- 奈良女子大学 高エネルギー物理学研究室

&U࣬(- 4 Ίྙ࢝ࢪࢅ⏕࠷ࡒ
Ẓౚゝᩐ⟮ࡡ⿿ష
࠽ࡻࡦࡐࡡᇱᮇ≁ᛮ࡞㛭ࡌࡾ◂✪
ዄⰃዥᏄኬᏕ ⌦Ꮥ㒂 ∸⌦⛁Ꮥ⛁
㧏࢙ࢾ࣭ࣜ࢟∸⌦Ꮥㅦᗑ
ᶣᮇ ▩౅ ඔὮ ῗᏄ
┘ḗ
➠ 1 ❮ Introduction
1.1 ᐁ㥺ࡡ┘Ⓩ
1.2 ᮇㄵᩝࡡᵋᠺ
➠ 2 ❮ ᨲᑏ⥲ῼᏽࡡཋ⌦
2.1 Ⲭ㞹⢇Ꮔ࡛∸㈻ࡡ┞பష⏕
2.1.1 㞹㞫᥾኶
2.1.2 โິᨲᑏ࡞ࡻࡾ࢙ࢾ࣭ࣜ࢟᥾኶
2.2 කᏄ࡛∸㈻࡛ࡡ┞பష⏕
2.2.1 ක㞹ຝᯕ
2.2.2 ࢤࣤࣈࢹࣤᩋ஗
2.2.3 㞹Ꮔᑊ⏍ᠺ
2.2.4 ┞பష⏕ࡡⓆ⏍☔⋙
➠ 3 ❮ Ẓౚゝᩐ⟮ࡡཋ⌦࡛࢝ࢪቌᖕ⋙
3.1 ᨲᑏ⥲᳠ฝჹ
3.1.1 ࢝ࢪථࡽ᳠ฝჹ
3.1.2 ༰ຊ㞹ᅸ࡛࢝ࢪቌᖕࡡ࣓࣭ࢺ
3.2 Ẓౚゝᩐ⟮
3.2.1 Ẓౚゝᩐ⟮ࡡᇱᮇᵋᠺ࡛⢇Ꮔ᳠ฝ㐛⛤
3.2.2 ༰ຊ㞹ᅸ࡛ቌᖕ⋙ࡡ㛭౿
➠ 4 ❮ ౐⏕ࡌࡾ⥲″࡛ࡐࡡິష஢᝷
4.1 ౐⏕⥲″ࡡ㐽ᢝ
4.2 ⥲″ࡡິష஢᝷
4.2.1 K㸢X ⥲ᨲฝ
4.2.2 ࢛࣭ࢩ࢘ຝᯕ
➠ 5 ❮ Ẓౚゝᩐ⟮࡛ Pre-Amp ࡡ⿿ష
5.1 Ẓౚゝᩐ⟮ࡡ⿿ష
5.1.1 Ẓౚゝᩐ⟮ᮇమ
5.1.2 ࣠࢕࣭ࣕᘿࡽ
5.1.3 ࢝ࢪ㒼⟮
5.1.4 㧏㞹ᅸࡡ༰ຊ
5.2 Pre-Amp ࡡ⿿ష
5.2.1 Pre-Amp ࡡᙲ๪
5.2.2 Pre-Amp ࡡິషཋ⌦
➠ 6 ❮ ῼᏽࡡࡒࡴࡡࢬࢴࢹ࢓ࢴࣈ࡛౐⏕ࡊࡒ⿞⨠ࡡᴣさ
6.1 ῼᏽࡡࡒࡴࡡࢬࢴࢹ࢓ࢴࣈ
6.1.1 Test Pulse ࢅฝࡈࡎࡾࡒࡴࡡ⿞⨠
6.1.2 ㄖࡲฝࡊࡡ࢙ࣝࢠࢹࣞࢼࢠࢪ
➠ 7 ❮ ࢝ࢪቌᖕ⋙ࡡῼᏽ
7.1 Test Pulse ࢅ⏕࠷ࡒῼᏽ
7.2 Main Peak ࡛ Escape Peak ࡡふῼ
7.2.1 Ẓౚゝᩐ⟮හࡡ࡮ࡆࡽࡡ㝎ཡ
7.2.2 ῼᏽ
7.3 ⤎ᯕ
7.3.1 Chamber හࡡ⢇Ꮔࡡ࢙ࢾ࣭ࣜ࢟᥾኶࡛࢝ࢪቌᖕ⋙
7.3.2 ゝ⟤⤎ᯕ
➠ 8 ❮ ࡱ࡛ࡴ
ཤ⩻ᩝ⊡
ㅨ㎙
➠ୌ❮
Introduction
1.1 ᐁ㥺ࡡ┘Ⓩ
㧏࢙ࢾ࣭ࣜ࢟∸⌦Ꮥࡢ∸㈻ࡡ✪ᴗࡡᵋᠺさ⣪࡛ࠉࡐࡿࡼࡡ㛣࡞഼
ࡂ┞பష⏕ࢅ◂✪ࡌࡾᏕၡ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ✪ᴗࡡᵋᠺさ⣪࡚࠵ࡾᴗ᚜ࡡୠ
⏲ࢅㄢ࡬ࡾࡒࡴ࡞ࠉ㧏࢙ࢾ࣭ࣜ࢟ᐁ㥺࡚ࡢ⢇Ꮔࡡ಴ᩐࠉ⛸㢦ࠉన⨠ࠉ
㐘ິ㔖ࠉ᫤㛣ࠉ࢙ࢾ࣭ࣜ࢟࡝࡜ࢅῼᏽࡌࡾࠊࡐࡊ࡙ࡆࡿࢅࡻࡽࡻ࠷
⢥ᗐ࡚ῼᏽࡌࡾࡒࡴ࡞ࠉ྘ࠍ࡞㐲ࡊࡒኣ⛸ኣᵕ࡝᳠ฝჹ࠿ᐁ⏕໩ࡈ
ࡿ࡙࠷ࡾࠊ
ᮇᐁ 㥺 ࡚ ࡢࠉ 3™3cm ࡡḿ ᪁ ᙟ ࡡ ᩷ 㟻ࢅ ᣚ ࡖ ࡒẒ ౚ ゝ ᩐ⟮ ࡛
Pre-Amp ࢅ⿿షࡊࠉࡐࡡ≁ᛮࢅ⌦よࡊࡒ୕࡚ࠉථᑏⲬ㞹⢇Ꮔࡡ㞹㞫
᥾኶ῼᏽ࡞୘ྊḖ࡝࢝ࢪቌᖕ⋙ࡡῼᏽࢅ⾔ࡖࡒࠊ
1.2 ᮇㄵᩝࡡᵋᠺ
ᮇㄵᩝ࡚ࡢࠉ➠ 2 ❮࠾ࡼ➠ 4 ❮࡞࠾ࡄ࡙ᮇ◂✪࡚⾔ࡖࡒᐁ㥺࡞࠽
ࡄࡾ྘ࠍࡡ⌦ㄵⓏ࡝ཋ⌦ࢅㄕ᪺ࡊࠉ➠ 5 ❮ࠉ➠ 6 ❮࡚රమⓏ࡝ᐁ㥺
㐛⛤ࢅ㏑࡬ࠉ➠ 7 ❮࡞ῼᏽ⤎ᯕࢅࠉ᭩ᚃ࡞➠ 8 ❮࡚ࡐࡡ⩻ᐳࢅࡱ࡛
ࡴ࡙࠷ࡾࠊ
➠2❮
ᨲᑏ⥲ῼᏽࡡཋ⌦
⢇Ꮔ᳠ฝჹ࡚⢇Ꮔࢅ᳠ฝࡌࡾ࡛࠷࠹ࡆ࡛ࡢࠉ᳠ฝჹ୯ࡡ∸㈻࡛⢇Ꮔࢅ┞பష
⏕ࡈࡎࠉࡐࡡ⤎ᯕ⏍ࡋࡾಘྒࢅరࡼ࠾ࡡᙟཱི࡚ࡽฝࡌ࡛࠷࠹ࡵࡡ࡚࠵ࡾࠊࡻࡖ
࡙⢇Ꮔ᳠ฝࢅ⌦よࡌࡾࡒࡴ࡞ࡢࠉࡆࡡ⢇Ꮔ࡛∸㈻ࡡ㛣ࡡ┞பష⏕࡞ࡻࡖ࡙㉫ࡆ
ࡾ⌟㇗ࢅ⌦よࡊ࡙࠽ࡂࡆ࡛࠿୘ྊḖ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ
┞பష⏕ࡢථᑏࡌࡾ⢇Ꮔ࠿Ⲭ㞹⢇Ꮔ࡚࠵ࡾሔྙ࡛Ț⥲ࡡࡻ࠹࡞㞹Ⲭࢅᣚࡒ࡝
࠷⢇Ꮔ࡚࠵ࡾሔྙ࡛࡚␏࡝ࡖ࡙ࡂࡾࠊࡆࡡ❮࡚ࡢࠉࡐࡡ୦᪁࡞ࡗ࠷࡙ㄕ᪺ࡌࡾࠊ
2.1 Ⲭ㞹⢇Ꮔ࡛∸㈻ࡡ┞பష⏕
Ⲭ㞹⢇Ꮔࡡ࢙ࢾ࣭ࣜ࢟᥾኶ࡡཋᅄ࡛ࡊ࡙ࡢࠉ୹࡞㞹㞫᥾኶㸝Collision loss㸞
࡛โິᨲᑏ㸝Bremsstrahlung loss㸞࠿ᣪࡅࡼࡿࡾࠊ
2.1.1 㞹㞫᥾኶
Ⲭ㞹⢇Ꮔࡢ∸㈻୯ࢅ㏳㐛ࡌࡾ㝷ࠉ∸㈻ࢅᵋᠺࡊ࡙࠷ࡾཋᏄ࡛㞹☚┞பష⏕ࢅ
㉫ࡆࡊࠉཋᏄࢅ㞹㞫㸝ionization㸞ࡱࡒࡢທ㉫㸝excitation㸞ࡈࡎࡾࠊ⤎ᯕࠉⲬ
㞹⢇Ꮔࡢࡐࡡ㐅⾔᪁ྡྷࢅን᭞ࡈࡿ࡙ࡐࡡ࢙ࢾ࣭ࣜ࢟ࡡୌ㒂ࢅ኶࠹ࠊࡆ࠹ࡊ࡙⏍
ࡋࡾ࢙ࢾ࣭ࣜ࢟᥾኶ࡡࡆ࡛ࢅ㞹㞫᥾኶࡛࠷࠹ࠊ㞹㞫᥾኶ࡡ⤎ᯕࡢ᭩⤂Ⓩ࡞∸㈻
ࡡ࢕࢛ࣤ໩ࠉࢨࣤࢲ࣭ࣝࢨࣘࣤකࡡᨲฝ࡝࡜࡛࡝ࡖ࡙ふῼࡈࡿࡾࠊ
㞹Ꮔ࡞Ẓ࡬࡙ኬࡀ࡝㈻㔖ࢅᣚࡗⲬ㞹⢇Ꮔ࠿∸㈻୯ࢅ㏳㐛ࡌࡾ㝷ࡡࠉ༟న㛏ࡈ
࠵ࡒࡽ࡞኶࠹ᖲᆍ࢙ࢾ࣭ࣜ࢟᥾኶ࡢ Bethe-Bloch㸝࣭࣊ࢷ࣬ࣇࣞࢴ࣌㸞ࡡᘟ࡞ࡻ
ࡖ࡙ḗࡡࡻ࠹࡞୙࠻ࡼࡿࡾࠊ
㸢
DZ 2 ne
dE
㸲
dX
!2
& - 2mc 2#2!2
$ln++
I
% ,
*
"(!) #
(( '#'
!
2 "
)
ࡆࡆ࡚྘ࠍࡡオྒࡢ௧ୖࢅ⾪ࡊ࡙࠷ࡾࠊ
X㸯፳మࢅ㏳㐛ࡌࡾ㊝㞫
Z㸯ཋᏄ␊ྒ
I㸯㞹㞫࣎ࢷࣤࢨࣔࣜ
c㸯ක㏷
m㸯㞹Ꮔࡡ㈻㔖
n e 㸯∸㈻ࡡ㞹Ꮔᐠᗐ
!NZ
ne㸲 ~
A
Ȩ㸯㈻㔖ᐠᗐ
~
A 㸯∸㈻ࡡཋᏄ㔖
v
ș㸯 㸝v㸯ථᑏⲬ㞹⢇Ꮔࡡ㏷ᗐ㸞
c
4!"2 h 2
m
D㸯D 㸲
=5.1™1 0 !25 MeVc m 2
N㸯࢓࣍࢝ࢺࣞᩐ
Ț㸯
1
1 !!2
1
&
#
?@?@?@?@
h ?Fƒvƒ‰ƒ“ƒN’è?”
$ á ?F”÷???\‘¢’è?”???@?@?@
!
