高速点火実証計画FIREXに向けた計測器開発

19pQC-3
89:1;<=>?@
4565ABCDEFGHIJKLMNO
!"#$%&'(!"#$%)*+,'-./0
Diagnostics development for fast ignition project FIREX
&'()*+,-.*/012345657
Hiroaki Nishimura, Hiroyuki Shiraga, and Hiroshi Azechi
ILE, Osaka Univ.
PQRSTU1VWWXYZ[3U
VWWXY\]^_P1`ab3T
cd
eFIREXfghijk
lmnoJKMpq
fghilmnoMrs
eHtlmnoMJK
uvwxyz{|}~
fgX•€•}~
e‚ƒ„…M†qh
e‡ˆ
Foam cryogenic D2 (DT) with cone and
gas fill tube is the target for FIREX
Gas feeder
Foam cryogenic D2 target
with cone+fill tube
Gas barrier
‰3-5 !
Implosion with
Gekko-XII
(!=0.53 µm)
Heating Laser
PW
FIREX / LFEX
(!=1.05 µm)
Gold cone
Foam material
‰20 !
500µm in diameter
Cryo target has been developed
in cooperation with NIFS.
Š‹Q119pQC7
Issues:
eHydrodynamics of foam/Liq-D2
eNonuniform core structure
eHeating properties
eIntegrated performance
Diagnostics issues
•
•
•
•
Nonuniform implosion dynamics
Core plasma performance
Heating dynamics
hot electron generation, transport, energy deposition
timing of heating laser injection
Ignition and burning dynamics
Œ•Ž•)Ž…D•G‘’MlmnoJK“”•–—
"˜!™šlmnoMrs
Cold main fuel
X rays
Hot spark
Typical core size : ＜100 µm
life time : 100 ps
→ MIXS
2D-SIXS
Fast 2-D spectroscopy → McMIXS
M-MIXS
: Fast 2-D imaging
Neutrons : Yield
Burn history
Imaging
Spectroscopy
Time- and space- resolved measurements are required.
!r ＜ 10 µm
! t = 10 ps
g‚
›œ•žŸ11 ^WW¡¢
Š£¤¥^W¡¢¦—
§¨‚ ›œ•©ªn1 ^WW«¬ Š£-¥^W«¢¦—
®¯)°°›f±²|³5%•*uvw}~•–—
fghilmnoMrs
™šœ•lmno
HI¶
´µ4565
¨ŽDg‚
´µ·¸=1-20 ps1
1 Š1!t = ¹ ps¦—
¨ŽD§¨‚
´µ89=œ•Mº»1 11Š1!r = ¹µm¦—
fg¼wO½11Š1¾<o•¿ÀzÁm?<Â
HtlmnoM´µehiHIJK
AÃÄÅw}~
euvwª5|Â
Š1ABCÃĹ*HIÆÇ
euvwۥ
Š1AÃÄ89
euvwxyz{|1
Š1ªÈ<ÉÊ*HtËÌ
111ªÈ<ÉÊÍ•Î*!n§Š·ÏзÑÒÓÔÕ
fgX•ÑÖ€•}~
eMcMIXS
Š1·ÏзÑÒÉÊ×ØÊÙËÌ
eÚÛSIXS
Š1·ÏзÑÒÉÊ×ØÊÙËÌ
efÑÒÑÖ
Š1ÉÊØÊËÌ
111fgX•€•}~ÜAÃÄ}~•ÝÞ
uvwxyz{|}~
!"#!"#$%$%&&'
１次反応
D+ T → n(14.1 MeV) + !(2.5 MeV)
D + D → n(2.45 MeV) + 3He(0.82 MeV)
D + D → T(1.01 MeV) + p(3.02 MeV)
T + T → !('6.6 MeV) + 2n('10.6 MeV)
euvwª5| 11Š1ABCÃĹ
euvw·¸¶ß1 Š1ÃÄÆÇ
euvwxyz{|1Š1ªÈ<ÉÊ
euvwۥ
11Š1AÃÄ89
M. D. Cable et al., RSI 63, 4823(1992).
２次反応
D+ T (<1.01 MeV) → n(11.8-17.1 MeV) + !
D+ 3He(<0.82 MeV) → p(12.5-17.4 MeV) + !
