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第7章 国内・国外の事例について
➨ ❶ ᅜෆ࣭ᅜእࡢࡘ࠸࡚ せ Ⅼ ࣭ ࣛࢢ࣐ࡢཎ⏘ᆅࡣ࣓࢟ࢩࢥࠊ࣓ࣜ࢝ྜ⾗ᅜࠊ࢝ࢼࢲ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ ࣭ ཎ⏘ᆅ࡛ࡣࠊࣛࢢ࣐ࡣ㔜せ࡞⊁⊟⋇࡛࠶ࡾࠊ࣓ࣜ࢝ࡔࡅ࡛ẖᖺᩘⓒ㢌ࡀᤕ ⋓ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ ࣭ ⏕ά⿕ᐖࡸ㎰ᴗ⿕ᐖࢆࡶࡓࡽࡍ᭷ᐖ⋇ࡸே␆ඹ㏻ឤᰁࡢ࣍ࢫࢺࡋ࡚ࡶࠊᤕ⋓ࡉ ࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ ࣭ ࣛࢢ࣐ࡣࠊ㫽㢮ࡸ࣑࣓࢘࢞ࡢ㞟ᅋႠᕢᆅ࡛ᙉ࠸㣗ᐖࢆ࠼࡚࠸ࡿࡓࡵࠊᤕ⋓ ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡶ࠶ࡿࠋ ࣭ እ᮶့ங㢮ࡼࡿ㎰ᴗ⿕ᐖࠊ⏕ែ⣔⿕ᐖࡣࠊୡ⏺࡛Ⓨ⏕ࡋ࡚࠾ࡾࠊ᰿⤯ࡸಶయᩘ ᐦᗘࡢᢚไࡢᑐ⟇ࡀᩘከࡃ⾜ࢃࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ ࣭ ᡂຌࡋࡓ᰿⤯ࣉࣟࢪ࢙ࢡࢺࡋ࡚ࠊつᶍ࡞ࡶࡢࡣࢠࣜࢫ࠾ࡅࡿ࣐ࢫࢡࣛࢵࢺࠊ ࢾ࣮ࢺࣜࡢ᰿⤯ࡀ࠶ࡿࡀࠊከࡃࡣᓥᕋࡸᑠ㠃✚ࡢಖㆤ༊࡛⾜ࢃࢀࡓࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ ࣭ ࣛࢢ࣐ࡣࠊ࣮ࣚࣟࢵࣃࠊ୰⡿ࡶ⛣ධࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ⊁⊟ᑐ㇟࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ୍᪉ࠊ ୍㒊ࡣ㎰ᴗ⿕ᐖࡸឤᰁࡢண㜵ࡢࡓࡵᤕ⋓ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ ࣭ ᰿⤯ࡀ⌮ⓗ࡞⟶⌮᪉ἲ࡛࠶ࡿࡀࠊᐇ㝿ࡣᐇ⌧ྍ⬟ᛶࠊ㈝⏝ᑐຠᯝࡢほⅬࡽಶయ ᩘᐦᗘࡢᢚไࢆ┠ᶆࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ⟶⌮ࣉࣟࢢ࣒ࣛࡶ࠶ࡿࠋ ࣭ ᪥ᮏࡢ⛣ධࡣ 1960 ᖺ௦ጞࡲࡾࠊ㏆ᖺᛴ⃭ศᕸࢆᣑࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ ࣭ ศᕸࡢᣑࡶ⏒࡞㎰ᴗ⿕ᐖࡸ⏕ά⿕ᐖࢆཬࡰࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡲࡓᤕ㣗࣭➇த ࡼࡿ⏕ែ⣔ࡢᙳ㡪ࡶᠱᛕࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ ࣭ ࡇࡢࡓࡵࠊྛ㒔㐨ᗓ┴ࠊᕷ⏫ᮧ࡛ᑐ⟇ࡀ㐍ࡵࡽࢀࡣࡌࡵ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ ᅜෆእࡢࣛࢢ࣐⟶⌮ࡢ⌧≧ 㸦㸯㸧ཎ⏘ᆅ ࠑศᕸ࣭⏕ែࠒ ࣛࢢ࣐ࡢཎ⏘ᆅࡣ࣓࢟ࢩࢥ㒊ࠊ࣓ࣜ࢝ྜ⾗ᅜᇦࠊ࢝ࢼࢲ༡㒊࡛࠶ࡿ>@ࠋ ศᕸࡢ㝈ࡣࠊ ୡ⣖ࡣྜ⾗ᅜ༡㒊࡛࠶ࡗࡓࡀࠊ⌧ᅾࡣ࢝ࢼࢲ༡㒊ࡲ࡛ୖࡋࡓࠋ ࡑࡢཎᅉࡣࠊ㎰ᆅࡢᣑࡀᏘࡢ㣵㈨※ࢆቑࡸࡋࠊṚஸ⋡ࡀపୗࡋࡓࡓࡵ᥎ ࡉࢀ࡚ ࠸ࡿ>@ࠋ⏕ᜥᩘࡶቑຍࡋࠊ ᖺ௦ࡢ⡿࡛ࡢಶయᩘࡣ ᖺ௦ࡢ ಸ᥎ ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ>@ࠋ ʵɹɹʵ ࣛࢢ࣐ࡢ࣓ࢫࡣ⏕ࡲࢀࡓᖺࡢࡣ⦾Ṫࢆጞࡵࠊྠ⭡Ꮚᩘࡶ᭱ 㢌ከ࠸ࠋ⏕ ࡲࢀࡓᖺࡢ⛅ࡽ⩣ᖺࡣぶࡢඖࢆ㞳ࢀࠊᩘ࢟ࣟ㹼ᩘⓒ࢟ࣟࡢ㛗㊥㞳ศᩓࢆࡍࡿ >@ࠋࡇࡢࡓࡵࠊఱࡽࡢไ㝈せᅉࡀ࡞ࡅࢀࡤࠊᛴ㏿ቑຍࠊศᕸᣑࡍࡿࡇࡀ ࡛ࡁࡿࠋ⏕ᜥᐦᗘࡣ㣵㈨※ࡀ㇏ᐩ࡛⊁⊟ࡀ⾜ࢃࢀ࡞࠸ᕷ⾤ᆅᇦ࡛㧗ࡃࠊ≉㒔ᕷ㒊ࡢ᳃ ᯘබᅬ࿘㎶࡛ࡣ 㢌NP ௨ୖ㐩ࡍࡿࡇࡶከ࠸>@ࠋ㑹እ࡛ࡣ㎰ᮧ㒊࡛㧗࠸ ࡀࠊ㐃⥆ࡋࡓ᳃ᯘᆅᇦ࡛ࡣప࠸ࠋ㈨※ࡢஈࡋ࠸ᆅᇦ࡛ࡣ 㢌NP ௨ୗ࡞ࡾ࠺ࡿ>@ࠋ ࠑ⊁⊟ࠒ ࣛࢢ࣐ࡣࠊ⡿㝣࡛⤒῭ⓗࡶࡗࡶ㔜せ࡞ẟ⓶⋇࡛࠶ࡾࠊྂࡃࡽ࣮ࣚࣟࢵ ࣃࡶ㍺ฟࡉࢀ࡚ࡁࡓࠋ 㹼 ᖺ௦ࡶẖᖺ⣙ 㹼 㢌㸭ᖺᤕ⋓ࡉࢀࠊ ᖺ㛫 86ࡶࡢධࢆ⏕ࡳฟࡋ࡚ࡁࡓ>@ࠋࡇࡢࡓࡵ⊁⊟ࡣࠊ㑹እ࡛ࡢࣛࢢ࣐ࡢ ᭱ࡢṚஸせᅉ࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ㣫⫱ୗࡢࣛࢢ࣐ࡣࠊ ṓࡲ࡛⏕ࡁࡿࡇࡶ࠶ࡿࡀ >@ࠊ⊁⊟ࡀ⾜ࢃࢀ࡚࠸ࡿᆅᇦࡢ㔝እಶయ⩌ࡢᖹᆒᖺ㱋ࡣ ṓ௨ୗࡲࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ >@ࠋ ࡋࡋࠊ⊁⊟ࡀ⏕ᜥᐦᗘ࠼ࡿຠᯝࡘ࠸࡚ࡣ㆟ㄽࡀศࢀࡿࠋJohnson (1970) ࡣࠊ≟ࢆࡗࡓ⊟ࡣࣛࢢ࣐ࡢಶయᩘᐦᗘࢆῶᑡࡉࡏࡿࡢຠᯝⓗ࡛࠶ࡗࡓሗ࿌ࡋ ࡚࠸ࡿࡀࠊHodges㸦㸧Zeveloff㸦㸧Gehrt㸦㸧ࡽࡣⓗ࡛࠶ࡿࠋᆅ ᇦಶయ⩌ࡢ༙ศࢆ⊁⊟ࡉࢀࡿࡢ㧗࠸ᤕ⋓ᅽࡉࡽࡉࢀ࡚ࡶࠊࡑࡢศ⦾Ṫ⋡ࡀୖ᪼ࡋࠊ ࡍࡄಶయᩘᐦᗘࢆᅇࡍࡿ࠸࠺ሗ࿌ࡶ࠶ࡾ>@ࠊ⊁⊟ࡢ᭷↓࡛ࠊಶయᩘኚືࣃࢱ࣮ ࣥࡁ࡞㐪࠸ࡀぢࡽࢀ࡞࠸࠸࠺ሗ࿌ࡶ࠶ࡿ>@ࠋ ᖺ௦ᮎࡽࡣࠊࣛࢢ࣐ࡣ⤒῭ⓗ࡞┈ࢆ⏕ࡳฟࡍື≀࠸࠺ࡼࡾࡶࠊ᭷ᐖື ≀ࠊே␆ඹ㏻ឤᰁࡢ࣍ࢫࢺࡋ࡚♫ⓗ࡞ࢥࢫࢺࢆ⏕ࡳฟࡍື≀⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࡼ࠺ ࡞ࡗ࡚ࡁࡓ>@ࠋ ࠑ⏕ά⿕ᐖ࣭㎰ᴗ⿕ᐖ⟶⌮ࠒ せ࡞᭷ᐖື≀ࡢ୍ࡘ࡛࠶ࡾࠊࢦ࣑⁺ࡾࠊఫᒃࡢධ࡞ᵝࠎ࡞⿕ᐖࢆࡶࡓࡽࡋ࡚ ࠸ࡿ>@ࠋࡲࡓࢫ࣮ࢺࢥ࣮ࣥࠊ࣓ࣟࣥ࡞ࡢ㎰ᴗ⿕ᐖࡶࡁ࠸ࠋࡇࡢࡓࡵࣜࣀᕞ ࡛ࡣ 㢌㸦 ᖺ㸧ࠊࢩ࢝ࢦᆅ᪉࡛ࡣ 㢌㸦 ᖺࠊ 86௨ୖࡢ㈝⏝㸧 ࡀ᭷ᐖ⋇ࡋ࡚ฎ⌮ࡉࢀࡿ࡞ࠊ⭾࡞♫ⓗࢥࢫࢺࡀࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ ࣛࢢ࣐ࡼࡿ⿕ᐖࡢ㍍ῶࡢࡓࡵࠊࡉࡲࡊࡲ࡞ࣃࣥࣇࣞࢵࢺࡀⓎ⾜ࡉࢀࠊ㎰⪔ᆅ ࡢ㟁Ẽᰙ➼ࡢタ⨨ࠊఫᏯࡢධ㊰ࡢᑒ㙐ࡸ⥙ࡢタ⨨࡞ࡢ㜵㝖ἲࡀ⏝࠸ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ >@ࠋ᭷ᐖಶయࡢᤕ⋓ἲࡋ࡚ࡣ⟽࣡ࢼࠊࡣࡉࡳ࣡ࢼࡢࠊ≟ࡸ⊧࡞ࡢ㘒ㄗᤕ ⋓ࢆ㜵ࡄࡓࡵᶞୖタ⨨ࡍࡿࢱࣉࡢࡣࡉࡳ࣡ࢼ͇Raccoon Box͇࡞ࡶ⏝࠸ࡽࢀ ࡚࠸ࡿ>@ࠋᤕ⋓ࡋࡓಶయࡣࠊࡘ࡚ࡣ⛣ືᨺ⋇ࡉࢀࡿࡇࡶ࠶ࡗࡓࡀࠊ⤖ᯝⓗ≬ ≟ࡢᣑࡘ࡞ࡀࡗࡓࡓࡵࠊ⌧ᅾ࡛ࡣዲࡲࡋࡃ࡞࠸⪃࠼ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ>@ࠋ⊁⊟ᅽࡢ ప࠸࢜ࣥࢱࣜ࢜ᕞ㸦࢝ࢼࢲ㸧 ࡛ࡣᆅᇦಶయ⩌ࡢ 㸣ࢆ㝖ཤࡋ࡚ࡶ⏕ᜥᐦᗘࡣୖ᪼ࡋ⥆ࡅࠊ ⣙ 㸣࡛Ᏻᐃࠊⱞ௳ᩘࢆῶࡽࡍࡓࡵࡣ ௨ୖࢆ㝖ཤࡍࡿࡇࡀᚲせ⤖ㄽ࡙ࡅࡽ ʵɹɹʵ ࢀࡓ>@ࠋ ࠑឤᰁ⟶⌮ࠒ ࣛࢢ࣐ࡣ≬≟ࠊࣛࢢ࣐ᅇ࡞ࡢே␆ඹ㏻ឤᰁࠊࢾࢪࢫࢸࣥࣃ࣮࡞ ᐙ␆ࡢඹ㏻ឤᰁࡢ࣍ࢫࢺ࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ>@ࠋ ≬≟ࡣⓎᚋࠊ≬㌄≧ែЍ㌟㯞⑷ЍṚஸ⮳ࡿẼ࡛ࠊண㜵ἲࡸ₯అᮇ㛫୰ࡢ ⒪ἲࡣ࠶ࡿࡀࠊⓎᚋࡢ⒪ἲࡣᏑᅾࡋ࡞࠸ࠋ⒪㈝ࡶࠊ୍ே࠶ࡓࡾ⣙ 86㧗 ౯࡛࠶ࡿ>@ࠋ᪥ᮏ࡛ࡣ ᖺேࠊື≀㸦࠾ࡶ≟㸧ࡶ᰿⤯ࡍࡿࡇᡂຌࡋ ࡚࠸ࡿࡀࠊ ⡿࡛ࡣ౫↛ࡋ࡚ẖᖺឤᰁࡀ࠶ࡾࠊ ࣛࢢ࣐ࡣࠊࡑࡢ ࢆ༨ࡵࡿ>@ࠋ ࣛࢢ࣐ࡢ≬≟ࡢឤᰁࡣࠊ௨๓ࡣࣇࣟࣜࢲᕞ㝈ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡓࡀࠊேⅭⓗ⛣ືࡼࡗ ࡚ ᖺ௦௨㝆ศᕸࡀᗈࡀࡾࡘࡘ࠶ࡿ㸦㹼࢜ࣁ࢜ᕞ㸧>@ࠋᮾᾏᓊࡢ㒔ᕷ㒊࡛ ࡣ ᖺ࠾ࡁὶ⾜ࡋ࡚ࠊ ಶయᩘࡀࡁࡃῶᑡࡍࡿ㧗࠸ឤᰁ⋡㐩ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ>@ࠋ ࡲࡓࠊ⡿ࡢ㔝እಶయ⩌࡛ࡣࠊࣛࢢ࣐ᅇ㸦%D\OLVDVFDULVSURF\RQLV㸧ࡢឤᰁ ⋡ࡶ 㧗ࡃࠊὀពࡀႏ㉳ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ>@ࠋࣛࢢ࣐ᅇࡣࠊឤᰁࡋࡓࣛ ࢢ࣐ࡢ⣅ởᰁࡉࢀࡓᅵተࢆཱྀྵࡴࡇࡼࡗ࡚ே㛫ࡶឤᰁࡍࡿ㸦ឤᰁࡣࢇ ᑠඣ㸧ࠋᅇࡣࣛࢢ࣐ᑐࡋ࡚ࡣࢇ↓ᐖࡔࡀࠊே㛫࡞ࡢື≀ឤᰁࡋ ࡓሙྜࡣᡂẁ㝵ࡲ࡛⏕⫱࡛ࡁࡎࠊయෆྛᡤ⛣ືࡋ࡚ࠊ୰ᯡ⚄⤒㞀ᐖࡢཎᅉ࡞ࡾࠊ ேࢆṚஸࡉࡏࡿࡇࡶ࠶ࡿ>@ࠋ 㒔ᕷ࣭㑹እᆅᇦ࠾ࡅࡿࣛࢢ࣐ࡢ㧗ᐦᗘࡣࠊឤᰁࡢὶ⾜ࢆࡶࡓࡽࡍ༴㝤ᛶࡀ 㧗ࡃࠊࣜࣀᕞ㸦ྜ⾗ᅜ㸧ࠊ࢜ࣥࢱࣜ࢜ᕞ㸦࢝ࢼࢲ㸧࡞ከࡃࡢᆅᇦ࡛ಶయᩘ⟶⌮ࡀ ᅗࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ>@ࠋ࢜ࣥࢱࣜ࢜ᕞࡣ≬≟ࡢᣑࢆ㜵ࡄࡓࡵࠊ≬≟ࡀⓎ⏕ࡋࡓᆅⅬ ࡽ NP ௨ෆࡢ⠊ᅖ࡛ࡢࣛࢢ࣐ࡢ᰿⤯ࠊᕞቃ㏆࡛㔝⏕ಶయࡢᤕ⋓Ѝ≬≟࣡ࢡ ࢳࣥࡢ᥋✀Ѝᨺ⋇ࢆ⾜࠺⟶⌮ࣉࣟࢢ࣒ࣛࡸࠊ⤒ཱྀ࣡ࢡࢳࣥࡢ✵୰ᩓᕸ࡞ࢆᐇࡋ࡚࠸ ࡿ>@ࠋ ࠑ⏕ែ⣔⿕ᐖࠒ ࣛࢢ࣐ࡢศᕸᣑࡸேⅭⓗ⛣ධࡶ࡞࠸ࠊᅾ᮶㔝⏕ື≀ᙳ㡪ࢆ࠼࡚࠸ࡿ ࡶሗ࿌ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ࣓ࣜ࢝ࡢ୰す㒊࡛ࡣࠊከࡃࡢ㔝⏕㫽㢮ࡢ༸ࢆᤕ㣗ࡋࠊࡑࡢῶᑡ ࡢ୍ᅉ࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ࠸࠺ᙇࡶ࠶ࡿ>@ࠋ≉ᆅୖႠᕢᛶỈ㫽࡞ࡢ㫽㢮ࡸᾏடࡢ㞟 ᅋႠᕢᆅ࡛ࡣࠊ༸ࢆᤕ㣗ࡋ࡚ࡁ࡞ᙳ㡪ࢆ࠼࡚࠸ࡿࡀከ࠸>@ࠋࣛࢢ࣐ࡢ 㣗ᛶ◊✲ࢆࣞࣅ࣮ࣗࡋࡓ Johnsonࡼࢀࡤࠊࢇࡢᆅᇦࡢࣛࢢ࣐ࡣࠊ 㫽ࡸࡑࡢ༸ࢆࢃࡎࡋᤕ㣗ࡋ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࡀࠊGreenwood㸦㸧ࡣࠊỈ㫽ࡢ㞟ᅋႠ ᕢᆅ࿘㎶ࡢಶయ⩌࡛ࡣ ๓ᚋࡢಶయࡀࠊ㫽ࡸࡑࡢ༸ࢆᤕ㣗ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡇࢆሗ࿌ࡋ࡚࠸ ࡿࠋࡇࡢࡓࡵᾏ㫽ࡸᾏடࡢ㞟ᅋႠᕢ࣭⏘༸ᆅࡢಖㆤ༊ࡢ୍㒊࡛ࡣࠊ㟁Ẽᰙࡼࡿಖㆤࡸࠊ ࣛࢢ࣐ࡢᤕ⋓ࢆ⾜ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ>@ࠋ ʵɹɹʵ 㸦㸰㸧᪥ᮏ௨እࡢ⛣ධඛ࡛ࡢ≧ἣ ࣛࢢ࣐ࡣ ᖺ௦ẟ⓶⋇ࡋ࡚࣮ࣚࣟࢵࣃ⛣ධࡉࢀࠊࣟࢩࠊࢹ࣐࣮ࣥࢡࠊ ࢻࢶࠊࣝࢡࢭࣥࣈࣝࢡࠊࣇࣛࣥࢫ࡞ศᕸࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ>@ࠋࡲࡓࠊ୰⡿ࡢࣂ ࣁ࣐ㅖᓥ࡛ࡶ⛣ධࡉࢀࡓಶయ⩌ࡀᣑࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ>@ࠋࡇࢀࡽࡢಶయ⩌ࡣࠊ㫽㢮ࢆࡣࡌࡵ ࡍࡿᅾ᮶✀ᑐࡍࡿᙳ㡪ࡸࠊ≬≟ࠊࣛࢢ࣐ᅇࡢ፹⪅ࡋ࡚ࡢ༴㝤ᛶࡀᠱᛕ ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ>@ࠋࢻࢶ࡛ࡣࠊࣛࢢ࣐ᅇࡢேࡢឤᰁࡀ▱ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ ࣛࢢ࣐ࡣࠊࢻࢶ࡛ࡣ⌧ᅾ࡛ࡶ࡞⊁⊟ᑐ㇟ື≀ࡢ୍ࡘ࡛࠶ࡾࠊᖺ㛫 㢌 㸦 ᖺ㸧ᤕ⋓ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ>@ࠋࢹ࣐࣮ࣥࢡ࡛ࡣ㥑㝖ࡍࡁእ᮶✀ࡋ࡚㏻ᖺࡢ⊁⊟ ࡀチྍࡉࢀ>@ࠊࣂࣁ࣐࡛ࡶ᰿⤯ࣉࣟࢢ࣒ࣛࡀ᳨ウࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ>@ࠋ 㸦㸱㸧᪥ᮏ࠾ࡅࡿ≧ἣ ࠑศᕸࠒ ᅜෆ࠾ࡅࡿࣛࢢ࣐ࡢ㔝⏕ࡣ ᖺᒱ㜧┴࡛ጞࡲࡗࡓࡉࢀࠊࡑࡢᚋࠊ ᖺ௦ᚋ༙ࡢࢸࣞࣅ␒⤌ࡢᙳ㡪࡞࡛ከᩘ㍺ධ࣭㣫⫱ࡉࢀࡓಶయࡢ㏨ஸࡸពᅗⓗ࡞ᨺ⋇ ࡼࡗ࡚ྛᆅ࡛㔝⏕ࡋࡓ⪃࠼ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ>@ࠋ ᖺࡣ 㒔㐨ᗓ┴ࡽࣛࢢ ࣐ࡢ⏕ᜥࡢሗࡀᚓࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ ࠑ⿕ᐖࠒ ᪥ᮏᅜෆ࡛ࡣࡍ࡛ ✀ࡢእ᮶့ங㢮ࡀ▱ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡀ>@ࠊࣛࢢ࣐ࡣࣁࢡࣅ ࢩࣥࠊࢾ࣮ࢺࣜ࡞ࡽࢇ࡛㎰స≀ࡢຍᐖࡀ㢧ⴭ࡛࠶ࡾࠊ ᖺᗘࡣᅜ࡛⣙ KD⣙ ൨ ࡢ⿕ᐖ⥲㢠㞟ィࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ㸦⾲ 㸧ࠋࣁࢡࣅࢩࣥࠊࢾ࣮ࢺࣜ ࡢ㔝⏕ࡣᡓ๓ࡽ࡛࠶ࡿ>@ࡇẚ㍑ࡍࡿࠊᛴ㏿࡞ቑຍ࠸࠼ࡿࠋሗ࿌ࡉࢀ࡚ ࠸ࡿ⿕ᐖ㎰స≀ࡣࢫ࣮ࢺࢥ࣮ࣥࠊ࣓ࣟࣥࠊࢳࢦࠊࢫ࢝࡞ࡀከ࠸>@ࠋࡲࡓ ㉺࣭⦾Ṫࡢࡓࡵᐙࡢᒇ᰿ࡸ✵ᐙࡢධࡋࠊ⿕ᐖࢆ࠼ࡿࢣ࣮ࢫࡶከ࠸>@ࠋ ⾲ ᖺᗘᅜࡢእ᮶့ங㢮ࡼࡿ㎰ᴗ⿕ᐖ㠃✚࣭㔠㢠 㸦㎰ᯘỈ⏘┬ +3 ࡼࡾ㸧 ࠋᑠᩘⅬ௨ୗᅄᤞධࠋ ື≀✀ ⿕ᐖ㠃✚ ⿕ᐖ㔠㢠 ࣁࢡࣅࢩࣥ 㸦༓ KD㸧 㸦ⓒ㸧 ࣛࢢ࣐ 㸦༓ KD㸧 㸦ⓒ㸧 ࢾ࣮ࢺࣜ 㸦༓ KD㸧 㸦ⓒ㸧 ࡲࡓࠊࣛࢢ࣐ࢆཎ⏘ᆅࡽ⛣ධࡍࡿ㝿ࠊ≬≟࠾ࡼࡧࣛࢢ࣐ᅇࡢឤᰁಶయ ࡶΰධࡋࠊ᪥ᮏ࡛ࡢὶ⾜ࢆᘬࡁ㉳ࡇࡍࡇࡶᠱᛕࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࣛࢢ࣐ᅇࡣࡇࢀࡲ ࡛ࡢࡇࢁ㔝እಶయ⩌ࡽࡣぢࡘࡗ࡚࠸࡞࠸>@ࡶࡢࡢࠊ ᖺᅜෆࡢ ື≀ᅬ ࡛㣫⫱ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࣛࢢ࣐ 㢌ࡢ࠺ࡕ 㢌㸦㸧ᐤ⏕ࡀ☜ㄆࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ>@ࠋ ࡉࡽ㧗࠸ᤕ㣗ᅽࡽ⏕ែ⣔ࡢᙳ㡪ࡶᠱᛕࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋึᮇࡣศᕸࡢᣑࣃࢱ࣮ࣥ ʵɹɹʵ ʵɹɹʵ ྛᅜࡢእ᮶့ங㢮ᑐ⟇ࡢ 㸦㸯㸧ಶయᩘᐦᗘࡢᢚไя᰿⤯ ே㛫ࡢពᅗⓗࠊ㠀ពᅗⓗ⛣ືࡼࡾእ᮶့ங㢮ࡣࡍ࡛ୡ⏺ཬࢇ࡛࠾ࡾࠊࡑࡢ࠺ ࡕ࠸ࡃࡘࡢ✀㢮ࡣࠊ㎰ᴗࡸᅾ᮶⏕ែ⣔῝้࡞ᙳ㡪ࢆࡶࡓࡽࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ࠼ࡤࢽ࣮ࣗ ࢪ࣮ࣛࣥࢻ࡛ࡣእ᮶✀ࡢᑐ⟇㈝࡛ᖺ㛫 ൨ 86㸢ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ࠸࠺>@ࠋ ࡇࡢࡓࡵࠊ ᪂ࡓ࡞⛣ධᑐࡍࡿつไࡀཝࡋࡃ࡞ࡿ୍᪉ࠊ㥑㝖ࡼࡿ᰿⤯ࠊࡲࡓࡣಶయ⩌ᐦᗘࡢᢚไ ࡀヨࡳࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡇࡶከ࠸ࠋ እ᮶✀ࡢ⟶⌮ィ⏬ࡀࠊࠕ᰿⤯ࠖࠕಶయᩘᐦᗘࡢᢚไࠖࡢࡕࡽࢆ┠ᶆࡍࡁ ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣ㆟ㄽࡀ࠶ࡿࠋᆅᇦࡽࡢ࡞᰿⤯ࡣඖ᮶ࡢ⏕ែ⣔ࢆᅇࡋࠊᑗ᮶ࡢࢥࢫࢺ ࢆࢮࣟࡍࡿࡇࡀ࡛ࡁࡿⅬ࡛⌮ⓗ࡞⟶⌮᪉ἲ࡛࠶ࡿ>@ࠋࡇࢀࡲ࡛⾜ࢃࢀࠊᡂຌࢆ ࡵࡿࡇࡀ࡛ࡁࡓ᭱つᶍࡢ᰿⤯ࣉࣟࢪ࢙ࢡࢺࡣࠊࢠࣜࢫ࠾ࡅࡿࢾ࣮ࢺࣜ᰿⤯ ࣉࣟࢪ࢙ࢡࢺ࡛ࠊ ᖺ㛫ࡢṓ᭶ࢆࡅࠊ᭱ 㢌᥎ᐃࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡓ㔝እಶయ⩌ࢆ 㝖ཤࡋࡓ>@%R[ ཧ↷ࠋࡋࡋࠊಶయᩘࢆపᐦᗘࡋࡓᚋࠊ㝖ཤࡍࡿࡲ ࡛ⴭࡋࡃࢥࢫࢺࡀࡾࠊࡶࢃࡽࡎᑡᩘࡢಶయࡀṧࡗࡓࡾࠊ᪂ࡓ࡞⛣ධࡀ࠶ࡗ ࡓࡾࡍࡿࠊࣉࣟࢪ࢙ࢡࢺ⤊ᚋᛴ㏿ಶయ⩌ࢆᅇࡉࡏኻᩋ⤊ࢃࡗ࡚ࡋࡲ࠺ ࡶከ࠸ࠋBomford & O'Brien㸦㸧ࡣ᰿⤯ࢆᡂຌࡉࡏࡿࡓࡵᚲせ࡞௨ୗࡢ ᮲௳ࢆ ᣲࡆ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ ಶయ⩌࡛㝖ཤ⋡ࡀቑຍ⋡ࢆୖᅇࡿࡇࡀ࡛ࡁࡿ㸦పᐦᗘ࡞ࡗࡓࡁࡶ㸧 ࠋ ࡢᆅᇦಶయ⩌ࠊ㣫⫱ಶయ⩌ࡽࡢ᪂ࡓ࡞⛣ධࢆ ࡛ࡁࡿࠋ ࡍ࡚ࡢ⦾Ṫಶయࢆᤕ⋓ࡍࡿࡇࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࠋ ಶయ⩌ᐦᗘࢆࠊ㠀ᖖపࡃ࡞ࡗࡓࡁ࡛ࡶ᥎ᐃࡍࡿࡇࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࠋ 㛗ᮇⓗ࡞㈝⏝ᑐຠᯝࡀಶయᩘᐦᗘࡢᢚไࢆୖᅇࡿࠋ ᰿⤯ࣉࣟࢢ࣒ࣛࡀ♫ⓗཷᐜࡉࢀࡿࠋ ᐇ㝿ࠊࢠࣜࢫ࠾ࡅࡿ࢝࢘ࢧࢠࡸ࣓࣑ࣜ࢝ࣥࢡࠊࢽ࣮ࣗࢪ࣮ࣛࣥࢻ࠾ࡅࡿ࢜ ࢥࢪࣙ࡞ࠊࡇࢀࡽࡢ᮲௳ࢆ‶ࡓࡍࡇࡀ࡛ࡁࡎࠊኻᩋ࣭ᨺᲠࡉࢀࡓ᰿⤯ࣉࣟࢢ࣒ࣛࡶ ࠶ࡿ>@ࠋࡇࡢࡓࡵ⌧ᐇࡣಶయᩘᐦᗘࡢᢚไࣉࣟࢢ࣒ࣛࡀ㑅ᢥࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡇࡶ ከ࠸ࠋBomford & O'Brienࡸ㟷ᰗࡣࠊ⌧ᐇⓗ࡞࣮ࣟࢻ࣐ࢵࣉࢆ♧ࡉࡎ 㠃ⓗ࡞᰿⤯ࢆㅻ࠺⟶⌮ィ⏬ࡣࠊ㈝⏝ᑐຠᯝࢆ♧ࡍࡇࡀ࡛ࡁࡎࠊ⤖ᒁࡣಶయᩘᐦᗘࡢ ᢚไࡸࠊ㒊ศⓗ࡞᰿⤯ࡍࡽ㐩ᡂ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ྍ⬟ᛶࡀ࠶ࡿᢈุࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ୍᪉࡛ࠊBomford & O'Brien ࡣࢽ࣮ࣗࢪ࣮ࣛࣥࢻࡢᅜ❧බᅬἲࡸ࣮࢜ࢫࢺࣛࣜࡢ࢘ࢧࢠ⟶⌮ィ ⏬ࡢࡼ࠺ࠊᤕ⋓ᴗࡢࣔࢳ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥ⥔ᣢࡢࡓࡵ᰿⤯ࡀㅻࢃࢀࡿࡇࡶㄆࡵ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ ᮏ᮶ࠊࢇ࡞⟶⌮ィ⏬࡛ࡶࠊึᮇࡣࠊቑຍ⋡➼ࡢᇶᮏⓗ࡞ಶయ⩌ࣃ࣓࣮ࣛࢱࡀศ ࡽࡎࠊᐇ⌧ྍ⬟ᛶࡢ࠶ࡿ᰿⤯ࣉࣟࢢ࣒ࣛࢆ❧࡚ࡿࡇࡣྍ⬟࡛࠶ࡿࠋ୍ᐃつᶍࡢᤕ⋓ ᴗࢆ㐍ࡵ࡚࠸ࡃ୰࡛ࡣࡌࡵ࡚ࠊቑຍ⋡➼ࡢಶయ⩌ࣃ࣓࣮ࣛࢱࡸᤕ⋓ຠ⋡ࠊ㈝⏝➼ࡀᢕ ʵɹɹʵ ᥱ࡛ࡁࡿࠋࡑࢀᇶ࡙࠸࡚ࠊ㈝⏝ᑐຠᯝࡢほⅬࡽࠊಶయᩘᐦᗘࡢᢚไ᰿⤯ࡢ࠸ࡎࢀ ࡀጇᙜ࡛࠶ࡿ᳨ウࡍࡿࡇࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࠋ 㸦㸰㸧ಶయᩘᐦᗘᢚไࣉࣟࢢ࣒ࣛࡢලయ እ᮶✀ࡢಶయᩘᐦᗘࡢᢚไࡣࠊ⊟ᮇࢆタࡅࡎ㏻ᖺࡢᤕ⋓ࡀྍ⬟࡞ࡼ࠺⊁⊟つไࢆᙅ ࡵࡓࡾ㸦ࢹ࣐࣮ࣥࢡ࠾ࡅࡿࢱࢾ࢟ࡸ࣓࣑ࣜ࢝ࣥࢡࠊࣛࢺࣅ࠾ࡅࡿࢱࢾ࢟㸧ࠊ⊁ ⊟⪅୍ᐃࡢᤕ⋓ࢆ⩏ົࡅࡓࡾࣔࣝࢻࣂࠊಶேࡼࡿᤕ⋓ᑐࡋ࡚⿵ຓ㔠ࢆฟࡍࡇ ࡼࡗ࡚⾜ࢃࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ>@ࠋ ࣓ࣜ࢝ࡢࣝࢪࢼᕞ࡛ࡣࠊࢾ࣮ࢺࣜࡣ༡⡿ཎ⏘࡛࠶ࡿࡀẟ⓶⋇ࡋ࡚⏝ࡉࢀ ࡚࠾ࡾࠊ ᖺ௦ࡣẖᖺ 㢌ࡀᤕ⋓ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡓࠋ ᖺ௦ධࡾẟ⓶ ౯᱁ࡢୗⴠࡼࡗ࡚ᤕ⋓ᩘࡀᑡ࡞ࡃ࡞ࡿࠊῐỈ‵ᆅࡢ㣗ᐖࡸỈ㊰ࡢ◚ቯࡀ㐍ࢇࡔࠋࡇ ࡢࡓࡵᕞᨻᗓࡣࠊࢾ࣮ࢺࣜࡢᤕ⋓⿵ຓ㔠ࢆฟࡋࡓࡾࠊ⫗ࡢ㈍ࢆಁ㐍ࡋࡓࡾࡋ࡚ࡑ ࡢᅇດࡵࠊ ᖺࡢ㛫 ேࡢ༠ຊ⪅ࡼࡗ࡚ 㢌ࢆᤕ⋓ࡋࠊ᳜⏕ࡢ ᅇỈ㊰ࡢ⥔ᣢ㈝ࡢᖜ࡞๐ῶᡂຌࡋࡓ>@ࠋࢾ࣮ࢺࣜࡣࠊす࣮ࣚࣟࢵࣃ࠾࠸ ࡚ࡶ㎰ᴗ⿕ᐖࡸỈ㊰ࡢᦆቯࢆ㉳ࡇࡋࠊᤕ⋓ࡀ㐍ࡵࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡀࠊ᰿⤯ࡣᅔ㞴ࡋ࡚ಶయ ᩘ⟶⌮ࢆ┠ᶆࡋ࡚࠸ࡿᅜࡀከ࠸>@ࠋ 㸦㸱㸧᰿⤯ࣉࣟࢢ࣒ࣛࡢලయ ๓㏙ࡢࡼ࠺ࠊ᰿⤯ࡣ㐩ᡂࡍࡿࡇࡀᅔ㞴࡞⟶⌮᪉ἲ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ≉ࠊపᐦᗘ࡞ࡗࡓ ࡁࠊṧࡗࡓಶయࢆ᥈⣴ࡍࡿࡢࡣᅔ㞴࡛ࠊࢃ࡞⊟≟⊟ࡢే⏝>@ࡸࠊ⩌ࢀࢆసࡿᛶ ㉁ࡢື≀ࡢሙྜࡣࠊ୍㒊ࡢಶయ㟁ἼⓎಙᶵࡘࡅ࡚⩌ࢀࢆ᥈⣴ࡍࡿ࡞ࠊ㧗ᗘ࡞ᢏ⾡ࡀ ᚲせࡉࢀࡿࡇࡀከ࠸ࠋࡇࢀࡲ࡛ࡢ᰿⤯ᡂຌࡢࢇࡣࠊᑠࡉ࡞ᓥᕋࠊ✵㛫ⓗ 㝈ᐃࡉࢀࡓಖㆤ༊ෆࡢಶయ⩌ࢆᑐ㇟ࡋࡓࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࢀࡽࡢಶయ⩌ࡣࠊ㠃✚ࡀ㝈 ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡓࡵ᰿⤯ࡋࡸࡍࡃࠊࡲࡓ௦᭰ྍ⬟࡞ᅛ᭷✀ࡀከ࠸ࡓࡵࠊ᰿⤯ࡢ㈝⏝ᑐຠᯝ ࡀ㧗࠸ࠋ࣓࣑ࣜ࢝ࣥࢡࠊ࢟ࢶࢿࠊࢿࢬ࣑ࠊ㔝⏕ࣖࢠࠊ㔝⏕ࢿࢥ࡞ࡢࡀ▱ࡽࢀ ࡚࠸ࡿ>@ࠋ≉ࠊ㔝⏕ࣖࢠࡢ᰿⤯ࡣࠊ⤒㦂ࡢ✚ᢏ⾡ⓗ㐍Ṍࡼࡗ࡚ࠊẚ ㍑ⓗࡁ࡞ᓥ㸦㹼NP㹼 㢌㸧࡛ࡶᡂຌࡍࡿࡼ࠺࡞ࡗ࡚ࡁࡓࠋ㔝⏕ࢿࢥࡢ᰿ ⤯ࡶࠊ㠃✚ NP ࡢᓥ࡛ࡢᡂຌ㸦ࢽ࣮ࣗࢪ࣮ࣛࣥࢻ㸧ࡀ࠶ࡿ>@ࠋ᪥ᮏ࠾࠸࡚ࡣࠊ ᑠ➟ཎࡢ࠸ࡃࡘࡢᓥ࡛ࠊ㔝⏕ࣖࢠࡢ᰿⤯㸦 ᖺ㹼㸧ᡂຌࡋࡓࠊ⨾ᓥ ࡛ࡢ࣐ࣥࢢ࣮ࢫࡢ᰿⤯㸦 ᖺ㹼㸧 ࠊ▼ᕝ┴ࢶᓥᓥ࡛ࡢ࢝࢘ࢧࢠ᰿⤯㸦 ᖺ㹼㸧 ࣉࣟࢪ࢙ࢡࢺ࡞ࡀ㐍ࡵࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ>@ࠋ ࢠࣜࢫ࠾ࡅࡿࠊ࣐ࢫࢡࣛࢵࢺࢾ࣮ࢺࣜࡢ᰿⤯ࡣࠊᩘᑡ࡞࠸㠃✚࡛ࡢ᰿⤯ᡂ ຌ࡛࠶ࡿ>@㸦%2; ཧ↷㸧ࠋࡇࢀࡽࡢື≀ࡣࠊ⛣ື⬟ຊࡀప࠸ࡓࡵ᰿⤯ࡉࢀࡸࡍࡗ ࡓ⪃࠼ࡽࢀ࡚࠸࡚>@ࠊ⌧ᅾࡣྜ⾗ᅜ Mayland ᕞࡢ Delmarva ༙ᓥ࡛ࡶࢾ࣮ࢺࣜ ࡢ᰿⤯ࣉࣟࢢ࣒ࣛࡀᐇࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ᰿⤯ࡣࠊࡲࡎ༙ᓥෆࡢ Blackwater ᅜ❧ಖㆤ༊࡛ ጞࡵࡽࢀࠊ ࡣࠊᑓᴗࡢᚑ⪅ ேࡼࡗ࡚ 㢌ࡀ㥑㝖ࡉࢀࡓ>@ࠋ ʵɹɹʵ ᘬ⏝ᩥ⊩ 1. 㟷ᰗ⣧ (2003). ࣈࣛࢵࢡࣂࢫࡀ࠸ࡌࡵࡽࢀࡿ࣍ࣥࢺࡢ⌮⏤⎔ቃᏛⓗどⅬࡽእ ᮶㨶ၥ㢟ゎỴࡢ⣒ཱྀࢆ᥈ࡿ, ࡘࡾே♫. 2. 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(2003) ⏣㎶ᕷ࠾ࡅࡿࣛࢢ࣐ㄪᰝሗ࿌᭩. ⏣㎶㫽⋇ᐖ ᑐ⟇༠㆟⦅. ʵɹɹʵ 39. Zeveloff, S.I. (2002) Raccoons: A Natural History. Smithsonian institution Press, 200p. Washington, D.C., USA. ʵɹɹʵ BOX4 ࢠࣜࢫ࠾ࡅࡿࢾ࣮ࢺࣜࡢ᰿⤯ᡂຌࡢ⤒⦋ 㸦 ᖺ㹼 ᖺ㸧 㸦Gosling 1989, Gosling & Baker 1989㸧 ༡⡿ࢆཎ⏘ࡍࡿࢾ࣮ࢺࣜࡣࠊ⤒῭ⓗ౯್ࡢ㧗࠸ẟ⓶⋇ࡋ࡚ࠊ ᖺ௦ࡢࣇࣛ ࣥࢫࡢᑟධࢆึࡵࠊ࣮ࣚࣟࢵࣃࠊ⡿ࠊࢪྛᅜᑟධࡉࢀࠊ㔝⏕ࡋࡓࠋࡲࡓࠊ Ỉ㊰ࢆࡩࡉࡄỈ⏕᳜≀ࡢ㝖ཤᙺ❧ࡘ⪃࠼ࡽࢀࠊேⅭⓗᨺ⋇ࡉࢀࡿࡇࡶ࠶ࡗࡓࠋ ࢠࣜࢫࡣ ᖺ௦ᑟධࡉࢀࠊ ᖺ௦ࡣ㔝⏕ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࠋ㔝⏕ࡋࡓࢾ࣮ࢺࣜ ࡣࠊᛴ㏿ಶయᩘࢆቑࡸࡋࠊ ᖺ௦ᮎࡣࠊࢠࣜࢫᅵ࡛ 㢌ࡀ⏕ᜥࡋ࡚࠸ ࡿ᥎ᐃࡉࢀࡓࠋࢾ࣮ࢺࣜࡣỈ㊰ࡸᕝࡢᅵᡭ✰ࢆ㛤ࡅࠊᵝࠎ࡞㎰స≀⿕ᐖࢆ࠼ࡿ ࡼ࠺࡞ࡗࡓࠋࡲࡓࠊἙ␁ࡢࣚࢩ‵ᆅᖏࢆⲨᗫࡉࡏࠊᅾ᮶Ỉ⏕᳜≀ࡢ୍㒊ࡀᕼᑡ࡞ࡗ ࡓࠋ ࡇࡢࡓࡵࠊ ᖺ㥑㝖ࡀ㛤ጞࡉࢀࡓࠋࡋࡋࠊཝ࡞࡛ಶయᩘࡢ⃭ῶࡀ࠶ࡗࡓࡾࠊ ᖺ㹼 ᖺࡢ㛫ࠊ⣙ 㢌ࢆᤕ⋓ࡋࡓࡶࡢࡢࠊ⦾Ṫ⬟ຊࡀ㧗࠸ࢾ࣮ࢺࣜࡢಶయ ⩌ࡢᅇࢆ㜵ࡆࡎࠊኻᩋࢆ㔜ࡡࡓࠋᨵࡵ࡚᰿⤯ᚲせ࡞ດຊ㔞ࢆ᥎ᐃࡍࡿࡓࡵࠊ<DUH ᕝࡢὶ㛗⣙ NP ࡢ⠊ᅖ࡛㞟୰ⓗ࡞ᤕ⋓ࢆ⾜࠸ࠊ㸱ேࡢ࣡ࢼ⊟ᖌࢳ࣮࣒ࡀ㸴ᖺ㛫࡛᰿⤯ ᡂຌࡋࡓ㸦 ᖺ௦㸧ࠋࡇࡢ୰࡛ࠊࢾ࣮ࢺࣜࡢຠᯝⓗ࡞㥑㝖ᚲせ࡞ᵝࠎ࡞ࢹ࣮ࢱ ࢆྲྀࡿࡇࡀ࡛ࡁࠊࢠࣜࢫᅵࡢࢾ࣮ࢺࣜࢆ᰿⤯ࡍࡿࡓࡵᚲせ࡞ດຊ㔞ࡀィ⟬ࡉ ࢀࡓࠋࡲࡓᤕ⋓ἲࡢᨵⰋࡶ㐍ࢇࡔࠋ ᖺࠊ᪂ࡓ࡞㥑㝖⤌⧊ࡀసࡽࢀࠊ ேࡢᑓᒓ ࣡ࢼ⊟ᖌࠊ㸱ேࡢ┘╩⪅ࠊ ࣏ࣥࢻ㸦ᙜࡢⅭ࣮᭰ࣞࢺࡣ㸯࣏ࣥࢻ 㹼 ኚືࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ㸧ࡢண⟬ࡼࡿ᰿⤯ࣉࣟࢪ࢙ࢡࢺࡀጞࡲࡗࡓࠋ ᖺࠊ᭱ᚋࡢࢾ࣮ࢺࣜ ࡀᤕ⋓ࡉࢀ࡚ࡽ ࣨ᭶㛫ఱࡢ㊧ࡶぢࡘࡽࡎࠊࢠࣜࢫᇦࡽࡢ᰿⤯ࡀ ࡋࡓࠋ 㸦ᆏ⏣ ᏹᚿ㸧 ʵɹɹʵ