137
%
"
ț(Ț)㸯ᐠᗐຝᯕ
㸝ln(Ț)ࡡ㏷ᗐ౪Ꮛᛮࡡࡒࡴࠉ㧏ᗐ࡞┞ᑊㄵⓏ࡝⢇Ꮔ௧አ࡞ࡢᙫ㡢ࡊ࡝࠷㸞
ࡆࡡᘟ࠾ࡼࠉ㞹㞫᥾኶࠿ ne ࡞౪Ꮛࡊ࡙࠷ࡾࡆ࡛࠿ࢂ࠾ࡾࠊࡊ࠾ࡊࠉ∸㈻࠿Ề
~
⣪ࠉࡵࡊࡂࡢ㟸ᖏ࡞㔔࠷さ⣪࡚࡝࠷㝀ࡽࠉZ/ A ! 0.5 ࡚࠵ࡾࡆ࡛࠾ࡼᖲᆍ࢙ࢾࣜ
࣭࢟᥾኶࠿∸㈻ࡡᐠᗐ࡞Ẓౚࡊ࡙࠷ࡾࡆ࡛ࠉ㞹㞫࣎ࢷࣤࢨࣔࣜ I ࠿ᑊᩐⓏ࡞ᘟ࡞
ྱࡱࡿ࡙࠷ࡾࡆ࡛࠾ࡼࠉࡆࡡ౪Ꮛᛮࡡ⥌ᣚࡢẒ㍉Ⓩᘽ࠷ࠊ
ࡱࡒࠉᘟࡢș࡞౪Ꮛࡊ࡙࠷ࡾࡆ࡛ࡵࢂ࠾ࡾࠊථᑏⲬ㞹⢇Ꮔࡡ㞹㞫᥾኶ࡢ㟸┞
ᑊㄵⓏ㏷ᗐ㸝vӐc㸞ࡡ࡛ࡀ 1/!2 ࡞ẒౚࡊࠉථᑏⲬ㞹⢇Ꮔࡡ㐘ິ㔖࠿ኬࡀࡂ࡝ࡾ
࡛᛬⃥࡞΅ᑛࡌࡾࠊᅒ 2.1 ࡢⲬ㞹ȧ୯㛣Ꮔ࡛ p㸝㝟Ꮔ㸞ࡡ∸㈻୯࡞࠽ࡄࡾ㞹㞫᥾
኶ࢅ⾪ࡊࡒࡵࡡ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ
㞹㞫᥾኶ࡢșȚ㸲p/m㸲3㹳4 ࡡ⠂ᅑ࡞࠽࠷࡙᭩ᑚ࡛࡝ࡾࠊࡆࡡ⠂ᅑ࡞࠽ࡄࡾ
࢙ࢾ࣭ࣜ࢟᥾኶ࡢ⢇Ꮔࡡ⛸㢦࡞ࡻࡼࡍ࡮࡯ୌᏽ࡚࠵ࡾࠊࡐࡊ࡙ࠉࡆࡡ⠂ᅑࢅ᭩
ᑚ㞹㞫࢙ࢾ࣭ࣜ࢟㸝minimum ionization㸞ࠉࡱࡒࡐࡡ≟ឺ࡞࠵ࡾ⢇Ꮔࢅ᭩ᑚ㞹㞫
⢇Ꮔ㸝minimum ionizing particle㸞࡛࿣ࡩࠊ
ᅒ 2.1.1㸯Ⲭ㞹ࡊࡒȧ࡛ p ࡡ∸㈻୯࡚ࡡ㞹㞫᥾኶
㸝㈻㔖࠿␏࡝ࡾࡒࡴ࡞᭩ᑚ㞹㞫࢙ࢾ࣭ࣜ࢟࡞࠽ࡄࡾ㐘ິ㔖࠿ȧ࡛ p ࡛࡚ࡢ␏࡝ࡖ࡙࠷ࡾ㸞
␏࡝ࡾ⢇Ꮔࡢ᭩ᑚ࢙ࢾ࣭ࣜ࢟᥾኶࡛࡝ࡾ㐘ິ㔖࠿㐢࠹ࡒࡴࠉථᑏ⢇Ꮔࡡㆉื
࠿ྊ⬗࡚࠵ࡾࠊࡊ࠾ࡊࠉ㟸ᖏ࡞㧏࠷㐘ິ㔖㡷ᇡ࡞࡝ࡾ࡛ࠉ⢇Ꮔ㛣ࡡ㈻㔖ᕣ࠿↋
っ࡚ࡀࡾࡒࡴ࡞࢙ࢾ࣭ࣜ࢟᥾኶࡞ᕣ࠿ぜࡼࡿ࡝ࡂ࡝ࡖ࡙ࡊࡱ࠹ࠊᅒ 2.2 ࡢࡐࡡౚ
࡚࠵ࡾࠊ
ᅒ 2.1.2㸯྘⛸Ⲭ㞹⢇Ꮔࡡ∸㈻୯࡞࠽ࡄࡾ࢙ࢾ࣭ࣜ࢟᥾኶ࡡౚ
㸝㐘ິ㔖ࡡኬࡀ࠷⠂ᅑ࡞࡝ࡾ࡛ࠉ᪜࡞࡜ࡡ⢇Ꮔ࠾ࡼࡡᐞ୙࠾ぜฦࡄࡼࡿ࡝ࡂ࡝ࡖ࡙࠷ࡾ㸞
2.1.2 โິᨲᑏ࡞ࡻࡾ࢙ࢾ࣭ࣜ࢟᥾኶
Ⲭ㞹⢇Ꮔ࠿∸㈻୯ࢅ㏳㐛ࡌࡾ㝷࡞ࡢࠉකࡡᨲฝࢅఔ࠹⾢✲࡞ࡻࡖ࡙࢙ࢾࣜ࢟
࣭࠿኶ࢂࡿࡾࡆ࡛ࡵ࠵ࡾࠊཋᏄᰶࡡࢠ࣭ࣞࣤሔࡢ㏳㐛ࡌࡾⲬ㞹⢇Ꮔࢅຊ㏷ࡱࡒ
ࡢ΅㏷ࡈࡎࠉࡐࡡ㝷࡞Ⲭ㞹⢇Ꮔ࠿කᏄࢅᨲฝࡌࡾࡒࡴ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ≁࡞㞹Ꮔࡢ㈻㔖
࠿ᑚࡈ࠷ࡒࡴཋᏄᰶ㎾എࢅ㏳ࡾ࡛ࠉཋᏄᰶࡡࢠ࣭ࣞࣤሔ࡞ࡻࡖ࡙ኬࡀ࡝ຊ㏷ᗐ
ࢅུࡄࡾࠊࡆࡡࡻ࠹࡞ࡊ࡙Ⲭ㞹⢇Ꮔ࠿කᏄࢅᨲฝࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡞ࡻࡖ࡙࢙ࢾ࣭ࣜ࢟
ࢅ኶࠹㐛⛤ࢅโິᨲᑏ࡛࿣ࡩࠊ
ᚉࡖ࡙ࠉ㞹Ꮔ࠿∸㈻୯ࢅ㏳㐛ࡌࡾ㝷ࡡධ࢙ࢾ࣭ࣜ࢟᥾኶ࡢḗࡡᘟ࡚୙࠻ࡼࡿ
ࡾࠊ
dE & dE #
& dE #
=$
! +$
!
dX % dX " coll % dX " rad
& dE #
$
! 㸯㞹㞫᥾኶
% dX " coll
& dE #
$
! 㸯โິᨲᑏ࡞ࡻࡾ࢙ࢾ࣭ࣜ࢟᥾኶
% dX " rad
ࡱࡒࠉ㞹㞫᥾኶࡛โິᨲᑏ࡞ࡻࡾ࢙ࢾ࣭ࣜ࢟᥾኶ࡡẒࡢḗࡡࡻ࠹࡞୙࠻ࡼࡿࡾࠊ
(dE / dX ) rad
EZ
!
(dE / dX ) coll 700
Z㸯∸㈻ࡡཋᏄ␊ྒ
ࡻࡖ࡙ࠉ㧏࢙ࢾ࣭࡚ࣜ࢟ࡢ㞹㞫᥾኶ࡻࡽࡵโິᨲᑏ࡞ࡻࡾ࢙ࢾ࣭ࣜ࢟᥾኶ࡡ᪁
࠿ᨥ㒼Ⓩ࡞࡝ࡾࠊᅒ 2.3 ࡢࡐࡿࢅࢡࣚࣆ໩ࡊࡒࡵࡡ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ
ᅒ 2.1.3㸯
㞹Ꮔࡡ࢙ࢾ࣭࡛ࣜ࢟
࢙ࢾ࣭ࣜ࢟᥾኶ࡡ㛭౿
ᑠࠉ⢇Ꮔࡡຊ㏷ᗐࡢࡐࡡ㈻㔖࡞㏣Ẓౚࡌࡾࡒࡴࠉ㔔⢇Ꮔࡡሔྙ࡞ࡢཋᏄ㜴Ḿᩐ
ࡡ eV ༟న࡞㐡ࡌࡾࡡ࢙ࢾ࣭ࣜ࢟⠂ᅑ࡞࡝ࡼ࡝ࡄࡿࡣࠉโິᨲᑏࡢ㔔さ࡞࡝ࡖ࡙
ࡢࡆ࡝࠷ࠊ
කᏄ࡛∸㈻࡛ࡡ┞பష⏕
කᏄ࡛∸㈻࡛ࡡ┞பష⏕ࡢࠉක㞹ຝᯕ㸝photoelectic effect㸞ࠉࢤࣤࣈࢹࣤຝᯕ
㸝Comptpn scattering㸞ࠉ㞹Ꮔᑊ⏍ᠺ㸝pair creation㸞ࡡ୹࡞ 3 ⛸㢦࡚࠵ࡾࠊࡆ
ࡿࡼࡢථᑏࡌࡾකᏄࡡ࢙ࢾ࣭ࣜ࢟ࠉ∸㈻ࡡ⛸㢦࡞ࡻࡖ࡙ࡐࡡ㉫ࡆࡽ࠹ࡾ☔⋙࠿
ንࢂࡖ࡙ࡂࡾࠊ
ࡆࡡ❮࡚ࡢࡆࡿࡼ 3 ⛸㢦ࡡ┞பష⏕࡛ࠉࡐࡡⓆ⏍☔⋙࡞ࡗ࠷࡙㏑࡬ࡾࠊ
2.2.1 ක㞹ຝᯕ
ක㞹ຝᯕࡢ఩࠷࢙ࢾ࣭ࣜ࢟ࡡකᏄ࡛ࠉཋᏄ࡞ᮨ⦙ࡈࡿ࡙࠷ࡾ㞹Ꮔࡡ㛣࡞㉫ࡆ
ࡾ┞பష⏕࡚࠵ࡾࠊࡆࡡ┞பష⏕ࡡ⤎ᯕࠉථᑏࡊࡒකᏄࡢධ࢙ࢾ࣭ࣜ࢟hȤࢅཋ
Ꮔࡡᮨ⦙㞹Ꮔࡡୌࡗ㸝୹࡞᭩හṾࡡ㞹Ꮔ㸞࡞୙࠻࡙ᾐ⁓ࡊࠉࡐࡡ㞹Ꮔࡢᨲฝࡈ
ࡿ࡙⮤⏜㞹Ꮔ࡛࡝ࡾࠊࡆࡡ⮤⏜㞹Ꮔࡢක㞹Ꮔ㸝photo electron㸞࡛࿣ࡣࡿ࡙࠷ࡾࠊ
ᨲฝࡈࡿࡒ㞹Ꮔࡡ㐘ິ࢙ࢾ࣭ࣜ࢟ࡢࠉḗࡡ
e!
Ț
ᘟ࡚୙࠻ࡼࡿࡾࠊ
T㸲hȤ㸢BE
Ȥ㸯ථᑏ⢇Ꮔࡡᣲິᩐ
BE㸯㞹Ꮔࡡᮨ⦙࢙ࢾ࣭ࣜ࢟
hȤ
㞹Ꮔ㌮㐠
ཋᏄᰶ
ᅒ 2.2.1㸯ක㞹ຝᯕࡡᵕᏄ
2.2.2 ࢤࣤࣈࢹࣤᩋ஗
ࢤࣤࣈࢹࣤຝᯕ㸝Compton effect㸞࡛ࡢࠉකᏄ࡛⮤⏜㞹Ꮔࡡ⾢✲࡚࠵ࡾࠊ㏳
ᖏ࡚ࡢ∸㈻୯ࡡධ࡙ࡡ㞹Ꮔࡢᮨ⦙ࡈࡿ࡙࠷ࡾ࠿ࠉකᏄࡡ࢙ࢾ࣭ࣜ࢟࠿ keV ௧୕
ࡡሔྙ࡞ࡢ᭩አṾ㞹Ꮔࡡᮨ⦙࢙ࢾ࣭ࣜ࢟࠿ eV ⛤ᗐ࡚࠵ࡾࡡ࡞Ẓ࡬࡙ኬࡀ࠷ࡡ
࡚ࠉ㞹Ꮔࡢ⮤⏜࡚࠵ࡾ࡛⩻࠻࡙ࡵࡻ࠷ࠊ
⮤⏜㞹ᏄࡢකᏄࢅྺ཭࡚ࡀࡍࠉ⾢✲ࡌࡾ࡛කᏄࡢ࢙ࢾ࣭ࣜ࢟ࡡୌ㒂ࢅ㞹Ꮔ࡞
୙࠻࡙ᩋ஗ࡈࡿࡾࠊࡆࡿ࠿ࢤࣤࣈࢹࣤᩋ஗࡚࠵ࡾࠊකᏄࡡ࢙ࢾ࣭ࣜ࢟࠿ hȤ࡚⾪
ࡈࡿࡾࡒࡴࠉකᏄࡡᩋ஗ᚃࡡἴ㛏ࡢථᑏකᏄ࡞Ẓ࡬࡙㛏ࡂ࡝ࡾࠊ
⾢✲๑ࡡ㞹Ꮔ࠿㟴Ḿࡊ࡙࠷ࡒ࡛ࡌࡾ࡛ࠉ࢙ࢾ࣭ࣜ࢟ಕᏋ์ࠉ㐘ິ㔖ಕᏋ์࠾
ࡼᩋ஗කᏄࡡ࢙ࢾ࣭ࣜ࢟ࡢࠉ
E!! 㸲
E!
ᩋ஗කᏄ
1 + (1 ! cos") E! / mc 2
࢙ࢾ࣭ࣜ࢟㸯 E! 㸲hȤ
ȟ㸯ᩋ஗み
࡚࠵ࡾࠊ
ȟ
ථᑏකᏄ
࢙ࢾ࣭ࣜ࢟㸯 E!! 㸲h!0
㞹Ꮔ
࢙ࢾ࣭ࣜ࢟㸯E
ᅒ 2.2.2㸯ࢤࣤࣈࢹࣤᩋ஗ࡡᵕᏄ
2.2.3 㞹Ꮔᑊ⏍ᠺ
㞹Ꮔᑊ⏍ᠺࡢࠉකᏄ࠿ཋᏄᰶ㎾എࢅ㏳㐛ࡌࡾ࡛ࡀࡡ┞பష⏕ࡡ⤎ᯕࠉ㞹Ꮔ࡛
㝟㞹Ꮔࡡᑊ࡞㌹ᥦࡌࡾ㐛⛤࡚࠵ࡾࠊࡆࡡ┞பష⏕࡚ࡢཋᏄᰶ⮤మࡢࡱࡖࡒࡂን
໩ࢅུࡄ࡝࠷࠿ࠉ࢙ࢾ࣭ࣜ࢟ಕᏋ์ࠉ㐘ິ㔖ಕᏋ์ࢅ‫ࠉ࠹ࡻࡌࡒ‮‬ഷ࠾࡞ཬ㊮
ࢅྺ཭ࡌࡾᏋᅹ࡛ࡊ࡙ࠉࡆࡡ㐛⛤࡞ࡢཋᏄᰶࡡᏋᅹ࠿ᚪさ࡛࡝ࡾࠉᐁ㝷ࠉ⮤⏜
✭㛣࡚Ț⥲࠿㞹Ꮔᑊ⏍ᠺࢅ㉫ࡆࡌࡆ࡛ࡢ࡝࠷ࠊ
ࡱࡒࠉࡆࡡ㐛⛤࠿㉫ࡆࡾࡒࡴ࡞ࡢࠉථᑏ⢇Ꮔࡡ࢙ࢾ࣭ࣜ࢟࠿㞹Ꮔ࣬㝟㞹Ꮔᑊ
ࡡ㟴Ḿ࢙ࢾ࣭ࣜ࢟ࡻࡽࡵኬࡀ࠷ᚪさ࠿࠵ࡾࠊࡻࡖ࡙ࠉ
h!0 ! 2m c 2 =1.02MeV
࠿ᚪさ᮪௲࡛࡝ࡾࠊ
㞹Ꮔᑊ⏍ᠺ࠿㉫ࡆࡾ☔⋙ࡢ㞹
Ꮔᑊ⏍ᠺ౿ᩐ㸝pair production
coefficient㸞࡛࿣ࡣࡿ࡙࠽ࡽࠉථ
ᑏ⢇Ꮔࡡ࢙ࢾ࣭࡛ࣜ࢟∸㈻ࡡཋ
e!
e!
ථᑏකᏄ
࢙ࢾ࣭ࣜ࢟㸯 h!0
Ꮔ␊ྒ࡞ࡻࡖ࡙࠷ࡾࠊ
ཋᏄᰶ
ᅒ 2.2.3㸯㞹Ꮔᑊ⏍ᠺࡡᵕᏄ
2.2.4 ┞பష⏕ࡡⓆ⏍☔⋙
඙࡞㏑࡬ࡒࡻ࠹࡞ࠉකᏄ࠿∸㈻୯ࢅ⛛ິࡌࡾሔྙࠉ୹࡞๑㏑ࡡ 3 ࡗࡡ┞பష
⏕ࡡ࡜ࡿ࠾࠿㉫ࡆࡾࠊ┞பష⏕ࡡධ☔⋙ࡢධ⥲΅ᘽ౿ᩐ㸝total linear
attenuation coefficient㸞࡛࿣ࡣࡿ࡙࠽ࡽࠉ3 ⛸ࡡ☔⋙ࡡ࿰࡞➴ࡊ࠷ࠊ
ȣ㸲ȫ㸠Ȫ㸠 !
ȣ㸯༟న㊝㞫ᙔࡒࡽࡡ┞பష⏕ࡡ☔⋙
Ȫ㸯ࢤࣤࣈࢹࣤຝᯕࡡ☔⋙
ȫ㸯ක㞹ຝᯕࡡ☔⋙
! 㸯㞹Ꮔᑊ⏍ᠺࡡ☔⋙
ᅒ 2.7 ࡢකᏄ࢙ࢾ࣭ࣜ࢟㸝 E! 㸞࡛∸㈻ࡡཋᏄ␊ྒ㸝Z㸞ࡡ㛭ᩐ࡛ࡊ࡙ 3 ࡗࡡ┞ப
ష⏕ࡡ┞ᑊⓏ࡝ᙁᗐࢅ♟ࡊ࡙࠷ࡾࠊ
ᅒ 2.2.4㸯࣏࢝ࣤ⥲ࡡ࢙ࢾ࣭ࣜ࢟࡞ᑊࡌࡾ୹さ 3 ຝᯕࡡ┞ᑊⓏᙁᗐ
➠3❮
Ẓౚゝᩐ⟮࡛࢝ࢪቌᖕ⋙
ᮇᐁ㥺࡚ࡢ⢇Ꮔ᳠ฝჹ࡛ࡊ࡙Ẓౚゝᩐ⟮ࢅ⿿షࡊࠉࡆࡿࢅ⏕࠷࡙࢝ࢪቌᖕ⋙
ࡡῼᏽࢅ⾔ࡖࡒࠊࡆࡡ❮࡚ࡢࠉࡱࡍᨲᑏ⥲᳠ฝჹࡡ༰ຊ㞹ᅸ࡛࢝ࢪቌᖕࡡ㛭౿
࡞ࡗ࠷࡙㏑࡬ࡾࠊࡐࡊ࡙ḗ࡞ࠉẒౚゝᩐ⟮࡞↌Ⅴࢅ⤘ࡽࠉࡐࡡᇱᮇᵋᠺࠉ⢇Ꮔ
᳠ฝ㐛⛤ࠉ༰ຊ㞹ᅸ࡛࢝ࢪቌᖕ⋙ࡡ㛭౿࡞ࡗ࠷࡙ㄕ᪺ࡌࡾࠊ
3.1 ᨲᑏ⥲᳠ฝჹ
3.1.1
࢝ࢪථࡽ᳠ฝჹ
᳠ฝჹࡡཋ⌦ࡢ᳠ฝჹ࡞⢇Ꮔ࠿ථᑏࡌࡾ࡛ࡐࡿ࡞ࡻࡖ࡙ಘྒࢅⓆ⏍ࡈࡎࠉࡐ
ࡿࢅཱིࡽฝࡌ࡛࠷࠹ࡆ࡛࡚࠵ࡾࠊࡐࡡ୯࡚ࡵࠉ⢇Ꮔ࡛┞பష⏕ࢅ㉫ࡆࡊ࡙ಘྒ
ࢅⓆ⏍ࡈࡎࡾࡒࡴࡡ፳మ࡞Ẵమࢅ⏕࠷ࡒ⢇Ꮔ᳠ฝჹࢅࠉ࢝ࢪථࡽ᳠ฝჹ࡛࠷࠹ࠊ
࢝ࢪථࡽ᳠ฝჹࡢࡐࡡິష㞹ᅸ㡷ᇡ࡞ࡻࡖ࡙≁ᛮ࠿ንࢂࡾࡒࡴࠉࡐࡿ࡞ᚺࡋ
࡙㞹㞫⟵㸝ionization chamber㸞ࠉẒౚゝᩐ⟮㸝proportional counter㸞ࠉ࢝࢕࢝
࣭࣐࣭ࣖࣚゝᩐ⟮㸝Geiger̺M u&& leer (GM) counter㸞࡛ࠉࡐࡡྞ๑࠿ንࢂࡾࠊ
྘ࠍࡡ≁ᚡ࡛ࡊ࡙ࡢࠉ㞹㞫⟵ࠉẒౚゝᩐ⟮ࡢ࠷ࡍࡿࡵ᳠ฝࡊࡒ⢇Ꮔࡡ⛸㢦ࡡ
ㆉื࠿ྊ⬗࡚࠵ࡾࠊ㞹㞫⟵ࡢ᳠ฝ㐛⛤࡚㞹Ⲭቌಶ࠿㉫ࡆࡼࡍࠉฝງಘྒ࡛ࡊ࡙
ࡢࠉ᳠ฝჹහ㒂࡚㉫ࡆࡖࡒ࢙ࢾ࣭ࣜ࢟᥾኶࡞ࡻࡖ࡙⏍ࡋࡒ㞹Ⲭ࠿ࡐࡡࡱࡱཱིࡽ
ฝࡈࡿࡾࠊࡓ࠿ࠉ㞹Ⲭቌಶ࠿㉫ࡆࡼ࡝࠷࠾ࡼ㞹㞫⟵࠾ࡼࡡಘྒࡢᑚࡈ࠷ࠊ
ᑊࡊ࡙ࠉẒౚゝᩐ⟮ࡢ᳠ฝ㐛⛤࡚㞹Ⲭቌಶ࠿㉫ࡆࡾ࠿ࠉฝງಘྒࡢථᑏ⢇Ꮔ
࠿᳠ฝჹ୯࡚኶ࡖࡒ࢙ࢾ࣭ࣜ࢟࡞Ẓౚࡊ࡙࠽ࡽࠉẒౚᛮࢅಕࡖࡒࡱࡱῼᏽྊ⬗
㡷ᇡࡱ࡚ಘྒቌᖕࢅ⾔࠹ࡆ࡛࠿࡚ࡀࡾࠊᮇᐁ㥺࡚ࡢࡆࡡẒౚゝᩐ⟮ࢅ⿿షࠉ౐
⏕ࡊ࡙࠷ࡾࠊ
GM ゝᩐ⟮ࡢฝງಘྒ࠿ኬࡀ࠷ࡒࡴ๑⨠ቌᖕჹࢅᚪさ࡛ࡊ࡝࠷ࠊࡊ࠾ࡊࠉGM
ゝᩐ⟮ࡢฝງಘྒ࠿⢇Ꮔࡡ⛸㢦࡛࢙ࢾ࣭ࣜ࢟࡞㛭౿ࡊ࡝࠷ࡒࡴࠉ⢇Ꮔࡡㆉื࠿
୘ྊ⬗࡚࠵ࡾࠊ
ࡆࡿࡼ࡞ࡗ࠷࡙ࡢḗࡡ⟿࡚ࡵ⠾༟࡞㏑࡬ࡾࠊ
3.1.2
ᅒ 3.1 ࡢ㞗ࡴࡼࡿࡾ࢕࢛ࣤᩐ࡛༰ຊ㞹ᅸࡡ㛭౿࡚ࠉ༰ຊ㞹ᅸ࡞ࡻࡾ྘⛸ິష࣓
࣭ࢺࢅ♟ࡊ࡙࠷ࡾࠊ
㸝ࡒࡓࡊࠉࡆࡡᅒࡢᩝ⊡࠾ࡼࡡᢜ⢃࡚ࠉᮇ◂✪࡚⿿షࡊࡒࡵ
ࡡ࡛༰ຊ㞹ᅸࡡೋࡢ␏࡝ࡖ࡙࠷ࡾࠊ㸞
ᅒ 3.1 ༰ຊ㞹ᅸࡡ㐢࠷࡞ࡻࡾ྘⛸᳠ฝ࣓࣭ࢺ࡛㞗ࡴࡼࡿࡾ࢕࢛ࣤᩐ
ᅒࡡϨ㹳Ϭࡡ྘㡷ᇡ࡞ࡗ࠷࡙ㄕ᪺ࡌࡾࠊ
Ϩ.්⤎ྙ㡷ᇡ㸝Recombination before collection㸞
༰ຊ㞹ᅸ࠿఩࠷ࡒࡴࠉථᑏ⢇Ꮔ࡞ࡻࡖ࡙㞹㞫ࡈࡿࡒ㞹Ꮔ࣬㝟࢕࢛ࣤࡢᘽ㞹ሔ
ࡡୖࠉ఩㏷࡚㞹ᴗ࡞ྡྷ࠾ࡖ࡙⛛ິࡢࡌࡾࡵࡡࡡࠉ්⤎ྙࡊ࡙ࡊࡱ࠹☔⋙࠿㧏࠷ࠊ
㞹ᅸ࠿㧏ࡂ࡝ࡾ࡞ࡗࡿ㞹ሔࡢᙁࡂ࡝ࡽࠉࡐࡿ࡞ఔࡖ࡙࢞ࣔࣛ࢓ࡡ⛛ິ㏷ᗐࡵቌ
ࡌࡒࡴࠉ්⤎ྙ⋙ࡢṹࠍ΅ᑛࡌࡾࠊ
ϩ.㞹㞫⟵㡷ᇡ㸝Ionization Chamber㸞
්⤎ྙ⋙࠿㸥࡞࡝ࡽࠉථᑏ⢇Ꮔ࡞ࡻࡾ㞹㞫(ୌḗ㞹㞫)࡞ࡻࡽ⏍ࡋࡒ㞹Ꮔ࠿㝟ᴗ
࣠࢕࣭ࣕ࡞ྡྷ࠾ࡖ࡙ࢺࣛࣆࢹࡊ࡙࠷ࡾࠊ஦ḗ㞹㞫࠿ࡱࡓ⏍ࡋ࡝࠷ࡒࡴቌᖕࡢ࡝
ࡂࠉཱིࡽฝࡈࡿࡾ㞹Ẵಘྒࡢᑚࡈ࠷ࠊ
ୌ᪁ࠉୌḗ㞹㞫࡞ࡻࡖ࡙⏍ࡋࡒ㝟࢕࢛ࣤࡵ᭩⤂Ⓩ࡞ࡢ㞗ࡴࡼࡿࡾ࠿ࠉ㈻㔖࠿
㞹Ꮔ࡞Ẓ࡬࡙ࡍࡖ࡛ኬࡀ࠷ࡒࡴ⛛ິ࠿㐔ࡂࠉಘྒ࡫ࡡᐞ୙ࡢᑚࡈ࠷ࠊ
Ϫ.Ẓౚゝᩐ⟮㡷ᇡ㸝Proportional Counter㸞
㞹ሔ࠿ᙁࡂ࡝ࡽࠉୌḗ㞹㞫࡚షࡼࡿࡒ㞹Ꮔࡢ⾢✲᫤࡞ᚋࡒ༎ฦ࡝࢙ࢾ࣭ࣜ࢟
࡞ࡻࡖ࡙᭞࡞࢝ࢪฦᏄࡡ㞹㞫ࢅᘤࡀ㉫ࡆࡊࠉࡆࡿࢅ⧖ࡽ㏁ࡌࠊࡆࡿࢅ㞹Ꮔ㞯ᓻ
㸝avalanche㸞࡛࠷࠹ࠊࡆࡡฝງಘྒࡢୌḗ㞹㞫㔖࡞Ẓౚࡊ࡙࠷ࡾࠊ
㝀ᏽẒౚ㡷ᇡ㸝Region of limited proportionality㸞
㞹ᅸ࠿㧏ࡂ࡝ࡽࡌࡁࡾ࡛ࠉቌᖕ࡞ࡻࡖ࡙షࡼࡿࡒ㞹Ꮔ࣬㝟࢕࢛ࣤᑊࡡషࡾ✭
㛣㞹Ⲭ࡞ࡻࡖ࡙ඔࡡ㞹ሔ࠿ṅࡳࡒࡴࠉẒౚ㛭౿࠿኶ࢂࡿጙࡴࡾࠊ
ϫ.GM 㡷ᇡ㸝Geiger̺M u&& leer Counter㸞
㞹ሔ࠿㟸ᖏ࡞ᙁࡂ࡝ࡽࠉ㞹Ꮔ㞯ᓻࡢ᳠ฝჹ୯࡞ᗀ࠿ࡾࠊฝງಘྒࡢ㣤࿰ࡊ࡙
ථງಘྒ࡛ࡢ㛭౿࡝ࡂୌᏽᣲᖕࡡಘྒࢅฝࡌࠊ࢝ࢪቌᖕ⋙ࡢኬࡀࡂኬࡀ࡝㞹Ꮔ
ࣂࣜࢪࢅฝࡌ࠿ࠉୌḗ㞹㞫ࡡࣂࣜࢪࡡኬࡀࡈ࡛ࡡẒౚᛮ࠿ධࡂ኶ࢂࡿ࡙ࡊࡱ࠹ࠊ
Ϭ.ᨲ㞹㡷ᇡ㸝Discharged region㸞
။ 1 ಴ࡡ㞹㞫࠿࢝ࢪ୯࡞㏻⤾ᨲ㞹ࢅᘤࡀ㉫ࡆࡊࠉࡵࡢࡷ᳠ฝჹ࡛ࡢゕ࠻࡝࠷
≟ឺ࡞࡝ࡾࠊ⤂࡞ࡢᨶ㝸ࡌࡾᜅࡿࡌࡼ࠵ࡾࡡ࡚Ἰណ࠿ᚪさ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ
3.2 Ẓౚゝᩐ⟮
඙࡞㏑࡬ࡒ࢝ࢪථࡽ᳠ฝჹࡡ୯࡚ࠉᠻࠍ࠿௑ᅂ⿿షࡊࠉ࢝ࢪቌᖕ⋙ࡡῼᏽࢅ
