PーC ar。SC aS a resuーt 。f vari。us fact。ries being

146THESPAcEoFノ
レρK4尺 てフ
inmigrationandoutmigrationofpeoplearoseasaresultofvariou.s
魚ctoriesbeingerectedinandaroundtheBostonarea,attractinglarge
numbersofitinerateworkersinsearchofemploymentopportunities.
ThistrendspeltthedemiseoftheolderestablishedBoston,whichh衾d
basicallyoccupiedaverycompactspacearoundtheportarea.
ThedevelopmentofBostonwasconcentratedaroundthesmall
peninsulaextendingintoMassachusettsBayonwhichtheoriginal
settlementwasestablished.Thepeninsulawasconnectedtothe
mainlandbアanisthmusenclosedoneachsidebyBackBayandSouth
BaylHowever,therapidgrowthofthemetropolitanareaduringthe
latterhalfoftheninetcenthcenturysawbothofthesebays,aswellasthe
marshesandtid且lnatsbeアond,丘lledin.In1850,befbretheimpactof
expansion,theentiretyofBostonHttedsnugglyintoana.reaofthree
milesradius.Includedwithinthisthree-mileradiuswereCharlestown,
Cambridge,andSomerville,notadministrativelypartofthecitydespite
theircloseproximity,andalsodistrictslyingfhrtherafieldsuchas
Chelsea,Brookline,andDorchester,f}omwhereitwasstillpossibleto
commutetotheinncrcitγonfbot.
Asamatterofinterest,Kyotoaroundthesameperiodhad
comparativepopulationβgurestoBoston,andthetwourbancenters
werealsobasic盆11アmatchedintermsofthescaleofthcirrespective
mctropolitanareas.
3.UrbanExpansion
Thetraditionalurbancenterwasnotcharacterizedbyapronouncedclass
segregat三
〇nofresidentialspace.Inthewalkingcitアbefbrepublic
transportationsystems,necessitydictatedthattherebelittleseparation
oflivingandworkingspace.Thus,apartf}omaselectfヒwwhoenjoyed
theprivilegesofwealthandIeisure,therestofthepopulationhadlittle
choicebuttocoexistwithinthehigh-densityinnercityneighborhoods.
Thenormwasfbrsuccessfhlbusinessmentomaketheirhomeonthe
C,NTRIFuGA、P。
Figure8:Theexpansion
FromSamBassw証ner,Jr.,5∫
1900.HarvardUniversitアPress,1978.
147
叮,RNs。,UR,A面IzATI。N
.ofBoston
澀6〃5珈7ウ
∫'7乃6P70`∬
∫ げ6アo励
彡
π βo吻
〃,
1870一
148
THESPACEOF〃1}%1ω
secondflooroftheirbusinesspremises,andinthebackalleysnearby
wouldbelodgeddaylaborersandtheirfamilies.ThiswasthetγpicaI
settinginurbancentersalongtheeastcoastoftheUnitedStatesbefbre
theperiodofrapidexpansion.
Bostonduringtheensuingfif辷yy℃arswitnessedanastoundingrate
ofgrowth,andby・theturnofthecenturythemetropolitanareahad
extendedtoincludeaten-mileradius.Thisislargerthantheentirearea
oftheKyotoBasin,whichhasaradiusofaround盒vekilometers,ora
littleoverthreemiles,andtentimesthesizeofthemetropolitanareaof
Kンotoduringthesameperiod.TherapidexpansionofBostonwasmade
possiblebアtheintroductionofpublictransportatlon,whichwas
providcdinitiallybythehorse-drawnomnibus(1835),andlaterbythe
horsecar(1852)andstreetcar(1888).Theprovisionofquickandreliable
systemsoftransportandcommu.nicationare,ofcourse,essentialfbra
largetownorcitγtofhnctioneffとctivelylThusinthedaysbefbre
efficientpu.blictransportation,itwasnotfヒasiblefbrcitiessu.chas
Bostontoextendbeyondathree-mileradius.
Edo,ontheotherhand,hadbytheendoftheT:)kugawashogunate
alreadygrownbeyondasi年emanagcableonfbot.RobertFortune(18131880)whospenttimeinJapan(1860-1862)a丘ertheopeningofports
tof∼)reigntradeandtraveledbyhorsearoundvariouspartsofEdo,
makesthefbllowingobservations三n}多
ゐ4厩1を
々ゴ㎏.
FromthesouthernsuburbofShinagawatothenorth-eastern
suburbthedistanceisabouttwelvemiles,andf}omeasttowest
itisabouteightmiles.Ofcoursemilesofextensivesuburbslie
bcyondthesepoints,butthesemustbelookeduponasbeingin
thecountryandnotinthetown.7
7.Fortune1863,P.89.
CENTRIFuGALPATTERNsoFURBANIzATIoN
IntheUnitedStatcs,thecommencementin18290fahorse-drawn
omnibusservicealonglowerBroadwayinNewYbrkCitymarkcdthe
introdu.ctionofinnercitγpublictransportation.Bostonfbllowedsuitin
1835andBaltimorein1844.Froml852horsecarsbegantoreplacethe
omnibus,andprovidedaquantumleapintermsofthespeed,comfbrt,
andcapacityoftransitsystems.CitiesandtownsacrossEuropealso
effとctedsimilarmodernizationsofpublictransportationduringroughly
thesameperiod.Thchorsecar,andthcomnibusbefbrethat,wasideally
suitedtotheshortdistancesandfrequentstopsofinnercity
transportation.Ontheotherhand,theuseofsteamengines,the
establishedmeansofintercitytransportation,wasgenerallyruledoutin
andaroundurbancentersfbrthesesamereasons.
Despitetheadvantagcsofhorse-drawntransportation,dealingwith
thedung,inparticular,becameamajorissuewithclosetoeight
thousandhorsescrowdedintotheconfincdinnercityspaceofBoston.
Driedhorsedroppingswouldcollecねttheroadsideandcreateanawfhl
stenchthroughoutthecityとAndwhenitrainedthestreetswereawash
withthestufεSoalthoughtheadventoftheomnibusandthehorsecar
changedthefaceofinnercitytransportation,theywereamajorfactor
contributingtothedeteriorationoftheurbanenvironment.This
problemwasultimatelysolvedinthelate1880swiththeintroductionof
electric-poweredstreetcars,otherwiseknownastrolleys.
Tbreiterate,intheperiodbefbremotorizationthemetropolitan
areaofBostonexpandedmarkedlytoincludeaten-mileradiusbythe
turnofthecenturyとThefactorscontributingtothisphenomenalgrowth
andthechangesitwroughtonthecitywillnowbeexamined.
4.InSearchofNatural.SettingsintheSuburbs
Followingthcadventofstreetcarsinthelatenineteenthcentury;an
extensivenetworkofstreetcarlinessoonbcgantobranchoutf}omthe
Bostoncitycenter,providingavitallinkwiththesurroundingsuburbs.
149