implications for conflicting directionality

Phonology 26 (2009). Supplementary materials
doi: 10.1017/S0952675709990212
Japanese mimetic palatalisation
revisited: implications for
conflicting directionality
John Alderete
Simon Fraser University
Alexei Kochetov
University of Toronto
Supplementary materials
Appendix
The information in these materials is also available on the authors’ websites
(http://www.sfu.ca/~alderete/; http://individual.utoronto.ca/kochetov/), as a
spreadsheet file. The file can support further investigation using a spreadsheet
program. Any corrections to the spreadsheet file will appear as addenda in a
separate tab.
1 Dictionary evidence: a list of all CVC-based palatalised mimetic words
with and without palatalisation, based on the sources below
H Hamano (1998: App. D)
K Kakehi et al. (1996)
A Asano (1978)
T Tsuji (2003)
Forms are organised by consonant-type combination (coronal–coronal, noncoronal–coronal, etc.), vowel-type combination (back, back–front, etc.), consonants
(C1 and C2), vowels (V1 and V2) and sources (see above).
Glosses are given for most paired palatalised and non-palatalised forms, based
on Kakehi et al. (1996), unless noted otherwise (S=sound-symbolic; M=mannersymbolic).
24 John Alderete and Alexei Kochetov
2 Search evidence: CVC-based palatalised mimetic words with two
coronals or two non-coronals, elicited from six native speakers of
Japanese
Forms are organised by consonant-type combination (coronal–coronal, noncoronal–coronal, etc.), vowel-type combination (back, back–front, etc.), consonants
(C1 and C2), vowels (V1 and V2,) number of responses and speaker. Meanings
and examples are given as reported by the speakers. Original Japanese examples
have been translated into English.
Supplementary materials 37
3 Tables summarising the co-occurrence of consonants in CVCV mimetic
words, on the basis of published sources
C2
C1
lab
cor
lab
p
b
cor
m
t
13
13
7
p
b
m
d
2
s
5
6
8
t
d
s
z
n
2
8
6
3 10
6
3
1
dors
k
g
1
13
2 14
2 10
1 9
lar
h
1 11
5
4
7
3
2
3
1
1
3
3
5
6 44 12 83
dors
z
n
7
1
g
2
1
4
2 13
1 11
1 10
h
42
42
44
5
8 10
3 6
5 9
9 8
4 5
1
1
4
7 51 14
k
11 13
13 10
10 5
3
1
r
lar
2
3
3
33
19
42
29
25
2
5
1
2
1
51
55
9
2
1
40
6 97 82 13
7 422
Table VIII
Combinations of C1 and C2 in CVCV mimetic words with nonpalatalised consonants in all vowel contexts.
C2
C1
lab
cor
dors
lar
lab
p
b
m
t
2
2
p
b
m
t
d
s
z
n
cor
2
d
s
3
2
3
dors
z
2
n
r
k
lar
g
h
1
6
4
8
3
4
1
2
1
3
1
2
11
1
6
5
3
1
2
2
1
1
2
1
8 14
9
3
2
1
2
2
k
g
4
4
h
1
2
6
0 13
2
4
0 15
3
5
9
14
5
0
0
72
Table IX
Combinations of C1 and C2 in CVCV mimetic words with at least
one palatalised consonant in back vowel contexts.
1 Cor&Cor
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
Cor&Cor
Cor&Cor
Cor&Cor
Cor&Cor
Cor&Cor
Cor&Cor
Cor&Cor
Cor&Cor
Cor&Cor
Cor&Cor
Cor&Cor
bk
d-s
o-a dosa-dosa
bk
bk-fr
bk
bk
bk
bk
bk-fr
fr-bk
bk
fr
fr-bk
d-s
d-s
d-t
n-d
n-s
n-s
n-s
n-s
n-t
n-t
n-t
o-u
o-i
o-a
o-o
o-a
o-o
o-i
e-o
o-a
e-i
e-a
dosu-dosu
dosi-dosi
dota-dota
nodo-nodo
nosa-nosa
noso-noso
nosi-nosi
neso-neso
nota-nota
neti-neti
neta-neta
13 Cor&Cor
14 Cor&Cor
fr-bk n-t
fr-bk n-t
e-o neto-neto
i-a nita-nita
15 Cor&Cor
bk
s-n
a-a
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
bk
fr-bk
bk
fr-bk
fr-bk
fr-bk
bk
bk-fr
bk-fr
s-n
s-n
s-t
s-t
s-t
s-z
t-d
t-z
z-s/d-s
u-a
i-a
u-a
i-a
i-o
i-u
a-o
a-i
u-i
Cor&Cor
Cor&Cor
Cor&Cor
Cor&Cor
Cor&Cor
Cor&Cor
Cor&Cor
Cor&Cor
Cor&Cor
H K A T S: loud dull sounds made when relatively large
objects, or large numbers of objects, are tossed and
strike something one after another
K A
H K A T
H K A T
T
T
H K A T
K
T
T
K
T
H K A T
H
H K A T
H K A T M: the manner of grinning continuously in selfish
delight or triumph
doSa-doSa
n/a
neCa-neCa
niCa-niCa
Sana-Sana
suna-suna
sina-sina
suta-suta
sita-sita
sito-sito
sizu-sizu
tado-tado
tazi-tazi
zusi-zusi
T
H K A T
H K A T
T
H K A
H
K
T
K A T
H K A T
Gloss
Sources
Palatalised
form
Gloss
Sources
Nonpalatalised
form
V–V
C-C
VContext
Consonant
combination
2 John Alderete and Alexei Kochetov
H K A T S: the sound of heavy rain or falling water
H K A T M: the state of being sticky and unpleasant; the manner of chewing something extendedly to show dislike for it
H K A T M: the state of being moist and very
sticky; the manner of chewing away on
something
T idée de démarche souple et déhanchée;
démarche aguichante (T)
Supplementary materials 3
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
Cor&Cor
Cor&Cor
Cor&Cor
Cor&r
Cor&r
Cor&r
Cor&r
Cor&r
fr-bk
fr-bk
bk
bk
bk
fr
bk
bk
z-t
z-t
z-t/d-t
d-r
d-r
d-r
n-r
n-r
i-a
i-o
u-a
a-a
o-o
e-e
o-a
o-o
33 Cor&r
bk
n-r
u-a nura-nura
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
H K A T M: the manner of moving slowly; the state of being
slow
H K A T M: the state of being slimy or slippery
34 Cor&r
bk
n-r
u-u nuru-nuru
H K A T M: the state of being slimy or slippery
35 Cor&r
bk
s-r
a-a sara-sara
36 Cor&r
37 Cor&r
38 Cor&r
bk
bk
bk
s-r
s-r
s-r
o-o soro-soro
u-a sura-sura
u-u suru-suru
39 Cor&r
bk-fr s-r
a-i
Sara-Sara
H K A T S: the soft, murmuring sound of gently flowing
water; the rustling sound made by leaves, cloth, etc.
bruising against something; the sound made with
rhythmically eating o-chazuke [rice with hot green
tea]; M1: the state of being fresh and often loose or
dry; M2: the manner of writing fluently or with
facility, often accompanied by a spoken explanation
H K A T
H K A T
H K A T S: the sound of slurping up food quickly; the manner Suru-Suru
of which something moves or progresses smoothly
Sari-Sari
40 Cor&r
bk-fr s-r
u-e sure-sure
zita-zita
zito-zito
zuta-zuta
dara-dara
doro-doro
dere-dere
nora-nora
noro-noro
H
H
H
H
H
K
K
K
K
K
A
A
A
A
A
K A T
n/a
¿oro-¿oro
¿ura-¿ura
¿uru-¿uru
H K A T M: the manner in which a long, slender
animal or object wriggles
T idée de ce qui est visqueux et qui se
tortille (T)
H K A T M: the manner in which something
slippery moves in a wriggling or
undulating fashion; the state of being
slippery to the touch
H
T se dit de bruit de frottement; idée de ce
qui frotte (en parlant du vêtement à la
mode d’Edo) (T)
H K A
S: the hissing sound made by a fuse
burning, or a small rocket shooting
H K A T upwards
S: the swishing sound produced when
light particles, such as pieces of crushed
ice or grains of uncooked rice, are stirred;
the sound made when scraping or shaving
ice; M: the state of being partly frozen
4 John Alderete and Alexei Kochetov
41 Cor&r
bk
t-r
a-a tara-tara
H K A T M1: the manner in which a large quantity of liquid
drips repeatedly or flows in a continuous stream;
M2: the manner of complaining, flattering or
boasting ceaselessly
42 Cor&r
bk
t-r
o-o toro-toro
43 Cor&r
44 Cor&r
bk
bk
t-r
t-r
u-a tura-tura
u-u turu-turu
45 Cor&r
bk-fr t-r
a-i
Coro-Coro
H K A T M1: the manner of becoming soft or glutinous in
consistency; the state of being soft or glutinous; the
manner in which flames burn slowly; the manner of
dozing o‰; the state of being drowsy; M4: the
manner of a vehicle moving too slowly
H
T
H K A T S: a repeated loud slurping sound made when eating Curu-Curu
wet food noisily; M: the manner of slipping
repeatedly; the state in which the surface of
something is smooth and slippery
Cari-Cari
46
47
48
49
50
Cor&r
Cor&r
Cor&r
Cor&r
Cor&r
fr
fr-bk
fr-bk
fr-bk
bk
t-r
t-r
t-r
t-r
z-r
i-i
e-a
i-a
i-o
a-a
51
52
53
54
Cor&r
Cor&r
Cor&r
Cor&r
bk
bk
bk
bk-fr
z-r
z-r
z-r
z-r
o-o zoro-zoro
u-a zura-zura
u-u zuru-zuru
a-i
H K A T
H K A T
H K A T
55
56
57
58
59
60
Cor&r
Cor&r
Cor&r
Cor&r
Cor&r
Noncor&Cor C1
bk-fr
fr
fr-bk
fr
fr-bk
bk
z-r
z-r
z-r
z-r/d-r
z-r/d-r
d-b/d-p
o-i
i-e
e-o
i-i
i-o
a-a
H K A T S: the sound of shaving with a razor (not electric)