⾔ࡖࡒࡡࡢẒౚゝᩐ⟮࡚࠵ࡾࠊẒౚゝᩐ⟮ࡡཋ⌦࡛ࡊ࡙ࠉࡐࡡᇱᮇᵋᠺ࡛⢇Ꮔ
᳠ฝ㐛⛤ࠉࡐࡊ࡙Ẓౚゝᩐ⟮㡷ᇡࡡ༰ຊ㞹ᅸ࡛ቌᖕ⋙ࡡ㛭౿࡞ࡗ࠷࡙ㄕ᪺ࡌࡾࠊ
3.2.1
Ẓౚゝᩐ⟮ࡡᇱᮇᵋᠺ࡛⢇Ꮔ᳠ฝ㐛⛤
Ẓౚゝᩐ⟮ࡡᇱᮇᵋᠺࡢࠉ㝔ᴗ࡛࡝ࡾ➼≟ࡡᑙమ࡛ࡐࡡ୯ᚨ࡞ᘿࡼࡿࡒ㝟ᴗ
࡛࡝ࡾ࣠࢕࣭࡚ࣕ࠵ࡾࠊ⟮හ࡞ࡢ㞹㞫ࢅ㉫ࡆࡈࡎࡾࡒࡴࡡᕵ࢝ࢪࢅ୹మ࡛ࡊࠉ
ᾐ⁓࢝ࢪ(quenching gas)࡛࿣ࡣࡿࡾ᭯ᶭ࢝ࢪࢅᑛ㔖ຊ࠻ࡒΊྙ࢝ࢪࢅἸථࡌࡾࠊ
ゝᩐ⟮ࡡባ࡛࡝ࡾᑙమࢅス⨠ࡊࠉḿࡡ㞹ᅸࢅ୯ᚨࡡ࣠࢕࣭ࣕ࡞༰ຊࡌࡾ࡛ࠉ
1
ゝᩐ⟮හ࡞ࡢ༖ᙼ᪁ྡྷ࡫ ࡞Ẓౚࡊࡒ㞹ሔ࠿ᙟᠺࡈࡿࡾࠊ≁࡞࣠࢕࣭ࣕ௛㎾࡞ࡢ
r
ࡀࢂࡴ࡙ᙁ࠷㞹ሔ࠿⏍ࡋࡾࠊ࢝ࢪ୯ࢅ㏳㐛ࡊࡒⲬ㞹⢇Ꮔࡢ࢝ࢪฦᏄࢅ㞹㞫ࡊࠉ
ࡆࡿ࡞ࡻࡖ࡙⏍ࡋࡒ㞹Ꮔࡢ㞹ሔ࡞ࡻࡖ࡙࣠࢕࣭ࣕ࡞ྡྷ࠾ࡖ࡙ࢺࣛࣆࢹࡌࡾࠊ㝟
ᴗ࣠࢕࣭ࣕ௛㎾ࡱ࡚ᮮࡾ࡛ࠉ㞹Ꮔࡢࡐࡡᙁ࠷㞹ሔ࡞ࡻࡖ࡙ຊ㏷ࡈࡿࠉ㞹Ꮔ㞯ᓻ
ࢅᘤࡀ㉫ࡆࡌࡻ࠹࡞࡝ࡾࠊ㞹Ꮔࡡᩐࡢ 10 3 㹳10 6 ಶ࡞ࡱ࡚ቌᖕࡈࡿࠉྜྷ᫤࡞㝟࢕
࢛ࣤࡵྜྷᩐࡓࡄ⏍ᠺࡌࡾࠊࡆࡡ㝟࢕࢛ࣤࡡࢺࣛࣆࢹ࡞ࡻࡾ㞹నࡡን໩ࡢ༎ฦኬ
ࡀࡂࠉಘྒ࡛ࡊཱི࡙ࡽฝࡌࡆ࡛࠿ྊ⬗࡞࡝ࡾࠊ᭩⤂Ⓩ࡞࣠࢕࣭ࣕ࡞ᚋࡼࡿࡾ㞹
Ⲭࡢࠉୌḗ㞹㞫࡚⏍ࡋࡒ㞹Ꮔ࣬㝟࢕࢛ࣤᑊࡡᩐ࡞Ẓౚࡊ࡙࠷ࡾࠊࡻࡖ࡙ฝງࡡ
ࣂࣜࢪἴ㧏ࡢ᳠ฝჹහ࡚ࡡ࢙ࢾ࣭ࣜ࢟᥾኶࡞Ẓౚࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡛࡝ࡽࠉẒౚゝᩐ⟮
࡚ࡢ⢇Ꮔࡡㆉื࡛࢙ࢾ࣭ࣜ࢟᥾኶ࡡῼᏽ࠿ྊ⬗࡞࡝ࡖ࡙࠷ࡾࠊ
ථᑏ⢇Ꮔ
㝟࢕࢛ࣤࡡ
ິࡀ
㸠
㸢
㸠
㸢
㸠
㸢
㸠
㸢
㸠
㸢
㸠
㸢
㸠
㸢
㸠
㸢
㞹Ꮔࡡິࡀ
㞹Ꮔ㞯ᓻ
ᅒ 3.2 Ẵమ᳠ฝჹࡡᇱᮇᵋ㏸
ಘྒฝງ
3.2.2
༰ຊ㞹ᅸ࡛ቌᖕ⋙ࡡ㛭౿
Ẓౚ㡷ᇡ࡞࠽ࡄࡾ࢝ࢪቌᖕ⋙ M ࡢḗࡡࡻ࠹࡝ᘟ࡚⾪ࡈࡿࡾࠊ
& KNCVa , V
)#
*
'!
-1
M㸲exp $2
'
2!"0 *+ VT
$%
(!"
㸝F.Sauli ࡡᘟ㸞
ࡆࡆ࡚ࠉ
C㸯Ẓౚゝᩐ⟮ࡡ㞹Ẵᐖ㔖
K㸯Ẓౚᏽᩐ
N㸯࢝ࢪ୯ࡡฦᏄࡡ಴ᩐ
a㸯㝟ᴗ࣠࢕࣭ࣕࡡ༖ᙼ
VT 㸯㝟ᴗ࣠࢕࣭ࣕ୕ࡡ㞹ሔ࠿㞹Ꮔ㞯ᓻࢅ㉫ࡆࡊᚋࡾᙁࡈ࡞࡝ࡾ࡛ࡀࡡ༰ຊ㞹ᅸ
㹋㸯༰ຊ㞹ᅸ
࡚࠵ࡾࠊ
ࡆࡡᘟ࠾ࡼࠉ
㹺࢝ࢪቌᖕ⋙ࡢࠉ⥲″ࡡ⛸㢦ࠉୌḗ㞹㞫ࡡ㔖࡞ࡢࡻࡼࡍ༰ຊ㞹ᅸࡡࡲ࡞౪Ꮛࡌࡾࠊ
㹺࢝ࢪቌᖕ⋙ࡢ༰ຊ㞹ᅸ࡞ᑊࡊ࡙ᣞᩐ㛭ᩐⓏ࡞ቌຊࡌࡾࠊ
࡛࠷࠹ࡆ࡛࠿ࢂ࠾ࡾࠊ
ࡱࡒࠉCV ࡢ㝟ᴗ࣠࢕࣭ࣕ࠿ᖈࡦࡾ㞹Ⲭࡡ⥲ᐠᗐࠉK ࡢ࢝ࢪࡡ⛸㢦࡞ࡻࡖ࡙Ử
ࡱࡾ㔖࡚࠵ࡾࡆ࡛࠾ࡼࠉ㝟ᴗ࣠࢕࣭ࣕࡡ༖ᙼ a ࠿ྜྷࡋ࡚࠵ࡿࡣゝᩐ⟮ࡡᙟ≟࠿
㐢ࡖ࡙࠷࡙ࡵࠉ㝟ᴗ࣠࢕࣭ࣕࡡ㞹Ⲭᐠᗐ࠿ྜྷࡋ࡞࡝ࡾࡻ࠹࡞㞹Ⲭ V ࢅ㐽࡬ࡣ࢝
ࢪቌᖕ⋙ M ࡢྜྷࡋ࡞࡝ࡾࠊࡔ࡝ࡲ࡞ࠉ௑ᅂ⿿షࡊࡒゝᩐ⟮ࡢ├᪁మᆵ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ
➠4❮
౐⏕⥲″࡛ࡐࡿ࡞ᑊࡌࡾ᳠ฝჹࡡິషཋ⌦
4.1 ౐⏕⥲″ࡡ㐽ᢝ
࢝ࢪቌᖕ⋙ M ࡢࠉࢲ࢘ࣤࣁ࣭ࡡಘྒ࡛ࡊ࡙ᚋࡒ㞹Ꮔᩐࢅ Nࠉථᑏ⢇Ꮔࡡ࢙ࢾ
࣭ࣜ࢟᥾኶࡞ࡻࡖ࡙㞹㞫ࡈࡿࡒ㞹Ꮔᩐࢅ N 0 ࡛ࡌࡾ࡛ࠉ
M㸲
!
!0
࡚⾪ࡈࡿࡾࠊࡻࡖ࡙ࠉ࢙ࢾ࣭ࣜ࢟᥾኶ N 0 ࠿᪜▩࡚࠵ࡾ⥲″ࢅ⏕࠷࡙ῼᏽࢅ⾔࠷ࠉ
N ࢅᚋࡿࡣࡻ࠷ࠊ
ᮇᐁ㥺࡚ࡢ⥲″࡛ࡊ࡙ 55 F e ࢅ⏕࠷ࡒࠊࡆࡿࢅࢲ࢘ࣤࣁ࣭ഁ㟻࡞࠵ࡾ⥲″⏕ࡡ
├ᙼ 1.5mm ࡡළ✾ࡡ୕࡞⨠ࡀࠉࢲ࢘ࣤࣁ࣭හ࡞ 5.9keV ࡡකᏄࢅථᑏࡈࡎࡒࠊ
4.2
55
55
F ࡞ࡗ࠷࡙
e
F e ࡡཋᏄᰶࡢ௙ࡡྜྷనమ࡛Ẓ࡬࡙୯ᛮᏄ࠿ᑛ࡝࠷ࠊࡆࡿࢅᏭᏽ࡞ࡌࡾࡒࡴ
࡞ཋᏄᰶࡢ㌮㐠㞹Ꮔࢅᤍ⋋ࡌࡾ㞹Ꮔᤍ⋋㸝electron capture㸞ࢅ⾔࠹ࠊ㞹Ꮔᤍ⋋
࡛ࡢࠉཋᏄᰶ࠿හṾ࠾ࡼࡡ㞹Ꮔࢅᤍࡼ࠻࡙ࠉ㝟Ꮔࢅ୯ᛮᏄ࡞ን࠻ࡾࡆ࡛ࢅ࠷࠹ࠊ
ᤍ⋋ࡈࡿࡾ㞹Ꮔࡢ᭩හṾࡡ K Ṿࡡࡵࡡ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ㞹Ꮔ࠿ᤍ⋋ࡈࡿࡾ࡛ 55 F e ࡡཋᏄ
ᰶࡢ 55 M n ࡡཋᏄᰶ࡞ን໩ࡊࠉࡱࡒ K Ṿ࡞㞹Ꮔࡡ✭ᖆ࠿࠵ࡾࡒࡴ࡞ທ㉫≟ឺ࡞࡝
ࡖ࡙࠷ࡾࠊࡆࡿࡢࠉአഁࡡ㌮㐠㞹Ꮔ࠿≁ᛮ X ⥲ࢅᨲฝࡊ࡝࠿ࡼ✭ࡡṾ࡞ⴘࡔ࡙
ᇱᗇ≟ឺ࡞ⴘࡔ╌ࡂࠊࡆࡡ࡛ࡀࡡ X ⥲ࡡ࢙ࢾ࣭ࣜ࢟࠿ 5.9keV ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ
55
Fe
55
M n (ທ㉫≟ឺ)
㞹Ꮔᤍ⋋
≁ᛮ X ⥲ࡡᨲฝ
5.9keV
ᅒ㸯4.2.1
ࡡ
55
F e ࡡᓻቪᵕᘟ
55
M n (ᇱᗇ≟ឺ)
4.3 කᏄ࡛ Ar ࡡ┞பష⏕
55
F e ࠾ࡼⓆࡎࡼࡒ 5.9keV ࡡකᏄࡢࢲ࢘ࣤࣁ࣭හࡡ Ar ࢝ࢪ࡛┞பష⏕ࢅ㉫ࡆ
ࡌࠊࡆࡡ࡛ࡀࡡ┞பష⏕ࡢ 2.2 ࡚㏑࡬ࡒࡻ࠹࡞ࠉක㞹ຝᯕ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ඙࡞㏑࡬ࡒࡻ
࠹࡞ක㞹ຝᯕ࡚ࡢ୹࡞ K Ṿࡡ㞹Ꮔ࠿㣍ࡦฝࡌࠊࡐࡡ㝷࡞ࠉ㞹Ꮔ࠿ᣚࡖ࡙࠷ࡾ࢙
ࢾ࣭ࣜ࢟ࡢࠉ
E e 㸲E! 㸢E!
