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貧困から福祉への昇華： 歴史制約下にあるベヴァリッジ理念の普遍性
No. 08-01 ㈃ᅏ࠾ࡼ⚗♬ࡡ᪴⳱㸯 Ṍྍโ⣑ୖ࡞࠵ࡾ࣊ࣥࣛࢴࢩ⌦ᛍࡡᬉ㐚ᛮ ᑚᓘ ᩌ 2008 ᖳ 4 ᭮ 1 2008.4.28㸤භ㏳ㄵ㢗 ㈃ᅏ࠾ࡼ⚗♬ࡡ᪴⳱㸯 Ṍྍโ⣑ୖ࡞࠵ࡾ࣊ࣥࣛࢴࢩ⌦ᛍࡡᬉ㐚ᛮ Version 2.4 ᑚᓘ ᩌ さ᪠ ♣ఌᶊࡡ❟Ἢ㐅ࢆࡓ 1910 ᖳ࠾ࡼ 1940 ᖳࡱ࡚࡞ࠉ㈃ᅏࡷ⚗♬ࢅࡴࡃ ࡾ⤊ῥᛦࡢኬࡀࡂ㐅Ṅࢅ㐑ࡅ࡙࠷ࡒࠊࡊ࠾ࡊපḿ㸝♣ఌⓏḿ⩇㸞࡛ຝ⋙㸝⤊ ῥⓏྙ⌦ᛮ㸞ࡡၡ㢗࡞ᑊࡊ࡙ࠉ๑⩽ࢅวࡽ㞫ࡌ࠾ࠉᑽᚨᆀࡡᝇ࠷ెᏋ࡞ࡊ࡙࠽ ࡂ࠾ࠉᚃ⩽ࢅ㞌ᒌࡈࡎࡾ࠾ࠉ࡛࠷࠹ᛦ⩻Ἢ࡞ฦ㢦ࡈࡿࠉ୦⩽ࢅㄢೳࡌࡾㄵ⌦࡛ โᗐⓆぜ࡚ࡀ࠾ࡖࡒࠊ ࡐࡡㄢೳ᪁Ἢࠔ⚗♬ᅗᐓࡡྙណࠕ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ࣊ࣥࣛࢴࢩࡢ㈃ᅏࡡᑊฌࢅ ࣛࢪࢠ⟮⌦ၡ㢗࡛ࡊ࡙ࢪࣚࢺࡈࡎࠉ౮⤣โࡷᅗ࡛᭯ࡢ⦍㐪࠷♣ఌಕ㝸โ ᗐࢅ⩻᱄ࡊࡒࠊ≁Ṟ㈃ᅏ⩽ࡓࡄ࡚ࡂᬉ㐚ⓏᕰẰ⩻ᐳࡈࡿࠉࡈࡼ࡞❋இ ࠾ࡼ⮤⏜ࡡࡲࡼࡍࠉ⬗ິⓏᕰẰࡡ᮪௲ࡵ⩻ᐳࡈࡿࡒࠊࢢࣤࢫࡢ࣊ࣥࣛ ࢴࢩゝ⏤ࡡ⤊ῥⓏᐁ⌟ྊ⬗ᛮࢅ㧏ࡴࡒࠊࡈࡼ࡞ࠉḿ⤣Ⓩ⤊ῥᏕⓏᛦ⩻㸝㛏 㸲ࢿ࣑ࣜ㸞ࢅ◒Იࡊࠉ♣ఌᶊ࡛୦❟ࡌࡾ⤊ῥᏕࡡమ⣌ࢅ⩻᱄ࡊࡒࠊ୦⩽ࡡᛦ ࡢᏰⓏ࡚࠵ࡾ࡛ྜྷ࡞ࠉ┞பࢅᙁࡌࡾࠊࡱࡈ࡞୦⩽㈃ᅏ࡛⚗♬ࡡၡ㢗࡞ ୌᏽࡡ➽࠻ࢅฝࡊࡒࡡࡢࠉᚪ↓Ⓩ࡚࠵ࡖࡒࠊ ➠㸦⟿ ࡢࡋࡴ࡞ ➠㸧⟿ 20 ୠ⣎๑༖ࡡ㈃ᅏ-⚗♬ၡ㢗 2-1 ୌ⯙Ⓩ≟Ἓ 2-2 ⤊ῥᏕ⩽ࡡᑊฌ࡛⣟ 2-3 ᭯ງ⤊ῥᏕ⩽ࡒࡔ 2-4 ␏❻ࡡ⤊ῥᛦ 2-5 ᩺ࡊ࠷ၡ㢗ࡡฝ⌟ ➠㸨⟿ ㈃ᅏ࠾ࡼ❋இ 3-1 ࣊ࣥࣛࢴࢩሒ࿈ࡡ⫴ᬊ 3-2 ㈃ᅏふ 3-3 ❋இᑊ➿࡛ࡐࡡ๑ᥞ 3-4 ⚗♬ࡡ➠ୌṹ㝭 ➠㸩⟿ ⤊ῥ࡛ࡡ⤎⟿࠾ࡼໜᣋⓏ⚗♬ 4-1 ⤊ῥ࡛ࡡ⤎⟿ 4-2 ࢢࣤࢫࡡ㈰ណ 2 4-3 ⮤ⓆⓏὩິ࡛ᕰẰᶊ ➠㸪⟿ ⚗♬ᅗᐓࡡ⌟ᐁ࡛✭ὕ 5-1 ⚗♬ඵἪ 5-2 ಕᏬඨහ㛮 5-3 ຘ഼ඨහ㛮 5-4 ㈃ᅏࡡ᰷⤧㸴 ➠㸫⟿ ࠽ࢂࡽ࡞ ཤ⩻ᩝ⊡ ➠㸦⟿ ࡢࡋࡴ࡞ 1942 ᖳ1ࢅ⚗♬⌦ᛍࡡᏽⅤ࡛ぜࡾࠉ㈃ᅏ࡛⚗♬࡛࠷࠹ᴣᛍࢅ⤊ῥᛦࡡふⅤ ࠾ࡼ⩻ᐳࡌࡾណࡢరࡓࢀ࠹࠾ࠊࡆࡡ᰷ඔⓏၡ㢗ណㆉࢅ⛆ࡴࡗࡗࠉᮇ✇ࡢࡆ ࡡࡡ⾪Ⓩ⤊ῥᛦᐓ࣬⚗♬ᛦᐓ࡚࠵ࡾ࣑ࣛ࣬࣊ࣥࣛࢴࢩ William Henry Beveridge㸝1879-1963㸞ࡡⴥࡐࡡ࡞⤘ࡾᙟ࡚ࠉ㆗ㄵࢅᒈ㛜 ࡌࡾࠊࡐࡡໜᣋⓏ⌦ᛍࡢ㈃ᅏࡷ⚗♬ࢅࡡࡻ࠹࡞ᤂ࠻࡙よ➽ࡊࠉ⌟ᐁ࡞ࡡ ࡻ࠹⾢ᦹࢅ࠻ࡒ࠾ࢅ㏛ịࡊࡒ࠷ࠊࡐࡡ㝷ࠉ࣊ࣥࣛࢴࢩ⌦ᛍ2ࢅኣᵕ⤊ῥ ᛦ࠾ࡼᢖᑏࡌࡾ࡛࠷࠹っᗑࢅ⏕ࡌࡾࠊ≁࡞ࢢࣤࢫ⤊ῥᏕ࡛ࡡ㏻⤎ᛮ࡚࠵ ࡾࠊ㈃ᅏ࠾ࡼ❋இࠉ❋இ࠾ࡼ⚗♬ࠉ࡛࠷࠹㌹ᥦࡵណㆉࡈࡿࡾࠊࡱࡒ⚗♬ᅗ ᐓ࡛࠷࠹ᴣᛍࡢࡏᡋᚃࠉᙁງྙណ࡛ࡽ࠻ࡒࡡ࠾ࠉࡐࡊ࡙⌟ࡢ⎨よࡊࡒ ࠾࡞ぜ࠻ࡾࡡ࠾ؐؐࡆࡡၡ࠷࠾ࡄ࡞ࡵ♟ြࢅ࠻ࡾࡆ࡛࡞ࡾࡓࢀ࠹ࠊࡗࡱࡽࠉ ࣊ࣥࣛࢴࢩࡡᵋ⠇ࡊࡒ⚗♬⌦ᛍࡡṌྍⓏโ⣑ࢅぜฝࡊࡗࡗࠉ࠽⌟࡞ࡵ♟ ြࢅ࠻ࡾᬉ㐚ᛮࢅࡵⓆᤸࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡞ࡾࡓࢀ࠹ࠊධమࢅ㏳ࡋ࡙ࠉᙴࡡᛦ࡛ ᙔࡡ♣ఌ㏳ᛍ㸝࠵ࡾ࠷ࡢ⢥♼㸞ࡡ⛤ᗐ࡞ྜྷ synchronization ࡊࠉ ࡡ⛤ᗐ࡞㐋⬲ deviation ࡊ࡙࠷ࡾ࠾ࡵᖏ࡞ណㆉࡊ࡙࠽ࡀࡒ࠷ࠊ ࡐࡡࡒࡴࡡຝᯕⓏㄵ㏑᪁Ἢ࡛ࡊ࡙ࠉ1909 ᖳ࡛࠷࠹ጙⅤ3࡛ 1950 ᖳ࡛࠷࠹ ⤂Ⅴࢅᏽࡴࡾࠊืࡡ♣ఌಕ㝸โᗐḗࠍ࡛ᐁ⌟ࡊ࡙࠷ࡂ୯ࠉࡐࡡ㛣ࡡ⤊ῥ ᛦࢅ㸨ࡗ࡞㢦ᆵࡊࡒᚃࠉ ࠖ࣊ࣥࣛࢴࢩሒ࿈ࠗࢅ㍂࡛ࡊࡒ㈃ᅏᴣᛍࠉ⚗♬ᴣ 㸦᭮࡞㏻ྙᅗ 26 ࣦᅗࠔኬこὊ❮ࠕ㸝1941.8㸞ࢅා㢄࡞ྱࡳභྜྷᐃゕ࡞ㄢ ༰ࡊࡒࠊࡐࡡ➠㸫᮪ࡢࠔࡌ࡙ࡡெ㢦ᜅᛟ࠽ࡻࡦ❋இ࠾ࡼよᨲࡈࡿ࡙ࠕ࡛࠵ ࡾࠊ12 ᭮࡞ࡢࠖ࣊ࣥࣛࢴࢩሒ࿈ࠗප⾪ࡈࡿࡒࠊ 2 ༟࡞ࠖ࣊ࣥࣛࢴࢩሒ࿈ࠗࡡᛦࡡࡲࡼࡍࠉ1940 ᖳ࡞ᙴᣚࡖ࡙࠷ࡒ⚗ ♬࡞㛭ࡌࡾ⥪ྙⓏ౮ೋ⌦ᛍࠊ 3 ᨾ㈃ἪጟဤఌᑛᩐὬሒ࿈᭡ࠉ࣊ࣥࣛࢴࢩࡡⴥࠖᴏࠗ ࠉ⫃ᴏ⣺ᡜἪ࡛࠷ ࠹ฝᮮ࠵ࡖࡒࠊᙔࡡ⚗♬ᨳ➿ᛦ࡞ࡗ࠷࡙ࡢỜ㔓ཾ㸝2001㸞ࢅཤ↯ࠊ 1 3 ᛍࢅ⣌าⓏ࡞㏛࠹ࠊරమⓏㄵⅤ࡛ࡊ࡙ࠉḗࡡⅤࡡࡲ࡞⤘ࡽࡒ࠷ࠊ࠷ࡍࡿ ࡡሔྙࡵࠉᙴࡡណᅒ࡛โᗐⓏᖉ⤎ࡡన⨠㛭౿࡞⏻ណࡌࡾࠊ➠㸦࡞ࠉ㈃ᅏࡢ 1940 ᖳࡡᙔࠉࡡࡻ࠹ᴣᛍ࡚࠵ࡖࡒ࠾ࠊࡆࡡ୯࡞ࡢ㈃ᅏࡡ᰷ᮇⓏཋᅄࠉ࠽ࡻ ࡦ㈃ᅏࡡරమⓏ≟Ἓ㸝ᩐೋ㸞ྱࡱࡿࡾࡓࢀ࠹ࠊ➠㸧࡞ࠉ ࠔெ㸤⤊ῥ࡞ࡻࡾ ㈃ᅏࡡ᰷⤧ࠕ࡛࠷࠹ࠔᾐᴗⓏ⮤⏜ࠕࡡၡ㢗ࢅ㉲࠻࡙ࠉ ࠔᅗᐓ㸤♣ఌ࡞ࡻࡾ⚗♬ࡡ ㏛ịࠕ࡛࠷࠹ࠔ✒ᴗⓏ⮤⏜ࠕࡡၡ㢗ࡢࡡࡻ࠹࡞スᏽࡈࡿ࡙࠷ࡒ࠾ࠊ ᮇ✇ࡡᵋᠺࡢ௧ୖࡡ㏳ࡽ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ➠㸧⟿࡚ࡢ㈃ᅏふࡡୌ⯙Ⓩ≟Ἓࢅᴣふࡊ ࡒᚃࠉ⾪Ⓩ⤊ῥᏕ⩽ࡡ㈃ᅏࡷ⚗♬࡞ᑊࡌࡾᑊฌἪࢅぜࡾࠊరⓆᒈࡊర ṟࡈࡿࡒ࠾࡚࠵ࡾࠊ➠㸨⟿࡚ࡢࠖ࣊ࣥࣛࢴࢩሒ࿈ࠗ࡞࠽ࡄࡾ㈃ᅏ≟ឺࡡᏽ⩇ ࡛ࡐࡡཋᅄࢅᴣふࡌࡾࠊ❋இ࡛࠷࠹᩺ࡊ࠷⏕ㄊࠉࡐࡡᩐೋࠉ♣ఌಕ㝸ᨳ➿ࡡ රమ᱄ၡ㢗࡛ࡾࠊ➠㸩⟿࡚ࡢ 1942 ᖳࡡሒ࿈᭡ࢅໜྱࡌࡾᙟ࡚ࠉࡐࡡᚃࡡⴥ షࡵཱིࡽථࡿࡼࠉ࣊ࣥࣛࢴࢩࠔⰃࡀ♣ఌࠕࢅࡡࡻ࠹࡞ᵋ⠇ࡊࡻ࠹࡛ ࡊࡒ࠾ࢅ᥀ࡾࠊࢢࣤࢫࡡ㈰ណ㘵࡛ࡾࠊ➠㸪⟿࡚ࡢࢲ࣭ࣔࢲࣜහ㛮࡛ࢹ ࣭ࣛහ㛮࡚ᐁ⌟ࡊࡒἪ᱄ࠉ࠽ࡻࡦ 1950 ᖳ๑ᚃࡡ≟Ἓࢅ␆㏑ࡊࠉᙴࡡ⌦ᛍ࡛⌟ ᐁࡡࠔ⚗♬ᅗᐓࠕᛦࡡࡻ࠹న⨠㛭౿࡞࠵ࡖࡒ࠾ࢅ᥀ࡽฝࡌࠊ➠㸫⟿࡚ ࡢᮇㄵࢅࡱ࡛ࡴࡗࡗࠉ▯࠷♟ြࢅ࠻ࡾࠊ ➠㸧⟿ 20 ୠ⣎๑༖ࡡ㈃ᅏ-⚗♬ၡ㢗 ࡆࡡ⟿࡚ࡢ 20 ୠ⣎ิ㢄࠾ࡼ 1930 ᖳࡱ࡚ࡡ㈃ᅏၡ㢗ࡡᑊฌࢅ⩻ᐳࡌࡾࠊ ๑༖࡚ࡢୌ⯙Ⓩ㈃ᅏふࡡ㌹ᥦࢅ␆㏑ࡊࠉᚃ༖࡚ࡢ⤊ῥᏕ⩽ࡡ㈃ᅏࡷ⚗♬ࡡ ᆵⓏᛦ⩻Ἢࢅ㸨ࡗ࡞ࡱ࡛ࡴࡾࠊ 2-1 ୌ⯙Ⓩ≟Ἓ ࢟ࣛࢪࡡ㈃ᅏふ4ࡢኬࡱ࠾࡞ࡢࠉḗࡡᄿṹ㝭࡚ᅂࡊ࡙ࡀࡒࠊ 㸝㸦㸞୯ୠࡡᏭ ᏽⓏᑌᘋ࡞࠵ࡖ࡙ࡢࠉ㌗ฦᒌᛮ࡛ࡊ࡙ࡡ㈃ᅏ࠵ࡖࡒࠊ࢞ࣛࢪࢹᩅᚈࡡ ΰ㈃ࡢࡳࡊࢀᚠ┘࡚࠵ࡖࡒࠊ 㸝㸧㸞┞ḗࡃᡋணࡷ㯦ṒࡡὮ⾔ࡷᅑ࠷㎲ࡲ㐘ິ࡞ ࡻࡖ࡙ᑌᘋโᓻቪࡊࠉெࠍࡡ⛛ິ⃥ࡊࡂࡖࡒ࡞࠵ࡖ࡙ࡢࠉᨲᾁ⩽Ⓩ ㈃ᅏฝ⌟ࡊࡒࠊ 㸝㸨㸞⤧ᑊ⋜ᨳ࡞ࠉ࢙ࣛࢧ࣊ࢪᨾ㈃Ἢ㸝1601㸞࡚୯ ኳ㞗ᶊⓏؐؐࡊ࠾ࡊᐁឺ࡚ࡢᩅ༇୯ᚨⓏؐؐ᪃➿௦ࡈࡿࡒ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ ㈠ᮇ⩇Ⓠ㐡ࡌࡾ࡞ࡗࡿࠉࡈࡼ࡞ᛨ㈃Ằ࡞ࡻࡾ㈃ᅏࡄຊࢂࡖࡒࠊᑕ ᩏࡌࡀࡢ⮤❟࣬⟿⣑ࡌࡾຘ഼⩽࡚࠵ࡽࠉࡐࡡഁ࡛ࡊ࡙᪃ࡊࢅུࡄࡾ⩽ࡢ⿍ 4 ࡆࡡၡ㢗ࡢẗฺ㸝1990: 130-131㸞ࠉᏭಕ㸝2005: 303-304㸞࡞レࡊ࠷ࠊ 4 ᨾ᜔㈃Ằ pauper ࡛ࡊ࡙ᵕࠍ⮤⏜ዞࡈࡿࡒࠊெⓏ㈠㈻Ḗࡄ࡙࠷ࡾࡒࡴ ࡞ࠉெࠍࡢ㈃ᅏ࡞㝏ࡾ࡛ぜࡈࡿࡒ5ࠊࡐࡡᙁᅖᛦࢅమ⌟ࡊࡒࡡ 1834 ᖳ ࡡ᩺ᨾ㈃Ἢ࡚࠵ࡖࡒࠊລ⮾ࡌࡾ⏐ᴏ㈠ᮇ⩇࡞ᛨࡄ⩽ࢅ࠹⤄ࡲ㎲ࡳ࠾ࠉ࡛࠷ ࠹ၡ㢗ណㆉࡵ࠵ࡖࡒࠊ㸝㸩㸞࡛ࡆࢀ 19 ୠ⣎ᮆ࡞࠾ࡄ࡙ࠔ㈃ᅏふࡡᅂࠕ࡛࠷ ࠹ኬ㌹ᥦ㉫ࡆࡖࡒࠊெ㈃࠾ࡼ♣ఌ㈃ࠉ㐠ᚠⓏ࣬ெⓏ㈃ᅏ࠾ࡼ⤊ῥⓏ࣬ ᚘ⎌Ⓩ㈃ᅏࠉ࡛࠷࠹ណㆉ㠁࡚࠵ࡖࡒࠊࡐࡿࢅᨥ࠻ࡒࡡࣇ࣭ࢪࡷࣚࣤ ࢹ࣭ࣛ࡞ࡻࡾࠔ⛁ᏕⓏ㈃ᅏㄢᰕࠕ ࠉ࠽ࡻࡦᨾ㈃ἪጟဤఌࡡᑛᩐὬሒ࿈ࠉࡐࡊ࡙ප ḿ㈜㔘ࡷࠔ഼ࡂᶊฺࠕࢅịࡴࡾ㐘ິ࡚࠵ࡖࡒࠊ ࡐࡿ࡚ࡢ 1942 ᖳ࡞ྡྷ࠾ࡖ࡙ࠉࡆ࠹ࡊࡒ㈃ᅏふࡢࡈࡼ࡞ 1909 ᖳ࡛Ẓ࡙᩷⤧ ࡊࡒࡡࡓࢀ࠹࠾ࠊᬳᏽⓏ࡞ࡢྫྷ࡛➽࠻࡙࠽ࡆ࠹ࠊࡐࡊ࡙ࡆ࠹῟࠻ࡻ࠹ࠊ㈃ᅏふ ࡞ࡢ㏻⤾ᛮ࠵ࡾࠉ㈃ᅏࢅ࡛ࡽࡱࡂ≟Ἓࡢ⃥ንࡊࡒࠉ࡛ࠊ௧ୖ࡚ࡐࡡណࢅ ☔ᏽࡊ࡙࠽ࡆ࠹ࠊ 20 ୠ⣎ิ㢄ࡡ࢟ࣛࢪ࡚᭩ࡵ≁ᚡⓏࡆ࡛ࡢࠉ㈃ᅏふࡡᅂࢅུࡄ࡙ࠉ㈃ᅏ ࢅ᰷⤧ࡌࡾࡒࡴࡡරమⓏ♣ఌ❟Ἢḗࠍ࡛⌟ᐁࡊࠉࡱࡒࡐࡿࢅᨥ࠻ࡾᛦ ࡵ㇇✠࡞ࡖࡒࡆ࡛࡚࠵ࡾࠊࠔ⮤⏜ඨ㸤⮤⏜⩇ࡡᨭ㠁ࠕࢅུࡄ࡙ࠉᏕᰧ⤝㣏ࠉ ⩹㱃ᖳ㔘ࠉ᭩㈜㔘โࠉ⫃ᴏ⣺ᡜࠉᗛಕ㝜ࠉᴏಕ㝜 1911 ᖳࡱ࡚࡞ ḗࠍ࡛ᐁ⌟ࡊࡒࠊ⋜❟ᨾ㈃Ἢጟဤఌሒ࿈᭡㸝1909㸞࡛ࡢ㊝㞫ࢅ⨠ࡂᙟ࡚ࠉᨾ㈃ Ἢమโᐁ㈻Ⓩ࡞ೳḾࡈࡿࡒࡡ࡚࠵ࡾࠊࡗࡱࡽᨾ㈃Ἢమโ࡚ࡢࠉපⓏຐࢅུ ࡄࡾᶊฺ㸝⿍ᨾῥᶊ㸞ࡢᕰẰᶊࡡዞ6࡛ྜྷೋ࡚࠵ࡖࡒࠊࡊ࠾ࡊୌ㏻ࡡ♣ఌ❟Ἢ ࡚ࡢຘ഼⩽ࡡ⏍Ꮛᶊࢅヾࡴࡒ୕࡚ࠉࡐࡡᶊฺ࡛ᑊ࡞ࡾ⩇ຸࡢᙁโಕ㝜࡞࠽ࡄ ࡾᣈฝࡡࡲ࡛ࡖࡒࠊࡵࡔࢀࢆ⛸ࠍࡡಕ㝜ࡢࡷࡷ㝀ᏽࡈࡿࡒᒒࡊ࠾㐲⏕ࡈࡿ ࠾ࡖࡒ࡚ࠉᏰධᬉ㐚ᛮ࠵ࡖࡒࢂࡄ࡚ࡢ࠷ࠊࡐࡿ࡚ࡵኬࡱ࠾࡞ࡢࠉඡ❲࣬ 㧏㱃⩽࣬ெ࣬ຘ഼⬗ງ႕⩽࣬ᴏ⩽ᨾ㈃Ἢమโ࠾ࡼᢜࡄฝࡾࡆ࡛࡞ࡖ ࡒࠊ㈀″ࡢ 1909/1910 ᖳࡡࠔெẰ⟤ࠕ࡚࠵ࡖࡒࠊ┞⤾⛧ࡡᙁࠉᅰᆀㄚ⛧ࡡ ᩺スࠉ㒿࣬ࢰࣁࢤ⛧ࡡᙁ࡚ࠉ㈏᪐㝌ࡡཬᑊࢅᢪࡊวࡖ࡙᩺ࡒ㈀″ࢅ☔ ಕࡊࡒࡡ࡚࠵ࡾ7ࠊ ெẰ⟤࡞ࡻࡾ᩺ࡒᡜᚋ්ฦ㒼ᨳ➿࡞ࡻࡖ࡙ࠉ᩺ࡊ࠷♣ఌ❟Ἢࡢ࠾ࢀ࠹ࡋ 5 ཿὬ⤊ῥᏕ⩽࡛ᨾ㈃Ἢࡡ㛭౿ࢅ⩻ᐳࡊࡒ᩺ᮟ㸝2005㸞ࠉῳఌ㸝1997㸞 㸝2000㸞 ࢅཤ↯ࡎࡻࠊ 6 ࡆࡡሔྙࡢࠉெⓏெ᭻ࡡቍࠉ㌗మⓏ⮤⏜ࡡᣂᮨࠉᨳⓏᶊฺࡡຝྱࡱ ࡿࡾࠊ㈃Ằࡡỗྞ stigma ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ 7 ᾇ㌱ᙁ࡛࠷࠹ྞ┘ࡵ࠵ࡖࡒࠊ࣏࣭ࢨࣔࣜࡢࠔ♣ఌ⚗♬⟤ࠕ࡛ࢆࡓࠊ 5 ࡙ᖲ⾦ࢅಕࡗ᪁ྡྷᛮ࠵ࡖࡒࠊࡐࡿ⎨よࡈࡎࡒࡡࠉ➠ୌḗୠ⏲ኬᡋ࡛ࡐࡡ ᚃࡡ⤊ῥΊ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ᭩ิࡢᚗဤࡊࡒඹኃ࡞ࠔᐞ㉏ゝ⏤ࠕ࡛࠷࠹↋ᣈฝࡡᖳ㔘 ᥞ౩ࡈࡿࠉ⤾࠷⃥࡙ࡌࡾຘ㛭౿ࢅᐅࡴࡾࡒࡴࡵ࠵ࡽࠉ↋ዉ⣑⤝ࡷᣉኬ ⤝ᴏಕ㝜మโ࡞㜻ᒌࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡞ࡖࡒ8ࠊࡆࡿࡢຘ഼ඨ࡚ࡵಕᏬඨ࡚ࡵྜྷ ࡋࡆ࡛࡚࠵ࡖࡒࠊ ࠔಕᏬ࡛ຘ഼ࡡ┞㐢ࡢ⌟ᐁ࡞࠵ࡾ࡛࠷࠹ࡻࡽࡢࠉࡳࡊࢀಞ㎙Ⓩ ࡚࠵ࡖࡒࠕࠊࡏࡼࠔ㈃ᅏᨳᗋࡡὩິ࡞ࡻࡖ࡙ḿࡈࡿࡾࡀ࡛࠷࠹ណぜࠉ ࡚ࡢᨳᐓࡡ࠵࠷ࡓ࡚ୌ⮬ࡊ࡙ぜࡼࡿࡾࡻ࠹࡞ࡖࡒࠕ㸝Taylor 1976: 237ࠉ ゼ 215ࠉI ᕬ㸞࠾ࡼ࡚࠵ࡾࠊᴏ୯ࡡ⏍Ὡࢅᨥ࠻ࡾࡒࡴࠉᣈฝ࡛ࡢ㛭౿ࡂ⤝ ⾔ࢂࡿࡒࠊ1920 ᖳධ⯙࡚ࠉᴏಕ㝜ࡡᣉኬࡢࠉ↋ណㆉࡡ࠹ࡔ࡞ᐁ୕ࠉ ࠔᶊ ฺ࡛ࡊ࡙ࡡපⓏຐࠕ࡛࠷࠹ᐁឺࢅషࡽ୕ࡅࡒࠊ⤊ῥ⎌ሾࡡ⃥ንؐؐᵋ㏸Ἓࠉ 㔘ᮇనโࡡᚗᖉࡷ㞫⬲ࠉୠ⏲ኬᜅុؐؐࢅུࡄ࡙ࠉ㈃ᅏࡢࡱࡌࡱࡌெࡡၡ㢗 ࡚ࡢࡂࠉ♣ఌࢨࢪࢷ࣑࡞⤄ࡲ㎲ࡱࡿࡒᚪ↓Ⓩ࡚ຘ഼⩽ධဤ࡞㛭ࢂࡖ࡙ࡂࡾ㞬 ࡛ࡖࡒࠊࡐࡊ࡙ᡋ୯ࡡ⟮⌦⤊ῥࡡ㐅⾔ࢅུࡄ࡙ࠉࡐࡡ㞬࡞ᑊᚺࡌࡾ࣏ ࢠࣞ⤊ῥⓏᑊฌἪࡵᚆࠍ࡞ᥞ၌ࡈࡿࠉⓆິࡈࡿࡾࡻ࠹࡞ࡖࡒࠊ≁࡞පභ ᴏࡡᣉኬ࡞ࡻࡾᬊẴᚘ⎌ࡡ⥾࡚࠵ࡾࠊࢢࣤࢫࡐࡡ၌⩽࡚࠵ࡖࡒࠊᵕࠍ ᪃➿࡚ᴏ≟ឺࢅ⥾ࡊࠉࡻࡖ࡙ᴏࡡ㈃ᅏࢅᨾ࠹ࡆ࡛࡞ࡖࡒࠊ♣ఌಕ 㝜⎨よࡊࠉපⓏຐᣉኬࡊࡒࡡ࡚࠵ࡾࠊࡐࡿ࡞ࡻࡖ࡙ຘ഼⩽ධဤࡡᶊฺ㸝⏍ Ꮛᶊ㸞โᗐⓏ࡞ᩒࡖࡒࡡ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ ࡊ࠾ࡊᚨ⌦Ⓩ࡞ࡵ㈀ᨳⓏ࡞ࡵࠉ㞬㢗ṟࡖࡒࠊᨾ㈃Ἢమโ࡚ࡢᶊฺ࡛ᶊฺ ዞ⾪ୌమࡊࠉ᪃ࡊᣉኬࡊ࠷ࡻ࠹࡞㸝ཋ⌦Ⓩ࡞ࡢ㸞ṉḾࡴ࠾࠾ࡖ࡙ ࠷ࡒࠊࡆࡿ࡞ᑊࡊ࡙ 1910 ᖳ࠾ࡼࡡ♣ఌ❟Ἢโᗐ࡚ࡢࠉපⓏຐࡢྊ࡛ࡊ ࡙ࡡᶊฺ࡛ࡊ࡙☔❟ࡊࡒࡒࡴࠉࡐࡡぜ㏁ࡽịࡴ࡞ࡂ࠷ؐؐโᗐࡡᏋ⤾ྊ⬗ᛮ ࡞ࡗ࠷࡙ᛦ⩻ೳḾ࡞ࡽࡔ࡛ؐؐ࠷࠹Ḗ㝏ጙࡴ࠾ࡼ࠵ࡖࡒࠊಕ㝜⤝ࡢᶊ ฺ࡚࠵ࡽࠉࡐࡿ࡞ᑊࡊ࡙ெ㐽ይࢅഅࡖࡒࡽืࡡㄇᅄࢅᢢ࠷ࡒࡽ࡛࠷࠹ྊ⬗ ᛮ࡞┘ࢅࡗࡩࡖ࡙࠷ࡒࠊ࠷ࢂࡣࠉᶊฺࡷៈ⩞࡛࠷࠹ఎ⤣Ⓩ♣ఌ㡷ᇡ࡛ࠉ⤊ῥ Ⓩྙ⌦ᛮ࣬ຝ⋙ᛮ࣬ᐁ⾔ྊ⬗ᛮࡡᢙࡽྙ࠷ࢅ࠹ࡗࡄࡾࡡ࠾࡛࠷࠹᩺ࡊ࠷ၡ㢗 ฝ⌟ࡊ࡙ࡀࡒࡡ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ ࡐࡆ࡞ᖕᗀ࠷っ㔕࠾ࡼ♣ఌၡ㢗࡞㎾ࡊࠉྜྷ࡞ᑍ㛓Ⓩ⤊ῥⓏ▩ࢅᣚࡗᢰ ࠷ᡥὩ㌅࡚ࡀࡾ⣪ᆀ࠵ࡖࡒࠊࡆࡡណࡢᏕ⏲࡛ᏻ⏲࣬ᨳ⏲࣬㈀⏲ࠉ♣ఌ࡛ ⤊ῥࠉ⣪ெ࡛⋖ெ࡛࠷࠹୦⩽ࢅࡐࡿࡑࡿ㏳⣑ྊ⬗࣬㏳ゼྊ⬗࡞ࡊ࡙ࡂࡿࡾᏋᅹ ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ࣏࣭ࢨࣔࣜᑸງࡊࡒ⤊ῥᏕࡡโᗐ࡞ࡻࡖ࡙ࠉᑍ㛓Ⓩ⤊ῥᏕ⩽ 8 レࡊࡂࡢᑚᓘ㸝2007: 231-234㸞ࢅぜࡻࠊ 6 ḗࠍ࡛⏍ࡱࡿ࡙ࡀࡒࠊ࠵ࡾ࠷ࡢኬᏕ࡚ࡢืࡡᑍᨯࡼࠉ㛏ࡂ⤊ῥၡ㢗࡞ཱིࡽ ⤄ࢆ࡚ࡀࡒᏻേࡐࡡࡡᑍ㛓ᐓࡵ࠷ࡒࠊᙴࡼࡢ➠ୌḗୠ⏲ኬᡋ࡞࠽࠷࡙ࠉ⤊ῥ ࡡ⟮⌦࡛࠷࠹ሔ㟻࡞භ࡞❟ࡔఌࡖࡒࡡ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ1942 ᖳ࡛࠷࠹㸦ࡗࡡ㐡Ⅴࢅ ぜࡾ๑࡞ࠉࡆࡆ࡚ 20 ୠ⣎ิ㢄࠾ࡼࡡ⤊ῥᏕ⩽࡞ࡗ࠷࡙ࠉ㈃ᅏ࠽ࡻࡦ⚗♬ࡡ ᆵⓏᑊฌἪࢅ␆よࡊ࡙࠽ࡆ࠹ࠊ 2-2 ⤊ῥᏕ⩽ࡡᑊฌ࡛⣟ 20 ୠ⣎ิ㢄࠾ࡼᑍ㛓Ⓩ⤊ῥᏕ⩽ฝ⌟ࡊࠉヾ▩ࡈࡿࠉᏕၡහ㒂࡚ࡡ⮤ᕤቌṢ ࢅ⤾ࡄࡾ࡛࡛ࡵ࡞ࠉᏕၡአ㒂ࡵ⏐ᴏ⏲ࡷᨳ➿㞗ᅆࡡᙫ㡢ࢅ࠻ጙࡴࡒࠊ ᰬᘟఌ♣ࡡ㐅ᒈ࡞ࡻࡽᡜ࡛᭯⤊ႜࡡฦ㞫ಀࡈࡿࠉኣࡂࡡኬぞᶅ⏐ᴏລ⮾ࡌ ࡾ࡛ྜྷ࡞ᴏࡡ㞗୯㸝≺༥ࠉᐵ༥ࠉࢹࣚࢪࢹࠉࢤࣤࢲ࢘ࣜࣤ㸞ࡵ㐅ࢆ ࡓࠊ࠷ࢂࡣ⤊ῥࡡㄵ⌦࡛ᐁឺࡱ࡚࡞ࡂᣉኬࡊ࡙ࡀࡒࡡ࡚࠵ࡾࠊࡐࡡ୯࡚ ᚉᮮࡡ♣ఌៈ⩞ࠉ⤊ῥୠ⏲௧አ࡛ࡡ㌭㎒ࡵ┘❟ࡖ࡙ࡀࡒࠊ ࡆ࠹ࡊࡒ≟Ἓࢅᴣふࡌࡾࠉ⤊ῥᏕ⩽࣬⤊ῥᛦᐓ࡞ࡻࡾ㈃ᅏࡷ⚗♬ࡡ࠷ ࡢࠉኬࡱ࠾࡞ḗࡡ㸨ࡗ࡞ฦ㢦࡚ࡀࡾࠊ࠷ࡍࡿࡵ⤊ῥ9࡛♣ఌ10 ࡡງ㛭౿ࢅ㸦ࡗࡡ ᇱ‵࡛ࡊ࡙࠷ࡾࠊ➠㸦࡞ࠉኬᏕெࡡ୯ᯙ࡞࠷ࡾḿ⤣Ὤࡡലྡྷ࡚࠵ࡾࠊࣅࢡ࣭࡞ ጙࡱࡾཉ⏍⤊ῥᏕࡡᣉኬ࣬ಞḿྊ⬗ᛮࢅࡴࡃࡾ⌦ㄵⓏⓆᒈ࡚࠵ࡖࡒࠊ♣ఌⓏ ㅎງࢅ⤊ῥ࠾ࡼวࡽ㞫ࡊࠉ↋っࡷᅂ㑂ࢅࡌࡾ࡛࠷࠹ឺᗐ࡚࠵ࡖࡒࠊ➠㸧࡞ࠉᙔ ࠉୠㄵࡷᨳ➿ᙟᠺ࡞ࡵᙫ㡢ງࢅᣚࡖࡒ᭯ງ⤊ῥᏕ⩽࡞ࡻࡾᆵⓏലྡྷ࡚ ࠵ࡾࠊ࢞ࣔࢻࣤࠉࢲࣔࢴࣈ࣏ࣤࠉࢠࣝ➴࡚࠵ࡾࠊ᭩㈜㔘ࡷ㞘⏕ࡡ☔ಕ࡛࠷ ࠹♣ఌᶊࢅヾࡴࡗࡗࠉ㛏ᆍ⾦࡛ࡡୌ⮬࡞ⱖᝆࡌࡾ࡛࠷࠹ᑽᚨᆀࡡᝇ࠷ឺᗐ ࡚࠵ࡖࡒࠊ➠㸨࡞ࠉኬᏕࡡ࿔⦍㒂࡞࠷ࡾ࢙ࢤࢿ࣐ࢪࢹࡡ␏❻Ⓩ࣬㟸㢦ᆵⓏല ྡྷ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ⾪ౚ࡛ࡊ࡙࣌ࣇࢮࣤࠉ࣎ࣚࣤࢼ࣭ࠉࢹ࣭ࢼ࣭ࠉࢤ࣭ࣜ࠷ࡾࠊ㐠 ᚠࡷᩝࡡඁనࢅㄕࡀࠉ⤊ῥࢅన࡞⨠ࡂ࡛࠷࠹ឺᗐ࡚࠵ࡖࡒࠊ௧ୖ࡚ࠉࡐࡿ ࡑࡿࡡലྡྷࢅㄕ᪺ࡊ࡙࠷ࡆ࠹ࠊ ➠㸦ࡢ 1900 ᖳ୯ⴝ࠾ࡼጙࡱࡾཉ⏍⤊ῥᏕࡡὑ⦆࡚࠵ࡾࠊጙ♵ࣅࢡ࣭A. C. Pigou㸝1877-1959㸞ࡡណᅒࢅ㉲࠻ࠉཉ⏍⤊ῥᏕ࡛࠷࠹ࢪ࣭ࣞ࢝ࣤࡢ⤊ῥᏕ⩽ ࠔ⛁Ꮥᛮࠕ࡛࠷࠹ಘᛍࢅᦘ࠻ࡒ୕࡚ࠉ⌦ࡡ≟ឺࢅㄊࡿࡾฦᯊ⏕රࢅ㛜Ⓠࡈࡎ 9 ࡆࡆ࡚ࡢெࠍࡡḟị࡛㈀ࢦ࣭ࣄࢪࡡ౩⤝ࢅ⤎ࡦࡗࡄࡾ㈠″㒼ฦࡡ࠵ࡽࡻ࠹ࠉ࡛ ᏽ⩇ࡊ࡙࠽ࡆ࠹ࠊ 10 ࡆࡆ࡚ࡢ⤊ῥࡡ㡷ᇡࢅྱࡲࡗࡗࠉᕰሔ௧አࡡᶭ⬗ࠉ౮௧አࡡ౮ೋࢅྱࡳெ 㛣㞗ᅆࡡሔࠉ࡛ᏽ⩇ࡊ࡙࠽ࡆ࠹ࠊ 7 ࡒࠊࣅࢡ࣭⮤㌗ࡢኣᵕཉ⏍ᴣᛍ㸝ᚨࡡⰃࡀ≟ឺ㸞ࢅ᰷ᮇ࡞⛆ࡴ࡙࠷ࡒࠉ⤎ ᯕⓏ࡞⤊ῥᏕ⩽⤊ῥⓏཉ⏍࡞㞗୯ࡌࡀ11࡛࠷࠹Ὦࢅషࡽฝࡊࡒࠊࣅࢡ࣭࡞ ࡻࡾຝ⏕ࡡெ㛣Ẓ㍉ࢅ⤊ῥ⛁Ꮥࡡᑊ㇗አ࡛ᣞᙆࡊࡒࣞࣄࣤࢫ Lionel Robbins 㸝1898-1984㸞ࡢࠉർཋ⌦࠽ࡻࡦ♣ఌⓏཉ⏍㛭ᩐ࡛࠷࠹᩺ࡊ࠷㐠ࢅวࡽ㛜࠷ࡒࠊ ๑⩽ࡢ࠵ࡾᨳ➿࡞ࡻࡖུ࡙─ࡱࡒࡢࢅ⿍ࡾெࠍᏋᅹࡊ࡙ࡵࠉᙴࡼࡡ㛣࡚ ௫ㄕⓏർࢅ⩻៎ࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡚ؐؐࣂ࣭ࣝࢹᨭၻ࡛࠷࠹ᇱ‵࠾ࡼؐؐㄙࡵྜྷ ណ࡚ࡀࡾᨳ➿࠵ࡽࠉࡐࡿ᭻ࡱࡊ࠷ࡆ࡛ࢅ᪺ࡼ࠾࡞ࡊࡒฦᯊ࡚࠵ࡾࠊᚃ⩽ࡢ ♣ఌⓏ౮ೋࢅ㛭ᩐࡡአ㒂࡞⨠ࡀࡐࡿࢅᡜ࡛ࡊࡒ୕࡚ࠉெⓏフ౮࠾ࡼ♣ఌⓏ ᭻ࡱࡊ࠷㡨ᗆ࡞ንᥦࡌࡾ⨠࡚࠵ࡾࠊࡆࡡ⌦ㄵⓏⓆᒈ㏭୕࡚ࠉぞ⠂Ⓩ౮ ೋึ࡛᩷ᐂふᛮࢅᵾᴮࡌࡾ⤊ῥฦᯊ࡛ࡡᓠืࡱࡌࡱࡌಀࡈࡿࡒࠊᢇᕟ art ࡛⛁ Ꮥ science ࡡ༇ืࡢࠉࡵ࡛ࡵ࡛ࢢࣤࣇࣛࢴࢩࡡఎ⤣࡚࠵ࡽࠉࢨࢩࢴࢠ➴࡞ࡻ ࡖ࡙᪺☔ࡈࡿࡒࠊࡆࡡࡢ๑⩽ࡡᲘ༴ࠉᚃ⩽ࡡ㞗୯࡛࠷࠹ᙟ࡚ᑍ㛓Ⓩ⤊ ῥᏕ⩽ࡡലᩫ᪺ࡼ࠾࡞ࡽࡗࡗ࠵ࡖࡒࠊࡐࡿࡹ࠻ࠉ⌦ㄵⓏฦᯊ࡚ኬࡀⓆᒈ ࢅࡊࡒࡵࡡࡡࠉᨳ➿ࢅᨥ࠻ࡾ⌦ㄵⓏ࣬ᛦⓏ㦭Ꮔ࡛ࡢࡽᚋ࠾ࡖࡒ12ࠊࡆࡡല ྡྷࡢ࣒ࣛ࢜࡞じᶊ⛛ࡖࡒ⌟ᅹ࡞ࡵ⤾ࡂࠊ♣ఌၡ㢗㸝౮ೋふ㸞ࡡᤴ㝎ࠉวࡽ 㞫ࡊ࡛࠷࠹ឺᗐ࡚࠵ࡖࡒࠊ 2-3 ᭯ງ⤊ῥᏕ⩽ࡒࡔ ➠㸧ࡢࡻࡽ⌟ᐁⓏ᭯ງ⤊ῥᏕ⩽ࡡឺᗐ࡚࠵ࡾࠊᙴࡼࡢ⤊ῥᏕࡡఎ⤣Ⓩฦ ᯊࢅᏬࡖࡒ୕࡚ࠉ♣ఌᶊࡡᣉኬ13࡛࠷࠹ 20 ୠ⣎ิ㢄௧ᮮࡡലྡྷ࡛ᢙࡽྙ࠷ࢅ ࡄࡻ࠹࡛ⱖᚨࡊ࡙࠷ࡒࠊࡐࡿࡢᑽᚨᆀࡡᝇ࠷ెᏋ≟ឺ࡚࠵ࡖࡒࠊࣅࢡ࣭ࡵࡆࡡ ୯࡞ྱࡱࡿࡾ14ࠉࡐࡿ௧አࡡ㸩ெࡡ⾪ౚࢅᣪࡅ࡙࠽ࡆ࠹ࠊ ࡱࡍࢨࢺࢼ࣭࣬ࢲࣔࢴࣈ࣏ࣤ Sidney J. Chapman㸝1871-1951㸞࡚࠵ࡾࠊᙴ ࡢࢢࣤࣇࣛࢴࢩฝ㌗࡚ࠉ࣏࣭ࢨ࡛ࣔࣜࡵஹὮ࠵ࡖࡒࠊ㛏ࡂ࣏ࣤࢲ࢘ࢪࢰ࣭ኬ Ꮥࡡ⤊ῥᏕᩅࢅຸࡴࡒᚃࠉ1918 ᖳ࠾ࡼ 1927 ᖳࡱ࡚ၛຸ┤ḗᏻࢅຸࡴࠉ⤾࠷ 11 ḗࡡゕ᪺ࡆࡡ❟ሔࢅ᪺ࡼ࠾࡞ࡊ࡙࠷ࡾࠊ ࠔ⤊ῥຝᯕࡢさࡌࡾ࡞ࠉኬࡱ࠾࡞ࡢ 㸣㸣㸣㸣㸣 㸣㸣㸣 Ẓ㍉ྊ⬗࡚࠵ࡽࠕࠉࠔ࠵ࡾᨳ➿⤊ῥຝᯕ࡚ࡻࡽࡵ☔࠾࡞ඁࡿ࡙࠷ࡾࡼࡣࠉ 㸣㸣㸣㸣 ධమ࡛ࡊ࡙ࡵ࠽ࡐࡼࡂඁࡿ࡙࠷ࡾࡓࢀ࠹ࠕ㸝Pigou 1907: 981, para. 10㸞ࠊ 12 ࡈࡼ࡞ࠉർཋ⌦ࡵ♣ఌⓏཉ⏍㛭ᩐࡵࠉᥞ၌⩽ᙽࡊࡒࡻ࠹⌦ㄵⓏ↋ㅰ ᛮࡆࢀ࠾ࠉኣࡂࡡ⌦ㄵⓏᅏ㞬ࢅᢢ࠻ࡒࠊ㕝ᮟ㸝2007: 100㸞ࢅཤ↯ࠊ 13 18 ୠ⣎ࡢᕰẰⓏ⮤⏜ࠉ19 ୠ⣎ࡢᨳⓏ⮤⏜ࠉ20 ୠ⣎ࡢ♣ఌⓏ⮤⏜ࡡ⋋ᚋ࡛ ࠷࠹ᅒᘟࡢ Marshall (1992/1950: 8)࡞࠵ࡾࠊ 14 ᅗẰ᭩㝀ಕ㝸ࡷ᭩㈜㔘Ἢ࡞ᑊࡌࡾឺᗐࡻࡽࠊᑚᓘ㸝2007: 152-154㸞 ࠊ 8 ࡙ 1932 ᖳࡱ࡚ᨳᗋࡡᖆ⤊ῥຐゕᏻ࡛ࡖࡒࠊᏕ⏲࡛ᏻ⏲ࡡᯣࡄᶣ࡛ࡖࡒெ ∸࡚࠵ࡽࠉᨾ㈃Ἢጟဤఌ࡚ッゕࡌࡾຘ഼ၡ㢗ࡷᆀᇡ⏐ᴏၡ㢗㸝ࣚࣤ࢜ࢨࣔ ࡡ⥝ᴏ㸞࡞㏸ム࠾ࡖࡒࠊࡐࡡᙴࡢᴗࡴ࡙᪡ࡂ࡞ࠖᴏࠗ 㸝1909㸞ࢅභⴥ ࡚ᇮ➱ࡊࠉ㞘⏕ࡡንິ࡛࠷࠹ᐐᝇ࡞ḿ㟻࠾ࡼ⩻ᐳࡊࡒࠊຘ഼⩽ࡡᬵࡼࡊ࡞㔔ኬ ᙫ㡢ࢅ࠻ࡾᴏࡡཋᅄࡢࠉ㞺⤝ࡡㄢᩒⰃࡷ᧷࡚࠵ࡽࠉெⓏ㈠㈻ࡵ㛭 ౿࠵ࡾࠊࡗࡱࡽᕰሔࡡⰃࠉ࠵ࡾ࠷ࡢࠔ♣ఌⓏࢰ࣑ࣚࢡࠕ㸝Chapman & Hallsworth 1909: 145㸞ࡡࡎ࠷࡚࠵ࡾࠊ⤎ㄵ㒂ฦ࡚ࢲࣔࢴࣈ࣏ࣤࡢḗࡡ୦᪁ࡡ ぜよࢅྡ㟚ࡎࡉࡾࢅᚋ࠾ࡖࡒࠊୌ᪁࡚ࠉᕰሔ࡞ࡢᆍ⾦ࡡᅂᚗງങࢂࡖ࡙ ࠷ࡾࠊ᪁࡚ࠉ⌟ᐁࡡㄢᩒⰃ࡞ࡢᨳᗋరࡼ࠾ࡡᑊฌࢅؐؐ≁࡞⫃ᴏ⣺ᡜ ࡞ࡻࡖ࡙ؐؐịࡴࡼࡿࡾ㸝Chapman & Hallsworth 1909: 151㸞ࠊࢲࣔࢴࣈ࣏ࣤ ࡢ᭩㐲ຘ഼㛣ࢅ㝀⏲ฦᯊ࡞ࡻࡖ࡙よ᪺ࡊࡒ15ெ∸࡚࠵ࡽࠉࡆࡆ࡚ࡵḿ⤣ὬⓏ ᛦ⩻ࡡහ㒂࡚ຘ഼⩽ࡡᖶ⚗ࢅ⩻࠻ࡻ࠹࡛ࡊ࡙࠷ࡒࠊ ḗ࡞ࣉ࣭ࣤࣛ࣬ࢠࣝ Henry Cray ࡚࠵ࡾ16ࠊᙴࡢ࢛ࢴࢠࢪࣆ࢚࣭ࢺฝ㌗࡚ࠉ ຘ഼⩽ᩅ⫩༝ఌ17Worker's Educational Association ࡚ 17 ᖳ㛣ㅦ⩇ࢅ⾔ࡖࡒࠊ ࡐࡡᚃ࣏ࣤࢲ࢘ࢪࢰ࣭ኬᏕ࡞␏ິࡊࠉ1929 ᖳ࡞ࡢࣤࢡࣚࣤࢺ㖗⾔⥪࣬ࢿ࣭ ࣏ࣤࡡຐゕᏻ࡛ࡖࡒࠊ᩺ࡊࡂ♣ఌ⤊ῥᏕ࡛࠷࠹ㅦᗑᙴࡡࡒࡴ࡞షࡼࡿࡾ ࠉ♣ఌၡ㢗࡞㛭ᚨࢅᣚࡖ࡙࠷ࡒ㸝PWSA 1954: 2㸞ࠊᙴ࡞ࡻࡿࡣࠔ⏐ᴏᖲࠕ18 ࡢ㧏㈜㔘࡚ࡢࡂࠔපḿ㈜㔘ࠕFare Wage ࡞ࡻࡾࠊපḿ㈜㔘࡛ࡢྜྷࡋᢇ⬗ ࢅᣚࡗຘ഼⩽ྜྷ➴࡞ࢂࡿࡾࡆ࡛࡚࠵ࡾࠊࢠࣝࡢᖲ➴ࢅḿࡊࠉᅗᐓ ຘ഼⩽ࡡ⏍Ὡ࣬ᩅ⫩࣬㞘⏕ࡡỀ‵ࢅ⥌ᣚࡌࡀ࡛ㄕ࠷ࡒࠊࡐࡡ୕࡚㈃ᅏࡢះᛮ Ⓩ❋இࠉࠍࡡᖶฝᮮ㸝ᴏ㸞ࠉࡐࡊ࡙ᖲ➴࠾ࡼ⏍ࡋࡾ࡛ࡊࡒࠊࡱࡒࠉ පḿ࡞ࡊ࡙⏍Ὡࡊ࡙࠷ࡄࡾ࡛࠷࠹♣ఌⓏ࣬⌦Ⓩᵾ‵࡞⌟ᐁࡡ㈜㔘ᚉ࠷ࠉ ຘ഼ࡡ㞺⤝࡛ࡢ↋㛭౿࡞ࡖ࡙ࡀࡒ࡛ㄵࡋࡒ㸝Clay 1929: 334㸞ࠊࡆࡡࡒࡴࠉៈ ⾔㸝♣ఌⓏㅎງ㸞࡞ኬࡀࡂᨥ㒼ࡈࡿࡒ㈜㔘ࡢࠉ᭩㈜㔘โࡡපⓏぞโ࡞ ࡻࡖ࡙ࡈࡼ࡞ᙁࡴࡼࡿࡾࠊࡊ࠾ࡊྜྷ࡞ࠔ✪ᴗⓏ࡞ࡢࡐࡿࡢຘ഼࡞ᑊࡌࡾ㞺さ ͐࡞ୌ⮬ࡊࡄࡿࡣ࠷ࡄ࠷ࡄࡿࡵࠕ 㸝Clay 1929: 325㸞࡛ఢࡊ᭡ࡀࢅࡄࡒࠊ ⌟ᐁࡡỀ‵࡛ᆍ⾦Ề‵ஊ㞫ࡌࡿࡣࠉࡐࡿࡢᴏࡡቌኬࢅࡵࡒࡼࡊࠉኣࡂࡡⱖ Chapman㸝1909: 354㸞ࡢఴᬜࡡ౮ೋࠉ㈜㔘ࠉࡡຝ⏕ࢅ⩻࠻࡙࠷ࡾࠊ ௧ୖࡢⱕ㸝2003: 50, 53㸞ࡵཤ⩻࡞ࡊࡒࠊ 17 1903 ᖳ❟࡚⌟Ꮛࡌࡾࠊ⏍ᾥᩅ⫩ࢅᢰ࠹୯࡚ࡢࠉ࢟ࣛࢪ᭩ኬࡡ࣍ࣚࣤࢷ ᅆమ࡚࠵ࡽࠉ650 ࡡᨥ㒂࠵ࡾࠊhttp://www.wea.org.uk/aboutus/index.htm 18 ᙔࡡ⾪⌟ࠊຘஹῦ✔౼࡞⾔ࢂࡿࠉᛨᴏࡷ◒ቪⓏຘ഼ண㆗㉫ࡆࡖ࡙ ࠷࠷ࡆ࡛ࠊ 15 16 9 ࡛࡛ࡵ࡞ᆍ⾦Ề‵ࡡ㎾ࡂᚗᖉࡌࡾࡓࢀ࠹ࠊࡆࡆ࡞㐠ᚠⓏៈ⾔࡛ࠉ⤊ῥㅎ ງࡡฦ㞫⮤てࡈࡿ࡙࠷ࡾࠊ LSE ࡡ㛜Ꮥ࠾ࡼ⤊ῥᏕࡡ௴ᩅࢅᢰࡖ࡙ࡀࡒ࢙ࢺࣤ࣬࢞ࣔࢻࣤ Edwin Cannan㸝1861-1935㸞ࡢࠉெࠍࡡ⚗♬ධ⯙ࡡྡྷ୕ࢅ⤊ῥᏕࡡ┘ᵾ࡛ࡊ࡙ࡀࡒࠊ ࠔ⤊ῥⓏ࡛࠷࠹༟ㄊ࡚రࢅណࡌࡾࡡ࠾͐ࠉ㸱∸㈻Ⓩཉ⏍ material welfare ࡛㛭౿࠵ࡾ㸳࡛࠷࠹⾪⌟࡞㢏ࡼࡉࡾࢅᚋ࠷ࠕ 㸝Cannan 1917/1914: 17㸞࡛ࠊ☔ ࠾࡞∸㈻࡛㟸∸㈻ࡡሾ⏲ࡢ⏤ᏽࡊࡒ࠷ࠉ ࠔୠ⏲ධమ࡞ྡྷࡄࡒ⤊ῥᏕࡡ⌦ࡢࠉ ெ㛣㸦ெ࠵ࡒࡽࡡ᭩ኬ㝀ྊ⬗∸㈻Ⓩ⚗♬࡚࠵ࡾ࡛ゕ࠹ࡀࡓࢀ࠹ࠕ㸝Cannan 1912/1908: 272-273㸞ࠊࡆࡡ࢞ࣔࢻࣤࡢ 1930 ᖳ࡞ࢠࣝࡡ㆗ㄵࢅཚࡊࡂᢀึࡊ ࡙࠷ࡾࠊ ࠔࡊ࠾ࡊᙴࡢ⿍ಕ㝜⩽ࡡᚨ࡞ᑊࡌࡾಕ㝜ࡡᙫ㡢ࢅࠉ࠵ࡱࡽ࡞ࡵẴ㍇࡞↋ っࡊ࡙࠷ࡾࠊ͐ಕ㝜ࡡᯗ⤄ࡲࡢḗࡡࡻ࠹⤊ῥⓏᅸງࢅ΅ࡼࡊ࡙ࡀࡒࠊࡗࡱࡽ ெࠍ㞘⏕ࡡᶭఌ࡞㣍ࡦࡗ࠾ࡎࡾ࡛͐࠷࠹ᅸງ࡚࠵ࡾࠕ 㸝Cannan 1930: 46㸞 ࠊࡆ ࡡᑻ㟻࡚ࡢࠉᙴࡢಕ㝜ࡡᝇᙫ㡢ࢅࡳࡊࢀㄊࡖ࡙࠷࡙ࠉࡐࡿ࡞ࡻࡖ࡙ᐁ⌟࡚ࡀࡾ ࣛࢪࢠ⟮⌦ࡢ㔔っࡊ࡙࠷࠷ࠊຘ഼ᕰሔࢅெⅥⓏ࡞ᨡࡊ࡙࠷ࡾ࡛࠷࠹ヾㆉ࡚ ࠵ࡖࡒࠊ⥪ࡋ࡙࢞ࣔࢻࣤࡡᛦࡢࠉ⤊ῥᏕࡡᮇὮ࡞࠵ࡽࡼࠉ࣏࣭ࢨࣔࣜ ࡡᑊᢘᚨ࡛࢛ࢴࢠࢪࣆ࢚࣭ࢺࡡ⌦⩇㸝㟸∸㈻⩇ࡷධெᩅ⫩ㄵ㸞ࢅమ⌟ ࡊ࡙࠷ࡒࠊ 1929 ᖳ ࡡ ࢠ ࣝ ⁿ ㄕ ࢅ ᣲ ࡽ ㏁ ࡾ 1955 ᖳ ࡡ ࣃ ࢴ ࢠ ࢪ John R. Hicks 㸝1904-1989㸞ࡵ⮾࠷ࠊᙴࡢࢠࣝ࡞ࡻࡾ㈜㔘ᨳ➿ࡡฦᯊࢅࠔᮇ㈻Ⓩ࡞ḿ☔ ฦᯊ࡚࠵ࡖࡒࠕ㸝Hicks 1959: 85ࠉゼ 103㸞࡛ᣲࡽ㏁ࡽࡗࡗࠉࡐࡡ≁ᚡࢅḗࡡ ࡻ࠹࡞ࡱ࡛ࡴࡒࠊᙔࠉ㈜㔘ࡢ࡞㟸⤊ῥⓏㅎງؐؐපḿ࠷ࡊḿᙔ࡛⩻࠻ ࡼࡿࡾៈ⩞ؐؐ࡞ࡻࡖ࡙ࠉኬ࠷࡞ᙫ㡢ࢅུࡄ࡙࠷ࡒࠊපⓏぞโࡢࡐࡿ࡞ᢷ㌬ࢅ ᤻ࡄࡒࠊࡊ࠾ࡊ 1931 ᖳࡡ㔘ᮇనโ㞫⬲ᚃࡢࠉࢠࣝࡡ⩻࠻࡙࠷ࡾㄢᩒᶭ⬗ࡢධ ࡂ㏣㌹ࡊ࡙ࡊࡱࡖࡒࠊࡐࡿࡱ࡚ࡢ㈄ᖨⓏᶭᵋ࠻ࡼࡿ࡙ࠉࡐࡡ୯࡚㈜㔘 ຘ഼ࡡ㞺⤝ࢅୌ⮬ࡈࡎࡾࡻ࠹ലྡྷࢅᣚࡗ⤊ῥⓏㅎງ഼࠷ࡒࠊࡐࡿ௧㜾ࡢ⌟ ᐁࡡ㈜㔘ࡐࡡࡵࡡ࠻ࡼࡿ࡙ࠉࡐࡿ࡞ྙࢂࡎࡾࡻ࠹࡞㈄ᖨᨳ➿ᆍ⾦Ề‵ࢅ ᥀ࡌᚪさฝ࡙ࡀࡒࠊ ࠔࢂࡿࢂࡿࡢ㔘ᮇన࡞࠵ࡾࡡ࡚ࡢࡂࠉຘ഼ᮇన࡞࠵ࡾࡡ ࡓ࡛ゕ࠹ࡆ࡛ࡢࠉ࡛ࢆーᘿ࡚ࡢ࠷ࠕ 㸝Hicks 1959: 88ࠉゼ 107㸞 ࠊࡆࡡၡ㢗 ࡢࢢࣤࢫ㠁ࢅืࡡ㟻࠾ࡼ♟ࡊࡒࡵࡡ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ㈄ᖨ㈜㔘㸝࠵ࡾ࠷ࡢᐁ㈻㈜㔘㸞 ຘ഼ࡡ㞺⤝ࢅㄢᩒࡌࡾࣂ࣒࣭ࣚࢰࡡ࠾ࠉࡐࡿ࡛ࡵපḿࡈ࡛࠷࠹⤊ῥአ㒂࠾ ࡼ࠻ࡼࡿࡒ⌟⾔㈜㔘ࢅḿᙔࡌࡾࡻ࠹࡞ࠉ㞺さ⟮⌦ᨳ➿࡞ࡻࡖ࡙ᡜᚋ ິ࠾ࡉࡾࢅᚋ࠷ࡡ࠾ࠉ࡚࠵ࡾࠊᡋᚃࡡࣃࢴࢠࢪࡢࢢࣤࢫ㠁ࢅ࡞మ㥺ࡊ 10 ࡙࠷ࡒࡒࡴࠉ㈜㔘ࡡ࠷࡞ᝆࡳࢠࣝࡡᛦ⩻Ἢࢅḿ☔࡞᥏ࡳࡆ࡛࡚ࡀࡒࠊࡐ ࡿࡢ⤊ῥࢨࢪࢷ࣑ࡡ୯࡚⚗♬࣬ཉ⏍ࢅ⩻࠻ࡾ࡛࠷࠹᩺ࡊ࠷ឺᗐ࡚࠵ࡽࠉࡵࡖ࡛ ୌ⯙ࡌࡿࡣࠉ⤊ῥⓏㅎງ㟸⤊ῥⓏさᅄ࡛□┢ࡌࡾሔྙࠉ⤊ῥᏕ⩽ࡡࡻ ࠹⤎ㄵࢅฝࡌ࠾࡞㛭ࡌࡾ᩺ᆀᖲ࡚࠵ࡖࡒ㸝4-3 ࡚ᚃ㏑㸞ࠊ 2-4 ␏❻ࡡ⤊ῥᛦ ➠㸨ࡡലྡྷࡢὮὬ࡚ࡢ࠷⤊ῥᛦᐓ࡞࠵ࡾࠊ⾪Ⓩ㸩ெࢅᣪࡅ࡙࠽ࡆ ࠹㸝ࡐࡡ࠹ࡔ㸨ெࡢ࢛ࢴࢠࢪࣆ࢚࣭ࢺฝ㌗࡚࠵ࡾ㸞ࠊ ␏❻ࡡ⤊ῥᏕ⩽࣬࣌ࣇࢮࣤ J. A. Hobson㸝1858-1940㸞࡞㛭ࡊ࡙ࡢኣゕࢅさࡊ ࠷19ࠊ࣌ࣇࢮࣤࡢ᪡ࡂ࠾ࡼࠖ㈃ᅏࡡၡ㢗ࠗ 㸝1891㸞ࡷࠖᴏ⩽ࡡၡ㢗ࠗ 㸝1896㸞 ࢅⴥࡊࠉ⤊ῥᏕ⩽࡛ࡊ࡙᭩ࡵ├Ⓩ࡞㈃ᅏၡ㢗࣬ᴏၡ㢗ࢅḿ㟻࡞ᤛ࠻ࡒࠊࡌ ࡙ࡡᐐᝇࡢᡜᚋࡡ೩ᅹ㐛ᑛᾐ㈕ࢅࡵࡒࡼࡌࡆ࡛ؐؐࡆࡡࡻ࠹␏❻Ⓩ⤊ῥ ฦᯊࢅ⾔ࡖ࡙࠷ࡒࡡ࡚ࠉ㈃ᅏࢅよᾐࡌࡾࡆ࡛├࡞┘Ⓩ࡛ࡖࡒࡡ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ ࡈࡼ࡞ᙴࡢࠖ♣ఌၡ㢗ࠗ㸝1901㸞ࠉ࡛ࠖᐣࠗ㸝1914㸞ࠉࠖᐣ࡛⏍Ὡࠗ㸝1929㸞࡛ ࠷࠹ୌ㏻ࡡⴥష࡚ࠉெ㛣Ⓩཉ⏍ࡡ⤊ῥᏕ economics of human welfare ࡛࠷࠹ᴣ ᛍࢅᥞ၌ࡊࡒࠊࡢ༟ࡾⱖࡡ࡚ࡢࡂ⏍ࡀ⏝ᩣ࡛ࡾࡀࠉᾐ㈕ࡡ୯ ㌗ࡵᴞⓏ࡛࠷࠹ࡻࡽࡵ㏸Ⓩ࡞ࡾࡀࠉ࡛࠷࠹ᩅ࠻࡚࠵ࡖࡒࠊ࣌ࣇࢮࣤࡢ ᙔิ࠾ࡼࣚࢪ࢞ࣤࡷ T. H. ࢡ࣭ࣛࣤ࡞ലࡊ࡙࠽ࡽࠉ࣌ࣇࣀࢪࡢ⏍ᾥࡡཪெ ࡚࠵ࡖࡒ20ࠊ࣏ࣞࣤ⩇Ⓩ⌦⤊ῥᏕࢅしࡖ࡙࠷ࡒ࡛ึ࡚᩷ࡀࡾࠊ ࢹ࣭ࢼ࣭R. H. Tawney㸝1880-1962㸞21ࡢ࢞ࣛࢪࢹᩅ♣ఌ⩇ࢅ၌࠻ࡒࠊ࢛ࢴ ࢠࢪࣆ࢚࣭ࢺኬᏕ࡚ᩅ⫩ࢅུࡄࠉຘ഼⩽ᩅ⫩༝ఌ࡞㛭ࡊࡗࡗࠉLSE ࡚⤊ῥྍ ᩅ࡛ࡖࡒࠊࡐࡡᘿࡢᶭ⬗♣ఌ Functional Society ࡛⋋ᚋ♣ఌ Acquisitive Society ࡡᑊẒ࡞᪺ࡼ࠾࡛ࡾࠊࠔᶭ⬗࡛ࡢ♣ఌⓏ┘Ⓩ࡛࠷࠹⌦ᛍࢅమ⌟ࡊࠉ࠾ ࡗ⾪⌟ࡌࡾὩິࠕ 㸝Tawney 1952: 9ࠉゼ 302㸞࡛ࡊ࡙ᏽ⩇ࡈࡿࡾࡡ࡚ࠉ࠾ࡗ࡙Ꮛ ᅹࡊࡒᶭ⬗♣ఌ࡛ࡢࠔᐣࡡ⋋ᚋࢅ♣ఌⓏ⩇ຸࡡ㐑⾔࡞ᚉᒌࡈࡎࡾࡆ࡛ࢅ┘Ⓩ࡛ ࡊࠕ 㸝ibid.: 32ࠉゼ 315㸞࡙࠷ࡾ22ࠊࡆࡿ࡞ᑊࡊ࡙⌟♣ఌࡢ⋋ᚋ♣ఌ࡚࠵ࡽࠉ ࠔర ࡞ඳ⏛㸝2007: 145㸞ࢅཤ⩻࡞ࡊࡒࠊ ࣌ࣇࢮࣤࡡ㏛ᝒᩝࡢ Cole㸝1940㸞࡞࠵ࡾࠊ 21 ࣊ࣥࣛࢴࢩࡡ⩇ᘭ࡚࠵ࡽࠉኬᏕࡡྜྷ⣥⏍࡚࠵ࡾࠊ࡛ࡵ࡞ࢹࣤࣄ࣭࣭࣌ࣜ ࡞ᐞᐙࡊࡒࠊ᭩ᬄᖳࡱ࡚ばཪ࡚࠵ࡖࡒࠊHarris (1997: 476-477)ࡵぜࡻࠊ 22 ࠔ͐㐑⾔ࡌࡀ♣ఌⓏ┘Ⓩ࡞⤊ῥὩິᚉᒌࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡞ࡻࡖ࡙ࠉࡐࡡᡥṹⓏ ᛮᙁㄢࡈࡿࡾࡻ࠹࡞ࠉ♣ఌࡢࡐࡡ⏐ᴏࢅ⤄⧂ࡊࡄࡿࡣࡼ࠷ࠕ 㸝ibid.: 242ࠉゼ 394㸞 ࠊ≁࡞ࠔ⤊ῥὩິࡐࡡࡵࡡ࡞ࠉ♣ఌࡡெ࡚ࡢࡂ⏕ெ 19 20 11 ࡡዅࡵఔࢂ࠷⤊ῥⓏฺ─ࡡᶭఌࠕඖࠉࡊ ࠔ⤊ῥⓏฺ─ࢅࡴࡃࡾ㜒ணධ ♣ఌࢅ⇍≤ࠕ 㸝ibid.: 241-242ࠉゼ 393-394㸞ࡈࡎ࡙࠷ࡾࠊ≁࡞ᶭ⬗ࡀᡜ᭯㸝 ெⓏᶊฺ㸞࡚࠵ࡾኬぞᶅ㈠ᮇᐓ࡞ࡻࡾᐣࡡ༥᭯ࡢࠉᗣḾࡈࡿࡄࡿࡣࡼ࠷ࠊ ᶭ⬗♣ఌࡢࠔභ㏳┘Ⓩࡡ⊡㌗࡞ࡻࡖ࡙㰐⯑ࡈࡿ࠹ࡾභྜྷ♣ఌࠕ 㸝ibid: 227ࠉゼ 388㸞࡚࠵ࡽࠉ ࠔெ㢦Ᏸᠺ perfection ࡞ྡྷ࠾࠹㐛⛤ࡡṹ㝭ࠕ 㸝ibid: 235ࠉゼ 391㸞 ࡚࠵ࡾࠊࡱࡈ࡞ࡆࡿࡢ࢞ࣛࢪࢹᩅ⢥♼࡚࠵ࡖࡒࠊࢹ࣭ࢼ࣭ࡢ㸦ெ㸦ெࡡវ ࡷெ㝙෪ࡆࡐ⤊ῥⓏฺ─࡞ඁࡈࡿࡾࡀ࡛⩻࠻ࠉ࠾ࡗ࡙࢞ࣛࢪࢹᩅⓏභ ྜྷమ࡞ᚗཿࡌࡀ࡛࠷࠹┘Ⓩࢅᣚࡗࠊࡒࡓࡊࡐࡡᡥṹࡢ㈠ᮇᐓࢅよమࡊࠉ⏐ᴏ ࡡ⤣⋙ງࢅዞ࠹ࡆ࡛࡞࠵ࡾࠊ࠷ࡍࡿ࡞ࡎࡻࠉ⤊ῥ࡞ᑊࡌࡾ♣ఌࡡඁనᛮㄕ ࠾ࡿࡒࠊ ࢤ࣭ࣜ G. D. H. Cole㸝1889-1959㸞ࡢ࣏ࣞࣤ⩇Ⓩ࢟ࣜࢺ♣ఌ⩇ࢅิ ࡞ࡢ23ᥞ၌ࡊࡒࠊ⌟⾔ࡡ⤊ῥࢨࢪࢷ࣑ࡢࠔெ㛣ࡡᗛ࡛ᖶ⚗࡛ࢅ㸱㞺さ౩⤝ࡡἪ ์㸳࡞ࡻࡽࠉࡌࢂࡔᕰሔࡡ⩻ᐳ࡞ࡻࡖ࡙Ửᏽࡈࡿࡾࠕ 㸝Cole 1918: 21㸞ࡵࡡࡓ ࠉࡆࡿࡢᐣ࣬ᆀన࣬ᶊງ࡞ⴥࡊ࠷ᖲ➴ࢅ⏍ࡳࠊࡐࡆ࡚ຘ഼⩽⮤ⓆⓏ࡞ࠉ ฦᶊⓏ࡞⤄⧂ࡊࡒ⏍⏐භྜྷమ࡞ᙽ࠾࠾ࡾࠊࡆࡡゝ⏤⤊ῥ࡚ࡢࠔ㞺さ࡚ࡢ ࡂࠉᚪさ㸤ࢼ࣭ࢫ⏍⏐ⓏὩິࡡ౮ೋࢅỬࡴࡾࠕ 㸝Cole 1935: 235㸞ࠊெࡡฦ 㒼ࡢຘ഼ࡡᑊ౮࡛ࠉᕰẰ࡚࠵ࡾࡆ࡛࡞ᑊࡌࡾࠔ♣ఌⓏ㒼ᙔฦࠕ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ๑⩽ࡢ ⣟⢃⤊ῥ⾔Ⅵ࡞ࡻࡾ࠾ࡼெ࡚ᥖ࠷ࡓࠉᚃ⩽ࡢධဤ࡞ᆍୌ࡚࠵ࡾࠊᚃ⩽ ࡡ㒂ฦࡢ᭩㝀ࡡಕッ࡛よ㔐ࡈࡿࡾࡓࢀ࠹ࠊࢤ࣭ࣜࡢ๑⩽࡛ᚃ⩽ࡡẒ⋙ࢅ㸧㸯 㸨࡛ࡊ࡙ࠉᚃ⩽ࢅࡻࡽཉࡂࡌࡀ࡛ㄕ࠷ࡒࠊࡈࡼ࡞♣ఌ⩇ࡢࠔᖶ⚗ࡡᡥṹ ࡞ᑊࡊ࡙ࠉࡌ࡙ࡡெᖲ➴ࡡᶊฺࢅᣚࡗࠕ࡛࠷࠹㐠ᚠⓏ┘ⓏࡡⅤ࡚ࠉ㏳ᖏ ࡡ⤊ῥᏕ࠾ࡼᓠืࡈࡿࡾ㸝㛭 1952: 290㸞ࠊࡆ࠹ࡊࡒࢤ࣭ࣜࡡᛦ24ࡢࠉ⤊ῥࡡ 㡷ᇡࢅ㝀ᏽࡊࡒ୕࡚ࠉࡐࡿࢅ㉲࠻ࡾ♣ఌᶊᏋᅹࡌࡾ࡛࠷࠹ࡵࡡ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ ࣎ࣚࣤࢼ࣭Karl Polanyi㸝1886-1964㸞ࡢ≺≁⤊ῥⓆᒈふࢅᣚࡖ࡙࠷ࡒࠊ19 ୠ ⣎ ࢅ ᨥ 㒼 ࡊ ࡙ ࡀ ࡒ ⮤ ᕤ ㄢ ᩒ Ⓩ ᕰ ሔ self- regulating market 㸝 Polanyi 1957/1944: 3ࠉゼ 3㸞ࡢؐؐาᙁࡡເງᆍ⾦ࠉᅗ㝷㔘ᮇనโࠉ⮤⏜⩇Ⓩᅗᐓ࡛ ࡛ࡊ࡙ࡡ㐲วన⨠ࢅ࠻ࡾࠕ㸝ibid. : 241ࠉゼ 393㸞࡛࠷࠹ヾㆉࡢࠉ࣊ࣥࣛ ࢴࢩ࡛㓖జࡊ࡙࠷ࡾ㸝ᑚᓘ 2007: 397㸞ࠊ 23 ࢤ࣭ࣜࡢ 1920 ᖳ࠾ࡼࠉ࢟ࣜࢺ࡛࠷࠹⤄⧂ࡻࡽࡢᅗᐓ࡞ࡻࡾゝ⏤⤊ῥ࡞ ᙽࢅᐞࡎࡒࠉࡐࡡ⢥♼ࡢ㏻⤾ࡊ࡙࠷ࡒ㸝㛭 1952: 285-286㸞ࠊ 24 ➠ḗୠ⏲ኬᡋ୯ࡢࠔࢻࣆ࣭ࣜࢺኬᏕᡋᚃ්ᘋㄢᰕࠕ࡚ࢤ࣭ࣜࡢ࣊ࣥࣛ ࢴࢩ࡞༝ງࡊࠉࠖ࣊ࣥࣛࢴࢩሒ࿈ࠗࡡᇱ♇ᅖࡴ࡞㈠ࡊࡒࠊHarris㸝1997: 417, 421㸞ࢅぜࡻࠊ 12 භ࡞ؐؐ1930 ᖳࡱ࡚࡞ᓻቪࡊࡒࠊࡆࡿ⌟࡚࠵ࡽࠉࠔኬ㌹ᥦࠕthe great transformation ࡡណ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ⮤ᕤㄢᩒⓏᕰሔ࡛ࡢࠉ⤊ῥⓏ㈠″ࢅ⮤⏜ᕰሔ ⁝ࡼ࠾࡞ㄢᩒࡌࡾሔ࡚࠵ࡾࠊࡆࡡᕰሔࡢࡄࡖࡊ࡙├⥲Ⓩ࡞Ⓠ㐡ࡊ࡙ࡀࡒࡡ࡚ ࡢࡂࠉ⤧࠻ࡍࠔ♣ఌ࠾ࡼࡡ⮤ᕤ㜭⾠ࠕ࡛࠷࠹ཬິࢅུࡄ࡙ࡀࡒࠊࡗࡱࡽຘ഼࣬ ᅰᆀ࣬㈄ᖨࢅ᧻โၛဗ㸝ibid.: 72ࠉゼ 97㸞࡛ࡊ࡙ᕰሔ࡞Ὦ㏳ࡈࡎࠉ❿ணⓏ ᕰሔࢅᣉኬࡈࡎࡻ࠹࡛ࡊ࡙ࡵࠉᕰሔⓆࡌࡾ᭯ᐐᙫ㡢ࡢᖏ࡞ᖱῦࡈࡿぞโ ࢅུࡄ࡙࠷ࡒࠊࡐࡡ᭩⤂Ⓩ⤎ᯕࠉ♣ఌ⩇࡚࠵ࡽࣆࢨࢫ࣑࡚࠵ࡽࠉࢼࣖ ࣭ࢸ࣭ࣜᨳ➿࡚࠵ࡽ⚗♬ᅗᐓ࡚࠵ࡖࡒࠊ࣎ࣚࣤࢼ࣭࡞ࡢ㈠ᮇ⩇Ⓩ⛓ᗆ࡞࠽ ࠷࡙ࠉ♣ఌ࡛⤊ῥࡡᑊ❟㛭౿⮤᪺࡚࠵ࡾࠊౚ࠻ࡣࠔ㈜㔘โᗐ࡛㸱⏍Ꮛᶊ㸳ࡡ භᏋྊ⬗࡚࠵ࡾࡆ࡛ࠉゕ࠷ᥦ࠻ࡿࡣࠉ㈜㔘පභࡡᇱ㔘࠾ࡼຐᠺࡈࡿࡾ㝀 ࡽ㈠ᮇ⩇Ⓩ⛓ᗆࡢᶭ⬗ࡊ࠷ࠕ㸝ibid.: 81ࠉゼ 109㸞࡛ࡲࡈࡿࡒࠊࡱࡒࠉ᧻ โၛဗࡡⓆ㐡❿ணⓏᕰሔࡡⓆᒈࠉ㏣࡞㈃ᅏࡷ♣ఌࡡⓆぜࠉ⤊ῥᏕࡡᙟᠺ ࢅᑙ࠷ࡒ࡛ࡊࡒ㸝ibid: 85ࠉゼ 114㸞ࠊࡆࡆ࡞ࡢᩝࡷ㐠ᚠࠉ⤊ῥࡡ⮤ᕤㄢᩒ ࣒࢜ࢼࢫ࣑௧አࡡ♣ఌ㜭⾠ࢨࢪࢷ࣑ࡻࡽ㔔っࡈࡿ࡙࠷ࡾࡆ࡛ࢂ࠾ࡾࠊ 2-5 ᩺ࡊ࠷ၡ㢗ࡡฝ⌟ ᨾ㈃Ἢమโᐁ୕ᓻቪࡊࠉ1920 ᖳࡡᴏಕ㝜ᆵౚ࡚࠵ࡾࡻ࠹࡞ࠉ⏍ ὩࢅᏬࡾᶊฺ࡛ࡊ࡙ࡡᅗᐓ⤝ᣉኬࡊ࡙ࡀࡒࠊ≁࡞㈃ᅏࡡၡ㢗ࡢපḿ㈜㔘 ࡷぞ์㞘⏕࡛ᐠ࡞⤎ࡦࡗ࠷ࡒࠊࡆࡡ୯࡚⤊ῥᛦᐓࡡᑊฌἪࡢࠉ㸨ࡗ࡞ ฦ࠾ࡿ࡙ࡀࡒࠊ➠㸦ࡢཉ⏍⤊ῥᏕࡡⓆᒈ࡚࠵ࡾࠊࡐࡆ࡚ࡢ⤊ῥᏕࡡ⛁Ꮥᛮᵾ ᴮࡈࡿࠉࣂ࣭ࣝࢹຝ⋙ᛮ࡛࠷࠹ᇱ‵᛬㏷࡞ⱕ࠷⌦ㄵ⤊ῥᏕ⩽ࡡ㛣࡚ᾈ㏩ࡌࡾ ࡆ࡛࡞ࡖࡒࠊࡒࡓࡊࡆࡡ⌦ㄵⓏ⢥⦋ᛮࡢࠉ⌟ᐁࡡ♣ఌ❟Ἢࡷୠㄵᙟᠺ࡞ ࡛ࢆరࡵᙫ㡢ࢅ࠻࠷ؐؐ࠵ࡾ࠷ࡢ↋㛭౿࡚࠵ࡾ࡛ؐؐ࠷࠹ష⏕ࢅఔࡖ ࡒࠊ♣ఌⓏぞ⠂ࢅ⤊ῥⓏฦᯊࡡአ㒂࡞⨠ࡂ࡛࠷࠹⌟ᅹ࡞ࡵ㏳ࡋࡾ⤊ῥᏕࡡ᪁Ἢ ࠉࡱࡈ࡞ཉ⏍ࡡၡ㢗ࢅㄵࡋࡾ࡛ࡀ࡞Ⓠᒈࡊࡒ࡛࠷࠹ឺࡢ㏣ㄕⓏ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ➠ 㸧ࡢ᭯ງ⤊ῥᏕ⩽࡞ࡻࡾฦࡊࡒᛦ⩻Ἢ࡚࠵ࡾࠊᙴࡼࡢ⥪ࡋ࡙Ꮥ⏲ࡡࡲࡼ ࡍᏻ⏲࣬ᨳ⏲࣬㈀⏲࡞ࡵᐠ㛭౿ࢅᣚࡔࠉࡐࡡࡒࡴୌ᪁࡚᭩㈜㔘Ἢ♣ ఌᶊࡡᣉኬࢅᙔ↓っࡊࠉུࡄථࡿ࡙࠷ࡾࠊ᪁࡚㛏࡞࠽ࡄࡾ㞺⤝ࡡΰ⟤࡛࠷ ࠹⤊ῥᏕࡡࢿ࣑ࣜࡵᏬࡖ࡙࠷ࡾࠊࡆࡆ࡞ࡢ୦⩽ࢅࡡࡻ࠹࡞ㄢೳࡌࡾ࠾࡛࠷࠹ ၡ㢗ṟࡈࡿࡾࡆ࡛࡞ࡖࡒࠊ➠㸨ࡢḿ⤣Ὤ࡛ࡢ㛭౿࠷⤊ῥᛦᐓࡡኣᵕᛮ ࡚࠵ࡾࠊᙴࡼ࡞ࡢᏬࡾࡀ⌦ㄵࡡࢿ࣑ࣜᏋᅹࡊ࠷ࡒࡴࠉ⮤⏜Ⓠ࠾ࡼ㈃ ᅏࡷ⚗♬ࡡၡ㢗࡞㎾ࡊ࠻ࡒࠊභ㏳ࡊࡒലྡྷࡢࠉ⤊ῥࢨࢪࢷ࣑࡛♣ఌぞ⠂࡛ࢅ 13 ᑊ❟ເງ࡛ぜ❟࡙ࠉᚃ⩽ࡡඁనᛮࢅㄕࡂⅤ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ 1910 ᖳ࠾ࡼ 25 ᖳࡡ⤊ῥᛦࢅᣲࡽ㏁ࡾ࡛ࠉ⤊ῥᏕහ㒂࡚㈃ᅏࡷ⚗♬ ࡡၡ㢗⩄ࢅ࠹‵ങᩒࡖ࡙ࡀࡒࡆ࡛ࢂ࠾ࡾࠊࡐࡡཋᅄࢅ㸧ࡗ࡞ịࡴ࡙࠽ࡆ ࠹ࠊ➠㸦࡞ࠉ㈃ᅏࡢெⓏ㈠㈻ࡡၡ㢗ࢅ㉲࠻࡙ࠔ♣ఌ㈃ࠕ࡚࠵ࡾ࡛࠷࠹㏳ᛍࠉ ࡐࡊ࡙㈃Ằ࡚ࡢࡂᕰẰධဤࢅᑊ㇗࡛ࡌࡾᨭ㠁᥈⨠ 19 ୠ⣎ᮆ࠾ࡼ᛬㏷࡞ᗀ ࡖࡒࡒࡴ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ♣ఌⓏ≟Ἓ࡞ཋᅄ࠵ࡽࡐࡡᨭ㠁❟Ἢࡈࡿࡾ࡛ࡌࡿࡣࠉ ࡐࡡ୯ࡡ⤊ῥⓏ≟Ἓࢅฦᯊᑊ㇗࡛ࡌࡾ⤊ῥᏕ࡞ฝ␊ᅂࡖ࡙ࡀࡒࡡࡢᙔ↓࡚࠵ ࡖࡒࠊ➠㸧࡞ࠉ㈃ᅏၡ㢗ࢅ⤊ῥᏕ࡚࠹ࡒࡴࡡ‵ങᩒࡖࡒ࠾ࡼ࡚࠵ࡾࠊၡ㢗 ࡡ㝀ᏽ࡛ࢪࣚࢺ࡛࠷࠹᪁ᘟ࡚࠵ࡾࠊཉ⏍⤊ῥᏕࡡᏽ╌࣬Ⓠᒈࡢࠉஹᥦ࡞Ⅴ ࢅᙔ࡙ࡔ࡚࠵ࡖࡒ㝀⏲㠁ᚃࡡ⤊ῥᏕ࡞࠽࠷࡙ࠉᐣ࡛ࡢర࠾ࠉᖶ⚗࡛ࡢర࠾ ࡛࠷࠹ၡ㢗ࢅ්ࡦὩᛮࡈࡎࡒࠊ㈃ᅏ࡛࠷࠹ୌ≟ឺࢅ㉲࠻࡙ࠉⰃࡀ♣ఌࡷ⌦ ാࢅịࡴࡗࡗࠉࡐࡡරమⓏ㐡᪁Ἢࢅฦᯊࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡞ࡖࡒࠊࡱࡒ㞘⏕ࡡንິ 㸝ᴏ≟ឺࡡᣚ⤾㸞ࠉ᭻ࡱࡊ࠷㈜㔘ࡷఴᬜ㛣ࠉຘ഼⤄ྙࡷᾐ㈕⩽ᅆమࡡ᭻ ࡱࡊ࠷ᅆమࠉ⏐ᴏ⤄⧂ㄵ࡛࠷࠹රྙ࡞ࠉ⤊ῥᏕ⩽࠷ࡷࡌ࠷㡷ᇡ࡞㈃ᅏၡ㢗 ࢅࢨࣆࢹࡈࡎࡗࡗฦᯊࡊࡒࠊࡗࡱࡽࠉ࣏ࢠࣞ㟻࣐࣬ࢠࣞ㟻ࡔࡼ࠾ࡼࡵࠉ㝀ᏽ ࡈࡿࡒ⢥⦋⌦ㄵⓏ㎾᪁Ἢࡵ㛜Ⓠࡈࡿ࡙࠷ࡖࡒࠊ ࡊ࠾ࡊࡆ࠹ࡊࡒⓆᒈ࡞ࡵ࠾࠾ࢂࡼࡍࠉ㔔ኬၡ㢗ṟࡈࡿࡒࠊ♣ఌⓏᶊฺ㸝ᅗ Ằ᭩㝀ಕ㝸㸞ࡷៈ⩞㸝පḿ㈜㔘㸞࡛ࠉ⤊ῥⓏྙ⌦ᛮࡷ⤊ῥࢨࢪࢷ ࣑࡛ࠉỀ࡛ἔࡡࡻ࠹࡞ஹࢂࡼ࠷ࡱࡱ࡞ࡖ࡙࠷ࡒࡆ࡛࡚࠵ࡾࠊ๑⩽ࡡ↋っ ࡷวࡽ㞫ࡊࠉ୦⩽ࡡ࠵࠷ࡱ࠷࡚□┢ࡌࡾ୩❟ࠉ๑⩽ࡡᅸⓏඁన࡛࠷࠹රྙ࡞ ⤊ῥᏕ⩽ࡡឺᗐࡢฦ࠾ࡿࡒࠉ୦⩽ࡡ⤣ྙࡌࡾㄵ⌦࠷ؐؐ࠵ࡾ࠷ࡢࠉịࡴ ࠷ؐؐⅤ࡚ࡢྜྷࡋലྡྷ࡞࠵ࡖࡒࠊ୦⩽ࢅ⁝ࡼ࠾࡞ࡗࡃ⤎⟿Ⅴ᪺ࡼ࠾࡞Ꮛ ᅹࡊ࡙࠷࠾ࡖࡒࠊࡆࡡၡ㢗ࡢ࣊ࣥࣛࢴࢩ࡛ࢢࣤࢫ⮤てࡌࡾ 1940 ᖳࡱ ࡚ᣚࡔ㉲ࡈࡿࡾࡆ࡛࡞ࡾࠊ ➠㸨⟿ ㈃ᅏ࠾ࡼ❋இ ᮇ⟿࡚ࡢࠖ♣ఌಕ㝜࠽ࡻࡦ㛭㏻ࢦ࣭ࣄࢪࠗ㸝1942.12㸞ࢅ࠹ࠊᅸⓏᙫ㡢ງ ࢅᣚࡖࡒࡆࡡᨳᗋᩝ᭡ࠉ1940 ᖳ࡞㈃ᅏၡ㢗ࢅࡡࡻ࠹࡞ᢍᥩࡊࡒ࠾ࠉࡐࡡ よỬ➿ࡢర࡚ࡡࡻ࠹๑ᥞࢅᣚࡖ࡙࠷ࡒ࠾ࢅ᥀ࡾࠊ 3-1 ࣊ࣥࣛࢴࢩሒ࿈ࡡ⫴ᬊ Harris㸝1997: 368㸞ࢅᥴ⏕ࡊࡗࡗࠉࡆࡡሒ࿈᭡ࢅྊ⬗࡞ࡊࡒ├ࡡ♣ఌ 14 Ⓩ⫴ᬊࢅḗࡡ㸪Ⅴ࡞ịࡴ࡙࠽ࡆ࠹ࠊ 㸝㸦㸞➠ḗୠ⏲ᡋண࡞ົࡔᢜࡂ࡛࠷࠹ኃẴ 㧏ᥥࡡࡒࡴࠉ⤄⧂ࡈࡿࡒຘ഼⩽ࡡさ᭻ࢅ⤧ᑊⓏ࡞ࡌࡒᚪさ࠵ࡖࡒࠊࡐࡿ࡞ ࡢᡋᚃ්ᘋゝ⏤࡛ࡊ࡙ࡡᡋண┘Ⓩᚪさࡓࡖࡒࡡ࡚࠵ࡾࠊౚ࠻ࡣࢤ࣭ࣜࡡࢻࣆ ࣭ࣜࢺ්ᘋㄢᰕࠉࢹࣤࣄ࣭ࡷ࣭࢜ࡡᡋᚃ්ᘋゝ⏤࠵ࡾࠊ࣊ࣥࣛࢴࢩጟ ဤఌࡵ්ᘋゝ⏤ࡡୌ⎌࡛ࡊ࡙ࠉຘ഼ⅇᐐࡡർၡ㢗࠾ࡼࡷࡷഃ↓࡞㛜ጙࡈࡿࡒࠊ 㸝㸧㸞ࢷࢹ࣏ࢪᣞᦤࡊࡒࡻ࠹࡞ࠉ㛜ࡷ⇷ᦹ࡛࠷࠹ᡋἛࡡࡵ࡛࡚ࠉᖲ࡞ ࡢし࠷㝻ࡈࡿ࡙࠷ࡒ㈃ᘽ༈⒢ࢦ࣭ࣄࢪࠉ㒌ᕰ࡞࠽ࡄࡾඡ❲ࡡ㈃ᅏ࡞Ἰ┘㞗 ࡱࡖࡒࠊ 㸝㸨㸞ᡋண࡞ࡻࡾᅗẰࡡ♣ఌⓏ㏻ᖈ࡛࠷࠹វて࡚࠵ࡖࡒࠊ㝭⣥ᑊ❟࡛࠷ ࠹ᛦ⩻ࡢؐؐୌⓏࡓࡖࡒ࠾ࡵࡊࡿ࠷ؐؐᾐ⁓ࡊࡒࡡ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ 㸝㸩㸞➠ୌḗ ୠ⏲ኬᡋ࡛ྜྷࡋ᪁ྡྷ࡚ࠉࡐࡊ࡙㔖Ⓩ࡞ࡢࡢࡾ࠾࡞ࡊࡡࡃぞᶅ࡚ࠉᅗᐓ⤣โ࡛⤊ ῥ⟮⌦㟸ᖏ࡞ᣉኬࡊࡒࡒࡴ࡚࠵ࡾࠊᡋ࡞࠽ࡄࡾኬゝ⏤࡛࠷࠹ᐁ㥺ࠉᖲ ࡡ㠬࡞ࡾ࡛⩻࠻ࡼࡿࡒࠊ 㸝㸪㸞ᡋమโ࡞ࡻࡖ࡙Ᏸධ㞘⏕⌟ᐁ࡞ࡽࠉ㈜ 㔘ࡵᇱᖷ⏐ᴏ࡚ᣚ⤾Ⓩ࡞୕᪴ࡊࡒ⤎ᯕࠉ㈃ᅏࢅࡵࡒࡼࡌṟࡽࡡཋᅄ࡞㞗୯ࡌࡾ ‵ങᩒࡖࡒࠊ ࣊ࣥࣛࢴࢩጟဤఌࡢ┤ᖿ࠾ࡼ୯ᇻᏻേࢅጟဤ࡛ࡊ࡙㞗ࡴࡒࠉ᭩ᚃࡢ㆗ 㛏ࡡࡲ⨣ྞࡊ࡙ප⾪ࡈࡿࡒࠊ 3-2 ㈃ᅏふ ࠖ࣊ࣥࣛࢴࢩሒ࿈ࠗࡡレ⣵ࡢ✇࡞㆙ࡽࠉࡆࡆ࡚ࡢࡐࡡ㈃ᅏふ࡞⤘ࢀ࠹ࠊ ࣊ࣥࣛࢴࢩࡢெ㢦ࡡኬᝇ five giants ࢅ❋இ wantࠉ⑄ diseaseࠉ↋▩ ignoranceࠉ㜼㝴㸝₡㸞squalorࠉ↋Ⅵ㸝㐗ఆࠉᛨ㸞idleness ࡞ฦࡄࡒࠊࡆ ࡡฦ㢦ࡡᵋࡢ 1942 ᖳ㸫᭮ࡡṹ㝭ࡱ࡚㐫ࡿࡾࠊࡐࡊ࡙ࠉࡆࡡṹ㝭࡚↋Ⅵࢅ᭩ࡵ ᅏ㞬┘ᵾ࡛ᏽࡊ࡙࠷ࡒࠊ❋இ࣬⑄࣬↋▩࡞ࡗ࠷࡙ࡢࠉẒ㍉Ⓩᑊ➿ࡒ࡙ ࡷࡌ࠷ࡡ࡞ᑊࡊࠉ㜼㝴࡛↋Ⅵ࡞ࡗ࠷࡙ࡢࠉࠔᅗᐓゝ⏤ࠕState planningࠉࡗࡱࡽ ᅰᆀࡷᇱᖷᴏຸࡡᅗ᭯ᚪさ࡛ࡈࡿࡒࠊࡆࡡ㸪ࡗࡢࠔࠤ࠾ࡼࡡ⮤⏜ࠕࢅᵋᠺ ࡌࡾ࡛࠷࠹ណ࡚ࠉᾐᴗⓏ⮤⏜25࡞ฦ㢦ྊ⬗࡚࠵ࢀ࠹ࠊࡗࡱࡽࡆࡆ࡚ࡡᑊ㇗ࡢࠉ ᾐᴗⓏ⮤⏜ࢅ᧞㆜ࡌࡾᡥṹ࡛ࡊ࡙ࠔᏭධ⥑ࠕsafety net ᥞ၌ࡈࡿ࡙࠷ࡾࠊ ↋Ⅵࡡ᰷⤧ࡱ࡚っ㔕࡞ථࡿࡾ࡛࠷࠹ᅏ㞬ࡈࢅヾㆉࡊࡼࠉ࣊ࣥࣛࢴࢩࡢ ሒ࿈᭡ࡡ୯࡚ࡢ❋இ࡞㞗୯ࡊࡒࠊࡆࡿࡢࡐࡡ㸩ࡗࡡᐐᝇ㔔さᛮࢅᣚࡒ࠷ ࠾ࡼ࡚ࡢࡂࠉ❋இࡆࡐໜᣋⓏ♣ఌಕ㝸࡞ࡻࡖ࡙├Ⓩ࡞ග᭱ྊ⬗ࡓ࠾ࡼ࡚ ࣁ࣭ࣛࣤ Isaiah Berlin ࡞ࡻࡾฦἪࡡ㏳ಐ∟ࠊெ㛣ࡡ⾔ິ࡞ᑊࡌࡾโ⣑Ḗ ዯࡊ࡙࠷ࡾࡆ࡛ࠊ✒ᴗⓏ⮤⏜ࡢ⮤ᕤ⤣โ࣬⮤ᕤỬᏽᶊ࡛㛭㏻ࡌࡾࠊ 25 15 ࠵ࡾࠊࡗࡱࡽṹ㝭ࢅ㊻ࢆࡓゝ⏤ࡷᨳ➿࡚࠵ࡾࠊ❋இࢅග᭱ࡌࡾᡥṹ♣ఌಕ㝸 social security ゝ⏤࡚࠵ࡾࠉࡐࡿࡢࡵࡖ࡛ᗀ࠷♣ఌᨳ➿ social policy ࡡୌ㒂࡚ ࠵ࡾ㸝ṹⴘ 45626㸞ࠊ ࡐࡿ࡚ࡢ❋இ࡛ࡢర࠾ࠊ ࠔᐓ᪐ࡷெᗛ࡚᭩㝀ࡡ⏍Ὡࢅ㏞ࡾؐؐ࠵ࡾ࠷ ࡢᗛⓏ⏍Ꮛ᭩㝀ࡡؐؐhealthy subsistence ᡥṹࢅḖࡂ≟ឺࠕ㸝ṹⴘ 11㸞ࠉ ࠔ⤊ῥⓏ࡞ࡵ㐠ᚠⓏ࡞ࡵḿᙔ࡚ࡀ࠷∸㈻Ⓩ❋இ࡛࠷࠹᜕㎧ࡡ≟ឺࠕ 㸝ṹⴘ 455㸞࡚࠵ࡾࠊ㏣࡞ゕ࠹࡛ࠉ♣ఌಕ㝸࡛ࡢḗࡡ㸨ࡗࡡሔྙ࡞ฦ㢦ࡈࡿࡾࠔ❋இࠕ ⏍ࡋࡒ࡛ࡊ࡙ࡵࠉ᭩㝀ᗐࡱ࡚ࡡᡜᚋࢅୠᖈහࡡெ࡞ಕ㝸ࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡚࠵ࡾࠊ ࠔ♣ఌಕ㝜ࡢᅗẰ᭩㝀ಕ㝸࡛࠷࠹ᨳ➿ࡡୌ㒂ࢅࡌࡀ࡚࠵ࡾࠕ 㸝ṹⴘ 411㸞ࠊ ࡌࢂࡔࠉථࡡ୯᩷ࠉ✄ᚋງࡡ႕ࠉ≁ืࡡᨥฝࡡሔྙ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ➠㸦࡛➠㸧 ࡡሔྙ࡛ࡢᴏ࣬⑄࣬ຘ഼ⅇᐐ࣬ᚨ㌗㝸ᐐ࣬⩹㱃㏝⫃࡚࠵ࡾࠊ➠㸨ࡡሔ ྙ࡛ࡢ⏍࣬⤎፡࣬Ṓཡ࡞㛭ࡌࡾ≁ืᨥฝ࡚࠵ࡾ㸝ṹⴘ 11ࠉ300㸞ࠊ♣ఌಕ㝸࡛ ࡢࠔరࡻࡽࡵಕ㝜ࡡゝ⏤࡚࠵ࡾࠊᣈฝࡡぜ㏁ࡽ࡛ࡊ࡙ࠉ᭩㝀ᗐࡡ⏍ᏋỀ‵ࡱ ࡚⤝ࢅ⾔࠹ࠊࡆࡿࡢᶊฺ࡛ࡊ࡙࡚࠵ࡖ࡙ࠉ㈠ງㄢᰕ means test ࢅᖈࡈࡎ ࠷ࠊࡐࡊ࡙ࡆࡡỀ‵௧୕࡞ெ⮤⏜࡞ࡄຊ࠻ࡼࡿࡾࡻ࠹࡞ࡌࡾࠕ 㸝ṹⴘ 10㸞ࠊ ࡆ࠹ࡊࡒ♣ఌಕ㝸࡛❋இࡡ㛭౿࡞ࠉ࣊ࣥࣛࢴࢩࡡ㈃ᅏふؐؐ࠽ࡻࡦᮇ✇࡚ ࡢりࡿ࠷ࠉᐓ᪐ふؐؐࢅᦤฝࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡚ࡀࡾࠊ ᙴࡡ㈃ᅏふࡢࠉࣞࣤࢺ࡛࣭ࣤࣙࢠ࡞࠽ࡄࡾᚥᗇⓏ⏍Ὡㄢᰕ࡞ࡻࡖ࡙ኬࡀࡂ ᙫ㡢ࢅུࡄࡒࠊࡆࡿࡼࡢ 1920 ᖳᚃ༖࠾ࡼ 1930 ᖳ࡞⾔ࢂࡿ࡙࠽ࡽࠉࡐࡡぞ ᶅ࡛ᙫ㡢ງ࡛㏻⤾ᛮ࡛࠷࠹ណ࡚ࠉ➠㸧ᅂࡡࠔ⛁ᏕⓏ㈃ᅏㄢᰕࠕ࡛ゕ࠹ࡀࢬ ࣤࢦࢪ࡚࠵ࡖࡒࠊ➠㸦ᅂࡡࡐࡿࡢゕ࠹ࡱ࡚ࡵࡂࠉࢲ࣭ࣔࣜࢫ࣬ࣇ࣭ࢪࡡࣞࣤ ࢺࣤㄢᰕ࡛ࢨ࣭࣭࣑࣍࣬ࣚࣤࢹ࣭ࣛࡡ࣭ࣙࢠㄢᰕ࡚࠵ࡾ27ࠊ➠㸧ᅂࡡࣞࣤࢺࣤ ㄢᰕࡢ 1928 ᖳ࠾ࡼ 1933 ᖳ࡞࠾ࡄ࡙⾔ࢂࡿࠉ ࠖࣞࣤࢺࣤ࡞࠽ࡄࡾ⏍Ὡ࡛ຘ഼࡞ 㛭ࡌࡾ᩺ㄢᰕࠗ 㸝1930-1935㸞࡛ࡊ࡙ฝ∟ࡈࡿࡒࠊLSE ࢅᣈⅤ࡛ࡌࡾㄢᰕ࡚࠵ࡽࠉ ࣊ࣥࣛࢴࢩࡐࡡ㈠㔘ࢅㄢ㐡ࡊࠉࣇ࣭ࢪࡡຐࡵࡊ࡙࠷ࡒඔၛຸ┤ḗᏻ࣬ࣚ ࢘ࣛࣤ-ࢪ࣐ࢪᣞᥱࡊࡒࠊ➠㸧ᅂࡡ࣭ࣙࢠㄢᰕࡢࣚࣤࢹ࣭ࣛ⮤㌗࡞ࡻࡖ࡙ 1935 ᖳ࠾ࡼ 1936 ᖳ࡞࠾ࡄ්࡙ࡦ⾔ࢂࡿࠉࠖ㈃ᅏ࡛㐅Ṅࠗ㸝1941㸞࡛ࡊ࡙ฝ∟ࡈ 26 ᩷ࡽ࠷㝀ࡽࠉࡆࡡ⾪⌟࡚ࠖ࣊ࣥࣛࢴࢩሒ࿈ࠗ㸝1942㸞ࡡṹⴘ␊ྒࢅ♟ ࡌࠊࡆࡡሔྙࡢ Beveridge㸝1942: 170, para. 456㸞ࡡណࠊ 27 ๑⩽ࡢ 1886 ᖳ࠾ࡼ 1903 ᖳࡱ࡚ 17 ᖳࢅ࠾ࡄࡒㄢᰕ࡚ࠉ ࠖࣞࣤࢺࣤࡡெࠍ࡞࠽ ࡄࡾ⏍Ὡ࡛ຘ഼ࠗ 㸝1889-1903㸞࡛ࡊ࡙ 17 ᕬฝ∟ࡈࡿࡒࠊᚃ⩽ࡢ 1899 ᖳ࡞⾔ࢂ ࡿࠉࠖ㈃ᅏ㸯㒌ᕰ⏍Ὡࡡ◂✪ࠗ㸝1901㸞࡛ࡊ࡙ฝ∟ࡈࡿࡒࠊ 16 ࡿࡒࠊ ࣚࣤࢹ࣭ࣛࡢ 19 ୠ⣎ᮆ࡞ࠔ➠ୌḗ㈃ᅏࠕprimary poverty ࡛࠷࠹ᴣᛍ࡞ 㐡ࡊ࡙࠷ࡒࠊࡐࡿࡢࠔࡐࡡ⥪ථࠉ༟ࡾ⫏మⓏ⬗⋙ࢅಕᣚࡌࡾࡒࡴ࡞ᚪさ ᭩㝀ᗐ࡞ࡵ㊂ࡽ࠷ᐓᗖࠕ㸝Rowntree 1902/1901: 86ࠉゼ 97㸞ࡡࡆ࡛࡚࠵ ࡾࠊࠔ⏍Ὡ living ࡛࠷࠹ࡻࡽࡵ᭩㝀ࡡ⏍Ꮛ bare subsistence ࡡᇱ‵࡚࠵ࡾࠕ 㸝Rowntree 1985/1941: 102㸞ࠊ᭩㝀࣭࢜ࣞࣛᦜཱི࠾ࡼゝ⟤ࡊࡒ㣏∸㈕ࠉᆀ᪁ ⛧ࢅྱࡳᐓ㈜ࠉ⾨᭱࣬ක⇍㈕ࡡᐓᗖ㞟㈕࡛࠷࠹㸨ࡗ࠾ࡼࡾࠊࡆࡿࡢ⫏మ ࡡ⥌ᣚࢅၡ㢗࡞ࡌࡾࠔ⤧ᑊⓏ㈃ᅏỀ‵ࠕࡡ⛁ᏕⓏ⟤ฝ࡚࠵ࡖࡒࠊࡊ࠾ࡊࣚࣤ ࢹ࣭ࣛࡢ 1918 ᖳࡱ࡚࡞ࠉࡆࡡ㈃ᅏᴣᛍࢅ㉲࠻ࡾࠔெ㛣Ⓩᚪさࠕhuman needs ࡞ᇱࡘ࠷ࡒࠔ᭩㝀㈜㔘ࠕminimum wages ࢅᥞ၌ࡌࡾࡻ࠹࡞ࡖࡒࠊࡆࡿࡢࠔ ᗛ⏍Ὡ࡞ᚪさࡵࡡࢅಕッࡌࡾࡆ࡛ to secure the necessaries of a healthy lifeࠕ 㸝Rowntree 1984/1918: 121㸞࡚࠵ࡽࠉḗࡡࡻ࠹රమⓏౚ࡛ᩐೋ୕ ࡖ࡙࠷ࡾࠊࠔᬦ࠾ࡂஜ࠷ࡒ≟ឺ࡞మࢅࡈࡎ࡙ࠉួࡱࡊ࠷ᑕᩏࢅ⥌ᣚࡌࡾ᭱ࠕ 㸝Rowntree 1984/1918: 100㸞ࠊ ࠔዥᛮࡡ᭩㈜㔘࡞ࡢ⾔ᴞࡷ⥥᛬࡞ྡྷࡄࡒᑚ㐭 ࠷ allowanceࠕ㸝Rowntree 1984/1918: 119㸞ࠊࡗࡱࡽࠉಕ㝜ᩩ࣬⤄ྙ㈕ࡡ⤊ ㈕ࠉ㏳ໂ㈕ࠉ᩺⪲ࡷࣚࢩ࢛ࡡ㉆ථ࣬⫀ཱི⤊㈕ࠉวᡥ࣬౼⟚ࡡ㔘ࡱࡍᏰධ࡞ ྱࡱࡿࡒࠊࡐࡊ࡙㐄࡞㸨ࢨࣛࣤࢡ㸩࣋ࣤࢪࡱ࡚࡞㝀ࡽࠉࣄ࣭ࣜ࣬ࢰࣁࢤ࣬㉏➽ ဗࠉఆᬜ࣬᭡∸࣬᪉⾔࡞㈕ࡷࡌᨥฝࢅセᐖࡈࡿࡒ28ࠊࡆࡡ㒂ฦࡢ♣ఌⓏ⏍Ὡࢅႜ ࡳ୕࡚ࠉ┞ᑊⓏ࡞ᚪさ࡛ࡈࡿࡾ᭩㝀ᗐࡡᇱ‵࡚࠵ࡾࠊࢰࣤࢭࣤࢹ Peter Townsend㸝1928-㸞ࡡ⏕ㄊ࡞ࡌࡿࡣࠉࡆࡡ㒂ฦ࠷࡛ࠔ┞ᑊⓏࡱࡒࡢ♣ఌⓏ ዞࠕrelative or social deprivation Ⓠ⏍ࡌࡾ29ࠊ ࣊ࣥࣛࢴࢩࡢࡆࡡ㸧ࡗࡡ㈃ᅏᴣᛍࢅ⇅▩ࡊࡒ୕࡚30ࠉḗࡡࡻ࠹㸧ࡗࡡヾㆉ ࢅᚋࡾࡻ࠹࡞ࡖࡒࠊ➠㸦࡞ࠉ19 ୠ⣎ᮆ࠾ࡼẒ࡙ධ⯙Ⓩ⏍ὩỀ‵ྡྷ୕ࡊ ࡙࠷ࡾ࡞ࡵ࠾࠾ࢂࡼࡍࠉࡏ㈃ᅏ᰷⤧ࡊ࡙࠷࠷ࡡ࠾ࠉ࡛࠷࠹ၡ࠷࡞➽࠻ࢅ ࠻ࡒࡆ࡛࡚࠵ࡾࠊࡐࡿࡢࠔ௯㛣ࡻࡽࡵ┞ᑊⓏ࡞ࡥࡂ㈃ࡊࡂࡖ࡙࠷ࡾࠕ31࡛ PRO, CAB 87/79/319692, "The Scale of Social Insurance Benefits and the Problem of Poverty", Memorandum by the Chairman, 16 January 1942, section 2, page 13. 29 Townsend㸝1993: 17, 70㸞 ࠊ࢟ࢸࣤࢫࡷࣇࣝࡡ⏕ㄊ࡚ࡢࠔ♣ఌⓏᤴ㝎ࠕsocial exclusion ࡛ࡾࠊࢰࣤࢭࣤࢹࡢࣚࣤࢹ࣭ࣛࡡ⛁ᏕⓏ࣬⤧ᑊⓏ㈃ᅏᇱ‵࡞ ၡࢅ࿆ࡊࡒࠉࡐࡡᑊ㇗ࡢ 1901 ᖳࡡฝ∟∸࡞㝀ࡾࡀ࡚࠵ࢀ࠹ࠊ 30 ẗฺ㸝1990: 203㸞࠽ࡻࡦ Harris㸝1997: 382㸞ࡵぜࡻࠊ 31 PRO, CAB 87/79/319692, op. cit., section 6, page 14. 28 17 ࠷࠹ヾㆉ࡚࠵ࡾࠊࡒ࡛࠻⤧ᑊⓏ⏍ὩỀ‵ྡྷ୕ࡊ࡙ࡵࠉ♣ఌ⏍Ὡࡡን࡞ࡻ ࡽࠉ┞ᑊⓏ㇇࠾ࡈ㸤㈃ࡊࡈ㢟♟ࡈࡿ࡙ࡊࡱ࠹ࠊ➠㸧࡞ࠉຘ഼⩽ࡢⅇᐐࡷⴷ ⚅࡞ങ࠻ࡒಕ㝜ᣈฝࢅᐁ㝷࡞⾔ࡖ࡙࠽ࡽࠉ ࠔ௴ណಕ㝜͐࡞ࡻࡖ࡙ࠉࣛࢪࢠ࡞ങ࠻ ࡾ⬗ງ࡛さịࢅ࡛ࡵ࡞ᣚࡗ࡛࠷࠹༰㇗Ⓩッᣈ࡞ࡖࡒࠕ32ࠊࠔெ㛣Ⓩᚪさࠕ ᅒ㸦 ࣚࣤࢹ࣭ࣛ࡞ࡻࡾ➠ୌḗ㈃ᅏࡡཋᅄ33 ࡡ୯࡞ࡢಕ㝜ᩩᣈฝࡵྱࡱࡿࡾୌ᪁࡚ࠉᵕࠍಕ㝜ᣉኬࡊ࡙࠷ࡾ࡞ࡵ࠾࠾ࢂ ࡼࡍࡱࡓ༎ฦ࡚ࡢ࠷34ࠊࡐࡆ࡚♣ఌಕ㝜ࡡᚪさᛮ࡛༎ฦᛮฝ࡙ࡂࡾ࡛࠷࠹ヾ ㆉ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ ࣊ࣥࣛࢴࢩࡢḗࡡࡻ࠹࡞ㄵࡋࡒࠊ❋இࡡ࠹ࡔ㸩ฦࡡ㸨࠾ࡼ㸫ฦࡡ㸪ࡡ㛣ࡃ ࡼ࠷✄ᚋງࡡ୯᩷࣬႕࡞ཋᅄ࠵ࡽࠉṟࡽࡡ㸩ฦࡡ㸦࠾ࡼ㸫ฦࡡ㸦ࡡ㛣 ✄ࡁ࡛ᐓ᪐ᵋᠺဤࡡெᩐࡡ㐲วᛮ࡞ཋᅄ࠵ࡾ35㸝ṹⴘ 11㸞ࠊᅒ㸦࡞ࡻࡾ࡛ࠉ 1936 ᖳⅤ࡚ኬᐓ᪐ࢅཋᅄ࡛ࡌࡾࠔ➠ୌḗ㈃ᅏࠕࡢ⣑㸭㸚ࠉ㈜㔘㸝⣑㸮㸚㸞 ࢅ㝎ࡂṟࡽࡡ㡧┘ࡢ⣑ 83㸚ࡡࢨ࢘ࢅ༥ࡴࡾࠊࡆࡿࡒࡾ㈜㔘ᡜᚋ⩽ࡡ Ibid., section 15, page 16. Rowntree (1902/1901: 120ࠉゼ 134)ࠉRowntree (1985/1941: 110)ࡻࡽషᠺࠊ ࡒࡾ㈜㔘✄ᚋ⩽ࡡཋᅄࠊᶋ㍂ࡢ㸚ࠉ1899 ᖳㄢᰕ࡚⩹㱃࡛⑄ࡢྜྷୌ㡧┘ࠊ 34 Ibid,, section 7, page 14. 35 ࠔࡐࡊ࡙࠽❋இࢅṟᏋࡈࡎ࡙࠷ࡾࡡࡢࠉ࡛ࢆࡌ࡙㸧ࡗࡡさᅄࠉࡌ ࢂࡔ✄ᚋງࡡ୯᩷࠽ࡻࡦኬᐓ᪐ࡡࡒࡴ࡚࠵ࡖࡒࠕ㸝ṹⴘ 411㸞ࠊ 32 33 18 ᴏ࣬⩹㱃࣬Ṓஷ࣬⑄࡞ࡻࡾ㈃ᅏ࡚࠵ࡖࡒࠊ1899 ᖳⅤ࡚ࡢࠉ㈜㔘⣑ 52㸚ࠉ ḗ࠷࡚ኬᐓ᪐ࡡ⣑ 22㸚ࠉḗ࠷࡚㣬⩽ࡡṒஷ⣑ 16㸚࡚࠵ࡖࡒࠊࡗࡱࡽࡆࡡ 30~40 ᖳࡡ㛣࡞ࠉ㈃ᅏࡡཋᅄ㈜㔘࠾ࡼᴏࡐࡡ࡞⛛ࡖࡒࡡ࡚࠵ࡾ36ࠊࡆࡡ ㄢᰕ࠾ࡼࠉ࣊ࣥࣛࢴࢩࡢؐؐඡ❲ᡥᙔ࡞ࡻࡖ࡙ኬᐓ᪐࡞ࡻࡾ㈃ᅏ⥾ࡊࡒ ᚃࡢؐؐ❋இ㈜㔘࡚ࡢࡂࠉᴏࡷ⩹㱃ࡷ⑄࡞ࡻࡖ࡙ᘤࡀ㉫ࡆࡈࡿࡾ࡛ ⤎ㄵࡊࡒࠊ 3-3 ❋இᑊ➿࡛ࡐࡡ๑ᥞ ࡆ࠹ࡊ࡙㈃ᅏၡ㢗ࢅ♣ఌಕ㝜࡚よỬࡌࡾ㐠➵㛜࠾ࡿࡒࠉࡐࡆ࡞ࡢࡱࡓᑛ ࡂ࡛ࡵ㸧ࡗࡡራࡃࡀ㝏✮࠵ࡾࠊ㸦ࡗࡢࡐࡡᡥṹ࡞⤘ࡖ࡙ࡻ࠷๑ᥞࢅࡈࡼ ࡞᪺☔ࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡚࠵ࡽࠉࡵ࠹㸦ࡗࡢ♣ఌಕ㝜௧አࡡᡥṹࡵ☔ಕࡊ࡙࠽ࡂࡆ࡛ ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ ࡱࡍࠖ࣊ࣥࣛࢴࢩሒ࿈ࠗ࡞ࡢ㔔ኬ㸨ࡗࡡ๑ᥞ࠵ࡾࠊඡ❲ᡥᙔࡡᏰങࠉ ໜᣋⓏ༈⒢࠽ࡻࡦࣛࣀࣄࣛࢦ࣭ࣄࢪࡡᏰങࠉࡐࡊ࡙Ᏸධ㞘⏕ᨳ➿ࡡ᥆㐅࡚࠵ࡾࠊ ➠㸦ࡡඡ❲ᡥᙔࡢࠉࣚࣤࢹ࣭ࣛ࡞ࡻࡾ㈃ᅏཋᅄ࠾ࡼ├ᑙ࠾ࡿࠉࣚࢪ࣭࣍ࣤ ➴ᙁງ࡞၌࠻࡙࠷ࡒ᪃➿࡚࠵ࡾࠊ ࠔ࠵ࡼࡹࡾぞᶅࡡᐓ᪐࡞ᑊࡊ࡙ࠉᅗẰ᭩㝀 ಕ㝸ࡢ㈜㔘మ⣌࡚ࡢᐁ㝷ࠉಕ㝸࡚ࡀ࠷ࠕ㸝ṹⴘ 411㸞ࠊࡆࡆ࡚ࡵ㈜㔘మ⣌௧አ ࡚ࠉኬᐓ᪐ࡡ㈃ᅏࢅ㜭ࡃࡀࡡ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ➠㸧ࡡ๑ᥞࡢ༈⒢ࠉ࠽ࡻࡦ⒢ᚃ ࡡࣛࣀࣄࣛ࣬⫃ᴏゥ⦆࡛࠷࠹㸧ࡗࢅහᐖ࡛ࡌࡾࠊ ࠔࣛࣀࣄࣛࢷ࣭ࢨ࡛ࣘࣤ࠷࠹ࡡ ࡢࠉຘ഼⬗ࡡ⩽ࢅరࡵ࡚ࡀ࠷≟ឺ࠾ࡼࠉ༎ฦ༈⒢ಕ㆜ࡡࡵ࡛࡞ࠉ⏍Ὡ⩽ ࡽ✄ᚋ⩽ࡽࡡ≟ឺ࡞⛛ࡼࡎࡾ⤽⤾Ⓩ㐛⛤࡚࠵ࡾࠕ㸝ṹⴘ 251㸞ࠊᕰẰ࡞࡛ ࡖ࡙⑄㏷ࡷ࠾࡞Ᏸࡌࡾࡆ࡛ࡐࡿ⮤మ᭻ࡱࡊ࠷ࡊࠉࡱࡒ㏷ࡷ࠾࡞ຘ഼ᕰ ሔ࡞ᚗᖉ࡚ࡀࡾࡆ࡛ࠉᛨࡷ㐗ఆࢅ⏍ࡱࡍ࡞᭻ࡱࡊ࠷ࠊ➠㸨ࡡᏰධ㞘⏕ࡵ♣ ఌಕ㝸ࢨࢪࢷ࣑࡞࡛ࡖ࡙ྊḖ๑ᥞ࡚࠵ࡾࠊḗࡡ㸪ࡗ⌦⏜࡛ࡾࠊ 㸝㸦㸞▯ ࠷ᴏ㛣࡞ࡡࡲࠉᶊฺ࡛ࡊ࡙ࡡ↋᮪௲⌟㔘ᨥ⤝ࡢḿᙔࡈࡿࡾࠊᴏ㛣 㛏ᘤࡄࡣࠉࠔᏰධ㐗ఆࡡ࡞ᡜᚋ࠵ࡾ࡛࠷࠹ࡆ࡛࡚ࠉ㐠⩇ᚨࢅୖࡈࡎࡾࠕ 㸝ṹⴘ 440㸞ࠊ㸝㸧㸞ᴏ࡞㛭ࡌࡾ။ୌࡡ㊂モ㔘▴ࡢࠉࡡᥞ౩࡚࠵ࡾࠊ ࡆࡡモ㔘▴ࡢኬ㔖ᴏ࡚ࡢᙲ❟ࡒ࠷ࠊ㸝㸨㸞ࠔኬ㔖ᴏࡡሔྙࡢࠉർࢅུࡄ 36 ࠔ㈜㔘୕᪴ࡢ㈃ᅏࡡよỬ࡞ࡢࡼ࠷࡛ッ᪺ࡈࡿࡒࡡ࡚࠵ࡾࠊࡊ࠾ࡊⓆ⏍ࡊ ࡒ㈜㔘୕᪴࡞ࡻࡖ࡙ࠉḗࡡࡆ࡛ࡢ☔࠾࡞ࡖࡒࡓࢀ࠹ࠊࡗࡱࡽ㐲ว࡚୯ᗜᡜ ᚋ්ฦ㒼࡞ࡻࡖ࡙ࠉࡵࡊ㈃ᅏࢅ᰷⤧ࡌࡾ࡛Ửណࡊࡒࡼࡣࠉࡐࡿ࡚ࡀࡾ ㇇࠾࡞ࡾࠉ࡛࠷࠹ࡆ࡛࡚࠵ࡾࠊࠕPRO, CAB 87/79/319692, op. cit., section 12, page 16. 19 ཱིࡖ࡙࠷ࡾ⩽ᴏ≟ឺ࡞ࡾࡒࡴ࡞ᗛࢅᅂᚗࡊࡒ࠷ࠉ࡛࠷࠹Ẵᣚࡔ࡞㥉ࡼ ࡿࡾࡆ࡛ࡢධࡂ࠷ࠕ㸝ṹⴘ 440㸞ࠊ㸝㸩㸞♣ఌಕ㝜ࡢࠔெ㛣ࡡᖶ⚗ࠕࡡࡒࡴ࡞ࡢ ᴗࡴ࡙༎ฦᨥ⤝㢘ࡊ࠾࠷ࠊࡐࡡࡒࡴࡐࡿࢅ⏍Ὡ්ᘋࡡ။ୌࡡᡥṹ࡛ࡌࡾ ࡡࡢ༱㝜࡚࠵ࡖ࡙ࠉࡡᏰධ⤽⤾࡚ࡢ࠷࡞ࡊ࡙ࡵࠉ⏍⏐Ⓩ㞘⏕ࡡ⌦࡞࠾ ࡖࡒᶭఌࢅᕰẰ࡞ᥞ౩ࡌࡾᚪさ࠵ࡾࠊ㸝㸪㸞ࠔ⤝ᨥฝࢅቌኬࡈࡎࠉࡆ࠹ࡊ ࡒ㈕⏕ࢅㇿᢰࡌࡾᡜᚋࢅ΅ᑛࡈࡎࡾ࡛࠷࠹㸧Ⅴ࡚ࠉᴏࡢ᭩ᝇࡡ↋㥇࡚࠵ࡾࠕ 㸝ṹⴘ 440㸞ࠊ1935 ᖳ࠾ࡼ 10 ᖳ㛣⤾࠷ࡒᴏಕ㝜Ἢᏽጟဤఌ࡚ࡢࠉᖲᆍ 15㸚ࡡ ᴏ⋙ࢅᏽࡊ࡙ࡀࡒࠊࡆࡡ♣ఌಕ㝸⟤࡚ࡢࠉᖲᆍ 10㸚ᏽࡈࡿࡾࠊࡆࡡ ๑ᥞࡢᴏࡌ࡙ࢅࡂࡌࡡ࡚ࡢࡂࠉኬ㔖ᴏࢅᾐ⁓ࡈࡎࠉྜྷୌெరᖳࡵ ᴏࡌࡾ࡛࠷࠹ឺࢅࡂࡐ࠹࡛ࡌࡾណᅒ࡚࠵ࡾ㸝ṹⴘ 441㸞ࠊ 㻃㻃 㻔㻜㻗㻕㻃 㻃 㻃 㣏㈕㻃 㻔㻖㻃 㣏㈕㻃 㻔㻜㻔㻛㻃 㻔㻜㻗㻔㻃 㻔㻘㻒㻔㻃 㻕㻓㻒㻙㻃 ⿍᭱㈕㻃 㻖㻃 ⿍᭱㈕㻃 㻘㻒㻓㻃 㻛㻒㻓㻃 ක⇍㈕䝿㞟㈕㻃 㻗㻃 ක⇍㈕㻃 㻕㻒㻙㻃 㻗㻒㻗㻃 ᐓ᪐䛴㞟㈕㻃 㻔㻒㻛㻃 㻔㻒㻛㻃 㻕㻃 ெ䛴㞟㈄㻃 㻘㻒㻓㻃 㻜㻒㻓㻃 ఴ㢘㻃 ᐓ㈜㻃 㻔㻓㻃 ᐓ㈜㻃 㻙㻒㻓㻃 㻜㻒㻗㻃 ྙゝ㻃 㻖㻕㻃 ྙゝ㻃 㻖㻘㻒㻖㻃 㻗㻖㻒㻙㻃 ኰ፦Ꮔ౩䠅ெ㻃 ኰጏᏄ౩䠅ெ㻃 ᮪௲㻃 ኰጏ㻃 㻃㻃 ⾪㸦 ᭩㝀ᗐࡡ⏍Ὡ㈕37 ࡆࡡ๑ᥞࡡࡵ࡛ࠉ❋இࢅ᰷⤧ࡌࡾᨾῥ➿ࠉරమⓏ♣ఌಕ㝸ゝ⏤ࡢࡡࡻ࠹ ࡵࡡࡓࢀ࠹࠾ࠊࡐࡿࡢ㸨ࡗࡡ␏ࡖࡒᡥṹࢅࠉ␏ࡖࡒ࢘ࢹ࡚⤄ࡲྙࢂ ࡎࡾమโ࡚࠵ࡾࠊࡌࢂࡔࠉࠔᇱᮇⓏᚪ㞺∸㸤ࢼ࣭ࢫ basic needs ࡞ᑊࡌࡾ♣ ఌಕ㝜ࠉ≁Ṟࢢ࣭ࢪ࡞ᑊࡌࡾᅗẰຐ national assistanceࠉᇱᮇⓏᨥ⤝࡞ ຊࡌࡾࡒࡴࡡ௴ណಕ㝜ࠕ㸝ṹⴘ 302㸞ࡡ㸨ࡗ࡚࠵ࡾࠊࡆࡡ୯࡚♣ఌಕ㝜᭩ࡵ㔔 1942 ᖳࡢ Beveridge 㸝1942: 87, para. 222㸞ࠉ 1918 ᖳࡢ Rowntree (1984/1918: 129)ࠉ1941 ᖳࡢ Rowntree (1985/1941: 28)࠾ࡼషᠺࠊ15/1 ࡢ 15 ࢨࣛࣤࢡ㸦࣋ ࣤࢪࢅᣞࡌࠊ 37 20 さᡥṹ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ♣ఌಕ㝜࡛ࡢࠉ⿍ಕ㝜⩽࡞ࡻࡾ๑ࡡᙁโⓏᣈฝ38ࢅ᮪௲࡛ࡊ ࡙ࠉᨥᡮ࠷࡞ࡐࡡெࡡ㈠⏐࠹࡚࠵ࢀ࠹࡛ࡵࠉ⌟㔘ᨥᡮ࠷ࢅࡌࡾ࡛࠷࠹ ណ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ ࠔࡆࡡ㢘ࡢࡐࡿ⮤మ࡚ࠉ࠵ࡼࡹࡾḿᖏሔྙ࡞᭩㝀ᗐࡡ⏍Ὡࢅᨥ ࠻ࡾࡡ࡞ᚪさᡜᚋࢅ࠻ࡾࡓࢀ࠹ࠕ 㸝ṹⴘ 19 ࡡ vi㸞ࠊࡐࡊ࡙♣ఌಕ㝜࡛ࡢᅗᐓ ࡞ࡻࡾᙁโ࡚࠵ࡾࡆ࡛ࠉெ௯㛣࡛⤎ᮨࡌࡾ stand together with39࡛࠷࠹㸧 ࡗࡡណࢅᣚࡖ࡙࠷ࡾࠊᅗẰຐ࡛ࡢッ᪺ࡈࡿࡒᇱᮇⓏᚪ㞺∸㸤ࢼ࣭ࢺ࡞ᑊ ࡊ࡙ࠉ௧๑ࡡᣈฝ࡛ࡢ㛭౿ࡂࠉࡊ࠾ࡊெࡡ࠽࠾ࡿࡒ≟Ἓࢅ㚯ࡲ࡙ࠉᅗᗔ࠾ ࡼᨥฝࡈࡿࡾ⌟㔘ᨥᡮ࠷࡚࠵ࡾࠊ௴ណಕ㝜ࡢெࡡኣᵕ࡚⮤⏜⏍Ὡࢅセᐖ࠵ ࡾ࠷ࡢዜທࡌࡾࡒࡴࠉࡆࡡ㸧ࡗࡡᡥṹ࡛ࡢื࡞ᅗᐓዜທࡌࡀโᗐ࡚࠵ࡾ㸝௧ ୕ࠉṹⴘ 302㸞ࠊ♣ఌಕ㝜ࡢᖷࡓࠉᅗẰຐ࡛௴ណಕ㝜ࡵഁᰍ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ ࡆࡡࡻ࠹♣ఌಕ㝸โᗐ࡞ࡻࡖ࡙ᐁ⌟ࡌࡾࡡࠉᅗẰ᭩㝀ಕ㝸࡚࠵ࡾࠊࡐ ࡿࡢᅗẰಕ㝜࡛ᅗẰຐ࡞ࡻࡖ࡙ᨥ࠻ࡼࡿࡾࠔ᭩㝀⏍Ὡ⤝ؐؐ⏍Ꮛ⏍Ὡ⤝ subsistence benefitؐؐࠕࡡᐁ⌟࡚࠵ࡾࠊ ࡆࡡᅗẰ᭩㝀ಕ㝸ࡢࠉරమⓏᅗᐓ࡞ࡻࡾ⤝㢘࡛ࡊ࡙ḗࡡࡻ࠹࡞ᐁ⌟ ᅒࡼࡿࡒࠊࡱࡍᇱ‵ࡢ 1938 ᖳ౮࡚ 32 ࢨࣛࣤࢡ࡛ࡽࠉ㣏㈕හゼࡢ⾪㸦 ࡡࡻ࠹࡞࠻ࡼࡿࡾࠊ∸౮୕᪴ࢅ⩻៎ࡊ࡙ࠉ25㸚ቌࡡ㐄࡞ኰ፦࡚ 40 ࢨࣛࣤࢡ40 㸝≺㌗⏠ዥࡢ 24 ࢨࣛࣤࢡ㸞ᐁ㝷࡞ࡢ⤝㢘ࡡᇱ‵࡛ࡊ࡙࿈ࡈࡿࡒ㸝ṹⴘ 231㸞ࠊࡆࡡᩐೋࡢᴏ࣬ຘ഼⬗࣬ゥ⦆࠽ࡻࡦ⩹㱃㏝⫃ᖳ㔘㸝⛛⾔㛣ᚃ㸞࡞ ࠽࠷࡙ࠉࡌ࡙ྜྷୌ࡚࠵ࡾࠊᐵ፦⤝ࡷಕ㆜⩽⤝ࡢࡆࡡᇱ‵ࡻࡽࡵࡂࠉࡐ ࡿࡑࡿ 36ࠉ24 ࢨࣛࣤࢡ࡛ࡾࠊඡ❲ᡥᙔࡢ➠Ꮔ࠾ࡼ㸦ெᙔࡒࡽ㸭ࢨࣛࣤࢡ࡚ࠉ Ᏸධຘ഼⬗ࡡຘ഼ⅇᐐᖳ㔘ࡢᑯᴏ୯✄ᚋࡡ 