T
T
H K
T
H K A T
H
tiri-tiri
tera-tera
tira-tira
tiro-tiro
zara-zara
zori-zori
zire-zire
zero-zero
ziri-ziri
ziro-ziro
daba-daba
H
H
H
H
H
K
K
K
K
K
A
A
A
A
A
Cara-Cara
n/a
T
T
T
T
T S: a sound made by many small particles falling onto Jara-Jara
a surface; M: the state of being rough to the touch
Jari-Jari
Jori-Jori
n/a
n/a
H K A T S: a jingling sound made by a few small
objects such as coins or keys coming into
contact; M: the manner of trying to win
favour or attract attention, especially by
flattery
H K A T S: the trickling sound made by a thin
stream of running water; M1: the manner
of burning with a small flame; M2: the
manner in which a small object makes
short, rapid movements
H
H K
S: a repeated jingling or clinking sound,
as of coins in a pocket
H K A T S: a jingling sound made by objects such
as icons or keys coming in contact; M: the
manner of dressing oneself up gaudily;
the state of being coquettish
H K A T S: the harsh scraping sound produced
when sand or rough material rubs against
something
H K
T S: the sound of shaving with a razor
Supplementary materials 5
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
Noncor&Cor C1
Noncor&Cor C1
Noncor&Cor C1
Noncor&Cor C1
Noncor&Cor C1
Noncor&Cor C1
Noncor&Cor C1
Noncor&Cor C1
Noncor&Cor C1
Noncor&Cor C1
Noncor&Cor C1
Noncor&Cor C1
Noncor&Cor C1
Noncor&Cor C1
Noncor&Cor C1
Noncor&Cor C1
Noncor&Cor C1
Noncor&Cor C1
Noncor&Cor C1
bk
bk
bk
bk
fr-bk
bk
bk
bk
bk-fr
fr-bk
fr-bk
bk
bk-fr
fr-bk
bk
bk
bk-fr
bk-fr
bk-fr
d-b/d-p
d-b/d-p
d-b/d-p
d-b/d-p
d-b/d-p
d-k
d-k
d-k
d-k
d-k
d-k
n-b
n-b
n-b
n-k
n-k
n-k
n-k
n-k
a-o
a-u
o-o
o-u
e-u
a-u
o-a
o-u
o-i
e-a
e-o
o-u
o-i
e-a
o-o
u-u
o-e
u-e
o-i
80
81
82
83
84
Noncor&Cor C1
Noncor&Cor C1
Noncor&Cor C1
Noncor&Cor C1
Noncor&Cor C1
fr-bk
bk-fr
bk-fr
bk-fr
bk
n-k
n-m
n-m
n-m
s-b
i-o
a-i
o-e
u-e
o-o
85
86
87
88
Noncor&Cor C1
Noncor&Cor C1
Noncor&Cor C1
Noncor&Cor C1
bk
bk
bk
bk
s-b
s-b
s-b
s-b
89 Noncor&Cor C1 bk-fr s-b
90 Noncor&Cor C1 bk-fr s-b
dabo-dabo
dabu-dabu
dobo-dobo
dobu-dobu
debu-debu
daku-daku
doka-doka
doku-doku
doki-doki
deka-deka
deko-deko
nobu-nobu
nobi-nobi
neba-neba
noko-noko
nuku-nuku
noke-noke
nuke-nuke
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
K
K
K
K
K
K
K
K
K
K
K
H
H K
H K
H K
H K
T
A T
T
T
A T
A T
A T
A T
A T
A T
A T
T
T
A T
A T
A T
T
A T
niko-niko
H K A T
nami-nami H K A
nome-nome
T
nume-nume H K A T
sobo-sobo
T idée de la pluie qui tombe; idée de ce qui est
rabougri, pitoyable (T)
o-u sobu-sobu
T
u-a suba-suba
T
u-u subu-subu
T
a-u
o-e sobe-sobe
u-e sube-sube
T
H K A T
¿oki-¿oki
H K A T M: the manner in which long, slender
objects grow or appear successfully
and/or conspicuously
Sobo-Sobo
H
Sabu-Sabu
H K
A T idée d’humidité, de la pluie en particulier;
idée de clignement des yeux (T)
T S: a splashing sound, as of swishing
something back and forth in water;
current usage is limited to the noun shabushabu ‘thin-sliced beef swished in boiling
water and dipped in sauce’
6 John Alderete and Alexei Kochetov
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
Noncor&Cor C1
Noncor&Cor C1
Noncor&Cor C1
Noncor&Cor C1
Noncor&Cor C1
Noncor&Cor C1
Noncor&Cor C1
Noncor&Cor C1
Noncor&Cor C1
Noncor&Cor C1
Noncor&Cor C1
Noncor&Cor C1
Noncor&Cor C1
Noncor&Cor C1
Noncor&Cor C1
Noncor&Cor C1
fr-bk
fr-bk
fr-bk
bk
bk
bk
fr
bk
bk
fr-bk
bk
bk
bk
bk
bk
bk-fr
s-b
s-b
s-b
s-b/s-p
s-g
s-g
s-g
s-h
s-h
s-h
s-k
s-k
s-k
s-k
s-k
s-k
i-a
i-o
i-u
a-a
u-a
u-o
i-e
a-a
u-a
e-a
a-a
a-u
o-o
u-a
u-u
a-i
siba-siba
sibo-sibo
sibu-sibu
saba-saba
suga-suga
sugo-sugo
sige-sige
saha-saha
suha-suha
seha-seha
T
T
H
T
H K A T
T
H K A T
H K
T
T
T
T
saku-saku
soko-soko
suka-suka
suku-suku
H K A T
T
H K A T
H K A T
107 Noncor&Cor C1 bk-fr s-k
o-i
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
s-k
s-k
s-k
s-k
s-k
s-m
s-m
s-m
s-p
s-p
s-p
t-b
i-e
e-a
i-a
i-o
i-u
a-e
a-i
i-e
u-a
u-o
i-a
a-u
t-b
o-a toba-toba
Noncor&Cor C1
Noncor&Cor C1
Noncor&Cor C1
Noncor&Cor C1
Noncor&Cor C1
Noncor&Cor C1
Noncor&Cor C1
Noncor&Cor C1
Noncor&Cor C1
Noncor&Cor C1
Noncor&Cor C1
Noncor&Cor C1
fr
fr-bk
fr-bk
fr-bk
fr-bk
bk-fr
bk-fr
fr
bk
bk
fr-bk
bk
120 Noncor&Cor C1 bk
n/a
Saka-Saka
H
Saki-Saki
H K A T M: the state of food, especially fruit and
vegetables, being crispy
H K
M2: the manner in which rain falls in a
drizzle; M2: the manner of blinking or
squinting unintentionally; M3: the
manner of doing something without
enthusiasm
Soki-Soki
sike-sike
seka-seka
sika-sika
siko-siko
siku-siku
same-same
sami-sami
sime-sime
supa-supa
supo-supo
sipa-sipa
tabu-tabu
T
H K A T
T
H K A T
H K A T
T
T
T
H K A T
H K
T
H
T idée de grande quantité; grande quantité de liquide
(T)
T
n/a
n/a
Cabu-Cabu
K
T S: a light splashing sound made when a
liquid strikes a surface repeatedly
Supplementary materials 7
121 Noncor&Cor C1 bk
H K A T M: the manner of walking wearily
Cobo-Cobo
H K A T M1: the state of existing sparsely or being
few in number; M2: the manner of
making two dots; M3: the state of being
little di‰erent from or improved over
something preceding (this meaning
probably derives from the use of two dots
to represent ‘same as before’, or ‘ditto’)
Cobe-Cobe
Cobi-Cobi
T idée de loquacité (Edo) (T)
H K A T M: the manner of doing something in
small amounts or by degrees
t-b
o-o tobo-tobo
t-b
122 Noncor&Cor C1 bk
123 Noncor&Cor C1 bk-fr t-b
124 Noncor&Cor C1 bk-fr t-b
u-u tubu-tubu
o-e
o-i
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
t-b
t-b
t-b
t-b/t-p
t-g
t-g
t-k
u-e
e-a
i-o
i-i
o-e
i-a
a-a
132 Noncor&Cor C1 bk
t-k
o-o toko-toko
H K A T M1: the manner of walking, trotting, etc. with quick, Coko-Coko
short steps; the manner in which a slow-moving
vehicle travels at its maximum speed
133 Noncor&Cor C1 bk
t-k
o-u toku-toku
134 Noncor&Cor C1 bk
135 Noncor&Cor C1 bk
t-k
t-k
u-a tuka-tuka
u-u tuku-tuku
H K A T S: a light gurgling sound made when liquid flows
rhythmically from a narrow aperture
H K A T
H
Noncor&Cor C1
Noncor&Cor C1
Noncor&Cor C1
Noncor&Cor C1
Noncor&Cor C1
Noncor&Cor C1
Noncor&Cor C1
bk-fr
fr-bk
fr-bk
fr
bk-fr
fr-bk
bk
tube-tube
teba-teba
tibo-tibo
tibi-tibi
toge-toge
tiga-tiga
taka-taka
T
T
T
T
H K A T
H K A
T
H
n/a
Coku-Coku
H K A T S: a rhythmical non-resonant clicking
sound; M1: the manner in which a small
object moves at high speed; M2: the
manner in which someone talks or acts
restlessly, giving an impression of
foolishness or frivolity
H K A T M1: the manner of moving about with
short, rapid movements; this form
sometimes connotes restlessness or
nervousness; M2: the manner of doing or
finishing something quickly and/or
without much care; M3: the manner of
doing something often
H K A T M: the manner of doing something often
Cuku-Cuku
H
Caka-Caka
8 John Alderete and Alexei Kochetov
136 Noncor&Cor C1 bk-fr t-k
a-i
Caki-Caki
137 Noncor&Cor C1 bk-fr t-k
o-i
Coki-Coki
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
t-k
t-k
t-k
t-k
t-k
t-m
t-p
u-e
e-a
e-u
i-a
i-u
i-a
a-o
t-p
a-u tapu-tapu
Noncor&Cor C1
Noncor&Cor C1
Noncor&Cor C1
Noncor&Cor C1
Noncor&Cor C1
Noncor&Cor C1
Noncor&Cor C1
bk-fr
fr-bk
fr-bk
fr-bk
fr-bk
fr-bk
bk
145 Noncor&Cor C1 bk
tuke-tuke
teka-teka
teku-teku
tika-tika
tiku-tiku
tima-tima
tapo-tapo
o-e zobe-zobe
146 Noncor&Cor C1 bk-fr z-b
z-b/z-p a-a zaba-zaba
147 Noncor&Cor C1 bk
z-b/z-p a-u zabu-zabu
148 Noncor&Cor C1 bk
149
150
151
152
Noncor&Cor C1
Noncor&Cor C1
Noncor&Cor C1
Noncor&Cor C1
bk
bk
bk
bk
z-b/z-p
z-b/z-p
z-b/z-p
z-b/z-p
u-a zuba-zuba
u-o zubo-zubo
u-u zubu-zubu
a-o
153 Noncor&Cor C1 bk
z-k
a-a
154 Noncor&Cor C1 bk
155 Noncor&Cor C1 bk
156 Noncor&Cor C1 bk
z-k
z-k
z-k
a-u zaku-zaku
o-u zoku-zoku
u-u zuku-zuku
H
H
H
H
H
K
K
K
K
K
K
A
A
A
A
A
A
