౿࡞࠵ࡾ࡛ㄵࡋࡼࡿ࡙࠷ࡾ㸣 ⤾ࡂ 7 ❮࡚ࡢ㝀⏲ೋᏽ⌦ࡡࡻ࠹࡞ິ∸⾔ິ⏍ឺᏕ࡚Ⓠᒈࡈࡎࡼࡿࡒᏽ⌦᳔∸࡞ࡵ㐲 ⏕࡚ࡀࡾࡆ࡛ㄵࡋࡼࡿ㸡8 ❮࡚ࡢ⌦⮤⏜ฦᕱ࣓ࢸࣜ࡞ᇱࡘࡂమ⩄ິឺࡡῼ㸡 ࣜࢪࡡ㐅㸡ࡈࡼ࡞ࡢெⅥⓏさᅄ࡞ࡻࡾ▯Ⓩ㐅ࢂࡿ࡙࠷ࡾ㸣ࡆ ࡡ❮ࡡ᭩ᚃ࡚⣺ࡈࡿ࡙࠷ࡾ㐲ᚺࢱࢻ࣐ࢠࢪࡢ㟸ᖏ࡞⮾࠷ࡵࡡࡡࡓ㸡 フ⩽ ࡡࡻ࠹࡞㤾ࡲࡡ࠷ெ㛣࡞࡛ࡖ࡙ࡢᑛࠍオ㏑⯁㊂ࡼࡍࡡ࠾ฦ࠾ࡽ࡞ࡂ࠾ࡖࡒ㸣 9 ❮࡚ࡢࢪ࣋ࢨࣔࣛࢪࢹ࡛ࢩ࢘ࢾࣚࣛࢪࢹ㐅ࡊࡷࡌ࠷᮪௲㸡ᇱᮇࢼࢴࢲ㸝ࠔ࠵ࡾ ⛸ḿࡡቌṢ⋙ࢅ⥌ᣚ࡚ࡀࡾ㸝ࡗࡱࡽࠔ⌦ㄵ୕Ꮛ⤾࡚ࡀࡾ㸞ࠕ⎌ሾࡡ㞗ྙ㸡120㸞࡛ ᐁ ⌟ࢼࢴࢲ㸝ࠔ㔕አ࡚ᐁ㝷࡞ࡐࡡ⏍∸༥ࡴ࡙࠷ࡾࠕሔᡜ㸡121㸞ࡡโ㝀࡞㛭ࡌࡾ⩻ᐳ ࢅࡵ࡛࡞㸡ࢼࢴࢲࡡ㐅࡞㛭ࡌࡾ⩻ᐳࡈࡿࡾ㸣10 ❮࡚ࡢ Frank (1996, 1997) ࢅୖᩔࡀ࡞ࡊ࡙ᐞ⏍࣬ᐙ㛭౿ࡡ㐅ࡷ┞ฺභ⏍㛭౿ࡡ㉫″࣬⥌ᣚㄵࡋࡼࡿ࡙ ࠷ࡾ㸣Frank (1997)ࡡ࣓ࢸࣜ࡞ࡻࡾ࡛㸡┞ฺභ⏍⏍ࡋࡾࡒࡴ࡞ࡢ┞பฺ─ୌᏽࡡ㜀 ೋ௧୕࡚ࡄࡿࡣࡼ࠷ࡼࡊ࠷㸣┞ฺභ⏍ࡡౚ࡛ࡊ࡙ᤪ㝎㨮ࡂࡼ࠷ࡊ࠾ࡌࡃ࡞ࡢᛦ ࠷ฝࡎ࠷フ⩽࡞࡛ࡖ࡙ࡆࡿࡢ㟸ᖏ࡞⮾࠷㆗ㄵ࡚࠵ࡖࡒ㸣ࡐࡊ࡙ 11 ❮࡚ࡢ㸝1㸞 ┞பష⏕ࡌࡾ⛸ࡡᩐ㸡㸝2㸞⛸ᩐࡡິឺ㸡㸝3㸞ᙟ㈻ࡡ㛣Ⓩິឺ㸡㸝4㸞ᩓᑊⓏ㛭౿ࡡ ິឺ࡛࠷࠹ 4 ࡗࡡⅤ࡞╌┘ࡊ࡙භ㐅ࡡᙟឺࢅฦ㢦ࡊ㸡ฦ㢦ࡈࡿࡒᙟឺࡐࡿࡑࡿࡡౚ ⣺ࡈࡿ࡙࠷ࡾ㸣ࡆࡆࡱ࡚ࡡ 3 ❮ࢅ㏳ࡋ࡙᪺ࡼ࠾࡞ࡈࡿࡒࡡࡢ㸡ࠔ⛸㛣┞பష⏕ࡡ 㐅ࡢ⛸ฦ࡞⮫ࡾࡆ࡛࠵ࡾࠕ㸝160㸞࡛࠷࠹ࡆ࡛࡚࠵ࡾ㸣ࡐࡊ࡙㸡ḗ❮௧㜾࡚ࡢ⛸ ฦࡐࡡࡵࡡࢷ࣭࣏࡛ࡖ࡙࠷ࡾ㸣 12 ❮࡚ࡢ⛸ฦ࡛ࡐࡡ࣒࢜ࢼࢫ࣑࡞ࡗ࠷࡙⣺ࡈࡿ࡙࠷ࡾ㸣ࢂࡿ࡙࠷ࡾ㢗ᮞࡢࡆࡿ ࡱ࡚ࡡ❮࡚ฝ࡙ࡀࡒࡵࡡࡵኣࡂ㸡࠵ࡾណ࡚ࡢࡐࡿࡼࢅ⛸ฦ࡛࠷࠹␏ࡾっⅤ࠾ࡼ ╈ࡴࡒ❮࡚࠵ࡾ࡛ゕ࠻ࡾ࠾ࡵࡊࡿ࠷㸣➠ 1 ❮࡚ࡵㄵࡋࡼࡿࡒࡻ࠹ྜྷᡜⓏ⛸ฦ ௧๑ࡻࡽࡵ࠾ࡽୌ⯙Ⓩ⌟㇗࠾ࡵࡊࡿ࠷࡛࠷࠹㆗ㄵࡢ㸡Ⰳࡂࡵᝇࡂࡵ Mayr ࡡ⏍∸ ᏕⓏ⛸ᴣᛍ࠾ࡼ⛸ၡ㢗࡞㤫ࢅ✲ࡖ㎲ࡳࡆ࡛ࡡኣ࠷⏍∸ᏕࡡူᏕ⩽࡛ࡊ࡙ࡢ⮾࠷ࡵ ࡡ࡚࠵ࡖࡒ㸣13 ❮ࡢ⛸ࡡ⤧⁓࡞ࡗ࠷࡙ㄵࡋࡼࡿ࡙࠽ࡽ㸡⤧⁓ࡡཋᅄ࡛ࡊ࡙ Allee ຝᯕ 㸝ࠔ࠵ࡾ㜀ೋࡡᐠᗐࢅୖᅂࡾ࡛㐲ᚺᗐ΅ᑛࡊ㸡ࡈࡼ࡞ᐠᗐ΅ᑛࡊ㸡ࡐࡊ࡙ࡈࡼ࡞ 㐲ᚺᗐୖࡾࠕ㸡184㸞ࡷ㸡ᕵᑛ⛸ஹ㞟ྊ⬗⛸ࡡኬమ⩄࡛ஹ㞟ࢅ⾔࠹ࡆ࡛࡚ ᚃ⩽࡞ྺࡈࡿ࡙ࡊࡱ࠹ሔྙᣪࡅࡼࡿ࡙࠷ࡾ㸣ࡆࡡࢷ࣭࣏ࡢ⏍∸ኣᵕᛮಕධ ࡞ࡵ㛭ࢂࡖ࡙ࡂࡾࡡ࡚㸡ᚃࡵࡈࡼ࡞◂✪㐅ࡴࡼࡿࡾࡓࢀ࠹5㸣14 ❮࡚ࡢኬ㐅 ࢂࡿ࡙࠷ࡾ㸡࢜ࣤࣇࣛ⣎࡞ࡗ࠷࡙᭡࠾ࡿࡒኬ㒂ࡡⴥష࡞ៈࡿばࡊࢆࡓெࡒࡔ࡞ ࡛ࡖ࡙ࡢⱕᖱ∸㊂ࡽࡈṟࡾ࠾ࡵࡊࡿ࠷㸣࡛ࡢ࠷࠻㸡␏㈻ᛮ㸝disparity㸞࡛ኣᵕᛮ ࡞ࡗ࠷࡙ࡡථࡽ⤄ࢆࡓ㆗ㄵ㸝Maclaurin & Sterelny 