2/3 ࡞ࡾࠊዥᛮ࡞ᑊࡊ࡙⤎፡࡛ ฝ⏐ࡡୌ㔘 grant ࡀࠉ᭯ᴏࡡ፡ዥᛮ࡞ࡢࡐࡿ࡞ຊ࠻࡙ฝ⏐⤝ࡵ࠵ࡾࠊ ⴷ⚅ୌ㔘ࡵ࠵ࡾ㸝ࡌ࡙ 1938 ᖳ౮ࠉṹⴘ 401㸞ࠊࡱࡒᖳ㱃࡛ᛮื࡞ࡻࡾ༇ ื࠵ࡾࠉ⾪Ⓩᣈฝ㢘ࡢḗࡡࡻ࠹࡞ࡾ㸝ṹⴘ 403㸞ࠊ⏠ᛮࡢ㐄࡞㸩ࢨࣛ 38 ௴ណಕ㝜࡚ࡢࠉᣈฝ㢘ࡢࣛࢪࢠࡡ⛤ᗐ࡞ࡻࡖ࡙␏ࡾࣈ࣐࣑࡛ࣝࡾࠊࡊ ࠾ࡊᙁโಕ㝜࡚ࡢኣᵕࣛࢪࢠࡢḗⓏ㔔さᛮ࡞࠵ࡾ࡛ࡊ࡙ࠉ࡛ࡽ࠵࠻ࡍᤖ㇗ ࡈࡿࡾ㸝ṹⴘ 272㸞ࠊࡐࡿࡹ࠻ᆍୌᣈฝࡡ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ 39 㑝ゼ࡞࠵ࡾࠔெࡢᖲ➴ࡡ❟ሔ࡞❟ࡗࠕ 㸝16 㡣㸞࡛࠷࠹よ㔐ࡢࠉㄖࡲࡊࡌ ࡁ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ 40 ࡆࡡỀ‵ᮇᙔ࡞ࠔெ㛣Ⓩᚪさࠕࡵྱࡱࡎࡾណᅒ࠵ࡖࡒࡡ࠾࠹࠾ࠉࡢ ࡖࡀࡽࡊ࠷ࠊ☔࠾࡞㞟㈄ sundries ࠽ࡻࡦఴ㢘 margin ࡛࠷࠹㡧┘࡞ࠉ♣ఌ Ⓩ⏍Ὡࢅႜࡳ୕࡚ࡡ⤊㈕ྱࡱࡿ࠹ࡾࠊࡊ࠾ࡊࠉࡐࡿࡢࣚࣤࢹ࣭ࣛࡡᩐೋ࡛ Ẓ࡙ࡵ㟸ᖏ࡞ᑚࡈ࠷ࠊୌᅨ㸝1982: 91-92㸞࡞ࡆࡡၡ㢗ࡢレࡊ࠷ࠊ 21 ࣤࢡ㸨࣋ࣤࢪ41࡚ࠉᴏࡡㇿᢰࡢ㐄࡞㸨ࢨࣛࣤࢡ㸨࣋ࣤࢪ࡛ࡾࠊ ᅒ㸧 ♣ఌಕ㝸⟤㸝༟నࠉ100 ࣎ࣤࢺ㸞42 ืࡡ⤝࡛࠷࠹࣐ࢠࣞ㟻ࡓࡄ࡚ࡂࠉᅗᐓ⟤࡛࠷࠹࣏ࢠࣞ㟻ࡵぜ࡙࠽ࡆ ࠹ࠊࡐࡿࡢ♣ఌಕ㝸⟤࡛ࡊ࡙ゝ୕ࡈࡿ࡙࠷ࡾࠊᨳᗋࡡಕ㝜ᩐ⌦㒂షᠺࡊࡒ ḿᘟ㟯┷࡚࠵ࡾࠊࡱࡍᨥฝ㡧┘ࡢኬࡱ࠾࡞ࠉ♣ఌಕ㝜⤝ࠉᅗẰຐࠉඡ ❲ᡥᙔࠉಕࣛࣀࣄࣛࢦ࣭ࣄࢪ࡞ฦࡄࡼࡿ࡙࠷ࡾࠊ1945 ᖳࡡ᥆ゝ࡚ࡢࡐࡿࡑࡿࠉ 㸨൦ 6700 ࠉ4700 ࠉ㸦൦ 1300 ࠉ㸦൦ 7000 ࡚ࠉྙゝ㸫൦ 9700 㸝༟ న࣎ࣤࢺ㸞࡛ࡖ࡙࠷ࡾ㸝ṹⴘ 268㸞ࠊᅒ㸧࡞࠵ࡾࢢࣤࢫࡡ᱄ࡢඡ❲ᡥᙔ༖ ฦ࡚ࠉ༈⒢ࢦ࣭ࣄࢪᙔ㟻ࡢ⌟⾔㏳ࡽ࡛ᏽࡌࡾࡡ࡚ゝ୕ࡈࡿ࡙࠷࠷ࠊථ 㡧┘ࡢ⿍ಕ㝜⩽࡛㞘⏕࠾ࡼࡡᣈฝ㔘ࠉᅗᗔࡷᆀ᪁⛧࠾ࡼࡡሳ࡞ኬืࡈࡿࠉ ࡐࡿࡑࡿ㸦൦ 9400 ࠉ㸦൦ 3100 ࠉ㸨൦ 5100 ࡚࠵ࡽࠉࡐࡡ࡛ྙࢂࡎ࡙ ྙゝ㸫൦ 9700 ࡛ࡾࠊࡐࡡྙࡢ 28㸚ࠉ20㸚ࠉ50㸚࡚࠵ࡾࠊ᪁ࠉ⌟⾔โ ᗐࡢ 16㸚ࠉ19㸚ࠉ61㸚࡚࠵ࡾࠊ⌟⾔ࡻࡽࡵ⿍ಕ㝜⩽ࡡẒ⋙࠾ࡽቌኬࡊ࡙࠷ 41 ➠㸩㝭ᒒ㸝ࡐࡡࡡຘ഼ᖳ㱃࡞㐡ࡊ࡙࠷ࡾ⩽㸞ࡡሔྙࠉ㸨ࢨࣛࣤࢡ㸮࣋ࣤࢪ 㸝ዥᛮࡢ㸨ࢨࣛࣤࢡ㸞࡞΅㢘ࡈࡿ࡙࠷ࡾࠊࡱࡒ➠㸧㝭ᒒ㸝⮤ႜᴏ⩽㸞ࡡሔ ྙࠉᙔ↓࡞ᴏࡡㇿᢰࡢᏋᅹࡊ࠷ࠊࡱࡒⱕᖳࡢᒒ࡞ฦࡄࡼࡿ࡙ࠉ΅㢘ࡈ ࡿ࡙࠷ࡾࠊ 42 ୖ㸨ࡗࡢ㸝㘋 Aࠉṹⴘ 82㸞࠾ࡼࠉࢢࣤࢫࡡࡢ CW27: 231 ࠾ࡼషᠺࠊ 22 ࡾࡆ࡛ࢂ࠾ࡾࠊ㏣࡞ᅗᗔㇿᢰྙࡢ΅ࡖ࡙࠷ࡾࠊ 3-4 ⚗♬ࡡ➠ୌṹ㝭 ௧୕ࡡࡻ࠹㈃ᅏふࡷ❋இ᰷⤧ᑊ➿࠾ࡼࠉ࣊ࣥࣛࢴࢩࡡᬉ㐚ᛮ࠽ࡻࡦ≁Ṟ ᛮྜྷ࡞ᾃ࠾ࡦ୕ࡖ࡙ࡂࡾࠊḗࡡ㸩Ⅴࢅᣞᦤࡊ࡙࠽ࡆ࠹ࠊ ➠㸦࡞ࠉ⤊ῥࢨࢪࢷ࣑ؐؐ≁࡞ຘ഼ᕰሔؐؐ࡞࠽ࡄࡾ౮ථᕟዼ࡞㑂ࡄ ࡼࡿࠉ㞺さ㔖࠵ࡾ࠷ࡢ౩⤝㔖ࡡථ࠾ࠉࡱࡒࡢᕰሔࡐࡡࡵࡡࢅ㏸ࡌࡾ࡛࠷࠹ ථࣂࢰ࣭ࣤぜࡼࡿࡾࠊ➠ୌḗ⛁ᏕⓏ㈃ᅏㄢᰕ්࡚Ⓠぜࡈࡿࡒࡻ࠹࡞ࠉࡵࡊ ㈜㔘㈃ᅏࡡ➠ୌཋᅄࡼࡣࠉࡐࡡ᭯ງよỬᡥṹࡢ᭩㈜㔘Ἢࡷ⏍Ꮛ㈜㔘 ࡡᥞ၌ࡡࡻ࠹࡞ࠉெⅥⓏ౮᧧ష࡞ࢀ࠹ࠊ๑⟿࡚ぜࡒࡻ࠹࡞ࠉࡆࡡ᪁ᘟࡢ ⤊ῥᏕ⩽࡞୦⩇Ⓩឺᗐؐؐࡗࡱࡽ㛏ᆍ⾦ࡡථࡡ࠾ࠉᅗẰ᭩㝀ಕ㝸 ࡡ☔ಕࡡ࠾ؐؐࢅᙁ࠷ࡒࠊࡊ࠾ࡊ࣊ࣥࣛࢴࢩࡢࠔࡷຘ഼᮪௲ࡻࡽࡵ⏍Ὡ ᮪௲࡞㞗୯ࡌࡾࡆ࡛ࡻࡽ㔔さ࡚࠵ࡾࠕ43࡛㏑ࠉ㈜㔘୕᪴࡞ᣂࡽࡌࡁࡒࡱ࡚ ࡡ᪁➿ࢅᢀึࡊࡒࠊࡳࡊࢀຘ഼ᕰሔ࡞ᚪさࡡࡢؐؐḗ⟿࡚᳠ゞࡌࡾؐؐ⫃ᴏ ⣺ᡜࠉ⏐ᴏࡡ㐲ว㒼⨠࠽ࡻࡦᏰධ㞘⏕ᨳ➿࡚࠵ࡾࠊ⫃ᴏ⣺ᡜࡢịெ࣬ị ⫃ࡡሒࢅୌඔ⟮⌦ࡊࡗࡗࢾࢴࢹ࣭࣠ࢠࡊ࡙ධ㟻ප㛜ࡌࡾ᪁ᘟ࡚࠵ࡽࠉຘ഼ 㞺⤝ࡡ㔖Ⓩㄢᩒࢅ├࡞ಀࡌࠊ⏐ᴏࡡ㒼⨠ࡵࠉᆀᇡࡇ࡛ࡡຘ഼㞺⤝ࣁࣚࣤࢪ ࢅᅗᐓ࡞ࡻࡖ࡙ㄢᩒࡌࡾ᪁ᘟ࡚࠵ࡾࠊᏰධ㞘⏕ᨳ➿ࡢゕ࠹ࡱ࡚ࡵࡂࠉࡆ࠹ࡊ ࡒ㟸౮ථࡢࢢࣤࢫ⤊ῥᏕ࡛ࡐࡡ⌦ᛍ࡞ばⓏ࡚࠵ࡾࠊࡱࡒࠉ⤊ῥᏕ⩽ࢅ ᝆࡱࡊ࡙ࡀࡒ♣ఌᶊ࡛ᆍ⾦⌦ㄵࡡ୦❟࡛࠷࠹ࢸ࣏ࣝࣤࢅࠉᕟዼ࡞ᅂ㑂ࡌࡾᛦ ⩻Ἢ࡛ࡖ࡙࠷ࡾࠊ ➠㸧࡞ࠉẒ႔Ⓩ࡞ゕ࠻ࡣࠉ࣊ࣥࣛࢴࢩࡡᛦ⩻Ἢࡢ㒂ฦᆍ⾦ㄵⓏ࡚࠵ࡾࠊࡗ ࡱࡽ᭩ิ࠾ࡼࡌ࡙ࡡさᅄࢅྜྷ࡞ࠉ┞ப౪ᏋⓏ࡞⩻࠻ࡾࡡ࡚ࡢࡂࠉ㔔さ さ⣪ࢅࡐࡡ㒌ᗐぜࡗࡄࠉࡡさ⣪ࢅ࡛ࡽ࠵࠻ࡍୌᏽ࡛⨠࠷࡙⩻៎አ࡞⨠ࡂࡡ࡚ ࠵ࡾࠊࡐࡊ࡙ḗࡡṹ㝭࡚ࡢࡡさ⣪࡞කࢅᙔ࡙ࡾࡆ࡛࡞ࡾࠊࡆࡡሔྙࠉ❋இ ࡡཋᅄ♣ఌಕ㝜࡚࢜ࣁ࣭࡚ࡀࡾࡻ࠹⠂ᅑ࡞㝀ᏽࡈࡿࡾ࡛࠷࠹≁ᚡ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ ➠㸧␊┘ࡡ㈃ᅏཋᅄ࡚࠵ࡾኬᐓ᪐โࡢࠉඡ❲ᡥᙔࡡ᩺ス࡚ᑊฌ࡚ࡀࡾࠊຘ഼ᕰ ሔࡡ⁝ࡼ࠾ᶭ⬗ࡢࠉ⫃ᴏ⣺ᡜࡷᏰධ㞘⏕ᨳ➿࡚ᙽ࡚ࡀࡾࠊ༈⒢࠽ࡻࡦࣛ ࣀࣄࣛࢦ࣭ࣄࢪࡢࠉื㏭ᚪさ࡛ࡾࠊࡗࡱࡽ❋இ࡞㝀ᏽࡊࠉ♣ఌಕ㝜ࢅ⛘ᥥࡌ ࡾ᪁ᘟࡢࠉࡳࡊࢀ౼Ⓩᡋ␆࡛ࡵ⩻࠻ࡼࡿࡾࠊࡐࡡ౼ᛮࡢḗࡡṹ㝭࡚◒ࡼ ࡿࠉࡻࡽໜᣋⓏ⚗♬ㄵฝ⌟ࡌࡾ㸝4-1 ࡷ 4-3 ࡚ᚃ㏑㸞ࠊ 43 PRO, CAB 87/79/319692, op. cit., section 31, page 21. 23 ➠㸨࡞ࠉ࣊ࣥࣛࢴࢩࡢࡆࡡሒ࿈᭡࡚ࠉᅗᐓ࡛ெ࡞ࡐࡿࡑࡿ࠵ࡾ⛸ࡡ⩇ຸ ࢅㇿࢂࡎࠉࡐࡿ᩺ࡊ࠷㐠ᚠふࢅᵋᠺࡌࡾࠊࡐࡿࡢḗࡡࡻ࠹➠㸨ࡡᣞᑙཋ⌦ ࠾ࡼ᪺ࡼ࠾࡚࠵ࡾࠊ ࠔ♣ఌಕ㝸ࡢᅗᐓ࡛ெࡡ༝ㄢ࡞ࡻࡖ࡙㐡ᠺࡈࡿࡄࡿࡣ ࡼ࠷ࠕࠊࠔᏭධಕ㝸ࢅ⤄⧂ࡌࡾ࡛ࡀ࡞ࠉᅗᐓࡢㄇᅄ࣬ᶭఌ࣬㈈௴វࢅࡖ࡙ ࡢࡼ࠷ࠊࡗࡱࡽࠉ࠵ࡾᅗẰ᭩㝀ಕ㝸ࢅ☔❟ࡌࡾ࡛ࡀࠉ⮤ฦ⮤㌗ for himself ࡷ⮤ฦࡡᐓ᪐ࡡࡒࡴ࡞ࠉ᭩㝀ᗐࡻࡽࡵኣࡂࢅெᚋࡾ࡛࠷࠹⮤ⓆⓏὩິ ࡡఴᆀࢅṟࡊࠉࡆࡿࢅዜທࡌࡀ࡚࠵ࡾࠕ㸝ṹⴘ㸮㸞ࠊරమⓏ࡞ࡢࠉᅗᐓࡢ㈀ᨳ ࡡぞᚂࢅᏬࡽࡗࡗࠉᅗẰධဤ࡞᭩㝀ࡡ⏍ᏋỀ‵ಕッࢅᥞ౩ࡊࡄࡿࡣࡼ ࠷ࠊெࡢᣈฝࢅ⾔ࡖࡒ୕࡚ࠉ㏳ᖏࡡሔྙࡢᅗẰຐ࡞㢏ࡼࡍࠉ௴ណಕ㝜 ࡞ࡻࡖ࡙᭩㝀௧୕ࡡ⏍Ὡࢅႜࡳណᕝኰịࡴࡼࡿࡾࠊࡆࡡࡻ࠹⩇ຸࢅ㐑 ⾔࡚ࡀࡾㄇᅄ୦❟Ⓩ44โᗐࡵスゝࡈࡿ࡙࠷ࡾࠊ♣ఌಕ㝸⟤࡛ᅗᗔࡡฦ㞫࡞ࡻ ࡖ࡙ࠉࡒ࡛࠻Ᏸධ✒❟โᖳ㔘࡚ࡢ࠷࡛ࡊ࡙ࡵࠉථ࡛ᨥฝࡡୌ⮬࡛࠷࠹ࢿ ࣑ࣜࢅᏬࡾࡀࡡ࡚࠵ࡾࠊࡱࡒᅗẰຐฺ࡞ࡾࡻ࠹ᚨ⌦Ⓩ࣬㔘㖱Ⓩ ⨠45ࡵ഼࠷࡙࠷ࡾࡡ࡚ࠉ࠵ࡼ࠾ࡋࡴᛨࡄࡷ㥼ࡊࡡㄇᅄࢅࡨࡈ࠷࡚࠷ࡾࠊࡆࡡ 㐠ᚠふ࠽ࡻࡦโᗐスゝࡢᨾ㈃Ἢ࡛ධࡂ␏ࡾ46ࠊ ➠㸩࡞ࠉ㈃ᅏࡢᑛᩐὬ࡞ᒌࡌࡾ≁Ṟெ㛣ࡡၡ㢗࡚ࡢࡂࠉኣᩐὬ࡞ᒌࡌࡾ ᬉ㏳ࡡெ㛣࡞㛭౿ࡌࡾࠊ㈃ᅏၡ㢗࡛ࡢࠉெ㛣ࢅ⮤❟࡚ࡀࡾᑕᩏࡌࡀ㈃Ằࠉᛨ ࡄ⩽࡚⨡ࡌࡀ㈃Ằࠉ᪃ࡊࢅ࠻ࡾࡊ࠾࠷ᖶ↋⬗ງ㈃Ằ࡞ฦ㢦ࡊ࡙ࠉᑊ ฌࡌࡀᠩ᱄࡚ࡢ࠷ࠊࡳࡊࢀㄙ࡞࡚ࡵ࠷ࡗ࡚ࡵⓆ⏍ࡌࡾࡒࡴࠉ♣ఌࡡᵋᠺဤ ➴ࡊࡂങ࠻ࡾࡀࣛࢪࢠ⟮⌦ࡡၡ㢗࡚࠵ࡾ47ࠊࡆࡆ࡞࣊ࣥࣛࢴࢩࠔ㈃ᅏࠕ 44 ⤊ῥⓏᛦ⩻ࡡᮇ㈻ࢅ⌟㢴࡞ゕ࠻ࡣࠉ 㸝㸦㸞⤊ῥమࡢㄇᅄ࣬ິᶭ࡞ཬᚺࡊ࡙ࠉ ࡐࡿࢅྑ࠻ࡾ⾔ິࢅ࡛ࡾࠉ 㸝㸧㸞㈠″࡞ࡢโ⣑࠵ࡾࠉ࡛ࢀ࠹ࠊࡐࡡ୕࡚ࠔㄇ ᅄ୦❟Ⓩࠕincentive compatible ࡛ࡢࠉ࠵ࡾโᗐࡡᑙථ࡞ࡻࡖ࡙᩺ࡊ࠷ㄇᅄ⏍ ࡋ࡙⾔ິንࢂࡖ࡙ࡵࠉࡐࡡโᗐᓻቪࡊ࠷㸝┷ḿ㐽ይࡡ⾪᪺࡛ධమࡡຝ ⋙ᛮ୦❟ࡌࡾ㸞ࡆ࡛࡚࠵ࡾࠊ࣊ࣥࣛࢴࢩࡢࡆࡡ㸧Ⅴࢅ⇅▩ࡊ࡙࠷ࡒࠊ 45 ᅗẰຐࡢ ࠔಕ㝜⤝ࡻࡽࡵర࠾᭻ࡱࡊࡂ࠷࡛វࡋࡈࡎࡄࡿࡣࡼ࠷ࠊ ࡐ࠹࡚ࡄࡿࡣࠉ⿍ಕ㝜⩽ࡢಕ㝜ᩩࢅᨥᡮࡖ࡙ࡵరࡡฺ─࠷ࡆ࡛࡞ࡾࠊ ࡊࡒࡖ࡙ຐࡢࠉᚪࡍຐᚪさ࡚࠵ࡾ࡛࠷࠹ッ᪺࡛㈠ງㄢᰕࢅ᮪௲࡛ࡊ࡙ ᨥ⤝ࡈࡿࡾࠕ㸝ṹⴘ 369㸞ࠊ 46 ᨾ㈃Ἢࡡ㐠ᚠふࡢ⮤❟࡛⟿⣑ࡡᙁโ࡚࠵ࡽࠉโᗐスゝࡢ➴ฌ㐕࡛ᕰẰ ᶊዞ࡚࠵ࡖࡒࠊ 47 ࡆࡡഁ㟻ࢅ⚗♬ᅗᐓࡡᶭ⬗࡛ࡊ࡙㔔っࡊࡒᩝ⊡࡞ Falkingham & Hills 㸝1995㸞࠽ࡻࡦ Barr㸝2001㸞࠵ࡾࠊ≁࡞ Barr㸝2001: ࠉゼ 1-2㸞ࡢࠔ㈋㔘 ⟵ᶭ⬗ࠕࡵ㔔っࡊࠉ ࠔ⚗♬ᅗᐓࡢ༟࡞㈃ᅏࢅ㍇΅ࡌࡾࡒࡴࡓࡄ࡚ࡢࡂࠉಕ㝜ࢅ 24 ࡞࠻࡙ࠔ❋இࠕࢅᣚࡖ࡙ࡀࡒ᭩ኬࡡ⌦⏜࠵ࡾࠊ㈃ᅏ࡛࠷࠹ゕⴝ࡞ࡲࡗ࠷ ࡒᚉ๑ࡡ࣒࣭ࢩࢅᡮᣌࡊࠉࡻࡽḿ☔ᨯᦹ┘ᵾࢅスᏽࡊࡒࡒࡴ࡚࠵ࢀ࠹ࠊ ㈜㔘ࢅ㈃ᅏࡡさᅄ࡛ࡊ࠷⌦⏜ࠉᛨࡄ⩽࡛࠷࠹ฦ㢦ሒ࿈᭡࡞Ꮛᅹࡊ࠷⌦ ⏜ࡵࡆࡡ⣌࡚࠵ࡾࠊ㈜㔘ࡢ࠾ࡽࡡ⛤ᗐࠉࡐࡡຘ഼⩽ࡡ⏍⏐ᛮࠉࡌࢂࡔ ࡡ⛤ᗐ࡞ໂຫ࡚࠵ࡾ࠾࡞౪Ꮛࡈࡎࡾࡆ࡛ྊ⬗࡚࠵ࡾࠊࡱࡒࠉሒ࿈᭡࡞࠵ࡾ㸫 ࡗࡡ㝭ᒒ㸝⮤ႜᴏࠉ፦ࠉຘ഼ᖳ㱃࡞㐡ࡊ࡙࠷ࡾ↋ᴏ⩽48ࠉຘ഼ᖳ㱃௧ୖࡷ㉲࠻ ࡾ⩽㸞࡞ࡢࠉᛨ࡞ࡻࡾ㞫ᴏ⩽࣬㐗ఆ⩽ࡢࡆ࡞ࡵථࡼ࠷࠾ࡡࡻ࠹オ㏑࡞ ࡖ࡙࠷ࡾ㸝ṹⴘ 317㸞ࠊ ࣊ࣥࣛࢴࢩࡡᬉ㐚ᛮ࡛ࡢࠉ㈃ᅏ࡛࠷࠹ୌ㒂ࡡ≁Ṟၡ㢗ࢅࠉ⚗♬࡛࠷࠹ධమ ࡡᬉ㐚Ⓩၡ㢗࡞ንᥦࡊࡒⅤ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ㈃ᅏၡ㢗࡞ࡢ࠹ࡊ࡙ࡵࠉ୕ᒒࡡᐣ⩽࠾ ࡼୖᒒࡡ㈃ᅏ⩽࡛࠷࠹ୌ᪁Ⓩᚨ⌦Ⓩ╉ᕣࡊ࠽ࡻࡦ⤊ῥⓏ㈠″⛛㌹ࡱ࡛ࢂ ࡽࡗࡂࠊࡊ࠾ࡊࡆࡿࢅ❋இၡ㢗࡛ྞࡘࡄࠉㄙ࡞࡚ࡵ㉫ࡆࡽ࠹ࡾࣛࢪࢠ⟮⌦࡛ᏽ ⩇ࡌࡾ࡛ࠉᖲ➴ᕰẰ㛣ࡡ┞பຐ࡛࠷࠹ỀᖲⓏெ㛣㛭౿࡞ࡽ࠹ࡾࠊࡆࡿ ࡢࡱࡈ࡞ 20 ୠ⣎୯ⴝ࡞ᠺ⇅ࡌࡾ⚗♬ᅗᐓࡡ๑ᥞ᮪௲࡚࠵ࡖࡒࠊࡆࡿࢅ࣊ࣥࣛ ࢴࢩ࡞࠽ࡄࡾࠔ⚗♬ࡡ➠ୌṹ㝭ࠕ࡛ࢆ࡚࠽ࡆ࠹ࠊࡗࡱࡽࣛࢪࢠ⟮⌦࡛࠷࠹ Ꮽධ⥑ᩒങࡈࡿࡒࡆ࡛ࡓࡄࢅណࡌࡾࡡ࡚࠵ࡾࠊྜྷ࡞ࠉ࣊ࣥࣛࢴࢩࡡ≁ Ṟᛮ࡛ࡢࠉࡆࡡၡ㢗ࡡよỬ᪁Ἢࢅኣࡂࡡ๑ᥞ࡞౪Ꮛࡈࡎ࡙࠷ࡾࡆ࡛࡚࠵ࡾࠊࡵ ࡊࡆࡡ௫ᏽࠉౚ࠻ࡣᏰධ㞘⏕ᨳ➿⎨よࡊ࡙ࡊࡱ࠻ࡣࠉࡐࡡࡱࡱ♣ఌಕ㝸ࢨࢪ ࢷ࣑ᓻቪࡌࡾ༱㝜ᛮ࡞ࡈࡼࡈࡿࡒࠊ ࡐࡿ࡚ࡢ࣊ࣥࣛࢴࢩࡢ➠ୌṹ㝭࡚⏻ࡱࡖ࡙࠷ࡒࡡ࠾ࠉኣࡂࡡ௫ᏽࢅᨲ⨠ࡊ ࡙࠷ࡒࡡ࠾ࠊḗࡡ⟿࡚⩻ᐳࡊࡻ࠹ࠊ࠷ࡍࡿ࡞ࡎࡻࠔࡹࡽ࠾ࡇ࠾ࡼሔࡱ࡚ࠕ49࡛ ࠷࠹ࢪ࣭ࣞ࢝ࣤ㔂ࡊฝࡌࠔࢦࣤࢰࢠ࣭ࣞࢪᅗᐓࠕ ࠔ↋ᑸⶮࡡ᪃ࡊࠕ࡛࠷࠹㏳ಐ Ⓩ⚗♬ᅗᐓࡡ࣒࣭ࢩ࠾ࡼࡢࠉࡢࡾ࠾࡞㐪ࡉ࠾ࡖ࡙࠷ࡾࡆ࡛ࢂ࠾ࡾࠊ ౩⤝ࡊࠉᾐ㈕ࢅᵾ‵ࡌࡾࡒࡴ࡞ࡵᏋᅹࡌࡾࠕ࡛㏑ࡒࠊࡱࡈ࡞ࡆࡡഁ㟻ࢅ࣊ ࣥࣛࢴࢩࡢἸ┘ࡊࡒࡡ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ 48 㸩␊┘ࡡฦ㢦ࡡ⾪ౚࡢࠉ16 ṋࢅ㉰࠻ࡾᏕ⏍ࠉᐓᡥఎ࠷࡞ᚉࡌࡾᮅ፡ዥ ᛮࠉ⚶᭯㈀⏐࡚⏍ゝࢅ❟࡙࡙࠷ࡾ⩽ࠉ♣ఌಕ㝜ゝ⏤࡚⤝㈠࠷㌗మ㝸ᐐ ⩽࡚࠵ࡾࠊಕ㝜ᩩᨥᡮ࠻࠷ሔྙࡢࠉ ࠔ㐲⏕ඞ㝎ࠕexemption ࡛ࡊ࡙ಕ㝜ᩩࢅ ᡮࢂ࠷㸝ṹⴘ 363㸞ࠊࡆࡡሔྙ࡚ࡵ㈜㔘ࡡໂຫຘ഼⩽࡚࠵ࡖ࡙ࠉᛨࡄ⩽ࡢ ๑㟻࡞ฝ࡙࠷࠷ࠊ 49 The Times, 11 March 1943 ࡡオ࡞ࡻࡿࡣࠉ ࠖ࣊ࣥࣛࢴࢩሒ࿈ࠗࡢ࣒ࣛ ࡚࢜ࡵࠖ㢴࡛භ࡞ཡࡽࠗ࡞ḗ࠷࡚࣊ࢪࢹࢬ࣭࡚ࣚ࠵ࡾ࡛ሒ࿈ࡊ࡙࠷ࡾࠊ୦⩽ ࡛ࡵୌᬄ࡚ㄖࡴࡍࠉࠔࡹࡽ࠾ࡇ࠾ࡼሔࡱ࡚ࠕࢅ࠷ࠉࣀࣚࣀࣚࡈࡎࡾ࡛࠵ࡾࠊ 25 ➠㸩⟿ ⤊ῥ࡛ࡡ⤎⟿࠾ࡼໜᣋⓏ⚗♬ ࣊ࣥࣛࢴࢩ⌦ᛍࡢࠖ࣊ࣥࣛࢴࢩሒ࿈ࠗࡡࡲ࡚ࡢ༎ධ࡞ࡂࡲཱིࡿ࠷ࠊࢢ ࣤࢫ⌦ㄵࡷ⌦ᛍ࡛ࡡ⤎ྙࠉ࠽ࡻࡦᕰẰࡡ⩇ຸࡡ᪺☔ࡱ࡚⩻ᐳࡊ࡙ࠉิࡴ࡙ ࡐࡡධㇲࢅㄊࡿࡾࡓࢀ࠹ࠊࡆࡆ࡚ࡢ⚶ெ࡛ࡊ࡙షᠺࡊࡒ㸧ࡗࡡሒ࿈᭡ࠉ ࠖ⮤⏜♣ ఌ࡞࠽ࡄࡾᏰධ㞘⏕ࠗ㸝1944㸞࡛ࠖ⮤ⓆⓏὩິࠗ㸝1948㸞ࢅ࡞Ἰ┘ࡊࡻ࠹ࠊ 4-1 ⤊ῥ࡛ࡡ⤎⟿ ࣊ࣥࣛࢴࢩࡢ༟ࡾិၻᐓ࡚ࡢࡂࠉᯕᐁ㸝⤊ῥⓏฺ─࡛࠷࠹ᖉ⤎㸞ࢅị ࡴࡾ⤊ῥమࡡྙ┘Ⓩ⾔ິࢅᏽࡊࠉᛨࡄ⩽ࡷ㥼ࡌ⩽ᚋࢅࡌࡾโᗐ࡞ࡊ ࠷ࡻ࠹࡞スゝࡊ࡙࠷ࡒ㸝ㄇᅄ୦❟ᛮ㸞ࠊࡐࡿࡓࡄ࡚ࡂࠉࠖ࣊ࣥࣛࢴࢩሒ࿈ࠗ ࡡషᠺ㐛⛤࡚ࢢࣤࢫࡷ࣐࣭ࢺࡡഁ㟻ᨥᥴࢅུࡄࠉ♣ఌಕ㝸⟤ࡡᐁ⾔ྊ⬗ᛮ ࡷ㈠㔘ࡡㄢ㐡ྊ⬗ᛮࢅࡻࡽ็࡞ུࡄḾࡴࠉ࿈᱄ࢅಞḿࡊ࡙࠷ࡖࡒ50ࠊࡊ࠾ࡊ ⤊ῥⓏᛦ⩻࡛ࡡばᛮࡢࡆࡡ୦㟻ࡓࡄ࡚ࡢ࠷ࠊḗࡡⴥష࡚ࠉ⤊ῥࡡይᚘ⎌ᛮ ࢅᥝ࠷ࡒࡡ࡚࠵ࡾࠊࡗࡱࡽ♣ఌᶊ㸝ᅗẰ᭩㝀ಕ㝸㸞࡛୦❟ࡌࡾ⤊ῥ≟ឺࡢࠉ ࡡࡻ࠹࡞්⏍⏐ྊ⬗࠾࡛࠷࠹ၡ㢗࡚࠵ࡾࠊ♣ఌಕ㝸࡛Ᏸධ㞘⏕ࡡᏰᛮࠉᚘ ⎌ᣉኬᛮ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ ♣ఌಕ㝸మโࡡ㔔ኬ௫ᏽ࡚࠵ࡾᏰධ㞘⏕࡞ࠉἸ┘㞗ࡱࡖࡒࡡࡵ⮤↓࡚࠵ ࡖࡒ51ࠊ࣊ࣥࣛࢴࢩࡢⱕࡀ⤊ῥᏕ⩽ࡡຐࡄࡵೇࡽࡗࡗࠉࠖ⮤⏜♣ఌ࡞࠽ࡄࡾᏰ ධ㞘⏕ࠗࢅ 1944 ᖳ 11 ᭮࡞ฝ∟ࡊࡒࠊࡆࡡ⚶Ⓩሒ࿈᭡ࡢࢢࣤࢫ⤊ῥᏕ࡛ᨳ➿ ࡡ࠷⌦よ࡛ࠉࡐࡿࡼࢅໜྱࡌࡾ≺⮤ࡡᴏㄵ࠾ࡼᠺࡖ࡙࠷ࡾࠊ ࢢࣤࢫ⤊ῥᏕࡡ៎ࡢࠉ⤊ῥమ⣌ࡡㄢᩒ⤊㊪࠾ࡼึ᪺ࡌࡾࠊ࣊ࣥࣛࢴ ࢩࡢࡱࡍ⤊ῥ⮤ິㄢᩒᶭ⬗ࢅࡖ࡙࠷ࡾ࡛ࡲࡊ52ࠉࡊ࠾ࡵ᭯ຝ㞺さ࡞ࡻࡾㄢ ᩒ㐛⛤ࢅᥝ࠷ࡒࠊࠔ㞘⏕ࡢᨥฝ࡞౪Ꮛࠕ㸝Beveridge 1945/1944: 131, para. 175㸞 ࡊࠉධమࡡ᭯ຝ㞺さ㊂ࡌࡾ࠾ࡼᴏⓆ⏍ࡌࡾࡡ࡚࠵ࡖࡒࠊࡌࢂࡔ㈜㔘 ⋙ࡡㄢᩒ࡞ࡻࡖ࡙ᴏࢅࡂࡌࡆ࡛ࡢ࡚ࡀ࠷㸝ibid.: 96, para. 125㸞ࠊࡐࡡࡒ ࡴᨳ➿Ⓩ࡞ᅗᐓᏰධ㞘⏕࡞ぜྙ࠹⥪ᨥฝࢅᥞ౩ࡊࡄࡿࡣࡼ࠷ࠊ ࠔ᭯ຝ㞺 さࡡ♣ఌࠕࠉౚ࠻ࡣᅗᐓᢖ㈠ᑻؐؐᢖ㈠࡞㛭ࡊ࡙ࠔሒࢅථᡥࡊࠉຐࢅ࠻ࠉ ࡱࡒㅦᖅࡡ௺ᴏ࡞ࡻࡾᢖ㈠ࢅභ࡞ㄢᩒࡌࡾᶊ㝀ࢅᣚࡗؐؐࡡス❟᭯ຝ࡚࠵ࢀ ࡆࡡࡢᖲ㸝2003: 745-753㸞ࠉᑚᓘ㸝2007: 304-318㸞࡞レࡊ࠷ࠊ ຘ഼ඨࡡᥞ᱄᭡㸝1944.4㸞ࠉᨳᗋⓉ᭡ࠖ㞘⏕ᨳ➿ࠗ㸝1944.5㸞ࠉࢅணࡖ ࡙Ᏸධ㞘⏕ၡ㢗㆗ㄵࡈࡿප⾪ࡈࡿࡒࠊ 52 