ｦｳ撈 ｦﾁｨｺｰ ｴﾊ姦､ｵ差 ｣ｵ涵ﾊﾂ囿ｦｵｬ即ﾄ愿ｨ ｴ給ｻ擽 (于悁ｸﾉ ﾓ)

 ¥¥†ƒ´¥Â£¹¯‰¬³£ ³›šÎ
œ™†©´£ ¶Âª«
! (#$ )
. . %$& ' Proportional
Representative Formulae
!"#$%""!%&
$# !"#$"$!'(
)'$ # # %*+, " - # ! )'$ $ # " /
0"!)!& #+
!*1-"
$#)0"$##%*%+" $0"
! #+1-"$#&2($&
(Open lists of candidates) ($&
(Closed lists
of candidates) ($#&
" ($#$#
!0"%## 1-" )'$!# !"
%&" / !'0" 1-" $ 5
!" 6!
$#)%"!$#*%($#
"0" 7!$')!1-"$#!$#
0&)"$# )'1-"0"!"),$0"%+
" / -&+"#$" #+!" )!&
&$# &2!($# &
1-" $ 5
!"
6!!" # %"!1-" $# 0"
*
¥¥†ƒ´¥Â£¹¯‰¬³£ ³›šÎ
+#,$
%-/
+#,$
%-/0
$#: Farrell, David. ;<<=. Electoral Systems: A Comparative
Introduction. New York: Palgrave. p.>?.
$#: Farrell, David. ;<<=. Electoral Systems: A Comparative
Introduction. New York: Palgrave. p.>@.
#%!$+($#&
" 1-"$
5
!"0#6!$#)$%"!1-"
%,#&20")!($#+
" / #1"- $ 5
!" )"%"!
&2 ! ! )) # 1- " !" %)-%# '#$# #0*%($#
+ 6"-%# '#($# !/ 1-" #"
)$7!$)# 0" !" !!#1-" #$ -%# '#"/
+($# " / #-&!" ($
#&
+&8
!%" *
+"#$"
!"#$"!#)!
!"$+"! %#+!$
1-"0#"0&$#2 #!$
'(%!#$%"1-"#!"
'%&0$!%"#$#$!#
"!# Party-List System B,#%"($#
&
!!" #$" 6#!0"&2 ;
-&$# '( &2$# %"! -%# &#/ $"
.* Party List System
!!" #!$"&2!!"
+$ $ # # %&))%" +
¥¥†ƒ´¥Â£¹¯‰¬³£ ³›šÎ
&$,# + #&0E5-( ..
;@?< !)'($#)&2&
&
0"
! + ! " !2 ) # + ! " # 6 " %" & &2 ! +%(# +$ % ( $
#")$#! #+
1- " +# ! % ! " " /
#!" )')'$$# #0"
'&2)'$##%* #&)$-
%!'!#!0& -!'$#
%"!
$# the d'Hondt formula B,# $%"%&7&
7$ & &2" #0!2!!" $"
)$!)'!
5
+$#)0"$##%*"
!# %&0" $ ! !'& B2 $##+"#'$#"0"#)$
5
%!'
$##%* $#-")!!# Minimum Threshold
##%!$&0 !((
&!E5-(#"!!"
!*1-"
!I
* .. ;@?= JK 0"+"#'%#0"$# @% +)'
1-"!$!"" " !$#)
$ 5
0 " $ # # %*" 0" # " @%
+)'1-" !$!" " &2" #%
& # &8
!%"0#0"!$ !'
+"#'+!$#)"0"%!
'
$# # %* &2"
!!" $)" &
7!%"+2!
0"!"!+," +2!$#"$#
%*-*
+& # 0" !" )!1-" #$
#" $#0")6-!''
&2 $ # # % E * " +2 ! )$ 7 !
0"$##%*!!#!!" Majority Plurality #0!2$ +2!)0"&7)!
!!" #0#+", -!# !#+!"
+&" / " #%!$+&0# ..
;@?< - ;@@< !!" #$!%"+!"
&&2! " +2!!$7!0"
$" !&2+%(#$#0"
$)!#)'! %!!6"$!#
+!!"%"2! ##&2+*-
*
+2!)$7!0"$##%*!+," !#
+2!)0"$)!1-"%+
!" " / E5-(&$ ;@@< #)!0
!20"!$ &$# &#)!%"+&$
= + &2 !# +*- * > +" ! B,#&
7!%"!#/ $#0#%#+
%(#0"#$ # %*#!+,"
. Single Transferable Vote (STV)
!!" Single Transferable Vote STV 6 &2 ! ! " # $ ! - & , # #$!%"7"%!'$1# "- #"0"! #$#)0"$##%E*%!
!"
!*1-"!")#&
!&2+!" 7)$)'1-"%#+
0"!!# = District Magnitude !!# =
!6#1-"0")'$#"!
%!!""1-"$
5
!")!1-"7!
%#'$#)!1-" $#
!$#)6,'
" )'$1# "- %+" / 6$0" # )!
1-" $ 5
!" "$'1-" $# "!!$# STV ),
%"%+!"2!/ $#$ .. 0"
& ?-@ !!#+%(# # &"!# !
