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第7章 国内・国外の事例について

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第7章 国内・国外の事例について
➨ ❶
ᅜෆ࣭ᅜእࡢ஦౛࡟ࡘ࠸࡚
せ Ⅼ
࣭ ࢔ࣛ࢖ࢢ࣐ࡢཎ⏘ᆅࡣ࣓࢟ࢩࢥࠊ࢔࣓ࣜ࢝ྜ⾗ᅜࠊ࢝ࢼࢲ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
࣭ ཎ⏘ᆅ࡛ࡣࠊ࢔ࣛ࢖ࢢ࣐ࡣ㔜せ࡞⊁⊟⋇࡛࠶ࡾࠊ࢔࣓ࣜ࢝ࡔࡅ࡛ẖᖺᩘⓒ୓㢌ࡀᤕ
⋓ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
࣭ ⏕ά⿕ᐖࡸ㎰ᴗ⿕ᐖࢆࡶࡓࡽࡍ᭷ᐖ⋇ࡸே␆ඹ㏻ឤᰁ⑕ࡢ࣍ࢫࢺ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡶࠊᤕ⋓ࡉ
ࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
࣭ ࢔ࣛ࢖ࢢ࣐ࡣࠊ㫽㢮ࡸ࣑࣓࢘࢞ࡢ㞟ᅋႠᕢᆅ࡛ᙉ࠸㣗ᐖࢆ୚࠼࡚࠸ࡿࡓࡵ࡟ࠊᤕ⋓
ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ஦౛ࡶ࠶ࡿࠋ
࣭ እ᮶့ங㢮࡟ࡼࡿ㎰ᴗ⿕ᐖࠊ⏕ែ⣔⿕ᐖࡣࠊ඲ୡ⏺࡛Ⓨ⏕ࡋ࡚࠾ࡾࠊ᰿⤯ࡸಶయᩘ
ᐦᗘࡢᢚไࡢᑐ⟇ࡀᩘከࡃ⾜ࢃࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
࣭ ᡂຌࡋࡓ᰿⤯ࣉࣟࢪ࢙ࢡࢺ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊ኱つᶍ࡞ࡶࡢࡣ࢖ࢠࣜࢫ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ࣐ࢫࢡࣛࢵࢺࠊ
ࢾ࣮ࢺࣜ࢔ࡢ᰿⤯ࡀ࠶ࡿࡀࠊከࡃࡣᓥᕋࡸᑠ㠃✚ࡢಖㆤ༊࡛⾜ࢃࢀࡓࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
࣭ ࢔ࣛ࢖ࢢ࣐ࡣࠊ࣮ࣚࣟࢵࣃࠊ୰⡿࡟ࡶ⛣ධࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ⊁⊟ᑐ㇟࡜࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ୍᪉ࠊ
୍㒊ࡣ㎰ᴗ⿕ᐖࡸឤᰁ⑕ࡢண㜵ࡢࡓࡵ࡟ᤕ⋓ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
࣭ ᰿⤯ࡀ⌮᝿ⓗ࡞⟶⌮᪉ἲ࡛࠶ࡿࡀࠊᐇ㝿ࡣᐇ⌧ྍ⬟ᛶࠊ㈝⏝ᑐຠᯝࡢほⅬ࠿ࡽಶయ
ᩘᐦᗘࡢᢚไࢆ┠ᶆ࡜ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ⟶⌮ࣉࣟࢢ࣒ࣛࡶ࠶ࡿࠋ
࣭ ᪥ᮏ࡬ࡢ⛣ධࡣ 1960 ᖺ௦࡟ጞࡲࡾࠊ㏆ᖺᛴ⃭࡟ศᕸࢆᣑ኱ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
࣭ ศᕸࡢᣑ኱࡜࡜ࡶ࡟⏒኱࡞㎰ᴗ⿕ᐖࡸ⏕ά⿕ᐖࢆཬࡰࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡲࡓᤕ㣗࣭➇த࡟
ࡼࡿ⏕ែ⣔࡬ࡢᙳ㡪ࡶᠱᛕࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
࣭ ࡇࡢࡓࡵࠊྛ㒔㐨ᗓ┴ࠊᕷ⏫ᮧ࡛ᑐ⟇ࡀ㐍ࡵࡽࢀࡣࡌࡵ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
ᅜෆእࡢ࢔ࣛ࢖ࢢ࣐⟶⌮ࡢ⌧≧
㸦㸯㸧ཎ⏘ᆅ
ࠑศᕸ࣭⏕ែࠒ
࢔ࣛ࢖ࢢ࣐ࡢཎ⏘ᆅࡣ࣓࢟ࢩࢥ໭㒊ࠊ࢔࣓ࣜ࢝ྜ⾗ᅜ඲ᇦࠊ࢝ࢼࢲ༡㒊࡛࠶ࡿ>@ࠋ
ศᕸࡢ໭㝈ࡣࠊ ୡ⣖࡟ࡣྜ⾗ᅜ༡㒊࡛࠶ࡗࡓࡀࠊ⌧ᅾࡣ࢝ࢼࢲ༡㒊ࡲ࡛໭ୖࡋࡓࠋ
ࡑࡢཎᅉࡣࠊ㎰ᆅࡢᣑ኱ࡀ᫓Ꮨࡢ㣵㈨※ࢆቑࡸࡋࠊṚஸ⋡ࡀపୗࡋࡓࡓࡵ࡜᥎ ࡉࢀ࡚
࠸ࡿ>@ࠋ⏕ᜥᩘࡶቑຍࡋࠊ ᖺ௦ࡢ໭⡿࡛ࡢಶయᩘࡣ ᖺ௦ࡢ ಸ࡜᥎ ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ>@ࠋ
ʵɹɹʵ
࢔ࣛ࢖ࢢ࣐ࡢ࣓ࢫࡣ⏕ࡲࢀࡓᖺࡢ෤࡟ࡣ⦾Ṫࢆጞࡵࠊྠ⭡Ꮚᩘࡶ᭱኱ 㢌࡜ከ࠸ࠋ⏕
ࡲࢀࡓᖺࡢ⛅࠿ࡽ⩣ᖺ࡟ࡣぶࡢඖࢆ㞳ࢀࠊᩘ࢟ࣟ㹼ᩘⓒ࢟ࣟࡢ㛗㊥㞳ศᩓࢆࡍࡿ
>@ࠋࡇࡢࡓࡵࠊఱࡽ࠿ࡢไ㝈せᅉࡀ࡞ࡅࢀࡤࠊᛴ㏿࡟ቑຍࠊศᕸᣑ኱ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ
࡛ࡁࡿࠋ⏕ᜥᐦᗘࡣ㣵㈨※ࡀ㇏ᐩ࡛⊁⊟ࡀ⾜ࢃࢀ࡞࠸ᕷ⾤ᆅᇦ࡛㧗ࡃࠊ≉࡟㒔ᕷ㒊ࡢ᳃
ᯘබᅬ࿘㎶࡛ࡣ 㢌NP ௨ୖ࡟㐩ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡶከ࠸>@ࠋ㑹እ࡛ࡣ㎰ᮧ㒊࡛㧗࠸
ࡀࠊ㐃⥆ࡋࡓ᳃ᯘᆅᇦ࡛ࡣప࠸ࠋ㈨※ࡢஈࡋ࠸ᆅᇦ࡛ࡣ 㢌NP ௨ୗ࡟࡞ࡾ࠺ࡿ>@ࠋ
ࠑ⊁⊟ࠒ
࢔ࣛ࢖ࢢ࣐ࡣࠊ໭⡿኱㝣࡛⤒῭ⓗ࡟ࡶࡗ࡜ࡶ㔜せ࡞ẟ⓶⋇࡛࠶ࡾࠊྂࡃ࠿ࡽ࣮ࣚࣟࢵ
ࣃ࡟ࡶ㍺ฟࡉࢀ࡚ࡁࡓࠋ
㹼 ᖺ௦࡟ࡶẖᖺ⣙ 㹼 ୓㢌㸭ᖺᤕ⋓ࡉࢀࠊ
ᖺ㛫 ୓ 86ࡶࡢ཰ධࢆ⏕ࡳฟࡋ࡚ࡁࡓ>@ࠋࡇࡢࡓࡵ⊁⊟ࡣࠊ㑹እ࡛ࡢ࢔ࣛ࢖ࢢ࣐ࡢ
᭱኱ࡢṚஸせᅉ࡜࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ㣫⫱ୗࡢ࢔ࣛ࢖ࢢ࣐ࡣࠊ ṓࡲ࡛⏕ࡁࡿࡇ࡜ࡶ࠶ࡿࡀ
>@ࠊ⊁⊟ࡀ⾜ࢃࢀ࡚࠸ࡿᆅᇦࡢ㔝እಶయ⩌ࡢᖹᆒᖺ㱋ࡣ ṓ௨ୗ࡟࡜࡝ࡲࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ
>@ࠋ
ࡋ࠿ࡋࠊ⊁⊟ࡀ⏕ᜥᐦᗘ࡟୚࠼ࡿຠᯝ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣ㆟ㄽࡀศ࠿ࢀࡿࠋJohnson (1970)
ࡣࠊ≟ࢆ౑ࡗࡓ⊟ࡣ࢔ࣛ࢖ࢢ࣐ࡢಶయᩘᐦᗘࢆῶᑡࡉࡏࡿࡢ࡟ຠᯝⓗ࡛࠶ࡗࡓ࡜ሗ࿌ࡋ
࡚࠸ࡿࡀࠊHodges㸦㸧Zeveloff㸦㸧Gehrt㸦㸧ࡽࡣ᠜␲ⓗ࡛࠶ࡿࠋᆅ
ᇦಶయ⩌ࡢ༙ศࢆ⊁⊟ࡉࢀࡿ࡯࡝ࡢ㧗࠸ᤕ⋓ᅽ࡟ࡉࡽࡉࢀ࡚ࡶࠊࡑࡢศ⦾Ṫ⋡ࡀୖ᪼ࡋࠊ
ࡍࡄ࡟ಶయᩘᐦᗘࢆᅇ᚟ࡍࡿ࡜࠸࠺ሗ࿌ࡶ࠶ࡾ>@ࠊ⊁⊟ࡢ᭷↓࡛ࠊಶయᩘኚືࣃࢱ࣮
ࣥ࡟኱ࡁ࡞㐪࠸ࡀぢࡽࢀ࡞࠸࡜࠸࠺ሗ࿌ࡶ࠶ࡿ>@ࠋ
ᖺ௦ᮎ࠿ࡽࡣࠊ࢔ࣛ࢖ࢢ࣐ࡣ⤒῭ⓗ࡞฼┈ࢆ⏕ࡳฟࡍື≀࡜࠸࠺ࡼࡾࡶࠊ᭷ᐖື
≀ࠊே␆ඹ㏻ឤᰁ⑕ࡢ࣍ࢫࢺ࡜ࡋ࡚♫఍ⓗ࡞ࢥࢫࢺࢆ⏕ࡳฟࡍື≀࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࡼ࠺࡟
࡞ࡗ࡚ࡁࡓ>@ࠋ
ࠑ⏕ά⿕ᐖ࣭㎰ᴗ⿕ᐖ⟶⌮ࠒ
୺せ࡞᭷ᐖື≀ࡢ୍ࡘ࡛࠶ࡾࠊࢦ࣑⁺ࡾࠊఫᒃ࡬ࡢ౵ධ࡞࡝ᵝࠎ࡞⿕ᐖࢆࡶࡓࡽࡋ࡚
࠸ࡿ>@ࠋࡲࡓࢫ࢖࣮ࢺࢥ࣮ࣥࠊ࣓ࣟࣥ࡞࡝ࡢ㎰ᴗ⿕ᐖࡶ኱ࡁ࠸ࠋࡇࡢࡓࡵ࢖ࣜࣀ࢖ᕞ
࡛ࡣ ୓㢌㸦 ᖺ㸧ࠊࢩ࢝ࢦᆅ᪉࡛ࡣ ୓㢌㸦 ᖺࠊ ୓ 86௨ୖࡢ㈝⏝㸧
ࡀ᭷ᐖ⋇࡜ࡋ࡚ฎ⌮ࡉࢀࡿ࡞࡝ࠊ⭾኱࡞♫఍ⓗࢥࢫࢺࡀ࠿࠿ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
࢔ࣛ࢖ࢢ࣐࡟ࡼࡿ⿕ᐖࡢ㍍ῶࡢࡓࡵ࡟ࠊࡉࡲࡊࡲ࡞ࣃࣥࣇࣞࢵࢺࡀⓎ⾜ࡉࢀࠊ㎰⪔ᆅ
࡬ࡢ㟁Ẽᰙ➼ࡢタ⨨ࠊఫᏯ࡬ࡢ౵ධ㊰ࡢᑒ㙐ࡸ⥙ࡢタ⨨࡞࡝ࡢ㜵㝖ἲࡀ⏝࠸ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ
>@ࠋ᭷ᐖಶయࡢᤕ⋓ἲ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡣ⟽࣡ࢼࠊࡣࡉࡳ࣡ࢼࡢ࡯࠿ࠊ≟ࡸ⊧࡞࡝ࡢ㘒ㄗᤕ
⋓ࢆ㜵ࡄࡓࡵ࡟ᶞୖ࡟タ⨨ࡍࡿࢱ࢖ࣉࡢࡣࡉࡳ࣡ࢼ͇Raccoon Box͇࡞࡝ࡶ⏝࠸ࡽࢀ
࡚࠸ࡿ>@ࠋᤕ⋓ࡋࡓಶయࡣࠊ࠿ࡘ࡚ࡣ⛣ືᨺ⋇ࡉࢀࡿࡇ࡜ࡶ࠶ࡗࡓࡀࠊ⤖ᯝⓗ࡟≬
≟⑓ࡢᣑ኱࡟ࡘ࡞ࡀࡗࡓࡓࡵࠊ⌧ᅾ࡛ࡣዲࡲࡋࡃ࡞࠸࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ>@ࠋ⊁⊟ᅽࡢ
ప࠸࢜ࣥࢱࣜ࢜ᕞ㸦࢝ࢼࢲ㸧
࡛ࡣᆅᇦಶయ⩌ࡢ 㸣ࢆ㝖ཤࡋ࡚ࡶ⏕ᜥᐦᗘࡣୖ᪼ࡋ⥆ࡅࠊ
⣙ 㸣࡛Ᏻᐃࠊⱞ᝟௳ᩘࢆῶࡽࡍࡓࡵ࡟ࡣ ௨ୖࢆ㝖ཤࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀᚲせ࡜⤖ㄽ࡙ࡅࡽ
ʵɹɹʵ
ࢀࡓ>@ࠋ
ࠑឤᰁ⑕⟶⌮ࠒ
࢔ࣛ࢖ࢢ࣐ࡣ≬≟⑓ࠊ࢔ࣛ࢖ࢢ࣐ᅇ⹸࡞࡝ࡢே␆ඹ㏻ឤᰁ⑕ࠊ࢖ࢾࢪࢫࢸࣥࣃ࣮࡞࡝
ᐙ␆࡜ࡢඹ㏻ឤᰁ⑕ࡢ࣍ࢫࢺ࡜࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ>@ࠋ
≬≟⑓ࡣⓎ⑕ᚋࠊ≬㌄≧ែЍ඲㌟㯞⑷ЍṚஸ࡟⮳ࡿ⑓Ẽ࡛ࠊண㜵ἲࡸ₯అᮇ㛫୰ࡢ἞
⒪ἲࡣ࠶ࡿࡀࠊⓎ⑕ᚋࡢ἞⒪ἲࡣᏑᅾࡋ࡞࠸ࠋ἞⒪㈝ࡶࠊ୍ே࠶ࡓࡾ⣙ 86࡜㧗
౯࡛࠶ࡿ>@ࠋ᪥ᮏ࡛ࡣ ᖺ࡟ேࠊື≀㸦࠾ࡶ࡟≟㸧࡜ࡶ࡟᰿⤯ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡟ᡂຌࡋ
࡚࠸ࡿࡀࠊ
໭⡿࡛ࡣ౫↛࡜ࡋ࡚ẖᖺឤᰁ౛ࡀ࠶ࡾࠊ
࢔ࣛ࢖ࢢ࣐ࡣࠊࡑࡢ ࢆ༨ࡵࡿ>@ࠋ
࢔ࣛ࢖ࢢ࣐ࡢ≬≟⑓ࡢឤᰁࡣࠊ௨๓ࡣࣇࣟࣜࢲᕞ࡟㝈ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡓࡀࠊேⅭⓗ⛣ື࡟ࡼࡗ