ౚ࠻ࡣࠉཿὬ࡛␏ࡽࠉฺᏄ⋙㈋࡛ᢖ㈠ࢅᆍ⾦ࡈࡎࡾࡆ࡛ࡢ࠷ࠊ 50 51 26 ࠹ࠊࡐࡊ࡙ࠔ㔔⟤ࠕdouble budget ࡞ࡻࡖ࡙⟤ࢅ⟮⌦ࡌࡀ࡚࠵ࡾࠊࡆࡿ ࡢ㏳ᖏ⟤࡛⮣⟤࠾ࡼᵋᠺࡈࡿࡾࠊථ࡛ᨥฝࡡཚୌ⮬ịࡴࡼࡿࡾ ⟤࡛ࠉἛࡡ㉝ᏊࢅይἛࡡఴ࡚㈝࠹ᶭິⓏ⟤࡚࠵ࡾࠕ㸝ibid.: 181, para. 249㸞ࠊ௧୕ࠉ⌦ㄵ㟻࠾ࡼࡵᨳ➿㟻࠾ࡼࡵࠉࢢࣤࢫࡡ⤊ῥⓏᛦ⩻ࢅᮇ㈻Ⓩ ࡞⤄ࡲථࡿࡼࡿ࡙࠷ࡾࠊ ࡒࡓࡊࡆࡡ୯࡞ࡢ 1909 ᖳ௧ᮮࡡᴏㄵࡵె⨠ࡈࡿ࡙࠷ࡾࠊ⏐ᴏ㒼⨠ࡡ⤣โ࡛ࠉ ຘ഼⛛ິࡡ⤄⧂࡚࠵ࡾࠊ➠㸦࡞ࠉࡎࡖ࠾ࡂධమ࡛ࡊ࡙ࡡ᭯ຝ㞺さ㸝࠵ࡾ࠷ࡢ ຘ഼㞺さ㸞᪪┊࡚࠵ࡖࡒ࡛ࡊ࡙ࡵࠉெཾࡷ⏐ᴏ࡞㐛㐛ᐠ࠵ࡾࡒࡴ࡞ࠉᆀ ᇡࡇ࡛ࡡᩤຘ഼㞺さⓆ⏍ࡊࠉ࣐ࢪ࣏ࢴࢲ㉫ࡆࡾࠊࡐࡆ࡚⏍⏐ᣈⅤࡡ೩ᅹ ࢅḿࡌࡾࡒࡴ࡞ࠉᅗᐓ㛜Ⓠኬ⮟ࡡࡵ࡛࡚⏐ᴏࢅ㐲ว࡞㒼⨠ࡌࡾᚪさ࠵ࡾ 㸝ibid.: 170, para. 228㸞ࠊ➠㸧࡞ࠉୌⓏ㞘⏕⩽ࡡࡻ࠹࡞ࠉᙽᶭࡊ࡙࠷ࡾຘ഼ງ ኬ㔖࡞Ꮛᅹࡊ࡙࠷ࡾሔྙࠉࡱࡒࡢຘ഼㞺さ࡞ࡌࡃ࡞ᚺࡋࡾࡆ࡛࡚ࡀ࠷ሔ ྙ࠵ࡾࠊࡆࡿࢅよỬࡌࡾࡒࡴ࡞ࠉຘ഼ᕰሔࢅᏰධ࡞⤄⧂ࡊࠉ⛛ິࡡࡒࡴࡡ 㝸ᐐࢅ㝎ཡࡊࡄࡿࡣࡼ࠷㸝ibid.: 172, para. 233㸞ࠊ࡞Ꮛᅹࡌࡾ⫃ᴏ⣺ ᡜࡓࡄ࡚ࡢ༎ฦ࡚ࠉᅗᐓ⫃ᴏゥ⦆ࢅᥞ౩ࡌࡾࡆ࡛ࠉಞ⩽࡞⫃ࢅᥞ౩ࡌࡾ ࡆ࡛ࠉ㛏ࡡᴏ⩽࡞ࡢᴏ⤝ࡡ᮪௲ࢅཚࡊࡂࡌࡾࡆ࡛ࡵ㏛ຊࡈࡿࡾࠊ ࣊ࣥࣛࢴࢩࡢ࣏ࢠࣞධమࡡ᭯ຝ㞺さࢅႋ㉫ࡌࡾࡆ࡛ࢅ➠ୌ᮪௲࡞⩻࠻࡙࠷ࡒ ࠉྜྷ࡞ࡐࡿࡓࡄ࡚ࡢ༎ฦ࡛ࡵវࡋ࡙࠷ࡒࠊࡐࡆ࡚➠᮪௲࡛ࡊ࡙࣐ࢠࣞ Ⓩຘ഼㞺⤝ࡡㄢᩒࠉ➠᮪௲࡛ࡊ࡙㎷㏷ຘ഼⛛ິࡡ☔ಕࡵᥞ၌ࡊࡒࠊ࠷ࡍ ࡿࡵ౮㸝㈜㔘㸞࡞ࡻࡾㄢᩒ࡚ࡢ࠷ࡆ࡛࡞⏻ណࡊࡒ࠷ࠊ ࡆࡡࡻ࠹࡞ࢢࣤࢫ⌦ㄵࡡ࠷⌦よࡢࠉ᭩⤂Ⓩ࡞ࠉ♣ఌᶊࡡಕッࡈࡿࡒ⤊ ῥమ⣌ࡡᣉኬᚘ⎌ᛮ࡞㐡ࡌࡾࠊ࣊ࣥࣛࢴࢩࡢḗࡡࡻ࠹࡞᥆ㄵࡊࠉࡆࡡ᪁ྡྷ ᛮࢅࢢࣤࢫࡵᏰධ࡞ྜྷណࡊࡒࠊࡌࢂࡔࠉ1942 ᖳࡡ♣ఌಕ㝸ゝ⏤ᐁ᪃ࡈࡿ ࡿࡣᅗẰ᭩㝀ಕ㝸☔ಕࡈࡿࡾࠊࡐࡿ࡞ࡻࡖ࡙ᾐ㈕ᨥฝࡢ⥌ᣚࡈࡿᣉኬࡌࡾࠊ ᴏࡷ⑄ࡡ࡛ᑯᴏࡷᗛࡡࠉᏄ౩ኣ࠷ெ࡛ᑛ࠷ெࠉᖶ㐘㇇࠾ெ ࠾ࡼ㐘㈃ࡊ࠷ெࠉࡐࡿࡑࡿࡡ㛣࡞ỀᖲⓏ࣬ᆱ├Ⓩᡜᚋ්ฦ㒼ᶭ⬗഼ࡂࠊ ࠷ࡍࡿࡵࡱ࡚ࡢ⥌ᣚ࡚ࡀ࠾ࡖࡒᡜᚋ☔ಕࡈࡿࠉࡐࡿࡢࢢࣤࢫ⌦ㄵࡡ❟ ሔ࠾ࡼᾐ㈕ࢅቌࡷࡊࠉ᭯ຝ㞺さ⤊⏜්࡚ࡦᡜᚋࢅቌࡷࡌࠊࡆࡿ࡚Ᏸධ㞘⏕ࡡ 㐠ᐖ᪾࡞ࡾࠊ㏣࡞Ᏸධ㞘⏕࡞㎾ࡘࡄࡣࠉ⌟ᅹ 8.5㸚ࡡᴏ⩽࡞ྡྷࡄࡒಕ㝜ᇱ 㔘ࡡ㈀″ࠉ㸨㸚௧ୖ࡞ྡྷࡄࡒㇿᢰ࡚ῥࡳࠊྜྷࡋㇿᢰ࡚ኣ㢘ࡡಕ㝜࣬ᖳ㔘ࡡ ᅗᗔຐᠺ࠽ࡻࡦᅗẰຐྊ⬗࡞ࡾࠊࡹ࠻࡞❋இࡡ㜒࠷ࡢࠉ↋Ⅵ㸝ᴏ㸞 ࡡ㜒࠷ࡡୌ㔓ሪ࡚࠵ࡾ㸝ibid.: 160, para. 213; 255, para. 379㸞ࠊ࣊ࣥࣛࢴࢩ 27 ࡢḗࡡࡻ࠹࡞⤎ㄵࡊࡒࠊ ࠔ♣ఌಕ㝜࡛ඡ❲ᡥᙔ࡞ࡻࡾ❋இࡡ㝎ཡ࡞ఔ࠹ᡜᚋ්ฦ㒼ࡢࠉࡐࡿ⮤మ࡚⏐ ᴏࡡ⏍⏐∸࡞ᑊࡌࡾ㞺さࡡ⥌ᣚࢅຐࡄࠉࡐࡿࡹ࠻ᴏࢅ㜭Ḿࡌࡾᙁ࠷ງ࡞ࡾ ࡓࢀ࠹ࠊࠕ㸝ibid: 255-256, para. 379㸞 ࠔ♣ఌಕ㝜࡛ඡ❲ᡥᙔࡢභ࡞ඔࠍᐣࢅ්ฦ㒼ࡌࡾ᪁Ἢ࡚࠵ࡾࠊࡆࡡࡻ࠹ࡻ ࡽࡻ࠷ฦ㒼⚗♬ࢅቌ㐅ࡊ࠷ࡢࡍ࠷ࡊࠉ͐⫏మⓏὩງࢅ㣬࠹ࡆ࡛࡞ࡻ ࡖ࡙ᐣࢅቌຊࡈࡎࡾࡆ࡛࡚ࡀࡾࠊࡐࡿ⟮⌦୕ࡡᾁ㈕ࢅఔ࠹ࡆ࡛ࡂࠉࡱࡒ ⏍ ⏐ ណḟ ࢅ΅㏝ ࡈ ࡎ ࠷ 㝀ࡽ ࠉ ࡐ ࡡฦ 㒼 ᐣࢅ ΅ ᑛࡈࡎ ࡾࡆ ࡛ࡢ ࠷ࠊࠕ 㸝Beveridge 1942: 167, para. 449㸞 ࡗࡱࡽᅗẰ᭩㝀ಕ㝸࡛᭯ຝ㞺さࡡᣉኬࡢࠉ┞ப࡞ᙁࡊྙ࠹ࡡ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ 4-2 ࢢࣤࢫࡡ㈰ណ ࢢࣤࢫࡢࠖ࣊ࣥࣛࢴࢩሒ࿈ࠗࡵࠖ⮤⏜♣ఌ࡞࠽ࡄࡾᏰධ㞘⏕ࠗࡵࠉࡐࡡ ᇱᮇⓏ㊪⥲࡞ኬ㈰ᠺࡊࡒࠊ๑⩽࡞㛭ࡊ࡙ࡢࠉኬⶮ┤㢫ၡ࡛ࡊ࡙ࡡࢢࣤࢫࡢኬ ⶮ┤㧏ᏻ࡛ࡡ㛭౿ࡵ㔔っࡊ࡙࠽ࡽ53ࠉࡐࡡ㈰ᠺࡄࡿࡣᗇࠉ㆗ఌ࡞ᨭ㠁ࡡࡒ ࡴࡡἪ᱄ࢅᥞฝࡌࡼ࡚ࡀ࠷࡛⇅▩ࡊ࡙࠷ࡒࠊᚃ⩽࡞㛭ࡊ࡙ࡢࠉ ࠔ㈏ⴥࡢᴗࡴ࡙ ඁࡿ࡙࠷ࡾࠕ࡛ࡊ࡙ࠉࠔࡐࡡኬ㒂ฦ࡞ࠉ⥪ࡋ࡙ྜྷវࡡᛍࢅᢢ࠷࡙࠷ࡾࠕ54࡛ྡ㟚 ࡊࡒࠊࢢࣤࢫࡏࡆ࠹ࡊࡒ࣊ࣥࣛࢴࢩ⌦ᛍ࡞㈰ᠺࡊࡒࡡ࠾࡞ࡗ࠷࡙ࠉ㸨 ࡗࡡഁ㟻࠵ࡾࠊ ➠㸦࡞ࠉࡐࡡ⌦ᛍහໜࡌࡾ౮ೋふ࡞㈰ྜྷࡊࡒࡒࡴ࡚࠵ࡾࠊࡐࡿࡢ♣ఌಕ㝸 ࡡ⤧ᑊⓏඁᗐࠉெࢅሃⴘࡈࡎ࠷โᗐスゝࠉỀᖲⓏഁ㟻ࢅ㔔っࡌࡾᡜᚋ් ฦ㒼ᶭ⬗࡛࠷࠹㸨ࡗ࡞ࡈࡊ࠵ࡒࡽฦࡄࡼࡿࡾࠊ 㸝㸦㸞ࢢࣤࢫ⮤㌗ࠉᡋண┘Ⓩࡷ ᡋᚃࡡ්ᘋゝ⏤࡞࠽࠷࡙ࠉࠔ♣ఌಕ㝸ᡋᚃࡡᅗහᨳ➿ࡡ➠ୌ┘ᵾ࡛ࡾࡀࠕ 55࡛ࡌࡾ࣒࣓ࢅࢲ࣭ࣔࢲࣜහ㛮ࡡࡒࡴ࡞షࡖࡒࠊࡱࡒᰜ㣬㟻ࡵ⩻៎ࡊࡗࡗࠉᖳ㔘 ུ⤝⩽࣬ᴏ⩽࣬㣬ᐓ᪐ࡌ࡙ࡡெࠍ࡞ᑊࡊ࡙ࠉ᭩㝀ᗐ⏍ᏋỀ‵ࡱ࡚ ࡡಕ㝸ࢅヾࡴ࡙࠷ࡾࠊ࠵ࡾ࠷ࡢᖳ㔘โᗐࢅࡌ࡙ࡡᅗẰ࡞ᣉᘿࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡞ࡵ᪺ ࠔᙴࡼࡡ㏖ᝠࢅ࠾ࡄࡾࡻ࠹༱㝜ࢅාࡊࡒࡂ࠷ࠕ 㸝CW27: 256ࠉࢢࣤࢫ࠾ ࡼẍࠉ1943.2.23㸞ࠊ 54 CW27: 380ࠉࢢࣤࢫ࠾ࡼ࣊ࣥࣛࢴࢩࡡᡥ⣤ࠉ1944 ᖳ 12 ᭮ 16 ࠊ 55 PRO, PREM 4/100/5, “Professor Keynes’ Memorandum on War Aims”, 13 January 1941. 1941 ᖳ 3 ᭮࡞㛮හ࡞㛸のࡈࡿ࡙පᘟᩝ᭡࡛ࡖࡒࠊ 53 28 ☔࡞㈰ᠺࡊ࡙࠷ࡾ56ࠊ㸝㸧㸞ᅗᐓ࡞ࡻࡾ⚗♬⤝ࡡᘚᐐῼࡈࡿࡒ୕࡚ࠉெ ࡡណᕝኰࢅ㜴ᐐࡈࡎ࠷โᗐ࣬ៈ⩞㏛ịࡈࡿࡒࠊࢢࣤࢫࡢ࣊ࣥࣛࢴࢩ ᱄Ᏸධ✒❟โᖳ㔘࡞ࡖ࡙࠷࠷Ⅴࢅぜᢜ࠷ࡒ୕࡚ࠉ࠽ࡆࡡ᧻โ fiction ࡛ࡊ࡙ࡡᇱ㔘ࢅ㔔さฺⅤ࠵ࡾ࡛ࡌࡾࠊࡏࡼࠔࠍࡡࢦ࣭ࣄࢪ㈕⏕ࢅࠉ ࡐࡿᥞ౩ࡈࡿࡾ″ἠ࡛ྊ⬗㝀ࡽ㛭㏻ࡘࡄࡾࡆ࡛ࠉ࠷ࡖࡐ࠹㔔さ࡛ࡾࠕ ࠾ࡼ࡚࠵ࡽࠉ ࠔධఌゝࢅ⥌ᣚࡊࠉຝ⋙ᛮࢅῼᏽࡊࠉ⟿⣑ࢅທ⾔ࡊࠉ∸࡞さ ࡌࡾ㈕⏕࡞ࡗ࠷࡙ප⾏࡞㐲ว࡞▩ࡼࡊࡴࡾ။ୌࡡ᪁Ἢࠕࡓ࠾ࡼ࡚࠵ࡾ57ࠊࡱࡒࡆ ࡡゝ⏤᱄ࡢ⮤ຐ࡛ᅗᐓᨾῥࢅ㐲ว࡞⤄ࡲྙࢂࡎࡾࡵࡡ࡚࠵ࡾࠉࡆࡡഁ㟻࡞ࡵ ࢢࣤࢫࡢධ㟻Ⓩ࡞㈰ᠺࡌࡾࠊ ࠔ⚶ࡢெࠍẴࡷຘ഼⬗࡞ങ࠻࡙ࠉ᭩ᨾᥴ 㔘ࢅ୕ᅂࡾ㢘ࢅ⏕ណࡌࡾཪយ⤄ྙࡡ⤄⧂ࢅዜທࡊࡒ࠷ࠉ࡛࠷࠹Ⅴ࡚࠵ࡒ ࡛ྜྷណぜ࡚࠵ࡾࠕ58ࠊ㸝㸨㸞㈃ᐣࡡᕣࢅ⦨ࡴࡾ᪁ྡྷᛮ୦⩽࡚ྙ⮬ࡊ࡙࠷ࡾ59 ࠊ ࢢࣤࢫࡢࠔ⤊ῥ♣ఌࡡ㢟ⴥḖ㝏ࡢࠉᏰධ㞘⏕ࢅᥞ౩ࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡚ࡀ࠷ࡆ ࡛࡛ࠉᐣ࠽ࡻࡦᡜᚋࡡᜓណⓏ࡚පᖲฦ㒼࡚࠵ࡾࠕ㸝CW7: 372㸞࡛㏑ࡒࠊ 㸧ࡗࡡさ⣪୩าࡈࡿ࡙࠷ࡾࡵࡡࡡࠉ ࠖୌ⯙⌦ㄵࠗࡡమ⣌ࡢኬ㒂ฦࠉᏰධ㞘⏕ࡡ ᠺ❟ྊ⬗ᛮ࡞ྡྷࡄࡼࡿ࡙࠽ࡽࠉᡜᚋ්ฦ㒼ᶭ⬗࡞ࡗ࠷࡙ࡢࡷࡷࡄ㊂ࡊ࡞㏑ ࡼࡿ࡙࠷ࡾ࡞㐛ࡁ࠷ࠊ㈋࡚ࡢࡂᾐ㈕ࡷᢖ㈠㔔さࡒࡴࠉᐣࡡ೩ᅹؐؐ ࡊࡒࡖ࡙㧏࠷㈋⋙ࡷ㧏࠷ฺᏄ⋙ؐؐࡢᚪさࡂࡾ࡛࠷࠹ㄵἪ࡚࠵ࡖࡒࠊ ࣊ࣥࣛࢴࢩࡵḗࡡࡻ࠹࡞ࠉᡜᚋ්ฦ㒼ᨳ➿ࡡណࢅḗࡡࡻ࠹࡞㏑࡙࠷ࡾࠊ ࠔ❋இࡢ㈜㔘✄ᚋᒒࡡහ㒂࡚ؐؐᐣᒒ࡞りࡿࡾࡆ࡛ࡂؐؐᡜᚋࢅ්ฦ㒼 ࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡞ࡻࡖ࡙ࠉࡆࡡᡋ๑࡞ᗣḾࡊᚋࡒࡢࡍ࡚࠵ࡖࡒࠊࡆࡿࡢᡜᚋ්ฦ㒼 ㈜㔘✄ᚋᒒ࡞㝀ࡼࡿࡾࡀࡓ࡛♟ြࡊ࡙࠷ࡾࢂࡄ࡚ࡢ࠷ࠊ͐❋இࡡᗣḾࡢභ ྜྷమࡡ⤊ῥⓏ㈠″࡚ᐖ᪾࡞࠾࠹࡛͐࠷࠹ࡆ࡛ࢅ♟ြࡊ࡙࠷ࡾ࡞㐛ࡁ࠷ࠊࠕ 㸝Beveridge 1942: ṹⴘ 449㸞 ࡗࡱࡽ࣊ࣥࣛࢴࢩࡢຘ഼⩽⮤㌗ᣈฝࡊ࡙ࠉ⮤ฦࡡ௯㛣࠽ࡻࡦ⮤ฦ⮤㌗ࢅப ᜠⓏ࡞ຐࡄࡾឺࢅ➠ୌ࡞⨠࠷࡙࠷ࡾࠊࡆࡿࢅỀᖲⓏ්ฦ㒼࡛ࡩࡆ࡛࡚ ࡆࡡ㆗ㄵࡢᑚᓘ㸝2007: 314-315ࠉἸ 39-44㸞ࢅぜࡻࠊ CW27: 224-225ࠉࢢࣤࢫ࠾ࡼ࣌ࣈ࢞ࣤࢪࠉ1942.7.20ࠊࡆࡡ᪺ゕࡢࠔࢢ ࣤࢫ㸲ᨲⷑ㉝Ꮚ㈀ᨳ⩇ࠕ࡛࠷࠹ヾㆉࢅᣚࡗ⩽ࢅᅏᝠࡈࡎࡾࠊ 58 CW27: 205ࠉࢢࣤࢫ࠾ࡼ࣊ࣥࣛࢴࢩࠉ1942.3.17ࠊ 59 CW27: 218ࠉࢢࣤࢫ࠾ࡼ࣐࣭ࢺࠉ1942.7.1ࠊ 56 57 29 ࡀࡾࡓࢀ࠹ࠊࡵࡔࢀࢆࡐࡡ㐛⛤࡚ࠉᐣ⩽࠾ࡼ㈃⩽ᆱ├Ⓩ්ฦ㒼ࡵ⾔ࢂࡿࡾ ࡚࠵ࢀ࠹㸝≁࡞පⓏຐࡡཋ㈠ࡷࠉಕ㝜ᩩࡡᅗᗔ࠽ࡻࡦ㞘⏕ࡡㇿᢰ㸞ࠊࡐࡡ 㝮ࡵ᭻ࡱࡊ࠷ࠉ࠵ࡂࡱ࡚➠⩇࡚࠵ࡾࠊᚃ⩽ࢅ⚗♬ᅗᐓࡡ☔ᏽⓏ࣒࣭ࢩ࡛ ࡌࡾ❟ሔ࠾ࡼࡢࠉ࠾ࡽ㞫ࡿ࡙ࡊࡱࡖ࡙࠷ࡾࠊ௧୕ࡡ㸨ࡗ࡚ࠉࢢࣤࢫ࣊ࣥ ࣛࢴࢩ⌦ᛍ࡞㈰ྜྷࡊ࡙࠷ࡒࡆ࡛ࢂ࠾ࡾࠊ ➠㸧࡞ࠉࡆࡿࡼࡡ᱄⮤ࡼࡡ⤊ῥฦᯊ࡞ࡻࡂྙ⮬ࡊࠉࡐࡿࢅᙁࡌࡾࡆ࡛ ヾㆉࡈࡿ࡙࠷ࡒࡒࡴ࡚࠵ࡾࠊࡐࡿ࡞ࡢኣࡂࡡさ⣪࠵ࡾࠊࡱࡍ᭯ຝ㞺さࢅᬊẴ ᚘ⎌ࡡ୯࡚ᖲ‵ࡊࠉᙁࡌࡾふⅤ࠵ࡾࠊࢢࣤࢫࡢ࣐࣭ࢺࡡಕ㝜ᩩንິ᱄ ࡞㈰ᠺࡊࡒࠊᡜᚋ⛧ࡡ๎΅ࡻࡽࡵࠉᣈฝ㔘ࡡ๎΅ࡢᨥฝࢅቌຊࡈࡎࡐ࠹ࡓ࠾ࡼ ࡚࠵ࡾ60ࠊࡱࡒᅗẰᡜᚋ࣊ࣥࣛࢴࢩ᱄࡚ࡢㇿബࡡᩐಶࡡ㏷ࡈ࡚ቌኬࡌࡾ61࡛ ᙽࡈࡿࡾ࠾ࡼ࡚࠵ࡾࠊḗ࡞㞘⏕ᑊ➿ࡵᙽ࡚ࡀࡾࠊ࣊ࣥࣛࢴࢩࡢᙔิࡡ᱄ ࡚ࠔよ㞘⛧ࠕdismissal tax ࢅᥞ၌ࡊ࡙࠷ࡒࠉࢢࣤࢫࡢࡆࡡ᱄࡞㟸ᖏ࡞㨡ງ ࢅវࡋࡒࠊຘ഼⩽ࢅよ㞘ࡌࡾᴏ࡞ࠉᠤ⨡Ⓩᣈฝࢅ㏛ຊⓏ࡞ịࡴࡾ᱄࡚࠵ ࡽࠉᙔよ㞘ࢅᅂ㑂ࡈࡎࡾᡥṹ࡛⩻࠻ࡼࡿࡾ62ࠊḗ࡞ᴞふⓏ⤊ῥῼࡵ࠵ࡾࠊ ࣊ࣥࣛࢴࢩࡡᖳ㔘᱄ࡢᐁࡢࠉ⌟ᅹࡡᣈฝ࡛⌟ᅹࡡ⤝ࢅୌ⮬ࡈࡎ࡙࠽ࡽࠉኣ ᩐ࠷ࡾ⌟ᅹࡡຘ഼ெཾᑛᩐࡡ⩹㱃ெཾࢅᑙථࡢᨥ࠻ࡾ࡛࠷࠹⤄ࡲ࡞ࡖ ࡙࠷ࡾࠊࢢࣤࢫࡢࡆࡡ⤄ࡲࢅࡷࡳࢅᚋ࠷࡛ヾࡴࡒࠊ⤂ᡋ㣏ᚃࡡΊࢅ࠹ ࡱࡂࡽวࡿࡣࠉᕝᴏࡵ㎨ᴏࡡᠺ㛏ࢅぜ㎲ࡴࡾࡡ࡚ࠉᑑᮮࡡㇿᢰࢅ㐛ኬ࡞࠾ ࡼẴ࡞ࡳᚪさࡢ࠷࡛࠷࠹❟ሔ࡚࠵ࡖࡒ63ࠊ᭩ᚃ࡞࣊ࣥࣛࢴࢩ᱄ࡢ࣏ࢠࣞ⤊ ῥࡡᢍᥩࡈࡿ࡙࠽ࡽࠉᅗẰᡜᚋ᥆ゝ࡞ᇱࡘ࠷࡙࠷ࡾࠊࡆࡿࡢ㞗ゝࡈࡿࡒ㞺 さ࡛౩⤝ࡡ୦㟻⩻࠻ࡼࡿ࡙࠷ࡾⅤࡷࠉ㏳ᖏࡡ⟤࡛ࡢื㏭࡞ࠔ♣ఌಕ㝸⟤ࠕ ࡛࠷࠹᩺ࡊ࠷ࣁࣚࣤࢪࢨ࣭ࢹ⩻࠻ࡼࡿ࡙࠷ࡾⅤ࡚࠵ࡾࠊᆍ⾦ࡌࡀ▯ࡡ㏳ ᖏ㸝⤊ᖏ㸞⟤࡛ࠉ୯㛏࡚ᆍ⾦ࡌࡀ㛏ࡡ㈠ᮇ⟤ࡡᓠืࢅࢢࣤࢫࡢㄕ ࠷ࡒࠊ♣ఌಕ㝸⟤ࡢ୯㛏ࡡ⩻ᐳ࡚࠵ࡽࠉᅗᗔ࠾ࡼຐࡈࡿࡾ࡛ࡊ࡙ࡵืᯗ ࡚ࡡ⩻៎ᚪさ࡚࠵ࡖࡒࠊ ➠㸨࡞ࠉ᭩ࡵ㔔さࡓࠉࢢࣤࢫ࡞ࡻࡾḿ⤣Ὤ⤊ῥᏕ࠾ࡼࡡ⬲༴ࠉᚪ↓Ⓩ ࡞♣ఌಕ㝸మโ࡛⤎ࡦࡗࡂᛦ⩻㢦ᆵ࡞ࡖ࡙࠷ࡒⅤ࡚࠵ࡾࠊࢢࣤࢫ࡞ࡻࡾ㠁 CW27: 218ࠉࢢࣤࢫ࠾ࡼ࣐࣭ࢺࠉ1942.7.1ࠊ CW27: 259-260ࠉ㈏᪐㝌࡚ࡡࢢࣤࢫⁿㄕࡡⲙ✇㸝ᮅᐁ⌟㸞ࠊ 62 ⣟⢃ຘ഼ᕰሔᆍ⾦ㄵ࠾ࡼࡌࡾ࡛ࠉよ㞘⛧ࡢຘ഼ࢤࢪࢹࢅெⅥⓏ࡞㧏ࡴࡾ࡛ ࠷࠹ណ࡚ࠉࡐࡡᨡ࡞ࡾࠊࡊ࠾ࡊࢢࣤࢫ㈰ྜྷࡊ࡙࠷ࡾ⌦⏜ࡢࠉࡐ࠹ࡊ ࡒථࡵຘ഼ᕰሔ࡞ࡢセࡈࡿࡾ࡛ึ᩷ࡈࡿࡒ࠾ࡼ࠾ࡵࡊࡿ࠷ࠊ 63 CW27: 259ࠉ㈏᪐㝌࡚ࡡࢢࣤࢫⁿㄕࡡⲙ✇㸝ᮅᐁ⌟㸞 ࠊ 60 61 30 ᩺ࡡ㸦ࡗࡢࠉ㛏࡛▯ࡡᤂ࠻᪁ࡡ㏣㌹࡚࠵ࡾ64ࠊࢪ࣐ࢪࡡ⮤↓౮ࠉࣥࢠࢬ ࣜࡡ⮤↓ฺᏄ⋙ࠉ࣏࣭ࢨࣔࣜࡡḿᖏ౮ᆵ࡚࠵ࡾࡻ࠹࡞ࠉ⤊ῥᏕࡡᮇὮ࡚ ࡢ㛏㸝㸲ᐁ∸㸲ḿᖏ㸞ࡡᆍ⾦ࢅ㔔ᚨ࡛ࡊ࡙ࠉ▯㸝㸲㈄ᖨ㸲␏ᖏ㸞ࡡንິ ࠵ࡾ࡛ヾㆉࡊ࡙ࡀࡒࠊࡆࡡᛦ⩻Ἢࢅࢢࣤࢫࡢ㏣㌹ࡈࡎࡒࠊ ࠔ⚶ࡢࢆ♣ఌ࡞ ࠽࠷࡙ࡵ͐௫ㄕⓏ㞘⏕Ề‵࡞ᑊࡊ࡙ࠉ㸦ࡗࡡ␏ࡖࡒ⮤↓ฺᏄ⋙Ꮛᅹࡌ ࡾ࡛࠷࠹ᐁࢅぜ㏠ࡊ࡙࠷ࡒࠊ͐ᚉࡖ࡙။ୌࡡ⮤↓ฺᏄ⋙࡞ࡗ࠷࡙ㄊࡖࡒࡽ͐ ♟ြࡊࡒࡽࡌࡾࡆ࡛ࡢㄏࡽ࡚࠵ࡖࡒࠕ㸝CW 7: 242㸞ࠊࠔ㈄ᖨᙔᑻ⾔࠹ᨳ➿ࡡᛮ ㈻࡛ࡢ↋㛭౿࡞ࠉ࠷ࡗ࡚ࡵ᭯ຝ࡚࠵ࡾࡻ࠹။ୌࡡ㛏ᆍ⾦న⨠ࡢᏋᅹࡊ࠷ࠊ ࡐࡿ࡛ࡢཬᑊ࡞ࠉ␏ࡖࡒᨳ➿࡞ᑊᚺࡌࡾኣᩐࡡࡐࡡࡻ࠹న⨠Ꮛᅹࡌࡾࠕ 㸝CW 29: 55㸞ࠊࡆࡆࡱฺ࡚Ꮔ⋙࡞ࡻࡾㄢᩒ├࡞ࡢᛍ㢄࡞࠵ࡾࠊࢢࣤࢫࡡ ᏽࡌࡾ⤊ῥ࡞ࡢࠉ㈄ᖨ࡛⏍⏐∸ࢅࡗࡃ㈒㈠㔘ᕰሔࡢᶭ⬗ࡎࡍࠉ㈋࡛ᢖ ㈠ࢅୌ⮬ࡈࡎࡾฺᏄ⋙ࡡᶭ⬗ࡢ◒Იࡈࡿ࡙࠷ࡾࠊ ྜྷᵕࡡㄵἪ࡚ࠉຘ഼ᕰሔࡡΰ⟤ࢅࡵࡒࡼࡌ㈜㔘⋙ࡡᶭ⬗ࡵᨲᲘࡈࡿ࡙࠷ࡾ65ࠊ ࡆࡡⓆࡢࠉຘ഼ᕰሔࢅ㛏Ⓩ࡞ࡢΰ⟤ࡌࡾḿᖏ㈜㔘⋙࡛ؐؐ⤄ྙࡷἪᚂࡡງ ࡚ᏽࡱࡾؐؐ⌟ᐁࡡ㈜㔘⋙࡛ࡡᑊ❟ࢅᥝࡂḿ⤣Ⓩ⤊ῥᏕⓏᛦ⩻࡛ᑊ↯Ⓩ࡚࠵ ࡾࠊ㛏ᆍ⾦ࡡࢿ࣑࡛ࣜ࠷࠹Ⓠࢅᣚࡗ㝀ࡽࠉ᭩㈜㔘ࡡ౮ථ࡛ࡢ୦ ❟ࡊ࠷ࠊࢢࣤࢫ࡞ࡻࡿࡣຘ഼ᕰሔࡢ᭯ຝ㞺さ࡞ࡻࡖ࡙⥪㞺さࡷᡜᚋỬࡱ ࡖࡒᚃ࡞ࠉຘ഼౩⤝࡛ຘ഼㞺さืࠍ࡞ᏋᅹࡌࡾࡓࡄࡡṟఴࠉᚃⓏ⯑ྋ࡚ ࠵ࡾࠊࡐࡿࡢᕰሔ࡛࠷࠹ࡻࡽࡵៈ⾔ᨥ㒼ࡌࡾ⏍Ὡࡡሔ࡚࠵ࡾ66ࠊ㔘⼝ᨳ➿67࡞ ࡻࡖ࡙ንࡌࡾ々ᩐࡡฺᏄ⋙ࡡ࠹ࡔࠉᏰධ㞘⏕࡞ᑊᚺࡌࡾࡵࡡࡵ࠵ࡾࠊධࡂྜྷ ᵕ࡞ࠉ♣ఌᨳ➿࡞ࡻࡖ࡙々ᩐࡡ㈜㔘⋙ᐁ⌟ࡌࡾࡼࡣࠉࡐࡡ࠹ࡔࡡ㸦ࡗ࡞ᅗ Ằ᭩㝀ಕ㝸ࡡỀ‵㸝᭩㝀⏍Ꮛ㈜㔘㸞࡛୦❟ࡌࡾ㈜㔘⋙Ꮛᅹࡊ࡙ࡵࡻ࠷ࠊ ࡊ࠾ࡵ㈀ᨳᨳ➿ࢅྱࡳᏰධ㞘⏕ᨳ➿࡛ࠉࡆࡡᅗẰ᭩㝀ಕ㝸ࡡᨳ➿ࡢࡈࡼ࡞୦ ❟ࡊ࠹ࡾࠊࡏࡼࢢࣤࢫࡢࡦỀ࡛ࡊ࡙ࡡපභᴏࡡහᐖ࡛ࡊ࡙ؐؐࣝࢹ ࣛࢴࢠ࡛ࡊ࡙ᝇྞ㧏࠷ࣅ࣐ࣚࢴࢺᘋスࡷ✨ᤸࡽ㸝CW7 :129-130㸞࡚ࡢࡂؐؐ ♣ఌ㈠ᮇࡡᩒങࢅ➠ୌ⩇࡞⨠࠷࡙࠷ࡾࠊ♣ఌ㈠ᮇ࡛ࡢࡆࡡሔྙࠉ㐠㊪࡛పᏩࢅ ࡆࡡⅤࡢⳳᒜ㸝1993: 99, 105. 