H K A T S: the clicking or snapping sound made
by scissors or ticket punches; M: the state
of being a typical representative of one’s
birthplace; this word typically refers to
Edo’ko (those born and raised in Tokyo)
H K A T M: the sound made when cutting with
scissors, shears, etc. in quick, short
strokes
T
T
T
T
T
T
H
Capo-Capo
K
S: a repeating light splashing sound made when a
liquid washes gently against something
T
H
H K A T S: a stirring or splashing sound made by large
amounts of water moving repeatedly
H K A T
H K
H K A T
H K A T
H K A T
T
H K A
T
Capu-Capu
Jabu-Jabu
S: a repeated light splashing sound made
when liquid washes gently against
something
H K A T S: a splashing sound, as of treading
through or stirring a relatively large
quantity of water
Jabo-Jabo
K
Jaka-Jaka
H K A
S: a splashing or sloshing sound, as of
treading through a relatively large
quantity of water
S: the sound of a band playing loudly, or
of drumming; M: the manner in which
something takes place quickly,
progressively or frequently
Supplementary materials 9
157 Noncor&Cor C1 bk
u-u
Juku-Juku H K
158 Noncor&Cor C1 bk-fr z-k
a-i
Jaki-Jaki
K
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
z-k
z-k
z-k
z-k/d-k
z-k/d-k
z-k/d-k
z-m
z-m
b-s
o-i
i-e
i-u
u-a
u-e
u-i
i-e
i-i
a-a
Joki-Joki
n/a
H K
168 Noncor&Cor C2 bk
b-s
o-a bosa-bosa
H K A
169
170
171
172
173
174
b-s
b-s
b-s
b-s
b-s
b-s
o-o
u-u
a-i
i-i
e-a
i-a
H
H
H
H
Noncor&Cor C1
Noncor&Cor C1
Noncor&Cor C1
Noncor&Cor C1
Noncor&Cor C1
Noncor&Cor C1
Noncor&Cor C1
Noncor&Cor C1
Noncor&Cor C2
Noncor&Cor C2
Noncor&Cor C2
Noncor&Cor C2
Noncor&Cor C2
Noncor&Cor C2
Noncor&Cor C2
bk-fr
fr
fr-bk
bk
bk-fr
bk-fr
fr
fr
bk
bk
bk
bk-fr
fr
fr-bk
fr-bk
z-k
175 Noncor&Cor C2 fr-bk b-s
i-a
zike-zike
ziku-ziku
zuka-zuka
zuke-zuke
zuki-zuki
zime-zime
zimi-zimi
basa-basa
boso-boso
busu-busu
basi-basi
bisi-bisi
H
H
H
H
H
K
K
K
K
K
A
A
A
A
H K A
K
K
K
K
A
A
A
A
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T S: a flapping or rustling sound made when thin, dry
materials fall or brush together; M1: the state of
being dry, lacking moisture or oil; M2: the state of
something which was originally ordered or which is
maintained a regular shape having become
disordered, disarrayed, in shreds
T M: the state of hair or fine brush hairs, etc., being
untidy, disordered or flu‰y; M2: the manner of
being idle or waiting one’s time; the state of being
inattentive or absent-minded
T
T
T
T
n/a
n/a
baSa-baSa
boSa-boSa
n/a
beSa-beSa
biSa-biSa
biSa-biSa
M: the manner in which liquid or
moisture oozes out onto a surface of
something; the state of being oozy or
soggy
S: the sound of scissors repeatedly
snipping as they cut something
S: the sound of scissors snipping
H K A T S: a repeated splashing sound involving
much spray
H K
S: the sound made by water splashing
repeatedly
H
T idée d’écrasement, de mouillure (T)
H K A
S: loud smacking or slapping made when
something strikes a surface repeatedly
with force over a large contact area; M:
the state of being thoroughly wet
H K
T S: loud smacking or slapping made when
something strikes a surface repeatedly
with force over a large contact area; M:
the state of being thoroughly wet
10 John Alderete and Alexei Kochetov
176 Noncor&Cor C2 fr-bk b-s
i-o
177 Noncor&Cor C2 bk
b-t
a-a bata-bata
178 Noncor&Cor C2 bk
b-t
o-a bota-bota
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
b-t
b-t
b-t
b-t
b-t
b-t
b-t
b-t
b-t
o-o
o-u
u-u
a-i
o-e
o-i
u-i
i-i
e-a
Noncor&Cor C2
Noncor&Cor C2
Noncor&Cor C2
Noncor&Cor C2
Noncor&Cor C2
Noncor&Cor C2
Noncor&Cor C2
Noncor&Cor C2
Noncor&Cor C2
bk
bk
bk
bk-fr
bk-fr
bk-fr
bk-fr
fr
fr-bk
biSo-biSo
boto-boto
botu-botu
butu-butu
bati-bati
bote-bote
boti-boti
buti-buti
biti-biti
beta-beta
188 Noncor&Cor C2 fr-bk b-t
e-o beto-beto
189 Noncor&Cor C2 fr-bk b-t
i-a
190 Noncor&Cor C2 fr-bk b-t
i-a
191 Noncor&Cor C2 bk
o-a guda-guda
g-d
bita-bita
H K A T S: a loud flapping sound, such as that made by cloth
blown by the wind, or by wings beating; pattering
sound of quick footsteps; M1: the manner of objects
falling down in succession the manner of events
occurring in succession; M2: the manner of doing
something busily, or hurriedly, and in confusion, the
state of being busy, or in a hurry, and confused
H K A T S: the sound made when drops of a liquid, semiliquid, or relatively soft substance repeatedly fall and
strike a relatively hard surface
H K A T
H K A T
H K A T
H K
H K A T
H K A T
T
H
H K A T M1: the state of being or feeling sticky; M2: the state
of being painted or plastered all over something to an
excessive degree; the manner of sticking something
onto a surface (often: mindlessly stamping a seal on
papers)
H K A T M: the state of being sticky; the manner of sticking
to something; it has a more negative or unpleasant
connotation than beta-beta
baCa-baCa
H K A
biCa-biCa
S: a light sound made when two flat surfaces strike
together repeatedly; M: the manner of repeatedly
sticking to something
boCa-boCa
n/a
beCa-beCa
beCo-beCo
biCo-biCo
H K
H K A T S: the sound of rain falling constantly for
a considerable length of time; M: the state
of being thoroughly wet
H K A T S: a repeated large splashing sound
H K A T S: the sound made by water splashing
repeatedly
H K A T S: the sound of noisy chatter; M: the state
of being sticky; the state of being sloppy
or soggy due to excessive moisture; it
always connotes unpleasant sensation
H K
K
T an uncommon variant of becha-becha and
beto-beto; use of this form is extremely
limited; it typically refers to the stickiness
of steamed rice
S: continuous or repeated sounds made
by relatively small amounts of liquid
splashing; M: the state of being saturated
K A T with
S: theliquid
sound of rain falling constantly for
a considerable length of time
Supplementary materials 11
192 Noncor&Cor C2 bk
193 Noncor&Cor C2 bk
g-n
g-n
o-o
u-a
194 Noncor&Cor C2 bk-fr g-n
g-s
195 Noncor&Cor C2 bk
u-e gune-gune
a-a gasa-gasa
196 Noncor&Cor C2 bk
g-s
o-a
197 Noncor&Cor C2 bk
198 Noncor&Cor C2 bk
g-s
g-s
o-o goso-goso
u-a gusa-gusa
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
g-s
g-s
g-s
g-s
g-s
g-s
g-s
g-t
u-o
u-u
a-i
o-i
u-i
i-i
i-u
a-a
g-t
g-t
a-u gatu-gatu
o-a gota-gota
Noncor&Cor C2
Noncor&Cor C2
Noncor&Cor C2
Noncor&Cor C2
Noncor&Cor C2
Noncor&Cor C2
Noncor&Cor C2
Noncor&Cor C2
bk
bk
bk-fr
bk-fr
bk-fr
fr
fr-bk
bk
207 Noncor&Cor C2 bk
208 Noncor&Cor C2 bk
gusu-gusu
gasi-gasi
gosi-gosi
gusi-gusi
gisi-gisi
gisu-gisu
gata-gata
T
H K A T S: a loud rustling sound made by the continuous
stirring movement of light, thin, dry objects; M1:
the state of having a rough and/or finely cracked
surface caused by lack of moisture
H K
T
H K A T M1: the state of being loose or coming apart due to
being poorly wrapped or bound; M2: the manner of
stabbing deeply and repeatedly
H K
H K A
H K A
H K A
H K A
H K A
H K A
go¿o-go¿o
gu¿a-gu¿a
H K A
S: the sound of mumbling
H K A T M: the manner of twisting and turning in
a supple way; the state of lacking firmness
or rigidity; the state of being bent
gaSa-gaSa
H
goSa-goSa
H K A T M: the state of being confused, or
disorganised and complicated
guSa-guSa
H K A T S: a repeated crushing sound; the sound
of scribbling with a pen, pencil, etc.; M:
the state of something having lost its
original shape; the state of being soaked
H K A T wet
M: the state of being soaking wet
guSo-guSo
T
T
T
T
n/a
T
T
gaCa-gaCa
T S: a clattering or rattling sound, as of hard objects
knocking together repeatedly; M1: [of machines or
motors] the manner of shaking or shuddering in
rapid, short movements, due to some malfunction;
[of persons] the manner of trembling or shaking
from fear, cold, nervousness, etc.