E e 㸯㞹Ꮔࡡ࢙ࢾ࣭ࣜ࢟
E! 㸯කᏄࡡ࢙ࢾ࣭ࣜ࢟
E! 㸯K Ṿ࡚ࡡᮨ⦙࢙ࢾ࣭ࣜ࢟
࡚࠵ࡽࠉࡆࡿࡻࡽ E e ࡢ 3.2(㸲5.9㸢2.7)keV ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ
5.9keV
≁ᛮ X ⥲
e
Ar
+
3.2keV ࡡ
KṾ
࢙ࢾ࣭ࣜ࢟
LṾ
MṾ
ᅒ 4.2.2㸯ක㞹ຝᯕ
ࡱࡒࠉK Ṿࡡ㞹Ꮔࢅዞࢂࡿࡒ Ar + ཋᏄࡢທ㉫≟ឺ࡞࠵ࡾࠊࡆࡿࡵࡱࡒᇱᗇ≟
ឺ࡞ᡘࢀ࠹࡛ࡌࡾ࠿ࠉࡐࡡ㐛⛤࡞ࡢࠉ࢛࣭ࢩ࢘ຝᯕ࡛ K㸢X ⥲ᨲฝࡡ஦ࡗ࠿࠵
ࡾࠊ
࢛࣭ࢩ࢘ຝᯕ
(15㸚)
Ar
ක
㞹
ຝ
ᯕ
ࡡ
ທ
㉫
≟
ឺ
ᅒ㸯4.2.3
කᏄ࡛ Ar ࡡ┞பష⏕ࡡ
Ὦࡿ
K㸢X ⥲ࡡᨲฝ
(85%)
4.2.1 K㸢X ⥲ᨲฝ
Ar ཋᏄࡢທ㉫≟ឺ࡞࠵ࡾࡡ࡚ࠉࡆࡡ K Ṿࡡ✭ᖆࢅ᭩አṾࡡ㞹Ꮔ࠿ⴘࡔ࡙ᇱᗇ
≟ឺ࡞ᡘࢀ࠹࡛ࡌࡾࠊࡆࡡ࡛ࡀࠉ㞹Ꮔࡡ࣎ࢷࣤࢨ࢙ࣔࣜࢾ࣭ࣜ࢟ࡡᕣ㢘ࢅකᏄ
࡛ࡊ࡙ K㸢X ⥲ࢅᨲฝࡌࡾࠊࡻࡖ࡙ K㸢X ⥲ࡡ࢙ࢾ࣭ࣜ࢟ࡢ K Ṿࡡᮨ⦙࢙ࢾࣜ
࣭࢟2.7keV ࡞┞ᙔࡌࡾࠊ
e
-
Ar
K㸢X ⥲
2.7keV
+
KṾ
LṾ
MṾ
ᅒ 4.2.4㸯K㸢X ⥲ࡡᨲฝ
K㸢X ⥲ࡢࡐࡡ࿔ࡽ࡞࠵ࡾ Ar + ࡞ࡢྺ཭ࡈࡿࡍࠉࢲ࢘ࣤࣁ࣭ࡡአഁ࡞㏠ࡅฝࡌ
㸝ࡻࡖ࡙ࠉ௑ᅂࡆࡿ࡞ࡻࡖ࡙ῼᏽࡈࡿࡒࢸ࣭ࢰࡡࣅ࣭ࢠࢅ Escape Peak ࡛࿣
ࡩࠊ㸞ࠊK㸢X ⥲࠿ Ar + ࡞ྺ཭ࡈࡿ࡝࠷ࡡࡢࠉAr + ࡡ㟴Ḿ⣌࡚ぜࡒ࡛ࡀ࡞ Ar + ࠿ K
㸢X ⥲ࢅᨲฝࡊࡒ᫤ࡡཬ㊮ࡡࡒࡴ࡞ࠉࡐࡡฦࡓࡄ K㸢X ⥲ࡡ࢙ࢾ࣭ࣜ࢟ࡢᑚࡈ
ࡂ࡝ࡽࠉAr + ࡡ࢙ࢾ࣭ࣜ࢟‵నᕣ࡞ࢂࡍ࠾࡞㊂ࡽ࡝ࡂ࡝ࡾ࠾ࡼ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ
௧୕ࡡࡆ࡛࠾ࡼࠉࡆࡡ㐛⛤ࢅ⤊ࡒࡵࡡࡢ 3.2(=5.9㸢2.7)keV ࡡ࢙ࢾ࣭ࣜ࢟᥾኶
࡞ᑊᚺࡌࡾࠊ
4.2.2 ࢛࣭ࢩ࢘ຝᯕ
࢛࣭ࢩ࢘ຝᯕࡡሔྙࡵࠉAr ࡡທ㉫≟ឺࢅᇱᗇ≟ឺ࡞ᡘࡌࡒࡴ࡞ K Ṿࡡ✭ᖆࢅ
᭩አṾࡡ㞹Ꮔ࠿ⴘࡔ࡙ࡂࡾ࡛࠷࠹ࡡࡢྜྷࡋ࡚࠵ࡾࠊࡒࡓࡊࠉࡆࡡሔྙࡢࡐࡡ㝷
ࡡ࢙ࢾ࣭ࣜ࢟ࡡᕣ㢘ࡢአഁࡡ㌮㐠㞹Ꮔ࡞୙࠻ࡼࡿࠉࡐࡡ㞹ᏄࡢཋᏄ࠾ࡼ㣍ࡦฝ
ࡌࠊK Ṿࡡᮨ⦙࢙ࢾ࣭ࣜ࢟ࢅ E b ࠉM Ṿࡡᮨ⦙࢙ࢾ࣭ࣜ࢟ࢅ E b v࡛ࡌࡾ࡛ࠉࡆ
ࡡ㞹Ꮔ࠿ᣚࡖ࡙࠷ࡾ࢙ࢾ࣭ࣜ࢟ࡢ E b ӑE b vࡻࡽ E b 㸢E b v ! E b =2.7keV ࡛࡝
ࡾࠊ
ࡻࡖ࡙ࡆࡡ㐛⛤ࢅ⤊ࡒࡵࡡࡢࠉ᭩ิ࡞㞹㞫ࡈࡿࡒ㞹Ꮔࡡ࢙ࢾ࣭࡛࢛࣭ࣜ࢟ࢩ
࢘ຝᯕ࡚㣍ࡦฝࡒ㞹Ꮔࡡ࢙ࢾ࣭ࣜ࢟ࡡ࿰ࠉ5.9(=(5.9㸢2.7)㸠2.7)keV ࡡ࢙ࢾࣜ࢟
࣭᥾኶࡛࡝ࡾࠊ௑ᅂࠉࡆࡿ࡞ࡻࡖ࡙ῼᏽࡈࡿࡒࢸ࣭ࢰࡡࣅ࣭ࢠࢅ Main Peak ࡛
࿣ࡩࠊ
2.7keV ࢅ୙࠻ࡾ
e
e
Ar
+
2.7keV ࢅ
ᣚࡖ࡙㣍ࡦฝ
KṾ
LṾ
MṾ
ᅒ 4.2.5㸯࢛࣭ࢩ࢘ຝᯕ
ࡌ
➠5❮
Ẓౚゝᩐ⟮࡛ Pre-Amp ࡡ⿿ష
௑ᅂ⿿షࡊࡒẒౚゝᩐ⟮ࡡスゝᅒࢅ௛㘋 A ࡞᥎㍍ࡌࡾࠊᮇమࡢࠉᯀཉ 2mm
ࡡᕰ㈅ࡡ࢓࣐ࣜࢼ࣑ࢗみࣂ࢕ࣈࢅຊᕝࡊࠉみ᩷㟻 3cm™3cmࠉഁ㟻࡞⥲″⏕ࡡ
├ᙼ 1.5mm ࡡ✾ࢅ 30mm 㛣㝰࡞✭ࡄ࡙࠵ࡾࠊࡆࡡ✾ࡡ୕࡞ࡢࠉ࢝ࢪ࠿⁻ࡿ࡝
࠷ࡻ࠹࡞࣏࢕࣭ࣚࢷ࣭ࣈࢅ㈖ࡖࡒࠊᮇమ୯ኳ࡞ᘿࡖࡒ࢓ࢿ࣭ࢺ࣠࢕࣭ࣕ࡞ࡢ├
ᙼ 30ȣm ࡡ㔘࣒ࢴ࢞ࢷࣤࢡࢪࢷࣤ࣠࢕࣭ࣕࢅ౐⏕ࡊࡒࠊࡱࡒࠉẒౚゝᩐ⟮࡞Ὦ
ࡌ࢝ࢪࡢୌ⯙Ⓩ࡞౐ࢂࡿࡾࡵࡡࡡୌࡗ࡚࠵ࡾࠉAr90%ࠉCH 4 10%ࡡΊྙ࢝ࢪ(P10
࢝ࢪ)ࢅ౐⏕ࡊࡒࠊ
ࡱࡒࠉᮇమഁ㟻ࢅᐠᑌࡌࡾ࢙ࣤࢺࣈࣚࢡ࡞ࡢཉࡈ 22mm ࡡ࢓࣐ࣜࢼ࣑ࢗᯀࢅ
ว๎ຊᕝࡊ࡙࠽ࡽࠉࡐࡡ୯ᚨ࡞࢓ࢿ࣭ࢺ࣠࢕࣭ࣕࢅᅖᏽࡌࡾࡒࡴࡡࢦ࣭࣎ࢹࣅ
ࣤࠉཀྵࡦࣆ࢔࣭ࢺࢪ࣭ࣜࢅ㏳ࡊ࡙࠵ࡽࠉࡈࡼ࡞࢝ࢪࢅ㒼⟮ࡌࡾࡒࡴࡡ㈇㏳✨ࢅ
ᣚࡒࡎࡒࠊ
5.1 Ẓౚゝᩐ⟮㸝Proportional Chamber㸞ࡡ⿿ష
5.1.1 Ẓౚゝᩐ⟮ᮇమ
ᮇᐁ㥺࡚⿿షࡊࡒẒౚゝᩐ⟮ࡢࠉࡐࡡහ㒂࡞ 1 ᮇࡓࡄ࣠࢕࣭ࣕࢅ㏳ࡊࡒࠉ᭩
ࡵᇱᮇⓏ࡝ᵋ㏸ࡡࡵࡡ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ
ᮇమࡡᵋ㏸ࡢ௧ୖࡡࡻ࠹࡞࡝ࡖ࡙࠷ࡾࠊ
21cm
࣠࢕࣭ࣕ
3cm
3cm
ᅒ 4.1 Ẓౚゝᩐ⟮ࡡᵋ㏸
㸱ᮇమ㸳み᩷㟻✒ 3cm™3cm
㛏ࡈ 21cm
㸱࣠࢕࣭ࣕ㸳࢓ࢿ࣭ࢺ࣠࢕࣭ࣕ㸯ȭ㸲30ȣm(㔘࣒ࢴ࢞ࢷࣤࢡࢪࢷࣤ)
㸱࢝ࢪ㸳࢓ࣜࢥࣤ: ࣒ࢰࣤ=9 : 1(మ✒Ẓ)ࡡΊྙ࢝ࢪࢅᖏᅸ࡚౐⏕
5.1.2 ࣠࢕࣭ࣕᘿࡽ
࣠࢕࣭ࣕᘿࡽࡢୖᅒ 4.2 ࡡࡻ࠹࡞ࠉࣆ࢔࣭ࢺࢪ࣭ࣜ࡞㏳ࡊࡒ࣠࢕࣭ࣕࡡୌ❻࡞
⣑ 70g ࡡ࠽ࡵࡽࢅࡗࡄ࡙ୌᏽࡡᘿງࢅ࠾ࡄ࡙࠽ࡀࠉࢠࣛࣤࣂ࣭࡚ࣆ࢔࣭ࢺࢪࣜ
࣭ࡡࣅࣤ㒂ࢅჱࡲ₵ࡌࡆ࡛࡞ࡻࡖ࡙࣠࢕࣭࡛ࣕᮇమࢅᅖᏽࡊࡒࠊ࠽ࡵࡽࡡ㔔ࡈ
ࡢࠉ࣠࢕࣭ࣕࡡ◒᩷㝀⏲(⣑ 120gw)ࡻࡽࡢ༎ฦ఩ࡂࠉ࠾ࡗ⮣⏲ᘿງ(㞹ᅸࢅ࠾ࡄ
ࡒ࡛ࡀ࡞࣠࢕࣭ࣕ࠿ᣲິࡊ࡙วࡿࡾᘿງ)ࡻࡽ༎ฦᙁ࠷㔔ࡈ࡞スᏽࡊࡒࠊ
࣠࢕࣭ࣕ
࢓࣐ࣜࢼ࣑ࢗ
࢙ࣤࢺࣈࣚࢡ
ࣆ࢔࣭ࢺࢪ࣭ࣜ
࠽ࡵࡽ
ᅒ 4.2 ࣠࢕࣭ࣕᘿࡽࡡᵕᏄ
70g
5.1.3 ࢝ࢪ㒼⟮
1/4 ࢕ࣤࢲྜྷᙼ⤽ࡁᡥ
Ẓౚゝᩐ⟮
࢝ࢪ࣍ࣤ࣊
1/4 ࢕ࣤࢲࢲ࣭ࣖࣇ
᥃╌๠࡚ᅖᏽ
ᅒ 5.3 㒼⟮ᅒ
Ẓౚゝᩐ⟮ࡡ࢝ࢪ⏕ࡡථࡽཾ࣬ฝཾ࡛ࡵ࡞ࠉ୕ᅒࡡࡻ࠹࡞㒼⟮ࢅ⾔࠷ࠉ࢝ࢪ
࠿⁻ࡿ࡝࠷ࡻ࠹࡞Ẓౚゝᩐ⟮ᮇమ࡛࢙ࣤࢺࣈࣚࢡࡡ᥃⤾㒂ฦࠉࣄࢪࡡ⾪㟻࡞࢙
࣎࢞ࢨᶖ⬙⣌ࡡ᥃╌๠ࢅሧࡖ࡙ᅖᏽࡊࡒࠊࡱࡒࠉ࢝ࢪࢅ㏳ࡌ᫤࡞Ẓౚゝᩐ⟮හ
㒂ࡡ✭Ẵ࠿Ᏸධ࡞ථࡿ᭨ࢂࡾࡻ࠹࡞ࠉẒౚゝᩐ⟮ࡡᐖ✒ࡡ⣑ 3 ಶࡡ࢝ࢪࢅ
100cm 3 / min ࡚ࡊࡣࡼࡂࡡ㛣Ὦࡊࡒᚃࠉᐁ㥺ࡡධ᭿㛣ࢅ㏳ࡊ࡙ 10cm 3 / min ࡚࢝ࢪ
ࢅẒౚゝᩐ⟮࡞Ὦࡊ⤾ࡄࡒࠊ
5.1.4 㧏㞹ᅸࡡ༰ຊ
㧏㞹ᅸ༰ຊ(HV)࡛ㄖࡲฝࡊ㒂ฦࡡ➴౮ᅂ㊪ᅒࢅୖオ࡞♟ࡌࠊ
࢓ࢿ࣭ࢺ࣠࢕࣭ࣕ
1MȐ
0.01ȣF
1MȐ
Pre̺Amp
㸽㹋
1MȐ
0.01ȣF
Ẓౚゝᩐ⟮ᮇమ
ᅒ 4.4 ➴౮ᅂ㊪ᅒ
Ẓౚゝᩐ⟮ࡢࠉ࢙ࣤࢺࣈࣚࢡ࡞᥃⤾ࡈࡿ࡙࠷ࡾ࢓ࢰࢴࢲ࣒ࣤࢹ࠾ࡼ GND ⥲ࢅ࡛
ࡾࡆ࡛࡞ࡻࡖ࡙ࠉ࣠࢕࣭ࣕࢅ㝎ࡂẒౚゝᩐ⟮ධమ࠿࢓࣭ࢪࡈࡿ࡙࠷ࡾࠊ
୕ᅒࡡ㒼⥲㒂ฦࡢ࢓ࢰࢴࢲ࣒ࣤࢹࡡහ㒂࡚⾔ࢂࡿ࡙࠷ࡾࠊ
5.2 Pre̺Amp ࡡ⿿ష
5.2.1 Pre̺Amp ࡡᙲ๪
Ẓౚゝᩐ⟮࠾ࡼࡡ├᥃ࡡࢨࢡࢻࣜࡢࠉ㟸ᖏ࡞ᑚࡈࡂ❟ࡔୖ࠿ࡽ࠿㐔࠷ࡡ࡚ࠉ
ฝງࢨࢡࢻࣜࢅ q̺V ንᥦ(ථງ㞹Ⲭ࡞Ẓౚࡊࡒ㞹ᅸ࡞ንᥦ)ࡊࠉᚃṹࡡㄖࡲฝࡊ
࢙ࣝࢠࢹࣞࢼࢠࢪ࡞ࡻࡾಘྒฌ⌦࠿ྊ⬗࡝ኬࡀࡈࡱ࡚ࠉฝງࢨࢡࢻࣜࢅቌᖕࡌ
ࡾᚪさ࠿࠵ࡾࠊ
௑ᅂ⿿షࡊࡒ Pre̺Amp ࡚౐⏕ࡊࡒ IC ࡢࠉࢠࣛ࢓ࣂࣜࢪ♣⿿ࡡࣀ࢕ࣇࣛࢴࢺ
IC(CS515̺1 ᆵ)࡚ࠉ㞹Ⲭ✒ฦᆵ࢓ࣤࣈࢅᐁ⿞ࡊ࡙࠷ࡾࠊአᮮࢿ࢕ࢫ(60Hz ࡡஹ
Ὦ㞹″)ࢅ㍇΅ࡌࡾࡒࡴ࡞ࠉPre Amp ᅂ㊪ࢅࢨ࣭ࣜࢺ⏕࢓࣐ࣜ⟵࡚し࠷ࠉࡆࡿࢅ
࢓࣭ࢪࡊࡒࠊ
+12V
1ȣF
1kȐ
GND
1ȣF
1pF
-12V
IN
1ȣF
1ȣF
Rf=1000MȐ
GND
ࣀ࢕ࣇࣛࢴࢺ IC
Cf=1pF
ᅒ 4.4 Pre-Amp ᅂ㊪ᅒ
ࡍ
OUT
㞹Ⲭ✒ฦᆵ Pre-Amp
5.2.2 Pre̺Amp ࡡິషཋ⌦
௑ᅂ⿿షࡊࡒࡡࡢ㞹Ⲭ✒ฦᆵ࢓ࣤࣈ(Charge Amp)࡚࠵ࡾࠊ௧ୖ࡞ࡐࡡཋ⌦࡛
ᅂ㊪ࡡᇱᮇᅒࢅ♟ࡌࠊ
C F = 1 pF
㸢Q
㸠Q
RF = 1000 M!