࡚ ᖺ௦௨㝆໭࡟ศᕸࡀᗈࡀࡾࡘࡘ࠶ࡿ㸦㹼࢜ࣁ࢖࢜ᕞ㸧>@ࠋᮾᾏᓊࡢ㒔ᕷ㒊࡛
ࡣ ᖺ࠾ࡁ࡟ὶ⾜ࡋ࡚ࠊ
ಶయᩘࡀ኱ࡁࡃῶᑡࡍࡿ࡯࡝㧗࠸ឤᰁ⋡࡟㐩ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ>@ࠋ
ࡲࡓࠊ໭⡿ࡢ㔝እಶయ⩌࡛ࡣࠊ࢔ࣛ࢖ࢢ࣐ᅇ⹸㸦%D\OLVDVFDULVSURF\RQLV㸧ࡢឤᰁ
⋡ࡶ ࡜㧗ࡃࠊὀពࡀႏ㉳ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ>@ࠋ࢔ࣛ࢖ࢢ࣐ᅇ⹸ࡣࠊឤᰁࡋࡓ࢔ࣛ࢖
ࢢ࣐ࡢ⣅࡟ởᰁࡉࢀࡓᅵተࢆཱྀ࡟ྵࡴࡇ࡜࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ே㛫࡟ࡶឤᰁࡍࡿ㸦ឤᰁ౛ࡣ࡯࡜ࢇ
࡝ᑠඣ㸧ࠋᅇ⹸ࡣ࢔ࣛ࢖ࢢ࣐࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ࡣ࡯࡜ࢇ࡝↓ᐖࡔࡀࠊே㛫࡞࡝௚ࡢື≀࡟ឤᰁࡋ
ࡓሙྜࡣᡂ⹸ẁ㝵ࡲ࡛࡟⏕⫱࡛ࡁࡎࠊయෆྛᡤ࡟⛣ືࡋ࡚ࠊ୰ᯡ⚄⤒㞀ᐖࡢཎᅉ࡜࡞ࡾࠊ
ேࢆṚஸࡉࡏࡿࡇ࡜ࡶ࠶ࡿ>@ࠋ
㒔ᕷ࣭㑹እᆅᇦ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ࢔ࣛ࢖ࢢ࣐ࡢ㧗ᐦᗘ໬ࡣࠊឤᰁ⑕ࡢὶ⾜ࢆࡶࡓࡽࡍ༴㝤ᛶࡀ
㧗ࡃࠊ࢖ࣜࣀ࢖ᕞ㸦ྜ⾗ᅜ㸧ࠊ࢜ࣥࢱࣜ࢜ᕞ㸦࢝ࢼࢲ㸧࡞࡝ከࡃࡢᆅᇦ࡛ಶయᩘ⟶⌮ࡀ
ᅗࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ>@ࠋ࢜ࣥࢱࣜ࢜ᕞࡣ≬≟⑓ࡢᣑ኱ࢆ㜵ࡄࡓࡵࠊ≬≟⑓ࡀⓎ⏕ࡋࡓᆅⅬ
࠿ࡽ NP ௨ෆࡢ⠊ᅖ࡛ࡢ࢔ࣛ࢖ࢢ࣐ࡢ᰿⤯ࠊᕞቃ௜㏆࡛㔝⏕ಶయࡢᤕ⋓Ѝ≬≟⑓࣡ࢡ
ࢳࣥࡢ᥋✀Ѝᨺ⋇ࢆ⾜࠺⟶⌮ࣉࣟࢢ࣒ࣛࡸࠊ⤒ཱྀ࣡ࢡࢳࣥࡢ✵୰ᩓᕸ࡞࡝ࢆᐇ᪋ࡋ࡚࠸
ࡿ>@ࠋ
ࠑ⏕ែ⣔⿕ᐖࠒ
࢔ࣛ࢖ࢢ࣐ࡢศᕸᣑ኱ࡸேⅭⓗ⛣ධ࡟࡜ࡶ࡞࠸ࠊᅾ᮶㔝⏕ື≀࡟ᙳ㡪ࢆ୚࠼࡚࠸ࡿ஦
౛ࡶሗ࿌ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ࢔࣓ࣜ࢝ࡢ୰す㒊࡛ࡣࠊከࡃࡢ㔝⏕㫽㢮ࡢ༸ࢆᤕ㣗ࡋࠊࡑࡢῶᑡ
ࡢ୍ᅉ࡟࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜࠸࠺୺ᙇࡶ࠶ࡿ>@ࠋ≉࡟ᆅୖႠᕢᛶỈ㫽࡞࡝ࡢ㫽㢮ࡸᾏடࡢ㞟
ᅋႠᕢᆅ࡛ࡣࠊ༸ࢆᤕ㣗ࡋ࡚኱ࡁ࡞ᙳ㡪ࢆ୚࠼࡚࠸ࡿ஦౛ࡀከ࠸>@ࠋ࢔ࣛ࢖ࢢ࣐ࡢ
㣗ᛶ◊✲ࢆࣞࣅ࣮ࣗࡋࡓ Johnson࡟ࡼࢀࡤࠊ࡯࡜ࢇ࡝ࡢᆅᇦࡢ࢔ࣛ࢖ࢢ࣐ࡣࠊ
㫽ࡸࡑࡢ༸ࢆࢃࡎ࠿࡟ࡋ࠿ᤕ㣗ࡋ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࡀࠊGreenwood㸦㸧ࡣࠊỈ㫽ࡢ㞟ᅋႠ
ᕢᆅ࿘㎶ࡢಶయ⩌࡛ࡣ ๭๓ᚋࡢಶయࡀࠊ㫽ࡸࡑࡢ༸ࢆᤕ㣗ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆሗ࿌ࡋ࡚࠸
ࡿࠋࡇࡢࡓࡵᾏ㫽ࡸᾏடࡢ㞟ᅋႠᕢ࣭⏘༸ᆅࡢಖㆤ༊ࡢ୍㒊࡛ࡣࠊ㟁Ẽᰙ࡟ࡼࡿಖㆤࡸࠊ
࢔ࣛ࢖ࢢ࣐ࡢᤕ⋓ࢆ⾜ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ>@ࠋ
ʵɹɹʵ
㸦㸰㸧᪥ᮏ௨እࡢ⛣ධඛ࡛ࡢ≧ἣ
࢔ࣛ࢖ࢢ࣐ࡣ ᖺ௦࡟ẟ⓶⋇࡜ࡋ࡚࣮ࣚࣟࢵࣃ࡟⛣ධࡉࢀࠊࣟࢩ࢔ࠊࢹ࣐࣮ࣥࢡࠊ
ࢻ࢖ࢶࠊࣝࢡࢭࣥࣈࣝࢡࠊࣇࣛࣥࢫ࡞࡝࡟ศᕸࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ>@ࠋࡲࡓࠊ୰⡿ࡢࣂ
ࣁ࣐ㅖᓥ࡛ࡶ⛣ධࡉࢀࡓಶయ⩌ࡀᣑ኱ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ>@ࠋࡇࢀࡽࡢಶయ⩌ࡣࠊ㫽㢮ࢆࡣࡌࡵ
࡜ࡍࡿᅾ᮶✀࡟ᑐࡍࡿᙳ㡪ࡸࠊ≬≟⑓ࠊ࢔ࣛ࢖ࢢ࣐ᅇ⹸ࡢ፹௓⪅࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢ༴㝤ᛶࡀᠱᛕ
ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ>@ࠋࢻ࢖ࢶ࡛ࡣࠊ࢔ࣛ࢖ࢢ࣐ᅇ⹸ࡢே࡬ࡢឤᰁ౛ࡀ▱ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
࢔ࣛ࢖ࢢ࣐ࡣࠊࢻ࢖ࢶ࡛ࡣ⌧ᅾ࡛ࡶ୺࡞⊁⊟ᑐ㇟ື≀ࡢ୍ࡘ࡛࠶ࡾࠊᖺ㛫 㢌
㸦 ᖺ㸧ᤕ⋓ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ>@ࠋࢹ࣐࣮ࣥࢡ࡛ࡣ㥑㝖ࡍ࡭ࡁእ᮶✀࡜ࡋ࡚㏻ᖺࡢ⊁⊟