T
goCa-goCa
T M: the state in which there is a mixture of many
di‰erent things, giving an impression of disorder or
untidiness; M2: the manner in which someone
complains about many things in succession; M3: the
manner of arguing confusedly; the state of being in
confusion
T se dit du bruit de ce qui se frotte avec
force, idée d’entrechoquement d’objets
compacts (T)
H K A T S: the cluttering or rattling sound made
by relatively thin metallic or ceramic
objects knocking together repeatedly; the
sound of an adding machine or similar
mechanical device
H K A T M: the state in which there is a mixture of
many di‰erent things, giving an
impression of disorder or untidiness; the
state of being confused, or disorganised
and complicated
12 John Alderete and Alexei Kochetov
209 Noncor&Cor C2 bk
g-t
o-o goto-goto
210 Noncor&Cor C2 bk
211 Noncor&Cor C2 bk
g-t
g-t
o-u gotu-gotu
u-a guta-guta
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
g-t
g-t
g-t
g-t
g-t
g-t
g-t
g-t
g-z
u-u
a-i
o-e
o-i
i-i
e-a
i-o
i-u
o-a
221 Noncor&Cor C2 bk
g-z
u-a guza-guza
222 Noncor&Cor C2 bk
g-z
u-o
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
232
g-z
g-z
g-z/g-d
h-n
h-n
h-s
h-s
h-s
h-s
h-s
u-i
i-a
u-u
u-a
e-a
u-a
u-u
o-i
i-i
i-o
Noncor&Cor C2
Noncor&Cor C2
Noncor&Cor C2
Noncor&Cor C2
Noncor&Cor C2
Noncor&Cor C2
Noncor&Cor C2
Noncor&Cor C2
Noncor&Cor C2
Noncor&Cor C2
Noncor&Cor C2
Noncor&Cor C2
Noncor&Cor C2
Noncor&Cor C2
Noncor&Cor C2
Noncor&Cor C2
Noncor&Cor C2
Noncor&Cor C2
Noncor&Cor C2
bk
bk-fr
bk-fr
bk-fr
fr
fr-bk
fr-bk
fr-bk
bk
bk-fr
fr-bk
bk
bk
fr-bk
bk
bk
bk-fr
fr
fr-bk
gutu-gutu
gati-gati
gote-gote
goti-goti
giti-giti
geta-geta
gito-gito
gitu-gitu
H K
T S: a repeated or continuous rattling or rumbling
sound; the sound of something boiling in a pot
H K A T
K
T M: the state of being totally exhausted
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
K
K
K
K
K
K
K
T
T
T
T
T
A T
A T
T
goCo-goCo
H K
guCa-guCa
H K
M: the manner of speaking of trivial
things (usually not openly)
T S: the sound of chewing noisily; the
sound made when stirring something
heavy and sticky; M1: the state in which
something loses its original form; M2: the
manner of complaining bitterly and
without good reason
A
A
A
A
n/a
goJa-goJa
T idée de bougonnement (T)
guJa-guJa
guJo-guJo
guzi-guzi
giza-giza
guzu-guzu
K
H K A T
H K A T
hena-hena
husa-husa
husu-husu
hosi-hosi
hisi-hisi
hiso-hiso
H K A T
H K A T
H
T
H K A T
H K A T
hu¿a-hu¿a
n/a
H
T se dit de bruit confus et discordant; idée
de confusion, de désordre, de
fourmillement (T)
T idée d’une mélange des choses humides
écrasées; idée de ce qui est confus et
désordonné, idée de fourmillement de
choses dérisoires (T)
T idée d’un mélange de choses humides,
écrasées; idée de ce qui est confus et
désordonnée (T)
H K A T M: the state of being soft or yielding
Supplementary materials 13
233 Noncor&Cor C2 bk
234 Noncor&Cor C2 bk
235 Noncor&Cor C2 bk
h-t
h-t
h-t
a-a hata-hata
a-u hatu-hatu
o-a hota-hota
236
237
238
239
240
241
242
243
244
245
246
h-t
h-t
h-t
h-t
h-t
h-t
h-t
h-t
k-d
k-d
k-n
o-u
u-a
u-u
o-i
i-i
e-a
e-o
i-a
u-a
u-o
u-a
Noncor&Cor C2
Noncor&Cor C2
Noncor&Cor C2
Noncor&Cor C2
Noncor&Cor C2
Noncor&Cor C2
Noncor&Cor C2
Noncor&Cor C2
Noncor&Cor C2
Noncor&Cor C2
Noncor&Cor C2
bk
bk
bk
bk-fr
fr
fr-bk
fr-bk
fr-bk
bk
bk
bk
hotu-hotu
huta-huta
hutu-hutu
hoti-hoti
hiti-hiti
heta-heta
heto-heto
hita-hita
kuda-kuda
kudo-kudo
H K A T
T
T se dit du bruit d’objets mous qui tombent (fleur,
gouttes); idée de ce qui est chaleureux (Edo) (T)
H
T
T
H K A T
T
T
H K A T
K A T
H K A T
H
A T
H
A T
u-e kune-kune
i-a kina-kina
a-a kasa-kasa
H
250 Noncor&Cor C2 bk
251 Noncor&Cor C2 bk
252 Noncor&Cor C2 bk
k-s
k-s
k-s
a-u kasu-kasu
o-o koso-koso
u-a kusa-kusa
H K A
H K A T
H K A T M: the psychological state of being gloomy or
depressed
253
254
255
256
257
258
k-s
k-s
k-s
k-s
k-s
k-s
u-u
a-i
o-e
u-e
i-i
e-o
H K A T
T
H K A T
T
H K
T
T
Noncor&Cor C2
Noncor&Cor C2
Noncor&Cor C2
Noncor&Cor C2
Noncor&Cor C2
Noncor&Cor C2
bk
bk-fr
bk-fr
bk-fr
fr
fr-bk
n/a
ku¿a-ku¿a
247 Noncor&Cor C2 bk-fr k-n
248 Noncor&Cor C2 fr-bk k-n
k-s
249 Noncor&Cor C2 bk
kusu-kusu
kasi-kasi
kose-kose
kuse-kuse
kisi-kisi
keso-keso
T idée de ce qui est chaleureux, du visage
aimable, souriant (T)
hoCa-hoCa
A T
T
kaSa-kaSa
H K A T S: a soft rustling sound made by thin, light, dry
objects such as leaves, pieces of paper, etc. brushing
together; M1: the state of a surface being rough, dry
and often brittle; M2: the state of a person’s
character or behaviour being inconsiderate and
lacking in warmth; [of things] the state of being dull
and tasteless
kuSa-kuSa
n/a
H
A T idée de ce qui est mou, flasque, flexible,
inconsistant (T)
H K A T S: the repeated clicking sound of a camera
shutter, etc.
H K A T M1: the state of being crumpled, in
disorder, or distorted; M2: the
psychological state of being gloomy or
depressed; M3 the manner of mumbling
something
14 John Alderete and Alexei Kochetov
259 Noncor&Cor C2 bk
k-t
a-a kata-kata
H K A T S: a repeated light clicking or tapping sound
260 Noncor&Cor C2 bk
261 Noncor&Cor C2 bk
k-t
k-t
a-u katu-katu
o-o koto-koto
262 Noncor&Cor C2 bk
k-t
o-o koto-koto
263 Noncor&Cor C2 bk
264 Noncor&Cor C2 bk
k-t
k-t
o-u kotu-kotu
u-a kuta-kuta
H K A T
H K A T S1: the sound of light, merry laughter; S2: a light
rattling sound made by relatively hard objects
knocking together repeatedly; S3: the sound made
when boiling or cooking something in a deep
saucepan or pot
H K A T S1: the sound of light, merry laughter; S2: a light
rattling sound made by relatively hard objects
knocking together repeatedly; S3: the sound made
when boiling or cooking something in a deep
saucepan or pot
H K A T
A T se dit du bouillonnement, de cuisson prolongée (T)
265
266
267
268
269
270
271
272
273
274
275
276
277
k-t
k-t
k-t
k-t
k-t
k-t
k-t
k-t
k-z
m-d
m-d
m-n
m-s
u-u
a-i
o-e
o-i
e-i
i-i
e-a
i-o
i-a
a-a
o-a
o-a
o-a
m-n
m-s
o-o
mo¿o-mo¿o
o-o moso-moso H K A T M1: the manner of eating something dry; the manner moSo-moSo
of speaking indistinctly; M2: the manner of doing
something sluggishly, hesitantly, or uncomfortably
Noncor&Cor C2
Noncor&Cor C2
Noncor&Cor C2
Noncor&Cor C2
Noncor&Cor C2
Noncor&Cor C2
Noncor&Cor C2
Noncor&Cor C2
Noncor&Cor C2
Noncor&Cor C2
Noncor&Cor C2
Noncor&Cor C2
Noncor&Cor C2
bk
bk-fr
bk-fr
bk-fr
fr
fr
fr-bk
fr-bk
fr-bk
bk
bk
bk
bk
278 Noncor&Cor C2 bk
279 Noncor&Cor C2 bk
kutu-kutu
kati-kati
kote-kote
koti-koti
keti-keti
kiti-kiti
keta-keta
kito-kito
kiza-kiza
mada-mada
moda-moda
mosa-mosa
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
K
T
K A T
K A T
K A T
T
K A T
K A T
T
T
T
T
K A T M: the state in which hair grows very thickly or is
untidy
kaCa-kaCa
kjoto-kjoto
H K A T S: a light clattering or rattling sound
made by relatively thin metallic or other
very hard objects knocking together
repeatedly
H K A T M: the manner of looking around,
nervously or anxiously
koCo-koCo
H K A T M1: the manner of making quick, brief
movements; the manner of tickling
someone; M2: the manner of speaking of
trivial things (usually not openly)
kuCa-kuCa
H
T se dit du bruit de mâchonnement; idée de
malaxage, idée de ce qui est broyé, écrasé
(T)
n/a
n/a
mo¿a-mo¿a
moSa-moSa
T idée de marmonnement (T)
H K A T M: [out of date except in children’s
books] the state in which hair grows very
thickly or is untidy
H
A T
H
A
Supplementary materials 15
280 Noncor&Cor C2 bk
m-n
u-a
281 Noncor&Cor C2 bk
m-s
u-a musa-musa
282
283
284
285
286
287
288
289
290
291
292
293
m-s
m-s
m-s
m-s
m-s
m-t
m-t
m-t
m-t
m-t
m-t
m-t
Noncor&Cor C2
Noncor&Cor C2
Noncor&Cor C2
Noncor&Cor C2
Noncor&Cor C2
Noncor&Cor C2
Noncor&Cor C2
Noncor&Cor C2
Noncor&Cor C2
Noncor&Cor C2
Noncor&Cor C2
Noncor&Cor C2
bk-fr
fr
fr-bk
fr-bk
fr-bk
bk
bk
bk
bk-fr
bk-fr
bk-fr
fr-bk
mu¿a-mu¿a
T idée de ce qui est étroit, exigu, indigent, sale, pauvre; muSa-muSa
idée de ce qui est tou‰u, désordonnée, peu soignée;
idée de quelqu’un qui manque de réflexion, de
discernement (T)
u-i musi-musi
T
i-i misi-misi
n/a
H K A T