散乱中性子
n + D -> n’ + D’(0-12.5 MeV)
n + T -> n’ + T’(0-10.6 MeV)
３次反応
D’(0-12.5 MeV) + T -> !+ n(12.0-30.1 MeV)
T’(0-10.6 MeV) + D -> !+ n(9.2-28.2 MeV)
→ 燃料"R
縮退
→ 燃料"R
燃料密度構造
;<Á|ñÀ{òóôõ<²|uvwxyz{ö÷5ð›
MANDALA
ŒMï5ðÜÓ
uvwª5|ÂÓ*
10 cm
10 cm
àá⢤ãä°åäãæ¤ãááâ¤ç-°è°àéê ë°ìíV°î
YDD = 3.0 !106
YDT = 9.5 !103
2ùABCÃÄDúGûØÊ~ü
D + D Š°3He(0.82 MeV) + n (2.45 Mev)eeeDDuvw
D + D Š°T(1.01 MeV) + p(3.02 MeV)
øùÃÄ
11111
:ùÃÄ
T + D Š°4He + n (11.8-17.1Mev)eeeDTuvw
1111111111D + 3He Š°4He + p(12.5-17.4 MeV)
p
™šlmno
D
) R !D
& " DT
Y2
= 1 * exp '* +
" DT dx $ #
!D R
Y1
m
m
D
( 0 D
%
"
D
#DT1›DTÃÄKû!1mD1›DªÈ<"#
"D1›DªÈ<"#ØÊ1R1›lmno$%
D
T
‘ýþ*!R < Range of T1ÿÜ
×!R < 30 mg/cm2, for Te = 1 keV)
n
:ùÃÄ}~&š'()
¦—*+m÷5ð5Ó
11e2ùABCÃÄ,×1ù*2ùuvwª5|ÂM-Ù
11elmno¼wÉÊ
3
./0IY-04 M#26829 ÜÓ111111111111111111111111111Ü
YDD = 3.0 !106 YDT = 9.5 !10
YDT
YDD
!3
= 3.2 "10
ª5|Â-Ó1111111111111lmno¼wÉÊÓX•ÑÖ}~úÎ*400
eV1
Fermi degeneracy
"!
k B Te
EF
‰0.8
2ï|Mj•Ó343Mlmno*5•Ó2.5#10-6 g M"#•6„lmno•7ü
3456789:;<=
fgX•x{85z9÷mDúG!">?(@'So far, only x-ray streak cameras have resolutions < 10 ps.
However, in conventional use, only 1D imaging is available.
+
t
Ramp voltage
Focus electrode
Photo cathode !slit
(1000Å CH /
thin Au, CuI, or CsI)
Phosphor
screen
Deflection
plates
Anode
Pinhole
camera
Electron beam
Acceleration
mesh
Imploding target
121We need a trick to use it for 2D imaging.
Image sampling is essential for 2D imaging
on a streak camera
ILE OSAKA
Conventinal 1D
MIXS
(like raster scan on TV)
1-D selected image
1-D image sampling
discrete
(sampled)
discrete
(sampled)
continuous
(resolved)
discrete
(sampled)
discrete
(selected)
continuous
(resolved)
2D-SIXS
(like CCD pixels)
2-D image sampling
Many types of efforts have been made to demonstrate
2D imaging on a streak camera.
--- How to avoid overlapping of the data when streaked?
Principle of multi-imaging x-ray streak camera (MIXS)
to obtain time-resolved 2-D x-ray images
Tilted image array on a cathode slit
Image 1
2
3
4
ILE OSAKA
5
θ
Streak tube
Laser
x-ray
Images
Streaked
photo
electrons
x-ray
Streaked images
Space
CCD
camera
Slit cathode
Target
Cathode slit
Multi-pinhole
disk
t=t 1
t2
t3
Phospher
+ I.I.
Image Analyzer
Streak camera
Imploded core plasma
Image 1
2
1) O. L. Landen,
RSI. 63, 5075 (1992).
4
5
Reconstructed time-resolved 2-D images
t=t 1
1011 fps achieved
3
Image 1
2
3
4
5
2) H. Shiraga, et al., RSI. 66, 722 (1995).
3) H. Shiraga, et al., RSI. 68, 745 (1997).
4) H. Shiraga, et al., RSI. 75, 3921 (2004).
t=t 2
t=t 3
Reconstructed frames of laser-imploded core plasma
at different laser-focusing conditions
2504
2513
2521 2530
2539
2547
2556
2565 2574
2582
2591
2600
2609 2617
2626
2634
2643
2652 2661
2669
2678
2687
2695 2704
2713
2721
2730
2739 2748
2756
2765 2774 2782 2791
(a) 10 ps frames
2800
(c) d/R = -4 (t = 2661 ps)
with induced nonuniformity
1011 fr/s
(10 ps/fr)
(d) d/R = -5 (t = 2267 ps)
with better uniformity
Hamamatsu:C-2590
25mm cathode
!t = 11.7 ps
(b) time integrated
100 µm
50 µm
Reconstructed MIXS images of a laser-imploded core plasma.