ࡀチྍࡉࢀ>@ࠊࣂࣁ࣐࡛ࡶ᰿⤯ࣉࣟࢢ࣒ࣛࡀ᳨ウࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ>@ࠋ
㸦㸱㸧᪥ᮏ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ≧ἣ
ࠑศᕸࠒ
ᅜෆ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ࢔ࣛ࢖ࢢ࣐ࡢ㔝⏕໬ࡣ ᖺ࡟ᒱ㜧┴࡛ጞࡲࡗࡓ࡜ࡉࢀࠊࡑࡢᚋࠊ
ᖺ௦ᚋ༙ࡢࢸࣞࣅ␒⤌ࡢᙳ㡪࡞࡝࡛ከᩘ㍺ධ࣭㣫⫱ࡉࢀࡓಶయࡢ㏨ஸࡸពᅗⓗ࡞ᨺ⋇࡟
ࡼࡗ࡚ྛᆅ࡛㔝⏕໬ࡋࡓ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ>@ࠋ ᖺ࡟ࡣ 㒔㐨ᗓ┴࠿ࡽ࢔ࣛ࢖ࢢ
࣐ࡢ⏕ᜥࡢ᝟ሗࡀᚓࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
ࠑ⿕ᐖࠒ
᪥ᮏᅜෆ࡛ࡣࡍ࡛࡟ ✀ࡢእ᮶့ங㢮ࡀ▱ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡀ>@ࠊ࢔ࣛ࢖ࢢ࣐ࡣࣁࢡࣅ
ࢩࣥࠊࢾ࣮ࢺࣜ࢔࡜࡞ࡽࢇ࡛㎰స≀࡬ࡢຍᐖࡀ㢧ⴭ࡛࠶ࡾࠊ ᖺᗘ࡟ࡣ඲ᅜ࡛⣙
KD⣙ ൨ ୓෇ࡢ⿕ᐖ⥲㢠࡜㞟ィࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ㸦⾲ 㸧ࠋࣁࢡࣅࢩࣥࠊࢾ࣮ࢺࣜ
࢔ࡢ㔝⏕໬ࡣᡓ๓࠿ࡽ࡛࠶ࡿ>@ࡇ࡜࡜ẚ㍑ࡍࡿ࡜ࠊᛴ㏿࡞ቑຍ࡜࠸࠼ࡿࠋሗ࿌ࡉࢀ࡚
࠸ࡿ⿕ᐖ㎰స≀ࡣࢫ࢖࣮ࢺࢥ࣮ࣥࠊ࣓ࣟࣥࠊ࢖ࢳࢦࠊࢫ࢖࢝࡞࡝ࡀከ࠸>@ࠋࡲࡓ
㉺෤࣭⦾Ṫࡢࡓࡵ࡟ᐙࡢᒇ᰿⿬ࡸ✵ᐙ࡬ࡢ౵ධࡋࠊ⿕ᐖࢆ୚࠼ࡿࢣ࣮ࢫࡶከ࠸>@ࠋ
⾲ ᖺᗘ඲ᅜࡢእ᮶့ங㢮࡟ࡼࡿ㎰ᴗ⿕ᐖ㠃✚࣭㔠㢠
㸦㎰ᯘỈ⏘┬ +3 ࡼࡾ㸧
ࠋᑠᩘⅬ௨ୗᅄᤞ஬ධࠋ
ື≀✀
⿕ᐖ㠃✚
⿕ᐖ㔠㢠
ࣁࢡࣅࢩࣥ
㸦༓ KD㸧
㸦ⓒ୓෇㸧
࢔ࣛ࢖ࢢ࣐
㸦༓ KD㸧
㸦ⓒ୓෇㸧
ࢾ࣮ࢺࣜ࢔
㸦༓ KD㸧
㸦ⓒ୓෇㸧
ࡲࡓࠊ࢔ࣛ࢖ࢢ࣐ࢆཎ⏘ᆅ࠿ࡽ⛣ධࡍࡿ㝿ࠊ≬≟⑓࠾ࡼࡧ࢔ࣛ࢖ࢢ࣐ᅇ⹸ࡢឤᰁಶయ
ࡶΰධࡋࠊ᪥ᮏ࡛ࡢὶ⾜ࢆᘬࡁ㉳ࡇࡍࡇ࡜ࡶᠱᛕࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ࢔ࣛ࢖ࢢ࣐ᅇ⹸ࡣࡇࢀࡲ
࡛ࡢ࡜ࡇࢁ㔝እಶయ⩌࠿ࡽࡣぢࡘ࠿ࡗ࡚࠸࡞࠸>@ࡶࡢࡢࠊ ᖺ࡟ᅜෆࡢ ື≀ᅬ
࡛㣫⫱ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ࢔ࣛ࢖ࢢ࣐ 㢌ࡢ࠺ࡕ 㢌㸦㸧࡟ᐤ⏕ࡀ☜ㄆࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ>@ࠋ
ࡉࡽ࡟㧗࠸ᤕ㣗ᅽ࠿ࡽ⏕ែ⣔࡬ࡢᙳ㡪ࡶᠱᛕࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋึᮇࡣศᕸࡢᣑ኱ࣃࢱ࣮ࣥ࠿
ʵɹɹʵ
ʵɹɹʵ
ྛᅜࡢእ᮶့ங㢮ᑐ⟇ࡢ஦౛
㸦㸯㸧ಶయᩘᐦᗘࡢᢚไя᰿⤯
ே㛫ࡢពᅗⓗࠊ㠀ពᅗⓗ⛣ື࡟ࡼࡾእ᮶့ங㢮ࡣࡍ࡛࡟඲ୡ⏺࡟ཬࢇ࡛࠾ࡾࠊࡑࡢ࠺
ࡕ࠸ࡃࡘ࠿ࡢ✀㢮ࡣࠊ㎰ᴗࡸᅾ᮶⏕ែ⣔࡟῝้࡞ᙳ㡪ࢆࡶࡓࡽࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ౛࠼ࡤࢽ࣮ࣗ
ࢪ࣮ࣛࣥࢻ࡛ࡣእ᮶✀ࡢᑐ⟇㈝࡛ᖺ㛫 ൨ 86㸢࠿࠿ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜࠸࠺>@ࠋ
ࡇࡢࡓࡵࠊ
᪂ࡓ࡞⛣ධ࡟ᑐࡍࡿつไࡀཝࡋࡃ࡞ࡿ୍᪉ࠊ㥑㝖࡟ࡼࡿ᰿⤯ࠊࡲࡓࡣಶయ⩌ᐦᗘࡢᢚไ
ࡀヨࡳࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࡶከ࠸ࠋ
እ᮶✀ࡢ⟶⌮ィ⏬ࡀࠊࠕ᰿⤯ࠖ࡜ࠕಶయᩘᐦᗘࡢᢚไࠖࡢ࡝ࡕࡽ࠿ࢆ┠ᶆ࡜ࡍ࡭ࡁ࠿
࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣ㆟ㄽࡀ࠶ࡿࠋᆅᇦ࠿ࡽࡢ᏶඲࡞᰿⤯ࡣඖ᮶ࡢ⏕ែ⣔ࢆᅇ᚟ࡋࠊᑗ᮶ࡢࢥࢫࢺ
ࢆࢮࣟ࡟ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿⅬ࡛⌮᝿ⓗ࡞⟶⌮᪉ἲ࡛࠶ࡿ>@ࠋࡇࢀࡲ࡛⾜ࢃࢀࠊᡂຌࢆ
཰ࡵࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡓ᭱኱つᶍࡢ᰿⤯ࣉࣟࢪ࢙ࢡࢺࡣࠊ࢖ࢠࣜࢫ࡟࠾ࡅࡿࢾ࣮ࢺࣜ࢔᰿⤯
ࣉࣟࢪ࢙ࢡࢺ࡛ࠊ ᖺ㛫ࡢṓ᭶ࢆ࠿ࡅࠊ᭱኱ ୓㢌࡜᥎ᐃࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡓ㔝እಶయ⩌ࢆ᏶