e-o meso-meso H K A T
i-a misa-misa
T
i-o miso-miso
T
o-a mota-mota H K A T
o-u motu-motu
T
u-u mutu-mutu
T
a-i mati-mati
K
o-i moti-moti
T
u-i muti-muti H K A T
e-a meta-meta
meCa-meCa
K A T M: [informal] the state of being totally destroyed,
decimated, or killed (most often used figuratively)
294 Noncor&Cor C2 bk
295 Noncor&Cor C2 bk
m-z
m-z
a-a maza-maza
o-a
296 Noncor&Cor C2 bk
m-z
297
298
299
300
301
302
m-z
m-z
m-z
m-z
m-z
p-s
o-o mozo-mozo H K A T M1: the manner of speaking indistinctly; M2 the
manner of doing something sluggishly, hesitantly or
uncomfortably
u-a muza-muza
T
u-u muzu-muzu H K A T
a-i mazi-mazi H K A T
o-i mozi-mozi H K A T
u-i muzi-muzi
T
a-a pasa-pasa
paSa-paSa
H K A T S: a light rustling sound made by gentle stirring of
thin, light objects such as leaves; M: the state in
which something has lost its moisture or taste
o-a
poSa-poSa
o-o poso-poso H K A T
Noncor&Cor C2
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Noncor&Cor C2
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bk
bk-fr
bk-fr
bk-fr
bk
303 Noncor&Cor C2 bk
304 Noncor&Cor C2 bk
p-s
p-s
H K A T M: the manner of mumbling or muttering
unintelligibly, often to oneself
H K A T S: the sound of eating noisily and/or
vigorously
K A T M: [informal] a state of being greatly
disordered, distorted or damaged; the
state of being ludicrous or absurd
H K A T
moJa-moJa H K A T M: [emphatic form of mosha-mosha] the
state in which hair grows very thickly or is
very untidy
moJo-moJo H
A
H K A T S: light splashing sounds made when
striking the surface of water
H
T idée de gouttelettes fines (T)
16 John Alderete and Alexei Kochetov
305 Noncor&Cor C2 bk
p-s
u-u pusu-pusu
306
307
308
309
p-s
p-s
p-s
p-s
a-i pasi-pasi
i-i pisi-pisi
e-a
i-a
310 Noncor&Cor C2 bk
p-t
a-a pata-pata
311 Noncor&Cor C2 bk
p-t
o-a pota-pota
312
313
314
315
316
317
318
319
320
p-t
p-t
p-t
p-t
p-t
p-t
p-t
p-t
p-t
o-o
o-u
u-u
a-i
o-e
o-i
u-i
i-i
e-a
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Noncor&Cor C2
bk-fr
fr
fr-bk
fr-bk
bk
bk
bk
bk-fr
bk-fr
bk-fr
bk-fr
fr
fr-bk
poto-poto
potu-potu
putu-putu
pati-pati
pote-pote
poti-poti
puti-puti
piti-piti
peta-peta
321 Noncor&Cor C2 fr-bk p-t
322 Noncor&Cor C2 fr-bk p-t
e-o peto-peto
i-a pita-pita
323
324
325
326
327
328
a-a
o-a
o-o
u-a
u-u
a-i
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bk
bk
bk
bk
bk
bk-fr
b-k
b-k
b-k
b-k
b-k
b-k
baka-baka
boka-boka
boko-boko
buka-buka
buku-buku
baki-baki
puSu-puSu
H K A T M: the manner of stabbing something repeatedly
with a pointed object; the state of being full of small
puncture holes
H
n/a
H K A T
peSa-peSa
piSa-piSa
H K A T S: a flapping sound made by a thin, flat object
moving or striking a flat surface; the sound of rain
falling
H K A T S:
light soft sounds made when drops of liquid or
semi-liquid substance repeatedly fall onto a flat nonabsorbent surface
H K A T
H K A T
H K A T
H K A T
H K
T
H K A T
H K
H K A T
H K A T S: a light pattering, often wet sound made when two
flat surfaces come in contact; M1: the manner of
repeatedly sticking to something; M2: the manner of
sticking or stamping something onto a surface many
times, or all over the surface
H
H K A T S: a repeated light sound made when two flat
surfaces strike together gently; M: the manner of
repeatedly sticking to something
H K A T
H K A T
H K A T
H K A T
H K A T
H K A
paCa-paCa
poCa-poCa
n/a
peCa-peCa
piCa-piCa
H
H
H K
T idée d’a‰aisement, d’avachissement (T)
T S: a splashing or slapping sound made
when a flat object or large drops of water
strike a surface repeatedly and with force
H K A T S: the sound made by splashing about in
water
H K A T S: the sound made by a body of water
splashing against something; M: the state
of being cutely plump
H K A T S1: a smacking sound made with the
mouth, as when drinking, licking, or
lapping up something; S2: the sound of
continual chatter
H K A T S: a repeated soft splashing (or
uncommonly, slapping) sound
Supplementary materials 17
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bk-fr
bk-fr
fr-bk
fr-bk
bk-fr
bk
bk
bk
bk
fr-bk
fr-bk
bk
bk
bk
fr-bk
fr-bk
fr-bk
bk-fr
bk-fr
bk
bk
bk
bk
bk
b-k
b-k
b-k
b-k
g-b
g-b/g-p
g-b/g-p
g-b/g-p
g-b/g-p
g-b/g-p
g-b/g-p
g-k
g-h
g-k
g-k
g-k
g-k
g-m
g-m
h-g
h-g
h-h
h-k
h-k
o-e
o-i
e-o
i-u
u-i
a-a
a-o
a-u
o-o
e-o
e-u
a-u
o-o
o-u
e-u
i-o
i-u
a-i
o-i
o-a
u-a
u-a
o-a
o-o
boke-boke
boki-boki
beko-beko
biku-biku
gubi-gubi
gaba-gaba
gabo-gabo
gabu-gabu
gobo-gobo
gebo-gebo
gebu-gebu
gaku-gaku
goho-goho
goku-goku
geku-geku
giko-giko
giku-giku
gami-gami
gomi-gomi
hoga-hoga
huga-huga
huha-huha
hoka-hoka
hoko-hoko
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bk
bk
bk
bk
bk-fr
fr-bk
fr-bk
fr-bk
bk
h-k
h-k
h-k
h-m
h-k
h-k
h-k
h-k
k-b
o-u
u-a
u-u
u-u
a-i
e-o
i-a
i-u
a-o
hoku-hoku
huka-huka
huku-huku
humu-humu
haki-haki
heko-heko
hika-hika
hiku-hiku
kabo-kabo
H K A
H K
H K A
K
H K A
H K A
H K A
H K A
H K
H
H K A
H
H K A
H
H K A
H K A
H K A
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
H K A T
T
H K A T
T idée d’une douce chaleur agréable (T)
H K A
H K A
K
K
H K A T
T
T
H K A T
H
hjoko-hjoko
H K A
M1: the manner of doing something in
short and irregular or unsteady
movements, often implying a sense of
precariousness or danger; M2: the
manner of appearing unexpectedly
18 John Alderete and Alexei Kochetov
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bk
fr
fr-bk
bk
bk
bk
bk-fr
fr-bk
bk-fr
bk
bk
bk
bk
bk
bk
bk
bk
bk
fr
bk
bk
bk
bk
k-b
k-b
k-b
k-g
k-h
k-h
k-k
k-k
k-p
m-g
m-g
m-g
m-g
m-g
m-k
m-k
m-k
m-k
m-k
p-k
p-k
p-k
p-k
o-o
i-i
e-a
o-a
a-a
o-o
u-i
i-o
o-e
a-o
o-a
o-o
o-u
u-u
o-o
o-u
u-a
u-u
e-i
a-a
a-u
o-a
o-o
kobo-kobo
kibi-kibi
keba-keba
koga-koga
kaha-kaha
koho-koho
kuki-kuki
kiko-kiko
kope-kope
mago-mago
moga-moga
mogo-mogo
mogu-mogu
mugu-mugu
moko-moko
moku-moku
muka-muka
muku-muku
meki-meki
paka-paka
paku-paku
poka-poka
poko-poko
385
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391
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393
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bk
bk
bk
bk-fr
bk-fr
fr-bk
fr-bk
fr-bk
fr-bk
p-k
p-k
p-k
p-k
p-k
p-k
p-k
p-k
p-k
o-u
u-a
u-u
a-i
o-i
e-a
e-o
i-a
i-u
poku-poku
puka-puka
puku-puku
paki-paki
poki-poki
peka-peka
peko-peko
pika-pika
piku-piku
T
n/a
H K A T
H K A T
T
T
T
T
K
T
H K A T
T
H K A T
H K A T
T
H
T
H K A T
H K A T
H K A T
n/a
H K A T
H K A T
H K A T
H K A T
H K A T S1: the sound of repeatedly beating a drum or
pjoko-pjoko
similar object; S2: the sound of bubbles rising to the
surface of a liquid; M1: the manner or state of
something being dented; the state of something
having lumps and pits; M2: the manner of things
appearing unexpectedly one after another
H K
T
H K A T
H K A T
H K A T
H K A T
H K A T
H K A T
H K A T
H K A T
H K A T M: the manner of jumping or hopping
along in small leaps, or walking with a
waddling gait; the manner of nodding
one’s head in a gesture of token
compliance
Supplementary materials 19
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398
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401
402
403
404
405
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407
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bk
bk
bk
bk
bk-fr
bk-fr
bk-fr
fr
fr
fr
fr-bk
fr-bk
fr-bk
bk
bk
b-r
b-r
b-r
b-r
b-r
b-r
b-r
b-r
b-r
b-r
b-r
b-r
b-r
g-r
g-r
a-a
o-o
u-a
u-u
a-i
o-i
u-i
e-i
i-e
i-i
e-a
e-o
i-a
a-a
o-o
bara-bara
boro-boro
bura-bura
buru-buru
bari-bari
bori-bori
buri-buri
beri-beri
bire-bire
biri-biri
bera-bera
bero-bero
bira-bira
gara-gara
goro-goro
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
K
K
K
K
K
K
K
K
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
H
H
H
H
H
H
K
K
K
K
K
K
A
A
A
A
A
A
409
410
411
412
413
414
415
416
417
418
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Noncor&r
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bk
bk
bk-fr
bk-fr
bk-fr
fr
fr-bk
fr-bk
fr-bk
bk
bk
bk
g-r
g-r
g-r
g-r
g-r
g-r
g-r
g-r
g-r
h-r
h-r
h-r
u-a
u-u
a-i
o-i
u-i
i-i
e-a
e-o
i-a
a-a
o-a
o-o
gura-gura
guru-guru
gari-gari
gori-gori
guri-guri
giri-giri
gera-gera
gero-gero
gira-gira
hara-hara
hora-hora
horo-horo
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
K
K
K
K
K
K
K
K
K
K
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
bk
h-r
u-a hura-hura
421 Noncor&r
H K A
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T S1: the purring sound made by a cat; S: a continuous
deep rumbling sound; M1: the manner of a round or
cylindrical object or objects rolling along; M2: the
state in which a foreign body or lump causes a
feeling or discomfort; M3: the state in which things
exist or lie about in abundance; M4: the state of
being idle
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T S: the cry of a turtle-dove; M: the manner in which
small, light objects fall or drop silently in succession
H K A T
n/a
n/a
n/a
gjoro-gjoro
H K A
M: the manner of looking around, often
nervously or fearfully; [of eyes] the state
of being large and round, but not
attractively so
n/a
hjoro-hjoro
H K A T M1: the manner of swaying unsteadily
from side to side as one walks with
faltering steps; M2: the state of being tall
and thin
20 John Alderete and Alexei Kochetov
422 Noncor&r
bk
h-r
u-u
423
424
425
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427
428
429
bk-fr
bk-fr
fr
fr-bk
fr-bk
fr-bk
bk
h-r
h-r
h-r
h-r
h-r
h-r
k-r
a-i
a-i
i-i
e-a
e-o
i-a
a-a
430 Noncor&r
bk
k-r
o-o koro-koro
H K A
431
432
433
434
435
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437
438
439
440
441
442
443
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fr
fr-bk
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bk
bk
bk-fr
bk-fr
fr
fr
k-r
k-r
k-r
k-r
k-r
k-r
k-r
k-r
k-r
k-r
k-r
m-r
m-r
m-r
m-r
m-r
m-r
m-r
u-a
u-u
a-i
o-i
u-e
u-i
i-i
e-a
e-o
i-a
i-o
a-u
o-o
u-a
o-i
u-i
e-i
i-i
H
A
H
A
H K A
H K A
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hjuru-hjuru
hari-hari
huri-huri
hiri-hiri
hera-hera
hero-hero
hira-hira
kara-kara
kura-kura
kuru-kuru
kari-kari
kori-kori
kure-kure
kuri-kuri
kiri-kiri
kera-kera
kero-kero
kira-kira
kiro-kiro
maru-maru
moro-moro
mura-mura
mori-mori
muri-muri
meri-meri
miri-miri
H K A
H K A
H K A
H K A
H
H K
K
H K
H K
A
A
A
A
A
T
T
T
T
T
T
T S: a light sound made by thin, dry or metallic objects
coming into contact; M1: the state of being completely dry; M2: the state of being completely empty
T S: the sound of a cricket; the merry laughter of a
child or young girl; M1: the manner of a round or
cylindrical object rolling; M2: the state of being
round and fat; M3: the manner of occurring easily
and successfully
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
S: the repeated or extended whistling
sound of relatively slow projectiles, such
as those launched by a trench mortar; M:
the manner of a relatively long object
extending to greater length
n/a
kjara-kjara
kjoro-kjoro
n/a
K
T
H K A T
H K A T
T
H K A T
H
T
H K A
n/a
n/a
T se dit d’un rire vulgaire (T)
H K A T M: the manner of looking around
restlessly or busily
Supplementary materials 21
449
450
451
452
453
454
455
456
457
458
459
460
461
462
463
464
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467
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Other
Other
Other
Other
Other
Other
Other
Other
Other
Other
Other
Other
Other
Other
Other
Other
Other
Other
Other
Other
Other
Other
Other
fr-bk
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fr-bk
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bk
bk
bk
bk-fr
bk-fr
bk-fr
fr
fr-bk
fr-bk
fr-bk
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bk
bk
bk
bk
bk
bk
bk
fr-bk
fr-bk
bk
bk
bk
bk
bk
bk
fr-bk
bk
fr-bk
bk
bk
fr-bk
m-r
m-r
m-r
p-r
p-r
p-r
p-r
p-r
p-r
p-r
p-r
p-r
p-r
p-r
b-w
b-y
b-y
d-y
g-w
g-y
h-w
h-y
h-y
h-y
h-y
k-w
k-y
k-y
k-y
m-y
m-y
n-w
n-y
n-y
p-w
p-y
p-y
e-a
e-o
i-o
a-a
o-o
u-a
u-u
a-i
o-i
u-i
i-i
e-a
e-o
i-a
u-a
o-a
u-o
o-a
o-a
a-a
u-a
o-a
u-a
i-a
i-o
a-a
a-a
u-a
u-o
o-a
u-a
i-a
a-o
i-a
u-a
u-o
i-o
mera-mera
mero-mero
miro-miro
para-para
poro-poro
pura-pura
puru-puru
pari-pari
pori-pori
puri-puri
piri-piri
pera-pera
pero-pero
pira-pira
buwa-buwa
boya-boya
buyo-buyo
doya-doya
gowa-gowa
gaya-gaya
huwa-huwa
hoya-hoya
huya-huya
hiya-hiya
hiyo-hiyo
kawa-kawa
kaya-kaya
kuya-kuya
kuyo-kuyo
moya-moya
muya-muya
niwa-niwa
nayo-nayo
niya-niya
puwa-puwa
puyo-puyo
piyo-piyo
H K A T
K A T
T
H K A T
H K A T
H K
T
H K A T
H K A T
H K A T
H K A T
H K A T
H K A T
H K A T
H K A T
H K A T
H K A T
H K A T
H K A T
H K A T
H K A T
H K A T
H K A T
T
H K A T
H K A T
T
T
T
H K A T
H K A T
T
T
H K A T
H K A T
H
T
T
H K A T
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
22 John Alderete and Alexei Kochetov
486
487
488
489
490
491
492
493
494
495
496
497
498
499
500
501
502
503
504
505
506
507
508
509
510
511
512
513
514
515
516
517
518
519
520
521
522
Other
Other
Other
Other
Other
Other
Other
Other
Other
Other
Other
Other
Other
Other
Other
Other
Other
Other
Other
Other
Other
Other
Other
Other
Other
Other
Other
Other
Other
Other
Other
Other
Other
Other
Other
Other
Other
bk-fr
fr-bk
bk
bk
bk
bk
bk
bk
bk
bk
bk
bk
bk
bk
bk
bk
bk
bk
bk
bk-fr
bk
bk
bk
bk
bk-fr
bk
bk
bk
bk
bk-fr
bk-fr
bk-fr
bk
bk
bk-fr
bk
bk-fr
r-r
r-r
s-w
s-w
s-w
s-y
s-y
s-y
t-w
t-y
t-y
w-d
w-k
w-k
w-n
w-r
w-s
w-y
w-z
w-z
y-b
y-b
y-h
y-h
y-k
y-k
y-r
y-r
y-r
y-r
y-r
y-r
y-s
y-t
y-t
y-w
y-z
o-i
e-o
a-a
o-a
u-a
a-a
o-o
u-a
a-a
a-o
u-a
a-a
a-o
a-u
a-a
a-a
a-a
a-a
a-a
a-i
o-o
u-u
a-a
u-u
a-i
u-u
o-o
u-a
u-u
a-e
o-e
u-i
u-a
o-a
o-i
a-a
o-i
rori-rori
rero-rero
sawa-sawa
sowa-sowa
suwa-suwa
saya-saya
soyo-soyo
suya-suya
tawa-tawa
tayo-tayo
tuya-tuya
wada-wada
wako-wako
waku-waku
wana-wana
wara-wara
wasa-wasa
waya-waya
waza-waza
wazi-wazi
yobo-yobo
yubu-yubu
yaha-yaha
yuhu-yuhu
yaki-yaki
yuku-yuku
yoro-yoro
yura-yura
yuru-yuru
yare-yare
yore-yore
yuri-yuri
yusa-yusa
yota-yota
yoti-yoti
yawa-yawa
yozi-yozi
T
K A T
H K
T
H K A T
T
H K A T
H K A T
H K A T
T
T
H K A
T
T
H K A T
H K A T
T
H K A T
H
T
T
T
H K A T
T
T
T
T
T
H K A T
H K A T
K
T
T
K A T
T
H K A T
H K A T
H K A T
T
T
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
Supplementary materials 23
523
524
525
526
Other
Other
Other
Other
bk
bk
fr-bk
bk
z-w
z-w
z-w
z-y
a-a
u-a
i-a
o-o
zawa-zawa
zuwa-zuwa
ziwa-ziwa
zoyo-zoyo
H K A T
T
H K A T
T
n/a
24 John Alderete and Alexei Kochetov
2 Search evidence: CVC-based palatalised mimetic words with two
coronals or two non-coronals, elicited from six native speakers of
Japanese
Forms are organised by consonant-type combination (coronal–coronal, noncoronal–coronal, etc.), vowel-type combination (back, back–front, etc.), consonants
(C1 and C2), vowels (V1 and V2,) number of responses and speaker. Meanings
and examples are given as reported by the speakers. Original Japanese examples
have been translated into English.
Phonemic
Speaker
Form
Katakana
# of responses
V–V
C-C
VContext
Consonant
combination
Supplementary materials 25
1 cor-cor
2 cor-cor
bk d-s
bk d-s
o-a ドシャドシャ doSa-doSa
o-a ドシャドシャ doSa-doSa
1 S1
1 S3
3 cor-cor
bk d-s
o-a ドシャドシャ doSa-doSa
1 S6
Meaning
Japanese
Example
English
Japanese
English
雨がドシャドシャ降っている It rains heavily.
something heavy falling in 雨がドシャドシャと降っ
It is raining heavily.
a large amount
ている
ドシャドシャ雨が降っている It’s raining heavily
(coming from deluge
(pouring).
ドシャ降り)
4 cor-cor
bk d-s
o-a ドシャドシャ doSa-doSa
1 S5
a sound of many small
objects falling down
5 cor-cor
bk d-s
o-a ドシャドシャ doSa-doSa
1 S4 雨がたくさん降ってい heavy rain
る様子
袋を逆さにするとドシャドシ I turned a bag bottom up
ャと中身が落ちた
and things fell down out
今日はドシャドシャ降りだ
of it.
It’s raining heavily today.
ニョソニョソ歩く
I walk slowly.
はちみつをさわったので手が
ヌチャヌチャしている
ハチミツが手についてヌチャ
ヌチャする
Because I touched honey,
my hands are sticky.
5
6 cor-cor
bk d/z-s u-a ズシャズシャ zuSa-zuSa
1 S3
no comments
1
7 cor-cor
bk n-s
o-o ニョソニョソ ¿oso-¿oso
1 S1
1
8 cor-cor
bk n-t
u-a ヌチャヌチャ nuCa-nuCa
1 S3
sticky
9 cor-cor
bk n-t
u-a ヌチャヌチャ nuCa-nuCa
1 S5
a sound for sticky/oily
liquid
10 cor-cor
bk n-t
u-o ヌチョヌチョ nuCo-nuCo
2
1 S3
sticky
I got honey on my hands
and they are sticky.
あめがとけてヌチョヌチョし A candy melted and now
ている
it is sticky.