㸢Q
㸢Q
㸠Q
IN
࢛࣋࢓ࣤࣈ
Vout
ᅒ ࣈࣛ࢓ࣤࣈࡡᅂ㊪
Ẓౚゝᩐ⟮ࡡ࢓ࢿ࣭ࢺ࣠࢕࣭ࣕ࠾ࡼࡡಘྒࡢㇿࡡ㞹Ⲭࢅᣚࡖ࡙࠷ࡾࠊ୕ᅒ࡞
࠽࠷࡙ࠉ㸢Q(Q>0)ࡡ㞹Ⲭ࠿Ẓౚゝᩐ⟮࠾ࡼ㏞ࡼࡿ࡙ࡀࡒ࡛ࡌࡾࠊ࢛࣋࢓ࣤࣈࡡ
࢛࣭ࣈ࣭ࣤࣜࣈࢣ࢕ࣤ࠿༎ฦ࡞ኬࡀࡄࡿࡣࠉථງ❻Ꮔࡡ㞹నࡢ GND ࡛ྜྷࡋ࡚ࠉ
GND ࡛ࡡ㛣ࡡᢤᢘࡢ㟸ᖏ࡞ኬࡀ࠷ࣁ࣭ࢲࣔࣜࢨ࣭ࣘࢹ≟ឺ࠿ᐁ⌟ࡊ࡙࠷ࡾࡡ
࡚ࠉථງ⤎ྙࢤࣤࢸࣤࢦ࣭ࡡ࢛࣋࢓ࣤࣈഁࡡᴗᯀ࡞ࡢ+Qࠉࣆ࢔࣭ࢺࣁࢴࢠࢤࣤ
ࢸࣤࢦ࣭ C F ࡡ୦ᴗᯀ࡞ࡢࡐࡿࡑࡿࠉ㸢Qࠉ+Q ࡡ㞹Ⲭ࠿ࡒࡱࡾࠊ
ࡆࡡ᫤ࠉฝງ Vout ࡢࠉ
Vout=+Q/ C F
=+Q(pc)/1.0(pF)
=+Q(V) [Q=CV ࡻࡽ]
࡛࡝ࡾࠊࡱࡒࠉࡆࡡ Pre̺Amp ࡚ቌᖕࡈࡿࡒಘྒࣂࣜࢪࡡ❟ୖࡽ᫤ᏽᩐࡢࠉ C F
࡞⵫࠻ࡼࡿࡒ㞹Ⲭ࠿ᨲ㞹ࡌࡾࡱ࡚ࡡ᫤㛣࡚Ửࡱࡾࡡ࡚ࠉ
ȫ= RF C F
=1000(MȐ)™1(pF)
=1.0(msec)
ࡱࡒࠉPre̺Amp ࡡฝງࣂࣜࢪࡢࠉᴗᛮ࠿ཬ㌹ࡌࡾࠊ
➠6❮
ῼᏽࡡࡒࡴࡡࢬࢴࢹ࢓ࢴࣈ࡛
౐⏕ࡊࡒ⿞⨠ࡡᴣさ
࢝ࢪቌᖕ⋙ M ࢅỬᏽࡌࡾࡒࡴ࡞ࡢࠉ࢓ࢿ࣭ࢺ࣠࢕࣭ࣕ࡞㞗ࡴࡼࡿࡒ⥪㞹Ꮔᩐ
N ࢅῼᏽࡌࡾᚪさ࠿࠵ࡾࠊẒౚゝᩐ⟮ࡡฝງࡢ࢓ࢿ࣭ࢺ࣠࢕࣭ࣕࡡ㞹నን໩ࢅ
ぜ࡙࠷ࡾࡆ࡛࡞࡝ࡽࠉࡆࡡ⥪㞹Ꮔᩐ㹃࡞Ẓౚࡌࡾࠊ㞹Ⲭ㔖࡚⩻࠻ࡾ࡛Ǽq=N™
e(㞹Ẵ⣪㔖)࡛࡝ࡾࠊࡆࡡǼq ࢅ Pre̺Amp ࡚ቌᖕࡈࡎࡒಘྒࢅ ADC ࡚ᩐೋ໩
ࡊࠉPC㸢Linux ࡚ㄖࡲཱིࡾࠊ⤂ṹ㝭ࡡ PC㸢Linux ࡚ࡢࠉẒౚゝᩐ⟮හࡡ࢙ࢾ
࣭ࣜ࢟᥾኶࡞Ẓౚࡊࡒ ADCcount ࠿ᚋࡼࡿࡾࠊ
ࡆࡡ❮࡚ࡢࠉࢬࢴࢹ࢓ࢴࣈࡊ࡙࠷ࡖࡒ㡨␊࡞ࠉࡐࡿࡑࡿࡡ⿞⨠ࡡㄕ᪺࡛ࠉࡐ
ࡿࢅ⦽ࡃࡇ࡛࡚࡜࠹࠷࠹ን໩࠿ࡵࡒࡼࡈࡿࡾ࠾ࢅ♟ࡌࠊ
6.1 ῼᏽࡡࡒࡴࡡࢬࢴࢹ࢓ࢴࣈ
௑ᅂࡡῼᏽ࡞౐⏕ࡊࡒධమࡡࣇࣞࢴࢠࢱ࢕࢓ࢡ࣑ࣚࢅୖᅒ࡞♟ࡌࠊ
Clock Generator
Gate Generator
Chamber
Attenuator
Signal
Test Pulse
Pre-Amp
Attenuator
Shaper-Amp(ORTEC570)
Divider
Delay
Linear Fan-in Fan-out
ᴗᛮཬ㌹(Lecroy428F)
Discriminator
⣑ 300nsec
Threshold
VETO=10msec
Gate
Gate
Generator
Analog IN
=-100mV
Generator
Gate IN
ADC(㇇ఘ㞹Ꮔ CO11)
Digital OUT PUT
PC-Linux
ᅒ 6.1 ῼᏽ⏕ࢬࢴࢹ࢓ࢴࣈ
6.1.1 Test Pulse ࢅฝࡈࡎࡾࡒࡴࡡ⿞⨠
࣬Clock Generator
Step Pulse ࢅථງࡌࡾࡒࡴࡡ⿞⨠ࠊ100Hz(ን᭞ྊ⬗)ࠉ㸢0.8V(NIM ぞ᰹࡞ᚉ
࠹)ࡡ Pulse ࢅฝࡊࠉPulse ࡡᣚ⤾᫤㛣ࡢ 100nsec ࡛▯࠷ࠊ
࣬Gate Generator
Clock Generator ࠾ࡼⓆࡎࡼࡿࡒ Pulse ࡡᣚ⤾᫤㛣(WIDTH)ࢅ㛏ࡂࡌࡾࡒࡴ
ࡡ⿞⨠ࠊ௑ᅂࡢୌࡗୌࡗࡡ Pulse ࠿ 5msec ࡡᖕࢅᣚࡗࡻ࠹࡞ㄢ⟿ࡊࡒࠊ
࣬Attenuator
ථງ㞹ᅸࡡኬࡀࡈࢅㄢ⟿ࡌࡾࡒࡴࡡ⿞⨠ࠊ㞹ᅸࡡን໩ࡢࠉୖᘟࠉ
Vout
dB = "20 ! log
Vin
࡞ᚉ࠷ࠉ3dB ࡚ 1/ 2 ಶࡈࡿࡾࠊ
Test Pulse ࢅ⏕࠷ࡾ┘Ⓩࡢࠉぞ์ḿࡊࡂ㏞ࡼࡿ࡙ࡂࡾಘྒ࡞ᑊࡊ࡙ࠉࡐࡡᚃ
ṹ࡞ス⨠ࡈࡿࡒㄖࡲฝࡊࡡ࢙ࣝࢠࢹࣞࢼࢠࢪ࠿ḿᖏ࡞ᶭ⬗ࡌࡾ࠾࡜࠹࠾ࢅ☔࠾
ࡴࡾࡆ࡛࡚࠵ࡾࠊTest Pulse ࢅ⏕࠷ࡾࡆ࡛࡞ࡻࡖ࡙ࠉ௑ᅂ⿿షࡊࡒ Pre̺Amp
ࡡቌᖕ⋙ࢅࠉ㍉ḿࡌࡾࡆ࡛࠿࡚ࡀࡾࠊ
6.1.2 ㄖࡲฝࡊࡡ࢙ࣝࢠࢹࣞࢼࢠࢪ
࣬Pre̺Amp
➠ 4 ❮࡚㏑࡬ࡒࡻ࠹࡞ࠉPre̺Amp ࡡᙲ๪ࡢ Chamber ࠾ࡼࡡ᚜ᘽ࡝ಘྒࢅࠉ
ㄖࡲฝࡊྊ⬗࡝ࣝ࣊ࣜࡱ࡚ቌᖕࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡚࠵ࡾࠊ
Pre̺Amp ࡡࢷࢪࢹථງ❻Ꮔ࡞ࡢ 1pF ࡡࢤࣤࢸࣤࢦ࣭࠿᥃⤾ࡈࡿ࡙࠷ࡾࡡ࡚ࠉ
ἴ㧏 Vt(V)ࡡ᪁ᙟἴࢅථງࡌࡾ࡛ࠉVt(pC)ࡡ㞹Ⲭ࠿ Pre̺Amp ࡞ථງࡈࡿࡾࠊ
ࡆࡆ࡚ࡢࠉථງಘྒࡡኬࡀࡈ࡞ᑊࡌࡾฝງಘྒࡡኬࡀࡈࢅῼࡽࠉࡐࡡ⥲ᙟᛮ
ࢅㄢ࡬ࡾࡆ࡛࡞ࡻࡖ࡙ Pre̺Amp ࡡቌᖕᗐࢅᚋࡾࠊ
ୖᅒ࡞ࡐࡡ⤎ᯕࢅ♟ࡌࠊ
!"#$%&'()*+
61/
?:;&@>
6//
51/
5//
AB3
)*-;AB3>
31/
3//
1/
,-.-/012314
/
/
3//
5//
6//
7//
9:;<=>
1//
8//
ቌᖕᗐ Gp=0.5715(mV/fC)
࣬Shaper̺Amp(ORTEC570)
Pre̺Amp ࡡฝງࡢࠉ❟ࡔ୕࠿ࡽ᫤㛣ࡢ▯ࡂ(100nsec)ࠉ❟ࡔୖ࠿ࡽ᫤㛣࠿㛏
࠷(250ȣsec)ࡒࡴ࡞ࠉථᑏ⢇Ꮔࡡᙁᗐ࡞ࡻࡖ࡙ࡢࠉࣂ࢕ࣜ࢓ࢴࣈࢅ㉫ࡆࡌྊ⬗ᛮ
࠿࠵ࡾࠊࡐࡆ࡚ࠉPulse ࢅᩒᙟࡊࠉ㐲ว࡝❟ࡔ୕࠿ࡽ࣬❟ࡔୖ࠿ࡽ᫤㛣࡛ࡌࡾࡒ
ࡴ࡞ࠉShaper̺Amp(ORTEC570)ࢅ Pre̺Amp ࡡᚃṹ࡞᥃⤾ࡌࡾࠊ
Shaper̺Amp(ORTEC570)ࡢ⥲ᙟቌᖕ㒂࡛ἴᙟᩒᙟ㒂࠾ࡼ࡝ࡽࠉ๑⩽ࡡቌᖕ
⋙ࢅ 10 ಶ࡞ᅖᏽࡊࠉ࣭࣎ࣜࢭࣞ࢞ࣔࣤࢬࣜࢅㄢ⟿ࡊࡒᚃࠉᚃ⩽ࡡ᫤ᏽᩐࢅ 0.5
ȣsec ࡛ࡊࡒࠊ
!"#$%&'()*+'#"$%&',-./
<555
C>?&DB
;555
:555
7555
EF3
-.1?EF3B
9555
6555
3555
01213345678
5
5
355
655
955
=>?@AB
755
:55
;55
ቌᖕᗐ G(p+s)=11.024(mV/fC)
࣬Divider
ಘྒࢅ Gate ⏕࡛ Analog ⏕࡞ฦ๪ࡌࡾࡒࡴࡡ⿞⨠ࠊฦ๪ᚃࡡಘྒࡡኬࡀࡈࡢࠉ
ඔࡡಘྒࡡ༖ฦ࡞࡝ࡾࠊ
࣬Delay
ಘྒࢅ㐔ࡼࡎࡾ⿞⨠ࠊPulse ࠿ Gate ᖕහ࡞ථࡾࡻ࠹࡞ࠉࢰ࢕࣐ࣤࢡࢅྙࢂࡎ
ࡾࡒࡴ࡞⏕࠷ࡾࠊ௑ᅂ Analog ಘྒࢅ㐔ࡼࡎࡾࡒࡴ࡞ 60 ࣒࣭ࢹࣜࡡࢢ࣭ࣇࣜࢅ
౐⏕ࡊࠉ⣑ 300nsec ࡡ Delay ࡛ࡊࡒࠊࢢ࣭ࣇࣜࢅ⏕࠷࡙ Delay ࢅ⾔࠹ሔྙࡢࠉ
ࢢ࣭ࣇࣜ 1 ࣒࣭ࢹࣜ࡞ࡗࡀ⣑ 5nsec ಘྒ࠿㐔ࡿࡾࠊ
࣬Linear Fan̺IN Fan̺OUT(Lecroy428F)
ථງࡈࡿࡒ Pulse ࡛ྜྷࡋἴᙟࡡ Pulse ࢅฝງࡌࡾ⿞⨠ࠊPulse ࡡᴗᛮࢅཬ㌹ࡈ