඲࡟㝖ཤࡋࡓ>@%R[ ཧ↷ࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊಶయᩘࢆపᐦᗘ࡟ࡋࡓᚋࠊ᏶඲࡟㝖ཤࡍࡿࡲ
࡛࡟ⴭࡋࡃࢥࢫࢺࡀ࠿࠿ࡾࠊ࡟ࡶ࠿࠿ࢃࡽࡎᑡᩘࡢಶయࡀṧࡗࡓࡾࠊ᪂ࡓ࡞⛣ධࡀ࠶ࡗ
ࡓࡾࡍࡿ࡜ࠊࣉࣟࢪ࢙ࢡࢺ⤊஢ᚋ࡟ᛴ㏿࡟ಶయ⩌ࢆᅇ᚟ࡉࡏኻᩋ࡟⤊ࢃࡗ࡚ࡋࡲ࠺஦౛
ࡶከ࠸ࠋBomford & O'Brien㸦㸧ࡣ᰿⤯ࢆᡂຌࡉࡏࡿࡓࡵ࡟ᚲせ࡞௨ୗࡢ ᮲௳ࢆ
ᣲࡆ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
඲ಶయ⩌࡛㝖ཤ⋡ࡀቑຍ⋡ࢆୖᅇࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿ㸦పᐦᗘ࡟࡞ࡗࡓ࡜ࡁࡶ㸧
ࠋ
௚ࡢᆅᇦಶయ⩌ࠊ㣫⫱ಶయ⩌࠿ࡽࡢ᪂ࡓ࡞⛣ධࢆ ࡟࡛ࡁࡿࠋ
ࡍ࡭࡚ࡢ⦾Ṫಶయࢆᤕ⋓ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࠋ
ಶయ⩌ᐦᗘࢆࠊ㠀ᖖ࡟పࡃ࡞ࡗࡓ࡜ࡁ࡛ࡶ᥎ᐃࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࠋ
㛗ᮇⓗ࡞㈝⏝ᑐຠᯝࡀಶయᩘᐦᗘࡢᢚไࢆୖᅇࡿࠋ
᰿⤯ࣉࣟࢢ࣒ࣛࡀ♫఍ⓗ࡟ཷᐜࡉࢀࡿࠋ
ᐇ㝿ࠊ࢖ࢠࣜࢫ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ࢝࢖࢘ࢧࢠࡸ࢔࣓࣑ࣜ࢝ࣥࢡࠊࢽ࣮ࣗࢪ࣮ࣛࣥࢻ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ࢜
ࢥࢪࣙ࡞࡝ࠊࡇࢀࡽࡢ᮲௳ࢆ‶ࡓࡍࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡎࠊኻᩋ࣭ᨺᲠࡉࢀࡓ᰿⤯ࣉࣟࢢ࣒ࣛࡶ
࠶ࡿ>@ࠋࡇࡢࡓࡵ⌧ᐇ࡟ࡣಶయᩘᐦᗘࡢᢚไࣉࣟࢢ࣒ࣛࡀ㑅ᢥࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࡶ
ከ࠸ࠋBomford & O'Brienࡸ㟷ᰗࡣࠊ⌧ᐇⓗ࡞࣮ࣟࢻ࣐ࢵࣉࢆ♧ࡉࡎ࡟
඲㠃ⓗ࡞᰿⤯ࢆㅻ࠺⟶⌮ィ⏬ࡣࠊ㈝⏝ᑐຠᯝࢆ♧ࡍࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡎࠊ⤖ᒁࡣಶయᩘᐦᗘࡢ
ᢚไࡸࠊ㒊ศⓗ࡞᰿⤯ࡍࡽ㐩ᡂ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ྍ⬟ᛶࡀ࠶ࡿ࡜ᢈุࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ୍᪉࡛ࠊBomford
& O'Brien ࡣࢽ࣮ࣗࢪ࣮ࣛࣥࢻࡢᅜ❧බᅬἲࡸ࣮࢜ࢫࢺࣛࣜ࢔ࡢ࢘ࢧࢠ⟶⌮ィ
⏬ࡢࡼ࠺࡟ࠊᤕ⋓஦ᴗࡢࣔࢳ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥ⥔ᣢࡢࡓࡵ࡟᰿⤯ࡀㅻࢃࢀࡿࡇ࡜ࡶㄆࡵ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
ᮏ᮶ࠊ࡝ࢇ࡞⟶⌮ィ⏬࡛ࡶࠊึᮇ࡟ࡣࠊቑຍ⋡➼ࡢᇶᮏⓗ࡞ಶయ⩌ࣃ࣓࣮ࣛࢱࡀศ࠿
ࡽࡎࠊᐇ⌧ྍ⬟ᛶࡢ࠶ࡿ᰿⤯ࣉࣟࢢ࣒ࣛࢆ❧࡚ࡿࡇ࡜ࡣ୙ྍ⬟࡛࠶ࡿࠋ୍ᐃつᶍࡢᤕ⋓
஦ᴗࢆ㐍ࡵ࡚࠸ࡃ୰࡛ࡣࡌࡵ࡚ࠊቑຍ⋡➼ࡢಶయ⩌ࣃ࣓࣮ࣛࢱࡸᤕ⋓ຠ⋡ࠊ㈝⏝➼ࡀᢕ
ʵɹɹʵ
ᥱ࡛ࡁࡿࠋࡑࢀ࡟ᇶ࡙࠸࡚ࠊ㈝⏝ᑐຠᯝࡢほⅬ࠿ࡽࠊಶయᩘᐦᗘࡢᢚไ࠿᰿⤯ࡢ࠸ࡎࢀ
ࡀጇᙜ࡛࠶ࡿ࠿᳨ウࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࠋ
㸦㸰㸧ಶయᩘᐦᗘᢚไࣉࣟࢢ࣒ࣛࡢලయ౛
እ᮶✀ࡢಶయᩘᐦᗘࡢᢚไࡣࠊ⊟ᮇࢆタࡅࡎ㏻ᖺࡢᤕ⋓ࡀྍ⬟࡞ࡼ࠺࡟⊁⊟つไࢆᙅ
ࡵࡓࡾ㸦ࢹ࣐࣮ࣥࢡ࡟࠾ࡅࡿࢱࢾ࢟ࡸ࢔࣓࣑ࣜ࢝ࣥࢡࠊࣛࢺࣅ࢔࡟࠾ࡅࡿࢱࢾ࢟㸧ࠊ⊁
⊟⪅࡟୍ᐃࡢᤕ⋓ࢆ⩏ົ௜ࡅࡓࡾࣔࣝࢻࣂࠊಶே࡟ࡼࡿᤕ⋓࡟ᑐࡋ࡚⿵ຓ㔠ࢆฟࡍࡇ
࡜࡟ࡼࡗ࡚⾜ࢃࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ>@ࠋ
࢔࣓ࣜ࢝ࡢࣝ࢖ࢪ࢔ࢼᕞ࡛ࡣࠊࢾ࣮ࢺࣜ࢔ࡣ༡⡿ཎ⏘࡛࠶ࡿࡀẟ⓶⋇࡜ࡋ࡚฼⏝ࡉࢀ
࡚࠾ࡾࠊ ᖺ௦࡟ࡣẖᖺ ୓ ୓㢌ࡀᤕ⋓ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡓࠋ ᖺ௦࡟ධࡾẟ⓶
౯᱁ࡢୗⴠ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ᤕ⋓ᩘࡀᑡ࡞ࡃ࡞ࡿ࡜ࠊῐỈ‵ᆅࡢ㣗ᐖࡸỈ㊰ࡢ◚ቯࡀ㐍ࢇࡔࠋࡇ
ࡢࡓࡵᕞᨻᗓࡣࠊࢾ࣮ࢺࣜ࢔ࡢᤕ⋓࡟⿵ຓ㔠ࢆฟࡋࡓࡾࠊ⫗ࡢ㈍኎ࢆಁ㐍ࡋࡓࡾࡋ࡚ࡑ
ࡢᅇ᚟࡟ດࡵࠊ ᖺࡢ㛫࡟ ேࡢ༠ຊ⪅࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ ୓㢌ࢆᤕ⋓ࡋࠊ᳜⏕ࡢ
ᅇ᚟࡜Ỉ㊰ࡢ⥔ᣢ㈝ࡢ኱ᖜ࡞๐ῶ࡟ᡂຌࡋࡓ>@ࠋࢾ࣮ࢺࣜ࢔ࡣࠊす࣮ࣚࣟࢵࣃ࡟࠾࠸
࡚ࡶ㎰ᴗ⿕ᐖࡸỈ㊰ࡢᦆቯࢆ㉳ࡇࡋࠊᤕ⋓ࡀ㐍ࡵࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡀࠊ᰿⤯ࡣᅔ㞴࡜ࡋ࡚ಶయ
ᩘ⟶⌮ࢆ┠ᶆ࡜ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿᅜࡀከ࠸>@ࠋ
㸦㸱㸧᰿⤯ࣉࣟࢢ࣒ࣛࡢලయ౛
๓㏙ࡢࡼ࠺࡟ࠊ᰿⤯ࡣ㐩ᡂࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀᅔ㞴࡞⟶⌮᪉ἲ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ≉࡟ࠊపᐦᗘ࡟࡞ࡗࡓ
࡜ࡁ࡟ࠊṧࡗࡓಶయࢆ᥈⣴ࡍࡿࡢࡣᅔ㞴࡛ࠊࢃ࡞⊟࡜≟⊟ࡢే⏝>@ࡸࠊ⩌ࢀࢆసࡿᛶ
㉁ࡢື≀ࡢሙྜࡣࠊ୍㒊ࡢಶయ࡟㟁ἼⓎಙᶵࡘࡅ࡚⩌ࢀࢆ᥈⣴ࡍࡿ࡞࡝ࠊ㧗ᗘ࡞ᢏ⾡ࡀ
ᚲせ࡜ࡉࢀࡿࡇ࡜ࡀከ࠸ࠋࡇࢀࡲ࡛ࡢ᰿⤯ᡂຌ౛ࡢ࡯࡜ࢇ࡝ࡣࠊᑠࡉ࡞ᓥᕋ࠿ࠊ✵㛫ⓗ
࡟㝈ᐃࡉࢀࡓಖㆤ༊ෆࡢಶయ⩌ࢆᑐ㇟࡜ࡋࡓࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࢀࡽࡢಶయ⩌ࡣࠊ㠃✚ࡀ㝈
ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡓࡵ᰿⤯ࡋࡸࡍࡃࠊࡲࡓ௦᭰୙ྍ⬟࡞ᅛ᭷✀ࡀከ࠸ࡓࡵࠊ᰿⤯ࡢ㈝⏝ᑐຠᯝ
ࡀ㧗࠸ࠋ࢔࣓࣑ࣜ࢝ࣥࢡࠊ࢟ࢶࢿࠊࢿࢬ࣑ࠊ㔝⏕໬ࣖࢠࠊ㔝⏕໬ࢿࢥ࡞࡝ࡢ౛ࡀ▱ࡽࢀ
࡚࠸ࡿ>@ࠋ≉࡟ࠊ㔝⏕໬ࣖࢠࡢ᰿⤯ࡣࠊ⤒㦂ࡢ⵳✚࡜ᢏ⾡ⓗ㐍Ṍ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ࠊẚ
㍑ⓗ኱ࡁ࡞ᓥ㸦㹼NP㹼 ୓㢌㸧࡛ࡶᡂຌࡍࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡗ࡚ࡁࡓࠋ㔝⏕໬ࢿࢥࡢ᰿
⤯ࡶࠊ㠃✚ NP ࡢᓥ࡛ࡢᡂຌ౛㸦ࢽ࣮ࣗࢪ࣮ࣛࣥࢻ㸧ࡀ࠶ࡿ>@ࠋ᪥ᮏ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡣࠊ
ᑠ➟ཎࡢ࠸ࡃࡘ࠿ࡢᓥ࡛ࠊ㔝⏕໬ࣖࢠࡢ᰿⤯㸦 ᖺ㹼㸧࡟ᡂຌࡋࡓ࡯࠿ࠊ዆⨾኱ᓥ
࡛ࡢ࣐ࣥࢢ࣮ࢫࡢ᰿⤯㸦 ᖺ㹼㸧
ࠊ▼ᕝ┴୐ࢶᓥ኱ᓥ࡛ࡢ࢝࢖࢘ࢧࢠ᰿⤯㸦 ᖺ㹼㸧
ࣉࣟࢪ࢙ࢡࢺ࡞࡝ࡀ㐍ࡵࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ>@ࠋ
࢖ࢠࣜࢫ࡟࠾ࡅࡿࠊ࣐ࢫࢡࣛࢵࢺ࡜ࢾ࣮ࢺࣜ࢔ࡢ᰿⤯ࡣࠊᩘᑡ࡞࠸኱㠃✚࡛ࡢ᰿⤯ᡂ
ຌ౛࡛࠶ࡿ>@㸦%2; ཧ↷㸧ࠋࡇࢀࡽࡢື≀ࡣࠊ⛣ື⬟ຊࡀప࠸ࡓࡵ᰿⤯ࡉࢀࡸࡍ࠿ࡗ
ࡓ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀ࡚࠸࡚>@ࠊ⌧ᅾࡣྜ⾗ᅜ Mayland ᕞࡢ Delmarva ༙ᓥ࡛ࡶࢾ࣮ࢺࣜ࢔
ࡢ᰿⤯ࣉࣟࢢ࣒ࣛࡀᐇ᪋ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ᰿⤯ࡣࠊࡲࡎ༙ᓥෆࡢ Blackwater ᅜ❧ಖㆤ༊࡛
ጞࡵࡽࢀࠊ ࡟ࡣࠊᑓᴗࡢᚑ஦⪅ ே࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ 㢌ࡀ㥑㝖ࡉࢀࡓ>@ࠋ
ʵɹɹʵ
ᘬ⏝ᩥ⊩
1.
㟷ᰗ⣧ (2003). ࣈࣛࢵࢡࣂࢫࡀ࠸ࡌࡵࡽࢀࡿ࣍ࣥࢺࡢ⌮⏤⎔ቃᏛⓗどⅬ࠿ࡽእ
᮶㨶ၥ㢟ゎỴࡢ⣒ཱྀࢆ᥈ࡿ, ࡘࡾே♫.
2.
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3.
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Queensland Press, Brisbane.
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population models for disease control planning in urban areas of Ontario,
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7.
