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「立法者の科学」としてのハイエク自然法思想
ࠔ❟Ἢ⩽ࡡ⛁Ꮥࠕ࡛ࡊ࡙ࡡࣀ࢙ࢠ ⮤↓Ἢᛦ ኯᏄᇸḿ ⛘ 㸦㸣ࡢࡋ ࡴ࡞ ࣀ࢙ࢠ㸝F.A. Hayek :1899㹳1992㸞ࡡᚃ♣ఌူᏕ㸝1960㹳㸯Fleetwood 1995㸞ࡡ୯ ᚨᴣᛍ࡚࠵ࡾࠔ⮤⏍Ⓩ⛓ᗆ spontaneous orderࠕࢅㄵࡋࡾ࡞࠵ࡒࡖ࡙ࡢࠉ⮤⏜ࢅᨥ࠻ࡾࠔἪࠕ ࠷࠾࡞ࡊ࡙ᠺ㛏ࡊࠉࡐࡿᏭᏽⓏࡵࡡ࡞ࡾࡡ࠾ࠉࡌࢂࡔ⮤⏍Ⓩ⛓ᗆࢅᏭᏽⓏ࡞ᵋ ᠺࡌࡾࢨࢪࢷ࣑ࡢᏋᅹࡌࡾࡡ࠾࡛࠷࠹ၡ㢗Ꮛᅹࡌࡾࠊ ࣀ࢙ࢠ◂✪ࡡὀᩧࢡࣝ㸝Gray 1986㸞ࡢ࠾ࡗ࡙ࠉࣀ࢙ࢠᛦࢅࠔࣃ࣭࣑ࣖူᏕ࡛࢜ ࣤࢹူᏕࡡ⼝ྙࠕ࡚࠵ࡾ࡛ࡊࡒࠊࣀ࢙ࢠࡡ࢜ࣤࢹⓏ≁ᚡ࡛ࡢࠉ⮤⏍Ⓩ࡞ᠺ❟ࡊࡒࠔḿ⩇ វてࠕ࢜ࣤࢹⓏࠔ⤣โⓏ⌦ᛍ UHJXOFWL[HLIHFࠕ࡛ࡊ࡙ࠔ┘Ⓩ≺❟Ⓩࠕ࡚⮤⏜ெ㛣⾔ ິࡡ⫴ᚃ࡞഼࠷࡙࠷ࡾⅤ࡞࠵ࡾ࡛ࡌࡾࠊ ࡊ࠾ࡊࠉࡆࡡࠔ⼝ྙࠕࡢࠉࡆࡿࡱ࡚ᚪࡍࡊࡵ᪺☔㆗ㄵࡂࠉ⌟ᅹ࡚ࡢࢡࣝࡢࣀ ࢙ࢠࡡᩝⓆᒈㄵࡢᨳူᏕࡡᐁ㊰࡞ᑊࡊ࡙㐠ᚠⓏ᭯ຝᛮࢅᣚࡖ࡙࠷࠷࡛ᢀึࡊࠉࡐ ࡡࠔ⼝ྙࡢᩃ࡚࠵ࡖࡒࠕ࡛⾪᪺ࡊ࡙࠷ࡾࠊࡈࡼ࡞ᙴࡢࣀ࢙ࢠࡡ㆗ㄵࢅ⮤↓ᶊㄵࡵࡊࡂ ࡢ⮤↓Ἢㄵ࡞ᇱࡘࡄࡾࡆ࡛ࢅࡆ࠹ᢼྫྷࡌࡾࠊࠔ⮤↓Ἢㄵࡢࠉ⌟ࡡ⛁ᏕⓏ⤊㥺⩇࡛ࡢ୦❟ ࡊ࠻࠷⮤↓Ⓩ┘Ⓩㄵࢅ๑ᥞ࡛ࡊ࡙࠷ࡾࠊᐁ㝷ࠉ⮤↓Ἢㄵࡷ⮤↓ᶊㄵࡢࠉࡐࡿࡼṌྍⓏ ࡞⌟ࡿࡒᩝ⬞࡞࠽࠷࡙㸢ࣛࢪࢹࢷࣝࢪࡡ♼⛆Ⓩ⏍∸Ꮥࡷࣞࢴࢠࡡ᭯♼ㄵ࡞࠽࠷࡙㸢ࡡࡲ ౮ೋࢅࡵࡗࠊ ࠕ ࡱࡒࢡࣝࡡ㆗ㄵࢅᘤࡀ⤽ࡁ࣋ࢴࢵࣚ㸝Petsoulas 2001㸞ࡢࠉ࣏ࣤࢸࣥࣜࡷࣃ࣭࣑ࣖࠉ ࢪ࣐ࢪࡼࢪࢤࢴࢹࣚࣤࢺၤⵒࡡᛦᐓࡒࡔࡢࠉ࣭࡛ࣜࣜโᗐࢅ⾔ࡊ࡙❟࡙ࡼࡿࡒࡵࡡ࡞ ⤾ࡂₖ㐅ⓏⓆᒈࡡ㐛⛤࡛ࡊ࡙ᤂ࠻ࡒࡡ࡚࠵ࡽࠉࣀ࢙ࢠ၌࠻ࡾࡻ࠹⮤↓㐽ᢝ࡞ࡻࡾ 㟸ெ㛣Ⓩງࢅ⛘ᥥࡊࡒ㥉⩽࡚ࡢ࠷࡛ᢀึࡌࡾࠊࡌࢂࡔࠉ⩽ࡢࠉᙴࡼࡡ࣭ࣜ ࡛ࣜโᗐࡡ☔❟࡞ᑊࡌࡾㄕ᪺ࢅࠉࡐࡡ㐽ᢝ࡞ᙔࡒࡖ࡙ࡡெ㛣▩ᛮࡡᙲ࡞㔔ࡀࢅ⨠ࡀࠉࣜ ࣭࡛ࣜโᗐࡢࠔモ⾔㘊ㄏ WULFOFQIHUURUࠕࢅ㏳ࡋࡒ᪺♟Ⓩࡵࡡ࡛ࡊ࡙⌟ࡿࡾ࡛ࡌࡾࡡ࡞ ᑊࡊ࡙ࠉࣀ࢙ࢠࡢ࠵ࡱࡽ࡞ࡵெ㛣ࡡ⌦ᛮࡡᙲࢅ㍇っࡊ࡙࠷ࡾ࡛ࡊ࡙ࠉࢪࢤࢴࢹࣚࣤࢺ ၤⵒ࡛ࣀ࢙ࢠࡡ᩷⤧ࢅᙁㄢࡌࡾࠊࡊ࠾ࡊࠉᙴዥࡢᮇ✇࡚ㄵࡋࡾࣀ࢙ࢠࡡἪᛦ࡞࠽ࡄ ࡾ⮤↓ἪᏕࡡഁ㟻ࢅᏰධ࡞↋っࡊ࡙࠷ࡾࠊ ☔࠾࡞ࢡࣝ㏑ࡾࡻ࠹࡞ࠉ⮤↓Ἢᛦఎ⤣Ⓩ࡞ᢢ࠷࡙ࡀࡒභ㏳ၻ࡞ᇱࡘࡂ┘Ⓩㄵ Ⓩᛦ⩻ࡢ┘Ⓩ≺❟Ⓩࣀ࢙ࢠࡡᛦ࡛ࡢᑊᴗ࡞࠵ࡾ࠾ࡵࡊࡿ࠷ࠊࡊ࠾ࡊࠉࢡࣝࡵࡱ ࡒࣀ࢙ࢠࡡᛦࡡ⫴ᬊ࡞࠵ࡾࢪࢤࢴࢹࣚࣤࢺၤⵒࡡ⤊㥺ㄵⓏ⮤↓Ἢࢅぜⴘ࡛ࡊ࡙࠷ࡾ㹶 ⮤↓Ἢᛦࡢࠉḗ⟿௧㜾ㄵࡋࡾࡻ࠹࡞ࠉᙟ⪃୕ᏕⓏᏽࡷ♼ᏕⓏ⫴ᬊࢅ๑ᥞ࡞ࡊࡒ୯ୠⓏ ⮤↓Ἢ࠾ࡼୠಐⓏ࡚⤊㥺Ⓩ㎾Ⓩ⮤↓Ἢ࡛ࣃ࣭࣑ࣖࡼ࡞ࡻࡖ࡙㌹ᥦࡈࡿ࡙࠷ࡾࠊ ࡐࡡ୕࡚ࠉᮇ✇ࡡ┘Ⓩࡢࠉࣀ࢙ࢠࡡ⮤⏍Ⓩ⛓ᗆㄵࢅࠔ⮤↓ἪᏕࠕ࡛࠷࠹ᙟ්࡚よ㔐ࡌ ࡾࡆ࡛࡚࠵ࡽࠉࡐࡿ࡞ࡻࡖ࡙⮤⏍Ⓩ⛓ᗆㄵࡢ༟ࡾ⮤⏜ᨲ௴ㄵ࡚ࡢࡂࠉࡐࡆ࡚ࡢἪࡢࠔ┘ Ⓩ≺❟Ⓩࠕ࡚࠵ࡽࡼࡵࡐࡡ⫴ᚃ࡚ࠔ⤣โⓏ⌦ᛍࠕ഼࠷࡙࠷ࡾࡆ࡛ࢅ♟ࡌࡆ࡛࡞࠵ࡾࠊ ࢿ࣓ࢪ࡛ࢷࢨࢪ࡛࠷࠹ฦἪ࡚ㄊࡼࡿࡾࣀ࢙ࢠࡡἪᛦࡢࠉ㏳ಐⓏ⌦よ࡚ࡢ⮤⏜ࡡἪ ࡚࠵ࡾࠔࢿ࣓ࢪࠕࢅ⛘ᥥࡊࠉ⤄⧂ࡡἪ࡚࠵ࡾࠔࢷࢨࢪࠕࢅྫྷᏽࡊࡒ࡛ࡈࡿࡾࠉࡐࡡ⌦よ ࡢඖฦ࡚࠵ࡾࠊࣀ࢙ࢠࡢ⤄⧂ࡡἪ࡚࠵ࡾࢷࢨࢪࡐࡿ⮤మࢅᚪࡍࡊࡵྫྷᏽࡊ࡙࠷࠷ࠊ ࡐࡿᑚࡈࠔ㒂᪐♣ఌࠕࠉࡵࡊࡂࡢᑚࡈභྜྷమࡷ♣ఌ⤄⧂㸝Ꮥᰧࡷ௺ᴏࠉ㌱㝪㸞ࡡ࣭ࣜ ࡛ࣜࡽ࠹ࡾࡆ࡛ࡢヾࡴࡾࠉⓆᒈࡊࡒࠔኬࡀ♣ఌࠕࡡἪ࡛ࡊ࡙ࡢ㐲วࡓ࡛ࡊ࡙࠷ࡾࠊ ࢷࢨࢪ࡞ᇱࡘࡂ⤄⧂Ⓩ⛓ᗆ࡚࠵ࡾࢰࢠࢨࢪࡵࡐࡿ⮤మࡢྫྷᏽࡈࡿ࠷ࠊ♣ఌโᗐࡡࡌ ࡙ࢅ㉰㉲Ⓩ⌦ᛮ࡞ࡻࡖ࡙ࢷࢨࢪࡡࡵ࡛࡞⤣ᣋࡊࡒࡽࠉࢰࢠࢨࢪ࡛ንᥦࡊࡒࡽࡊࡻ࠹࡛ࡌ ࡾឺᗐࠉࡌࢂࡔࠔ♣ఌⓏࠕ❟Ἢ࡞ࡻࡾࠔណᅒ≺❟Ⓩḿ⩇࡞㐲࠹⾔ິ࣭ࣜࣜ㸝ࡱࡒࡢ⚶ Ἢࡡ࣭ࣜࣜ㸞ࡡណᅒ౪ᏋⓏ⤄⧂ࡡ࣭ࣜࣜ㸝ࡱࡒࡢපἪࡡ࣭ࣜࣜ㸞ࡡₖḗⓏንᥦࠕࠉ スゝ⩇㸝HRQVWUXHWL[LVP㸞࡛ࡊ࡙ᢀึࡈࡿ࡙࠷ࡾࡡ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ ࡱࡒࠉࣀ࢙ࢠࡡἪ⌦ㄵࡢࠉṌྍⓏ⣴✒㐛⛤࡞ࡻࡖ࡙ᙟᠺࡈࡿࡾࠔណぜࠕ࡞ࡻࡖ࡙ࢿ࣓ࢪ ᠺ❟ࡊࠉࡐࡡࢿ࣓ࢪ⤣โࡌࡾ⠂ᅑහ࡚ࢷࢨࢪࢅヾࡴࡾࠊࡌࢂࡔࡐࡿࡢࢿ࣓ࢪ࠾ࢷࢨ ࢪࡡ⩽ᢝୌ࡚ࡢࡂࠉࠔណぜࠕЍࠔࢿ࣓ࢪࠕ㸝⮤↓Ἢ㸞Ѝࠔࢷࢨࢪࠕ㸝ᐁᏽἪ㸞࡛࠷࠹ᒒ ᵋ㏸ࢅࡌࠊࢠࢻࢪࡷࢪࣝࢪࡡ୯ୠ⮤↓Ἢ࡞࠽࠷࡙ࡢࠉࠔណぜࠕ࡞ࢂࡾࡵࡡࡢ♼ ぞᏽࡌࡾࠔỄἪࠕ࡚࠵ࡽࠉࡐࡿᐁᏽἪࢅ⤣โࡌࡾࠔ୕నࡡἪ㸝KLJKHU1F\㸞 ࠕ࡛ࡊ࡙ᶭ ⬗ࡊ࡙࠷ࡒࠊࡐࡿ࡞ᑊࡊ࡙ࠉࣀ࢙ࢠࡢᏺᩅⓏᇱ♇ࡄࢅᤴࡊࠉ⮤↓Ἢࡡ᰷ᗇ࡛ࡾࠔ୕ 