ࡎࡾࡆ࡛ࡵ࡚ࡀࡾࠊPre̺Amp ࠾ࡼ㏞ࡼࡿ࡙ࡂࡾ Positive ࡝ಘྒࡡᴗᛮࢅཬ㌹
ࡈࡎ࡙ࠉᚃṹࡡ⿞⨠࠿ཬᚺࡌࡾ Negative ࡝ಘྒ࡞ንᥦࡌࡾࡒࡴ࡞౐⏕ࡊࡒࠊ
࣬ Discriminator
ථງಘྒ࠿ࠉ஢ࡴスᏽࡊࡒ threshold(㜀ೋ)௧୕ࡡኬࡀࡈࡓࡖࡒ᫤࡞ࠉᡀࡾୌ
ᏽࡡ᪁ᙟἴ(NIM Pulse)ࢅฝࡌࠊ௑ᅂ౐⏕ࡊࡒ Discriminator ࡡ Pulse ᖕࡢ
46.8nsec ࡚ࠉthreshold ࡢ㸢100mV ࡞スᏽࡊࡒࠊ
࣬Gate Generator
ථງࡊࡒࢸࢩࢰࣜಘྒ(NIM Pulse)ࢅᚪさ࡝ᖕࡡ Gate Pulse ࡞ࡊ࡙ฝງࡌࡾࠊ
ࡱࡒࠉࡆࡆ࡚ࡢࡵ࠹ୌࡗࡡ Gate Generator ࢅ౐ࡖ࡙ ADC(or Gate Generator)
࡞୘វ᫤㛣ࢅ୙࠻ࡾ(VETO ࡡථງ)ࠊ
ୌࡗࡡ࢕࣊ࣤࢹ࠿㉫ࡆࡖ࡙࠾ࡼࠉᩐೋ໩ࡊࡒࢸ࣭ࢰࢅㄖࡲฝࡊࠉࢠࣛ࢓ࡌࡾ
ࡡ࡞࠾࠾ࡾ᫤㛣ࡢ᭩㛏 10msec ࡚࠵ࡾࠊࡐࡡ㛣࡞ḗࡡಘྒ࠿ᮮ࡙ࡊࡱࡖࡒሔྙࠉ
ᚃṹࡡ ADC ࡢࡐࡡಘྒࡱ࡚ㄖࡲ㎲ࡵ࠹࡛ࡊ࡙Ί஗ࡊࠉḿࡊࡂࢸ࣭ࢰฌ⌦࠿࡚ࡀ
࡝࠷ྊ⬗ᛮ࠿࠵ࡾࠊVETO ࢅ 10msec ථງࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡚ࠉ㏻⤾ࡊ࡙㉫ࡆࡖࡒ࢕࣊
ࣤࢹࡢୌ␊᭩ิࡡࡵࡡࡓࡄ࠿ㄖࡲฝࡈࡿࡾࡻ࠹࡞࡝ࡾࠊ
Test Pulse ࢅ⏕࠷ࡒ Analog ಘྒ࡛ Gate Pulse(ADC ࡡ๑ṹ)
࣬ADC(Analog to Digital Converter)
࠵ࡾᖕࢅᣚࡗ Gate ථງ࡞ᑊࡊ࡙ࠉࡐࡡ Gate ࠿㛜࠷࡙࠷ࡾ㛣࡞ථງࡈࡿࡒ
Analog IN ࡡ Pulse ࡡ㧏ࡈࢅࢸࢩࢰࣜ㔖 ࡞ንᥦࡌࡾࠊADC ࡞ࡢ Charge
Sensitive ᆵ࡛ Peak Sensitive ᆵࡡ஦⛸㢦࠿࠵ࡽࠉᮇᐁ㥺࡚ࡢᚃ⩽(㇇ఘ㞹Ꮔ⿿ࠉ
CO11)ࢅ౐⏕ࡊࡒࠊ
࣬ PC̺Linux(ࢸ࣭ࢰ཭㞗ࢨࢪࢷ࣑โᚒ⏕ゝ⟤ᶭ)
ADC ࡚ࢸࢩࢰࣜ໩ࡈࡿࡒࢸ࣭ࢰࢅ CAMACࠉCCP ࣁࢪࢅ㏳ࡊ࡙ㄖࡲ㎲ࡲࠉࣆ
࢒࢕ࣜ࡞ಕᏋࡌࡾࠊ
OS ࡞ࡢ Red Hat5.2 Linux(2.0 ࣭࢜ࢾࣜ)ࢅ౐⏕ࡊࠉCAMACࠉCCP ࣁࢪࡡࢺ
ࣚ࢕ࣁ࣭ࢮࣆࢹࢗ࢘࢓࡞ࡢࠉK2K ࢡ࣭ࣜࣈ࠿㛜Ⓠࡊࡒࢸࣁ࢕ࢪࢺࣚ࢕ࣁ࣭ࢅ౐
⏕ࡊ࡙࠷ࡾࠊ
ࢸ࣭ࢰ཭㞗⏕ࡡࣈࣞࢡ࣑ࣚ࡞ࡢࠉ1999 ᖳᗐ༛ᴏㄵᩝ(ᑚ㔕࣬୸ᚃ)࠿⿿షࡊࡒ
ࡵࡡࢅᐋᯐ඙⏍࠿ᩒ⌦ࡊࠉࡐࡿࢅᶣᮇ࠿᫤㛣ࢅᣞᏽࡊ࡙ῼᏽࡌࡾ᪁ᘟ࡞ን᭞ࡊ
ࡒࡵࡡࢅ౐⏕ࡊࡒࠊࢸ࣭ࢰ཭㞗ࡢࡆࡡࣈࣞࢡ࣑ࣚࢅ౐ࡖ࡙ࠉࢺࣚ࢕ࣁ࣭ࢮࣆࢹ
ࢗ࢘࢓࠿⏕ណࡊ࡙࠷ࡾ㛭ᩐࢅ࿣ࡦฝࡊ࡙ CAMAC ࡞࢓ࢠࢬࢪࡊࠉADC ࡚ࢸࢩࢰ
ࣜንᥦࡈࡿࡒࢸ࣭ࢰࢅㄖࡲ㎲ࢆ࡚ࠉࢸ࢔ࢪࢠ୕ࡡࣆ࢒࢕ࣜ࡞ಕᏋࡊࡒࠊ
➠7❮
࢝ࢪቌᖕ⋙ࡡῼᏽ
ᮇᐁ㥺࡚ࡢࠉࡱࡍࢷࢪࢹࣂࣜࢪࢅ⏕࠷࡙ ADC ࡡᣲࡾ⯑࠷ࢅㄢ࡬ࡒࠊ➠ 6 ❮࡚
㏑࡬ࡒࡻ࠹࡞ࠉADC ࡢࠉථງಘྒࡡኬࡀࡈ࡞Ẓౚࡊࡒࢸࢩࢰࣜ㔖ࢅ୙࠻ࡾࠊTest
Pulse ࡢ࿔᭿Ⓩ࡞ྜྷࡋ㧏ࡈࡡ Pulse ࢅฝࡌࡆ࡛࠿࡚ࡀࡾࡡ࡚ࠉࡆࡡ≁ᛮࢅ౐ࡖ࡙
ථງಘྒࡡኬࡀࡈ࡛ฝງࡈࡿࡾᩐೋࡡኬࡀࡈࡡ⥲ᙟᛮࢅㄢ࡬ࡾࠊ
ࡐࡡᚃࠉᐁ㝷ࡡࢨࢡࢻࣜࢅῼᏽࡊࡒࠊ
7.1 Test Pulse ࢅ⏕࠷ࡒῼᏽ
ᅒ 6.1 ࡚ Test Pulse ࢅฝࡌ⿞⨠ࡡᚃṹ࡞ Pre̺Amp ࢅ⦽ࡁࠉAttenuator ࡚
ථງ㞹ᅸࢅ᧧షࡌࡾࠊAnalog ಘྒ࡛ࡊ࡙⌟ࡿࡾ Pulse ࡡἴ㧏ࡢ࢛ࢨࣞࢪࢤ࣭ࣈ
࡚ῼࡽࠉADC ࠾ࡼࡡࢸ࣭ࢰࡢ PC ࡚ㄖࡲཱིࡖ࡙ࠉᚋࡼࡿࡒࣃࢪࢹࢡ࣑ࣚࢅḿぞ
ฦᕱ࡚ Fit ࡊ࡙ࠉฦᕱࡡ୯ᚨࢅịࡴࡒࠊ
ࡐࡿ࡞ࡻࡖ࡙ᚋࡼࡿࡒ⥲ᙟᛮࡢࠉ௧ୖࡡࡻ࠹࡚࠵ࡾࠊ
㻤㼗㼗㼈㼑㼘㼄㼗㼒㼕㻃
㻋㼇㻥㻌㻃
㻤㼑㼄㼏㼒㼊㻃
㻋㼐㻹㻌㻃
㻧㼌㼊㼌㼗㼄㼏㻃
㻋㼆㼒㼘㼑㼗㻌㻃
㻖㻓㻃
㻕㻚㻃
㻕㻗㻃
㻕㻔㻃
㻔㻛㻃
㻔㻘㻃
㻔㻕㻃
㻘㻖㻃
㻜㻔㻃
㻔㻖㻜㻃
㻔㻛㻗㻃
㻕㻚㻙㻃
㻖㻚㻘㻃
㻘㻗㻘㻃
㻕㻗㻕㻑㻘㻃
㻖㻓㻚㻑㻗㻃
㻗㻓㻓㻑㻜㻃
㻘㻖㻕㻑㻔㻃
㻚㻔㻜㻑㻚㻃
㻜㻃
㻙㻃
㻖㻃
㻚㻔㻓㻃 㻔㻓㻙㻓㻃 㻔㻙㻙㻓㻃
㻜㻛㻗㻑㻔㻃 㻔㻖㻙㻔㻃 㻔㻛㻜㻛㻃 㻕㻙㻛㻓㻃 㻖㻛㻗㻘㻃
EF@F)>-AG?,=)D
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y[ADC count]=2.31x[mV]+120.59
࡞࠽࠷࡙ࠉx ࡢಘྒࡡἴ㧏ࠉy ࡢ ADC ࠾ࡼᚋࡼࡿࡒᩐೋ࡚࠵ࡽࠉࡆࡡᘟࢅ౐
ࡖ࡙ࠉADC ࠿オ㘋ࡊࡒࢸ࣭ࢰ࠾ࡼࠉಘྒࡡἴ㧏ࢅ㏣⟤ࡌࡾࡆ࡛࠿࡚ࡀࡾࠊ
7.2 Main Peak ࡛ Escape Peak ࡡふῼ
ୌౚ࡛ࡊ࡙ࠉ 55 Fe ࢅ⥲″࡞⏕࠷࡙ Chamber ࡞ 1700V ࢅ༰ຊࡊࡒ᫤ࡡ ADC
ฦᕱࢅୖᅒ࡞♟ࡌࠊADC count ࡢ Pedestal ࢅᘤࡀ⟤ࡌࡾ๑ࡡೋ࡛࡝ࡖ࡙࠷ࡾࠊ
ᶋ㍂㸯ADC count ᩐ
⦢㍂㸯Number of Events
Fe ࠾ࡼࡢ஦ࡗࡡࣅ࣭ࢠ࠿⌟ࡿࡾࠊᑚࡈ࠷᪁ࡡࣅ࣭ࢠࡢ Escape Peak ࡛࿣ࡣ
ࡿࠉK̺X ⥲ᨲฝ࡞ࡻࡾ 3.2keV ࡡ࢙ࢾ࣭ࣜ࢟᥾኶࡞ᑊᚺࡊ࡙࠷ࡾࠊኬࡀ࠷᪁ࡢ
Main Peak ࡛࿣ࡣࡿࠉ࢛࣭ࢩ࢘ຝᯕ࡞ࡻࡾ 5.9keV ࡡ࢙ࢾ࣭ࣜ࢟᥾኶࡞ᑊᚺࡊ
࡙࠷ࡾࠊ୕ࡡᅒ࡚ࡢࣅ࣭ࢠ࠿୔ࡗぜ࠻ࡾ࠿ୌ␊ᑚࡈ࠷ࣅ࣭ࢠࡢ Back Ground ࡞
ࡻࡾࡵࡡ࡛ぜࡼࡿࡾࠊ
55
7.2.1 Ẓౚゝᩐ⟮හࡡ࡮ࡆࡽࡡ㝎ཡ
ῼᏽࢅጙࡴࡾ࡞࠵ࡒࡽࠉࡱࡍẒౚゝᩐ⟮හࡡ࡮ࡆࡽࡡ㝎ཡషᴏࢅ⾔ࡖࡒࠊࡆ
ࡿࡢࠉᡥషᴏ࡚ࡢ㝎ཡࡌࡾࡆ࡛࠿୘ྊ⬗࡝᚜ᑚ࡝࡮ࡆࡽ࡞ࠉ㧏㞹ᅸࢅ࠾ࡄ࡙ᨲ
㞹ࡈࡎࠉ↕ࡀࡢࡼ࠹ࡆ࡛࡚ࠉࢿ࢕ࢫࡡ㍇΅࡛ࠉࡻࡽⰃ࠷ࢸ࣭ࢰࡡ཭㞗࠿࡚ࡀࡾ
ࡻ࠹࡞࡝ࡾࠊ
7.2.2 ῼᏽ
௑ᅂࡡᐁ㥺࡚ࡢࠉ༰ຊ㞹ᅸࢅ 1650V ࠾ࡼ 1900V ࡱ࡚ 50V ࡍࡗን໩ࡈࡎࠉࡱ
ࡍ⥲″ࢅ࠽࠷࡙ῼᏽ(1)ࡊࠉࡐࡡᚃྜྷࡋῼᏽ᫤㛣࡚ Back Ground ࢅῼᏽ(2)ࡊࠉ(1)
ࡡฦᕱ࠾ࡼ(2)ࡡฦᕱࢅ Bin Ẏ࡞ᘤࡀ⟤ࡊࡒฦᕱࢅ⾪♟ࡈࡎࠉEscape Peak ࡚ Fit
ࡊࡒࡵࡡ(3)࡛ Main Peak ࡚ Fit ࡊࡒࡵࡡ(4)ࢅ౐ࡖ࡙ࠉ࢝ࢪቌᖕ⋙ࢅῼᏽࡊࡒࠊ
᭩ิ 15 ฦ㛣ࡍࡗῼᏽࡊࡒᚃࠉྜྷࡋ᮪௲࡚ 1 ᫤㛣ࡍࡗῼᏽࡊࡒࠊḗ࡞♟ࡌࡡࡢࠉ
1 ᫤㛣ࡡῼᏽ࡞ࡻࡖ࡙ᚋࡼࡿࡒࣃࢪࢹࢡ࣑࡚ࣚ࠵ࡾࠊ
ϸ)1650V(0dB)
(1)