2008, Ch.3 & 4㸞ࢅㄖࢆ࡚ᝆࡱࡈࡿࡒ フ⩽࡞࡛ࡖ࡙ࡢ㸡ࡆࡡࡌࡖࡀࡽ࡛ࡊࡒ㆗ㄵࡢཤ⩻࡞ࡖࡒ㸣⤾ࡂ 15 ❮࡚ࡢ࣏ࢠࣞ⏍ឺ ᏕⓏࣂࢰ࣭ࣤࢅ㐅Ⓩ࡞࠹ㄕ᪺ࡌࡾ࠾࡛࠷࠹᭩㎾ࡡモࡲ⣺ࡈࡿ࡙࠷ࡾ㸣➱⩽ࡵ ᭡࠷࡙࠷ࡾࡻ࠹࡞㸝218㸞㸡ࡆࡡࢷ࣭࣏ࡢ㎾ᖳࡻ࠹ࡷࡂᏽ㔖Ⓩ࡞◂✪⾔ࢂࡿጙࡴࡒࡵ ࡡ࡚࠵ࡽ㸡⣺ࡈࡿ࡙࠷ࡾහᐖ⮤మࡵࡱࡓࡱࡓࡆࡿ࠾ࡼ࡛࠷࠹༰㇗ࢅུࡄࡒ㸣 16 ❮࡚ࡢ㸡⏍ឺᏕ࡛㐅Ꮥࡡࡻ࠹࡞㛭౿ࡌࡾ࠾࡛࠷࠹っⅤ࠾ࡼࡆࡿࡱ࡚ࡡ㆗ㄵ ්ᗐࡱ࡛ࡴࡼࡿ࡙࠷ࡾ㸣➠ୌ࡞㸡⏍ឺᏕ࡛㐅Ꮥ࡞භ㏳ࡌࡾ┘Ⓩࡢ㸡⏍∸ኣᵕᛮࢅ⌦ よࡌࡾ࡛࠷࠹ࡆ࡛࡚࠵ࡾ㸣ḗ࡞㸡⏍ឺ࡛㐅ப࠷࡞ᙫ㡢ࢅ࠻ྙࡖ࡙࠷ࡾࡆ࡛㸡 ࡐ ࡊ࡙᭩ᚃ࡞㸡⏍ឺᏕࡡၡ࠷ࡢ㐅Ꮥࡡၡ࠷࡛々㞟࡞㛭㏻ࡊ࡙࠷ࡾࡡࡓ㸡࡛࠷࠹ࡆ࡛ ㄵࡋࡼࡿ࡙࠷ࡾ㸝224㸡ᅒ 16.1㸞㸣ࡆࡿࡢᙔࡒࡽ๑ࡡ㛭౿ࡡࡻ࠹࡞ࡵᛦ࠻ࡾ࠾ࡵࡊࡿ ࠷㸡ා㢄࡚ࡵ㏑ࡒࡻ࠹࡞◂✪ࢷ࣭࣏⣵ฦࡊࡔ⌟≟ࢅ㊻ࡱ࠻ࡾࡼ㸡 ්ᗐ ᙁㄢࡌࡾ౮ೋࡢ༎ฦ࡞࠵ࡾࡓࢀ࠹㸣 ᮇ᭡ࢅୌ㏳ࡽㄖࡲ⤂࠻࡙᭩ิ࡞ᛦ࠷ᾃ࠾ࢆࡓࡡ㸡Futuyma ࡡࠖ㐅⏍∸Ꮥࠗ㸝1997㸡 㑝ゼࡢ➠∟࠾ࡼ࡚ 1989㸞 ࡷ Ridley Evolution㸝2003㸞࡚࠵ࡾ㸣 ࢂࡿ࡙࠷ࡾࢷ࣭࣏ ࡡᗀ⠂ࡈ࡞㛭ࡊ࡙ゕ࠻ࡣ㸡ᮇ᭡ࡵ୦⩽࡞ࡢࡱࡖࡒࡂᘤࡄࢅ࡛ࡖ࡙࠷࠷㸣ᮇ᭡ࡢ୦⩽ ࡞Ẓ࡙ฦ㔖ࡵᑛ࠷ࡎ࠷࠾୦⩽࡞ᚥᗇࡊࡒ⣺ࡢࡈࡿ࡙࠷࠷㸡フ⩽ㄖ ࢆࡓ㝀ࡽ㸡Futuyma ࡛ Ridley ࡡᮇࡢⱕᖱᩅ⛁᭡Ⓩ↋ஜ⇩ࡈࢅវࡋࡾࡆ࡛ࡵᑛࡂ ࠾ࡖࡒ 㸝ࡐࡡࡎ࠷࠾㸡㏳ㄖ࡞ࡢᩃࡊ࡙࠷ࡾ㸞㸣ࡊ࠾ࡊ㸡ᮇ᭡࡞ࡢࡐࡿࢅវࡋࡾࡆ ࡛ࡂࡌࢆࡽㄖࡲ㏳ࡌࡆ࡛࡚ࡀࡾ㸣ࡆࡿࡢ㸡ㄵࢅୌࡗࡡっⅤ࠾ࡼ⧫ࡴ୕ࡅࡻ࠹ ࡛࠷࠹➱⩽ࡡຑງࡡ㈱∸࡚࠵ࢀ࠹㸣ࡱࡒオ㏑ࡷㄵ᪠ࡵ㟸ᖏ࡞᪺ᛄ࡚࠵ࡽ㸡⏍ឺᏕࡡࡲ ࡼࡍ㐅⏍∸Ꮥࡡධమാࢅᴣふࡌࡾථ㛓᭡࡛ࡊ࡙㸡ᮇ᭡ࡢඁࡿࡒᮇ࡚࠵ࡾ࡛ゕ࠻ࡾ ࡓࢀ࠹6㸣 References ➠ 1 ∟ p.191 ࡞ㄏ᳔࠵ࡾ㸣Cahghley㸝1994㸞→Caughley㸝1994㸞㸣ᩝ⊡⾪࡚ࡢḿࡊ࠷⾪ オ࡞ࡖ࡙࠷ࡾ㸣ࡱࡒ㸡ࡆࡡᩝ⊡ࡢ⏍∸ኣᵕᛮࡡᩝ⬞࡚ࡢ㔔さᩝ⊡ࡡୌࡗ࡞ࡖ࡙࠷ࡾ㸣 6 ࡱࡒ㸡භ❟ฝ∟࡞ࡗ࠷࡙ࡵୌゕ㏑࡙࠽ࡀࡒ࠷㸣ࡆࡆᩐᖳභ❟ฝ∟࠾ࡼฝ∟ࡈࡿ࡙࠷ࡾ⏍∸ Ꮥ㛭㏻ࡡᅒ᭡ࡢ㟸ᖏ࡞ඁࡿࡒࡵࡡኣࡂ㸡 Ẵࡗࡂ࡛フ⩽ࡢࡐࡡኣࡂࢅ㉆ථࡊ࡙ࡊࡱࡖ࡙࠷ࡾ㸣 ࡉࡖ࡛ᮇᲬࢅぜῳࡌࡓࡄ࡚ࡵ㸡ࠖࢣࢿ࣑㐅Ꮥථ㛓ࠗ㸡ࠖ⏍ឺࣛࢪࢠᏕථ㛓ࠗ㸡ࠖࢨࢪࢷ࣑⏍ ∸Ꮥථ㛓ࠗ㸡ࠖୌ⯙⥲ᙟ࣓ࢸࣜ࡞ࡻࡾ⏍∸⛁Ꮥࡡࡒࡴࡡ⌟⤣ゝᏕࠗ㸡ࠖ⏍ࡡᩐ⌦ࠗ ࠵ࡾ㸣ฝ∟Ἓࡡ᭩୯㸡ࡆ࠹࠷࠹ฝ∟♣࠵ࡾࡡࡢ㟸ᖏ࡞࠵ࡽࡒ࠷㝀ࡽ࡚࠵ࡾ㸣 5 • Copper, G. 2003. 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