英語Iのシケプリ（理化け仕様）

The
Analyzing
II
Umechan of English
by UMESAMA
Underhongoh Members of English-Solving And
Mastering Association
Eiichi 対策委員会
Preface The Vanishing Ghost of English II
我々が USUI として立ち上がったのは、梅雨の中頃の水曜日、雨の日であった。空には
不気味な暗雲が立ちこめ、駒場はまるで幽霊の巣窟と化したかのようであった。否、実際
に化していたのかもしれない。ひび割れたコンクリートを流れる雨水から生暖かい霧が立
ち上る様子は、まさに Ghost そのものであった。すべての景色は霧に溶解し、その影は辛
うじて認識できる程度に薄くなっていた。駒場は霧に閉ざされた。
だが、我々は行かねばならなかった。学館だ。そこには USUI が待っている。そこで USUI
が結成される。7 号館を出た我々は、雨と暖気に襲われた。その激しさは時を追って増し
ていった。9 号館前に差しかかった我々の足取りは、もはや止まったも同然であった。我
々は、猫とともに雨宿りを強いられた。
しかし、雨はやまなかった。それどころか、以前よりもひどくなるばかりだった。そこ
で我々は考えた。そして一致した意見に至った。ここで USUI を結成しよう。妥当な判断
であった。そして我々は、前もって鞄にしたためておいた缶コーヒーを手に持ち、USUI
結成の式典を執り行った。不思議なことに、その瞬間雨は止んだ。
その結果として世に送り出されたのが本書である。遺憾なことに入手できなかった過去
問もあるが、それでも実用に十分耐えうる冊子となったと我々は自負している。ところど
ころに間違いがあるかもしれないが、かったるい英語 I の試験対策に、本書を役立ててい
ただければ幸いである。
なお、本書の題名と出版社名は、上に記した経緯によっている。出版社名に Espresso が
入っているのは、入力を担当した者が式典でエスプレッソを飲んでいたからである。ちな
みに、エスプレッソは「速い」という意味が元となっている。ちょうど掛詞になってしま
ったが、このシケプリを使うことが英語 I の「速い」試験対策になることを願ってやまな
い。
USUI: Underhongoh Students Unsatisfied with Instructors
注意：雨水を音読みしないように。
-1-
Preface The Ascending Ghost of English II
４学期の英語などどうでもよい。ではシケプリを作ろう。この逆説が USUI である。し
かし、我々を駆り立てたのはそれだけではなかった。
ご存じの方も多いだろうが、来年テキストが改訂される。すなわち、今まで USUI が積
み上げてきた作品は、親本の再生に伴いすべて崩れ落ちる。これは自然界でも定期的に起
こるカタストロフィーと酷似した状況であろう。
すべては消え去り、すべては終わる。
だがどうせなら、このまま破滅を待つよりは、破滅に際して大きく飛び立とうではない
か。そこで USUI は最後のシケプリの作成を決意したのであった。
現れ消えた Ghost は、昇天するのが筋だろう。USUI はいつしか Ghost に自らを重ねる
ようになっていた。Ghost の昇天ならぬ USUI の最後の花火を、試験対策に役立てていた
だければ幸いである。
R. USUI: Reorganized Underhongoh Students Unsatisfied with Instructors
分析対象：
理系
文系
2000 年度
2001 年度
○
○
○
2002 年度
2003 年度
○
2004 年度
○
注意：USUI と UMESAMA は同一組織である。
-2-
Session 12: The Imam and the Indian
SESSION 12 The Imam and the Indian
Session 12: The Imam and the Indian
出題回数
Reading
：1 回 2000 2001L 2002 2003 2004
Listening
：1 回 2000 2001L 2002 2003 2004
2001 年度 文系 P114 l18~
以下の文章を読んで設問に答えなさい。
'All right ya doktor,' he said to me as soon as I had seated myself. 'Tell me, is it true what
they say, that in your country you burn your dead?' No sooner had he said it than the women of
the group clasped their hands to their hearts and muttered in breathless horror: 'Haram! Haram!'
My heart sank. This was a conversation I usually went through at least once a day and ( あ ).
'Yes,' I said, 'it's true; some people in my country burn their dead.' 'You mean,' said Khamees
( い)
in mock horror, 'that you put them on heaps of wood and just light them up?' 'Yes,' I said, hoping
that he would tire of this sport if I ( う ) him. 'Why?' he said. 'Is there a shortage of kindling in
your country?' 'No,' I said helplessly, 'you don't understand.' Somewhere in the limitless riches of
the Arabic language a word such as 'cremate' must exist, but if it does, ( え ) Instead, for lack
of any other, I had to use the word 'burn'. That was unfortunate, for 'burn' was the word for what
( お ) to wood and straw and the eternally damned. Khamees the Rat ( か ) to his spellbound
listeners. 'I'll tell you why they do it,' he said. 'They do it so that their bodies can't be ( き )
after the Day of Judgement.' Everybody burst into wonderstruck laughter. 'Why, how clever,' cried
one of the younger girls. 'What a good idea! We ought to ( く ) doing it ourselves. That way
we can do exactly what we ( け ) and when we ( こ ) and the Day of Judgement comes, (
さ )'
[1] 空所(あ)に入れる語句として最も適切なものを下の a-e の中から 1 つ選び、解答欄(1)
のマークを塗りつぶしなさい。
a. I was always alarmed by it.
b. I was desperately tired of it.
c. I was not a bit terrified by it.
d. I was quite dissatisfied with it.
e. I was literally thunderstruck by it.
[2] 下線部(い)の説明として最も適切なものを下の a-e の中から 1 つ選び、解答欄(2)の
マークを塗りつぶしなさい。
a. Khamees is a little horrified and is trying not to show it.
b. Khamees is not really horrified but is acting as if he was.
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Session 12: The Imam and the Indian
c. Khamees is not at all horrified because he thinks it’s a joke.
d. Khamees is so horrified that he had to make it sound funny.
e. Khamees is actually horrified but is pretending to take it lightly.
[3] 空所(う)に入れる語として最も適切なものを下の a-e の中から 1 つ選び、解答欄(3)
のマークを塗りつぶしなさい。
a. gnawed at
b. humoured
c. ignored
d. laughed at
e. objected to
[4] 空所(え)に入れる語句として最も適切なものを下の a-e の中から 1 つ選び、解答欄(4)
のマークを塗りつぶしなさい。
a. why were they not using it?
b. they would deny that it exists.
c. I never succeeded in finding it.
d. we could avoid this misunderstanding.
e. it would end our frustrating conversation.
[5] 空所(お)-(こ)に入れるべき動詞の原形を下の a-f の中から 1 つずつ選び、解答欄(5)
-(10)のマークを塗りつぶしなさい。
a. die
b. happen
c. like
d. start
e. punish
f. turn
[6] 空所(さ)に入れる語句として最も適切なものを下の a-e の中から 1 つ選び、解答欄の
マークを塗りつぶしなさい。
a. We will finally be saved.
b. The punishment will be avoided.
c. There will be nothing there to judge.
d. Our bodies will be eternally damned.
e. The judgement is already determined.
【解答例】
[1] b (I was desperately tired of it)
[3] b (humoured)
[4] c (I never succeeded in finding it.)
[5] (お) b (happened)
(け) c (like)
(か) f (turned) (き) e (punished)
(く) d (start)
(こ) a (die)
[6] c (There will be nothing there to judge.)
【単語】
humour
:to agree with somebody's wishes, even if they seem unreasonable, in order to keep
-4-
Session 12: The Imam and the Indian
the person happy; ～に好きなようにさせる、～に調子を合わせる、～の言いな
りになる
【訳文】(語学マスター 提供)
「さて、先生」彼は私が腰掛けたとたん私に話し掛けた。「教えとくれ、人から聞いた
話によると先生の国じゃ死んだ人を燃やすっていうけど、本当ですかい？」
彼が言うや否や、女性の一団は胸のあたりで手を組み、息も出来ないような恐怖の中
でつぶやいた。
「神様、お許しを！神様、お許しを！」
私の心は沈んだ。この手の会話は普通一日少なくとも 1 回は交わしてきたもので、私
はひどくうんざりしていたのだ。
「はい」私は答えた。
「本当です。私達の国では死んだ人を燃やす人もいます。」
「ってことは」とカミ―ズは怖いふりをして言った。「遺体を沢山の枝の上にのせてた
だ火をつけるってんですかい？」
「はい」彼の好きに任せたら彼がこの遊びに飽きてくれると期待して、私は言った。
「なんでですかい？」彼は言った。
「先生の国じゃ燃料が不足してるんで？」
「いいえ」お手上げの状態で私は言った。「あなたはわかってない。」無限に豊かなア
ラビアの言語のどこかには、「火葬」にあたる言葉があるはずだが、もしあったとしても
私は見つけることができなかった。他によい単語が見つからず、代わりに私は「燃やす」
という言葉を使わざるを得なかった。そのことが不幸だったのだ。なぜなら、「燃やす」
とは木や藁や永遠に苦しむよう神に定められた(そのままだと「呪われた」)者に起きる
ことを言った言葉だからである。
カミーズは魅了された聴衆に向き直った 。「なんでそんなことをするのか教えてやる
よ。」彼は言った。「彼らは裁きの日の後で彼らの身体に罰が与えられないように燃やす
んだ。」
皆驚嘆し、どっと笑い出した。「なんて賢いんでしょ、」と一人の若い女性が声をあげ
た。「なんていいアイディアの！私達でも始めるべきよ。そのやり方なら私達のやりたい
ようにできるし、私達が死んで裁きの日が来ても裁くものがないんだから。
」
Introduction 全文
Mecca is a city of about 6 hundred thousand people. But once a year, the city is flooded
with millions of pilgrims arriving from a hundred different countries. These travelers have long
dreamed of coming to Mecca, the sacred birthplace of Muhammad.
At the center of the court of the great mosque is Kaaba, a cubic stone structure covered
with black cloth. The pilgrims walk counterclockwise around the Kaaba seven and a half times,
-5-
Session 12: The Imam and the Indian
saying various prayers at the right moments. Wherever they are, when the time comes, Muslims
will kneel down to give prayers. And this should always be done facing toward the Kaaba.
Muslims believe that people are born clean and innocent, but they can't help getting stained
as they grow up. Therefore the Koran says they should go to Mecca at least once in a lifetime to
cleanse themselves of all their sins.
Now an Imam appears and says the words that praise Allah. The people who have gathered
here from every corner of the world are united as brothers ( and sisters) sharing the same faith in
the one and only god. An Imam is the person who leads prayers in the mosque, but not
necessarily in a great mosque like this. In a small Islamic town, an Imam can be a regular
shopkeeper. All the same, he is respected. He knows the teachings of the Koran by heart. So
people will turn to him for advice, whenever they face problems in life.
This woman is in trouble. She had a quarrel with her husband and during the heated
exchange, her husband said the word "divorce" three times. According to the Koran, if a man says
"divorce" three times, his wife must simply leave the house; or if he doesn't really mean it, he is
guilty of an irresponsible act; and, according to the Koran, must give free meals to ten poor
people.
An Imam is supposed to solve such problems in the way that will best benefit their
community. In this case, he tells the woman that her husband must buy ten meals for the poor.
Since the lives of Muslims are guided by rather strict rules, an Imam has a lot of advice to give.
Understandably, he tends to hold conservative world views and in today's changing environments,
this could sometimes cause friction.
In the story we are going to read next, a graduate student who originally came from India
enters the village in a Nile delta and has an interesting exchange with the local Imam.
2003 年度
Introduction
Listen to the narration and answer the questions［ 1]-[15］ below.
[1] Which of the following descriptions does the narrator NOT suggest is true of an imam?
a. An imam gives advice to people in trouble.
b. An imam is usually a regular shop keeper living in a small town.
c. An imam leads prayers in the mosque.
d. An imam knows the teachings of the Koran by heart.
e. An imam solves problems in the way that best benefits the community.
[2] Is the woman mentioned here supposed to leave the house after all?
a. Yes
b. No
[3] Choose one reason to explain your answer to [ 2].
-6-
Session 12: The Imam and the Indian
a. Because her husband gave free meals to ten poor people.
b. Because her husband said the word 'divorce' three times to her.
c. Because she had a quarrel with her husband.
d. Because the imam decided that her husband had done something irresponsible.
e. Because the imam told her husband to forgive her.
［4]-[15］The following is taken from the narration. Fill in the gaps（ 4)-(15）by choosing among
the candidate words a-l.
Since the lives of Muslims are guided（
4 )(
advice to give. Understandably, he tends to（
changing environments, this（
12
)(
5 )(
8 )(
13 )(
4 )(
7
9 )( 10
14 )(
15
）, an imam has a lot of
)( 11
）, and in today's
）.
a. by
b. cause
c. conservative
d. could
e. friction
f. hold
g. rather
h. rules
i. sometimes
j. strict
k. views
l. world
【解答例】
[1] b
usually ではなくて can be
[2] b (No)
[3] d
[4-7] agjh (by rather strict rules)
[8-11] fclk (hold conservative world views)
[12-15] dibe (could sometimes cause friction)
-7-
Session 13: Sarajevo: Survival Guide 1993
SESSION 13 Sarajevo: Survival Guide 1993
Session 13: Sarajevo: Survival Guide 1993
出題回数
Reading
：4 回
2000L 2001S 2002 2003 2004
Listening
：0 回 2000L 2001 2002 2003 2004
2000 年度 文系 P134 l6~
以下の(1)-(5)には、余計な単語がそれぞれ 1 つずつ含まれている。余計な単語を下に
記号がふってあるものの中から見つけ、解答欄のマークをそれぞれ 1 つずつ塗りつぶしな
さい。
(1)(a)For each
couldn't
resident of Sarajevo
(b)
count more
(e)
ways to preserve and
than six
( f)
make
( c)
suffers, during the first seven months of war,
( c)
packages of humanitarian
(g)
last
(d)
for as long
(e)
as possible
(f)
( h)
aid. (2)One
had
(a)
you
( d)
to invent
( b)
if what is normally envisioned
(g)
( h)
for one person, one meal, one use. In spring, summer and fall, all kinds of leaves it is possible to
find were used as ingredients. (3)(a)Combined
everything
ideal
(h)
(h)
becomes edible. (4)Each
( a)
person
(b)
with rice,
(b)
in
(c)
Sarajevo
and
as
( c)
( d)
well
(d)
is very
(e)
(e)
close
(f )
seasoned,
(f)
to
( g)
(g)
become an
macrobiotician, a real role model for the health-conscious, diet-troubled West. ( 5)People
are healthy,
(a)
in
( b)
spite
( c)
of everything,
( d)
for
(e)
no one eats (f)animal
or fat
( g)
(h)
anymore.
【解答例】
(1) c (suffers)
(2) g (if)
(3) d (as)
[コメント]
(4)は becoming なら○
(4) g (become)
(5) g (or)
【単語】
humanitarian aid :人道支援
envision
:to imagine what will happen in the future; 心に描く
ingredient :one of the things from which something is made; 原料
【訳文】 (U-TOKYO.COM 提供
一部改変)
戦争の最初の 7 か月間に配付された人道援助の配給弁当は、どの世帯でも 6 つを数
えることはなかった。そんなわけで、できるだけ長いこと保存しておいて、何食もに分
けて食べる方法を考案せねばならなかった。普通なら 1 人の 1 回の食事として、1 通りの
味付けで食べられるはずのものだというのに。春と夏と秋には、見つかる限りの木の葉
が材料になる。米と組み合わせてうまく味付ければ、何であれ食べられるようになる。
サラエヴォ市民は誰もが、マクロバイオティック {穀類と豆中心の食生活} の理想に限
-8-
Session 13: Sarajevo: Survival Guide 1993
りなく近い食生活を営んでいる。食生活に問題を抱え、健康をいつも気にしている西側
の人々はこれを手本とすればいいのに。人々は他のあらゆる困難にもかかわらず、健康
だ。というのも、もはや誰も動物性脂肪を採らないからだ。
2004 年度 P134 l6~
以下の[1]-[ 5]の各文には、取り去るべき単語が１つずつ含まれている。７つの候補（太
字部分）から、その単語を１つずつ選びなさい。
[1] For each resident of Sarajevo, during the first seven months of war, all you couldn't count
more than six packages of humanitarian aid. [ 2] One had to invent ways to preserve and make
it last for as long as possible what is normally envisioned for one person, one meal, one use.
[3] In spring, summer and fall, all kinds of which leaves it is possible to find were used as
ingredients
― from parks, gardens, fields and hills which were not dangerous to visit.
Combined with rice, and well seasoned, everything becomes edible. [ 4] Each person in Sarajevo
is very close to an ideal macrobiotician, but a real role model for the health-conscious,
diet-troubled West. [5] People are healthy, in spite of everything, for no one eats neither animal
fat anymore, nor meat, nor cheese ― meals are made without eggs, without milk, onions,
vegetables.
[1] (a)For
(b)each
(c)first
(d)of
[2] (a)ways
(b)it
(c)for(1 つ目)
(e)all
(f)than
(g)humanitarian
(d)possible (e)is
(f)envisioned
(g)for(２つ目)
[3] (a)kinds
(b)which(1 つ目)
(c)it
(d)were
(e)used
(f)which(2 つ目)
[4] (a)Each
(b)person (c)is
(d)an
(e)but
(f)role
(g)West
[5] (a)for
(b)no
(e)meals
(f)are
(g)made
(g)were
(c)neither (d)nor
【解答例】
[1](e)all
[2](b)it
[3](b)which
[4](e)but
[5](c)neither
2001 年度 理系 P134 l6~
以下の(1)-(5)のセンテンスには、取り去るべき単語がそれぞれ 1 つずつ含まれている。
各センテンスについて下線の引いてある語の中からその単語を選び、解答欄のマークを塗
りつぶしなさい。
-9-
Session 13: Sarajevo: Survival Guide 1993
For each resident of Sarajevo, during the fiest seven months of war, you couldn't count more than
six packages of humanitarian aid. ( 1)One
make
last
(f)
for
(g)
(h)
as long as possible
( i)
had to invent
what
(j)
meal, one use. (2)(a)In spring, summer and fall,
(g)
which
(h)
( b)
with
( c)
real
role
(g)
healthy,
is normally
( b)
rice,
hardly (j)edible. (4)Each person in Sarajevo
(f)
( b)
all
( c)
kinds
ways to preserve
( c)
envisioned
(l)
of leaves
it
( k)
(d)
( e)
( b)
(h)
in
in
(c)
(i)
model
spite
meals (i)that (j)are
(d)
(j)
made
is
( a)
and
( e)
for
(f)
no
( g)
( e)
very
(b)
for the health-conscious,
of everything,
(k)
(d)
( k)
well (f)seasoned,
close
( c)
(d)
(g)
and
(d)
(f)
is possible to find
were (l)not
( k)
everything
(h)
becomes
to an ideal macrobiotician,
diet-troubled
one eats animal fat
( l)
(e)
for one person, one
were (i)used (j)as ingredients ― from parks, gardens, fields and hills which
dangerous to visit. (3)(a)Combined
(i)
other
( a)
West. (5)People are
a
( e)
(a)
anymore, nor cheese ―
( h)
without eggs, without milk, onions, vegetables. We eat a precious mix
(l)
of wild imagination.
【解答例】
(1) a (other)
(2) g (which)
(4) h (in)
(5) i (that)
(3) i (hardly)
2003 年度 P134 l21~
以下の[1]-[ 5]の斜体字の各文には、7 つの候補（太字部分）のうち、取り去るべき単語
がそれぞれ１つずつ含まれている。その単語を該当する語群からそれぞれ１つずつ選べ。
[1] Rumors are from the most important source of information. [ 2] They spread with an
incredible speed and often mean more than news transmitted through the official channels. [ 3]
They regularly ― "this time for sure" ― report on military intervention, on the siege of the city
being lifted up, on establishing corridors and safe havens. [ 4] And they are regularly, each time
"for sure," not wrong. Rumors are spread by all: housewives, university professors, teenagers,
doctors. No one is immune. [5] Rumors travel the city quicker than you can be, and they are
mostly optimistic. Only later you might hear opinions that they were too optimistic.
［1］a. from
b. the
c. most
d. important
e. source
f. of
g. information
［2］a. with
b. an
c. and
d. mean
e. more
f. than
g. through
［3］a. they
b. for
c. sure
d on（１つめ） e. on（２つめ）
c. time
d. for
f. up
g. on(3 つめ)
[4］a . are
b. each
- 10 -
e. sure
f. not
g. wrong
Session 13: Sarajevo: Survival Guide 1993
［5］a. rumors
b. travel
c. the
d. you
e. can
【解答例】
[1] a (from)
[2] b (an) 「速い状態」を表す speed は Uncountable.
[3] f (up) lifted : removed, brought to an end. / lift up: raise
[4] f (not)
[5] f (be)
- 11 -
f. be
g. and
Session 14: The Birth of Fractal Geometry
SESSION 14 The Birth of Fractal Geometry
Session 14: The Birth of Fractal Geometry
出題回数
Reading
：3 回
2000L 2001L 2002 2003 2004
Listening
：2 回 2000L 2001S 2002 2003 2004
2001 年度 文系 P140 l20~
以下の文章を読んで設問に答えなさい。
From Houthakker's point of view, too, there was something strange about this chart. Economists
generally assumed that the price of a commodity like cotton danced to two different beats, one (
あ ) and one ( い ). Over the long term, prices would be driven ( う ) by real forces in the
economy ― the rise and fall of the New England textile industry, or the opening of international
trade routes. Over the short term, prices would bounce around more or less randomly.
Unfortunately, Houthakker's data failed to match his expectations. No matter how he plotted them,
Houthakker could not make the changes in cotton prices fit the bell-shaped model. ( ...)
Economists in those days shared certain articles of faith about how price changes worked. One
was a conviction that small, transient changes ( え ) large, long-term changes. Fast fluctuations
come randomly. The small-scale ups and downs during a day's transactions are just noise,
unpredictable and uninteresting. Long-term changes, however, are a different species ( お ). The
broad swings of prices over months or years or decades are determined by deep macroeconomic
forces, the trends of war or recession, forces that should in theory give way to understanding. On
the one hand the buzz of short-term fluctuation; on the other, the signal of long-term change.
As it happened, that dichotomy ( か ) the picture of reality that Mandelbrot was
developing. Instead of separating tiny changes from grand ones, his picture bound them together.
He was looking for patterns not at one scale or another, but across every scale ― a symmetry not
of right and left or top and bottom, but rather a symmetry of large scales and small. Indeed, when
Mandelbrot sifted the cotton-price data through IBM's computers, he found the astonishing results
he was seeking. Each particular price change was random and unpredictable. But the sequence of
changes ( き ) scale: curves for daily price changes and monthly price changes matched ( く
). Incredibly, analyzed Mandelbrot's way, the degree of variation had remained ( け ) over a
tumultuous sixty-year period that saw two World Wars and a depression.
[1] 空所(あ)(い)(う)(お)(く)(け)に入れる単語として最も適切なものを下の a-i の中か
ら 1 つずつ選び、解答欄のマークを塗りつぶしなさい。1 語 1 回のみ使用のこと。
a. constant
b. entirely
c. large
d. orderly
f. randomly
g. random
h. small
i. steadily
- 12 -
e. perfectly
Session 14: The Birth of Fractal Geometry
[2] 空所(え)に入れる語句として最も適切なものを下の a-e の中から 1 つ選び、解答欄の
マークを塗りつぶしなさい。
a. had a conflict with
b. had the same shape with
c. had something to do with
d. had nothing in common with
e. had something in common with
[3] 空所(か)(き)に入れる語句として最も適切なものを下の a-e の中から 1 つずつ選び、
解答欄のマークを塗りつぶしなさい。
a. was similar to
b. had no place in
c. was the same with
d. was independent of
e. had a certain place in
f. was incorporated into
【解答例】
[1] (あ) d (orderly)
(く) e (perfectly)
(い) g (random)
(う) i (steadily)
(お) b (entirely)
(け) a (constant)
[2] (え) d (had nothing in common with)
[3] (か) b (had no place in)
(き) d (was independent of)
【単語】
conviction :a strong opinion or belief; (事実に基づく)確信
cf. 事実に基づかない確信は confidence
transient
:continuing for only a short time; 一時的な
fluctuation :(物価などの)変動
cf. fluctuate: to change frequently in size, amount, quality, etc.
transaction :an exchange or interaction between people; 取引、売買
dichotomy [daɪkɑ́təmi]: the separation that exists between two groups or things that are
completely opposite to and different from each other; (意見などの)二分、二分法
had no place in = was not part of
sift
: examine thoroughly so as to isolate something important or useful; 厳密に調べる
cf. sift の原義は「ふるいにかける」
analyzed Mandelbrot's way: マンデルブロの方法では(次の)分析結果が出た。
tumultuous [tju:mʌ́ltʃuəs]: noisy and disorderly; 騒がしい、無秩序の
- 13 -
Session 14: The Birth of Fractal Geometry
2000 年度 文系 P142 l32~
以下の文章を読んで設問に答えなさい。
Economists in those days shared certain articles of faith about how price changes worked. One
was a conviction that small, transient changes (
1 ) large, long-term changes. Fast fluctuations
come randomly. The small-scale ups and downs during a day's transactions are just noise,
unpredictable and uninteresting. Long-term changes, however, are a different species entirely. The
broad swings of prices over months or years or decades are determined by deep macroeconomic
forces, the trends of war or recession, forces
On the one hand the (
that should in theory give way to understanding.
( 2)
3A ) of short-term fluctuation; on the other, the (
3B ) of
long-term change.
As is happened, that dichotomy (
4
) the picture of reality that Mandelbrot was
developing. Instead of separating tiny changes from grand ones, his picture bound them together.
He was looking for patterns not at one scale or another, but across every scale ― a symmetry
not of right and left or top and bottom, but rather a symmetry of large scales and small.
Indeed, when Mandelbrot sifted the cotton-price data through IBM's computer, he found the
astonishing results he was seeking. Each particular price change was random and unpredictable.
But the sequence of changes was (
5
) scale: curves for daily price changes and monthly
price changes matched perfectly. Incredibly, analyzed Mandelbrot's way, the degree of variation
had remained constant over a tumultuous sixty-year period that saw two World Wars and a
depression.
[1] 空欄(1)に入れる語句として最も適当なものを次の選択肢の中から選び、解答欄のマ
ークを塗りつぶしなさい。
a. had a lot to do with
b. had a opposite effect on
c. had nothing in common with
d. were perfectly symmetrical to
[2] 下線部(2)と最も意味の近いものを次の選択肢の中から選び、解答欄のマークを塗り
つぶしなさい。
a. that will certainly contribute to our theoretical understanding
b. that may be beyond our understanding
c. that are probably not impossible for us to understand
d. that we should try to understand in theoretical terms
[3] 空欄(3A)と(3B)に入れる語の組み合わせとして最も適当なものを次の選択肢の中か
ら選び、解答欄のマークを塗りつぶしなさい。
- 14 -
Session 14: The Birth of Fractal Geometry
a. A: buzz ― B: signal
b. A: signal ― B: buzz
c. A: data ― B: pattern
d. A: pattern ― B: data
[4] 空欄(4)に入れる語句として最も適当なものを次の選択肢の中から選び、解答欄のマ
ークを塗りつぶしなさい。
a. had no effect on
b. had no place in
c. was part of
d. was relevant to
[5] 空欄(5)に入れる語句として最も適当なものを次の選択肢の中から選び、解答欄のマ
ークを塗りつぶしなさい。
a. continuous
b. discontinuous with
c. dependent on
d. independent of
【解答例】
[1] c (had nothing in common with)
[3] a (buzz ― signal)
[2] a
[4] b (had no place in)
[5] d (independent of)
【単語】
buzz : a continuous sound like the one that a bee, a buzzer[ bʌ́zɚ] or other electronic device
makes; ざわめき
2002 年度 P148 l5~
次の文章を読んで、[1]-[6]の設問に答えなさい。
Discontinuity, bursts of noise, Cantor dusts ― phenomena like these had no place in the
geometries of the past two thousand years. The shapes of classical geometry are lines and planes,
circles and spheres, triangles and cones. They represent a powerful（
ア
）of reality, and they
inspired a powerful philosophy of Platonic harmony. Euclid made of them a geometry that lasted
two
millennia, the only geometry still that most people ever learn. Artists found an ideal beauty
(イ)
in them, Ptolemaic astronomers built a theory of the universe out of them. But for understanding
complexity, they turn out to be the wrong kind of（
- 15 -
ア
）.
Session 14: The Birth of Fractal Geometry
Clouds are not spheres, Mandelbrot is fond of saying. Mountains are not cones. Lightning
does not travel in a straight line. The new geometry mirrors a universe that is rough, not rounded,
scabrous, not smooth. It is a geometry of the pitted, pocked, and broken up, the twisted, tangled,
and intertwined.
The understanding of nature's complexity awaited a suspicion that the
(ウ)
complexity was not just random, not just accident. It required a faith that the interesting feature of
a lightning bolt's path, for example, was not its direction, but rather the distribution of zigs and
zags. Mandelbrot's work made a claim about the world, and the claim was that such odd shapes
carry meaning. The pits and tangles are（
エ
）blemishes distorting the classic shapes of
Euclidean geometry. They are often the keys to the essence of a thing.
[1]空欄（ア）には同じ語が入る。下の中から最も適切なものを１つ選べ。
a. abstraction
b. geometry
c. identification
d. prediction
e. shape
[2]下線部（イ）の言い換えとして最も適切な語または句を下から１つ選べ。
a. generations
b. hundred years
c. thousand years
d. million years
[3]-[4]下線部（ウ）はどのように言い換えられるか。次の言い換えの文の空欄に入る最
も適切な語または句をそれぞれ１つずつ選べ。
（
３
）we could understand nature's complexity, someone（
４
）suspect that...
(3) a. after
b. because
c. before
d. if
e. though
f. when
(4) a. could
b. might
c. had to
d. should
e. was able to
f. would
[5]空欄（エ）に入る最も適切な句を１つ選べ。
a. just like
b. equivalent to
c. more than
d. similar to
e. some kind of
[6]本文で言及されているそれぞれの幾何学の特徴を表すキーワードとして、最も適切な
ペアを１つ選べ。
a. complicity-reality
b. complicity-complexity
c. idealization-complexity
d. idealization-complicity
e. simplicity-complicity
f. simplicity-reality
【解答例】
[1] a (abstraction)
[2] c (thousand years)
[3] c (before)
[4] c (gad to)
[5] c (more than)
[6] c (idealization-complexity)
※ complicity は共謀、共犯という意味。
【単語】
blemish
:a mark on the skin or on an object that spoils it and makes it look less beautiful or
- 16 -
Session 14: The Birth of Fractal Geometry
perfect ;美観を損ねるもの、キズ
【訳文】 (U-TOKYO.COM 提供)
不連続、騒音の集まり、カントール・ダスト－これらの現象は、過去 2000 年の間、幾
何学の分野には含まれずにいた。古典的な幾何学における形というのは、直線と平面、
円と球、三角形と円錐などである。これらの形は、強力な現実の抽象概念を象徴し、力
強いプラトン的調和の哲学を生み出す力となった。ユークリッドはその哲学から、2000
年の間残り、唯一今でも多くの人々が学ぶ幾何学を作り出した。芸術家はそこから理想
的な美を見出し、プトレマイオス派の天文学者はそこから宇宙理論を構築した。しかし、
複雑性を理解するには、ユークリッド幾何学は誤った抽象概念であることがわかった。
雲は球ではない、とマンデルブロは好んで言った。山は円錐ではない。落雷は真っ直
ぐ動かない。新しい幾何学はでこぼこしていて円形でない・ざらざらしていて滑らかで
ない宇宙を映し出す。新しい幾何学はぼこぼこで、ぶつぶつして、きれぎれになって、
ねじれ、もつれ、からまりあったものの幾何学である。自然界の複雑性を理解するため
には、複雑性が単純にランダムだったり偶然だったりするのではない、という疑いが必
要だった。複雑性の理解には、例えば落雷の道筋という興味深い形を方向で考えるので
はなく、違う種類の動きが全体で見せる分布について考えなければならない。マンデル
ブロの業績は世界に対する主張－そのような奇妙な形は意味を持っているという主張－
を生み出した。凹みやもつれはユークリッド幾何学の古典的な形をゆがめる傷以上の意
味を持つ。それらはしばしば物事の本質へのカギであるのだ。
Introduction 全文
How long is the coastline of Britain? To answer it is impossible. For the more closely you look at
it, the longer it appears to be. Every small bay has inlets, and every inlet has subinlets. If you
look through a magnifying glass, the shape of each grain of sand will appear as complex as a
coastline.
We can simulate the problem in this way. First, draw a segment of, say, 10 centimeters.
Divide it into four equal parts, and rotate the two central segments by 60 degrees. Then, connect
the two open ends. The total length of this zigzag pattern is 15 centimeters, because it consists of
six segments each with the length of 2.5 centimeters.
Now, repeat the same procedure on each of the six segments. You can repeat this procedure
as many times as you like, at least in your mind, creating ever more minute zigzags. Now,
imagine we have repeated this procedure 50 times over. What is the total length of the simulated
coastline now(*1)? Several hundred meters? Try again. Several kilometers? Not even close.
The natural world is rarely smooth: the craggy surface of a mountain peak, the complex
- 17 -
Session 14: The Birth of Fractal Geometry
branching of trees. There are patterns and symmetries there, but the classical Eucledian geometry
cannot describe precisely what those patterns are.
In 1970s, the mathematician Benoit Mandelbrot developed a new geometry more suitable for
dealing with natural objects. He coined the world "fractal" to name his new geometry. It derives
from a Latin word fructus, meaning broken or fracture.
One of the central notions in fractal geometry is what is called "self-similarity." This is a
clear example of self-similar patterns. Its parts look exactly like the whole at every level. The
basic pattern is repeated at ever decreasing sizes. A fractal object may have a highly irregular
shape, but irregularity remains the same at every level.
The pattern you are looking at is drawn by computer, but its strange beauty is familiar, for
nature is full of such self-similar shapes, like these ferns, or like the delicate shapes of these
snowflakes. Fractal Geometry describes these complex regularities in precise mathematical terms.
It is, in short, a geometry of nature.
(*1) The answer is: 10(cm)×1.550 = 6.376215×109(cm) = 63762.15 (km)
2001 年度 理系 Introduction
Listen to the tape and complete the following summary by filling in the blanks ( A)-(F) with
appropriate words and phrases. You do not necessarily have to use the words used on the tape.
The tape will be played TWICE.
A fractal object is characterized by its ( A)
exactly (B)
faithfully (C)
patterns, which means, its parts look
at every level. It may be a highly irregular shape, but the irregularity is
no matter how (D)
it gets. Examples of fractal patterns
can be found in natural objects such as ( E)
and snowflakes. The complex
irregularities we see in these objects can be described in precise ( F)
.
【解答例】
(A) self-similar
(B) like the whole
(C) remains the same
(E) fern
(F) mathematical terms
(D) small
2004 年度 Introduction
以下に示すのは、朗読される文章から一部を除いたものです。文中の[...]部分および、番
号部分には、それぞれ１つの単語が入ります。朗読を聞き、[1]-[5]に入る単語の本文中
- 18 -
Session 14: The Birth of Fractal Geometry
の意味と最も近い意味を持つ語を選びなさい。
How long is the coastline of Britain? To answer it is impossible. [
at it, the longer it appears to be. The natural [ ...][...][
2
1 ][...][...][...] you look
][...], [...][
3
][...][...] a
mountain peak. The complex branching of trees. There are patterns and symmetries there, but the
classical, Euclidean geometry cannot describe precisely what those patterns are. In the 1970s the
mathematician Benoit Mandelbrot developed a new geometry more suitable for dealing with
natural objects. He [
4 ][...][...][...] to name his new geometry. It derives from the Latin
word fractus, [...][...][...][
[1] a) because
5
].
b) far
c) therefore
d) though
e) while
[2] a) extraordinarily b) extremely
c) incidentally
d) indeed
e) seldom
[3] a) appearance
b) curved
c) uneven
d) outside
e) solid
[4] a) billed
b) borrowed
c) cited
d) devised
e) improvised
[5] a) complex
b) fragmentary
c) irregular
d) partial
e) tangled
【解答例】
[1] a (because)← for
[2] e(seldom) ← rarely
[3] c (uneven) ← craggy
[4] d (devised) improvise は「即興で作る」という意味なので当てはまらない。
[5] b (fragmentary)← fracture
- 19 -
Session 15: The Return of Depression Economics
SESSION 15 The Return of Depression Economics
Session 15: The Return of Depression Economics
出題回数
Reading
：3 回 2000L 2001S 2002 2003 2004
Listening
：2 回
2000L 2001L 2002 2003 2004
2001 年度 P152 l1~
理系
以下の文章を読んで設問に答えなさい。
A country that does not need to defend its exchange rate can fight recessions easily simply
by cutting interest rates as low as necessary, even all the way to zero. But what if a zero interest
is not low enough? What if, even at a zero rate, businesses do not want to (
consumers want to (
い
あ
) as much as
)? This is the dreaded "liquidity trap," in which monetary policy finds
itself "pushing on a string." Attempts to expand the economy by easing credit (
う
) because
banks and consumers alike prefer holding safe, liquid cash to investing in risky, less-liquid bonds.
and stocks.
(
え
), the U.S. and British economies seemed to approach a liquidity trap during the
1930s. The average interest rate on U.S. Treasury bills during 1939 was only 0.023 percent. But
in the postwar years some economists, notably Milton Friedman and Anna Schwartz, argued that
monetary policy could nonetheless have been (
お
) in the 1930s if only the federal
government had tried harder. Others questioned whether a true liquidity trap is even possible (
か
). In any case, the topic seemed to become one of purely historical interest. By 1990 the
general view was that (
き
).
[1] 空所(あ)(い)に入れる語句の組み合わせとして最も適切なものを下の a-f の中から 1
つ選び、解答欄のマークを塗りつぶしなさい。
a. export / import
b. import / export
e. increase demand / increase supply
c. invest / save
d. save / invest
f. increase supply / increase demand
[2] 空所(う)に入れるべき最も適切な動詞を解答欄に記なさい。
[3] 空所(え)(か)に入れる語句として最も適切なものを下の a-f の中から 1 つずつ選び、
解答欄のマークを塗りつぶしなさい。
a. in part
b. in principle
c. in consequence
d. on the whole
e. on the face of it
f. on the other hand
[4] 空所(お)に入れる語として最も適切なものをしたの a-e の中から 1 つ選び、解答欄の
マークを塗りつぶしなさい。
- 20 -
Session 15: The Return of Depression Economics
a. effective
b. disastrous
c. inclusive
d. ingenuous
e. useless
[5] 空所(き)に入れる語句として最も適切なものを下の a-e の中から 1 つ選び、解答欄の
マークを塗りつぶしなさい。
a. a liquidity trap happened only once in history
b. a liquidity trap happens unpredictably after all
c. a liquidity trap did not happen and will not happen
d. a liquidity trap may happen again in the near future
e. a liquidity trap can only happen in exceptional cases
【解答例】
[1] c (invest / save)
[2] fail
[3](え) f (On the face of it)
[4] a (effective)
(か) b (in principle)
[5] c
【単語】
exchange rate
:為替レート
interest rate
:利率
liquidity trap
:流動性の罠
pushing on a string: pull on a string「 黒幕となる」という表現をふまえた言い方。文字通り、
ひ も を 押 し て も た わ む だ け で 、 そ の 先 の も の は 操 れ な い 。 useless,
ineffective という意味。
bonds and stocks :債権や株
【訳文】(語学マスター 提供 一部改変)
為替レートを防衛する必要のない国では、利率を出来る限り・金利 0%のところまで
でも切り詰めるだけで、容易に不景気に立ち向かうことができる。しかし、金利 0%でも
駄目だというならどうするのだろう？
金利 0%にしたとしても、消費者がお金を節約し
たいと思うのと同様会社や企業が投資をしぶったとしたらどうだろう？
これが、気付
くと財政方針が自分で問題の糸を押していた(糠に釘を打っていた)、という「流動性の
罠」である。借金をしやすくすることで経済を成長させようという試みが失敗するのは、
銀行も消費者も、リスクのある流動性の低い債権や株に投資するよりも流動性の高い現
金を安全に持っていることを選ぶからである。
1930 年代のアメリカ合衆国とイギリスは、一見この流動性の罠にかかってしまった
かのようだった。1939 年の財務省短期証券の年間平均の利率は、たったの 0.023%だった。
しかし、戦後ミルトン・フリードマンやアンナ・シュウォーツはじめ何人かの経済学者
は、やはり 1930 年代に金融当局がもっと積極的に働きかけをしていれば、財政方針も効
果を発揮していたと主張した。他の経済学者たちは、実際の流動性の罠がそもそも原理
- 21 -
Session 15: The Return of Depression Economics
的に可能なのか疑っていた。どんなケースであれ、この論題は純粋に歴史的な関心事以
外の何物でもないことになるように思えた。1990 年には流動性の罠は起こっていないし
これからも起こらない、というのが一般的な見方だった。
2004 年度 P152 l1~, P156 l18~
次の文章を読んで、[1]-[6]の設問に答えなさい。
A country that does not need to defend its exchange rate can fight recessions easily simply
by cutting interest rates as low as necessary, even all the way to zero. But what if a zero interest
is not low enough? What if, even at a zero rate, businesses do not want to invest as much as
consumers want to save? This is the dreaded “liquidity trap,” in which monetary policy finds itself
“(1)pushing on a string.” Attempts to expand the economy by casing credit fail because banks and
consumers alike prefer holding safe, liquid cash to investing in risky, less-liquid bonds and stocks.
On the face of it, the U.S. and British economies seemed to approach a liquidity
during 1930s. The average [
2
trap
] on U.S. Treasury bills during 1939 was only 0.023 percent.
But in the postwar years some economists argued that monetary policy could nonetheless have
been effective in the 1930s if only the Fed had tried harder. Others questioned whether a true
liquidity trap is even possible in principle. In any case, the topic seemed to become one of purely
historical interest. (3)By 1990 the general view was that a liquidity trap did not happen and will not
happen. Then came Japan. After its “bubble economy” burst in 1991, Japanese authorities were at
first reluctant to cut interest rates for fear of reinflating the bubble. Since 1996, however,
short-term rates have been well under one percent and have slipped to a quarter of one percent.
(4)
Yet these extremely low rates were unable to prevent a slide into recession, let alone reverse the
stagnation that plagued the Japanese economy since 1992. Since few economists believe that
shaving the last few decimal points off interest rates would make any significant difference, Japan
really is caught in a classic trap, where [
5 ].
The world became vulnerable to its current travails these days not because economic
(6)
policies had not been reformed, but because they had. Around the world countries responded to
the very real flaws in post-Depression policy regimes by moving back toward a regime with many
of the virtues of pre-Depression free-market capitalism. However, in bringing back the virtues of
old-fashioned capitalism, we also brought back some of its vices, most notably a vulnerability
both to instability and sustained economic slumps.
[1]下線部(1)と最も近い意味を持つ語を１つ選びなさい。
(a)ultimate
(b)unbalanced
(c)uneasy
[2]空欄[2]に入りうる表現を１つ選びなさい。
- 22 -
(d)useless
(e)utilised
Session 15: The Return of Depression Economics
(a)exchange rate
(b)growth of economic interest
(c)interest rate
(d)rate of economic growth
[3]下線部(3)のように考えられた根拠として最も適切なものを１つ選びなさい。
(a) Because the absence of interest in history brings about a true liquidity trap.
(b) Because the economic principle held by the governments today is of a questionable
nature when it comes to avoiding a liquidity trap.
(c) Because the interest rate in the U.S. during the 1930s was too low to be the cause of a
liquidity trap.
(d) Because it was believed that, theoretically speaking, there was always a way to boost the
economy through monetary policy.
[4]下線部( 4)のような事態になった理由として著者が指摘しているものを１つ選びなさ
い。
(a)Because business did not find the financial market attractive enough to make investments.
(b)Because it took Japanese authorities too long to make a decision on cutting interest rates.
(c)Because it was foreseeable that short-term rates would soon go above 0.25%.
(d)Because the last few decimal points were shaved off interest rates.
[5]空欄[5]に入りうる表現を１つ選びなさい。
(a)customers suddenly start saving
(b)people abandon cash for bonds
(c)the “bubble” begins to inflate again
(d) zero is not low enough
[ 6]下線部( 6)のような状態になった理由として著者が指摘しているものを１つ選びなさ
い。
(a)Because advanced economies ultimately failed to adopt the post-Depression policy.
(b)Because a liquidity trap can only emerge in the post-Depression world.
(c)Because the extent to which policy reforms were accomplished was insufficient.
(d)Because pre-Depression free-market capitalism was itself a mixture of good and bad.
【解答例】
[1] d (useless)
糸を押してもたわむだけ。先のものは操れない。
[2] c (interest rate)
[3] d (多分)
[4] a
[5] d
[6] d
【単語】
vulnerable :weak and easily hurt ;傷つきやすい
regime
:a method or system of organizing or managing something; 政体、管理体制
- 23 -
Session 15: The Return of Depression Economics
【訳文】(語学マスター 提供)
(省略)
各国の経済政策が改善されなかったからではなく、改善されたからこそ世界が経済問
題に対して脆弱になったから、というのが答えである。世界中の国々が、政府の役割を
重視する不況後の経済体制の欠陥に対して、自由放任の資本主義が持つ長所を求めて不
況前の経済体制に逆行する動きを見せた。いずれにせよ、流行おくれの資本主義の長所
を取り戻そうとして、経済の不安定さや長期化した不況に対する脆さを始めとするその
悪癖まで取り戻してしまったのだ。
2002 年度 P158 l14~
次の文は経済復興のための４つの提言のうち、３番目の提言を述べた段落である。段落全
体の筋が通るように、b-f までの文を並べ替えて、
［1]-[5］の解答欄に記入せよ。ただし、
最初と最後の文と、a の位置はすでに与えられている。
Third is the reestablishment of price stability.
a. Almost all nations now have achieved remarkably stable prices and credibly established the
belief that they will continue to maintain price stability in the future.
b. But it turned out that inflation had some unappreciated advantages.
c. For one thing, countries that found, themselves with substantial internal debt could simply
inflate that debt down to manageable proportions, as Japan did with bad real estate loans in
the 1970s.
d. In the postwar era most countries experienced substantial inflation, with a worldwide explosion
of prices in the 1970s and early 1980s.
e. More important, a country with five percent inflation and eight percent interest rates has much
more room to cut rates to fight a recession than a country with stable prices and three percent
interest.
f. This inflation needed to be brought under control and ultimately was.
In other words, advanced countries would he far less vulnerable to liquidity traps had they not
been so assiduous about pursuing price stability in the 1980s.
- 24 -
Session 15: The Return of Depression Economics
[1] ― [2] ― a ― [3] ― [4] ― [5]
【解答例】
[1] d
[2] f
[3] b
[4] c
[5] e
【訳文】(語学マスター 提供)
三番目は固定価格の再構築である。戦後、ほとんどの国々は 1970 年代から 1980 初頭
にかけての世界的な物価高騰とともに実質的なインフレを経験した。このインフレは制
御されなければならず、果たしてそうなった。ほとんどの国は物価を素晴らしいまでに
安定させることに成功し、将来もこのような物価の安定を保ち続けるだろうという信頼
を確実に築いた。しかし、インフレには隠れた効能があることがわかった。一つには、1970
年代に酷い不動産向け貸付を抱えていた日本がそうしたように、相当な価格の国内負債
を抱えた国がインフレによって負債額を返済可能な額まで目減りさせることができるの
だ。さらに重要なのは、5%の物価高騰と 8%の金利を抱えた国は、安定した物価と 3%の
金利の国より金利を切り下げる余裕があり、そのことで不況に立ち向かえるのである。
言い方を変えると、1980 年代に先進諸国があれほど物価の安定に熱心でなかったら、流
動性の罠に対してはるかに耐久性があっただろう、ということだ。
Introduction 全文
In the 1920s, Americans were enjoying the fruits of their new prosperity. For those who had
money it was a time to get rich quick. Believing that they could only win, a million Americans
had their money in the stock exchange. In just four years, their money grew 400 percent.