(3)ADC count=478.7
(4)ADC count=896.9
(2)
Ϲ)1700V(0dB)
(1)
(3)ADC count=606.6
(4)ADC count=1124
(2)
Ϻ)1750V(3dB)
(1)
(3)ADC count=949.36
(4)ADC count=1736.65
(2)
ϻ)1800V(6dB)
(1)
(3)ADC count=1706
(4)ADC count=2472
(2)
ϼ)1850V(9dB)
(1)
(3)ADC count=2590.27
(4)ADC count=3886.26
(2)
Ͻ)1900V(12dB)
(1)
(3)ADC count=3663.2
(4)ADC count=5840
(2)
7.3 ⤎ᯕ
7.3.1 Chamber හࡡ⢇Ꮔࡡ࢙ࢾ࣭ࣜ࢟᥾኶࡛
࢝ࢪቌᖕ⋙
ࣃࢪࢹࢡ࣑ࣚ࠾ࡼᚋࡼࡿࡒࣅ࣭ࢠೋ࠾ࡼ㞹Ꮔᩐ N ࢅịࡴࡾࠊ
Test Pulse ࠾ࡼᚋࡼࡿࡒᘟࠉ
y=2.31x+120.59
ࡻࡽࠉADC ࠾ࡼᚋࡼࡿࡒᩐೋࢅ Attenuator ࡡᐞ୙࠿࡝࠷ᩐೋ࡞ᡘࡊ࡙௥ථࡌ
ࡾ࡛ࠉࡐࡆ࠾ࡼฝງ㞹ᅸ Vout(mV)࠿ᚋࡼࡿࡾࠊ
Ẓౚゝᩐ⟮࠾ࡼࡡථງಘྒ(㞹Ⲭ㔖)ࢅ Q ࡛ࡌࡾ࡛ࠉ
Q(fC)™G(p+s)=Vout(mV)
G(p+s)=11.024(Pre̺Amp+Shaper̺Amp ࡡቌᖕ⋙)
ࡻࡖ࡙ࠉࣅ࣭ࢠೋࡡ ADC count ࡞ᑊᚺࡌࡾ㞹Ꮔᩐ N ࡢࠉḗࡡࡻ࠹࡞ịࡴࡼࡿ
ࡾࠊ
N=
Q( fC ) ! 10 "15
! 2 㸯e(㞹Ẵ⣪㔖)㸲1.602 " 10 !19
e(C )
ࡆࡆ࡚ࠉ᭩ᚃࡡ౿ᩐࡡ 2 ࡢࠉDivider ࡞ࡻࡖ࡙ಘྒࢅ஦ࡗ࡞ฦࡄ࡙࠷ࡾࡆ࡛࡞㉫
ᅄࡌࡾࠊ
Ar ཋᏄࢅ 1 ಴㞹㞫ࡌࡾࡡ࡞ࠉᖲᆍ 26eV ࡡ࢙ࢾ࣭ࣜ࢟࠿ᚪさ࡝ࡆ࡛࠾ࡼࠉ N 0
ࢅịࡴࡾࡆ࡛࠿࡚ࡀࡾࠊࡆࡿࢅゝ⟤ࡌࡾ࡛ࠉ
Escape Peak㸯3.2keV¹26eV=123(಴)
Main Peak㸯5.9keV¹26eV=227(಴)
࡛࡝ࡽࠉࡆࡿࡼࢅ⏕࠷࡙࢝ࢪቌᖕ⋙㸯 M = N / N 0 ࢅịࡴࡾࡆ࡛࠿࡚ࡀࡾࠊ
N㸯᭩⤂Ⓩ࡞㞹㞫ࡈࡿࡒ㞹Ꮔᩐ
N 0 㸯ථᑏ⢇Ꮔ࡛࢙ࢾ࣭ࣜ࢟᥾኶࡞ࡻࡖ࡙㞹㞫ࡈࡿࡒ㞹Ꮔᩐ(ୌḗ⏍ᠺ㞹Ꮔᑊ)
ゝ⟤⤎ᯕ
7.3.1 ࡚ࡡ⌦ㄵᘟࢅ⏕࠷࡙ゝ⟤ࡊࡒ⤎ᯕࢅ௧ୖ࡞♟ࡌࠊࡆࡿࡢ 1 ᫤㛣ࡡῼᏽ࡞ࡻ
ࡖ࡙ᚋࡼࡿࡒೋࢅඔ࡞ࡊ࡙࠽ࡽࠉ15 ฦࡡῼᏽ࡞ࡻࡖ࡙ᚋࡼࡿࡒೋࡵ࡮࡯ྜྷࡋࡵ
ࡡ࡛࡝ࡖࡒࡡ࡚ࠉࡆࡆ࡚ࡢ┤␆ࡌࡾࠊ
㻃
㻃 㻃 㻨㼖㼆㼄㼓㼈㻃㻳㼈㼄㼎㻃
㻃 㻃 㻃 㻃 㻰㼄㼌㼑㻃㻳㼈㼄㼎㻃
㞹ᅸ㻋㻹㻌㻃
㻱㻃
㻱㻃
㻰㻃
㻰㻃
㻔㻙㻘㻓㻃 㻔㻚㻘㻘㻙㻕㻑㻜㻃 㻔㻗㻕㻚㻑㻖㻗㻔㻃 㻖㻛㻓㻘㻛㻗㻑㻛㻃 㻔㻙㻚㻙㻑㻘㻛㻘㻃
㻔㻚㻓㻓㻃 㻕㻖㻛㻕㻙㻘㻑㻚㻃 㻔㻜㻖㻚㻑㻔㻔㻜㻃 㻗㻜㻔㻜㻕㻓㻑㻖㻃
㻕㻔㻙㻚㻑㻓㻘㻃
㻔㻚㻘㻓㻃
㻖㻗㻜㻓㻑㻔㻜㻃
㻗㻓㻙㻖㻓㻗㻃 㻖㻖㻓㻖㻑㻕㻛㻘㻃 㻚㻜㻕㻕㻚㻖㻑㻔㻃
㻔㻛㻓㻓㻃 㻚㻚㻚㻕㻗㻗㻑㻜㻃 㻙㻖㻔㻜㻑㻓㻙㻗㻃
㻔㻔㻖㻓㻚㻔㻗㻃 㻗㻜㻛㻔㻑㻔㻔㻜㻃
㻔㻛㻘㻓㻃
㻔㻕㻔㻓㻚㻘㻜㻃 㻜㻛㻗㻖㻑㻘㻙㻚㻃
㻔㻛㻗㻙㻔㻔㻗㻃 㻛㻔㻖㻕㻑㻙㻘㻜㻃
㻔㻜㻓㻓㻃
㻔㻚㻖㻙㻚㻘㻜㻃 㻔㻗㻔㻔㻜㻑㻜㻜㻃
㻕㻛㻓㻖㻜㻖㻕㻃 㻔㻕㻖㻘㻕㻑㻔㻕㻃
Main Peak ࡛ Escape Peak ࡚ࡡ㞹Ꮔᩐ࡛ቌᖕ⋙ࡡẒ㍉
!"#$%#&'()*
#&'
+,,,,,,,
56789:;<:8=
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+,,,,,,
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+-,,
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+1,,
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➠8❮
ࡱ࡛ࡴ
ᮇᐁ㥺࡚ࡢࠉみ᩷㟻✒࠿ HP™HP ࡡẒౚゝᩐ⟮ࢅ⿿షࡊࠉࡆࡿ࠿Ꮽᏽࡊ࡙ິ
షࡌࡾࡆ࡛ࢅ☔ヾࡊࠉ 55 Fe ⥲″࠾ࡼฝࡾකᏄࢅ⏕࠷࡙ࠉẒౚゝᩐ⟮හ࡚ࡡථᑏ
Ⲭ㞹⢇Ꮔࡡ㞹㞫᥾኶ࢅῼᏽࡊࡒࠊ
ࡐࡿ࡞ࡻࡖ࡙ᚋࡼࡿࡒ࢝ࢪቌᖕ⋙ࡢ ;㹳; ࡡ⠂ᅑ࡚ +8FXOL ࡡ㛭౿ᘟ
ࢅ‫ࠉࡿࡼ࠻⩻࡛ࡡࡵࡌࡒ‮‬104 ࡡ࢛࣭ࢱ࣭࡚ቌᖕࡈࡿࡾࡆ࡛࠿ฦ࠾ࡖࡒࠊῼᏽ⤎
ᯕࢅᫎᖳᗐ࡛Ẓ㍉ࡌࡾ࡛⣑ ࡡᕣࢅ⏍ࡋࡾ࠿ࠉࡆࡡཋᅄ࡛ࡊ࡙ࡢみ᩷㟻✒ࡡ㐢
࠷ࡷࠉῼᏽ᫤᭿ࡡ㐢࠷࡞ࡻࡾࠉῺᗐᕣ࣬Ẵᅸᕣ࡝࡜々ᩐ࠿⩻࠻ࡼࡿࠉୌᴣ࡞࡜
ࡔࡼࡡ⤎ᯕࢅಘࡋࡾ࡬ࡀ࠾ࠉ࡛࠷࠹ࡡࡢ௑ࡡ࡛ࡆࢀࡢゕ࠻࡝࠷ࠊ
ࡱࡒࠉ௑ᚃࡡㄚ㢗࡛ࡊ࡙ࠉ㐢࠹⥲″ࢅ౐࠹ࡆ࡛࡞ࡻࡖ࡙࢝ࢪቌᖕ⋙࡞ን໩࠿
࡝࠷࠾࡜࠹࠾ࢅㄢ࡬ࡒࡽࠉẴῺࡷẴᅸࢅን໩ࡈࡎ࡙ῼᏽࡊࡒࡽࡌࡾࡆ࡛ࡵኬว
࡝ࡡ࡚ࡢ࡝࠷࠾࡛ᛦ࠹ࠊ
ࡈࡼ࡞ࠉྜྷ᫤᭿࡞ྜྷ᮪௲࡚ࠉみ᩷㟻✒ࡡ㐢࠹Ẓౚゝᩐ⟮ࢅ⏕࠷࡙ῼᏽࡌࡾࡡ
ࡵ࠽ࡵࡊࢀ࠷ࡡ࡚ࡢ࡝࠷࠾࡛ᛦ࠹ࠊࡆࡿ࡞ࡻࡖ࡙ࠉᖳᗐࢅ㊦࠷࡚Ẓ㍉ࡊ࡙࠷ࡒ
ࡵࡡࢅࠉᖳᗐහ࡚Ẓ㍉࡚ࡀࡾࡡ࡚ࠉࡻ࠷⤎ᯕࠉ⩻ᐳ࠿ᚋࡼࡿࡾ࡛ಘࡋ࡙࠷ࡾࠊ
ཤ⩻ᩝ⊡
࣬
࣬
࣬
࣬
࣬
∸⌦Ꮥኬ㎙඼
ᖳᗐ∟ ⌦⛁ᖳ⾪
ࣈࣚ࢕ࢪ ᨲᑏ⥲ゝῼ
ᨲᑏ⥲ゝῼࡡ⌦ㄵ࡛ᐁ⩞
ᖳᗐ ༛ᴏㄵᩝ
&U࣬(- Ίྙ࢝ࢪࢅ⏕࠷ࡒẒౚゝᩐ⟮HP™HP み᩷㟻ࡡ⿿షཀྵࡦࡐࡡᇱ
ᮇ≁ᛮ࡞㛭ࡌࡾ◂✪ හ⏛ ఫ▩Ꮔ ୖᒜ ࡲ࡮
࣬ ᖳᗐ ༛ᴏㄵᩝ
&U࣬(- Ίྙ࢝ࢪࢅ⏕࠷ࡒẒౚゝᩐ⟮HP™HP み᩷㟻ࡡ⿿షཀྵࡦࡐࡡᇱ
ᮇ≁ᛮ࡞㛭ࡌࡾ◂✪ ᒱ⏛ ⴝᏄ こ⏛ ┷ᘢ
࣬ ᖳᗐ ༛ᴏㄵᩝ
&U࣬(- Ίྙ࢝ࢪࢅ⏕࠷ࡒẒౚゝᩐ⟮ࡡ࢝ࢪቌᖕ⋙࡞㛭ࡌࡾ◂✪
㔘ᕖ ├Ễ Ễ஬ 㯖㔓Ờ
ㅨ㎙
༛ᴏ◂✪ࢅ⾔࠹࡞࠵ࡒࡽࠉࡇ༝ງ࠷ࡒࡓ࠷ࡒⓑࡈࢆ࡞ࠉࡆࡡሔࢅೇࡽ࡙࠽♡
ࢅ⏞ࡊ୕ࡅࡒ࠷࡛ᛦ࠷ࡱࡌࠊ
㧏࢙ࢾ࣭ࣜ࢟∸⌦Ꮥ◂✪ᐄࡡ඙⏍᪁࡞ࡢࠉࡆࡡ ᖳ㛣ࠉࢭ࣐ࡷᐁ㥺࡞㛭ࡌࡾ
ࡇᣞᑙ࡝࡜ࠉࡒࡂࡈࢆࡡሔ㟻࡚ຐࡄ࡙࠷ࡒࡓࡀࡱࡊࡒࠊ
ࡐࡡ௙࡞ࡵ࠽ୠリ࡞࡝ࡖࡒ඙⏍᪁࠿ࡒࡂࡈࢆ࠽ࡼࡿࡱࡌࠊ
㧏࢙ࢾ࣭ࣜ࢟◂✪ᐄࡡㅎ඙㍦᪁ࠉ ᅂ⏍ࡡࡲ࡝ࡈࢆ࡞ࡢࡔࡺࡖ࡛ࡊࡒ㈻ၡ࡞ࡵ
ᚺࡋ࡙࠷ࡒࡓ࠷ࡒࡽࠉທࡱࡊ࡙࠷ࡒࡓ࠷ࡒࡽࡊࡱࡊࡒࠊ
ゕⴝ࡚ࡢゕ࠷ᑸࡂࡎ࡝࠷࡮࡜ࠉ࠵ࡽ࠿࡛࠹࡛ゕ࠷ࡒ࠷Ẵᣚࡔ࡚ࡌ࠿ࠉⓑࡈࢆ
ࡡᨥ࠻࠿࠵ࡖ࡙ࡆࡐࠉ௑ࡡ⮤ฦ࠿࠵ࡾࡆ࡛ࢅᚨ࡞็ࡲࠉࡆࡿ࠾ࡼࡡ⮤ฦࡡ⣂࡛
ࡊ࡙ࠉ⢥ୌ᮴࠿ࢆࡣࡾࡆ࡛ࡆࡐ࠿᜘㏁ࡊ࡞࡝ࡾ࡛ಘࡋ࡙ࠉࡆࡡㄵᩝࢅ⤂࠻ࡒ࠷
࡛ᛦ࠷ࡱࡌࠊ
ᮇᙔ࡞ࠉ࠵ࡽ࠿࡛࠹ࡇࡉ࠷ࡱࡊࡒࠊ
ᖳ ᭮ ᪝
ᶣᮇ ▩౅ ඔὮ ῗᏄ