127㸞࡞ࡻࡖ࡙ᙁㄢࡈࡿࡒࠊ ࢢࣤࢫࡢᐁ㝷ࡡ⾔ິ㸝ெ࣬ᴏ⛸࡛ࡡ┞ᑊ㈜㔘㸞࡛ຘ഼ዉ⣑㸝㈄ᖨ㈜㔘㸞 ࡞ࡻࡖ࡙ࠉᐁ㈻㈜㔘ຘ഼㞺⤝ࡡࣂ࣒࣭ࣚࢰ࣭㸝ΰ⟤ᶭ⬗㸞ࢅᯕࡒࡊ࡙࠷࡛ ⩻࠻࡙࠷ࡾࠊCW7: 12-13 ࢅぜࡻࠊ 66 ࢢࣤࢫ࡞ࡻࡾ࡛ࠔฺᏄ⋙ࡢ͐ࡳࡊࢀ㧏ᗐ࡞ៈ⾔Ⓩ⌟㇗ࠕ 㸝CW7: 203㸞࡛ ᤂ࠻ࡼࡿࡾࠉࡐࡿࡢ㈜㔘⋙ࡵྜྷᵕ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ 67 ᰍࡢ㛏ฺᏄ⋙ࡡኬᖕୖⴘ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ 64 65 31 ➱㢄࡞ࡊ࡙ࠉ㞹ງ࣬㕪㐠࣬ࡡᩒങࡷ㎨ᴏࡡ්ᘋࡵྱࡳ68ࠊࡗࡱࡽ♣ఌභ㏳㈠ ᮇࡡᩒങ࡞ࡻࡖ࡙ࠉᅗẰ⏍Ὡࡡྡྷ୕࡛⏐ᴏࡡຝ⋙࡞㈠ࡌࡾࡡ࡚࠵ࡾࠊࡆࡡࡻ ࠹࡞᥆ㄵࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡞ࡻࡖ࡙ࠉࢢࣤࢫࡢ㛏࠷㛣⤊ῥᏕ⩽ࢅᝆࡱࡎ࡙ࡀࡒࢸࣝ ࣏ࣤࢅよỬࡊࡒࡡ࡚࠵ࡖࡒࠊࡌࢂࡔ♣ఌᶊ࡛⤊ῥࢨࢪࢷ࣑ࡡ୦❟࡚࠵ࡾࠊ ࣊ࣥࣛࢴࢩࡡഁ࡞ࡢࠉ♣ఌಕ㝸మโࢅ㍂࡛ࡊ࡙ࠉࢢࣤࢫ⤊ῥᏕࢅུࡄථ ࡿࡾ⣪ᆀᏋᅹࡊࡒࠊ㈜㔘࡞ࡻࡾ㈃ᅏࢅ࡛ࡽ࠵࠻ࡍ㍇っࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡚ࠉ౮ ථࡡᚪさ࠷♣ఌಕ㝸โᗐࢅ⩻᱄ࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡚ࡀࡒࠊ⤊ῥࡡථࡢࠉᕰሔ ㏸Ⓩ࡚࠵ࡽࠉ㔖Ⓩ࡚࠵ࡽࠉሒࡡ㞗࡛ප㛜࡛࠷࠹ᙟ࡚࠵ࡖࡒࠊࢢࣤࢫࡡ ഁ࡞ࡵࠉ᩺ࡊ࠷⤊ῥᏕࢅ㍂࡛ࡊ࡙ࠉ♣ఌಕ㝸ࡡ⌦ᛍࢅུࡄථࡿࡾ⣪ᆀᏋᅹࡊ ࡒࠊ▯ࡡన⨠ࢅெⅥⓏ࡞ᏽࡴࡾࡆ࡛࡚ࠉ㛏ࡡ㉽ເࡐࡿ࡞ᚺࡋ࡙ᏽࡱࡾࡡ ࡚࠵ࡽࠉ㛏ࡡୌ⯙ᆍ⾦࡛࠷࠹ࢿ࣑ࣜ㉰↓࡛ࡊ࡙Ꮛᅹࡌࡾࢂࡄ࡚ࡢ࠷ࠊࡐ ࠹ࡼࡣࠉᅗẰ᭩㝀ಕ㝸࡛࠷࠹♣ఌᶊࢅአ㒂࠾ࡼᑙථࡊ࡙ࡵࠉࡐࡿ࡞ྙࢂࡎ ࡒㄢᩒ࡛ᣉኬࢢࣤࢫ⤊ῥᏕࡡහ㒂࡚ྊ⬗࡚࠵ࡾࠊࡆ࠹ࡊࡒཫ᪁࡚ࡡུථྊ ⬗ᛮࡆࡐࠉࠔ⚗♬ᅗᐓࡡྙណࠕࢅࡵࡒࡼࡊ࡙ᙁᅖ࡞ࡊࡒ⌦⏜࡚࠵ࡾࠊ 4-3 ⮤ⓆⓏὩິ࡛ᕰẰᶊ ࣊ࣥࣛࢴࢩ⌦ᛍࡢ⤊ῥ♣ఌ࡞࠽ࡄࡾᏭධ⥑ࡡᵋ⠇ࡓࡄ࡚ࡢ࠷ࠊࡐࡡࡻ࠹ ♣ఌ࡞⏍ࡀࡾᕰẰࠉ௯㛣࡛♣ఌ࡞ᑊࡊ࡙ࡡࡻ࠹⩇ຸࢅࡈࡼ࡞ㇿ࠹ࡡ࠾ࠉ ࡐࡡ⩻ᐳᚪさ࡛ࡾࠊ࣊ࣥࣛࢴࢩࡢ㒂షࡡ᭩ᚃ࡛ࡊ࡙ࠉ ࠖ⮤ⓆⓏὩິ㸯♣ ఌ㐅Ṅࡡ᪁Ἢ࡞㛭ࡌࡾሒ࿈᭡ࠗࢅ 1948 ᖳ㸩᭮࡞ฝ∟ࡊࡒ69ࠊࡐࡊ࡙ᬄᖳࡢᖲ 㐘ິ࡞ᑸງࡊࡒࠊ ࡆࡡሒ࿈᭡ࡡ୯࡚ࠉ♣ఌⓏ⣛ᖈࢅᅂᚗࡌࡾᕰẰࡡᚨᚋ࡛ᅗᐓࡡᨥᥴ࿈ࡈ ࡿࡒࠊࡐࡡ୯ᚨⓏᴣᛍ⮤ⓆⓏὩິ voluntary actionؐؐᨳᗋࡡ⤣โୖ࡞࠷ ᭯ർ࣬↋ർࡡ⾔Ⅵ࡚ؐؐ࠵ࡾࠊࡒࡓࡊႜฺິᶭ࡛ெⓏ⣑ࡢ⩻ᐳࡎࡍࠉ♣ఌ ⓏⰃᚨ࡞ᚉࡖࡒපභ┘Ⓩࡡ⾔Ⅵࢅᑊ㇗࡛ࡌࡾࠊࡐࡿࡢ┞பຐ࡛༡យ࡚࠵ࡾ 㸝Beveridge 1948: 9㸞ࠊࠔ♣ఌࢦ࣭ࣄࢪᅗᐓࠕᐁ⌟ࡊࡒ࡛ࡊ࡙ࡵࠉ⮤ⓆⓏὩິ ࡌࡀ㡷ᇡኣ࠷ࠊୌ⯙Ⓩࢼ࣭ࢫ࡛ࡢ⛸㢦࡞ฦ࠾ࡿࡾࠊࡱࡍࠉ⏍ὩỀ‵ 68 ࡆࡡᥞ၌ࡢࠖ࢟ࣛࢪ⏐ᴏࡡᮅᮮࠗ㸝1928㸞ࡷࠔࣞࢺ-ࢩ࣭ࣘࢩࡢࡐࡿࢅ ࡊ࠹ࡾ࠾ࠕ㸝1929㸞࡞ぜࡼࡿࡾࠊᮿᕖ㸝1991: 89㸞ࡷ CW9: 99 ࢅཤ↯ࠊࡦỀ ࡷ♣ఌ㈠ᮇࡡᥞ၌࡞ࡗ࠷࡙ࡢ⨶⃨ཾ㸝2001: 575, 577㸞ࢅぜࡻࠊ 69 ᅗẰ㈋ཪយ⤄ྙࡡ㈠㔘ᥴຐ࡚࠵ࡖࡒ㸝Beveridge 1948: 12㸞 ࠊ 32 ྡྷ୕ࡊ࡙ఴᬜቌ࠻ࡒຘ഼⩽࡞㛭ࡊ࡙ࠉఴᬜࡡ୯㌗ࢅྨࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡚࠵ࡾ70ࠊḗ ࡞ࠉ々㞟࡞ࡖࡒ⌟♣ఌ࡞㛭ࡊ࡙ࠉධᅗ♣ఌࢦ࣭ࣄࢪ༝㆗ఌࢅ㏳ࡋ࡙ࠉ௯㛣 ࡛ࡊ࡙ᕰẰࡡ┞ㄧ࡞ᚺࡋࡾࡆ࡛࡚࠵ࡾ㸝ibid.: 286㸞ࠊࡆࡡ㸧ࡗࡢධᕰẰࢅᑊ㇗࡞ ࡊ࡙࠷ࡾࠊࡱࡒ≁Ṟࢼ࣭ࢫࡵ࠵ࡾࠊ㟸ᆵⓏᑛᩐὬࡡᕰẰ࡞ᑊࡊ࡙ࡵࠉ┘ 㒼ࡽࢅᛨࡾࡀ࡚ࡢ࠷ࠊౚ࠻ࡣࠉ㐿Იࡈࡿ⹚ᙽࡈࡿࡒඡ❲ࠉᚨ㌗㝸ᐐ⩽ࠉះ ᛮⓏ⑄ᝀ⩽ࠉᮅ፡ࡡẍ࡛Ꮔࠉ㔐ᨲࡈࡿࡒඔུฬ⩽ࠉᖶᐓᗖࡡ፦࡚࠵ ࡾ㸝ibid.: 226㸞ࠊ ࢟ࣛࢪࡢཪយ⤄ྙࢅᆵ࡛ࡊ࡙ࠉࡆ࠹ࡊࡒ♣ఌⓏ⣛ᖈࢅ☔ಕࡌࡾఎ⤣ࢅ᭯ ࡊ࡙࠷ࡾࠊࡆࡡ㡷ᇡࡢᅗᐓࡡὩິࡷᕰሔࡡᶭ⬗࡞ࡻࡖ࡙ࡵ᥊࠻࠷ࠊࡳࡊࢀ୦ ⩽ࡡ⥾⾢ᆀᖈ࡚࠵ࡾ♣ఌ㸝භྜྷమ㸞ࡡ㡷ᇡ࡚࠵ࡾࠊᅗᐓࡡὩິࡢ├Ⓩ࡚࠵ࡾ ࠉெࡡಘ᮪ࡷ⾔ࡀ᪁࡞㛭ࢂࡾ㡷ᇡ࡞ࡗ࠷࡙ࠉ ࠔ⮤⏜♣ఌ࡚ࡢᅗᐓࡡ├⾔ິ ࡢ࡚ࡀ࠷ࠕ 㸝ibid.: 286㸞ࠊࡱࡒࠉ ࠔႜฺິᶭ࡞ᨥ㒼ࡈࡿࡒ♣ఌࡢᝇ࠷♣ఌ࡚࠵ࡾࠕ 㸝ibid.: 322㸞࡛ࡵึ᩷ࡈࡿࡾࠊ࡛ࡌࡿࡣࠉࡔࡼࡡ㡷ᇡ࡚ࡵ᥊࠷ཱིࡿ࠷ሔ㟻 ࡚ࠉ௯㛣ࡡᕰẰ࡞㛭ࡊ࡙ࠉ⥾࠷ᙟ࡚ࡡ⮤ⓆⓏὩິࢅᗀࡅࡾࡆ࡛ࠉᕰẰࡡ᥅࠻ ࡴ⩇ຸ࡞ࡾࠊ ࠽࣊ࣥࣛࢴࢩࡢᡋᚃࠉ㸧ࡗࡡ㐘ິ࡞ງࢅථࡿࡒࠊ㸦ࡗࡢపᏩᨳ➿࡚࠵ࡽࠉ ࡵ࠹㸦ࡗࡢᖲ㐘ິ࡚࠵ࡾࠊࡱࡍపᏩප♣⥪࡛ࡊ࡙ࠉᛄ㐲࡚Ꮽ౮పᏩࢅᥞ ౩ࡊࡒࠊ⏐ᴏ࡛ெཾࡡ㐲ว㒼⨠ࠉ㜼㝴᰷⤧ࡡᣦᡋࠉ࢞ࣛࢪࢹᩅ࡞ࢂࡾெ ᕝⓏභྜྷమࡡ㏸࡛࠷࠹┘Ⓩ࡚࠵ࡖࡒࠊࡱࡒࠔ⤣ୌୠ⏲ࢹࣚࢪࢹࠕࡡ⌦ trustees ࡛ࡊ࡙ࠉ㏻㑝⩇࡞ࡻࡾᖲ᥆㐅၌࠻ࡼࡿࡒࠊࠔ♣ఌࢦ࣭ࣄࢪᅗᐓࠕ ࡢ࢟ࣛࢪୌᅗࡡࡵࡡ࡚ࡢࡂࠉḗࠍ࡞ᣉኬࡌࡀ࡚࠵ࡾࠊᡋணࡡ⛸࡛ᅰቫࢅ 㝎ཡࡌࡾࡒࡴ࡞ࡢࠊᅗᐓᶊࡡୌ㒂ࢅᨲᲘࡊࠉ㏻㑝ᨳᗋࡡ㐲ว⟮⌦㸝Ἢࡡᨥ 㒼㸞࡞ጟࡠࡾࡀ࡚࠵ࡖࡒ71ࠊࡆࡡࡻ࠹࡞⮤ⓆⓏὩິࡡ᥆ዜ࡛ྜྷࡋࡂࠉኬᝇࡌ ࡙࡞❟ࡔྡྷ࠾࠹࡛࡛ࡵ࡞ࠉ⬗ິⓏᕰẰ࡛ࡢర࠾࡛࠷࠹ၡ࠷࠾ࡄࡵ࠵ࡾࠊ ࡆࡆ࡞࠽࠷࡙࣊ࣥࣛࢴࢩ⌦ᛍࡢᏰᠺࡊࡒࠊࡱ࡚ࡢ்ࡴ࠾ࡈࡿ࡙࠷ࡒࡓࡄ ࡡࠔᕰẰࡡ⩇ຸࠕ࡞Ⅴࢅᙔ࡙ࠉᕰẰࡡᏭධࢅ☔ಕࡌࡾࡻࡽໜᣋⓏᡥṹࡵ⩻ ៎ࡈࡿࡒࡒࡴ࡚࠵ࡾࠊࡆࡿࡢ࣊ࣥࣛࢴࢩ࡞࠽ࡄࡾࠔ⚗♬ࡡ➠ṹ㝭ࠕ࡛ࠉ ㊮㌅ྋ spring board72ࡡ഼ࡀࠉࡌࢂࡔࡻࡽ㈻Ⓩ࡞ྡྷ୕ࡌࡾ㧏ḗெ㛣ࡡྊ⬗ 70 ࣊ࣥࣛࢴࢩࡢ࢟ࣔࣤࣇࣜࡡᝇᚠࢅᣪࡅ࡙࠷ࡾࠊᅗᐓ࡞ࡻࡾ▱ḿ࡚ࡢࡂࠉ ᩅ⫩ࡡᬉཀྵࠉ࠽ࡻࡦᕰẰࡡ┞பຐ࡞ࡻࡾ㧏ḗᾐ㈕ࡡㄇᑙᚪさ࡛ࡾࠊ 71 ௧୕ࡡ㸧Ⅴ࡞ࡗ࠷࡙ࡢࠉᑚᓘ㸝2007: 47-50㸞ࢅぜࡻࠊ 72 ♣ఌಕ㝸ࡡ୦㟻Ⓩ഼ࡀࡡᣞᦤࡢࠉሲ㔕ㆺ㸝2003: 248㸞࡞࠵ࡾࠊ 33 㸣㸣㸣㸣㸣㸣㸣㸣㸣㸣㸣㸣㸣㸣㸣㸣㸣㸣㸣 ᛮࢅಕッࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡚࠵ࡾࠊࠔᶊฺࡡ☔ヾ࡛࠷࠹ࡻࡽࡵࡳࡊࢀ⩇ຸࡡᙁㄢ࡛ࡊ࡙ࠉ ḗࡡࡻ࠹᮪௲⌟ࡿࡾࠊࡌࢂࡔࠉ㸧ᅂࡡୠ⏲ኬᡋ࡞ࡻࡖ࡙୯᩷ࡈࡿࠉࡐࡡ ⤎ᯕ࡛ࡊ࡙ೳࡊ࡙࠷ࡒᩝ᪺ࡡ㐅Ṅࢅࠉெ㛣ᛮࡡࡲཱིࡽᡘࡎࡾ࡛࠷࠹᮪௲࡚ ࠵ࡾࠕ 㸝ibid.: 14ࠉᙁㄢࡢཋ㸞ࠊࡒ࡛࠻Ᏸධ㞘⏕ᠺ❟ࡊࠉ♣ఌಕ㝸โᗐᏰᠺ ࡊ࡙ࡵࠉᅗẰ᭩㝀ಕ㝸ࡓࡄ࡚ᕰẰ♣ఌᵋᠺࡈࡿࡾࢂࡄ࡚ࡢ࠷ࠊࡐࡆ࡞ࡢ ⮤ⓆⓏὩິ࡛࠷࠹ᗀኬ㡷ᇡ࠵ࡾࠊࡆࡡ㡷ᇡࢅᕰẰ⮤てࡊ࡙ᑕ㔔ࡊࠉᅗᐓ ࡵ㈠㔘ᥴຐࢅ࠻ࡂ࡙ࡢࡼ࠷ࠊࡆࡿ㈃ᅏ࠾ࡼ❋இࠉ❋இ࠾ࡼ⚗♬ ࡛࣊ࣥࣛࢴࢩ⌦ᛍᣉኬࡊ࡙ࡀࡒណ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ ࠔࡐࡊ࡙ࡗ࠷࡞ெ㛣♣ఌࡢ㸦ࡗࡡཪយ⤄ྙ࡞ࡾࠊ͐ࡐࡿࡑࡿ⮤⏜⏍Ὡ ࢅᣚࡔࠉࡐࡿࡑࡿභ㏳┘Ⓩ࡛ࡐࡡ┘Ⓩ࡞ዅࡌࡾ⣛ᖈ࡞ࡻࡖ࡙ࠉࡡධ࡙ࡡ 㸣㸣㸣㸣㸣㸣㸣㸣㸣㸣 ெࢅ⤎ࡦࡗࡄ࡙࠷ࡾ㒂㛓ᥞᦘࡊࡒ⛓ᗆ an Affiliated Order of branches ࡚ ࠵ࡾࠊࠕ㸝ibid.: 324ࠉᙁㄢࡢཋ㸞 ➠㸪⟿ ⚗♬ᅗᐓࡡ⌟ᐁ࡛✭ὕ ࡆ࠹ࡊ࡙࣊ࣥࣛࢴࢩ⌦ᛍࡢᏰᠺࡊࡒࠊḗࡡṹ㝭ࡢࡆࡡ⌦ᛍࡡࡻ࠹࡞ࠉ ࡡ⛤ᗐ࡞ᐁ⌟ࡈࡿࠉᨭንࢅུࡄ࡙࠷ࡖࡒ࠾࡚࠵ࡾࠊࡱࡍ❟Ἢ᥈⨠ࢅୌ▄ࡊࡒ ᚃࠉಕᏬඨ࡛ຘ഼ඨࡡឺᗐࠉࡐࡊ࡙ࡐࡡណࢅ᥀ࡖ࡙࠷ࡆ࠹ࠊ 5-1 ⚗♬ඵἪ ࠖ࣊ࣥࣛࢴࢩሒ࿈ࠗප⾪ࡈࡿ࡙࠾ࡼ 1940 ᖳᮆ࡞⮫ࡾࡱ࡚ࠉ⚗♬ඵἪ࡛ ࡣࡿࡾ❟Ἢ᥈⨠ࢅᣲࡽ㏁ࡖ࡙࠽ࡆ࠹ࠊ ⚗♬ඵἪ 1944 ᖳ㸭᭮ 㸝ࣁࢹ࣭ࣚ㸞ᩅ⫩Ἢ 1945 ᖳ㸫᭮ ᐓ᪐ᡥᙔἪ 1946 ᖳ㸭᭮ᐁ᪃ 1945 ᖳ㸬᭮ ⥪㐽ᣪ㸝ಕᏬඨ 213ࠉຘ഼ඨ 393㸞 1946 ᖳ㸬᭮ ᅗẰಕ㝜㸝ᴏຸⅇᐐ㸞Ἢ 1948 ᖳ 7 ᭮ 5 ᐁ᪃㸝⣑ᮨࡡ㸞 1946 ᖳ㸭᭮ ᅗẰಕ㝜Ἢ ྜྷ୕ᐁ᪃ 1946 ᖳ 11 ᭮ ᅗẰಕ㝜ࢦ࣭ࣄࢪἪ ྜྷ୕ᐁ᪃ 1948 ᖳ㸪᭮ ᅗẰຐἪ㸝ᨾ㈃ἪࡡᏰධᗣḾ㸞 34 ࡐࡡ㛭㏻Ἢ 1946 ᖳ ຘ഼ண㆗࣬ຘ഼⤄ྙἪ 1946 ᖳ పᏩἪࠉᐓ㈜⤣โἪ 1946 ᖳ ࢼ࣭ࣖࢰࣤἪ 1947 ᖳ 㒌ᕰ࣬㎨ᮟゝ⏤Ἢ 1949 ᖳ ᑚపᏩཱིᚋἪ ࡆࡡ୯࡚≁࡞ᅗẰಕࢦ࣭ࣄࢪ NHS ࢅཱིࡽ୕ࡅ࡙࠽ࡂࠊࡆࡿࡢໜᣋⓏ༈⒢ࢦ ࣭ࣄࢪࢅ↋ᩩ࡚ᥞ౩ࡌࡾࡵࡡ࡚ࠉࡳࡊࢀ୯⏐㝭⣥௧୕㔘㖱Ⓩᜠࢅུࡄࡒࠊ ୖᒒ㝭⣥ࡢិၻ༈⒢࡞ࡻࡖ࡙࡞↋ᩩ⤝ࡈࡿ࡙ࡀࡒ࠾ࡼ࡚࠵ࡾ73ࠊࡒࡓࡊ㈃Ằ ࡡỗྞࢅࡐࡐࡃࡆ࡛ࡢ࡚ࡀࡒࠊࡆࡡណ࡚ධᅗẰ࡞ᬉ㐚Ⓩ༈⒢ࢦ࣭ࣄࢪࢅ↋ ᩩ࡚ᥞ౩ࡌࡾ࡛࠷࠹⌦ᛍᐁ⌟ࠊࡊ࠾ࡊྜྷ࡞ࠉ㈀ᨳⓏ◒⥚ࢅᑙ࠷ࡒࠊᑙථ ⩽࡚࠵ࡖࡒಕ┤ࣥࣤࡢࠉᅗẰᗛ࡞ࡿࡣ༈⒢㈕΅ᑛࡌࡾ࡛ᏽࡊ ࡙࠷ࡒࠊࡊ࠾ࡊ༈⒢㞺さࡢ᛬ᛮ⑄ᝀ࠾ࡼះᛮ⑄ᝀࠉ㧏ᗐ༈⒢࡛ንᥦࡊࠉ༈ ⒢㈕΅ࡼ࠷࡛࠷࠹⌟ᐁ࡚࠵ࡖࡒ74ࠊ 5-2 ಕᏬඨහ㛮 ࠖ࣊ࣥࣛࢴࢩሒ࿈ࠗࡢᅗẰⓏ⇍≤ࢅࡵࡒࡼࡊࡒࠉᨳᗋහ㒂ࡡ㞲ᅑẴࡢ ෫ࡷࡷ࠾࡚࠵ࡖࡒࠊ≁࡞࣊ࣥࣛࢴࢩࡡ࿈ࢅ⥥᛬࡞⢥ᰕࡌࡾࣆࣛࢴࣈጟဤ ఌ㸝1943 ᖳิ㢄㸞࡚ࡢࠉࡐࡡሒ࿈ࡡධ㟻ྫྷᏽ࡞㎾࠷࿈ࢅฝࡊࡒࠊࡆࡡጟဤఌ ࡚ࡢ᭩㝀ᗐ⏍Ꮛ㈕ಕ㝸ࡡཋ์ྫྷᏽࡈࡿࠉ⤝㢘ࡵ㈀ᨳ≟Ἓ࡞౪Ꮛࡈࡎࠉඡ ❲ᡥᙔࡢ 5 ࢨࣛࣤࢡ࡞΅㢘ࡈࡿࡒࠊࡱࡒධ㡷ᇡ࡞㛭ࡌࡾ්ㄢᰕ࿈ࡈࡿࠉ࣊ ࣥࣛࢴࢩሒ࿈ࡡᲬ୕ࡅ┘ᣞࡈࡿࡒ㸝ẗฺ 1990: 247㸞ࠊ≁࡞Ᏸධ㞘⏕࡛ࡡࣛ ࣤࢠࡢวࡿࡒࠊࡒࡓࡊᩅ⫩Ἢ࡛ᐓ᪐ᡥᙔἪࡢࢲ࣭ࣔࢲࣜහ㛮࡚Ἢ᱄ᠺ❟ࡊࡒࠊ ๑⩽ࡢࣁࢹ࣭ࣚᩅ⫩Ἢ࡛ࡣࡿࠉ1988 ᖳࡡᩅ⫩ᨭ㠁Ἢ࡚ᢜᮇⓏ࡞ን᭞ࡈࡿࡾࡱ ࡚ࠉᡋᚃ㛏ࡼࡂ࢟ࣛࢪࡡᩅ⫩⾔ᨳࢅぞᏽࡊ⤾ࡄࡒࠊපභᩅ⫩ࡡᙁ࡛࠷࠹ᇱ ᮇ⥲࡚࠵ࡖࡒࠊᚃ⩽ࡢ࠽࠽ࡳࡠ࣊ࣥࣛࢴࢩሒ࿈ࡡ⥲୕࡞࠵ࡾἪᚂࡓࠉᡥᙔ ࡢ㸪ࢨࣛࣤࢡ࡞΅㢘ࡈࡿ࡙࠷ࡾࠊࡱࡒᐓ᪐ᡥᙔ࡛࠷࠹⏕ㄊࢂࡿ࡙࠷ࡾࠉ 73 ࠔNHS ࡡᠺᯕࡢࠉ௧๑ࡡᗛಕ㝜༈ࡡโᗐ࡛ྜྷᵕࠉ࡛ࡽࢂࡄ㈃ࡊ࠷ᆀᇡࡡ༈ ⒢࡞ࡐࡿࡱ࡚௧୕ࡡኣࡂࡡ㈀″ࢅࡗࡁ㎲ࢆࡓࡆ࡛࡚࠵ࡖࡒࠕ 㸝Clarke 1996: 223ࠉ ゼ 214㸞 ࠊ 74 Ṃ⏛㸝1999: 168-170㸞ࡡᣞᦤ࡞ࡻࡾࠊ 35 ᐁ㈻Ⓩ࡞ࡢ㣬⩽ࡡ࠹ࡔඡ❲ࡡࡲࢅᥴຐᑊ㇗࡛ࡊ࡙࠷ࡾࠊ ᨳᗋࡢᡋᚃࡡ්ᘋゝ⏤࡞ࡗ࠷࡙ࠉᾐᴗⓏ࡚࠵ࡾࡓࡄ࡚ࡢセࡈࡿ࠾ࡖࡒࠊ㸧 ࡗࡡⓉ᭡┘ࢅᘤࡂࠊ࡛ࡵ࡞ 1944 ᖳ࡞ප⾪ࡈࡿࡒࠖ㞘⏕ᨳ➿ࠗ࠽ࡻࡦࠖ♣ఌಕ 㝜࡚ࠗ࠵ࡾࠊ๑⩽ࡢᏰධ㞘⏕࡛࠷࠹ゕⴝࢅᕟዼ࡞㑂ࡄ࡙࠷ࡾࠉ ࠔᏭᏽࡊࡒ㧏࠷ Ề‵ࡡ㞘⏕ࢅ⥌ᣚࡌࡾࡆ࡛ࠉᨳᗋࡡさ┘ᵾ࠽ࡻࡦさ㈈௴ࡡ㸦ࡗࠕ75࡛ ᐃゕࡈࡿࡒࠊࡱࡒࡐࡡᡥṹࡢ⥪㞺さ⟮⌦ᨳ➿࡚࠵ࡽࠉࡆࡆ࡞ࢢࣤࢫࡡ࣏ࢠࣞ ⤊ῥⓏ⌦よࡡᾈ㏩ࢅぜࡾࡆ࡛࡚ࡀࡾࠊ㧏㞘⏕ࢅ⥌ᣚࡌࡾ࡛࠷࠹┘ᵾࡢࢦࢴࢲ ࣭ࣔᨳᶊᨲᲘࡌࡾࡱ࡚ࠉ㛏ࡼࡂ࢟ࣛࢪࡡᨳⓏ┘ᵾ࡛ࡽ⤾ࡄࡒࠊᚃ⩽ࡡ Ⓣ᭡࡞ࡗ࠷࡙ࡢࠉ࣊ࣥࣛࢴࢩሒ࿈࡞࠽ࡄࡾཋ์ࡡུㅑ࡛ᢼྫྷΊྙࡊ࡙࠷ࡒࠊ ུㅑࡡ㒂ฦࡢࢼ࣭ࢫ࡛⿍ಕ㝜⩽ࡡໜᣋᛮࠉᆍୌᣈฝ࠽ࡻࡦᆍୌ⤝ࠉ♣ఌಕ㝸 ┤ࡡス❟࡚࠵ࡖࡒࠊࡒࡓࡊᅗẰ᭩㝀ಕ㝸࠵ࡾ࠷ࡢ᭩㝀ᗐ⏍Ꮛಕ㝸ࡡ㒂ฦࡢ ྫྷᏽࡈࡿࡒࠊࡆࡡ㸧ࡗࡡⓉ᭡ࡢ࣊ࣥࣛࢴࢩሒ࿈ࡵࡒࡼࡊࡒẰ⾏ࡡ⇍≤࡞ᚃ ᢪࡊࡈࡿࡒࠊ 1958 ᖳࡡⶮ┞㎙௴ࡵぜ࡙࠽ࡆ࠹ࠊⶮ┞ࢮ࣭ࢼ࣭ࢠࣞࣆࢹࡢᐓ᪐ᡥᙔࡡ΅㢘 ࡷ༈⒢㈕ࡡୌ㒂᭯ᩩࢅ⟤᱄࡞⤄ࡲ㎲ࢆࡓࠉ㛮හ࡚ᢼྫྷࡈࡿ࡙㎙௴ࡊࡒࠊ ಕᏬඨහ㛮࡛࠷࠻ࡵࠉࡆࡡࡢ⚗♬ᅗᐓࡡྙណࢅᓻࡌࡆ࡛ࡢ࡚ࡀ࠷㇗ᚡ ࡚࠵ࡖࡒ㸝ẗฺ 1999: 12㸞ࠊ 5-3 ຘ഼ඨහ㛮 ᨳᗋⓉ᭡ࡡᐃゕ࡞ࡵ࠾࠾ࢂࡼࡍࠉࢲ࣭ࣔࢲࣜහ㛮ࡡ࣊ࣥࣛࢴࢩሒ࿈࡞ᑊࡌ ࡾᾐᴗᛮࡢࠉࡗ࠷࡞ 1945 ᖳ 7 ᭮ࡡ⥪㐽ᣪ࡚ಕᏬඨ࡞ᩃࢅࡵࡒࡼࡊࡒࠊࡐࡿࡹ ࠻ࠉ⚗♬ᅗᐓ⌦ᛍࡡᐁ⌟ࡢࢹ࣭ࣛຘ഼ඨහ㛮76࡞ጟࡠࡼࡿࡒࡡ࡚࠵ࡾࠊᐁ㝷ࠉ ▦⤽ࡁ᪡࡞Ἢ᱄㏳ࡽࠉ⚗♬ඵἪᩒࡖࡒࠊโᗐⓏ࡞ࡢ࣊ࣥࣛࢴࢩ⌦ᛍࡡୌ ᚺࡡᐁ⌟࡛ࡲࡎࡾࠊ ࡒࡓࡊࡐࡆ࡞ࡢ᭩ิ࠾ࡼኬࡀᕣࡵᏋᅹࡊࡒࠊ᭩ኬࡡᕣࡢᣈฝཋ์ࡡᲬ୕ࡅ ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ࣊ࣥࣛࢴࢩ࡞࡛ࡖ࡙♣ఌಕ㝸ࡡさㅁࡢࠉᣈฝࢅ࡛ࡌࡾ♣ఌಕ㝜࡚ ࠵ࡖࡒࠊᅗẰຐࡢ࠵ࡂࡱ࡚ᚉ࡚࠵ࡖࡒࠊࡆࡡన⨠㛭౿ࢅᐁ⌟ࡌࡾࡒࡴ࡞ࠉ࣊ ࣥࣛࢴࢩࡢ⩹㱃㏝⫃ᖳ㔘ࡡᏰධᐁ᪃ࢅ 1965 ᖳ࡞㐔ࡼࡎࠉࡐࡿࡱ࡚ࡡ 20 ᖳ㛣 ࡢ⤊㐛᥈⨠ࡊ࡙΅㢘ࡈࡿࡒᖳ㔘ࢅ࿈ࡊ࡙࠷ࡒࠊࡱࡒ♣ఌಕ㝸┤ࢅ᩺スࡊࠉಕ 㝜࡛ຐࢅ⤣ୌⓏ࡞࠹ᚪさᛮࢅㄕ࠷ࡒࠊࡊ࠾ࡊຘ഼ඨᨳᗋࡢ⩹㱃㏝⫃ᖳ㔘ࡡ 75 76 Employment Policy, Cmd. 6527, foreword, May 1944. ິဤよ㝎ࠉᇱᖷ⏐ᴏࡡᅗ᭯ࠉᖀᅗࡡΰ⟤࡛࠷࠹ㄚ㢗ࡵྜྷ࡞㐑⾔ࡈࡿࡒࠊ 36 Ᏸධ༳ᐁ᪃ࢅỬࡴࡒࠊࡆࡿࡢᨥฝ㡧┘ࡡ⃥ቌࢅࡵࡒࡼࡊࡒࠊࡱࡒᅗẰಕ㝜┤ ࡛ᅗẰຐᖿ77ࡢ≺❟ࡊࡒࡱࡱ࡚࠵ࡖࡒࠊࡆࡡࡒࡴࠉᅗẰຐࡡུ⤝⩽ࡢ 1948 ᖳࡡⓆ㊂࡞ࡢ 84 ெ࡚࠵ࡖࡒࡡࠉ1954 ᖳ࡞ࡢ 180 ெ࡞⭶ࡿ࠵ࡖࡒࠊ ࡆࡡឺࡢ࣊ࣥࣛࢴࢩ⌦ᛍࢅ㔔ࡡណ࡚วࡾࡆ࡛࡞ࡖࡒࠊࡱࡍᅗẰ ຐࡢධ㢘ᅗᗔㇿᢰ࡚࠵ࡾ࠾ࡼࠉ♣ఌಕ㝸⟤◒⥚ࡊ࡙ࡊࡱ࠹ࠊḗ࡞ᅗẰຐ ࡢ㈠ງㄢᰕࢅఔ࠹࠾ࡼࠉ ࠔ㈃Ằࡡỗྞࠕ࡛࠷࠹វてࢅᡮᣌ࡚ࡀࡍࠉᨾ㈃Ἢమโ࠾ ࡼࡡỬืྊ⬗࡞ࡖ࡙ࡊࡱ࠹ࠊ࣊ࣥࣛࢴࢩ⌦ᛍࡢࡐࡡᐁ᪃ᙔิ࠾ࡼኬࡀ ㋚㊔࡞├㟻ࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡞ࡖࡒࠊᅗẰຐ࡞㢏ࡾమโ࠷ࡖࡒࢆᐁ⌟ࡊ࡙ࡊࡱ ࠻ࡣࠉࡐࡿࡆࡐ⚗♬ᅗᐓ⌦ᛍࡐࡡࡵࡡ࡛ヾㆉࡈࡿ࡙࠷ࡂࠊ㧏ᗐᠺ㛏࡞ࡻࡖ࡙ ♣ఌಕ㝸ࡡཋ㈠☔ಕ࡚ࡀࡒࡢࠉࡐࡡㄏよ࣬ヾㆉንᥦ࡚ࡵኬࡀၡ㢗ࢅ⏍ ࡱ࠾ࡖࡒࠊࡊ࠾ࡊᠺ㛏ࡡ࡞ࡿࡣࠉࡆࡡᕣࡢỬᏽⓏ࡞㐢ࡖ࡙ࡂࡾࠊ ࡐࡡࡡᕣ␏ࡵᏋᅹࡊࡒࠊ1945 ᖳࡡᐓ᪐ᡥᙔἪ࡞ࡻࡽᬉ㐚Ⓩඡ❲ᡥᙔᐁ ⌟ࡊࡒࠉࡐࡡ㢘ࡢ࣊ࣥࣛࢴࢩ᱄ࡡ 8 ࢨࣛࣤࢡ࡚ࡢࡂࠉ5 ࢨࣛࣤࢡ࡚࠵ࡖࡒ 㸝㉝ᮄ 2005: 109㸞ࠊࡱࡒ 10 ࢨࣛࣤࢡࡡ⤝ࢅຘ഼ඨᨳᗋࡢᐁ⌟ࡊࡻ࠹࡛ࡊࡒ ࠉࣤࣆ࣭ࣝࢨࣘࣤࢅ⩻៎࡞ථࡿࡾ࡛ࠉᐁ㈻⤝ࡢ࣊ࣥࣛࢴࢩỀ‵ࡡ 4 ฦ ࡡ㸨࡚࠵ࡖࡒ㸝ኬἉ 1999: 108㸞ࠊᅗẰಕࢦ࣭ࣄࢪ㸝NHS㸞ࡢ༈⒢ࢅ↋ᩩ࡚ᥞ ౩ࡌࡾ࡛࠷࠹᭩ࡵ㔕ᚨⓏモࡲ࡚࠵ࡖࡒࠉ᭽㩥ᡋணࡡᡋ㈕ㄢ㐡ၡ㢗ࡵ࠵ࡽࠉ 1951 ᖳࡡຘ഼ඨහ㛮࡞࠽࠷࡙ࠉ༈⒢㈕ࡡୌ㒂ㇿᢰỬᏽࡈࡿࡒࠊNHS ࡡ⏍ࡲ ࡡば࡚࠵ࡾࣥࣤຘ഼ኬ⮟ࡢࠉࡆࡡࠔኬ◑࠾ࣁࢰ࣭࠾ࠕ࡛࠷࠹ㄵண࡚㎙௴ࡊ ࡒࠊᆍୌᣈฝࡡཋ์ࡵᙔิ࠾ࡼ⃥ㄵࢅࢆ࡚࠷ࡒࠊࡆࡿࡢ㏣㐅ᛮࢅᣚࡗெ㢄⛧ ࡚࠵ࡽࠉධమࡡᣈฝ⥪㢘ࡵቌ࠻࠷࡛࠷࠹⌦⏜࡚ࠉኬࡀཬᑊࢅ㎼࠻ࡒࠊ1950 ᖳ࠾ࡼ 1960 ᖳ࡞࠾ࡄ࡙ࠉṹ㝭Ⓩᖳ㔘โᗐᑙථࡈࡿࠉᴏ⤝࡞ᡜᚋ Ẓౚࡡಕ㝜ᩩ࠾࠾ࡾࡆ࡛࡞ࡖࡒࠊຘ഼⬗⤝࡞㛭ࡊ࡙ࡢᅗ᭯ぜ㏞ࡼ ࡿࡒࠊ↋ᴏࡡጏࡢᅗẰಕ㝜ࡡ㐲⏕አ࡛ࡈࡿࠉ㞫፡ࡷืᑽࡊࡒሔྙࡡᡥᙔࡢᐁ⌟ ࡊ࠾ࡖࡒ㸝ኬἉ 1999: 108㸞 ࠊࡱࡒ᭯ᴏࡡጏࡵ࣊ࣥࣛࢴࢩ࿈ࡊࡒỀ‵ࡻ ࡽࡵ࠷⤝ࡊ࠾ヾࡴࡼࡿ࠾ࡖࡒࠊࡐࡊ࡙᩺ᑽ࡞ᑊࡌࡾᐓරຐ㔘ࡷ፦ࡡ ᐓᨥᥴຐ㔘ࡵᐁ⌟ࡊ࠾ࡖࡒࠊ 1948 ᖳࡡᅗẰຐἪ࡚ᠺ❟ࡊࠉ1966 ᖳࡡ♣ఌಕ㝸┤ス⨠࡚ᗣḾࡈࡿࡒࠊ1934 ᖳࡡᴏἪ࡚ᠺ❟ࡊࡒᴏຐᖿࡡᣉኬ∟࡛⩻࠻ࡼࡿࡾࠊᑚᒜ㸝1978: 246, 260㸞 ࠊ ࠽ࡆࡡᴏἪ࡚ࠉ࣊ࣥࣛࢴࢩࢅጟဤ㛏࡛ࡌࡾᴏಕ㝜Ἢᏽጟဤఌࡵス⨠ࡈ ࡿࡒࠊ 77 37 5-4 ㈃ᅏࡡ᰷⤧㸴 ࡆ࠹ࡊࡒንᥦࡷࡠࡋࡿ࡞ࡵ࠾࠾ࢂࡼࡍࠉ1950 ᖳ࡞ࡢຘ഼ඨ࠾ࡼಕᏬඨࡱ࡚ࠉ ࣊ࣥࣛࢴࢩࡡࠔ❋இ࠾ࡼࡡ⮤⏜ࠕᏰ㐑ࡊࡒ࡛࠷࠹ྙណᠺ❟ࡊ࡙࠷ࡒ㸝ẗ ฺ 1990: 249㸞ࠊࠔ1950 ᖳิ࡞ථࡾࡱ࡚ࠉ㸱⚗♬ᅗᐓ㸳ࢅ┷࡞ၡ࠷├ࡌኇ ࡢ࡛ࢆฝ࠾ࡖࡒࠕ 㸝Briggs 1994: 310ࠉゼ 456㸞ࠊຘ഼ඨࡡ⌦ㄵⓏᨥᰍࢠࣞ ࢪࣚࣤࢺ Anthony Crosland㸝1918-1977㸞࡞ࡻࡿࡣࠉࠔ➠ୌḗ㈃ᅏࡢኬ㒂ฦ㥉 㝎ࡈࡿࡒࠊ ࠖ࣊ࣥࣛࢴࢩ㠁ࠗࡢᏰ㐑ࡈࡿࡒࠊࡆ࠹ࡊ࡙࢟ࣛࢪࡢࠉ͐ࠖ⚗♬ ᅗᐓࠗࡡྞ⛘ࢅーࡖ࡙࠷ࡾࠊ͐ṌྍⓏ┘ᵾࡢ࠽࠽ࡳࡠ㐡ᠺࡈࡿࡒࡡ࡚࠵ࡾࠕ 㸝Crosland 1980/1956: 59㸞࡛⬒ࢅᘿࡖࡒࠊࡆࡿࡢ 1956 ᖳࡡᩝ❮࡚࠵ࡽࠉ1967 ᖳࡡᨭゖ∟࡚ࡵንࢂࡖ࡙࠷࠷ࠊࢹ࣭ࣛහ㛮ࡡ࠵࡛ᄿ࡞ῳࡖ࡙⤾࠷ࡒಕᏬ ඨහ㛮㸝1951-1964㸞ࡡ࡚ࡵࠉᅗᗔ࡞࠽ࡄࡾ♣ఌಕ㝸㈕ࡡẒ⋙ࢅᚥᗇⓏ࡞ୖ ࡅࡾ࡛࠷࠹ណ࡚ࡡኬᖕᨭንࡢࡱࡖࡒࡂ⾔ࢂࡿ࠾ࡖࡒࠊࡱࡈ࡞⚗♬ᅗᐓࡡ ྙណᇻ∴࡛ࡊ࡙ᐁ⌟ࡊ࡙࠷ࡒࡡ࡚࠵ࡾࠊຘ഼ඨᨳᶊࡡ⮤⏤⮤㈰࡛ࠉಕᏬඨࡡ ㏛㝮Ꮛᅹࡊࡒࠊ୦ඨࡡᨳᐓࢅ⤄ࡲྙࢂࡎ࡙ࣁࢴࢢࣛࢫ࣑࡛ࡣࡿࡒࡻ࠹࡞ࠉ ࡱࡈ࡞⚗♬ᅗᐓࡢࠉ⾪㟻Ⓩ࡞ࡢᅗẰⓏྙណࢅ㎼࠻࡙࠷ࡒࡡ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ ࡊ࠾ࡊࡆࡡ⻜᭮ࡢ㛏ࡂ⤾࠾࠾ࡖࡒࠊ1950 ᖳ࠾ࡼโᗐⓏ࡞ᮇ㈻Ⓩን᭞ ࠵ࡽࠉ1960 ᖳ࠾ࡼࠔ㈃ᅏࡡ්Ⓠぜࠕ྆ࡣࡿࡒࡡ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ1951 ᖳ࡞ࡢ᪡ࡂ ࡵ༈⒢↋ᩩ᩷ᛍࡈࡿࠉ1954 ᖳ࡞ࡢᡜᚋẒౚࡡᣈฝᆵ㧏㱃ᖳ㔘ᑙථࡈࡿࡒ 78ࠊྜྷ࡞ࠉ㈜㔘ࡡၡ㢗ᚗὩࡊࡒࠊධဤ❋இࡊ࡙࠷ࡒཡࡽࠉெࠍ Ẓ㍉Ⓩ⚗࡞ࡿࡣࡾࠉࡐࡆ࠾ࡼཱིࡽṟࡈࡿࡾࠔ┞ᑊⓏ㈃ᅏࠕ㟚ࢂ ࡞ࡖ࡙ࡂࡾ79ࠊ⾪Ⓩᢀึ⩽࢞ࣤࢢࢺࡢࠔኬᖕᡜᚋ්ฦ㒼ఔࢂ࠷㝀 ࡽࠉỬࡊ࡙༎ฦ♣ఌಕ㝸โᗐࢅ⠇ࡂࡆ࡛࡚ࡀ࠷ࠕ 㸝Kincaid 1975/1973: 11ࠉ ゼ 3㸞࡛࠷࠹ಘᛍ࠾ࡼࠔ࣊ࣥࣛࢴࢩࡢୌ⯙Ⓩ┘ᵾ࡛ࡊ࡙♣ఌⓏᖲ➴ࢅ⩻࠻ ࠾ࡖࡒࠕ 㸝ibid.: 32ࠉゼ 24㸞࡛᩷⨝ࡊࡒࠊࢰࣤࢭࣤࢹࡢᩐࠍࡡ㈃ᅏㄢᰕࢅ⾔࠹ ሔྙࠉ ࠔ♣ఌⓏዞࠕ࡛࠷࠹ᴣᛍ࡚㈃ᅏࢅῼᏽࡊࡻ࠹࡛ࡊࡒࠊࡐࡡ⤎ᯕࠉ㧏㱃 ♣ఌ࡛ኬᐓ᪐ࢅཋᅄ࡛ࡊ࡙ࠉ㈃ᅏ⌟Ꮛࡌࡾ࡛ᣞᦤࡊࡒࠊ⥪ࡋ࡙ࠉ࣊ࣥ ࣛࢴࢩࡡᢀึࡢᡜᚋࡡ⤧ᑊỀ‵ؐؐࡐࡊ࡙ࡐࡡᣞᵾؐؐ༎ฦ࡚࠵ࡾࡆ࡛ࠉ ᙁງᡜᚋฦ㒼ᶭ⬗ࡻࡽᖲ➴ࢅ┘ᣞࡊ࡙࠷࠷ࡆ࡛ࠉࡆࡡ㸧Ⅴ࡞࠵ࡖࡒࠊ 78 ⚗♬ᅗᐓࢅ᧞㆜ࡌࡾࢷࢹ࣏ࢪࠉࢰࣤࢭࣤࢹࠉ࢙࣭ࣇࣜѸࢪ࣐ࢪຘ഼ඨࡡ ཋ᱄ࢅషࡖࡒ㸝ኬἉ 1999: 116㸞ࠊ 79 ࠔ⚗♬ᅗᐓࡡ⌦࡛⌟ᐁ⥝ᐠ࡞᳠ッࡈࡿࡾࡻ࠹࡞ࡖࡒࡡࡢࠉẒ㍉Ⓩ㸱 ⚗㸳 1950 ᖳ࡞ࡖ࡙࠾ࡼ࡚࠵ࡖࡒࠕ㸝Briggs 1994: 310ࠉゼ 456㸞ࠊ 38 ࡒࡓࡊ⤊ῥᠺ㛏࡞ࡻࡖ࡙ࠉࡆ࠹ࡊࡒࡢし࠷㝻ࡈࡿ࡙࠷ࡒࠊ1980 ᖳ࡞ኬ ࡀ⌦ᛍ㌹ᥦ࠵ࡾࡱ࡚ࠉ⾪㟻୕ࡢ⚗♬ᅗᐓమโᏋ⤾ࡊ࡙࠷ࡒࠊࡊ࠾ࡊ㒂 ࡚ࡢࠉࡆࡡమโࡢ୕オࡡ㸧ࡗࡡࢅ㐋ࡼࡌ࠾ࡡࡻ࠹࡞ࠉᑊᚺࡊ࡙ኬࡀ⌦ᛍ ୕ࡡንᥦᐠࡷ࠾࡞㉫ࡆࡖ࡙࠷ࡒࠊ➠㸦࡞ࠉ⚗♬ᅗᐓࢅᨥ࠻ࡾ⤊ῥⓏᐁ⾔ྊ⬗ ᛮࡱࡌࡱࡌ㍇っࡈࡿࡔࡓࡖࡒࡆ࡛ࠊᣈฝཋ์ᓻࡿࠉㄙࡐࡡ㈀″ࢅㇿᢰ ࡌࡾ࠾࡛࠷࠹ၡ㢗࡚࠵ࡾࠊ➠㸧࡞ࠉ ࠔࡵ࡛ࡵ࡛㈃ᅏࡡᨾῥࢅࡴࡉࡊ࡙࠷ࡒ㸦ࡗࡡ โᗐࠉᖲ➴⩇⩽ࡡ්ฦ㒼ᡥṹ࡞ንㇲࡊ࡙ࠕ 㸝Hayek 1960: 289ࠉゼ 50㸞࠷ࡖ ࡒࡆ࡛ࠊ⤧ᑊⓏ㈃ᅏ࡚ࡢࡂࠉ┞ᑊⓏᖲ➴よỬࡌࡀᵾⓏ࡞ࡖࡒࡆ࡛࡚ ࠵ࡾࠊࡆ࠹ࡊ࡙ᅗẰຐࡷ㈠ງㄢᰕࡡẒ⋙ቌ࠻ࠉ⛊⛧㸝≁࡞⣴㐅ㄚ⛧㸞ࡡᙁ ྆ࡣࡿࡒࠊ⌟ᐁࡡ⚗♬ᅗᐓࡢ࣊ࣥࣛࢴࢩ⌦ᛍ࠾ࡼࡢ㐪ࡉ࠾ࡽࠉࠔ᪃ࡊࠕ dole80࡛࠷࠹ 1930 ᖳࡡ࣒࣭ࢩ්ࡦᏽ╌ࡈࡎࡒࠊ ࣊ࣥࣛࢴࢩ⌦ᛍࡡ࠹ࡔࠉᅗᐓ࡞ࡻࡾ❋இࡡᗣḾ࡛࠷࠹㒂ฦࡢኬ࠷࡞භ㫾ࡈ ࡿࠉᅗẰ᭩㝀ಕ㝸࣬♣ఌᶊࡡᅗᐓ࡞ࡻࡾ☔❟࡛࠷࠹ᛦࡢᏽ╌ࡊࡒࠊࡊ࠾ࡊ ࡐࡡᗣḾࢅᅗẰಕ㝜࡚࡞⾔࠹࡛࠷࠹㒂ฦࡢᙔิ࠾ࡼ๎ࡼࡿࠉᐁ⌟ࡌࡾࡆ࡛ࡢ ࠾ࡖࡒࠊᅗẰಕ㝜࡞ࡻࡾ⚗♬ࡡᐁ᪃ࡢࠉ༟ࡾᡥṹࡡၡ㢗࡚ࡢ࠷ࠊࡱࡒࡐ ࡡ๑ᥞࡷ♣ఌふࠉࡗࡱࡽ࣊ࣥࣛࢴࢩ⌦ᛍࡡ⥪మ࡛ྊฦ࡚࠵ࡾࠊࡐࡆ࡞ฆ⦨ ࡈࡿ࡙࠷ࡾࡡࡢࠉᅗẰ᭩㝀ಕ㝸㸝➠ୌḗ㈃ᅏࡡࡲࡼࡍࠉெ㛣Ⓩᚪさࡵᇔࡴ ㎲ࡲྊ⬗81㸞ࠉ࠵ࡾ⛸ࡡ㐠ᚠᛮ㸝ධᣈฝࠉᕝኰࡷ⟿⣑ࡡఴᆀࠉㄇᅄ୦❟ᛮ㸞ࠉ ㌶ࡓධ㈀ᨳᇱ┑㸝㔔⟤ࠉ᧻โ࡚ࡢ࠵ࡾ✒❟ᖳ㔘โ㸞ࠉ♣ఌⓏ⣛ᖈ ࡡᏋᅹ㸝ࣛࢪࢠ⟮⌦ࠉ⮤ⓆⓏὩິ࡞ࡻࡾ௯㛣ࡡࡱࡉࡊ㸞ࠉᅗ࡛භᏋࡌࡾᖲ ᚷྡྷ㸝㏻㑝⩇82㸞ࠉࡐࡊ࡙⤊ῥమ⣌࡛ࡡ㏻ᦘ㸝♣ఌᶊࢅ๑ᥞ࡛ࡊࡒࢢࣤࢫ ⤊ῥᏕ㸞࡚࠵ࡾࠊᵕࠍ⚗♬ᅗᐓᢀึ83Ꮛᅹࡌࡾ୯ࠉࡆࡡୌమࡊࡒࣂࢴࢢ࣭ ࢩ84ࡢࠉ⌟࡚ࡵ᭯ຝ࡚ࡢ࠷ࡓࢀ࠹࠾ࠊ 80 ࡆࡡ࣒࣭ࢩࡆࡐࠉ1935 ᖳࡡᴏಕ㝜Ἢᏽጟဤఌ㆗㛏࡛ࡊ࡙ࠉ࣊ࣥࣛࢴࢩ ᡮᣌࡊࡒ࠾ࡖࡒࠊ 81 ࡐࡿࡹ࠻࡛Ẓࡒሔྙࡡ㈜㔘ၡ㢗ࠉࡗࡱࡽ♣ఌⓏዞࡵっ㔕හ࡞࠵ࡾࠊ 82 ࠽⚗♬ᅗᐓࡡᅗẰ⩇Ⓩ㝀⏲࡛ࡐࡡᣉኬⓏᒈ㛜ࡡレ⣵࡞ࡗ࠷࡙ࡢࠉ࣐ࣖࣜ ࢱ࣭ࣜ࡞ጟࡠࡼࡿࡒࠊ⸠⏛㸝2005㸞ࢅཤ↯ࠊ 83 ♣ఌಕ㝸㈀″࡞ᚪさ㧏࠷⛧⋙࡞ࡻࡖ࡙㈠ᮇࡷຘ഼࡞ᑊࡌࡾㄇᅄࢅࡠࡾࡆ ࡛ࠉኬࡀᨳᗋࢅᣞྡྷࡊ࡙⾔ᨳࡡ㟸ຝ⋙㉫ࡆࡾࡆ࡛ࠉ୯ኳ㞗ᶊⓏ⚗♬ࢦ࣭ ࣄࢪ㞺さࢅ᥏ࡲࡠࡾࡆ࡛ࠉ㐽ᢝࡡ⮤⏜ࢅዞ࠹ࡆ࡛ࠉ࠵ࡾࠊ 84 ࠔ♣ఌಕ㝸ࡢฺⓏโᗐ࡞ぜ࠻ࡾࡄࡿࡵࠉᇱᮇⓏ࡞ࡢฺᕤⓏึ᩷ࢅප ḿࡡふⅤ࠾ࡼ♣ఌⓏ࡞⤣ྙࡊࡒࡵࡡࠕ㸝ሲ㔕ㆺ 2002: 277㸞ࠊ 39 ࣊ࣥࣛࢴࢩ⌦ᛍ࡛⌟ᐁ࡞ᐁ⌟ࡊࡒ⚗♬ᅗᐓโᗐ࡛ࡡᕣ␏ࢅヾㆉࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡚ࠉ ࡐࡡ⌦ᛍࡡ⌟ᛮ㸝ᬉ㐚ᛮ㸞ࡷ㝀ᏽᛮ㸝Ṍྍโ⣑㸞ࢅ㏣࡞ᾃࡀᙦࡽ࡞࡚ࡀࡾࠊ ࡐࡡ්☔ヾࡢ⌟Ⓩ⚗♬ၡ㢗࡞ࠉᑛ࠾ࡼᐞࢅࡌࡾ࡚࠵ࢀ࠹ࠊ ➠㸫⟿ ࠽ࢂࡽ࡞ ᨭࡴ࡙ࠉ⤊ῥᛦࡡṌྍ࡞࠽࠷࡙ࠉ㈃ᅏࡷ⚗♬ࡡၡ㢗⩄ࢅ⩻࠻ࡾណ⩇࡛ࡢర ࡓࢀ࠹࠾ࠊ㸧ࡗࡡᬳᏽⓏ➽࠻ࢅ⏕ណࡊ࡙࠽ࡆ࠹ࠊ➠㸦࡞ࠉ⤊ῥࢨࢪࢷ࣑ࡡහ 㒂࡚ࠉ㈃ᅏࡡ᰷⤧ࡷ⚗♬ࡡྡྷ୕࡞ࡡ⛤ᗐᐞࡊࠉࡱࡒโ⣑࡛ࡾ࠾ࢅ⩻ᐳࡌ ࡾࡓࡄ࡚ࡂࠉ⚗♬ၡ㢗ྫྷᚺࡂࡵࡒࡼࡌ⤊ῥࡡሾ⏲㡷ᇡؐؐ⤊ῥ-♣ఌ-ᨳ ࡡࢹࣚࣤࢡࣜؐؐࡡ⩻ᐳࢅࡴࡼࡿࡾࡆ࡛ࠊ➠㸧࡞ࠉ⤊ῥᛦᐓࡱ ࡚ࡵ㔔さ㈁⊡ࢅࡊ࡙ࡀࡒࡆ࡛ࢅᩒ⌦ࡊࠉḿ⤣⤊ῥᏕⓏᛦ⩻ࡡࡲࡼࡍࠉኣ ᵕ࡚ኣඔⓏᛦ⩻්Ⓠぜࡈࡿࠉ⌟࡞Ὡ࠾ࡌᶭఌ࡛ࡾࡆ࡛ࠊ ࡆࡡふⅤ࠾ࡼᮇㄵࢅࡱ࡛ࡴ࡙࠽ࡆ࠹ࠊ♣ఌᶊࡡ❟Ἢ㐅ࢆࡓ 1940 ᖳࡱ࡚ ࡞ࠉ㈃ᅏࡷ⚗♬ࢅࡴࡃࡾ⤊ῥᛦࡢኬࡀࡂ㐅Ṅࢅ㐑ࡅ࡙࠷ࡒࠊࡊ࠾ࡊපḿ㸝♣ ఌⓏḿ⩇㸞࡛ຝ⋙㸝⤊ῥⓏྙ⌦ᛮ㸞ࡡၡ㢗࡞ᑊࡊ࡙ࠉ๑⩽ࢅวࡽ㞫ࡌ࠾ࠉᑽᚨ ᆀࡡᝇ࠷ెᏋ࡞ࡊ࡙࠽ࡂ࠾ࠉᚃ⩽ࢅ㞌ᒌࡈࡎࡾ࠾ࠉ࡛࠷࠹ᛦ⩻Ἢ࡞ฦ㢦ࡈࡿࠉ ୦⩽ࢅㄢೳࡌࡾㄵ⌦࡛โᗐⓆぜ࡚ࡀ࠾ࡖࡒࠊࡐࡡ㸦ࡗࡡㄢೳ᪁Ἢ࣊ࣥ ࣛࢴࢩ࡛ࢢࣤࢫ࡞ࡻࡖ࡙ࡵࡒࡼࡈࡿࠉࡐࡿࠔ⚗♬ᅗᐓࡡྙណࠕ࡛ࡖࡒࠊ ࣊ࣥࣛࢴࢩࡢ㈃ᅏࡡᑊฌࢅெ⏍ࡡࣛࢪࢠ⟮⌦ၡ㢗࡛ࡊ࡙ࢪࣚࢺࡈࡎࠉ౮ ᶭ⬗ࢅ࡚ࡀࡾࡓࡄࢂࡎ࠷♣ఌಕ㝸โᗐࢅ⩻᱄ࡊࡒࠊࡐࡆ࡞ࡢୌ㒂ࡡ≁ Ṟ㈃ᅏ⩽ࡓࡄ࡚ࡂࠉධဤࡡᬉ㐚ⓏᕰẰ⩻ᐳࡈࡿࠉࡈࡼ࡞❋இ࠾ࡼ⮤⏜ ࡡࡲࡼࡍࠉ⬗ິⓏᕰẰ࡞ࡾࡒࡴࡡ᮪௲⩻ᐳࡈࡿࡒࠊࢢࣤࢫࡢ࣊ࣥ ࣛࢴࢩゝ⏤ࡡ⤊ῥⓏᐁ⌟ྊ⬗ᛮࢅ㧏ࡴࡒࠊࡐࡿࡓࡄ࡚ࡂࠉࡱ࡚ࡡḿ⤣Ⓩ ⤊ῥᏕⓏᛦ⩻㸝㛏㸲ࢿ࣑ࣜ㸞ࢅ◒Იࡊࠉ♣ఌᶊ࡛୦❟ࡌࡾ⤊ῥᏕࡡమ⣌ࢅ⩻ ᱄ࡊࡒࠊ୦⩽ࡡᛦࡢᏰⓏ࡚࠵ࡾ࡛ྜྷ࡞ࠉ┞பࢅᙁࡌࡾࠊࡱࡈ࡞୦⩽ ㈃ᅏ࡛⚗♬ࡡၡ㢗࡞ୌᏽࡡ➽࠻ࢅฝࡊࡒࡡࡢࠉᚪ↓Ⓩ࡚࠵ࡖࡒࠊ ཤ⩻ᩝ⊡ Barr, N. 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(1993) The International Analysis of Poverty, New York and London: Harvester Wheatsheaf. 43 ㉝ᮄㄌ㸝2005㸞 ࠔ୦ኬᡋ㛣࢟ࣛࢪ࡞࠽ࡄࡾᐓ᪐ᡥᙔᵋࡡᒈ㛜ؐㄢᰕ࣬㐘ິ࣬ โᗐスゝؐࠕࠖ♣ఌ⤊ῥྍᏕࠗࠉ71(4)ࠉ2005 ᖳ 11 ᭮ࠉ91-110ࠊ Ꮽಕ์ኰ㸝2005㸞 ࠖ࢟ࣛࢪຘ഼⩽ࡡ㈃ᅏ࡛ᨾῥؐᨾ㈃Ἢ࡛ᕝሔἪ᪺ؐࠗ▴᭡ᗉࠊ ୌᅨකᙏ㸝1982㸞ࠖ࢟ࣛࢪ♣ఌಕ㝸ㄵࠗක⏍㤃ࠊ Ờ㔓ཾᢽ㸝2001㸞ࠔ࢟ࣛࢪ⚗♬ᨳ➿ᛦྍؐ20 ୠ⣎ิ㢄࡞࠽ࡄࡾ㈃ᅏ࣬ᴏ ࢅࡴࡃࡾㅎᛦؐࠕ ࠖ⤊ῥᏕྍᏕఌ ᖳሒࠗ➠ 40 ྒࠉ2001 ᖳ 11 ᭮ࠉ13-22ࠊ ኬἉ┷⌦㸝1986㸞 ࠖ࢟ࣛࢪ♣ఌᨳ➿ྍؐᨾ㈃Ἢ࡛⚗♬ᅗᐓؐࠗ᮶ாኬᏕฝ∟ఌࠊ ኬἉ┷⌦㸝1999㸞ࠔ♣ఌಕ㝸ᨳ➿ؐࢩ࢘ࣤࢱ࣭ฦᯊࡡモࡲؐࠕࠉẗฺ⥽ ࠖ⌟࢟ࣛࢪ♣ఌᨳ➿ྍ 1945-1990࣐ࠗࢾࣜࣥ᭡ᡛࠉ89-153 ᡜࠊ ᑚᓘᩌ㸝2007㸞ࠖ࣊ࣥࣛࢴࢩࡡ⤊ῥᛦؐࢢࣤࢫࡒࡔ࡛ࡡஹὮؐࠗᇸࠊ ᑚᒜ㊪⏠㸝1978㸞ࠖこὊ♣ఌᴏྍㄵࠗක⏍㤃ࠊ ሲ㔕ㆺ♰ୌ㸝2002㸞ࠖ⤊ῥ࡛⌦ؐ⚗♬ᅗᐓࡡူᏕؐࠗ᮶ாኬᏕฝ∟ఌࠊ 㕝ᮟ⮾ኯ㑳㸝2007㸞 ࠔぞ⠂Ⓩ⤊ῥᏕࡡ㟸ཉ⏍⩇Ⓩ࣬㟸ᖉ⤎⩇Ⓩᇱ♇ؐࣅࢡ࣭ࠉ ࣃࢴࢠࢪࠉࢬࣤࡡ㏻⤎⎌ؐࠕ ࠖ⤊ῥ◂✪ࠗ 㸝ୌᶣኬᏕ⤊ῥ◂✪ᡜ㸞ࠉVol. 58, No. 2, April 2007, 97-109. 㛭Ⴢᙢ㸝1952㸞ࠖⱝᅗ♣ఌ⩇ؐຘ഼ඨࡡ⌦ㄵᐓࡒࡔؐࠗᘧᩝᇸࠊ Ṃ⏛ᩝὊ㸝1999㸞ࠔ༈⒢ಕ㝸ᨳ➿ؐᠺຉ࡛ᣰᢙࡡஹ㘊ؐࠕࠉẗฺ⥽ ࠖ⌟࢟ࣛࢪ♣ఌᨳ➿ྍ 1945-1990࣐ࠗࢾࣜࣥ᭡ᡛࠉ155-224 ᡜࠊ ᩺ᮟ⪵㸝2005㸞ࠔࣃ࣭࣑࡛ࣖࢪ࣐ࢪ࡞࠽ࡄࡾ⤊ῥⓆᒈ࡛ᖲ➴ࠕࠉ⤊ῥᏕྍᏕఌ ➠ 69 ᅂኬఌࠉሒ࿈㞗ࠊ2005.5ࠊ ඳ⏛ᖶ㸝2007㸞ࠔ࣌ࣇࢮࣤ ␏❻ࡡ⤊ῥᛦࠕࠉᑚᓘᩌ⥽㸝2007㸞ࠖ⚗♬ࡡ⤊ ῥᛦᐓࡒࡔࠗࢻ࢜ࢼࢨࣕฝ∟ࠉ138-148ࠊ ⳳᒜἠ㸝1993㸞ࠖࢪࣚࢴࣆ⤊ῥᏕࡡ⌟Ⓩフ౮ࠗா㒌ኬᏕᏕ⾙ฝ∟ఌࠊ ᖲಆ㢟㸝2003㸞 ࠖࢢࣤࢫࡡ⌦ㄵؐ々ྙⓏっᗑ࠾ࡼࡡ◂✪ؐࠗ᮶ாኬᏕฝ∟ఌࠊ ⸠⏛⳧ࠍᏄ㸝2005㸞 ࠔ࣐ࣖࣜࢱ࣭ࣜ࡞࠽ࡄࡾ⚗♬ᅗᐓᙟᠺㄵؐ᪁ἪㄵⓏ࣬⌦ㄵⓏ ᯗ⤄ࡲ࠾ࡼࡡ᳠ゞؐࠕ ࠖ⤊ῥᏕྍ◂✪ࠗ➠ 47 ᕬ㸦ྒࠉ2005 ᖳ㸫᭮ࠉ65-78ࠊ ᮿᕖ࿔㸝1991㸞ࠖࢢࣤࢫࡡ⤊ῥᏕؐࡐࡡᙟᠺ࡛ᒈ㛜ؐࠗ୯ኳ⤊ῥ♣ࠊ ⨶⃨ཾṂ㞕㸝2001㸞ࠔࢢࣤࢫࡡ⤊ῥᨳ➿㸯┷ࡡࢢࣤࢫᨳ➿࡛ࡢర࠾ࠕࠖୌᶣ ㄵཽࠗ㸝ᮇフㄵ♣㸞ࠉVol. 125, No. 6, 2001 ᖳ㸫᭮ࠉ565-581ࠊ ẗฺᘋ㸝1990㸞 ࠖ࢟ࣛࢪ⚗♬ᅗᐓࡡ◂✪ؐ♣ఌಕ㝸Ⓠ㐡ࡡㅎ⏤ؐࠗ᮶ாኬ Ꮥฝ∟ఌࠊ ẗฺ⥽㸝1999㸞ࠖ⌟࢟ࣛࢪ♣ఌᨳ➿ྍ 1945-1990࣐ࠗࢾࣜࣥ᭡ᡛࠊ 44 ᒜ⬝├ྒྷ㸝2007㸞 ࠖࢡ࣭ࣞ࢜ࣜපභူᏕؐࠔὩ⚶㛜පࠕࡡࣥࢩࣘࣤࡡࡒࡴ࡞ؐࠗ ᮶ாኬᏕฝ∟ఌࠊ ⱕࡲࡽ㸝2003㸞 ࠔࣉ࣭ࣤࣛ࣬ࢠࣝ࡞࠽ࡄࡾ⏐ᴏࠉ⤄⧂ࠉ༝ᴏؐ1916ࠤ1929 ᖳؐࠕࠖ⤊ῥᏕྍᏕఌ ᖳሒࠗ➠ 44 ྒࠉ2003 ᖳ 11 ᭮ࠉ45-58ࠊ ῳఌົ⩇㸝1997㸞 ࠔ࣏ࣜࢦࢪࡡ⤊ῥᛦ࡞࠽ࡄࡾ㈃ᅏၡ㢗ࠕ ࠖStudy Seriesࠗ 㸝ୌ ᶣኬᏕ♣ఌ⛁Ꮥཿ㈠ᩩࢬࣤࢰ࣭㸞No. 38ࠉ1997 ᖳ㸨᭮ࠊ ῳఌົ⩇㸝2000㸞 ࠔࢸࣥࢺ࣭࣬ࣛ࢜ࢺࡡᨾ㈃ㄵ࡛㈋㖗⾔ࠕ ࠖStudy Seriesࠗ 㸝ୌᶣኬᏕ♣ఌ⛁Ꮥཿ㈠ᩩࢬࣤࢰ࣭㸞No. 45ࠉ2000 ᖳ㸨᭮ࠊ 45