Then, on the morning of October 24th, 1929, the unthinkable happened. All of a sudden,
prices dropped as more and more investors tried to sell. By the end of the day, the New York
Stock Exchange had lost 4,000,000,000 dollars. When people realized what had happened, a
nationwide panic followed. Banks collapsed. Factories closed. Companies went out of business.
And millions of workers lost their jobs.
The chain reaction extended overseas, dragging the world economy into the Great
Depression. All over the world, governments said the same thing that there was little they could
do to ease their people's suffering. In Britain, the government's policy was to cut public spending
and wait for what they called "natural recovery."
President Herbert Hoover told the Americans that they just had to let prices run their course.
Most economists of the time would have said the same thing. They thought that the cycle of
boom and bust was part of the capitalist system and that individual governments had no power
over it.
- 25 -
Session 15: The Return of Depression Economics
Roosevelt ran for the presidency saying, "the Depression could be beaten." When he was
elected, he worked energetically to tackle unemployment. He was equipped with the theory
proposed by John Maynard Keynes that government controls are necessary for a healthy economy.
The Workers Progress Administration was one of many new government agencies. There were
jobs building roads and public facilities including huge dams.
The economy is never totally controllable, but economic policies backed up by the science of
economics can make a big difference. In the year 2000, Japan is still struggling with the "Great
Recession" as the author of our next session calls it. Let's read what Paul Krugman, an American
economist, has to say about Asian and world economies today.
2001 年度 文系 Introduction
Listen to the tape and fill in blanks (ア)-(オ) with the exact words you hear on the tape. The
tape will be played TWICE.
All over the world, governments said the same thing, that there (ア)
their suffering. In Britain, the government's policy was to (イ)
what
they called "natural recovery."
"And so I appeal to you all. (ウ)
解答不明
cheerfully and heartily!"
President Herbert Hoover told the Americans that they just (エ)
.
Most economists of the time would have said the same thing. They thought that the cycle of
boom and bust was part of the capitalist system and that individual governments (オ)
.
【解答例】
(ア)was little they could do to ease
(イ) cut public spending and wait for
(ウ)スクリプトがないため解答不明
(エ)had to let prices run their course
(オ)had no power over it
Listening Practice 一部
"A zero interest rate policy means, in effect, that people can borrow money free of charge.
The Bank of Japan has described this as an unusual situation and has said repeatedly that it would
end the policy as soon as the economy starts to recover.
The government sees the situation differently, however. Regarding the zero interest rate
- 26 -
Session 15: The Return of Depression Economics
policy as a kind of symbol that Japan has placed the highest priority on economic recovery, it
appears to be worried that if the policy is lifted, other countries might think Japan had abandoned
that position.
The Government has made clear its view that it's too early to raise interest rates and has
confronted the Bank of Japan over the issue. There's a danger here that too much government
pressure on the Central Bank could undermine its independence. And a rift between the Bank of
Japan and the government over interest rates could also destabilize financial markets and
undermine international confidence in the way Japan is managing its economy.
Although the worst of the recession is now thought to be over, there's still a long way to go
and the present improvement can't yet be called a full recovery."
2000 年度 文系 Listening Practice
Listen to the tape and make a summary of it by putting ONE word in each blank. Use only the
words you hear on the tape.
Views of the zero-interest policy:
BOJ: a(n) (
A
) situation; should be lifted as soon as the economy starts to (
Government: a kind of symbol that Japan has placed the highest (
economic recovery.
The danger involved in the confrontation between the BOJ and the government:
(a) Too much government (
E
) will undermine the BOJ's (
F
).
(b) The rift between the BOJ and the government could destabilize (
(c) It may also undermine (
I
)(
J ).
【解答例】
(A) unusual
(B) recover
(E) pressure
(F) independence
(I) international
(C) priority
(D) on
(G) financial
(J)confidence
- 27 -
(H) markets
G
).
C
)(
B ).
D
)
Session 16: Time in Medieval Europe
SESSION 16 Time in Medieval Europe
Session 16: Time in Medieval Europe
出題回数
Reading
：1 回 2000 2001S 2002 2003 2004
Listening
：2 回 2000 2001L 2002 2003 2004
2001 年度 理系 P170 l1~
以下の文章を読んで設問に答えなさい。
The Holy Roman Emperor Charlemagne died on January 28, 8 14. His empire died soon after, as
his heirs argued and fought and divided his realms among them. ( あ ) it perished the political
order that Charlemagne had briefly imposed. So did the emperor's infatuation with learning,
manuscripts, and marvelous timepieces, which ( い ) by his immediate successors. They
dismissed the scholars from the court and closed the schools for children opened by the emperor.
Still, the age of Charlemagne ( う ), with the scholar Alcuin of York and others compiling
encyclopedias and collecting manuscripts. It also provided an example and a context for quality,
taste, humanistic culture, and sound grammar, which laid a foundation for a slow ― very slow ―
evolution toward an era when dates and calendars would begin to matter to more than just a few
monks sitting in their cloisters trying to calculate the age of the world and when the end would
come.
But Europe was ( え ) for time reckoning and the calendar anyway in Bede's or
Charlemagne's era. Indeed, as Europe slept, developments were under way far to the East, where
science was not ignored and a long line of brilliant thinkers were making discoveries that
centuries later would ( お ) at last the darkness of the West to astonish and inspire men like
Roger Bacon, and to once again commence the movement of time.
[1]空所（あ）に入れる前置詞として最も適切なものを下の a-e の中から１つ選び、解答
欄のマークを塗りつぶしなさい。
a As
b. By
c. For
d. Of
e. With
[2]空所（い）を埋めるために次の単語すべてを適切に並べ替えなさい。
[ not, out, it, shared, turned, was ]
[3]空所（う）に入れる語句として最も適切なものを下の a-e の中から１つ選び、解答欄
のマークを塗りつぶしなさい。
a. ignited a spark
b. reached its summit
c. made an abrupt leap
- 28 -
Session 16: Time in Medieval Europe
d. dazzled later historians
e. strayed into the wrong path
[4]空所（え）に入れる語句として最も適切なものを下の a-e の中から１つ選び、解答欄
のマークを塗りつぶしなさい。
a. too proud of itself
b. quite a little prepared
c. not considered suitable
d. competing with the East
e. not where the action was
[4]空所（お）に入れる語句として最も適切なものを下の a-e の中から１つ選び、解答欄
のマークを塗りつぶしなさい。
a. penetrate
b. subvert
c. undermine
d. brighten
e. supersede
【解答例】
[1] e (With)
[2] it turned out was not shared
[4] e (not where the action was)
[3] a (ignited a spark)
[5] a (penetrate)
【単語】
Charlemagne
heir
:シャルルマーニュ、カール大帝(768-814)
:a person who has the legal right to receive somebody's property, money or title when
that person dies ; 相続人
realm
:an area ruled by a king or queen; 王国、帝国
perish
:to die / to be lost or destroyed ; 死ぬ、滅びる
infatuation :very strong feelings of love or attraction for somebody or something, especially
when these are unreasonable and do not last long; のぼせあがり、心酔
compiling :(compile:編集する、収集する）
ignite a spark
: provide a dramatic beginning
commence :to begin to happen ;開始する、始める
【訳文】(語学マスター 提供)
神聖ローマ皇帝シャルルマーニュは 814 年 1 月 28 日に亡くなった。それから間もな
- 29 -
Session 16: Time in Medieval Europe
く彼の後継者達が言い争い、戦って領土を分割してしまったため、彼の帝国も滅んだ。
それによって、シャルルマーニュが一時的に課した法制もなくなってしまった。彼の学
問や文書、素晴らしい時計などへの心酔も消えてしまった。後にその心酔も彼の直系の
子孫には伝えられていないことがわかった。彼らは法廷から学者を追い払い、皇帝によ
って開かれた子供のための学校を閉鎖した。それでもなお、百科事典の編集や文書の収
集にあたったヨークのアルクィンら学者達によってシャルルマーニュの時代は輝かしい
始まりとなった。彼らの業績はまた文化の質やセンス、人文学的な文化やしっかりとし
た文法(文書の収集により、正確な言葉遣いが確立したことを指すのでしょう)の例とな
り、またその時代背景を提供する役割も果たした。彼らの業績が果たした役割によって、
世界の年齢や終末の日を修道院の中で計算しているたった数人の学者達以外にも日付や
カレンダーが意味をもつようになる時代にむけての、極めてゆっくりした進歩の基礎が
築かれた。
しかし、ヨーロッパはベーダやシャルルマーニュの時代、時の計測や暦に関しての学
問の中心地ではなかった。実は、ヨーロッパが眠っている間、遠く東方でこの学問は進
歩していた。東では科学が無視されておらず、何人もの素晴らしい思想家達が次から次
へ現れて、新しい発見をしていた。彼らの発見が何世紀かの後、ついに西洋の闇に差し
込んで、ロジャー・ベーコンのような人物を驚かせて影響を与え、そして今一度時間の
認識の展開を進めたのである。
2004 年度 P170 l1~
下の文 a-g は、あるパラグラフを構成する文の順序を入れかえたものである。意味が通る
よう並べかえ、下記に従い[1]-[3]にマークしなさい。ただし、最初と最後の文の位置は
予め与えられている。
[
e
]→[
]→[
1 ]→[
]→[
2
]→[
3
]→[
b ]
(a)His empire died soon after, as his heirs argued and fought and divided his realms among them.
(b)It also provided an example and a context for quality, taste, humanistic culture, and sound
grammar, which laid a foundation for a slow ― very slow ― evolution toward an era when
dates and calendars would begin to matter to more than just a few monks sitting in their
cloisters trying to calculate the age of the world and when the end would come.
(c)So did the emperor's infatuation with learning, manuscripts, and marvelous timepieces, which
it turned out was not shared by his immediate successors.
(d)Still, the age of Charlemagne ignited a spark, with the scholar Alcuin of York and others
compiling encyclopedias and collecting manuscripts.
- 30 -
Session 16: Time in Medieval Europe
(e)The Holy Roman Emperor Charlemagne died on January 28, 8 14.
(f)They dismissed the scholars from the court and closed the schools for children opened by the
emperor.
(g)With it perished the political order that Charlemagne had briefly imposed.
【解答例】
e→a→g→c→f→d→b
[1] g
[2] f
[3]d
Listening Practice 全文
It might be true that the invention of bells was the first important step toward mechanical clocks
that would later change people's lives. Bells told the exact time to everybody in town, summoned
them to church for a mass, and so on. But, as Robert Duncan himself admits, bells didn't have
much impact on the average person at that time. The ringing of church bells was nothing
compared to the shrill sirens that later signaled the beginning and the end of working hours for
modern factory workers.
It can be argued that the dramatic change in the quality of time occurred when the majority
of people began to "go to work" instead of working at home. Self-employed people have always
worked at home, but it used to be that many people who worked for others did that work in their
own homes too, and were paid by the amount of work they completed, not by the total working
hours. So, going to work is a rather modern phenomenon. It wasn't until the 1860s that the
English word commuter which means a person who regularly travels to work first appeared in
print.
The French historian, Antoine Prost, says that as late as 1900 more than half, perhaps two
thirds of Frenchmen worked at home. In general, domestic workers lived very poorly then, and
they had to work extremely hard just to survive. Prost gives us an example of how one such
family had to work fifteen hours every day, even on Sundays after going to church, and even on
their daughter's wedding day. As a rule, work outside the home in factories, shops and so on, was
better paid than work at home. Prost argues that this is one reason why domestic workers
gradually declined in number.
But the economic factor wasn't everything. When you worked in a factory, you knew when
the day was over. The time you didn't owe to your boss was completely your won and that time
increased steadily as the twenties century progressed.
The worker who worked outside the home could be truly "at home" during off hours. In
- 31 -
Session 16: Time in Medieval Europe
other words, your own time began when the work was over, which means you now had a new
relationship with time. Time became something you either had or didn't have. Time was yours
when it wasn't taken up by work for others. And when you had time for yourself, you could make
it more enjoyable by spending the bit of money that you earned during your work hours. Before
the rise of the monetary economy and the Industrial Revolution, time was something completely
different.
2002 年度 Listening Practice
Listen to the narration and answer the questions [ 1]-[4] below.
[1] How strong was the impact of time-telling bells when they were first invented?
a. Their impact was not small compared to that of clocks.
b. They changed people's lives in significant ways.
c. They didn't affect ordinary people's lives very much.
d. They had only limited use for people going out to work.
e. No relevant information is given in the narration.
[2] Which of the following forms of employment or working conditions was common before the
19th century?
a. People did not work for other people, but for themselves.
b. People employed other people to do their domestic work for them.
c. People were not paid for any work they did outside working hours.
d. People were only paid when they had completed a fixed amount of work.
e. People worked at home even if they were not self-employed.
[3] What did the word "commuter" mean before the 18th century?
a. It used to mean "a person who goes to church on Sundays".
b. It used to mean "a person who goes to work by public transportation".
c. It used to mean "a person who only occasionally works at home" .
d. It used to mean "a person who regularly travels to work".
e. No relevant information is given in the narration.
[4] Why did domestic workers have to work for such long hours every day?
a. Because it was extremely hard for them to make their living.
b. Because the feudallord, or the church, required them to.
c. Because the number of people working at home was declining.
d. Because working outside was very comfortable.
e. No relevant information is given in the narration
- 32 -
Session 16: Time in Medieval Europe
【解答例】
[1] c
[2] d
[3] e
[4] a
2001 年度 文系 Listening Practice
Listen to the tape, read the following statements, and mark ( a) if the statement is true according
to the tape, mark (b) if it clearly contradicts what is said on the tape, mark ( c) if it cannot be
judged from what is said on the tape. The tape will be played TWICE.
(1) Self-employed people have always worked in their own homes.
(2) In the nineteenth century, people who weren't self-employed had to go to work in other
people's house
(3) In the nineteenth century, people who worked longer hours were not necessarily better paid.
(4) In the nineteenth century, those who weren't self-employed preferred to be paid by the total
working hours than by the amount of work they completed.
(5) The word "commuter" didn't exist in print before 1860.
(6) By 1860 two-thirds of the working population in France actually traveled regularly to work.
【解答例】
(1) a
(2) b
(3) a
※全体をまとめると、「自宅外の工場や店で働く方が better
paid であり、それ以外の時間は自由」→ a
(4) c
(5) a
(6) b
「1900 年頃までは、フランスのおそらく 2/3 の人々が自宅
で働いていた。
」とあるので(6)は明らかに誤り。
- 33 -
Session 17: Arresting the Flux of Life
SESSION 17 Arresting the Flux of Life
Session 17: Arresting the Flux of Life
出題回数
Reading
：2 回
2000L 2001L 2002 2003 2004
Listening
：1 回
2000L 2001L 2002 2003 2004
2001 年度 文系 P176 l11~
以下の文章を読んで設問に答えなさい。
Whether by accident or design, snapshots do on occasion portray with satisfying formal vigor
moments that seem excised from the
seamless flow of life. For one thing, the portability of the
(あ)
instrument enabled the user to view actuality from excitingly different vantage points, as in a
1900 image made by French novelist Émile Zola from the Eiffel Tower looking down. In its
organization of space it presented an intriguing pattern of architectural members and human
figures, (い)the fascination with spatial enigmas that would be explored more fully by
photographers in the 1910s and '20s. (
う
), the small camera made possible the refreshing
directness visible in images of small-town life by Horace Engle, an American engineer who used
a Gray Stirn Concealed Vest camera before turning to the Kodak. Because the camera was so
easy to use, a photographer stationed behind a window or door, as Engle sometimes was, might
intuitively manage light and form to explore private gestures and expressions that almost certainly
would be withheld were his presence known. This urge to ensnare ephemeral time, so to speak,
also foreshadowed developments of the late 1920s when the sophisticated small Leica camera
made "candid" street photography a serious pursuit among photojournalists. Viewed in sequence
rather than singly, snapshots sometimes suggest an underlying theme or the emotional texture of
an event (
え
) later photojournalistic picture stories and might be considered forerunners in
this sense, too.