Framing interval is 8.7 ps, and exposure time of each frame is 11.7 ps.
(a)sequential frames, (b)time-integrated image,
(c) snapshot of nonuniformly imploded core, (d)snapshot of uniform core.
Implosion experiment of cone-shell target at
LLE OMEGA laser
CH shell:1000 µm in diam.
25 µmt, D2 0, 5 atm
Laser:
70deg Au cone
35 beams
15 kJ/1 ns SQ
(~1015W/cm2 )
X-ray emission from core and cone tip
Ultrafast x-ray image ($t=10 ps) obtained with
MIXS: Multi-Imaging X-ray Streak Camera
MIXS frames: frame exposure=13ps, frame interval=10ps
Implosion experiment of cone-shell target at
LLE OMEGA laser
CH shell:1000 µm in diam.
25 µmt, D2 5 atm
Laser:
70deg Au cone
35 beams
15 kJ/1 ns SQ
(~1015W/cm2 )
X-ray emission from core and cone tip
Ultrafast x-ray image ($t=10 ps ) obtained with
Early emission from cone tip
MIXS: Multi-Imaging X-ray Streak Camera
eMIXS(Multi-Image X-ray Streak camera)
111for X-ray emission image
Target: CH shell 900µm%, 25µmt
with 70 deg cone
(General Atomics)
$t=10 ps
$t=40 ps
Laser: 15kJ/1ns/35 beams
0.35 µm
(OMEGA laser,LLE, Rochester)
eX-ray framing camera
111for x-ray backlighting image (V, Fe)
MIXSABCDEFGH
:;ï5ð.
Broad band channel
Lower energy channel
X•<=|ð5M>?C@ADúÎ*B*Gxyz{|89ÜMX•••C~•G1
Œ•ŽD„M•MEFGÊ-•H’GŒ&ܼwÉÊÑI•JKÜLG1
IJKLAMN
‰œ•c»…ŽMX•MNOË&þPQRSQRTUDúG
VWMN•7ü1ÚXY!Z‘ÎMOÖGÊR(!, Te)Ó*
2
"
R(! , Te ) $
exp(#h! / kTe )
Te
}~[DEFG\ôõ<²|M]Êx
yz{|
Te=1keVÜM
VWMNGÊ
Lower energy
channel
Broad band
channel
¶^!_þ‘EFGÊ-&*`Ä•
G¼wÉÊ
Ultra-fast x-ray spectroscopic imaging shows
detailed core-cone dynamics
f¥ \ W g
center of shell
tip of cone
h °¥ c W «¬
i Core is created at the center, then
moves toward the cone tip.
i Plasma flow stagnates at the cone tip.
˜ab ^
˜ab V
¤¥ ^ ^ c ¡ ¢
êe
^ d ^ ¡¢
V W X ¡¢
V c \ ¡¢
V _ _ ¡¢
\ í c ¡¢
\ _ ^ ¡¢
í \ X ¡¢
Ultra-fast x-ray spectroscopic imaging shows
detailed core-cone dynamics
Tip of cone
Cone
2D-SIXS : ultrafast x-ray imaging for more detailed
study of the imploded core dynamics
Source
Imaging
device
Sampling Large
pinhole format
array
cathode
Streak
tube
Streaked
sample
array
Time
Magnified
image
2D-SIXS can be coupled with a single imaging device with a high spatial resolution.
High spatial and temporal resolutions can be achieved simultaneously.
Fresnel Phase
Zone PlateÜ4µmjkMϸÑÒlmn
Principle
of x-ray
Fresnel phase sone plate
!-phase shift for x-ray passing
through material zone
incident light
diffracted light
all in phase at screen
source
FPZP
Fresnel zone plate (FZP)
: high spatial resolution
bright
screen
Fresnel phase zone plate (FPZP)
: applicable to high energy x-rays
Monochro-2D-SIXS was tested
Toroidally bent crystal (Si) for Cl-He&
ILE OSAKA
Chlorinated plastic
shell target
Monochromatic x-ray
camera
2D-SXIS
Au cathode 300ot
10 mm
Toroidally bent crystal (Quartz) for Cl-Ly&
Micrograph of sampling
pinhole array (Ni 25 µm)
Specification of imaging
x
Cl-Ly&
Si (220) Q(11.2)
Tuning energy (eV)
3272
3508
Energy band (eV)
11.7
20.6
Image magnification
25.8
26.2
Plasma to crystal (mm)
102.5
100.9
Crystal to detector (mm)
2648.2
2640.7
%45 µm
260 µm
520 µm
500 ps
Crystal
Cl-He&
y,t
Objective
Highly Space-, Time- and Spectrum-Resolved
X-Ray Imaging Diagnostics
X-Ray Backlighter
Target
Also, particle diagnostics, neutron diagnostics,
scattered light diagnostics including imaging,
temporal history and spectroscopy with high
resolutions are required.