1ࣀ࢙ࢠᛦࡡ⮤↓ἪᏕⓏよ㔐࡞ࡗ࠷࡙ࡢ௧ୖࡡᩝ⊡ᣪࡅࡼࡿࡾࠊᔪ㸝1985㸞ࡢࠉࢢ ࣜࢭࣤ࡞ೊࡖ࡙Ἢᐁッ⩇௧አࡡἪᛦࢅࡌ࡙ࠔ⮤↓Ἢࠕ࡛ࡣࠉ ࠔᵋᠺ⩇Ⓩᬉ㐚 ጂᙔᛮ࣬↋ㅰᛮࢅ⮤⛘ࡌࡾ⮤↓Ἢㄵࠕ࡛ࠔࡐࡡさㄫ⮤మࢅྫྷᏽࡌࡾᢀึⓏྙ⌦⩇Ⓩ⮤ ↓Ἢㄵࠕ࡞ฦࡈࡿࠉࣀ࢙ࢠᛦࡢᚃ⩽࡞ᒌࡌࡾ࡛ࡌࡾࠊࡊ࠾ࡊࠔࡡㄵண⎌ሾ࡞࠽ ࠷࡙ㄏよࢅ㑂ࡄࡾࡒࡴ࡞ࡢࠉࡐࡵࡐࡵࠔ⮤↓Ἢࠕ࡛࠷࠹⏕ㄊࢅ⏕ࡊ࠷࠹↋㞬ࠕ࡛ ࡵ㏑ࡾࠊࢠࢻࢪ࡞⾪ࡈࡿࡾ୯ୠ⮤↓Ἢ࡛ࣀ࢙ࢠᛦࡡ㢦జᛮ࡞ࡗ࠷࡙ᙁㄢࡊࡒ ࡵࡡ࡞ࡢࠉ⏍㸝1988㸞࠵ࡾࠊ⏍ࡢࠉࣀ࢙ࢠ࡛ࢪࢤࣚူᏕࡡභ㏳Ⅴ࡞ࡗ࠷࡙ 4 ࡗࡡ ≁ᚡࢅᣪࡅ࡙࠷ࡾࠊ 㸝1㸞⌦ㄵ▩࡞ᑊࡌࡾᐁ㊰▩ࡡඁన㸝2㸞ៈ⩞ࡷṌྍⓏఎ⤣࡞᳠ッࡈࡿࡒ ౮ೋࡡ㔔っ㸝㸨㸞⛓ᗆ࡞ᑊࡌࡾධ⯙Ⓩ࡞ಕᏬⓏലྡྷ㸝㸩㸞⌦ᛮ࡞ࡻࡾណᅒⓏスゝ࡞ࡻࡾ ࡡ࡚ࡢ࠷⮤⏍Ⓩ⛓ᗆࡡᢆヾࠊࡱࡒᐁᏽἪ࡞ᑊࡌࡾ㉰㉲Ⓩ⮤↓Ἢ㸝ࣈࣚࢹࢼࢫ࣑࡛㎾Ⓩ ⌦ᛮ㸞ࢅྫྷᏽࡊࠉ⮤↓ἪࡡහᐖࢅᐁᏽἪ࡞ᅹࡌࡾᙟᘟⓏ࣬ᡥ⤾ࡀⓏㅎཋ⌦࡞㝀ᏽࡌࡾよ 㔐࡛ࡊ࡙ Covell(1992 )࠵ࡾࠊࡊ࠾ࡊࠉࣀ࢙ࢠࡡ⮤↓Ἢࡢࢤࣥ࢘ࣜ㏑ࡾࡻ࠹ࠔᙟ ᘟⓏ࣬ᡥ⤾ࡀⓏཋ⌦ࠕࢅ㉰࠻ࡾහᐖࢅᣚࡖ࡙࠷ࡾ࡛➱⩽ࡢ⩻࠻ࡾࠊࣃ࣭࣑ࣖⓏ⮤↓Ἢ࡛ࡡ 㢦జᛮࢅᙁㄢࡌࡾよ㔐࡛ࡊ࡙ࡢࠉDun(1994),ࡱࡒ࢜ࣤࢹⓏ⮤↓Ἢ࡛ࡡ㢦జᛮࢅᙁㄢࡌࡾよ 㔐࡛ࡊ࡙ࡢࠉRoos( 1994)࠵ࡾࠊཿ㈙(1995)ࡢࠉ ࠔ⮤↓ࠕ࡛ࠔெⅥࠕࡡ༟⣟㡧ᑊ❟ࢅ㉰ ࠻ࡾࠔ➠ࡡ⮤↓ᴣᛍࠕࡡᙁㄢ࡛ࠉࡐࡡࡻ࠹⮤↓ᴣᛍࡡࠔᩝⓆᒈࠕࡡṌྍⓏᙟᠺࢅᙁ ㄢࡊ࡙ࠉࣃ࣭࣑ࣖ⮤↓Ἢ࡛ࣀ࢙ࢠᛦࡡ㎾⦍ᛮ࡞ࡗ࠷࡙ㄵࡋ࡙࠷ࡾࠊࡒࡓࠉࣃ࣭࣑ࣖᛦ ࢅࠔ⮤↓Ἢࠕ࡛ࡩࡡࡢࢡࣞࢷࢪ㎾⮤↓ἪᏕࡡᮇὮ࡛ࡡΊྜྷࢅ㑂ࡄࡾណ࡚ ࠵ࡱࡽ㐲ᙔ࡚ࡢ࠷࡛ࡌࡾࠊCliteur(2000)ࡢࠉ⮤↓Ἢࡡ≁ᚡࢅ㸝1㸞ἪⓏᢒโ㸝legal restraint㸞 ࡡᏋᅹ㸝2㸞ᐁᏽἪࡡࠔ୕నࡡἪ higher lawࠕࡡᚉᒌ㸝3㸞⮤↓⩇㸝naturalism㸞ࡡ ࡗ࡞ᏽ⩇ࡊࠉࣀ࢙ࢠࡡἪ⌦ㄵࡢࡆࡿࡼࡌ࡙ࡡᏽ⩇ࢅࠔࡌࡒⓆᒈㄵⓏ⮤↓Ἢㄵࠕࡓ࡛ ࡊ࡙࠷ࡾࠊ నࡡἪࠕ࡛ࡊ࡙ࡡࠔỄἪࠕࢅࡻࡽୠಐⓏ࡞්ᵋᠺࡊࡻ࠹࡛ࡊࡒࡡ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ 㸧㸣⮤↓ Ἢᛦ ࡡୠಐ ࠉ⤊ 㥺 ⮤↓ἪᛦࡢࠉཿࢪࢹူᏕ࡞㉫″ࢅᣚࡔ㹹࢞ࣛࢪࢹᩅ♼Ꮥ࡛⤎ࡦࡂᙟ࡚ࠉ୯ୠ࡞࠽ ࠷࡙ࢠࢻࢪࡷࢪࣝࢪ࡞ࡻࡖ࡙Ⓠᒈࡈࡎࡼࡿࡒࠉ㎾࡞ࡢࠔ♼ࠕࡡᏋᅹࢅᚪさ࡛ࡊ ࠷ୠಐⓏᙟឺࢅ࡛ࡖ࡙⌟ࡿࡒࠊࡐ࠹ࡊࡒ⮤↓Ἢࡡୠಐࢅᯕࡒࡊࡒ㥉⩽࡛ࡊ࡙ࠉࣀ ࢙ࢠࡢࢪࣝࢪ࡞Ἰ┘ࡌࡾࠊ ࠔ㸝❟Ἢ࡛࠷࠹༟ୌࡡᶊງࡡ㸞ᒈ㛜࡞ᑊࡌࡾᢤᢘࡢࠉࠔ⮤↓ࡡἪࠕࡡఎ⤣࠾ࡼ⏍ࡋࡒࠊ ᚃࡡࢪ࣋ࣤࡡࢪࢤࣚူᏕ⩽ࡒࡔࡢࠉ ࠔ⮤↓ࠕ࡛࠷࠹⏕ㄊࢅࠔⓆ᪺ࡈࡿࠕࡒࡽࠉ⇅៎ࡡ୕ ࡚スゝࡈࡿࡒࡵࡡ࡚ࡢࡂࠉ≟Ἓࡡᚪさᛮ࡞ᑊࡌࡾཬᚺࡡ୯࡚Ⓠᒈࡊࡒࡵࡡࢅཱུ㏑ࡌࡾࡒ ࡴࡡᑍ㛓⏕ㄊ࡛ࡊ࡙ࡖࡒࠊࡊ࠾ࡊࠉࡆࡡఎ⤣ࡌࡼࠉ17 ୠ⣎࡞ࠔ⮤↓Ἢࠕࠔ⮤↓⌦ᛮࠕ ࡡスゝ࡛よࡈࡿࡾ࡞ཀྵࢆ࡚ࠉࡐࡡງࢅࡖࡒࠕ 㸝RO,p84㸞 ࣭࣌ࢤࣤࢬࣤ(Haakonssen 1996 )ࡵࠉࢪࣝࢪࢅ㏳ࡋ࡙ࢪࢤࢴࢹࣚࣤࢺၤⵒ࡞⮫ࡾ⮤↓ Ἢᛦࡡ⣌ㆍ࡞╌┘ࡊࠉࢪࢤࣚူᏕࡡఎ⤣ࢪࢤࢴࢹࣚࣤࢺၤⵒ⤽ᢆࡈࡿ࡙࠷ࡾ࡛ࡌࡾࠊ ࣬ࢪࣝࢪࡡ⮤↓Ἢ㸯 㸦㸞ỄἪЍ㸧㸞⮤↓ἪЍ㸨㸞♼ⓏᐁᏽἪЍ㸩㸞ெⓏᐁᏽἪ࡛࠷࠹㝭ᒒᵋ㏸ 㸝㸦㸞 ỄἪ㸝eternal law㸞㸯♼ࡡୌ⯙Ⓩណᛦࠉᦜ⌦࡛ࡊ࡙ࡡἪࠉ♼ࡡᦜ⌦࡚࠵ࡾࡹ ࠻࡞ࠉ├ெ㛣࡞ࡢវ▩࡚ࡀࡍࡡ 3 ࡗࡡᙟࢅ㏳ࡊ࡙ࡊ࠾ெ㛣࡞ࡢ⌟ࡿᚋ࠷ࠊ 㸝㸧㸞 ⮤↓Ἢ㸝natural law㸞㸯ỄἪ⌦ᛮⓏ⿍㏸∸࡛ࡊ࡙ெ㛣ࡡ㐠ᚠᮇᛮ࡞Ⓠᕱࡈࡾ㐛 ⛤࡛ࡊ࡙⌟ࡿ࡙ࡂࡾἪࠊ 㸝㸨㸞 ♼ⓏᐁᏽἪ㸝divine positive law㸞 㸯♼ࡡၤ♟࡛ࡊ࡙⏍ࡍࡾἪࠊ❻Ⓩ࡞ࡢ⪯᭡ࡡἪ࡚ ࠵ࡽࠉᩅఌࡡโᗐⓏᯗ⤄ࡲࢅ㏳ࡊ࡙ெ㛣ࡡ⏍Ὡࢅᣞࡊ♟ࡌࠊ 㸝㸩㸞 ெⓏᐁᏽἪ㸝human positive law㸞㸯ࡆࡿࡢୠಐࡡ⤣⩽షࡽฝࡌἪ࡚࠵ࡽࠉ ืⓏౚ࡞ᑊࡌࡾ㐠ᚠⓏᑵᗐ࡛ࡊ࡙ࡡ⮤↓Ἢ࡞ᇱࡘࡂ ࣬ࢪࣝࢪࡡ⮤↓Ἢࡡ≁ᚡ ձࠔ୕నࡡἪ higher lawࠕ࡞ࡻࡾ㝭ᒒᵋ㏸㸯 ♼ࡡᦜ⌦࡚࠵ࡾỄἪ⮤↓Ἢࡡࠔ୯ᰶࠕ࡛ࡖ࡙࠽ࡽࠉࡐࡡ⮤↓ἪୠಐࡡᐁᏽἪ࡞ ᑊࡌࡾࠔ୕నࡡἪ higher lawࠕ࡛ࡖ࡙ୠಐࡡᐁᏽἪࢅࠔ⤣โࠕ࣬ࠔโᚒࠕࡌࡾࠊெⓏᐁᏽ Ἢࡡโᏽ࡞࠵ࡒࡖ࡙ࡢ❟Ἢ⩽ࡡណᛦࡡᙲ㔔っࡈࡿࠉࡐࡆ࡚ࡢἪ࡛ࡢ⌦ᛮ࡛⮤⏜ណᚷࢅ ࡵࡗ⿍㏸∸࡞ㄚࡎࡼࡿࡒ⩇ຸ⤣⩽ࢅ㏳ࡋ࡙⌟ࡿฝࡒࡵࡡ࡛ࡈࡿࡾࠊ ղୠಐᛮ㸝ࡆࡡሔྙࠉ⤊㥺ࡷఎ⤣ࡡ㔔っ㸞㸯 ࢠࢻࢪ࡞࠽࠷࡙ࡵࠉཋ⨝ࢅ⫴ㇿࡖࡒெ㛣ࡡ⌦ᛮࡢㄏࡽࡷࡌ࠷Ᏸධ⬗ງ࡚࠵ࡖ࡙ࠉ ኣࡂࡡ⤊㥺ࡷṌྍⓏఎ⤣࡞ࡻࡖ࡙Ᏸࡈࡿࡾࡀࡵࡡ࡚࠵ࡖࡒࠉࢪࣝࢪ࡞࠽࠷࡙ࡵ♼ ࡡᦜ⌦࡚࠵ࡾỄἪࢅ⮤↓Ἢ࡛ࡊ࡙ெ㛣វ▩ࡌࡾ࡞ࡢࠉࡐ࠹ࡊࡒᐁ㊰▩ᚪさ࡛ࡈࡿࡾࠊ ࢹ࣏ࢪ⩇ࡡఎ⤣ࡢ♼Ꮥ࠾ࡼࡡူᏕࡡ≺❟ࢅᯕࡒࡊࡒࠉࢪࣝࢪ࡞ࡻࡿࡣࠉ⮤↓Ἢࡡ⛓ ᗆࡢ♼࠾ࡼ≺❟ࡊ࡙࠷ࡾ࡛࠷࠹ᘿࡢࢪࢤࣚူᏕ⩽ࡒࡔᗀࡂ⏕ࡊࡒࡵࡡ࡚࠵ࡖࡒࠊ ࠔࡒ࡛࠻♼Ꮛᅹࡊ࠷㹹♼♼ࡡ⌦ᛮࢅ⏕࠷࠷ࠉ♼∸ࢅḿࡊࡂึ᩷ࡊ࠷࡛ࡊ࡙ࡵࠉ ெ㛣ࡡ୯࡞ெ㛣ࢅᑙࡂḿࡊ࠷⌦ᛮࡡ࠾ࡻ࠹ᣞ௦ᐙࡖ࡙࠷ࡾࡼࡣ㹹ࡐࡿࡢࠉࡐࡿ⌟ᅹ ᭯ࡌࡾ࡛ྜྷࡋἪࡡᛮ㈻ࢅ᭯ࡊ࡙࠷ࡾ࡚࠵ࢀ࠹ࠕ(Suarez, lib.2, cap. Vi.) Ѝࡈࡼࡾ⮤↓Ἢࡡୠಐ㸢ࣃ࣭࣑ࣖࡡ⮤↓Ἢ ࣬࣌ࢴࣇࢫⓏெⅥⓏ࣬㟸ṌྍⓏ♣ఌዉ⣑ࢅྫྷᏽࡊࠉṌྍⓏ㐛⛤ࢅ㏳ࡋࡒ♣ఌโᗐࡡᙟᠺ ࢅ㔔っࠊ♣ఌူᏕࡢ⮤↓⛁Ꮥࡡ├ࡡᘇ㛏⥲୕࡞࠵ࡾࡡ࡚ࡢࡂ㸝࣌ࢴࣇࢫࡢ⮤↓≟ឺ࡞ ࠽ࡄࡾெ㛣ᮇᛮ࠾ࡼ⮤↓Ἢࢅⁿ⧚ࡊࡒ㸞ࠉࠔெ㛣ࡡ⛁Ꮥࠕࡢវ࡛ാງ࡞౪ᣈࡊࡒᅖ᭯ࡡ ㄵ⌦࡞ᇱࡘࡂࠊ ࣬㛏Ⓩࠔモ⾔㘊ㄏࠕࡡ㐛⛤࡚࠵ࡾࠔࢤࣤࣥ࢘ࣤࢨࣘࣤ conventionࠕࢅ㏳ࡋ࡙ࠉ ࠔභ㏳ฺ ─ࡡୌ⯙វてࠕᙟᠺࡈࡿࠉៈ⩞࡞ᇱࡘࡂぞ⠂࠷ࡊἪ⏍ࡋࡾࠊ ࣬ࢤࣤࣥ࢘ࣤࢨࣘࣤࡢᠺဤࡡណᛦࡡ⏐∸࡛࠷࠹ណ࡚ࠔெⅥⓏࠕ࡚࠵ࡾࠉࡊ࠾ࡊ⌦ᛮ࠾ ࡼ├᥆ㄵࡈࡿࡾࡡ࡚ࡢࡂࠉモ⾔㘊ㄏࡡࠔ⤎ᯕࠕ࡛ࡊ࡙⏍ࡋࡾࠊ Ѝḿ⩇ࡡぞ์࡛ࡢࠉ ࠔெⅥⓏ㸝artificial㸞࡚ࡢ࠵ࡖ࡙ࡵᜓណⓏ㸝arbitrary㸞࡚ࡢࡂࠉࡐࡡ 㝀ࡽ࡞࠽࠷࡙⮤↓Ἢ㸝Laws of Nature㸞࡛⛘ࡊ࡙ࡵ㐲ᙔ࡚ࡢ࠷ࠕ(Hume 1978.p.489) Ћࣆ࢚࣭ࣇࢫ㸯ࠔࣃ࣭࣑ࣖࡡណᅒࡢࠉ⮤↓ἪࡡᇱᮇⓏㅎཋ⌦ࢅࡵࡖࡤࡼୠಐⓏࠉ♣ఌⓏ࡞ よ㔐ࡊࠉ㐠ᚠᛮ࡛Ἢࡡ⛁ᏕࢅࠉᏺᩅⓏ௫ㄕࢅᚪさ࡛ࡊ࠷ெ㛣ࡡ⛁Ꮥ࡞ᇱ♇ࡄࡻ࠹࡛ ࡌࡾモࡲ࡞࠵ࡖࡒࠊࠕ(Forbes 1975, 㹥.73) ࣭࣌ࢤࣤࢬࣤ㸯ࠔḿ⩇ࢅெⓏெ㛣⾔Ⅵࡡណᅒࡎࡉࡾ⤎ᯕ㸝ᘤ⏕⩽ᙁㄢ㸞࡛ࡊ࡙ࡲࡾࡡࡢࠉ ἪူᏕྍ୕ࠉ᭩ࡵኬ⫱ິࡀࡡୌࡗ࡛࠷ࢂࡠࡣࡼ࠷ࠊࡐࡿࡢኬ⫱࡚࠵ࡾ࡛ྜྷ࡞ኮᡧ Ⓩ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ࡛࠷࠹ࡡࡵࠉࡐࡿࡢࣃ࣭࣑ࣖࡡ࣌ࢴࣇࢫⓏ㐛ྙ⌦⩇ࢅ㑂ࡄࡾࡆ࡛ࢅྊ⬗࡞ ࡌࡾ࠾ࡼ࡚࠵ࡾ㹶ḿ⩇ࡢெ㛣Ὡິࡡ⤎ᯕ࡚ࡢ࠵ࡾࡄࡿࡵࠉெ㛣⇅៎ࡊ࡙ࡆࡊࡼ࠻ࡾࡵࡡ ࡚ࡢ࠷ࠊࡆࡡណ࡚ࣃ࣭࣑ࣖࡢࠉἪᐁッ⩇ࡡⴘ࡛ࡊ✨ࢅ㑂ࡄ࡙࠽ࡽࠉ࠵ࡼࡹࡾᐁᏽἪ ࡡ୕࡞ࡒࡗ࠵ࡾ⛸ࡡࠖ⮤↓Ἢࠗ࠵ࡾ࠷ࡢᇱᮇἪ࡞ࡵ㐽ᢝࡡఴᆀࢅṟࡊ࡙࠷ࡾࠊࠕ 㸝Haakonssen 1981,pp.20-21). ࣬ࣃ࣭࣑ࣖࡡ⮤↓Ἢࡡ≁ᚡ㸯 㸦㸞 ࠔណぜࠕЍ㸧㸞⮤↓ἪЍ㸨㸞ᐁᏽἪ࡛࠷࠹㝭ᒒᵋ㏸ ࢤࣤࣥ࢘ࣤࢨࣘࣤࡡṌྍⓏ⣴✒㐛⛤ࢅ⤊࡙ࠔභ㏳ฺ─ࡡୌ⯙វてࠕ࠾ࡼࠔណぜࠕᙟᠺ ࡈࡿࠉὑ⦆࣬㤾ࡈࡿ࡙࠷ࡂࠊࠔභ㏳ฺ─ࡡୌ⯙វてࠕ࠾ࡼ⏍ࡋࡒḿ⩇ࡡぞ⠂㸝Ἢ㸞ࡢࠉᡜ ᭯ࡡᏭᏽᛮࢅಕッࡌࡾἪࠉྜྷណ࡞ࡻࡾ㆙ῳ࡞㛭ࡌࡾἪࠉ⣑ᮨࡡᒓ⾔࡞㛭ࡌࡾἪ࠾ࡼࡾ ࡗࡡ⮤↓Ἢ࡛࠷࠹ᙟឺࢅཱིࡾࠊ᭩⤂Ⓩ࡞ࡢࠉࡐࡡࡻ࠹㈀⏐࡞㛭ࡌࡾᶊฺࡓࡄ࡚ࡢࡂࠉ ฺᐐཀྵࡦᶊງ࡞㛭ࡌࡾᶊฺࢅྱࡴࡒࡗࡡᶊฺ࡞㛭ࡌࡾࠔណぜࠕࠉ⤣࡞㛭ࡌࡾ➠ୌཋ ⌦࡛ࡾࠊ Ѝ୯ୠ࡞࠽࠷࡙ࡢ⮤↓Ἢࡡ୯ᰶࡢ♼ࡡᦜ⌦࡚࠵ࡾࠔỄἪࠕ࡚࠵ࡖࡒࠉࡐࡿ࡞⤊㥺Ⓩ ࠔណぜࠕཱིࡖ࡙ࡽࠉ⮤↓Ἢࡡ᰷ᖷࢅࡊᐁᏽἪࡡᇱ┑࡛ࡖ࡙࠷ࡾࠊ 㸢⮤↓Ἢࡡୠಐ㸯 ࠔᙴ㸝ࣃ࣭࣑ࣖ㸞ࡢࠉ࣬࣬࣬ࠉࠔណᅒࡎࡉࡾ⤎ᯕࠕ⌟㇗࡛ࡊ࡙ࡡᙴࡡධḿ⩇ㄵ࡞࠽࠷࡙ࠉྱ ណࡊ࡙࠷ࡾࡵࡡࢅࡌ࡙⌦ㄵⓏ࡞ᩒ⌦ࡊࡒࡼࡣࠉ⮤↓Ⓩ࡛ெⅥⓏ࡛ࡡ㛣࡞ୌᏽࡡ≁ᚡࢅ ୦⩽࡛භ᭯ࡌࡾ➠ࡡ⠂␢㸝ᘤ⏕⩽ᙁㄢ㸞࠵ࡾࡆ࡛࡞Ẵࡘ࠷ࡒ࡚࠵ࢀ࠹ࠊࡆࡡ⠂␢࡞ᒌ ࡌࡾ∸ࡢࠉណᅒࡈࡿ࡙࠽ࡼࡍష⏕ᅄ࡞ࡻࡽㄕ᪺ࡈࡿࡾࡀ࡚࠵ࡾⅤ࡞࠽࠷࡙ࠉ⮤↓⌟㇗ ࡞జ࡙࠷ࡾࡊࠉࡱࡒྙ⌦Ⓩெ㛣⾔ິࢅᙔ↓ࡼྱࡳெ㛣⾔ິࡡ⤎ᯕ࡚࠵ࡾⅤ࡞࠽࠷࡙ெ ⅥⓏ⌟㇗࡞జ࡙࠷ࡾࠕ 㸝Haakonssen 1981,p24㸞. ࡆࡡࡻ࠹࡞ࠉࣃ࣭࣑ࣖࡡ⮤↓ἪᏕ࡛ࡢࠉ⮤↓Ἢ࡛ᐁᏽἪ࡛࠷࠹༟⣟㡧ᑊ❟ࢅḾᥥࡌ ࡾ᩺ࡊ࠷⮤↓ἪᏕ࡚࠵ࡖࡒࠊ ᚃࢪࢤࣚူᏕ࠾ࡼࣃ࣭࣑࡛ࣖ㏻ࡾ⮤↓Ἢᛦࡡ≁ᚡ㸯 ձ ࠔ୕నࡡἪࠕࡒࡾ⮤↓ἪࡡᐁᏽἪࡡᚉᒌ ղ ៈ⩞ࢅࡵ࡛࡞ࡊࡒἪࡡṌྍⓏ࣬⤊㥺ⓏⓆᒈ ճ ⮤↓Ἢࡡ୯ᰶ࡛ࡾࠉ ࠔ⮤↓ࠕ࡛ࠔெⅥࠕࢅ㉰࠻ࡒࠔ➠ࡡ⠂␢ࠕ࡛ࡊ࡙ࡡࠔ⮤↓ᴣᛍࠕ 㸨㸣ࣀ ࢙ࢠ࡞ ࠽ࡄࡾ ⮤↓ᴣ ᛍ ࣬ࠔ⮤↓ physisࠕ࡛ࡗࡡெⅥ㸯 㸝㸦㸞ࠔࢷࢨࢪ thesisࠕ㸯⇅៎ࡡ୕࡚ỬᏽࡈࡿࡒெⅥⓏࡵࡡ 㸝㸧㸞ࠔࢿ࣓ࢪ nomosࠕࠔ⮤↓ physisࠕ࡛ࠔࢷࢨࢪ thesisࠕ࡛ࡊ࡙ࡡࠔெⅥࠕ࡛ࡡ୯㛣㡷ᇡ ࢅ⾪ࡌ➠ࡡᴣᛍ࡚࠵ࡾࠊࢿ࣓ࢪࡢࠉெ㛣࡞ࡻࡖ࡙㏸ࡼࡿࡒࡵࡡ࡚ࡢ࠵ࡾࠉெ㛣⌦ᛮࡡ スゝ࡞ࡻࡾࡵࡡ࡚ࡢ࠷࡛࠷࠹ណ࡚ࠉ⮤↓Ⓩ࡛࠷࠹ណࡵెࡎᣚࡗࠊ ࣬ࢢࣜࢭࣤࡡࠔ⣟⢃ἪᏕࠕᢀึ㸯 Ἢ࡛ࡢᶊ⩽ࡡ᥈ᏽ㸝posit㸞࡞ࡻࡾெⅥⓏ௦࡚࠵ࡾ㸝ࢢࣜࢭࣤ㸞 яṌྍⓏ࡞ࡢ⮤↓Ἢ࡛ࡢ♼ࡡᦜ⌦ࢅ࡛ࡌࡾἪ㸝୯ୠࢪࢤࣚူᏕ㸞࠾ࡼࠉெ㛣ᮇᛮ࡞ᇱࡘ ࡂἪ㸝ࢡࣞࢷࢪࠉ࣌ࢴࣇࢫࠉࣃ࣭࣑ࣖ㸞࡛㌹ᥦࡊࡒࠊࡊ࠾ࡊࠉࡐࡡ㌹ᥦࢅ㈇࠷࡙Ꮛ ᅹࡌࡾᛦ⩻ᵕᘟ࡛ࡢࠉἪࡷぞ์ࡢᶊ⩽ࡷ❟Ἢ⩽ࡡណᛦࡷ௦ࢅ㉰࠻ࡒࡵࡡࠉࡌࢂࡔࠔ୕ నࡡἪࠕ࡞ᇱ┑ࢅ⨠ࡂ࡛࠷࠹ヾㆉ࡚࠵ࡾࠊἪெ㛣ࡡណㆉⓏ௦࡞ᇱࡘࡂ㝀ࡽࠉ❟Ἢ⩽ ࡡណᛦࢅぞโࡌࡾᴣᛍࡢᏋᅹࡊ࠷ࠊ Ѝࣀ࢙ࢠࡢࡆࡡふⅤ࠾ࡼἪᐁッ⩇ࢅᢀึࡌࡾࠊ ࠔ࠵ࡼࡹࡾ⮤↓ἪࡡᏕὬヾࡴ࡙࠷ࡾࡆ࡛ࡢࠉ❟Ἢ⩽ࡡ┘ⓏណㆉⓏషᠺ࡞ࡻࡼ࠷ぞ์ ࡡᏋᅹ࡚࠵ࡾࠊᙴࡼࡢࠉࡌ࡙ࡡᐁᏽἪࡐࡡ᭯ຝᛮࢅᘤࡀฝࡌࡡࡢࠉࡆࡡណ࡚ெ㛣࡞ ࡻࡖ࡙ࡼࡿࡒぞ์࠾ࡼ࡚ࡢࡂࠉࠔⓆぜࡈࡿࡾࠕぞ์࠾ࡼ࡚࠵ࡾ࡛࠷࠹ࡆ࡛ࠉࡐࡊ࡙ࠉࡆ ࡿࡼࡡぞ์ࡢࠉᐁᏽἪࡡᵋᠺࡡᇱ‵࡛ࠉࡐࡿ࡞ᑊࡌࡾெ㛣ࡡ᭱ᚉࡡ᰷ᣈࢅ♟ࡌࡆ࡛ࢅ➴ࡊ ࡂヾࡴࡾࠕ㸝CL 㹥237㸞 ࣬ ࣀ࢙ࢠ࡞࠽ࡄࡾ⮤↓Ἢࡡ୯ᰶ ࣀ࢙ࢠࡡ♣ఌူᏕࢅ࠵ࡾ⛸ࡡ⮤↓Ἢᛦ࡚࠵ࡾ࡛よ㔐ࡌࡾ࡛ࡊ࡙ࡵࠉࡐࡡ୯ᰶ࡛ࡖ࡙ ࠷ࡾᴣᛍ࡛ࡢ࠷࠾ࡾណ࡚ࡵ㉰㉲Ⓩᐁమ࡚ࡢ࠷ࠊ ࠔ࠽ࡐࡼࡂࠉᬉ㐚Ⓩ⾔ິ࣭ࣜࣜࡡⓆ㐡ࡢࠉ㒂᪐࡛࠷࠹⤄⧂ࡈࡿࡒࢤ࣐ࣖࢼࢷࡡහ㒂 ࡚ጙࡱࡖࡒࡡ࡚ࡢࡂࠉᮅ㛜ெྜྷࡋࡻ࠹᪁࡚࠽㏁ࡊࡵࡼ࠻ࡾࡆ࡛ࢅᙽࡊ࡙⮤ฦ ࡡ㒂᪐ࡡሾ⏲⥲࡞㉏ࡽ∸ࢅ⨠࠷࡙࠷ࡖࡒ࡛ࡀࡡ᭩ิࡡ∸ࠍஹᥦ࡞ጙࡱࡖࡒࡡ࡚࠵ࡽࠉࡆ࠹ ࡊ࡙᩺ࡊ࠷ៈ⩞⏍ࡱࡿࡒ࡛ࡈ࠻ゕ࠹ࡆ࡛࡚ࡀࡾ࡚࠵ࢀ࠹ࠊࠕ 㸝RO,p82㸞 Ἢࡡ㉫″ࠉࡐࡿࡢៈ⩞ࡡ㉫″࡛ྜྷୌ࡚࠵ࡾࠉࡐࡿ⮤మ࡞♼⛆Ⓩࡱࡒࡢ㉰㉲Ⓩさ⣪ࡢᏋ ᅹࡎࡍࠉ᪺♟Ⓩெ㛣⾔ິࡡ⤎ᯕ࡚࠵ࡾ࡞㐛ࡁ࠷ࠊࡊ࠾ࡊࡐࡡெ㛣⾔ິ࡞ࡻࡖ࡙࣭ࣜࣜ ᙟᠺࡈࡿࡾ㝷ࡡྙណࠉࡱࡒࡢྜྷណ࡛࠷࠹ࡡࡢୌᅂ㝀ࡽࡡࡵࡡ࡚ࡢ࠷ࠊྜྷណḗࡡྜྷណ ࢅᨥ࠻ࡾᇱ┑࡛ࡽࠉࡱࡒ୩าⓏ࡞Ꮛᅹࡌࡾྜྷណࡢப࠷࡞ࡡྜྷណ࡛㏻㛭ࡊྙ࠷┞ப౪Ꮛ ࡡࢨࢪࢷ࣑ࢅᙟᠺࡊ࡙࠷ࡂࠊࡐࡡࡻ࠹࡞ࡊ࡙ᙟᠺࡈࡿࡾࡡࠉெࠍࡡ㛣ࡡࠔណぜ㸝opinion㸞 ࠕ ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ ࠔ❟Ἢ⩽ࡡᶊງࡢࠉᙴషࡾἪᣚࡗࡀୌᏽࡡᒌᛮ࡞㛭ࡌࡾභ㏳ណぜ࡞౪Ꮛࡊ࡙࠷ࡾ ࡡ࡚࠵ࡽࠉᙴࡡណᚷࡢࠉࡐࡡ⾪⌟ࡆ࠹ࡊࡒᒌᛮࢅᣚࡗሔྙ࡞ࡡࡲᨥᣚࢅ࠹ࡾࡆ࡛࡚ ࡀࡾࠕ㸝RO,p92㸞 ெࠍࡡ㛣࡚භ᭯ࡈࡿ࡙࠷ࡾࠔណぜࠕࡆࡐࠉ❟Ἢ⩽Ἢࢅࠔโᏽࠕ࡚ࡢࡂࠔⓆぜࠕࡊ࡙ ࠷ࡂ㝷ࡡᇱ┑࡛ࡖ࡙࠷ࡾࠊ ࠔࡆࡡᶊ౪ᣈࡊ࡙࠷ࡾᚽㄌࡢࠉࡆࡿࡼࡡ࣭ࣜࣜࡡୌ⯙Ⓩᛮ࡞㛭ࡌࡾୌᏽࡡᙽࢅ ᶊ⩽㊂ࡈࡎ࡙࠷ࡾࡆ࡛࡞౪Ꮛࡊ࡙࠽ࡽࠉᙽวࡼࡿࡾࡡࡼᾐ⁓ࡌࡾ࡚࠵ࢀ ࠹ࠊࡆࡡណ࡚ࡌ࡙ࡡᶊງࡢࠉࢸࣥࢴࢺ࣬ࣃ࣭࣑᪺ࣖᐳࡊ࡙࠷ࡾࡻ࠹࡞ࠉណぜ ࡞౪ᣈࡊࡐࡿ࡞ࡻࡖ࡙โ㝀ࡈࡿ࡙࠷ࡾࠕ 㸝RO,p92㸞 ♣ఌโᗐࡡᵋ⠇࡞࠵ࡒࡖ࡙ࡢࠔ⮤↓Ⓩࠕ࠾ࠔெⅥⓏࠕ࠾࡛࠷࠹㡧ᑊ❟࡚ࡢࡂࠉཫ᪁ ࡡ≁ᚡࢅࡠങ࠻ࡒࠔ➠ࡡ⠂␢ࠕࠉࡵࡊࡂࡢࠔெ㛣⾔Ⅵࡡ⤎ᯕ࡚ࡢ࠵ࡾெ㛣Ⓩスゝࡡ⤎ ᯕ࡚ࡢ࠷ࠕࡵࡡ࡛ࡊ࡙ࡡࠔណぜࠕࠉࡐࡿࣃ࣭࣑࡛ࣖྜྷᵕࠉࣀ࢙ࢠ࡞࠽࠷࡙ࡵἪࢅ᰷ᣈ ࡄ࡙࠽ࡽࠉᙴࡡࠔ⮤↓ἪᏕࠕࡡ୯ᚨ࡛ࡖ࡙࠷ࡾࠊ 㸩㸣ࠔ ࢿ࣓ࢪ 㸢Ἢࠕ ࡛ࠔࢷ ࢨࢪ㸢 ❟Ἢࠕ ࣬ࡗࡡἪࠉࡗࡡࠔெⅥࠕ ࢿ࣓ࢪ㸝nomos㸞 㸯 ࠔெ㛣⾔Ⅵࡡ⤎ᯕ࡚ࡢ࠵ࡾெ㛣Ⓩスゝࡡ⤎ᯕ࡚ࡢ࠷ࠕ࡛࠷࠹ណ࡚ெ ⅥⓏ࡚࠵ࡽ⮤↓࡛ࡡሾ⏲∸࡚࠵ࡾࠊ㛏࠷Ṍྍࡡ㐛⛤ࡡ୯࡚ึᏻ࡞ࡻࡖ࡙Ⓠぜࡈࡿ࡙ ࡀࡒ⮤⏜ࡡἪࠊࠔḿ⩇࡞࠾࠹⾔ິ࣭ࣜࣜࠕࠊරమⓏ࡞ࡢ⚶Ἢࢅᣞࡌ㸝ฬἪࢅྱࡳ㸞 ࢷࢨࢪ(thesis)㸯ᶊ⩽࡞ࡻࡖ࡙โᏽࡈࡿࠉ௦ࡈࡿࡒἪࠊ ࠔ≁ᏽࡡ┘Ⓩࢅ㐡ᠺࡊࠉࡆࡿࡆࡿ ࡈࡿࡾࡀ࡚࠵ࡾ࡛࠾≁ᏽࡡ⤎ᯕ㐡ᠺࡈࡿࡾࡀ࡚࠵ࡾ࡛࠷࠹✒ᴗⓏ௦ࢅ Ᏸࡊࠉࡆ࠹ࡊࡒណᅒࡡࡒࡴ࡞ᨳᗋࢅషິࡈࡎࡾࡒࡴࡡᵕࠍᶭ㛭ࢅషࡽ୕ࡅࡾࡒࡴ࡞ スゝࡈࡿࡒࠉ⤄⧂ࡡ࣭ࣜࣜࠕࠊරమⓏ࡞ࡢࠉἪࡷ㈀ᨳ❟Ἢࠉ⾔ᨳ❟Ἢࢅᣞࡌࠊ ࣀ࢙ࢠスゝ⩇Ⓩྙ⌦⩇࡛ࡩࠉࢸ࢜ࣜࢹ࡛࣌ࢴࣇࢫ࡞ጙࡱࡽ࣊ࣤࢦ࣑ࢅ⤊࡙Ἢᐁ ッ⩇࡞⮫ࡾᛦᐓࡒࡔࡢࠉἪ♣ఌࢅぞᏽࡌࡾ࡛ㄵࡋࡒࠊ❟ἪᗋἪࢅโᏽࡌࡾࡱ࡚ࡢ ♣ఌࡢᏋᅹࡊ࠷ࠊ♣ఌࢅᏋ❟ࡈࡎࡾἪࡢ❟Ἢᗋ࡛࠷࠹ᶊጸ࡞⏜ᮮࡌࡾࠊࡊ࠾ࡊࠉࣀ࢙ ࢠࡢࡐࡡឺᗐࢅࡆ࠹ᢀึࡌࡾࠊ ࠔධ࡙ࡡἪࢅ❟Ἢ⩽ࡡណᚷ࠾ࡼᑙࡀฝࡌἪᐁッ⩇⩽ࡡධమᴣᛍࡢࠉスゝ⩇ࢅ≁ᚡࡘࡄ ࡾណᅒⓏㄏㅰࡡ⏐∸ࠉࡌࢂࡔἪࡐࡡኣࡂࡡெ㛣Ⓩㅎโᗐࡡ㐅࡞ࡗ࠷࡙ࢂࡿࢂࡿ▩ ࡖ࡙࠷ࡾධ࡙ࡡࡆ࡛࡛ධࡂ┞ᐖࡿ࠷ெ㛣Ⓩㅎโᗐࡡスゝ⌦ㄵࡡ㏝⾔࡚࠵ࡾࠕ(RO,p.73) ࡌࢂࡔࠉࣀ࢙ࢠ࡞ࡻࡿࡣ㡨ᗆࡢ㏣࡚࠵ࡽࠉ♣ఌἪࢅぞᏽࡌࡾࠊᶊጸᏋᅹࡌࡾ࡛ࡌ ࡿࡣࠉࡐࡿࡢἪ࡞⾔ࡌࡾெࠍࡡ㛣ࡡභ㏳ណぜࢅἪమ⌟ࡊ࡙࠷ࡾ㝀ࡽ࡞࠽࠷࡙࡚࠵ࡾࠊ ࡗࡱࡽࠉἪ࡞⾔ࡌࡾභ㏳ណぜࡂࡊ࡙ࡢࠉἪࡢἪࡒࡽ࠻࠷ࠊභ㏳ណぜࠔ୕నࡡἪ 㸝higher law㸞ࠕ࡛ࡊ࡙Ἢࢅぞᏽࡊ࡙࠷ࡾࠊἪࡢโᏽࡈࡿࡾࡵࡡ࡚ࡢࡂࠉ࠵ࡂࡱ࡚ࡵࠔⓆ ぜࠕࡈࡿࡾࡵࡡ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ ࡱࡒࠉࢿ࣓ࢪࡢ⮤⏍Ⓩ⛓ᗆ࡚࠵ࡾࠔࢤࢪ࣓ࢪࠕࡡ࣭࡚ࣜࣜ࠵ࡽࠉࢷࢨࢪࡢ⤄⧂࡚࠵ࡾࠔࢰ ࢠࢨࢪࠕࡡ࣭࡚ࣜࣜ࠵ࡾࠊㄏよࢅུࡄࡷࡌ࠷㸡ࣀ࢙ࢠࡢ⮤⏍Ⓩ⛓ᗆࡡᴣᛍࢅᥞฝࡊ࡙ ࠷ࡾ࡛ࡢ࠷࠻㸡ࢿ࣓ࢪ㸢ࢤࢪ࣓ࢪࡡࡲࢅ⮤⏍Ⓩ⛓ᗆࡡ୯࡞⤄ࡲථࡿࠉࢷࢨࢪ㸢ࢰࢠࢨࢪࢅ ྫྷᏽࡊ࡙࠷ࡾࢂࡄ࡚࠷ࠊࠔ࠷ࡵࡂ㸡ኣࡂࡡ㝀ᏽࡈࡿࡒ࡞࡛ࡖ࡙ࡢ㸡⤄⧂᭯ຝ ㄢᩒࡡ᭩ᙁࡡᡥṹ࡚࠵ࡾ㸝RO,p46㸞ࠕࠊࡈࡼ࡞ࣀ࢙ࢠࡢࡆ࠹㏑ࡾࠊࠔᐓ᪐㸡㎨ሔ㸡ᕝሔ㸡 ௺ᴏ㸡ఌ♣ࡷ⛸ᅆమ㸡ᨳᗋࢅྱࡳࡌ࡙ࡡපභᶭ㛭ࡢ⤄⧂࡚࠵ࡽ㸡ࡆࡿࡼࡢࡈࡼ࡞ໜᣋ Ⓩ⮤⏍Ⓩ⛓ᗆ࡞⤣ྙࡈࡿࡾ㸝RO,pp46㸢47㸞ࠕࠊࡌࢂࡔ㸡⤄⧂࡚࠵ࡾࢰࢠࢨࢪࡢ୕నᴣ ᛍ࡚࠵ࡾࢤࢪ࣓ࢪ࡞ໜྱࡈࡿ㸡ྜྷ࡞ࢿ࣓ࢪࡢࢷࢨࢪࡡ୕నᴣᛍࡡ࡚࠵ࡾࠊࢿ࣓ࢪ࡞Ḗ 㝏ࡷಞḿࡌࡀⅤ⌟ࡿࡒ࡛ࡀ㸡ࡐࡿࢅࢷࢨࢪ࡞ࡻࡖ࡙ಞḿࡌࡾᚪさ⏍ࡋࡾࠊࡐࡡណ ࡚㸡ࣀ࢙ࢠࡢ❟Ἢ࡞ࡻࡾࢷࢨࢪࡡโᏽࢅᢆヾࡌࡾࠊࡌ࡙ࡡἪៈ⩞࡞ࡻࡖ࡙ᙟᠺࡈࡿ㸡 Ⓠぜࡈࡿࡒࢿ࣓ࢪ࡛࠷࠹ࢂࡄ࡚ࡢ࠷ࠊࡒࡓ㸡ࡆࡡࡻ࠹ࢿ࣓ࢪࡡಞḿ࡞࠽࠷࡙㸡ࡡࡻ ࠹࡞ࢷࢨࢪโᏽࡈࡿࡾࡀ࠾ࡡᇱ‵࡞ࡗ࠷࡙ࣀ࢙ࢠࡢ᪺☔࡞ࡢㄊࡖ࡙࠽ࡼࡍ㸡ࡆࡡⅤ ࡢᙴࡡ㆗ㄵࡡḖⅤ࡚࠵ࡾࠊࡊ࠾ࡊ㸡ࣀ࢙ࢠࡢࢿ࣓ࢪࢅᨲ௴ࡌࡾࡡ࡚ࡢࡂ㸡ࡐࡡಞḿࡡ ᚪさᛮࢅඖฦ࡞⌦よࡊ࡙࠷ࡾࠊࡐࡡಞḿࡡࡒࡴ࡞ࠔࢷࢨࢪࠕࡢࠔࢿ࣓ࢪࠕࡡᯗහ࡞࡛ࡱ ࡾᚪさ࠵ࡾࠊࡗࡱࡽ㸡ࠔࢷࢨࢪࠕࡢࠔ୕నࡡἪࠕ࡚࠵ࡾࠔࢿ࣓ࢪࠕ࡞ࡻࡖ࡙ぞโࡈࡿࡾࡡ ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ 㸪㸣ࡗ ࡡ❟Ἢ ⩽ ࣬ ࠔ❟Ἢᗋࠕ 㸯ࣀ࢙ࢠࡢࡐࡿࢅࢿ࣓ࢪࡡἪ࡛ࡢṜ㛭౿ࡂࠉ ࠔโᏽἪ㸢ࢷࢨࢪࠕࢅష ࡾࡒࡴࡡమ࡛ぜࡌࠊ❟Ἢᗋ࡛ࡢࠔࡵ࡛ࡵ࡛㆗โᨳᗋࡡ⏕ර࡛ࡊ࡙⏍ࡋࡒ㆗ఌ࡞㉏ ࡼࡿࡒୌ⛸ࡡᩏ⛘࡞㐛ࡁ࠷ࠕࠊࣀ࢙ࢠࡡぜよ࡚ࡢ㆗ఌࡡᮇ㈻࡛ࡢࠔ⾔ᨳ㆗ఌࠕ࡞㐛 ࡁࡍࠉࡈࡼ࡞ᙴࡢࠔࢷࢨࢪࠕࡡ❟Ἢࡡࡒࡴࡡࠔ❟Ἢ㆗ఌࠕ࡛ࠔ⾔ᨳ㆗ఌࠕࢅื࡞スࡄࡾ ࡆ࡛ࢅᥞ၌ࡊ࡙࠷ࡾࠊ ࣬ ࠔึᏻࠕ㸯ࢿ࣓ࢪࢅࠔⓆぜࠕࡌࡾమࠊࢿ࣓ࢪࡡἪࡢ≁ᏽࡡ┘Ⓩ࡞ᑊࡌࡾ௦࡚ࡢ ࡂࠉெ㛣⾔ິࡡᵕࠍ≟Ἓཀྵࡦᑻ㟻࡞ᑊᚺࡌࡾ㇗Ⓩ࣭࡚ࣜࣜ࠵ࡽࠉ▩ᛮࡡ⇅៎࡞ࡻ ࡽโᏽࡈࡿࡾࡵࡡ࡚ࡢ࠷ࠊࠔࡐࡿࡢరୠ࡞ࡵῳࡾึᏻࡒࡔࠉெࠍ⾔Ⅵࡡ୯࡚ Ꮥࢆࡓࡵࡡࢅゕⴝ࡚⾪⌟ࡊࡻ࠹࡛ຑࡴ࡙ࡂࡿࡒࡆ࡛ࡡ㈱∸࡚࠵ࡾࠊᙴࡼࡢࠉࡐࡡຑງࡡ ୯࡚ࡆ࠹ࡊࡒࢢ࣭ࢪࢅ⾪⌟࡚ࡀࡾゕㄊࡐࡡࡵࡡࢅ㏸ࡊࡄࡿࡣࡼ࠾ࡖࡒࡡ࡚࠵ ࡾࠕ ࡆࡡࡻ࠹࡞ࣀ࢙ࢠ❟Ἢࢅฦࡊࡒࡡࡢࠉࢿ࣓ࢪࡢ≁ᏽࡡ❟Ἢ⩽ࡡណᅒࡷᜓណ࠾ࡼ≺❟ ࡊࡒࡵࡡࠉࠔⓆぜࡈࡿࡾࡀࠕࡵࡡࡓ࠾ࡼ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ ึᏻࢿ࣓ࢪࢅⓆぜࡌࡾ୕࡚㔔さ࡛ࡾࡡெࠍࡡ㛣࡚ᙟᠺࡈࡿࡾࠔណぜ㸝opinion㸞ࠕ ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ ࠔ❟Ἢ⩽ࡡᶊງࡢࠉᙴࡗࡂࡾἪᣚࡗࡀୌᏽࡡᒌᛮ࡞㛭ࡌࡾභ㏳ណぜ㸝ᘤ⏕⩽ᙁㄢ㸞 ࡞౪Ꮛࡊ࡙࠷ࡾࡡ࡚࠵ࡽࠉᙴࡡណᚷࡢࠉࡐࡡ⾪⌟ࡆ࠹ࡊࡒᒌᛮࢅᣚࡗሔྙ࡞ࡡࡲᨥᣚࢅ ᚋࡾࡆ࡛࡚ࡀࡾ㸝RO,p92㸞ࠕࠊ ࡆࡆ࡚ࠔណぜࠕࡢ≁ᏽࡡ㡧࡞ᑊࡌࡾ௦ࢅ⾔࠹ࠔណᚷࠕ࡛ᑊ❟ࡈࡎࡼࡿ࡙࠷ࡾࠊࣀ ࢙ࢠ࡞ࡻࡿࡣࠉࠔណᚷࠕ࡛ࡢࠔ▩࡚࠵ࡾ≁ᏽࡡ㸝ᘤ⏕⩽ᙁㄢ㸞ᙔ㟻ࡡ≟Ἓ࡛භ࡞≁ᏽࡡ⾔ ⅥࢅỬᏽࡌࡾ࡞㊂ࡽࡾࠉ≁ᏽࡡරమⓏ⤎ᯕࢅ┘ᣞࡌࡆ࡛㸝ᘤ⏕⩽ᙁㄢ㸞ࠕ࡚࠵ࡾࡡ࡞ᑊࡊ࡙ࠉ ࠔណぜࠕ࡛ࡢࠔ⾔Ⅵࡡᵕࠍᙟឺ࠵ࡾ࠷ࡢୌᏽ⛸㢦ࡡ⾔Ⅵࡡ᭻ࡱࡊࡈࡵࡊࡂࡢ᭻ࡱࡊࡂ ࡈ࡞㛭ࡌࡾぜよ㸝ᘤ⏕⩽ᙁㄢ㸞ࠕ࡞ࡌࡁࡍࠉ⾔ⅥࡡරమⓏ┘Ⓩ࡛⤎ࡦࡗ࠾࠷ࡹ࠻࡞ࠉ ୌ⯙ᛮࢅᣚࡗ㸝MSJ- p13㸞ࠊ❟Ἢ⩽࡛ࡊ࡙ࡡึᏻࡢࠉࡆࡡࠔណぜࠕ࡞ᚉ࠹⠂ᅑ࡚⮤⏜ 㔖ᶊࢅᣚࡔࠉࡐࡡណ࡚ᶊ⩽࡚࠵ࡾࠉ⤧ᑊⓏᏋᅹ࡚ࡢࡂࠉெࠍࡡ㛣࡚ណぜࢅᙟᠺ ࡌࡾࠔᙽࠕ࡞ᶊࢅโ㝀ࡈࡿ࡙࠷ࡾࠊࢿ࣓ࢪࡡἪᇱࡘࡂභ㏳ណぜ࡛ࡢࠉరḿࡊࡂర 㛣㐢ࡖ࡙࠷ࡾ࠾࡞ࡗ࠷࡙ெࠍୌ⯙Ⓩ࡞ᢢࡂវて࡚࠵ࡽࠉࡐࡡណ࡚ࠉ≁ᏽࡡ┘Ⓩ⮫ ࡢ⤎ᯕࢅࡵࡒࡼࡌࢅ┘ᵾ࡛ࡊࡒභ㏳ណᚷ࡛ࡢ༇ืࡈࡿࡾࠊࣀ࢙ࢠ࡞ࡻࡿࡣࡆࡡࡗࢅ Ίྜྷࡊࡒࡆ࡛ࣜࢮ࣭ࡡኬࡀㄏㅰ࡚࠵ࡖࡒࠊ ࡐࡊ࡙ึᏻࡡⓆぜࡌࡾἪࡡḿᙔᛮ࡞ࡗ࠷࡙ࣀ࢙ࢠࡢḗࡡࡻ࠹࡞㏑ࡾࠊ ࠔࡐࡿࡢ࣭ࣜࣜࡡୌ⯙Ⓩᛮ࡞㛭ࡌࡾୌᏽࡡᙽ㸝ᘤ⏕⩽ᙁㄢ㸞ࢅᶊ⩽㊂ࡈࡎ࡙ ࠷ࡾࡆ࡛࡞౪Ꮛࡊ࡙࠽ࡽࠉᙽวࡼࡿࡾࡼࡣᾐ⁓ࡌࡾ࡚࠵ࢀ࠹ࠊࡆࡡណ࡚ࡌ࡙ ࡡᶊງࡢࠉࢸࣥࢴࢺ࣬ࣃ࣭࣑᪺ࣖᐳࡊ࡙࠷ࡾࡻ࠹࡞ࠉណぜ࡞౪ᣈࡊࡐࡿ࡞ࡻࡖ࡙โ 㝀ࡈࡿ࡙࠷ࡾࠊࠕ(RO,p.92) ࡱࡒᙴࡢึᏻἪࢅⓆぜࡌࡾ㝷ࡡἸណ࡛ࡊ࡙ḗࡡࡻ࠹࡞㏑ࡾࠊ ࠔࡆࡡࢅᯕࡒࡌ㝷࡞ࡢࠉᙴࡢࠉᨥ㒼⩽ࡡరࡼ࠾ࡡណᚷࡷరࡼ࠾ࡡࠖᅗᐓ⌦ᛮࠗ࡞ࡢ ୌวἸណࢅࡳࡄ࡙ࡢࡼ࠷ࠊᙴࡡỬᏽࡡᣞ㔢࡛ࡼࡄࡿࡣࡼ࠷ࡵࡡࡢࠉ࠵ࡾ≁ᏽ ࡡ࡞♣ఌධమさịࡊ࡙࠷ࡾࡵࡡࡡ▩ㆉ࡚ࡢࡂࠉ㐅⾔୯ࡡ♣ఌ⛓ᗆࡡᇱ♇࡞ࡖ࡙ ࠷ࡾୌ⯙ཋ⌦࡞ࡻࡖ࡙ịࡴࡼࡿ࡙࠷ࡾࡵࡡࡡࡲ࡚࠵ࡾࠕ(RO,p.87) ࡆࡡࠔୌ⯙ཋ⌦ࠕ࡛ࡊ࡙ࡡࠔណぜࠕࢅᙟషࡾࡡࡢࠉࠔཋጙ㢗ࠕ࡞㑇ඔࡈࡿࡾࡻ࠹ㄵ⌦ ᐁッ⩇Ⓩゕㄊ࡚ࡢ࠷ࠊࡌ࡙ࡡ᭯ណゕ᪺ࢅ├⤊㥺࡞ᇱࡘࡄࡻ࠹࡛ࡌࡾ㑇ඔ⩇ ࡞ᑊࡊ࡙ࣀ࢙ࢠࡢᢀึࢅ⾔࠹ࠊெࠍࡡ㛣࡚ᇰࢂࡿ࡙ࡀࡒࠔゕㄊវて㸝Sprachgefühl㸞 ࠕࡡ ୯࡚⫩ࡱࡿࡒࠔḿ⩇វてࠕࡢᚪࡍࡊࡵ᪺ᬋ࡞ㄊࡼࡿ࠷ࠉࡐࡿࢅึᏻࡢⱖᚨࡊ࡙ᤤࡽ ฝࡊゕㄊࡌࡾࠊࣀ࢙ࢠࡢึᏻࡡ⬗ິⓏᙲࢅ㟸ᖏ࡞ᙁㄢࡌࡾࠊࡐࡡ㝷ࠉ ࠔ⇅៎ࡡ୕ ࡚ࡡスゝࠕࢅཚࡊࡂᢀึࡌࡾᙴࠉࠔ㸝ḿ⩇࡞㐲࠹⾔ິ࣭ࣜࣜ㸞ࢅₖḗᏰධࡵࡡ࡞ࡊ࡙࠷ ࡂ࡞ࡢࠉ᩺ࡊ࠷࣭ࣜࣜࢅโᏽࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡞ࡻࡖ࡙Ꮛࡡమ⣌ࢅᨭၻࡊࡻ࠹࡛ࡌࡾึᏻࡡ⇅ ៎ࡡ୕࡚ࡡຑງࢅᚪさ࡛ࡌࡾࠕ࡛㏑࡙࠷ࡾࡆ࡛ࡢࠉ㟸ᖏ࡞⮾ࡂࠉࡱࡒዃ␏࡞វࡋࡼ ࡿࡾ࠾ࡵࡊࡿ࠷ࠊࡆࡡࡻ࠹࡞ࠉึᏻ࡞ࡢࠔ⇅៎ࡡ୕࡚ࡡຑງࠕịࡴࡼࡿࡾࠊࡊ࠾ࡊ ࡆࡿࡢࠔ⇅៎ࡡ୕ࡡスゝࠕ࡛␏ࡾࠊࡌࢂࡔึᏻࡢࡐࡡ⇅៎࡞ᇱࡘ࠷࡙Ἢࡡమ⣌ධమ ࢅࠔスゝࠕࡌࡾࡡ࡚ࡢࡂࠉゕㄊវて࠷ࡊḿ⩇វて࡛ࡊ࡙ࡊ࠾Ꮛᅹࡊᚋ࠷Ἢࡡమ⣌ࢅࠉ ⇅៎ࡡ୕࡚ࠔᨭᏽࠕࡌࡾࡡ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ ࠔ࣭ࣜࣜࡡమ⣌ධమ࡛ࡊ࡙ࡐࡡᵋ㏸ࢅึᏻࠉ❟Ἢ⩽ࡡ࠷ࡍࡿࡡスゝ࡞ࡵㇿࡖ࡙࠷࠷ ࡆ࡛ࡢࠉ౪↓࡛ࡊ࡙ᐁ࡚࠵ࡾࠊࡐࡿࡢ㐅ࡡ㐛⛤ࡡᡜ⏐࡚࠵ࡖ࡙ࠉࡐࡡ⾔⛤࡚ៈ⩞ࡡ⮤ ⏍Ⓩᠺ㛏࡛Ꮛమ⣌ࡡࡆࡱࡇࡱ࡛ࡊࡒⅤࡡ⇅៎ࡡ୕࡚ࡡᨭⰃ࡛ᖏ࡞┞ப࡞ష⏕ࡊ࠵ࡖ࡙ ࡀࡒࡡ࡚࠵ࡾࠕ(RO,p.100) ึᏻⓆぜࡌࡾࡵࡡࡢἪࡡୌ㒂࡚࠵ࡾࠊమ⣌ධమࢅスゝࡊᵋᠺࡌࡾࡡ࡚ࡢࡂࠉḿ⩇វ てࢅណㆉⓏ࡞㇗ࡊᨭᏽࡌࡾࠊࡆࡡណㆉⓏ㇗ࡢスゝ࡛ཚᐠ࡞༇ืࡈࡿࠉࡱࡒᖼୠ ࡞ࡵῳࡾៈ⩞ࡡᙟᠺషᴏࢅ㏳ࡋ࡙ࡊ࠾⾔ࢂࡿ࠷ࠊࡐࡊ࡙ࠉึᏻࡢࡐࡡຑງࡡ୯࡚ࠔࡆ ࠹ࡊࡒ࣭ࣜࣜࢅ⾪⌟࡚ࡀࡾゕㄊࡐࡡࡵࡡࢅ㏸ࡊࡄࡿࡣࡼ(RO,p.97)ࠕ࠷ࡡࡓࠊ ࣀ࢙ࢠࡡ⮤⏜ࡡమ⣌ࡢἪࡡమ⣌࡚࠵ࡾࠊἪࡡమ⣌ࡢࠉゕㄊࡡమ⣌ࠉࡈࡼ࡞ࡢふᛍ㸝 ࢸ࢛࣭ࣞ࢟㸞ࡡమ⣌࡞ᇱࡘࡂࠊᙴࡢࢸ࢛࣭࡛ࣞ࢟࠷࠹⏕ㄊࢅ⫧ᏽⓏ࡞⏕ࡌࡾࠊࡐࡿࡢ ࠵ࡾ⛸ࡡ࣭ࣗࢹࣅ࡛ࡊ࡙ெࠍࡡ࠾ࡡḿ⩇វて࡛ࡊ࡙Ꮛᅹࡌࡾࠊࣃ࣭࣑࡛ࣖྜྷࡋࡂࠉࣀ ࢙ࢠ࡞࡛ࡖ࡙♣ఌ⌟㇗࡛ࡢெࠍࡡふᛍ࡞౪Ꮛࡊ࡙࠽ࡽࠉࡐࡡⅤ࡚⮤↓⌟㇗࡛ࡢ༇ืࡈࡿ ࡾࡀࡵࡡ࡚࠵ࡖࡒࠊࡐࡡࡒࡴ࡞♣ఌူᏕᅖ᭯ࡡㄵ⌦ᚪさ࡛ࡈࡿࡾࡡ࡚࠵ࡾࠊࢢࣜࢭࣤ ࡢἪ࠾ࡼᙟ⪃୕ᏕⓏさ⣪ࢅୌᤪࡊࡻ࠹࡛ࡊ࡙ࢸ࢛࣭ࣞ࢟ᢀึࢅ⾔࠹ࠉࣀ࢙ࢠࡢெ㛣 ࡡヾㆉࡢࢸ࢛࣭ࣞ࢟ᢜࡀ࡞ࡢ࠵ࡽ࠻࠷࡛ࡌࡾࠊࢂࡿࢂࡿࡡ♣ఌࡡ࠵ࡽ᪁ࢅỬᏽࡌࡾࡡ ࡢふᛍࡡງ࡚࠵ࡾࠊࡆࡡふᛍࡡమ⣌࠾ࡼெ㛣Ὡິࡡᯗ⤄ࡲ࡛ࡊ࡙ࡡࢿ࣓ࢪࡡἪࢅⱖᚨࡊ࡙ ฝࡊ࡙࠷ࡂࡡ❟Ἢ⩽ࡒࡾึᏻࡡᙲࡡ࡚࠵ࡾࠊࡵࡔࢀࢆࠉࡐࡡ࡛ࡀึᏻࠉర 㐲วἪ࠾ࢅỬࡴࡾᇱ‵ࡷࡐࡿ࡞ࡗ࠷࡙ࡡゕ᪺ࡵࡱࡒࢸ࢛࣭࡛ࣞ࢟ࡊ࡙ࡡណぜ࡞ᇱࡘ ࠷࡙࠷ࡾࠊἪࡡᨥ㒼࡛ࡢࠉ༟࡞♣ఌ࡞ἪᏋᅹࡌࡾ࡛࠷࠹ࡆ࡛ࠉࡱࡒࠉᐁッ⩇ⓏἪࡡ ࡲ࡞ࡻࡾୌඔⓏᨥ㒼ࡡࡆ࡛࡚ࡢ࠷ࠊࢷࢨࢪࡡ୕నᴣᛍ࡛ࡊ࡙ࡡࢿ࣓ࢪࡡ࣭ࣜࣜࠉࡱࡒࡐ ࡡ࣒ࢰ࣭࡚࣬ࣜࣜ࠵ࡾណぜࡡᨥ㒼ࡆࡐࠉࣀ࢙ࢠ࡞࡛ࡖ࡙ࡢἪࡡᨥ㒼ࢅណࡊ࡙࠷ࡾࠊ 㸫㸣ṹ 㝭ࡡἪ ࠖἪ࣬❟Ἢ࣬⮤⏜ࠗ࡞࠽࠷࡙ࡢࢿ࣓ࢪ࡛ࢷࢨࢪࡡࡗࡡ㛭౿࠷࠾ࡾࡵࡡ࠾ᑛࠍ⌦よ ࡊࡒ࠷ࠉࡆࡡฦἪࢅࡈࡼ࡞᪺♟ࡊࡒࡵࡡ࡛ࡊ࡙ࠉࠔᵋᠺ⩇ࡡㄏㅰࠕ࡛㢗ࡈࡿࡒㄵ ᩝ࡚ࡢࠉࣀ࢙ࢠࡢἪ࡞ࡢ⛸㢦ࡡἪ࠵ࡾ࡛ࡊ࡙࠷ࡾ(NS pp8-9)ࠊ 㸝㸦㸞 ࠔ༟࡞ᐁ࡛ࡊ࡙㐺Ꮼࡈࡿ࡙࠷࡙ࠉゕⴝ࡞ࡻࡖ࡙ࡢ㏑ࡼࡿࡒࡆ࡛ࡡ࠷࣭ࣜࣜࠕ 㸯 ࠔḿ ⩇វてࠕࡱࡒࡢࠔゕㄊវてࠕ࡛ࡣࡿࡾࡵࡡ࡚ࠉࡐࡿ࡞㐲ᚺࡢ࡚ࡀࡾ᪺☔࡞▩ࡾࡆ࡛ࡢ ࡚ࡀ࠷ 㸝㸧㸞ࠔゕⴝ࡞ࡻࡖ࡙ࡢ㏑ࡼࡿࡾࠉ㐮࠾௧๑࠾ࡼ⾔Ⅵ࡞࠽࠷࡙ୌ⯙Ⓩ࡞㐺Ꮼࡈࡿ࡙ࡀࡒ ࡵࡡ࡚ࠉ༟࡞ኬ㞟ᢍᙟ࡚ࡊ࠾⾪⌟ࡈࡿ࠷࣭ࣜࣜࠕ㸢ࢿ࣓ࢪ 㸝㸨㸞ࠔណᅒⓏ࡞ᑙථࡈࡿࠉࡐࡿࡹ࠻࡞ᚪ↓Ⓩ࡞ᩝ❮⾪⌟ࡡᙟࢅཱིࡖ࡙Ꮛᅹࡌࡾ࣭ࣜࣜࠕ㸢 ࢷࢨࢪ ࣀ࢙ࢠࡢ❟Ἢ㸢ࢷࢨࢪࢅྫྷᏽࡊ࡙࠷ࡾࡡ࡚ࡢ࠷ࠊࡆࡡࡗࡢ⮤↓ἪᏕ࡛ࡊ࡙ࡡ㝭ᒒ ᵋ㏸ࢅࡊ࡙࠷ࡾࠊࡌࢂࡔࠉெࠍࡡ㛣ࡡណぜࡡ୯࡚ࠔḿ⩇វてࠕ࡛ࡊ࡙㟸᪺♟Ⓩ࡞ヾ▩ ࡈࡿ࡙࠷ࡾ㉰ἪⓏ࣭ࣜࣜࠉࡆࡿ⮤↓Ἢࡡ୯ᰶࢅࡊ࡙࠽ࡽࠉࡐࡿ࡞⮤↓Ἢ࡛ࡊ࡙ࡡࢿ ࣓ࢪࡡ࣭ࣜࣜࠉࡈࡼ࡞ࡢᐁᏽἪ࡛ࡊ࡙ࡡࢷࢨࢪࡡ࣭ࣜࣜᚉᒌࡊ࡙࠷ࡾࠊࡐࡿࡑࡿࡢࡻࡽ ࠔ୕నࡡἪࠕ࡞ᚉᒌࡊ࡙࠷ࡾࠊࢿ࣓ࢪࡢᶊ⩽㸝❟Ἢ⩽㸞࡞ࡻࡾ❟Ἢ࡞❟ࡗࡵࡡ࡚࠵ࡽࠉ ࡱࡒࡐࡿࢅぞโ࠷ࡊโ㝀ࡊ࡙࠷ࡾࡡ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ ࢿ࣓ࢪࢅⓆぜࡊゕㄊࡌࡾึᏻࢅぞโࡌࡾࠉ୕オࡡ➠ୌࡡ࣭࡛ࣜࣜࡊ࡙ࡡࠔḿ⩇វてࠕ ࡡౚ࡛ࡊ࡙ࣀ࢙ࢠᣪࡅ࡙࠷ࡾࡵࡡ࡛ࡊ࡙ࡢࠔࣆ࢘࣬ࣈࣝࠕࡡ⢥♼࠵ࡾ ࠊࢂࡿࢂ ࡿࡢᖏ⏍Ὡࡡ⮫ࡾሔ㟻ࠉࡌࢂࡔᐓᗖࡷ⫃ሔࠉᏕᰧࠉࡱࡒࡢࢪ࣭࣎ࢵࠉ㐗ᡑ࡛࠷ࡖࡒ≁ ᏽ≟Ἓ࡞࠽࠷࡙ࠉ⩽පḿ࡞ᣲ⯑࠹ࡡࢅぜࡾࠊࡊ࠾ࡊࡐࡿࡼ࡞භ㏳ࡌࡾࠔࣆ࢘ࠕ ౚࡡୌᏽࡡᒌᛮࢅオ㏑ࡌࡾࡆ࡛ࡢᴗࡴ࡙ᅏ㞬࡚࠵ࡾࠊࡓࢂࡿࢂࡿࡢࠔࣆ࢘࣬ࣈࣝࠕ ࡡ᪺♟Ⓩぞᏽࢅ▩ࡼࡍ࡛ࡵࡐࡿ࡞ᚉࡖ࡙⾔ິࡊࠉࡐࡿ࠾ࡼ㐋⬲ࡌࡾ⩽ࡢᙔルࡡ≟Ἓ࡞࠵ ࢂࡎ࡙㟸㞬ࢅུࡄࡾࠊ ࠔࣆ࢘࣬ࣈࣝࠕ࡛ࡢర࠾ࢅ᪺♟Ⓩ࡞ㄕ᪺ࡌࡾࡆ࡛ࡢ࠾࠾ᅏ㞬 ࡆ࡛࡚ࡢ࠵ࡾࠉࡐࡿ࡚ࡵࢂࡿࢂࡿࡢࠔࣆ࢘࣬ࣈࣝࠕ࡞ࡗ࠷࡙▩ࡖ࡙࠷ࡾࠊࡆ࠹࠷ ࡖࡒ࣭ࣜࣜࡢゕㄊ௧๑࡞Ꮛᅹࡊ㟸ᖏ࡞㧏ᗐ㇗ᛮࢅᣚࡖ࡙࠷ࡾࠊࢿ࣓ࢪ࡛ࡊ࡙ࡡἪࡢ❟ Ἢ㸢ࢷࢨࢪ௧๑࡞Ꮛᅹࡊࠉࡱࡒࡈࡼ࡞ࡐࡿ௧๑࡞ࡆࡡࡻ࠹㉰ἪⓏཋ⌦Ꮛᅹࡊ࡙ࢿ࣓ࢪ ࢅぞᏽࡊ࡙࠷ࡾࠊࠔゕㄊ࡚ఎ࠻ྙ࠻ࡾ࣭ࣜࣜࡢ♣ఌⓏᏋᅹ࡛ࡊ࡙ࡡெ㛣ࡡ⾔Ⅵࢅᑙࡂ࣭ࣜࣜ ࡡ々ྙమࡡࢆࡡୌ㒂ࠕ࡞ࡌࡁࡍࠉࡐࡿࢅ↋っࡊࡒ❟Ἢࡢセࡈࡿ࠷ࠊ ࣆ࢘࣬ࣈࣝࡡ⢥♼࣒ࢰ࣭࡚࣬ࣜࣜ࠵ࡾࡡ࡞ᑊࡊ࡙ࠉࢿ࣓ࢪࡡἪࡢࠉ᪺♟ࡈࡿࡒࢣ ࣭࣑ࡡ࣭ࣜࣜ࡞ᑊᚺࡌࡾࠊ᪺♟Ⓩ࡚࠵ࡾ࡛ࡢ࠷࠻ࠉࢣ࣭࣑ࡡ࣭ࣜࣜࡢ☔࠾࡞ࢣ࣭࣑ࡡ࠵ࡽ ᪁ࢅぞᏽࡌࡾࠉࡐࡡ㐅⾔᪁Ἢࢅぞᏽࡌࡾࡵࡡ࡚࠵ࡽࠉ≁ᏽࡡ⤎ᯕࢅᑙࡂࡵࡡ࡚ࡢ࠷ࡊ ᭩㐲ᡋ␆ࢅᣞ♟ࡌࡾࡵࡡ࡚ࡵ࠷ࠊࡳࡊࢀ࣭ࣜࣜ࠵ࡖ࡙ጙࡴ࡙ࢣ࣭࣑ࡢࣈࣝࡡᑊ㇗࡛ ࡾࡡ࡚࠵ࡽࠉ࣭ࣜࣜࡡᏋᅹࡊ࠷ࢣ࣭࣑ࡢࡵࡢࡷࢣ࣭࣑࡛ࡢ࠷ࠊࡐࡊ࡙ࠉ❟Ἢ௧ ๑࡞ἪᏋᅹࡌࡾࠉࡆࡡࡆ࡛ᙴࡡἪᛦ࡞࠽࠷࡙ⴥࡊ࠷≁ᚡࢅࡊ࡙࠽ࡽࠉᮇ✇ࡐࡿ ࢅ⮤↓ἪᏕ࡚࠵ࡾ࡛ࡌࡾ᰷ᣈࡡୌࡗࡵࡆࡆ࡞࠵ࡾࠊ⮤↓Ἢ์࡛ெ㛣⾔ິࡡἪ์ࡢெ㛣ࡡណ ᚷ࠾ࡼ≺❟ࡊ࡙࠷ࡾ࡛࠷࠹ណ࡚ྜྷࡋᛮ㈻ࢅᣚࡔࠉࡐࡡⅤ࡚୦⩽ࡢࡔࡼ࡛ࡵࠔἪࠕ࡚࠵ ࡽࠔ❟Ἢࠕ࡛ࡢ༇ืࡈࡿࡾࠊ ࠔゕㄊវてࠕࡷࠔḿ⩇វてࠕࡢࢿ࣓ࢪࡡἪ௧๑࡞㥺Ⓩ࡞Ꮛᅹ ࡊࠉࡐࡿࢿ࣓ࢪࢅぞᏽࡌࡾ࡛࠷࠹ណ࡚ぞ⠂Ⓩ࠷ࡊࡢ⤣โⓏ࡞഼࠷࡙࠷ࡾࡡ࡚࠵ࡽࠉ ࡱࡒࡐࡡࢿ࣓ࢪࡡἪࢷࢨࢪ㸢❟Ἢ࡞ᑊࡊ࡙โ㝀ࢅຊ࠻ࠉࡷࡢࡽぞ⠂Ⓩ࡞ష⏕ࡊ࡙࠷ࡾࠊ 㸬㸣࠽ࢂ ࡽ࡞ ࠔ࠵ࡼࡹࡾ⮤↓ἪᏕὬヾࡴ࡙࠷ࡾࡆ࡛ࡢࠉ࠵ࡾ❟Ἢ⩽ࡡ┘ⓏណㆉⓏషᠺ࡞ᣈࡼ࠷ぞ ์ࡡᏋᅹ࡚࠵ࡾࠊᙴࡼࡢࠉධ࡙ࡡᐁᏽἪࠉࡐࡡ᭯ຝᛮࢅᘤࡀฝࡌࡡࡢࠉࡆࡡណ࡚ࠉெ 㛣࡞ࡻࡖ࡙షࡼࡿࡒぞ์࠾ࡼ࡚ࡢࡂࠉ ࠔⓆぜࡈࡿࡾࠕぞ์࠾ࡼ࡚࠵ࡾࡆ࡛ࠉࡐࡊ࡙ࡆࡿࡼ ࡡぞ์ࡢࠉᐁᏽἪࡡපḿࡡᇱ‵࡛ࠉࡐࡿ࡞ᑊࡌࡾெ㛣ࡡ᭱ᚉࡡ᰷ᣈࢅ♟ࡌࡆ࡛ࢅ➴ࡊࡂị ࡴࡾ ࠕ(CL,㹥237) ࣀ࢙ࢠࡢἪᐁッ⩇ᢀึࢅ⾔ࡖࡒࠉࡐࡿࡢἪᐁッ⩇࡞ን࠻࡙ᙟ⪃୕Ꮥ࡞ᇱࡘ ࡂ⮤↓ἪᏕࢅᚗὩࡈࡎࡻ࠹࡛ࡊࡒࡡ࡚ࡢ࠷ࠊࡱࡒࡐࡿࡢἪᐁッ⩇ࡡධ㟻Ⓩྫྷᏽ࡚ࡵ ࠷ࠊெ㛣♣ఌὩິࢅ⾔࠹࡞࠵ࡒࡖ࡙ࡢἪᚪ㡪᮪௲࡚࠵ࡾࠉἪࢅ࠻ࡾࡡࡢ♼ࡡ ࡻ࠹ெ㛣Ꮛᅹࢅ㉰࠻ࡒ⤧ᑊⓏ࣬㉰㉲ⓏᏋᅹ࡚ࡢ࠷ࡊࠉெ㛣⌦ᛮࡐࡡࡵࡡ㉰㉲Ⓩḗඔ ࡞❟ࡖ࡙ᬉ㐚Ⓩ࡞Ꮛᅹࡊ௦ࡌࡾࡡ࡚ࡢ࠷ࠊࡱࡒࠉெ㛣⾔ິࡡࡌ࡙ᐁッ⩇Ⓩࠔཋ ጙ㢗ࠕ࡞㑇ඔࡈࡿࡾࢂࡄ࡚ࡢ࠷ࠊࡐ࠹࠷ࡖࡒゕㄊ࡞ࡻࡖ࡙ୠ⏲ࡢࡌ࡙オ㏑ྊ⬗࡚࠵ ࡽࠉࡐࡡࡻ࠹ᛦ⩻ᵕᘟ࡞ᇱࡘ࠷࡙ெ㛣ࡢ⮤ฦࡒࡔࡡ♣ఌࢅධ㟻Ⓩ࡞ゝ⏤ࡊスゝࡊ࡙࠷ࡂ ࡆ࡛࡚ࡀࡾ࡛࠷࠹ᛦ⩻ࠉࡆࡿࡢ⤎ᑻࡡ࡛ࡆࢀᏰධெ㛣⌦ᛮࢅ♼࡛ྜྷୌっࡌࡾ❟ሔ࡚ ࠵ࡾࠊࡐࡿࡆࡐࣀ࢙ࢠࠔ♼ெྜྷ⣌ྜྷᛮㄵㄕ anthropomorphismࠕ࡛ࢆ࡚ᢀึࡊࠉ ࡱࡒ⌦ᛮࡡ⏕࡞ࡻࡖ࡙㎾࡞࠽ࡄࡾධమ⩇ࢅᑙ࠷ࡒࠔスゝ⩇Ⓩྙ⌦⩇ࠕ࡚࠵ࡾ࡛ ࡊ࡙࿈Ⓠࡊࡒᑊ㇗࡚࠵ࡖࡒࠊἪᐁッ⩇ࠉㄵ⌦ᐁッ⩇ࡢࡌ࡙ࡡゕ᪺ࢅオ㏑ྊ⬗ࡵࡡ ࡞㝀ᏽࡊᙟ⪃୕Ꮥ࠾ࡼࡡ⬲ฝࢅᯕࡒࡊࡒ࡛ಘࡍࡾୌ᪁࡚ࠉᬧ㯪ࡡ࠹ࡔ࡞ெ㛣⌦ᛮࢅ㉰㉲Ⓩ ࡵࡡ࡛᥈࿆ࡊ࡙࠷ࡾࠊࡐࡿ࡛ࡢཬᑊ࡞ࣀ࢙ࢠࡡ㆗ㄵࡢࠉ᭯㝀Ꮛᅹ⩽ࡒࡾெ㛣⮤ࡼ ࡡヾㆉ࢜ࢷࢥࣛࡡ㝀⏲ᛮࢅណㆉࡊࠉࡈࡼ࡞ࡱࡒࠔណぜࠕࡐࡿ⮤మࢅධ㟻Ⓩ࡞ヾㆉࡌࡾࡆ࡛ ࡡ㝀⏲ࢅណㆉࡊࡒ୕࡚ࠉ㥺Ⓩḿ⩇វて࡞ࡻࡾἪぞ⠂ࡡᠺ❟ࡡ᰷ᣈࢅၡ࠹࡙࠷ࡾⅤ࡚ࠔ㉰ ㉲ㄵⓏ transcendentalࠕ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ ⮤⏍Ⓩ⛓ᗆ࡛ࡢࠔᠺࡽ⾔ࡀ௴ࡎࠕࡡ⏐∸࡚ࡢ࠷ࠊ࠾ࡗ࡙ࢡࣝ㏑ࡒࡻ࠹࡞ࠉ⮤⏍ Ⓩ࡞ᠺ❟ࡊࡒࠔḿ⩇វてࠕࠔ⤣โⓏ⌦ᛍࠕ࡛ࡊ࡙ࠔ┘Ⓩ≺❟Ⓩࠕ࡚⮤⏜ெ㛣⾔ິࡡ⫴ ᚃ࡞഼࠷࡙࠷ࡾࠊࣀ࢙ࢠࡡࠔណぜࠕ࡞ᇱࡘࡂࠔḿ⩇វてࠕ࠷ࡊࢿ࣓ࢪࡡᴣᛍࡵࠉெ㛣 Ὡິࡡ⤎ᯕ࡚࠵ࡾ࡛࠷࠹ណ࡚ࡢெⅥⓏ⏐∸࡚࠵ࡾࠊࡊ࠾ࡊࡐࡿࡢྜྷ࡞ࠔ࠷࠾ࡾྙ ⌦Ⓩெ㛣ࡡ⩻៎ࡵ㉰࠻ࠕࡒࠉ㉰㉲ㄵⓏᏋᅹ࡚࠵ࡾࠊࣀ࢙ࢠࡢࠔெⅥࠕ࡛࠷࠹ᴣᛍࢅࡂ ᒈ㛜ࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡚ࠉᮮࡡᙟ⪃୕Ꮥ࡞ᇱࡘࡂ⮤↓ἪᏕࡷἪᐁッ⩇ࢅḾᥥࡊࡒ᩺ࡊ࠷ᆀⅤ࡞ 㐡ࡊ࡙࠷ࡾࠊ⮤↓ἪᏕࡡ≁ᚡ࡛ࡢࡐࡡᙟ⪃୕ᏕⓏഁ㟻ࡷᙟᘟⓏഁ㟻ࡻࡽࡵࡳࡊࢀࠉࡐ ࡡᐁ㊰⌦࡛ࡊ࡙ࡡᛮ࡞࠵ࡾࡻ࠹࡞➱⩽࡞ࡢᛦࢂࡿࡾࠊ├ெ㛣࡞ࡢධㇲࢅᢍᥩ࡚ࡀ ࠷మ⣌ࢅୠಐ࡞࠽ࡄࡾᐁ㊰࡞ࡻࡖ࡙Ⓠぜࡊ࡙࠷ࡂឺᗐࠉࡐࡿࢪࣝࢪ࡞⾪ࡈࡿࡾᚃ ࢪࢤࣚူᏕ࠾ࡼࣃ࣭࣑ࣖࢅ⤊࡙ࣀ࢙ࢠ࡞භ㏳ࡌࡾࡵࡡ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ ࡆ࠹ࡊࡒ➠ࡡἪㄵ࡛ࡩࡀࣀ࢙ࢠࡡἪᛦࢅ⮤↓ἪᏕ࡚࠵ࡾ࡛ࡩ⌦⏜ࡢḗࡡ ࡗ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ➠ୌ࡞ࡢࠉᐁᏽἪࡒࡾࢷࢨࢪࢅ⤣โࡌࡾࡵࡡ࡛ࡊ࡙ࢿ࣓ࢪࡡἪᏋᅹࡊࠉࡱࡒ ࡐࡡ࣒ࢰ࣭࣬ࣜࣜࠉ ࠔ୕నࡡἪࠕ࡛ࡊ࡙ࠔណぜࠕぞ⠂Ⓩ࡞഼࠷࡙࠷ࡾࠊࡌࢂࡔࠉࡱࡈ࡞ ࡐࡿࠔᐁᏽἪࡡපḿࡡᇱ‵࡛ࠉࡐࡿ࡞ᑊࡌࡾெ㛣ࡡ᭱ᚉࡡ᰷ᣈࢅ♟ࡌࠕ࡛࠷࠹Ⅴ࡚ࠉࡐ ࡿࢅ⮤↓ἪᏕ࡚ࡡ⣌ㆍ࡞࠵ࡾࡵࡡ࡛ࡌࡾࠊࡱࡒ➠࡞ࡢࠉ୯ୠࡡࢪࢤࣚူᏕ࠾ࡼὮථࡊࢪ ࢤࢴࢹࣚࣤࢺ࡞࠽࠷࡙ࣃ࣭࣑ࣖࡷࢪ࣐ࢪ࡞ࡻࡖ࡙㐡ᠺࡈࡿࡒୠಐࡈࡿࡒ⮤↓ἪᏕ࡛ࡡ㛭 ㏻ᛮࢅ㔔っࡌࡾふⅤ࡚࠵ࡽࠉࢂࡿࢂࡿࡢᮇ✇࡚ㄵࡋࡒἪ⌦ㄵࡡࡲࡼࡍࣀ࢙ࢠࡡ⮤⏜ ⩇ᛦࡡమ⣌ࡐࡡࡵࡡࢅ⮤↓⩇ࡡᩝ⬞࠾ࡼ්よ㔐ࡌࡾណᅒࢅᣚࡖ࡙࠷ࡾࠊ ࠔࢂࡿࢂࡿ⮤⏜⩇Ⓩ❟⩇ࡡᇱᮇᴣᛍࢅㇿࡖ࡙࠷ࡾ 18 ୠ⣎ࡡᛦᐓࡒࡔࠉ࣓ࣤࢷ ࢪ࣭࢞ࣖࡢࡵࡔࢀࢆࠉࢱ࣑࣬ࢪ࣐ࢪ࡛ࢸࣥࢴࢺ࣬ࣃ࣭࣑ࣖࡢࠉ౪↓࡛ࡊ࡙ᙴࡼࡡୌ 㒂ࠖ❟Ἢࡡ⛁Ꮥ㸝science of legislation㸞࡛ࠗࢆࡓࡵࡡ࡞ࠉ࠵ࡾ࠷ࡢࡆࡡ⏕ㄊࡡ᭩ࡵᗀ࠷ ណ࡞࠽ࡄࡾᨳ➿ࡡཋ⌦࡞㛭ᚨࢅᢢ࠷࡙࠷ࡒࠕ(RO,p.4) ࣀ࢙ࢠࡢࡆ࠹㏑࡙ࠉ㐲ว♣ఌ⛓ᗆࢅ⠇ࡂࡒࡴࡡᛦ⩻ࡡᒈ㛜࡞ᑊࡌࡾᙴࡼࡡᙫ㡢ࢅフ ౮ࡌࡾࠊ⌟ᅹࡡ◂✪Ề‵࠾ࡼゕ࠻ࡣࠉࣃ࣭࣑ࣖࠉࢪ࣐ࢪࡼࡡ⌦ㄵࡢࠉࣀ࢙ࢠᢀึࡌࡾ ࣊ࣤࢦ࣑ࡡమ⣌ࢅ⌟ࡌࡒࡴ࡞ࡵ⏕ࡈࡿࡾࠔ❟Ἢࡡ⛁Ꮥ㸝science of legislation㸞ࠕ࡛࠷࠹ࡻ ࡽࡢࠉ ࠔ❟Ἢ⩽ࡡ⛁Ꮥ㸝science of legislator㸞ࠕ࡛ࡊ࡙⌦よࡈࡿࡾࡀ࡚࠵ࢀ࠹ ࠊࠔ❟Ἢ⩽ ࡡ⛁Ꮥࠕ࡛ࡢἪࢅࡐࡿ⮤మ࡞ᇱ♇ࡄࡾࠔ❟Ἢࡡ⛁Ꮥࠕ࡛ࡢ␏ࡽࠉἪࢅࡻࡽ୕నࡡᴣᛍ ࡚࠵ࡾἪࢅぞโࡌࡾ㉰ἪⓏཋ⌦࡞ᇱࡘࡄࡾࠊᙴࡼࡢᚃࡡຉฺ⩇ࠉἪᐁッ⩇࡞㏻ࡾἪ ࡡ௦⌦ㄵࢅ၌࠻࠾ࡖࡒࠊ࣭࣌ࢤࣤࢬࣤࡢࡆ࠹㏑ࡾࠊࠔࣃ࣭࣑ࣖࡡ≁ౚࡡኬ⫱ࡈࡢࠉࡆ ࡡ⩻࠻㸝࠵ࡾ♣ఌ⌟㇗ெ㛣⾔Ⅵࡡណᅒࡎࡉࡾ⤎ᯕ࡚࠵ࡾ࡛࠷࠹⩻࠻㸯ᘤ⏕⩽Ἰ㸞ࢅ⏕࠷ ࡙ࠉ♣ఌ⏍Ὡ࡞࠽ࡄࡾఎ⤣Ⓩ࡞᭩ࡵ୯ᚨⓏࠉࡐࡊ࡙࠵ࡾⅤ࡚᭩ࡵࠔ♼⪯ࠕさ⣪ࡡୌࡗࠉ ࡌࢂࡔᇱᮇἪࡐࡡࡵࡡࠉࢂࡿࢂࡿࡡࠔḿ⩇ࡡវてࠕࡐࡡࡵࡡࢅㄕ᪺ࡌࡾⅤ࡞࠵ࡾࠊ 㸝୯␆㸞 ࡆࡡ⩻࠻ࡢࠉఎ⤣Ⓩ⮤↓Ἢ⌦ㄵ࡛ྜྷࡋࡂࠉḿ⩇ࡡ᰷ᣈࢅ࠷࠾ࡾྙ⌦Ⓩெ㛣ࡡ⩻៎ࢅࡵ ㉰࠻ࠉࡱࡒ⌟ᅹࡡ♣ఌࢅࡢࡾ࠾࡞㉰࠻ࡒ࡛ࡆࢀ࡞ぜ࡙࠷ࡾ ࠊࠕ ࡆࡡⅤࣀ࢙ࢠ࡞ࡵභ㏳ࡌࡾࡆ࡛ࢅࢂࡿࢂࡿࡢぜ࡙ࡀࡒࠊࡐ࠹࠷ࡖࡒࠔḿ⩇ࡡវてࠕ ࡞ᇱࡘ࠷࡙ࠉึᏻࡢࢿ࣓ࢪࡡฝࢅ⾔࠹ࡡ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ ᮇ✇ࢅ⤂࠻ࡾ࡞࠵ࡒࡖ࡙ࠉࣀ࢙ࢠࡡḗࡡゕⴝࢅᣪࡅ࡙࠽ࡀࡒ࠷ࠊ ࠔ┷ࡡ⮤⏜⩇⩽ࡢࠉࣜࢮ࣭ࡷࣆࣚࣤࢪ㠁ࡡெ⩇⩽ᢒᅸࡊࡒ࠷࡛᭻ࢆࡓࠉெ࡛ ᨳᗋࡡ㛣࡞࠵ࡾ⮤ⓆⓏ⤄⧂ࡡࡻ࠹ࠉ ࠔᅗᐓࡡ୯࡞࠵ࡾ≁ᏽࡡ♣ఌࠕ࡞࡚ࡀࡾࡓࡄኣࡂࡡࡵ ࡡࢅ᭻ࡳ࡞㐢࠷࠷ࠊ 㸝୯␆㸞⛁Ꮥࡷⰹ⾙ࡷࢪ࣭࣎ࢵࡷࡐ࠹࠷ࡖࡒࡵࡡࡡ౮ೋ࡞ዅࡌࡾ↋ ᩐࡡ༇ืࡈࡿࡒ⮤ⓆⓏ౮ೋࢤ࣐ࣖࢼࢷࡡᏋᅹࢅྊ⬗࡞ࡌࡾࡆ࡛ࡆࡐࠉᡥṹࡓࡄ࡞㛭ࢂ ࡾ⮤⏍Ⓩ⛓ᗆࡡኬࡀฺⅤ࡚࠵ࡾ ࠕ ࡐ࠹࠷ࡖࡒ↋ᩐࡡ⮤ⓆⓏභྜྷమࡡᏋᅹࠉࣀ࢙ࢠ࡞ࡻࡿࡣࠔ┷ࡡපභ⢥♼ࠕࢅ⥌ᣚࡌࡾ ཋິງ࡚࠵ࡽࠉᨳᗋࡡᣞ௦ࡷ௦࡞㑇ඔࡈࡿࡾࡆ࡛ࡡ࠷≺⮤ࡡ౮ೋࢅᣚࡗࡡ࡚࠵ࡾࠊࡐ ࡊ࡙ࡆࡡපභ⢥♼ࡢࣆ࢘࣬ࣈࣝࡡ⢥♼࡞ࡵ㏳ࡍࡾࡵࡡ࡚࠵ࡽࠉெࠍណぜࡷ⌦ᛍࢅᵋ ᠺࡌࡾ㝷ࠉࡐࡡᆍ⾦ࡷᮨࢅࡵࡒࡼࡌࡒࡴ࡞㔔さ഼ࡀࢅⅥࡌ࡛ᛦࢂࡿࡾ ࠊ ࠘ཤ⩻ᩝ⊡࠙ 㸟ᮇ✇࡚ᘤ⏕ࡌࡾࣀ࢙ࢠࡡⴥష࡞ࡗ࠷࡙ࡢ㸡௧ୖࡡ␆ྒࢅ⏕࠷ࡾࠊゼᩝࡢ㑝ゼࢅཤ⩻࡞ ࡊࡼࡵ㐲ን᭞ࡊࡒࠊ CL 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