[1] この文脈において下線部(あ)を入れ替えるのに最も適切な語を下の a-e の中から１つ
選び、解答欄のマークを塗りつぶしなさい。
a. characterless
b. ephemeral
c. insipid
d. incessant
e. rapid
[2] 本文で使われている動詞を適切に変化させて空所(い)を埋めなさい。
[3] 空所(う)に入れる語句として最も適切なものを下の(a)-(e)の中から 1 つ選び、解答
欄のマークを塗りつぶしなさい。
a. In contrast
b. Accordingly
c. As it happened
e. In a different vein
- 34 -
d. As a matter of fact
Session 17: Arresting the Flux of Life
[4] 空所(え)に入れる語句として最も適切なものを下の(a)-(e)の中から 1 つ選び、解答
欄のマークを塗りつぶしなさい。
a. in favor of
b. in place of
c. in the wake of
d. in the manner of
e. in opposition to
[5] ここで紹介されている Horace Engle の作品は、どのような点で以前と違う写真が撮れ
るようになった例として出されているか。解答欄に 20 字～ 30 字の日本語で説明しなさい。
【解答例】
[1] a (characterless) 平凡な(つかみ所のない)時間の流れから切り取る→力強さ
平凡な←→つかの間の
characterless
:平凡な
emphemeral
:つかの間の
insipid
:鮮度の落ちた
incessant
:(悪いことが)絶え間ない
rapid
:速い、急な
[2] foreshadowing (最後から 2 文目にある)
[3] e (In a different vein)
[4] d (in the manner of)
[5] 光とフォルムを瞬間的に把握し、ごく自然な仕草や表情を取れる点。
or 写真家の存在を感じさせない、自然な仕草や表情を取れる点。
【訳文】(語学マスター提供)
偶然にしろ予定されていたことにしろ、スナップショットは時折見るものを満足させ
る力強い描写力で、繋ぎ目のない生命の流れから切り取られたような瞬間を描写するこ
とがある。一つには、この道具が持ち運び可能であるため、写真を撮る人は、フランス
の作家、エミール・ゾラが 1900 年に撮ったエッフェル塔から見下ろす写真のような、全
く新しい面白い視点から眺めることが可能になった。この空間の構成は鋼材と人物像の
成す魅力的なパターンを見せており、1910・20 年代の写真家によってより一層深く探索
されることになる、空間の不思議が持つ魅力を予感させる。別の面では、小型カメラに
よって、コダックのカメラに戻る前に Gray Stirn Concealed Vest カメラを使っていたアメ
リカ人技師のホラース・エングルが撮った小さな町での生活の写真に見られる、新しい
率直さを捕らえることが可能になった。カメラの扱いは非常に簡単だったため、写真家
はエングルがしたように窓やドアの後ろに場所を取り、写真家の存在を悟られたら見ら
れないような個人的なしぐさや表情を探るための光とフォルムを直感的に把握すること
が出来ただろう。このような、束の間の時間を捕らえたいという衝動もまた、言ってみ
れば報道写真家たちが精密なライカカメラによるストリートのありのままを収めた写真
- 35 -
Session 17: Arresting the Flux of Life
を、真剣に仕事として考えるようになった 1920 年代の発展を予兆するものでもある。単
発で撮られるよりも連続して撮られることで、スナップショットは時に、後にフォト・
ジャーナルがとった写真で綴られた物語の手法で、出来事の背後にある主題や感情的な
構成を描き出した。この意味でも、先駆者と言えるかもしれない。
2000 年度 文系 P178 l12~
以下の文章を読んで設問に答えなさい。
Though the Kodak in itself was limited in scope, its spontaneity appealed to many serious
photographers, who armed themselves with a more sensitive apparatus of a similar nature ― the
hand camera ― to produce the kind of imagery that for want of a better term has come to be
called documentation. Turning to the quotidian life of cities and villages for inspiration, artists
used the hand camera as a sketchbook, Pictorialists tried to evoke the urban tempo, and still other
found it a disarming device with which to conquer the anonymity of modern life. Serious workers
rather than snapshooters, this new breed of image-maker sought to express a personal vision that
embraced the special qualities of the time and place in which they lived
Street life began to attract hand camera enthusiasts ( and some using larger equipment, as
well) partly because it offered an uncommon panorama of picturesque subjects. Previously,
photographers in search of visual antidotes for the depressing uniformity of life in industrialized
societies had either ventured abroad to exotic lands or had searched out quaint pastoral villages as
yet untouched by industrial activity. They also had photographed the city's poor and ethnic
minorities for their picturesqueness. As urbanization advanced, documentarians, Pictorialists,
hand-camera enthusiasts, and even some who worked with large-format cameras were drawn by
the animated and vigorous street life in the city to depict with less artifice the variety of peoples
and experiences to be found in urban slum and working-class neighborhoods.
以下の文章は、問題文で言われていることをまとめたものです。
While the photographers of the past had looked at the city (
photographers came to see it (
(
3
2
1
), the new breed of
). This change was at least partly brought about by
).
[1-2] 空欄(1)と(2)に入れるフレーズとして適当なものをすべて選びなさい。いずれのカ
ッコにも 3 つの答えが入ります。
a. as active and energetic
b. as a dangerous environment
c. as depressingly uniform
d. as inhabited by anonymous people
e. as inhabited by colorfully varied peoples
f. as marvelously industrialized
- 36 -
Session 17: Arresting the Flux of Life
g. for personal inspiration
h. mostly with negative feelings
[3] 空欄(3)に入れるフレーズとして最も適当なものを次の選択肢の中から 1 つ選び、解
答欄のマークを塗りつぶしなさい。
a. the deepening anonymity of modern life
b. the exotic scenes in urban slums which they now appreciated
c. the new availability of quality cameras that were easier to handle
d. the increase in the number of ethnic minorities
【解答例】
[1] c, d, h
[2] a, e, g (e の colorfully は微妙。）
[3] b
【文の構造】
Though...
...to evoke the urban tempo,
found it ...
and still other
the anonymity of modern life.
Serious workers...
... in which they lived.
Street life ...
Preveously
As urbanization advanced,...
新しい写真家
昔の写真家
【単語】
limited in scope :視野が狭い
spontaneity :the quality of being spontaneous; 自発性
imagery
:[U] pictures, photographs, etc.
- 37 -
Session 17: Arresting the Flux of Life
term
:(ある種の)専門用語
quotidian
:ordinary; typical of what happens every day; ありふれた、毎日起こる
inspiration :the process that takes place when somebody sees or hears something that causes
them to have exciting new ideas or makes them want to create something.
Pictorialist :芸術的意志を持って絵画的写真を撮ろうとする芸術家のこと
anonymity :the state of remaining unknown to most other people; 匿名性
breed
:a particular sort or kind; 種類
sought
:seek の過去形
embrace
:to include something; 内包する
panorama
:a set of pictures that represents all the different aspects of a particular subject; 全景
picturesque :visually attractive in an unusual manner; 絵になる
antidote
:anything that takes away the effects of something unpleasant; 解毒剤
venture
:to go somewhere even though you know that might be dangerous or unpleasant
;冒険する
quaint
:attractive in an unusual or old-fashioned way; 古風で趣のある
pastoral
:showing country life or the countryside in a romantic way; 牧歌的な、素朴で叙情
的な
animated
:full of energy; 活気のある
with less artifice :more casually or spontaneously
【訳文】(語学マスター 提供 一部改変)
コダックのカメラの撮影視野は狭いが、そのカメラで撮影できる写真の偶然性は、も
っと感度のよい同じタイプのカメラ機材一式・ハンディカメラを装備した写真家を魅了
し、もっとよい言葉がないのでドキュメンタリーと呼ばれるようになる像を生み出した。
芸術家たちは刺激を求めて都市や村の日常生活に再度目を向け、スケッチブックの代わ
りにハンディカメラを持った。絵画的写真を撮ろうとする写真家達は都市のテンポを喚
起しようとしていたが、他の写真家達はカメラを、現代生活の匿名性を克服して心を穏
やかにする器械としてみるようになった。この新しい映像作成者達はスナップショット
を撮る写真家より真剣な写真家となって、彼ら自身が生きた時間や場所が持つ特別な価
値を内包する私的な視点を表現する方法を探した。
街路に見える日常の風景がハンディカメラの熱心な愛好家(中にはもっと大きなカメラ
を使う人もいたが)を魅了しはじめていたのは、一部には、街路では絵になる平凡でない
被写体の全景が撮影できるからだった。最近では、工業国の生活の、気が滅入るような
単調さから救うための見る解毒剤を探す写真家は、異国情緒のある土地を求めて海外に
行ったり、過ぎし時代を感じさせる、まだ工業の活動に毒されていない牧歌的な村を探
し出したりしている。彼らは絵になる被写体を求めて都市の貧しい人々や少数民族を写
真に撮ったりもした。都市化が進むにつれて、ドキュメンタリー写真の作家や絵画的写
真を撮ろうとする写真家、ハンディカメラ愛好家、そしてもっと大きなフォーマット
(判？)のカメラを使う写真家たちまでが、都市のスラムや労働階級が住む近辺で見られ
- 38 -
Session 17: Arresting the Flux of Life
る沢山の種類の人々や経験をなるべく飾ることなく描写しようとして、生き生きとして
活気のあるストリートの生活に引き込まれるのである。
Listening Practice (一部省略)
(...)
Technically, one obvious difference is the angle of the camera. Domon's photo was taken from a
high position, whereas Kimura's camera was set at his own eye level. The eye level camera in this
photo strengthens the impression that the photographer is a mere bystander, interested not in the
people before him, but only in capturing a passing moment.
Domon, on the other hand, is actively involved in what's happening before his eyes. He
moves around and chooses the right position, the precise position that allows him to grasp his
subject in the most convincing way. These other examples of Domon's work clearly show that his
interest is in people, especially the rich and colorful expressions that emerge on the faces of
children at play. He is empathetic with them. He is an observer, yet he is also a participant. He
seems unable not to project himself onto his subjects.
(...)
2000 年度 文系 Listening Practice
テープを聴いて、以下の英語の要約を完成させなさい。各空欄に入る語(句)を１語ずつ選
んで、解答欄のマークを塗りつぶしなさい。
Kimura's camera is set at his own eye level. He seems to be a distant observer, a( n) ( 1
), more interested in the (
Domon (
(n) (
4
2 ) as a whole than the (
3
) in it. On hte other hand,
) and chooses the right position to effectively grasp his subject. He seems to be a
5 ) as well as an observer, an artist who tends to (
6
) himself onto his subjects.
a. participant
b. bystander
c. individuals
d. capture
e. project
f. exert
g. scene
h. foreground
i. background
j. moves around
k. stands still
l. thinks twice
【解答例】
(1) b (bystander)
(2) g (scene)
(5) a (participant)
(6) e (project)
(3) c (individuals)
- 39 -
(4) j (moves around)
Session 18: Our Myriad-Dressed Shakespeare
SESSION 18
Our Myriad-Dressed Shakespeare
Session 18: Our Myriad-Dressed Shakespeare
出題回数
Reading
：1 回 2000S 2001L 2002 2003 2004
Listening
：2 回 2000S 2001S 2002 2003 2004
2001 年度 文系 P194 l5~
以下の太字対になっている(1)-(5)のセンテンスには、取り去るべき単語がそれぞれ１つ
ずつ含まれている。各センテンスについて下線の引いてある a-l の語の中からその単語を
選び、解答欄のマークを塗りつぶしなさい。
(1)Today, costume is regarded
(d)
but
as
(k)
(e)
only
(c)
for Elizabethan theatre companies,
( f)
in the play scripts
( l)
( a)
as
(b)
one element of the whole theatrical experience,
it
(g)
was certainly
( h)
as important
( i)
a resource
(j)
themselves. When a theatre burned, the first two things to be rescued
were costumes and play scripts, for costumes were unbelievable expensive. ( 2)(a)In the accounts
of Edward Allen, leading actor of Shakespeare's rival company the Admiral's Men,
￡ 20 10s 6d.
gold',
(f)
for his 'black velvet cloak with sleeves embro[ i]dered
(c )
which
(g)
is
more
(h)
than a third of
( i)
Stradford-upon-Avon. (3)We
considered
( e)
with
its exquisite
(k)
(f)
a spectacle
(a)
( g)
what Shakespeare
(j )
can naturally assume
( b)
( l)
with silver and
(d)
paid
( k)
(e)
for his house in
(l)
that costume
on stage, astonishing and delighting
material, elaborate embroidery
all
( h)
record
( b)
( c)
itself
the audience
( i)
(d)
was
with
(j)
and sparkling accessories. We have to
remember that Shakespeare (1564-1616) lived in an age when England was rising to become a
world power, and that costume symbolised economic strength and authority. ( 4)Rich, finely clad
merchants
(a)
garments
even
actors,
(c)
(l)
stalked along the streets and noblemen proudly exhibited their splendid
(b)
not
(i)
ornaments
( d)
(h)
on
(c)
so
(j)
of
(e)
the stage,
(d)
much to see
the age
(f)
( k)
where
(e)
they occasionally sat, close
(f)
themselves
was mirrored
( l)
as to be seen. (5)The glamour
by
( g)
to the performing
( g)
the
(h)
gorgeous costumes
(i)
( j)
( a)
and
which
(k)
( b)
glitter
adorned
the stage.
【解答例】
(1) k (in)
(2) a (In)
(4) k (themselves)
(3) e (with)
(5) c (ornaments)
【訳文】(語学マスター 提供)
今日では，衣装は劇全体のほんの―要素としか見なされていない。しかし，エリザ
ベス時代の劇団にとっては，衣装は脚本と同じくらい重要な財産だった。劇場が火事に
なると，まず救出するべき二つのものは，衣装と脚本だった。というのも，衣装は信じ
られないくらい高価だったからだ。エドワード・アレンの報告では，シェイクスピアの
- 40 -
Session 18: Our Myriad-Dressed Shakespeare
ライバル劇団だった海軍提督一座の看板俳優の「袖を全て金と銀で刺繍した黒のビロー
ドマント」は，20 ボンド 10 シリング 6 ペンスと記録に残っている。これは，ストラトフ
ォード・アポン・エイボンにあったシェイクスピアの家の値段の三分の一以上だ。衣装
自体が，舞台上の一つのショーであって，美しい素材や，手の込んだ刺繍に輝く装飾品
が，観客に驚きと喜びをもたらしたことを容易に想像することができる。ここで，シェ
イクスピア(1564-1616 年)は，イングランドが世界の強国に昇りつつあった時代に生き，
衣装は経済力の強さと権威の象徴であったことを，考え合わせなければならない。裕福
で立派に着飾った商人は通りを闊歩し，貴族は誇らしげに豪華な衣服を見せつけていた。
時には見るためじゃなく，見られるために，俳優の近く舞台上にさえ座ったものだ。こ
の時代の魅力と煌びやかさは，舞台を飾る豪華な衣装に映し出されるのだ。
Listening Practice 全文
The Merchant of Venice, you all know the story. Shylock lends money to Antonio. If Antonio
can't pay it back in time, he has to give Shylock a pound of his own flesh. And of course, he can't
pay it back. A trial follows. Portia, Antonio's friend's new wife, appears in court disguised and
acts as judge. "All right," she says to Shylock, "You can cut off a pound of Antonio's flesh as it
stated in the bond." Shylock happily begins to go about his business. "But wait a minute," says
Portia, "The bond allows you to take Antonio's flesh, but not his blood. Not a drop. OK?". . .
Poor Shylock. There's nothing he can do about it.
Poeple tend to see this story as a warning against greed and hatred. Shylock is rightly
punished, they think, for being so vicious. But this doesn't really make sense. A promise is a
promise. And it's Antonio's fault if he makes a foolish promise and can't keep it.
One economist proposes that we see in this play the opposition of two communities. One
thing noticeable about Antonio and his friends is that they are constantly calling each other
"friend." The Christian community they belong to acts on the principle of friendship. Naturally,
it's not a good idea in this community to lend money to each other. But there are times when you
simply have to borrow. What can you do? Go to somebody you don't have to be friends with.
And for the Christian Antonio, Shylock the Jew was exactly that somebody.
The Jew in the play don't talk so much about friendship. Not that they are unfriendly. They
just don't talk about it all the time. Their community acts on the principle of business and law.