Comments
26 John Alderete and Alexei Kochetov
11 cor-cor
bk n-t
u-o ヌチョヌチョ nuCo-nuCo
1 S4 ぬめり気のあるものに touching something sticky
触れている様子ネチョ (stickier than beto-beto)
ネチョよりもベトベト
している感じがする
2
12 cor-cor
bk n-t
u-u ヌチュヌチュ nuCu-nuCu
13 cor-cor
bk s-n
a-a シャナシャナ Sana-Sana
1 S5
sound for sticky/oily liquid 油のついた部分をさわってみ I touched an oily object
たらヌチュヌチュと音がした and heard a sticky sound.
1
1 S1
an elegant way of walking
着物を着てシャナシャナ歩く I walk elegantly in
kimono.
1
14 cor-cor
bk s-s
a-a サシャサシャ saSa-saSa
15 cor-cor
bk s-t
u-a スチャスチャ suCa-suCa
1 S3
dry or light objects (cloth
or garments) rubbing each
other.
1
1 S5
a sound of metallic
percussion /
describing someone
moving quickly
スチャスチャとシンバルを鳴 I strike cymbals. /
らす/
彼はスチャスチャと何でもや He is capable of doing
ってしまう
everything.
a sound for running or
jumping swiftly and
lightly/ a sound for
throwing ‘shuriken’ (a
ninja weapon)
身軽にシュタシュタと飛
び回る/
シュタシュタと手裏剣を
投げる
1
16 cor-cor
bk s-t
u-a シュタシュタ Suta-Suta
1 S5
I run and jump swiftly. /
I throw ‘shuriken’.
Supplementary materials 27
17 cor-cor
bk s-t
18 cor-cor
bk z/d-t u-u ズチュズチュ zuCu-zuCu
u-a シュタシュタ Suta-Suta
1 S4 すばやく足早にすぎ去 running o‰ at a fast pace,
る様子軽快に走る様子 swinging trot
2
1 S3 ズチュズチュと沼をか stepping on a marsh
きわけた
1
19 cor-cor
bk z-n
u-u ズニュズニュ zunju-zunju
1 S3
stepping into a marsh
1
20 cor-cor
bk z-s
a-u ザシュザシュ zaSu-zaSu
1 S5
a sound for cutting or stub- 彼はかぼちゃにザシュザシュ He carved a pumpkin.
bing someone/something とナイフをつきたてた
1
21 cor-cor
bk z-t
o-a ジョタジョタ zjota-zjota
道路がジョタジョタしている The road is swampy.
1 S6
1
22 cor-cor
bk z-t
u-a ズチャズチャ zuCa-zuCa
1 S5
23 cor-cor
bk z-t
u-a ズチャズチャ zuCa-zuCa
1 S4
beat of the drums,
instruments
ズチャズチャと音楽が鳴り始 Music started playing.
めた
にぎやかな演奏
lively music
鼻水でブヒョブヒョ
a runny and stu‰y nose
2
24 ncor-ncor bk b-h
u-a ブヒャブヒャ buhja-buhja
25 ncor-ncor bk b-h
u-o ブヒョブヒョ buhjo-buhjo
1 S5
a sound of pigs laughing
(buhi-buhi is ‘pigs
snorting’ and hya-hya-hya
is a ‘laughing sound’)
1
1 S6
1
limited usage
28 John Alderete and Alexei Kochetov
26 ncor-ncor bk b-k
a-a バキャバキャ bakja-bakja
1 S3
sounds of breaking things
repetitively; same as bakibaki
板をバキャバキャとこわした Someone has broken
wooden boards.
1
27 ncor-ncor bk b-k
28 ncor-ncor bk b-k
a-u バキュバキュ bakju-bakju
a-u バキュバキュ bakju-bakju
29 ncor-ncor bk b-k
a-u ビャクビャク bjaku-bjaku
1 S6
1 S5
銃をバキュバキュ撃つ
the banging sound
ピストルをバキュバキュ
と撃つ
to shoot in succession
I shoot a gun.
2
1 S5
the sound of the vein, pulse 血管がビャクビャクと音を
or streaming blood
立てる
Blood flows through the
vein.
1
30 ncor-ncor bk b-m u-u ブミュブミュ bumju-bumju 1 S3
squeezing or stepping on a
jelly-like thing in a bag
1
31 ncor-ncor bk g-b
a-u ギャブギャブ gjabu-gjabu
1 S6
ギャブギャブ言いながらおぼ drowning and keeping
opening a mouth by flipれている
flopping hands
1
32 ncor-ncor bk g-g
o-u ゴギュゴギュ gogju-gogju
1 S5
a sound for drinking
something with a big gulp
牛乳をゴギュゴギュと飲
み干す
I’ve almost emptied a
glass of milk with a big
gulp.
33 ncor-ncor bk g-g
o-u ゴギュゴギュ gogju-gogju
1 S3
a sound of gulping
牛乳をゴギュゴギュと飲んだ I gulped some milk.
2
34 ncor-ncor bk g-h
a-a ギャハギャハ gjaha-gjaha
1 S1
35 ncor-ncor bk g-h
36 ncor-ncor bk g-h
a-a ギャハギャハ gjaha-gjaha
a-a ギャハギャハ gjaha-gjaha
1 S2 大きく笑う様
1 S3
laughing loud
laughing out loud
女子高生たちがギャハギャハ High-school girls are
laughing so loud.
笑っている
ギャハギャハ笑う
(She) laughs so loud.
こどもたちがギャハギャハ笑 Children are laughing
っている
aloud.
Supplementary materials 29
37 ncor-ncor bk g-h
a-a ギャハギャハ gjaha-gjaha
38 ncor-ncor bk g-h
a-a ギャハギャハ gjaha-gjaha
39 ncor-ncor bk g-h
a-o ギャホギャホ gjaho-gjaho
1 S5
sound of laughing out loud 女子高生がギャハギャハ
(a little vulgarly)
と笑う
High-school girls are
laughing out loud.
1 S4 大声で笑っている様子 the way of laughing loudly 電車内でギャハギャハうるさ They are laughing so loud
く笑っている
in a train.
5
1 S6
ギャホギャホ咳をする
Somebody is coughing
badly (with a hacking
cough).
ギャフギャフわめく/
ギャフギャフ泣く
Somebody is roaring /
crying in a loud voice.
1
40 ncor-ncor bk g-h
a-u ギャフギャフ gjahua-gjahu
1 S6
1
41 ncor-ncor bk g-h
u-a グヒャグヒャ guhja-guhja
1 S5
42 ncor-ncor bk g-h
u-o グヒョグヒョ guhjo-guhjo
1 S3
43 ncor-ncor bk g-h
u-o グヒョグヒョ guhjo-guhjo
1 S5
a sound of laughing in a
weird way
あの人はグヒャグヒャと笑う That man laughs weirdly.
1
laughing in a very
perverted way
a sound of laughing
strangely
その男はグヒョグヒョと気味 That man laughed
悪く笑った
strangely.
2
44 ncor-ncor bk g-k
a-u ガキュガキュ gakju-gakju
1 S5
the sound of something
breaking/crashing
車を止めようとしたらガキュ I tried to park my car and
ガキュと音がしてこすってし I scratched it.
まった
1
45 ncor-ncor bk g-k
o-u ゴキュゴキュ gokju-gokju
1 S3
46 ncor-ncor bk g-k
o-u ゴキュゴキュ gokju-gokju
1 S6
used instead of goku-goku;
sound of gulping liquid
「ゴキュゴキュ」ミルクを飲 A baby drinks milk (baby limited usage
talk for goku-goku).
む←「ゴクゴク」ミルク
を飲む
30 John Alderete and Alexei Kochetov
47 ncor-ncor bk g-k
o-u ゴキュゴキュ gokju-gokju
1 S5
a sound of drinking
something with big gulp
牛乳をゴキュゴキュと飲む
I gulp a glass of milk.
ゴミャゴミャした場所
a place crowded with
people (although we
usually say ‘gomi-gomi’,
in casual speech we may
say ‘gomya-gomya’)
ゴミョゴミョと耳打ちする
(She) whispered.
老人がヒョボヒョボと歩い
ている
An old man is walking
weakly.
3
48 ncor-ncor bk g-m o-a ゴミャゴミャ gomja-gomja
1 S6
1
49 ncor-ncor bk g-m o-o ゴミョゴミョ gomjo-gomjo
1 S5
a murmuring/whispering
sound
1
50 ncor-ncor bk h-b
o-o ヒョボヒョボ hjobo-hjobo
1 S1
1
51 ncor-ncor bk h-g
a-u ハギュハギュ hagju-hagju
1 S5
to hug and squeeze
someone/something
くまのぬいぐるみをハギュハ I squeeze my teddy-bear.
ギュと抱っこする
1
52 ncor-ncor bk h-g
o-a ホギャホギャ hogja-hogja
1 S5
53 ncor-ncor bk h-g
u-a フギャフギャ hugja-hugja
1 S3
54 ncor-ncor bk h-g
u-a フギャフギャ hugja-hugja
1 S6
55 ncor-ncor bk h-g
u-a フギャフギャ hugja-hugja
1 S5
the sound of a baby crying 生まれたての赤ちゃんがホギ A newborn baby is crying.
ャホギャと泣く
1
sound of a baby crying,
sobbing
赤ん坊がフギャフギャと泣い A baby is crying.
ている
赤ちゃんがフギャフギャ言っ A baby is weeping
ている
a crying sound made by
cats or babies
赤ちゃんがフギャフギャと泣 A baby is crying.
いている
Supplementary materials 31
56 ncor-ncor bk h-g
u-a フギャフギャ hugja-hugja
1 S4 赤ちゃんの泣き声
baby cry
4
57 ncor-ncor bk h-g
u-u フギュフギュ hugju-hugju
1 S5
snoring/purring sound of
animals
猫がフギュフギュ言いながら A cat came closer to me
寄ってきた
while she was purring.
a laughing sound
彼をくすぐるとヒャハヒャハ I tickled him and he
と笑った
laughed.
1
58 ncor-ncor bk h-h
a-a ヒャハヒャハ hjaha-hjaha
1 S5
1
59 ncor-ncor bk h-h
a-u ハヒュハヒュ hahju-hahju
1 S3
similar to hahu-hahu, describing some airflow from
mouth, perhaps by eating
something very hot
60 ncor-ncor bk h-h
a-u ハヒュハヒュ hahju-hahju
1 S5
when you eat something
hot and try to let it cool in
your mouth
豆腐を口に入れたら熱くてハ I let air in and out of my
mouth since I was eating
ヒュハヒュなった
hot tofu.
2
61 ncor-ncor bk h-h
u-o フヒョフヒョ huhjo-huhjo
laughing lightly with some 学生たちがフヒョフヒョと笑 Students are laughing
っている
silly attitude
silly.