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Requiems: the Need for More Collaborative Action in Eradication of Invasive
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9.
Gehrt, S., J. G. Hubert and J. Ellis. (2002) Long-term population trends of
raccoons in Illinois. Wildl. Soc. Bull. 30: 457-463.
10. Gehrt, S. D. (2003) Raccoon. Wild mammals of North America: biology,
management, and conservation. G. A. Feldhamer, B. C. Thompson and J. A.
Chapman. The Johns Hopkins University Press: 611-634.
11. Goretzki, J. (2003) Die Entwicklung der Jagdstrecken von Waschbär (Procyon
ʵɹɹʵ
lotor), Marderhund (Nyctereutes procynoides) und Nordamerikanischem Nerz
(Mustela vison) in Deutschland. from http://www.genres.de/ANGEWISBEI498/DDD/498_12.pdf.
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15. ⩚ᒣఙ୍. (2001) 㔝⏕ື≀ၥ㢟, ᆅே᭩㤋.
16. Hodges, K. M., M. J. Chamberlain and B. D. Leopold. (2000) Effects of
summer hunting on ranging behavior of adult raccoons in central Mississippi.
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17. ໭ᾏ㐨⎔ቃ⏕ά㒊⎔ቃᒁ⮬↛⎔ቃㄢ. (2006) ᖹᡂ 18 ᖺᗘ࢔ࣛ࢖ࢢ࣐ᑐ⟇⾜ືィ⏬.
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21. ⎔ቃ┬.㸦2002㸧㫽⋇㛵ಀ⤫ィ.
22. ⎔ቃ┬.㸦2003㸧㫽⋇㛵ಀ⤫ィ.
23. ⎔ቃ┬.㸦2004㸧㫽⋇㛵ಀ⤫ィ.
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America: biology, management and economics. pp. 567-585. J. A. Capman and G.
A. Feldhamer eds., The Johns Hopkins Univ. Press, Baltimore, Maryland.
25. ᕝ୰ṇ᠇, ᮡᒣᗈ, ᳃ᔱᗣஅ. (2002) ࢔ࣛ࢖ࢢ࣐ᅇ⹸࡟ࡼࡿᗂ⹸⛣⾜⑕. ឤᰁ
ʵɹɹʵ
⑕Ⓨ⏕ືྥㄪᰝ㐌ሗ.
from:http://idsc.nih.go.jp/idwr/kansen/k02_g2/k02_42/k02_42.html.
26. Lariviere, S. (2004) "Range expansion of coons in the Canadian praries: review
of hypotheses." Wildl. Soc.Bull. 32: 955-963.
27. Long, J. (2003) Introduced mammals of the world, their history, distribution &
influence, CSIRO Publishing.
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UK biodiversity and the effectiveness of control. J. Appl. Eco. 37: 845-864.
29. ※ᐉஅ. (2001) ᪥ᮏࡣ⌧≧ࡢ㜵␿ᑐ⟇࡛≬≟⑓ࡢ෌Ⓨࢆ㜵ࡆࡿࡢ࠿. ⛣ධ࣭እ᮶࣭
౵ධ✀. ᕝ㐨⨾ᯞᏊ࣭ᒾᵳ㑥⏨࣭ᇽᮏᬡᏊ, ⠏ᆅ᭩㤋: 252-263.