%!!" +&
'-&+!"" )&2
Ordinal !0"!!# = 1-" 1-"$
5
!"
) !1- " $ # )!$ ! 0# ! 2 0 "
%&$1-"$
5
!""!1-"
%")'+
!*1-"$#,$0"
%+" #0!2 6"1-" $ 5
!" 0#" !)!
1-")'$#!' )!$$
1
!2'0"#! #%&0 !20#0"!$ +"
%"&!%")'-&+!"
STV +&0 $# +"#$"
¥¥†ƒ´¥Â£¹¯‰¬³£ ³›šÎ
)'!""
Droop Quota =
+=
)'$# # $# , $0"%+" +=
STV -/23
%3
$#: Farrell, David. ;<<=. Electoral Systems: A Comparative
Introduction. New York: Palgrave. p. =;>.
%!')'$# # " ")6-!'! $!'7"
$##1-"!""0"#"#$#)
0"!" !'7"+"#'$"$!#
Droop Quota B,# &2-!'$# 7!
# # H.R. Droop !+-
'
!" $" )!!'7"" 6"1-"
0"6,!W7" 1-"")0"!
0"$##%* #6"0#$1-"%0"6,
7" $0# "")6-!# !)!!
+#+ B,# %&X
")""$# #$ !!"
)
5
1"- "0#$ ""!!#,# !20" " $"
+," -!# +1-" 6#$ !- !)!!+#+)$
'!!1-" !"#0 # '!"
" +1-" 6#$ !- # !!%#
7'$#$#1-"$
5
!"!0"
'#$" # 0&)0")'1-" !!" $# +!"
" / ),$0"
#0!2 %!$$#!%!
)0"1-"$#0"!
7"$#
'0"
# 0#0" .. )'$# , $0"%+" )$!'
$# !
)!7" (Surplus) +1-" %#%!$# ; #6"#!
(Surplus) $" # '%#"0#0"1"- $! !2)
$#0""!)!!+#+"'
+1-"$#6-!!%# 7%"!
1-" 6#$ !- !%'#0& )0"1"- !!" )'
.. $)# $0"%+" / !" STV $" %$ "
%&0 " !!"I
*+
&$ (Bowler and Grofman, ;<<<)
1. ' Mixed System
!" 1$" $# $!#/ ! #
Hybrid, side-by-side combined systems &2!
¥¥†ƒ´¥Â£¹¯‰¬³£ ³›šÎ
4
!"0""! #-&%!
!" +#&!#!!0& !"
1$" #0"&2 ; 1$# !"
" ; $$! Combined-dependent
systems !"1$#!!""
$%&X
#! Combinedindependent systems
1.* Combined-Dependent Systems
!!" $" %$ "%&
$ B$
B$ %$"1-"$
5
!")$
+#"/ ! #%
" )-+###0"#0#
#)6-!'')'$##%
¨
Votes cast for
individuals
Proportional
representative
(Multimember
districts)
Mixed System
Single-member
districts
#+"
1. Combined-Independent System
!!"$")!+
# !# !"+&2+
#+0& #)&2+#0&
#$#)0"$##)!#")"0"
$##'$#!!' '%
&0$!%"!" !$"
)2 0" # ! " " $ - & #&!2$!&'0&%"!#!0&+,"-#!
I5! E!
) +#
& 1*-
#$ ; %"26,!$# # !+
!" " _ ¨
Candidate with the
largest share wins seat
or majority
¨
Fewer larger
parties
¨
Votes cast for
parties
¨
Seats divided between
parties on basis of
share
¨
More smaller
parties
¨
Votes cast both for
parties and for
individual
¨
Some seats filled by
individual races, some
by party outcome
¨
Mixed outcome
$# $#: Patrick H. O'Neil (;<<J) Essentials of Comparative Politics, p. =?K.
7
'&0 !2!$ &$# &-&
!!"-#" "#!2#$!&!
%"E5-( &$ .. ;@@< B,#%"!"
1 Mixed System -# $#&$# -&
)!+$$ SMP &2+$
#+$+%(#+," $#$!# Bloc Vote System
#%!!" #" !2&$# )!+&
+%(#&2#+*-*
&2!# ) > !# #
¥¥†ƒ´¥Â£¹¯‰¬³£ ³›šÎ
!# $ .. 0" =< " " &2 >< #%&$ ..
;@@? $"&0)$!&$#&!"
$!",# %$#1-"+$0"+$-#$"!"%#
0#0"1#!$#+2)!
E* !&$#&!""$")'B,#
!&$# &+!0$!,# "
!#0&%!!" $)# 6,$"
***************
'
'
-, (;@_`) !&!E5-(#"!!" !!. !:
'!
5
Bowler, Shaun and Bernard Grofman.Eds. (;<<<). Election in Australia, Ireland and Malta under the Single
Transferable Vote: Reflections on an Embedded Institution. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
Farrell, David (;<<=), Electoral Systems, New York: Palgrave.
Norris, Pippa. (;<<?). Electoral Engineering: voting rules and political behavior. London: Cambridge.
O'Neil, Patrick. (;<<J). Essentials of Comparative Politics. New York: W.W. Norton & Company.
Powell, G. Bingham. (;<<<). Elections as Instruments of Democracy. New Haven: Yale University Press.