1 S3
1
62 ncor-ncor bk h-k
o-o ホキョホキョ hokjo-hokjo
1 S5
a chirping sound of
‘Japanese bush warblers’
(uguisu)
1
63 ncor-ncor bk h-k
64 ncor-ncor bk h-k
o-o ヒョコヒョコ hjoko-hjoko
o-o ヒョコヒョコ hjoko-hjoko
1 S1
trotting
1 S2 うさぎが飛び跳ねない a rabbit is walking not
で歩いている感じ軽い jumping, trotting
が少しおどけたような
歩き方
小走りに歩く
I trot along.
ヒョコヒョコ歩く
I walk (like a rabbit).
32 John Alderete and Alexei Kochetov
65 ncor-ncor bk h-k
o-o ヒョコヒョコ hjoko-hjoko
1 S3
indicates someone who has ヒョコヒョコと歩いた
an injured leg walking or a
baby-walking (both human
and animals like dogs or
cats)
66 ncor-ncor bk h-k
o-o ヒョコヒョコ hjoko-hjoko
1 S6
67 ncor-ncor bk h-k
o-o ヒョコヒョコ hjoko-hjoko
1 S5
68 ncor-ncor bk h-k
o-o ヒョコヒョコ hjoko-hjoko
1 S4 ヒヨコのようにチョコ the way a chick is walking
ヒョコヒョコっと現れる
to walk lightly (both for
humans and animals)
I walked (limping).
showing up all of a
sudden
うさぎがヒョコヒョコと近寄 A rabbit came close to me. ‘extremely
ってきた
common’
チョコ歩く様子
6
69 ncor-ncor bk h-m u-a フミャフミャ humja-humja 1 S5
talking weakly / a sound of 体調が悪くてフミャフミャと I started whining because
泣き言を言う
a cat
I was sick.
1
70 ncor-ncor bk h-m u-u フミュフミュ humju-humju 1 S3
stepping on something
softly, like humi-humi
猫がフミュフミュと毛布をも A cat is stepping on a
んでいる
blanket, as though she is
doing a massage.
1
71 ncor-ncor bk k-b
a-a キヤバキャバ kjaba-kjaba
1 S6
話し方がキャバキャバしい
A way of talking that
indicates that she wants to
get more money (only for
ladies or girls) ‘キャバ’
comes from ‘cabaret’ and
‘キャバキャバしい’
represents way of talking
by ladies working there.
1
72 ncor-ncor bk k-h
a-a キャハキャハ kjaha-kjaha
1 S1
女子高生たちがキャハキャハ High-school girls are
laughing.
笑っている
Supplementary materials 33
laughing of a young girl
キャハキャハと笑っている
Somone is laughing.
キャハキャハ笑っている
Young girls are laughing
at a high pitch.
73 ncor-ncor bk k-h
a-a キャハキャハ kjaha-kjaha
1 S3
74 ncor-ncor bk k-h
a-a キャハキャハ kjaha-kjaha
1 S6
75 ncor-ncor bk k-h
a-a キャハキャハ kjaha-kjaha
1 S5
76 ncor-ncor bk k-h
a-a キャハキャハ kjaha-kjaha
1 S4 こどもや若い女性が明 used when children or
るく元気よく笑う時に young girls are laughing
使う
cheerfuly and energeticaly
77 ncor-ncor bk k-h
a-o キャホキャホ kjaho-kjaho
1 S3
誰かがキャホキャホさわいで Someone’s making noise
いた
happily.
78 ncor-ncor bk k-h
a-o キャホキャホ kjaho-kjaho
1 S6
いつもキャホキャホしている She’s always pretending
a high voice of girls’
laughing
女子高生が数人キャハキャハ High-school girls were
と楽しそうに笑いながら話し enjoying talking.
ていた
‘quite
common’
5
to be cute (only girls).
2
79 ncor-ncor bk k-h
o-o コヒョコヒョ kohjo-kohjo
1 S6
足をコヒョコヒョする
to titillate a foot
関節をコキュコキュならす
I crack my joints.
1
80 ncor-ncor bk k-k
o-u コキュコキュ kokju-kokju
1 S5
the cracking sound of
bones
1
81 ncor-ncor bk k-k
u-o キュコキュコ kjuko-kjuko
1 S1
82 ncor-ncor bk k-k
u-o キュコキュコ kjuko-kjuko
1 S3
ワインのコルクをキュコキュ I uncork a bottle of wine.
コ抜く
used just like kiko-kiko
when riding a bicycle or
when gears make some
noise
limited usage
34 John Alderete and Alexei Kochetov
83 ncor-ncor bk k-k
u-o キュコキュコ
kjuko-kjuko
1 S4 車輪の付いたもの（自 pedalling something with
転車など）をこいでい wheels such as a bicycle
る時に使う
3
84 ncor-ncor bk k-p
u-o キュポキュポ kjupo-kjupo
1 S5
a squeaking sound when
you put in and take out a
cork of a bottle
ワインのコルク栓をキュポキ I twist a cork in and out of ‘quite
ュポと出し入れする
the wine bottle.
common’
a meowing sound of a cat
猫をなでたらミャゴミャゴと I stroke a cat, and she
鳴いた
meowed.
to mumble, murmur
彼が何かモギャモギャ言って He was murmuring.
いた
being squished
ぬいぐるみをムギュムギュと I pressed a stu‰y toy.
押した
1
85 ncor-ncor bk m-g a-o ミャゴミャゴ mjago-mjago
1 S5
1
86 ncor-ncor bk m-g o-a モギャモギャ mogja-mogja
1 S5
1
87 ncor-ncor bk m-g u-u ムギュムギュ mugju-mugju 1 S3
88 ncor-ncor bk m-g u-u ムギュムギュ mugju-mugju 1 S6
89 ncor-ncor bk m-g u-u ムギュムギュ mugju-mugju 1 S5
to squeeze/hug/squash
something
ムギュムギュ握る/
ムギュムギュマスコット
ふとんを押入れにムギュムギ
ュと押し込む
to grip a flu‰y object /
a flu‰y doll
limited usage
I put my futon away in
the closet.
‘extremely
common’
90 ncor-ncor bk m-g u-u ムギュムギュ mugju-mugju 1 S4 やわらかいものを握っ holding something soft
ている様子
4
91 ncor-ncor bk m-h u-a ムヒャムヒャ muhja-muhja 1 S5
1
a sound of eating or
munching /
a sound of laughing
(giggling, chuckling)
ムヒャムヒャとおいしそうに (She’s) enjoying eating. /
食べる/
赤ちゃんがうれしそうにムヒ A baby is giggling.
ャムヒャ笑う
Supplementary materials 35
92 ncor-ncor bk m-h u-o ムヒョムヒョ muhjo-muhjo 1 S3
laughing pervertedly
男はムヒョムヒョと笑っ
ている
A man is laughing
pervertedly.
1
93 ncor-ncor bk m-k u-a ムキャムキャ mukja-mukja
1 S3
crying of a monkey or someone acting like a monkey
1
ネコの肉球がムキュムキュし A cat’s paw is elastic
ている
(when we touch it).
94 ncor-ncor bk m-k u-u ムキュムキュ mukju-mukju 1 S6
1
95 ncor-ncor bk p-g
u-a プギャプギャ pugja-pugja
1 S5
a squeaking sound of
animals
ブタがプギャプギャと鳴いて A pig is squeaking and
running wild.
暴れた
repetitive breaking of
something dry or light
竹をパキャパキャと割った
1
96 ncor-ncor bk p-k
a-a パキャパキャ pakja-pakja
1 S3
Someone broke bamboos.
1
97 ncor-ncor bk p-k
o-o ピョコピョコ pjoko-pjoko
1 S1
the way a little animal such ひよこがピョコピョコ歩く
as a chick walks
A chick is hopping.
98 ncor-ncor bk p-k
o-o ピョコピョコ pjoko-pjoko
1 S2 うさぎの歩き方
the way of rabbit’s walk
うさぎがピョコピョコ歩い
ていた
A rabbit is hopping.
99 ncor-ncor bk p-k
o-o ピョコピョコ pjoko-pjoko
1 S3
hopping
ピョコピョコと動いたピョコ It hopped.
ピョコと歩いた
100 ncor-ncor bk p-k
o-o ピョコピョコ pjoko-pjoko
1 S6
101 ncor-ncor bk p-k
o-o ピョコピョコ pjoko-pjoko
1 S5
102 ncor-ncor bk p-k
o-o ピョコピョコ pjoko-pjoko
1 S4 小さく跳びながら進
a bobbing/hopping sound
む様子
6
moving forward with little
jumps
カエルがピョコピョコ跳ん
でいる
Frogs are jumping.
かえるがピョコピョコと
はねる
A frog is jumping.
‘extremely
common’
36 John Alderete and Alexei Kochetov
103 ncor-ncor bk p-k
o-u ポキュポキュ pokju-pokju
1 S3
I cracked my finger joints.
similar to poki-poki, but
comes in a diminutive
sense.
指をポキュポキュならした
a sound of liquid shooting
out
水鉄砲からピュクピュクと水 Someone squirts a water
がとびだす
pistol.
1
104 ncor-ncor bk p-k
u-u ピュクピュク pjuku-pjuku
1 S5
1
105 ncor-ncor bk p-p
a-u パピュパピュ papju-papju
1 S3
1
a sound of an old computer
game
Supplementary materials 37
3 Tables summarising the co-occurrence of consonants in CVCV mimetic
words, on the basis of published sources
C2
C1
lab
cor
lab
p
b
cor
m
t
13
13
7
p
b
m
d
2
s
5
6
8
t
d
s
z
n
2
8
6
3 10
6
3
1
dors
k
g
1
13
2 14
2 10
1 9
lar
h
1 11
5
4
7
3
2
3
1
1
3
3
5
6 44 12 83
dors
z
n
7
1
g
2
1
4
2 13
1 11
1 10
h
42
42
44
5
8 10
3 6
5 9
9 8
4 5
1
1
4
7 51 14
k
11 13
13 10
10 5
3
1
r
lar
2
3
3
33
19
42
29
25
2
5
1
2
1
51
55
9
2
1
40
6 97 82 13
7 422
Table VIII
Combinations of C1 and C2 in CVCV mimetic words with nonpalatalised consonants in all vowel contexts.
C2
C1
lab
cor
dors
lar
lab
p
b
m
t
2
2
p
b
m
t
d
s
z
n
cor
2
d
s
3
2
3
dors
z
2
n
r
k
lar
g
h
1
6
4
8
3
4
1
2
1
3
1
2
11
1
6
5
3
1
2
2
1
1
2
1
8 14
9
3
2
1
2
2
k
g
4
4
h
1
2
6
0 13
2
4
0 15
3
5
9
14
5
0
0
72
Table IX
Combinations of C1 and C2 in CVCV mimetic words with at least
one palatalised consonant in back vowel contexts.