30. ᐑୗᐇ. (1993) ࢔ࣛ࢖ࢢ࣐⺳⹸ Baylisascaris procyonis ࡢᗂ⹸⛣⾜⑕࡟㛵ࡍࡿ◊
✲. ⏕ά⾨⏕ 37. 137-151.
31. ᪥ᮏ⏕ែᏛ఍⦅. (2002) እ᮶✀ࣁࣥࢻࣈࢵࢡ, ᆅே᭩㤋.
32. Nummi, P. (2000) Alien species in Finland.
from: http://www.environment.fi/download.asp?contentid=34577&lan=en.
33. Orueta, J. F. and Y. A. Ramos. (2001) Methods to Control and Eradicate
Non-native Terrestrial Vertebrate Species, Council of Europe.
34. Prange, S., S.D. Gehrt and E. Wiggers. (2004) Influences of anthropogenic
resources on raccoon (Procyon lotor) movements and spatial distribution. J.
Mammal. 85: 483-490.
35. Riley, S. P., J. Hadidian and D. A. Manski. (1998) Population density, survival,
and rabies in raccoons in an urban national park. Can.J.Zool. 76: 1153-1164.
36. Rosatte, R. C. (2000) Management of raccoons (Procyon lotor) in Ontario,
Canada: do human intervention and disease have significant impact on raccoon
populations. Mammalia 64: 369-390.
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38. ⏣㎶㫽⋇ᑐ⟇༠㆟఍⦅. (2003) ⏣㎶ᕷ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ࢔ࣛ࢖ࢢ࣐ㄪᰝሗ࿌᭩. ⏣㎶㫽⋇ᐖ
ᑐ⟇༠㆟఍⦅.
ʵɹɹʵ
39. Zeveloff, S.I. (2002) Raccoons: A Natural History. Smithsonian institution Press,
200p. Washington, D.C., USA.
ʵɹɹʵ
BOX4 ࢖ࢠࣜࢫ࡟࠾ࡅࡿࢾ࣮ࢺࣜ࢔ࡢ᰿⤯ᡂຌࡢ⤒⦋
㸦 ᖺ㹼 ᖺ㸧
㸦Gosling 1989, Gosling & Baker 1989㸧
༡⡿ࢆཎ⏘࡜ࡍࡿࢾ࣮ࢺࣜ࢔ࡣࠊ⤒῭ⓗ౯್ࡢ㧗࠸ẟ⓶⋇࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊ ᖺ௦ࡢࣇࣛ
ࣥࢫ࡬ࡢᑟධࢆึࡵࠊ࣮ࣚࣟࢵࣃࠊ໭⡿ࠊ࢔ࢪ࢔ྛᅜ࡟ᑟධࡉࢀࠊ㔝⏕໬ࡋࡓࠋࡲࡓࠊ
Ỉ㊰ࢆࡩࡉࡄỈ⏕᳜≀ࡢ㝖ཤ࡟ᙺ❧ࡘ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀࠊேⅭⓗ࡟ᨺ⋇ࡉࢀࡿࡇ࡜ࡶ࠶ࡗࡓࠋ
࢖ࢠࣜࢫ࡟ࡣ ᖺ௦࡟ᑟධࡉࢀࠊ ᖺ௦࡟ࡣ㔝⏕໬ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࠋ㔝⏕໬ࡋࡓࢾ࣮ࢺࣜ
࢔ࡣࠊᛴ㏿࡟ಶయᩘࢆቑࡸࡋࠊ ᖺ௦ᮎ࡟ࡣࠊ࢖ࢠࣜࢫ඲ᅵ࡛ ୓㢌ࡀ⏕ᜥࡋ࡚࠸
ࡿ࡜᥎ᐃࡉࢀࡓࠋࢾ࣮ࢺࣜ࢔ࡣỈ㊰ࡸᕝࡢᅵᡭ࡟✰ࢆ㛤ࡅࠊᵝࠎ࡞㎰స≀⿕ᐖࢆ୚࠼ࡿ
ࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡗࡓࠋࡲࡓࠊἙ␁ࡢࣚࢩ‵ᆅᖏࢆⲨᗫࡉࡏࠊᅾ᮶Ỉ⏕᳜≀ࡢ୍㒊ࡀᕼᑡ࡜࡞ࡗ
ࡓࠋ
ࡇࡢࡓࡵࠊ ᖺ࡟㥑㝖ࡀ㛤ጞࡉࢀࡓࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊཝ෤࡞࡝࡛ಶయᩘࡢ⃭ῶࡀ࠶ࡗࡓࡾࠊ
ᖺ㹼 ᖺࡢ㛫࡟ࠊ⣙ ୓㢌ࢆᤕ⋓ࡋࡓࡶࡢࡢࠊ⦾Ṫ⬟ຊࡀ㧗࠸ࢾ࣮ࢺࣜ࢔ࡢಶయ
⩌ࡢᅇ᚟ࢆ㜵ࡆࡎࠊኻᩋࢆ㔜ࡡࡓࠋᨵࡵ࡚᰿⤯࡟ᚲせ࡞ດຊ㔞ࢆ᥎ᐃࡍࡿࡓࡵࠊ<DUH
ᕝࡢὶ㛗⣙ NP ࡢ⠊ᅖ࡛㞟୰ⓗ࡞ᤕ⋓ࢆ⾜࠸ࠊ㸱ேࡢ࣡ࢼ⊟ᖌࢳ࣮࣒ࡀ㸴ᖺ㛫࡛᰿⤯
࡟ᡂຌࡋࡓ㸦 ᖺ௦㸧ࠋࡇࡢ୰࡛ࠊࢾ࣮ࢺࣜ࢔ࡢຠᯝⓗ࡞㥑㝖࡟ᚲせ࡞ᵝࠎ࡞ࢹ࣮ࢱ
ࢆྲྀࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࠊ࢖ࢠࣜࢫ඲ᅵࡢࢾ࣮ࢺࣜ࢔ࢆ᰿⤯ࡍࡿࡓࡵ࡟ᚲせ࡞ດຊ㔞ࡀィ⟬ࡉ
ࢀࡓࠋࡲࡓᤕ⋓ἲࡢᨵⰋࡶ㐍ࢇࡔࠋ ᖺ࡟ࠊ᪂ࡓ࡞㥑㝖⤌⧊ࡀసࡽࢀࠊ ேࡢᑓᒓ
࣡ࢼ⊟ᖌࠊ㸱ேࡢ┘╩⪅ࠊ ୓࣏ࣥࢻ㸦ᙜ᫬ࡢⅭ࣮᭰ࣞࢺࡣ㸯࣏ࣥࢻ 㹼 ෇࡜
ኚືࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ㸧ࡢண⟬࡟ࡼࡿ᰿⤯ࣉࣟࢪ࢙ࢡࢺࡀጞࡲࡗࡓࠋ ᖺࠊ᭱ᚋࡢࢾ࣮ࢺࣜ
࢔ࡀᤕ⋓ࡉࢀ࡚࠿ࡽ ࣨ᭶㛫ఱࡢ⑞㊧ࡶぢࡘ࠿ࡽࡎࠊ࢖ࢠࣜࢫ඲ᇦ࠿ࡽࡢ᰿⤯ࡀ᏶஢
ࡋࡓࠋ
㸦ᆏ⏣ ᏹᚿ㸧
ʵɹɹʵ
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