The Jewish moneylenders were not exactly loved by Christians, but their presence was necessary
to them as long as they acted on the principle of friendship.
At the trial, Portia appeals to Shylock to have mercy. But mercy is powerless before the
logic of business and law. The cleverness of Portia lies in the fact that she then ignores mercy and
appeals to the language Shylock understands. In Shakespeare's own words, she says,
- 41 -
Session 18: Our Myriad-Dressed Shakespeare
This bond doth give thee here no jot of blood:
The words expressly are 'a pound of flesh.'
Take then thy bond, take thou thy pound of flesh;
But, in the cutting it, if thou dost shed
One drop of Christian blood, thy lands and goods
Are, by the laws of Venice, confiscate
Unto the state of Venice.
What she does is to outdo Shylock in following the logic of business and law. By following
Shylock's principle further than Shylock himself, Portia defeats him. Therefore, even though
Antonio wins, thanks to her, and the Christians do show mercy to the defeated Shylock, the
Christian principle never really wins. Friendship and mercy have no power in this play. Perhaps
we can see here a sign of decline of the old principle of friendship. In fact, we might even be able
to say that The Merchant of Venice predicts the arrival of capitalism.
2001 年度 理系 Listening Practice
Listen to the tape and fill in blanks (ア)-(オ) with the exact words you hear on the tape. The
tape will be played TWICE.
The Merchant of Venice. You all know the story. Shylock lends money to Antonio. If Antonio
can't pay it back in time, he has to give Shylock a pound of his own flesh. And of course, he can't
pay it back. A trial follows. Portia, Antonio's friend's new wife, (ア)
and acts as
judge. "All right, " she says to Shylock, you can cut off a pound of Antonio's flesh, as is stated in
the bond. Shylock happily begins to (イ)
," but wait a minute, " says Portia. "(ウ)
to take Antonio's flesh, but not his blood. Not a drop, OK?" Poor Shylock. There's
nothing he can do about it.
People tend to see this story as a (エ)
for being so vicious. But this (オ)
. Shylock is rightly punished, they think,
. A promise is a promise, and it's Antonio's fault if
he makes a foolish promise and can't keep it.
【解答例】
(ア)appears in court disguised
(イ)go about his business
(ウ)the bond allows you
(エ)warning against greed and hatred
(オ)doesn't really make sense
- 42 -
Session 18: Our Myriad-Dressed Shakespeare
2004 年度 Listening Practice
朗読を聞いて、[1]-[4]の設問に答えなさい。
[1] Why does the narrator say “of course” in the early part of the narration, explaining Antonio's
behavior?
a) Because everyone knows that Antonio is very poor.
b) Because it is apparent that Shylock lent him a lot of money.
c) Because lending money and asking for someone's flesh as a bond is obviously ridiculous.
d) Because the listeners are expected to know and/or anticipate the plot line.
e) Because there were many similar cases in contemporary Venice.
[2] Which of the following correctly reflects the Christian principle, according to the information
provided in the narration?
a) A Christian cannot make friends with a non-Christian.
b) Every two Christians are supposed to be friends with one another.
c) Its emphasis is on business and law.
d) Lending and borrowing money is forbidden.
e) NONE of the above is correct.
[3] Which of the following does NOT happen in the story as told in the narration?
a) Antonio and Portia show mercy to Shylock.
b) Antonio throws himself on Shylock's mercy.
c) Portia encourages Shylock to show mercy to Antonio.
d) Shylock extends no mercy to Antonio.
e) All of the above DO happen.
[4] How can the interpretation of the story presented in the narration be best summarized?
a) The Christians lose; the Christian principle rules; the Jew wins.
b) The Christians lose; the Jewish principle rules; the Jew wins.
c) The Christians lose; no particular principle rules; the Jew wins.
d) The Christians win; no particular principle rules; the Jew loses.
e) The Christians win; the Christian principle rules; the Jew loses.
f) The Christians win; the Jewish principle rules; the Jew loses.
【解答例】
[1] d
[3] b
[2] b
※ d について：お金の貸し借りは禁止はされていない。
※微妙。a は最終段落にそれらしき記述があるが、b は記述なし。
[4] f
- 43 -
Session 19: The Jurassic According to Hollywood
SESSION 19 The Jurassic According to Hollywood
Session 19: The Jurassic According to Hollywood
出題回数
Reading
：2 回 2000 2001L 2002 2003 2004
Listening
：2 回 2000 2001S 2002 2003 2004
2001 年度 文系 P198 l3~
以下の文章を読んで設問に答えなさい。
For me, the most revealing moment in Jurassic Park occurs early in the film, as paleontologist
Alan Grant ( あ ) to his assistants on the genealogical relationships of dinosaurs and birds, as
( い ) by a skeleton, just unearthed, of the small dinosaur Velociraptor. Grant correctly points to
several anatomical features that suggest a link ― hollow bones and a birdlike pelvis, for example.
He then ends his discourse with the supposed clincher: (う)"Even the word raptor means ‘bird of
prey.’"
Consider the absurdity of this last pronouncement. First, Grant is flat wrong. Reptor, from
the Latin rapere ('to seize," or "to take by force"), is an old English word, traced to the early
seventeenth century and first applied to humans, not birds, in its literal meaning. Later zoologists
borrowed it as a technical name for large carnivorous birds.
More important, Grant's error ( え ) in confusing a human construction ― and an arbitrary
one at that ― with an empirical reality. The word is not the thing; the representation not the
reality. The bones of Velociraptor speak of the relationship with birds; the name that we bestowed
on the creature is only our fabrication.
All records of history ( A ), yet factual reality ( お ) our partially attainable goal. ( You
will never get practicing scientists like me to ( か ) postmodernist relativism in pure form; we
spend too much time ( き ) in the daily and excruciatingly tedious tasks of cage cleaning and
sample preparation to believe that knowledge is ( B ).)
[1] 下線部(う)において Grant は何を主張するためにこのような言い方をしたのか。20 字
程度の日本語で記なさい。
[2]Grant の犯したふたつの間違いをめぐる以下の説明の中から、それぞれについて最も適
切なものをしたの a-e のなかから１つずつ選び、解答欄のマークを塗りつぶしなさい。
(i)Grant is wrong, firstly because:
a. the word raptor comes from the Latin word rapere.
b. the word raptor was first applied to humans, not birds.
c. the word raptor's original meaning is "to seize" or "to take by force."
- 44 -
Session 19: The Jurassic According to Hollywood
d. the word raptor was borrowed by zoologists from the Latin word rapere.
e. the word raptor is an old English word from the early seventeenth century.
(ii)Grant is wrong, secondly because:
a. The name is only a fabrication by humans.
b. The empirical reality cannot be regarded as human construction.
c. The word, the representation, and the name are not the same thing.
d. The human construction should not be confused with an arbitrary one.
e. The bones can only speak of the relationship with birds, not the reality.
[3] 空所(A)(B)に入れる語句の組み合わせとして最も適切なものを下の a-d の中から１
つ選び、解答欄のマークを塗りつぶしなさい。
a. (A)must have some truth
(B)nothing but social construction
b. (A)must present biases
(B)anything but social construction
c. (A)must have some truth
(B)anything but social construction
d. (A)must present biases
(B)nothing but social construction
[4] 空所(あ)(い)(え)(お)(か)(き)に入れるべき動詞の原形を下の a-f の中から１つずつ
選び、解答欄のマークを塗りつぶしなさい。
a. discourse
b. engage
c. espouse
d. lie
e. illustrate
f. remain
【解答例】
[1]ヴェロキラプトルと鳥は系統的に近いこと
[2](i) b
(ii) a
[3] d
[4] (あ) a (discourses)
(お) f (remains)
(い) e (illustrated)
(え) d (lies)
(か) c (espouse)
(き) b (engaged)
【単語】
paleontologist
:scientist who deals with fossils and ancient animal life; 古生物学者
discourse
:to lecture, to explain; 説明する
unearth
:to find something in the ground by digging; 掘り出す
anatomy
:the scientific study of the structure of human or animal bodies; 解剖学
hollow
:having a hole or empty space within; 中空の
pelvis
:骨盤
clincher
:a fact, a remarks or an event that settles the argument; 決めの文句
carnivorous :flesh-eating; 肉食性の
empirical
:based on experiments or experience rather than ideas or theories;
- 45 -
Session 19: The Jurassic According to Hollywood
実験による、実証可能な
bestow
:to give something to somebody, especially to show how much they are respected;
授ける
fabrication :でっちあげ
attainable
:that you can achieve; 到達できる、成し遂げられる
espouse
:to give your support to something; 支持する
postmodernist relativism:ポストモダン思想が得意とする相対主義
excruciatingly tedious
:ひどくつまらない
【訳文】(語学マスター 提供)
「ジュラシック・パーク」の中で，私にとってもっとも重要なことは，映画の最初
の方で出てきた。古生物学者のアラン・グラントが彼の助手に，骨格の図だけが描かれ
た，発掘されたばかりの小さなヴェロキラプトルという名の恐竜について，恐竜と鳥の
系統学的な関係を解説したシーンである。グラントは，中空の骨や，鳥に似た骨盤など，
その関連を示す体のつくりの特徴を正確にいくつも指摘した。そして彼は自分の説明を，
決め文句のつもりで，次のように終えた。「まさにラプトルという単語は，猛禽という意
味を表すのだ。
」
この発言の最後にある矛盾を考えてみよう。第一に，グラントは単に間違えている。
Rapter という単語は，ラテン語の rapere(捉える，取り押さえる)に由来する古い英語で，17
世紀初頭から使われていた。文字通りの意味で，最初は鳥ではなく，人に対して用いら
れた。後になって，動物学者が，大型の肉食鳥類の学名にその単語を借用したのである。
更に重要なことは，グラントの間違いが，経験に基づく事実に裏づけされた必然性
のない考えを混乱させていることにあることだ。単語はそのもの自身ではないし，表現
は真実ではない。ヴェロキラプトルの骨は，鳥との関連性は語ってくれるが，その名前
は我々がその生物に付けた作り事でしかない。
全ての歴史の記録には偏りがある。それでも事実に基づく真実は，我々には，一部
達成可能な目標であり続ける。(私のような，ポスト・モダニズム思想が得意とする相対
主義を純粋な形で支持する実践派の科学者は二度とお目にはかかれないだろう。我々は，
知識なんていうものは，社会的に構成される物に過ぎない事を理解するまでに，余りに
も多くの日々を，ゲ―ジの洗浄やサンプルの処理のような苦痛で退屈な仕事に費やした)。
2002 年度 P204 l9~
次の文章を読んで、
［1]-[5］の設問に答えなさい。
Michael Crichton understood these limitations perfectly well. John Hammond, the godfather
- 46 -
Session 19: The Jurassic According to Hollywood
of Jurassic Park, admits that his scientists couldn't reconstitute an entire dinosaur code, so they
patched in some frog DNA to supply the missing pieces. This lame solution ( to a real problem)
embodies the worst stereotype of science as a[ n](
ア
) enterprise ― just mix the right
ingredients (or the best surrogates) and the desired entity will emerge. But organisms are not
simple sums of (imperfect) parts. You cannot dump in eighty percent of the required pieces, then
add twenty percent of
things close enough, and emerge with
(イ)
a functioning totality (frogs
(ウ)
aren't even genealogically near dinosaurs ― why not use birds?).
We must debunk the silly idea that scientists are wizards who break, totalities into little bits
of chemistry and physics and then know the essence of the thing itself, thereby gaining the power
to build it anew from basic constituents ― shades of Hollywood's Frankenstein myth. Complex,
whole organisms have emergent properties that arise non-additively ( to use the technical term)
from interactions among their parts and cannot be predicted or
together.
(オ)
built by simply stringing the bits
( エ)
We cannot decompose intelligence ( or anything else) into percentages of nature and
nurture; we must study organisms at their own level, in all their multifariousness and interactive
complexity.
[1](ア)に入る単語として最も適切なものを１つ選んで、その記号を記入せよ。
a. analyst
b. holist
c. idealist
d. materialist
e. pragmatist
f. reductionist
[2][3]文中で述べられている Jurassic Park の物語の中で、下線部(イ)、(ウ)に相当するも
のは何か。下記からそれぞれ最も適切なものを１つずつ選んで、その記号を記入せよ。(イ)
は[1]に、(ウ)は[2]に対応するものとする。
a. bird
b. bird code
c. dinosaur
d. dinosaur code
e. frog
f. frog code
[4]下線部(エ)を含む動詞句の主語はどれか。下記から最も適切なものを１つ選んでその
記号を記入せよ。
a. complex
b. interactions
c. organisms
d. parts
e. properties
[5]下線部(オ)の理由として最も適切なものを下記から１つ選んで、その記号を記入せよ。
a. Because intelligence is not a thing of chemistry and physics.
b. Because intelligence is an emergent property.
c. Because nurture is not the best surrogate for nature.
d. Because we are not allowed to conduct any experiment to measure intelligence.
e. Because we cannot have a rigid definition of intelligence.
【解答例】
[1] f (reductionist)
[2] f (frog code)
[3] d (dinosaur code)
- 47 -
Session 19: The Jurassic According to Hollywood
[4] c (organisms)
[5] a （←生物は単なるパーツの和ではない。（物理や化学の世界
には線形性という性質があり、これによりすべての現象は適切なパーツの和で表現され
る。）
）
※ emergent: new and still developing. in the process of coming into being
【単語】
lame
:weak, clumsy ; 説得力のない、不十分な
reductionist :還元主義的な
reductionism: a tendency to explain complex phenomena or structures by simple principles
surrogate
:substitute, especially a person deputizing for another in a specific role or office.
:代理のもの
※ deputize: 代理を務める(for)
genealogy :the study of family history, including the study of who the ancestors of a particular
person were ; 家系、系統
debunk
→ genealogically: 系統的に
:to expose the falseness of an idea or beliefe; 正体を暴く
non-additively :非加算的に
decompose :to divide something into smaller parts; 分解する
multifariousness :great variety
【訳文】(語学マスター 提供)
マイケル・クレイトンはこの限界を良く理解していた。「ジュラジック・バーク」の
生みの親であるジョン・ハモンドは，科学者たちが恐竜の遺伝子を完全に復元すること
が出来ず，遺伝子の足りない部分を蛙の DNA を継ぎ足すことで補ったことを認めている。
このような(本当の問題に対する)安直な解決策に，正しい成分(或いは最も近い代用物)
を混ぜれば，望みどおりのものが完成するという，還元主義的な試みにも似た科学に対
するひどい固定観念が見て取れる。しかし，生物は単なる(不完全な)パーツの和ではな
い。必要な部品を 80 ％得て，それに残りの部分の代用品を加えただけでは生物は出来て
こないのである(蛙は系統学的には恐竜とは近くないしね。何故鳥を使わなかったん
だ？)。
科学者は魔法使いで，ものを細かい化学破片に分けることが出来るし，ものの本質
を知っているし，ハリウッドでのフランケンシュタインの話などに影響を及ぼしている
ような，基本的な構成要素から生物を再生させる力を持っているよ，というばかげた考
えを，我々は打ち破る必要がある。複雑な生物は創発性(技術用語を使うと)を持ってお
り，部品を集めても，生物がどんなものだったか予想したり，くっつけ合わせたりする
ことははできないのである。我々は知性(或いは何か)を分解して，どれが生まれつきの
もので，どれが教育の結果だというような考え方はできない。我々が生物を考えるとき
は，その生物の視点に立って，その生物が持っていた周囲との複雑な関係も全て含める
必要がある。
- 48 -
Session 19: The Jurassic According to Hollywood
2000 年度 文系 P204 l33~
以下の文章を読んで設問に答えなさい。
Hollywood seems to know only one theme in (
1
) the power of science ― hubris,
otherwise rendered (in old-style language) as "man must not go where God ( or nature's laws)
did not intended." The movies, throughout scores of versions, have (
2
) Mary Shelley's
moral tale about the responsibility of creators toward their "offsprings" into a story of technology
transgressing the boundaries of its legitimate operation ( not a word can be found in Shelley about
the dangers of science or technology; nor did she discourse on what God did or did not (
3
)
us to do).