Cone/Shell
Fuel Target
Drive Lasers
for Implosioon
Probe X-Ray
Backlight Laser
Heating Laser
Backlighter X-Ray
Characteristics
Spectrum
Pulse Shape
Spatial Pattern
Energetics
X-Ray Filters
Fresnel Phase
Zone Plate
Imager
Implosion of Fusion Target
Implosion Dynamics
Core Plasma Parameters
Fusion Products
Heating Characteristics
Hot Electrons
Transport
Energetics
Sampling Image
X-Ray Streak Camera
Computer
CCD Camera
High Spatial
Resolution
Imaging
Spectrum Selection
(h! = 5 keV, 8 keV)
"x < 5 µm
High Temporal Resolution
Image Recording
Time-Resolved 2D image
Coupling to Imager
"t < 2 ps
¦—*·¸Ï¸ÑÒlÓ%•}~DE‚Pзmnpl
£¤°¥^qV°¡¢r°£-°¥°í«¬
fgX•€•DúG´µÐs~ü
R. Kodama, et al.,
Nature 418, 933-934 (2002)
´µ4565Mtu·vÓ10pswÊÜÐs•G¦—•ZG
X•<45x<Á9÷mDúG´µy5@uN·v}~
™š;z|M
<45@ۥ
f±²|³5X•
DúGOÖ
0ps
500ps
1500ps
2000ps
Framing interval= 80ps
10pswÊM{ÊÜ™š|ª}xzx&´µMÐs~üpl
¾<o•~•M†q
fGÊM´µ4565€N
•
f±²|³5‚••O½
•
}~[M¿ÀzÁm?<Â
uvw;<ô45ðMEF
(V)
(V)
Discriminator threshold level (-50mV)
(ns)
'-ray signal
(µs)
DD neutron detection timing
uvwƒK·vD"•EFM„5|•ï=xz8…†j‡M4ˆ|DZÎ
uvwƒK•ÔÕ1
uvw¿‹|}~[׌•ŽŽáe°•e¤eä¤ç-Ù
euvw±²|³5D`•G…†ƒK
e¾<o•D`•G]Ê•‰’PŠ‚
^°ä¬
uvw€N•
uvw€N‘
uvw€•}~D’“”plv•Î
¾<o•xyz{|~ü
f±²|³5‚•Mxyz{|~ü
11–—˜L›
ø™X•<45x<Á9÷mך‡•EFÙ
:™uvw;<ô45ð
›™¿‹|ï=„zð×¾<o•”Ù
O½œÜZGf±²|³5¼wxyz{|~ü
11•žŸ ò¼wxyz{ö÷5ð
X•<45x<Á9÷mMš‡•EFDúG
f±²|³5‚•xyz{|~ü
Ö¼û•mª<¡ÜZGŒ&•¢”þ*£¹<=|ð5•”‚‘%•±²|³5x
yz{|~ü•¤Þ
OEP?QR
•X?<STU;VWX=
<STU;YZ[A,\]^_`abc
•X?deU:EfVWXgX?CCDVWX=
MCP]^hi2jklm@nomp
•qrJsECeUt=
!"uvHw]^xH
95{¥¦}~;x„@˧•¦—
‰•8fŠs‹EŒ•A…†•X‡P
%ŽB•rA•‘
’“”•–—AQu
wy?z{|}~|•€U•(@
w‚juƒJz{(@
w!„ju'w…†•X‡PˆXWUt
FIREX-I›fghi¥¦©‹ªÁ¨;©<jª7«
°nYÊ
&±YÊ
fghi
jk
LFEX
4565
lmno
JK²³
H15
16
17
2003
04
05
18
06
19
20
21
22
07
08
09
10
FIREX-1 •s
FIREX-1 ‘s
GEKKO-XII / PW
GEKKO-XII / LFEX
™š´µjk
¬-
xð 5{•Àljk ©‹ªÁ¨;©<jª
®¯
1y5@
4y5@
‡ˆ
•34w56w#$…˜™š
X?(@'-o‚juƒJ'-›œ–
••žŸ ¡¢¡z£¤¥X?'-)¦§¨©
ª«¬¤
$t =1-2 ps, $r = 4µm
•4-Œ•A•X‡P'•!"#$%Ž®¥'-n)OEP?QR¯•ž
•s<°±H•ž
Thank you!