Given the weight of such
an overbearing tradition, the film of Jurassic Park inevitably
(ア)
took this same hackneyed course: The theme-park proprietors shouldn't have remade the dinosaurs
because such a project (
4 ) nature's intended course ― and human malefactors must
therefore pay the price.
[1] 空欄(1)に入れる語として最も適当なものを次の選択肢の中から１つ選び、解答欄の
マークを塗りつぶしなさい。
a. improving
b. treating
c. increasing
d. praising
[2] 空欄(2)に入れる語として最も適当なものを次の選択肢の中から１つ選び、解答欄の
マークを塗りつぶしなさい。
a. followed
b. glorified
c. distorted
d. ignored
[3] 空欄(3)に入れる語として最も適当なものを次の選択肢の中から１つ選び、解答欄の
マークを塗りつぶしなさい。
a. help
b. force
c. convince
d. license
[4] 空欄(4)に入れる語として最も適当なものを次の選択肢の中から１つ選び、解答欄の
マークを塗りつぶしなさい。
a. violates
b. takes
c. determines
d. runs
[ア] 下線部(ア)の an overbearing tradition とは具体的に何を指しているか。20 ～ 30 字程
度の日本語で答えなさい。
【解答例】
[1] b (treating)
[2] c (distorted)
[3] d (license)
[4] a (violates)
[ア] 行き過ぎた科学技術の行使に対する報いが人間に下るという、映画の陳腐な展開。
- 49 -
Session 19: The Jurassic According to Hollywood
【単語】
hubris
:the fact of somebody being too proud; 不遜、傲慢
transgress :to go beyond the limit; 逸脱
legitimate
:for which there is a fair and acceptable reason; 適正な
license
:to allow
overbearing :trying to control other people in an unpleasant way; 横柄な、押しつけがましい
hackneyed :used too often and therefore boring; 陳腐な
proprietor
:the owner of a business, a hotel, etc.; 所有者、経営者
malefactor :a person who does wrong, illegal things; 悪人、犯罪者
Listening Practice 全文
"Hello, Dimitri. You know how we've always talked about the possibility of something going
wrong with the bomb. The bomb, Dimitri. The hydrogen bomb. ...what happened is, one of our
base commanders, he had a sort of, well, he went a little funny in the head. You know, it's a little
funny and he went and did a silly thing! Well, I'll tell you what it is. He ordered his planes to
attack your country."
A scene in the 1963 film, Dr. Strangelove. The American President talks to the Soviet Prime
Minister over the hot line. He is telling him that, by a terrible mistake, American bombers are on
their way to the Soviet Union for a wholesale nuclear attack. And the Prime Minister is drunk. It's
a scene both frightening and comic.
You'd think this kind of absurdity only belongs to the movies, but at one time a year before
this film was released, fiction very nearly became reality. During the Cuban Missile Crisis, when
the whole world was terrified by the possibility of nuclear war between the U.S. and the Soviet
Union. America's top leaders received a long and not very coherent message from the Soviet
leader, Nikita Khrushchev.
Basically, he seemed to be saying that Russia would dismantle their missiles in Cuba if the
U.S. promised not to invade Cuba. The next day, though, the Americans got another message
from Moscow, this time saying something about American missiles in Turkey. Fortunately, the
crisis was avoided after all. But for a maddening two days, reality was as absurd as Dr.
Strangelove.
Details in Dr. Strangelove are of course fictional. No American bombers have actually
attacked the Soviet Land. Yet the film does capture the fear of nuclear war felt by many in the
early 60s. It was accurate, perhaps not in details, but in reflecting the atmosphere of the time.
"We'll meet again, don't know where, don't know when.
- 50 -
Session 19: The Jurassic According to Hollywood
But I know we'll meet again some sunny day."
The world comes to an end in Dr. Strangelove. The song you hear over the mushroom
clouds is, "We'll meet again." It's certainly an ironic choice, for clearly no one will ever meet
again any more. Moreover, as a historical fact, this 1939 song was a great morale boost for
British soldiers during World War II. Nothing can be more out of place. This is one of the many
terrifying jokes in this movie.
2001 年度 理系 Listening Practice
Listen to the tape and complete the following summary, using the words from the list below.
Mark the appropriate letter on your answer sheet. The same words can be used more than once.
The tape will be played TWICE.
In Dr.Strangelove, the ( 1 ) leader tells the ( 2 ) leader that the ( 3 ) bombers are on their
way to attack his country. The ( 4 ) leader is drunk. The scene is not only frightening but at the
same time ( 5 ). But this scene almost became a ( 6 ) during the Cuban Missile Crisis, when it
seemed that a nuclear war between US and the Soviet Union might belong no longer to the world
of ( 7 ). The ( 8 ) leader received a message from the ( 9 ) leader, which was not ( 10 ). It
seemed to say that Russia might ( 11 ) their missiles in Cuba as long as the US didn't ( 12 )
the country. The ( 13 ) government received another message the next day, which said that
something had to be done about the ( 14 ) missiles in Turkey.
a. American
b. Soviet
c. fiction
d. reality
e. coherent
f. comic
g. real
h. eerie
i. invade
j . reclaim
k. dismantle
l. release
【解答例】
[1] a (American)
[2] b (Soviet)
[3] a (American)
[4] b (Soviet)
[5] f (comic)
[6] d (reality)
[7] c (fiction)
[8] a (American)
[9] b (Soviet)
[10]e (coherent) [11]k (dismantle)
[13]a (American)
[14]a (American)
[12]i (invade)
【単語】
eerie
:strange, mysterious and frightening ;不気味でぞっとするような
reclaim
:更生させる
dismantle
:取り除く
- 51 -
Session 19: The Jurassic According to Hollywood
2004 年度 Listening Practice
朗読を聞いて、[1]-[5]の設問に答えなさい。
[1-2] Choose the combination of expressions that correctly indicates the position and condition
of the person who triggered the crisis in Dr. Strangelove [ 1] and of the person who was
sending messages during the Cuban Missile Crisis:[ 2].
a) a commander / he was crazy
b) a commander / he was drunk
c) a commander / not mentioned
d) the president / he was crazy
e) the president / he was drunk
f) the president / not mentioned
g) the Soviet leader / he was crazy
h) the Soviet leader / he was drunk
i) the Soviet leader / not mentioned
j) Dr. Strangelove / not mentioned
[3-4] In the narration, which is the first action taken by the leader of the country whose weapon
became the key to each of the two crises? < The crisis in Dr. Strangelove:[ 3]; The Cuban
Missile Crisis: [4]>
a) He encouraged the other side to dismantle their missiles.
b) He sent the other side the message that could be read as if he was making a security-related
proposal.
c) He told the other side that he had ordered his commander to dismantle his own missiles.
d) He told the other side that he would give the order to stop the nuclear attack if this
country's safety was guaranteed.
e) He told the other side that nuclear bombers were about to attack their country.
f) He warned the other side not to continue the nuclear attack.
g) None of the above was taken.
[5] According to the narration, which of the following correctly explains the relationship
between the film (Dr. Strangelove) and the historical incident ( the Cuban Missile Crisis)?
a) During the incident, U.S. leaders recalled the film and feared that its story would be
realized.
b) From today's standpoint, the situation that arose in the incident seems as ridiculous as that
in the film.
c) The film and the incident share the inconsistency of the message at the beginning of the
crisis.
d) The film, featuring the U.S.-Russian hot line, is a non-fiction film based on the incident.
e) The film was completed a couple of years after the occurrence of the incident.
【解答例】
[1] a
went a little funny in the head : went crazy
- 52 -
Session 19: The Jurassic According to Hollywood
[2] i
[3] e
[4] b (d も微妙)
[5] e (これがいちばん近い。ただし映画は危機の翌年。)
- 53 -
Session 20: The New Age of Man
SESSION 20 The New Age of Man
Session 20: The New Age of Man
出題回数
Reading
：3 回
2000L 2001S 2002 2003 2004
Listening
：1 回 2000L 2001S 2002 2003 2004
2000 年度 文系 P208 l1~
以下の文章を読んで設問に答えなさい。
The traditional scientific approach to the problem of aging has been to (
1
) our
biological limits and try to rearrange the lives and the care of the elderly to make old age more
manageable. Our efforts have been largely palliative ― to put elevators in buildings, to make
public spaces accessible to wheelchairs, (
2A
), (
2B ), and even, in the case of one of the
more imaginative projects sponsored by the Centers for Disease Control, to try to make
fluid-filled pads for elderly hips and thus protect against the fractures that are such a common
form of disability in the old. The motto of the Gerontological Society of America has been "Add
(
3 ), not (
4 )," which is a statement not just of intention but of apparent fact. For a long
time, no one thought you could add (
5
).
The new field of aging is quite different. It is not a tuneup so much as an engine overhaul.
[1] 空欄(1)に入れる語として最も適当なものを次の選択肢の中から選び、解答欄のマー
クを塗りつぶしなさい。
a. deny
b. overcome
c. accept
d. break
[2] 空欄(2A-2B)に入るものとして適切なものを次の選択肢の中から２つ選び、解答欄の
マークを 2 つ塗りつぶしなさい。
a. to treat cancer by focusing on the role played by the strips of DNA at the terminal end of
our chromosomes
b. to devise better treatments for cataracts
c. to analyze aging at the cellular level
d. to perform coronary-bypass operations to cut down on chest pain
e. to devise a way to rewind the "genetic clock"
[3-4] 空欄[3][4]にはいる語句として適当なものを次の a, b から選び、解答欄のマークを
一つずつ塗りつぶしなさい。
a. life to years
b. years to life
- 54 -
Session 20: The New Age of Man
【解答例】
[1] c (accept)
[2] b, d (順不同)
[3] a
[4] b
【単語】
palliative
:a medicine or medical treatment that reduces pain without curing its cause
cataracts
:白内障
coronary-bypass operations
:冠状動脈バイパス手術
2001 年度 理系 P212 l2~
以下の文章を読んで設問に答えなさい。
Inside a fibroblast, on the end of each of its chromosomes, there is a telomere, which researchers
propose is a sort of ( あ ) device. Every time a fibroblast divides and the chromosomes inside
the cell split up in order to ( い ) new cells, the telomere gets a little shorter. The telomeres of
a ten-year-old, for example, are, on average, longer than those of a twenty-year-old, which, in
turn, are longer than those of a forty-year-old. After a fibroblast has divided about fifty times ―
which will ( う ) the average person into middle age ― the telomere is shortened to a " ( え
) length," and the timer goes off. A cell with a critically shortened telomere cannot ( お ) any
further and so the whole ( か ) operation that is used to ( き ) skin thick and ( < ) is
thrown out of whack. It's not that skin cells ( け ) ; rather, it's as if they had become ( こ ) .
[1]空所（あ）に入れるべき最も適切な１語を記しなさい。
[2]空所（い）－（こ）に入れる語句として最も適切なものを下の a-l の中から１つ選び、
解答欄のマークを塗りつぶしなさい。
a. critical
b. die
c. divide
d. form
e. keep
f. healthy
g. premature
h. regulate
i. repair
j. senile
k. take
l. thin
【解答例】
[1]timing
(い) d (form)
(う) k (take)
(え) a (critical)
(お) c (divide)
(か) i (repair)
(き) e (keep)
(く) f (healthy)
(け) b (die)
(こ) j (senile)
【単語】
fibroblast
:a cell in connective tissue which produces collagen and other fibres.
- 55 -
Session 20: The New Age of Man
結合組織形成細胞
fibro(繊維)+blast(噴出)
chromosome:染色体
out of whack: out of order; 機能しない
senile
※ whack:ぴしゃりと打つこと、およびその音
:old and disabled; 老年の、老衰した
【訳文】(語学マスター 提供)
結合組織形成細胞の中で，染色体のそれぞれの端にはテロメアという部分があり，
研究者の考案では，これは―種の時間測定装置であるという。結合組織形成細胞は常に
分裂しており，その時，細胞の中の染色体は二つの新しい細胞のために分割し，テロメ
アが少し短くなるのだ。10 歳のテロメアは平均的に 20 歳のものより長く，それはそれで，
40 年目のものよりは長い。平均的に中年になると，50 回ほど分裂した結合組織形成細胞
では，テロメアは「致命的な長さ」まで短くなり，タイマーは無くなってしまう。致命
的な長さのテロメアを持つ細胞はそれ以上分割されず，皮膚を厚く健康的に保つために
行われていた修復作用全体がぴしゃりと終わってしまう。これは皮膚の組織が死んだの
ではなく，むしろ，まるで組織が老化したようだ。
2004 年度 P214 l27~
次の文章を読んで、[1]-[10]の設問に答えなさい。
When Jonathan Swift wrote Gulliver’s Travels, in the early eighteenth century, a series of ( 1)
apparent scientific and medical breakthroughs had created a new optimism about the prospects of
extending life. The Venetian architect Luigi Cornaro’s work on how to live long, Discourses on
the Temperate Life, was reprinted in fifty editions in England through the eighteenth and
nineteenth centuries. The English philosopher Francis Bacon laid out, to great acclaim, his
theories for improving longevity, calling it medicine’s “most noble” objective. The pioneering
British doctor William Harvey autopsied a poor farmer named Thomas Parr in 1635 and
announced that he was a hundred and fifty-two years and nine months old at death ― a finding
(later discredited) that lent Parr such celebrity that he was buried in Westminster Abbey, close to
where Charles Darwin was later buried. This was the attitude that Swift was [
2
] when he
had Gulliver, upon first hearing of the Struldbruggs, rhapsodize over the possibility of
immortality. Swift’s concern was not just that people seemed to want to live forever; it was that
they still desired to live longer, even in the face of evidence that longer life only brought
increased (3)infirmity. What Swift recognized was that this desire was basically irrational: that
men were so afraid of death that they constructed an “unreasonable” fantasy of what living longer
would mean ― unreasonable because it supposed a “perpetuity of Youth, Health and Vigour”
when the real question was “not whether a Man would chuse to be always in the Prime of Youth,
attended with Prosperity and Health, but how he would pass a perpetual Life under all the unusual
Disadvantages which old Age brings along with it.”
There are ways around the problem that Swift outlined, of course. Telomere therapy
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Session 20: The New Age of Man
combined with medical interventions that address some of the other mechanisms of aging might
be a good start toward extending life without extending disability. But (4)this is all very
speculative and all very far off. For the moment, the battle against aging is characterized by an
unrestrained enthusiasm that sounds an awful lot like Gulliver when he first heard about the
Struldbruggs. Then he actually met the Struldbruggs, the living exemplars of what longer life
really was, and his fantasies about defeating death were laid to rest. He looked immorality in the
eyes and turned away: “(5)They were the most mortifying sight I had ever beheld.”
[1]下線部(1)について説明した次の文の空欄(イ)(ロ)を埋めるのに最も適切な語の組み合
わせを１つ選びなさい。
Contemporaries of Swift (イ) these achievements; the author of this passage (ロ) their value.
a) applauded / doubts
b) detested / praises
c) neglected / distrusts
d) welcomed / appreciates
[2]前後の内容を考え、空欄[2]に入りうる最も適当な語を１つ選びなさい。
a) admiring
b) mourning
c) sacrificing
d) satirizing
e) wondering
[3]文章中の意味を考え、下線部(3)と最も近い意味で使われている本文中の語を１つ選び
なさい。
a) disability
b) health
c) immortality
d) perpetuity
e) vigor
[4]下線部(4)の言い換えとして最も適切な適切な語を１つ選びなさい。
a) this is entirely possible and yet very difficult to carry out
b) this is exactly what we anticipate and a very long way from where we are
c) this is based on sheer supposition and not expected to be realized in the near future
d) this is merely what we imagine and beyond human capacity
e) this is wholly based on guessing and too far from the truth
[5]下線部(5)の mortifying には２つの意味が掛かっている。それぞれの意味を反映させた
下線部の言い換えを選び２つをマークしなさい。
a) They made me understand what outrageous longevity was really like.
b) They showed me the most unpleasant eyes I had ever seen.
c) They were so mortified that I could not take my eyes away from them.
d) They were the perfect examples of the idea of immortality that I had had in mind.
e) They were extremely displeasing to look at.
[6-9]以下の語を並べ替え、空欄部を埋めると、本文の内容を要約した一文になる。前半
（主節）は A 群、後半（従属節）は B 群の語を用いて完成し、[6]-[9]に入るものをそれ
ぞれ選びなさい。
Jonathan Swift [
][
6 ][ ][
][
7 ][ ][
- 57 -
][ ],
Session 20: The New Age of Man
because [
][
A 群 ： a) aloof
][
8 ][ ][
b) extending
9 ][
c) for
][ ].
d) from
e) himself
f) kept
g) life
h)
over-enthusiasm
B 群： a) also b) disability c)eternal d) it e) lead f) may g) to
[10]本文の内容と合致しないものを２つ選び、マークしなさい。
a) Both Swift and the author give serious consideration to the possibility that health might not
always accompany longevity.
b) Gulliver was rhapsodizing over the life in Struldbruggs, but later his passion cooled off when
he saw people there.
c) People’s blind wish to live forever seemed unreasonable to Swift, because they assumed that
they could also remain young.
d) The author of this passage thinks that even telomere therapy and other medical interventions
will never guarantee that the years added to life will be disease-free.
e) When Thomas Parr died at 152 years old, he was buried close to Charles Darwin’s grave.
【解答例】
[1] a (applauded / doubts)
[2] d (satirizing)
[4] c
[6] e
[5] a, e
[7] h
[3] a (disability)
[8] a
[9] g
(kept himself aloof from over-enthusiasm for extending life) : feadhcbg
(it may also lead to eternal disability) : dfaegcb
[10] d, e
※ d: never とは言っていない。
【訳文】(語学マスター 提供)
18 世紀頭に，ジョナサン・スウィフトが「ガリバー旅行記」を書いた時，見るも明ら
かな科学や医学の一連の大躍進は，人生の延長の見通しについて，新しい楽観主義を作
り出した。ベネチア人の建築家ルイージ・コルナ―ロのいかに長く生きるかに関しての
著作「節制生活論」は，イギリスで 18 世紀と 19 世紀を通して 50 版以上改訂されている。
イギリス人の哲学者，フランシス・ベーコンは，医学の「もっとも高貴な」目標と呼ん
だ，長寿をもたらす理論を発表して，大きな賛同を受けた。イギリス医学の先駆者的存
在，ウィリアム・ハーヴェイは 1635 年トーマス・パ―という貧しい農夫を検死して，彼
は死んだとき 152 歳と 9 ケ月であることを発表した。この発見 (後に間違っている事が
わかった)はバーをウェストミンスター寺院に埋葬させることとなり，後のチャールズ・
ダーウィンが傍に埋葬されるほどだった。このことはスウィフトが，彼のガリバーが始
めて不死者の国の話を聞いたとき，永遠の生命の可能性について熱狂的に語る事を，諷
- 58 -
Session 20: The New Age of Man
刺した態度である。スウィフトの関心事は人が永遠に生きることを欲するように思われ
ることだけではない。人々が，長い人生は不健康の増大のみしかもたらさない，という
証拠に直面してさえ，より長く生きようと要望する事である。スウィフトが認めていた
のは，この欲望が基本的に無分別だという事である。人間は余りに死を恐れたため，よ
り長く生きる事が意味する「理性的でない」空想を作り上げた。理性的でないのは，実
際の間題が「人間が常に，成功や健康を伴って若さの頂点にいることをはなく，老いと
同時に訪れる不便な状態の元で，どうやって永続の人生を過ごすのか」であるのに，そ
の空想は「永久の若さ，健康，活力」を裏書きするものだからである。
もちろん，これらの問題にはスウィフトが形作った道がある。老化の他の仕組みの研
究が，不自由な状態を延ばすことなく寿命を延ばす事に向けて，良い出発点となるとい
う，医学的活動が，テロメア療法と組み合わされている。しかし，これは全てまだ机上
の空論であり，遠い遠い先にある。現在の所，老化に対する闘いは，制御されていない
熱狂と特徴づけられる。それは，ガリバーが始めて不死者の国について聞いた時の恐ろ
しい宿命の響きに似ている。そして，ガリバーは，長い人生の生きた見本である不死者
に実際に会って，死を打ち負かすことは幻想に過ぎないと悟るようになった。彼は不死
者をその目で見て，振り返った。「今まで見た中でもっとも苦しい光景だ。」
Introduction 全文
Human beings are mortals. We all have to die. Some live longer than others, but it's safe to say
that nobody ever live to be two hundred years old. Still, people have always had fantasies about
outrageous longevity. In the Old Testament, there is a Hebrew called Methuselah who is supposed
to have lived for 969 years.
Among the optimists in modern times is the Irish writer, George Bernard Shaw, who wrote
the play called Back to Methuselah. It is about the future world where people live longer than
Methuselah thanks to the advanced civilization.
In the year 2000, an average man in a civilized country still dies at eighty something. A
seventy year old man is an old man. Twentieth century science didn't bring us eternal youth. It
only brought an understanding of why we must become old and senile.
You know that the human body is made up of cells, and that cells go on dividing themselves
to form new cells. If there were no end to this process, our body can stay young forever. But,
there is a limit to the number of times a cell can divide itself. After some fifty times, it's all over.
The cell cannot renew itself. It has to die. And as cells die massively, we age inevitably.
But what causes cells to stop dividing? Is there any timing device? Yes. Recent research has
identified the strip of DNA called the telomere that plays the trick. You learned about
chromosomes. Human beings have 23 pairs of them within the nucleus of a cell. They become
visible at cell divisions. Now, at the end of a chromosome, there is a telomere which as I said is a
- 59 -
Session 20: The New Age of Man
strip of DNA.
At its end, a telomere has a unique sequence of bases. The same set such as TTAGGG is
repeated a number of times. At each cell division, one such unit is lost making the telomere just a
little bit shorter. And after losing some fifty units, the cell stops dividing.
Now that we found out the mechanism of aging, it's hard not to ask this question. If aging
results from the shortening of the telomere, what will happen if we somehow manage to make it
longer again? Can't we be younger that way? This is really an exciting possibility. Do you want to
know more about it? Well, read the passage for our next session.
2002 年度 Introduction
The following is a brief summary of what the narrator describes. Fill in the gaps [ 1] - [5]
by choosing among the candidate words a-e.
The strip of DNA located at the end of chromosome is called a [
of a unique [
1
]. It ends with a repetition
2 ] of bases. It appears that by losing one unit at each time, a telomere counts
the number of times the [
3
make a cell stop dividing and [
] containing it divides. This information seems to be used to
4
] itself after some fixed times of division. Such a cell has
to die. This process is understood as one mechanism by which we become old and [
5
].
[1]
a. body
b. cell
c. chromosome
d. nucleus
e. telomere
[2]
a. compound
b. pair
c. process
d. sequence
e. structure
[3]
a. body
b. cell
c. chromosome
d. nucleus
e. telomere
[4]
a. conquering
b. copying
c. renewing
d. repeating
e. stopping
[5]
a. inevitable
b. moldy
c. senile
d. visible
e. young
【解答例】
[1] e (telomere)
[2] d (sequence)
[3] b (cell)
[5] c (senile)
- 60 -
[4] c (renewing)
Session 21: The Thrill of Fear
SESSION 21 The Thrill of Fear
Session 21: The Thrill of Fear
出題回数
Reading
：1 回 2000 2001S 2002 2003 2004
Listening
：1 回 2000 2001L 2002 2003 2004
2001 年度 理系 P224 l31~
以下の文章を読んで設問に答えなさい。
It looks paradoxical at best - psychotic at worst - that one might go from an hour on the Nautilus
machines or in an aerobics class, where ( あ ), directly to a screening of Night o.f the Living
Dead, which pits animated corpses against the living and lets the corpses win. If this were the
fourteenth century, the spectacle of death's ravages would admonish pride of life. The admonition
might go unheeded - ( い ), as they evidently did after the plague had claimed a third of Europe
- but there would at least be a coherent relation between the two experiences. In the twentieth
century, there seems to be none. ( う ) has carried the day; death's ravages are bearable now
only because they have been processed to ( え ) that pride instead of mortifying it. From Count
Chocula and the cutesy rituals of Halloween to the most vomit-provoking splatter film, scary
entertainments can ( お ) only because even as they apparently ( か ) the taboo against
showing the after-effects of death, they ( き ) them into affirmations of the body's
impregnability.
[1]空所（あ）を埋めるために次の単語すべてを適切に並べ替えて解答欄に記しなさい。
[ the, the, to, is, of, aliveness, body, acme, urged ]
[2]空所（い）に入れる語句として最も適切なものを下の a-e の中から１つ選び、解答欄
のマークを塗りつぶしなさい。
a. people might go on living pridefully
b. people would pridefully go to heaven
c. people might give up their pride in life
d. people would be less proud of being alive
e. people would have less pride in going to heaven
[3]空所（う）を埋めるために文中で使われている３語から成る語句を解答欄に記しなさ
い。
[4]空所（え）－（き）に入れる語句として最も適切なものを下の a-j の中から１つ選び、
解答欄のマークを塗りつぶしなさい。
- 61 -
Session 21: The Thrill of Fear
a. conceal
b. criticize
c. enhance
d. entertain
e. frighten
f. imagine
g. subdue
h. transform
i. understand
j. violate
【解答例】
[1] the body is urged to the acme of aliveness
[2] a
[4] (え)c (enhance)
(か)j (violate)
(お)d (entertain)
[3] Pride of life
(き)h (transform)
【単語】
psychotic
:suffering from severe mental illness ;精神病
acme
:the highest stage of development ;極致
ravage
:to badly damage something ;荒廃させる
admonish
:to strongly advise somebody to do something ;訓告する
unheeded
:that is heard , seen or noticed but then ignored
;注意が向けられていない、無視された
plague
:any infectious disease that kills a lot of people ;伝染病
mortify
:to make somebody feel very ashamed or embarrassed ;～に恥をかかせる
impregnability
:堅固さ、無敵さ(unable to be captured or broken into)
【訳文】(語学マスター 提供)
フィットネスマシーンやエアロビクスのクラスで生の絶頂を実感する時間から，「ゾン
ビたちの夜」という，ゾンビが人との戦いで勝つような映画を見に行くというのは，よ
く言えば，矛盾しているで済むが，悪くいえば，精神病に見える。もしこれが 14 世紀だ
ったら，死による荒廃した風景は，生の尊厳をひしひしと訴えかけたであろう。忠告は
無視されるかもしれないが，ヨーロッパの三分の一の人口を奪った疫病の後では，人々
は間違いなく尊厳を持って生を迎えるだろう。少なくとも生の尊厳と死の荒廃という二
つの経験は一貫した繋がりを持つだろう。20 世紀後半になると，そういった繋がりは全
く見られなくなった。生の尊厳が勝利を収め，死の荒廃はそれに対立するものとしてで
はなく，盛り立てるものという位置付けに耐えているのである。ドラキュラ伯爵のもじ
りやかわいらしいハロウイ―ン儀式から内臓が破裂するようなグロテスクな映画まで，
ホラー・エンタテイメントは，死の残像を見せるというタブーを犯しているにも関わら
ず，これを身体の無敵さを肯定するものに変質することで，始めて娯楽として成り立っ
ている。
Introduction 一部
... You were supposed to draw a moral from representations of death.
But in the twentieth century, people no longer want to be reminded of the universality of
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Session 21: The Thrill of Fear
death. We all act as if death were not really an inevitable part of life. Strangely, though, most of
us are thrilled by death in movies and novels. It's as if by playing with death in a make-believe
world, we can somehow make ourselves immune to death. And we especially love it when the
deal ... aren't really dead.
...
2001 年度 文系 Introduction
Listen to the tape and complete the following answers to Questions 1-4, using the exact words
you hear on the tape. This passage, followed by questions, will be played TWICE.
1. They were supposed to (
) from it.
2. They don't like to be reminded of the (
).
3. We act as if death were not really (
) of life.
4. Because by playing with death in a make-believe world, we can somehow make (
) to death.
【解答例】
[1] draw a moral
[2] universality of death
[4] ourselves immune
- 63 -
[3] an inevitable part
Extra Session: The Wit of Saul Steinberg
Extra Session The Wit of Saul Steinberg
Extra Session: The Wit of Saul Steinberg
出題回数
Reading
：1 回 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
Listening
：0 回 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
2002 年度 P1 l4~, P3 l9~, P7 l10~
次の各文の下線部[1]-[5]の語句について、文脈内で最も意味の近い語句を選択肢から１
つ選べ。
A. What appears at first sight as a sequence of stacked oblongs, superimposed or stuck into one
another, turns out to be so [1]cunningly devised that it would be impossible to construct such a
[2]configuration in real space.
[1] a. artfully
b. illegally
c. meticulously
d. wrongly
[2] a. arrangement
b. character
c. drawing
d. setting
B. There is as yet no real paradox here, no more than in the metaphors of language, which we do
not take [3]literally, as when we say that prices 'rocket' or 'slump'.
[3] a. as intended
b. at face value
c. poetically
d. truly
C. As I have indicated in the last chapter of Art and Illusion, [ 4]attempts have not been wanting
in the past to apply this doctrine to the visual arts, but we had to wait for [ 5]a Steinberg to apply
it with utmost simplicity.
[4] a. not a few works of art have been appreciated
b. people have made only a few efforts
c. there has been considerable effort made
d. there have been too few art critics
[5] a. a new generation of artists following Steinberg
b. an appreciation of Steinberg by art historians
c. someone as witty as Steinberg
d. Steinberg in his more refined style
- 64 -
Extra Session: The Wit of Saul Steinberg
【解答例】
[1] a (artfully)
[2] a (arrangement)
[4] c
[5] c
[3] b (at face value)
【単語】
stacked
:piled up ;積み上げられた
oblong
:rectangle ;長方形
superimpose
cunningly
:put one on top of another ;積み上げる
:cleverly
artful :designed or done in a clever way
at face value
:額面通りに
want
:to lack something ;欠けている
utmost
:greatest, most extreme; 最高の、最大の
- 65 -
Session U0: The Life of Ghosts
SESSION U0 The Life of Ghosts
Session U0: The Life of Ghosts
出題回数
Reading
：1 回
1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
Listening
：0 回 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
This session will be the only session that will survive any revision of our textbook.
1997 年度 P393 l1~
次の英文の下線部(1)~(5)には、取り除かなければならない語がそれぞれ１語ある。その
語を記せ。
People have imagined ghosts since ancient times.
( 1)
They believe that when our bodies die,
our spirits live on it. Some spirits are happy in the spirit world. But others are restless.
( 2)
They
miss their former human life, and keep coming back to the places where they were used to live.
Most ghosts are sad and quiet and make no trouble.
murderers or criminals, are miserable.
( 4)
( 3)
But among others, especially the ghosts of
They terrify any more human being who sees them. In
some parts of the world, people go to church on a certain day and pray for dead people to lie
quietly in their graves.
Unless these prayers are said, people never believe, the dead will rise up
( 5)
and try to revisit their former homes.
【解答例】
(1) it
(2) were
(3) among
(4) more
(5) never
【単語】
live on
:to continue to live or exist; 存在し続ける
【訳文】(USUI)
古来人々は幽霊がいると思ってきた。そして今でも、肉体は死んでも、霊魂は存在
し続けると信じている。霊魂の中には霊界で幸せにしているものもいれば、落ち着かな
いものもいる。以前の人間の暮らしを忘れられず、以前暮らしていた場所に戻り続ける
のである。大半の幽霊は、もの悲しくておとなしいので、面倒を起こすこともない。し
かし中には悲惨な幽霊もいる。特に人殺しや在任の幽霊がそうである。彼らは自分を目
にした人間なら誰でも脅かしてしまう。世界には、決まった日に礼拝に出かけて死者が
墓の中で静かに眠れるようにお祈りをする地域がある。こうしたお祈りを唱えない限り、
死者が蘇り、前の家を再訪しようとすると、人々は信じているのである。
- 66 -
Epilogue
Epilogue Time to Say Goodbye
Epilogue
以上を持って、USUI は旅立つことにする。
従って USUI はもう存在しない。今後 USUI の名をかたるものはすべて偽物である。
それでは、いざ、さらば！
いつかまたどこかで会えることを信じて・・・。
最後に、我々は USUI である。
THE END
- 67 -
Epilogue
このシケプリはフィクションです。
- 68 -