...

「。、」、・ヲィ § ゥ - Medio Ambiente y Comportamiento Humano

by user

on
Category: Documents
7

views

Report

Comments

Transcript

「。、」、・ヲィ § ゥ - Medio Ambiente y Comportamiento Humano
Medio Ambiente y Comportamiento Humano
2002, 3(2), 107-118.
ISSN 1576-6462
©Editorial Resma, 2002
¿Estamos dispuestos a proteger nuestro ambiente?
Intención de conducta y comportamiento proambiental1
5LFDUGRGH&DVWUR &RQVHMHUtDGH0HGLR$PELHQWH-XQWDGH$QGDOXFtD(VSDxD
Resumen
(QHOSUHVHQWHWUDEDMRVHPXHVWUDQODVFRQFOXVLRQHVGHXQHVWXGLR
VREUH LQWHQFLyQ GH FRQGXFWD SURDPELHQWDO UHDOL]DGR VREUH VXMHWRV PD\RUHV GH DxRV (V GHFLU OD LQWHQFLyQ D UHDOL]DU XQD
DFFLyQ \D VHD GH IRUPD LQGLYLGXDO R HQ XQ HVFHQDULR FROHFWLYR D
IDYRU GH OD FRQVHUYDFLyQ GH ORV UHFXUVRV QDWXUDOHV \ GLULJLGD D
REWHQHUXQDPHMRUFDOLGDGGHOPHGLRDPELHQWH
Palabras clave: &RPSRUWDPLHQWR SURDPELHQWDO LQWHQFLyQ GH
FRQGXFWD
Do we really want to protect the environment? Intentions
and proenvironmental behaviors
Abstract
7KLV SDSHU VKRZV WKH UHVXOWV RI D UHVHDUFK RQ LQWHQWLRQV RI
SURHQYLURQPHQWDO EHKDYLRU $ WRWDO RI RYHU \HDUROG
LQGLYLGXDOV ZHUH VWXGLHG %\ LQWHQWLRQV RI SURHQYLURQPHQWDO
EHKDYLRUZHPHDQWKHDFWXDOLQWHQWLRQDQLQGLYLGXDORUDJURXSKDV
WRDFWIRUWKHSUHVHUYDWLRQRIQDWXUDOUHVRXUFHVDQGZLWKDQDLPWR
LPSURYHWKHHQYLURQPHQW
Key words:(QYLURQPHQWDOEHKDYLRUEHKDYLRULQWHQWLRQ
"! #$% #&'(!*) ##+,-#./.)0-.&1#2! ! () ) (-..&43 ..&43 ,-*% (#65-*,#2! -(879(1+4#*/(+;:<.&=1&>1% ?.2! (-.)@ /1&43 % 3 ,03 (
-.A51&43 ,-2% (&CB ($% #2) .&D-.DE /-#*) ,$F #G+IHJ/?.)8K2#2L8F ! .MN-.A) #POQ% ! .$0$% R2/G
./.2! #2)-.A5-*,$0#$% R2/
EJLS% ./03 #*) T;U /V#W1#*/$0.X-.X.&43 .Y3 ! #2S#<Z (V[ ,.\'! .&./03 #-(X./\]2^3 _V`*(2/0[ .! .2/$0.X([3 _.\@ /03 .! /#3 % (2/#2)
E&0&1($% #3 % (/a[ (!Jb.(') .1c 5/0W% ! (2/L./032B23 ,-2% .&9d ><#`*(! ,e#2fg2h*hJg2i
j"KJ% $0#2! -(-.`*#&43 ! (fOQ% ! .$0$% R/9
.2/.! #*)4-.65-2,$0#$% R/aE LS% .2/03 #2) T
`*(/1&1. Z .! F #-.879.-*% (EJL8S% .2/03 .T4EW1-#2T79#*/,.)kBQ% ,! (13Jl*h f4BJ.1W% ) ) #mQ]h ^J]2T4BJ.1W% ) ) #d 51&'#2e#i
5L#2% ) n! % $0#2! -(T $0#&43 ! (oQZ ,/03 #-.#2/-#2) ,$% #2T .&
107
Intención de conducta y comportamiento proambiental
Introducción
&RPR VH KD UHLWHUDGR HQ GLYHUVDV RFDVLRQHV XQR GH ORV SULQFLSDOHV
SUREOHPDV TXH SUHVHQWD OD LQYHVWLJDFLyQ VREUH HO FRPSRUWDPLHQWR
SURDPELHQWDO HV OD GHILFLHQFLD HQ ODV PHWRGRORJtDV GH UHFRJLGD GH
LQIRUPDFLyQRODFRPSOHMLGDGGHODVPLVPDVFXHVWLRQHVTXHKDPHQXGR
OOHYDQ D XQD WRPD GH GHFLVLRQHV DUULHVJDGD HQ FXDQWR D ORV PRGHORV
H[SOLFDWLYRVGHODDFFLyQGHODVSHUVRQDVDIDYRUGHOHQWRUQR
3XHGH HQWHQGHUVH SRU FRPSRUWDPLHQWR SURDPELHQWDO DTXHOOD DFFLyQ
TXH UHDOL]D XQD SHUVRQD \D VHD GH IRUPD LQGLYLGXDO R HQ XQ HVFHQDULR
FROHFWLYRHQIDYRUGHODFRQVHUYDFLyQGHORVUHFXUVRVQDWXUDOHV\GLULJLGD
D REWHQHU XQD PHMRU FDOLGDG GHO PHGLR DPELHQWH &DVWUR (VWRV
FRPSRUWDPLHQWRV VRQ GH FDUiFWHU GHOLEHUDGR \ FRPSHWHQWH IRUPDQGR
SDUWH GH XQ HVWLOR GH YLGD &RUUDO OR TXH LPSOLFD XQD LQWHQFLyQ
SUHYLDDUHDOL]DUORV
6HJ~Q 6XiUH] SXHGHQ UHIHULUVH GLYHUVRV PpWRGRV SDUD HO
HVWXGLR GH HVWH WLSR GH FRQGXFWDV HO DQiOLVLV GH UHJLVWURV RILFLDOHV OD
REVHUYDFLyQ GLUHFWD \ ORV DXWRLQIRUPHV GH FRQGXFWD (VWDV HVWUDWHJLDV
SUHVHQWDQVHULDVGHILFLHQFLDVSDUDXQXVRFRQWUDVWDGRGHORVGDWRVFRPR
HO LPSRUWDQWH GpILFLW GH LQIRUPDFLyQ LQGLYLGXDOL]DGD \ OD DPSOtVLPD
YDULDFLyQ \ OD LQHVWDELOLGDG GH ORV GDWRV DSRUWDGRV HQ HO FDVR GH ORV
UHJLVWURV 3RU RWUR ODGR KD\ TXH UHPDUFDU ORV HOHYDGRV FRVWHV SDUD OD
JHQHUDOL]DFLyQ GH ORV HVWXGLRV GH REVHUYDFLyQ \ OD GLILFXOWDG GH ORV
PLVPRVDORTXHKD\TXHDxDGLUODSUHHPLQHQFLDGHORVFRPSRUWDPLHQWRV
DPELHQWDOHV TXH VH KDFHQ HQ HO iPELWR SULYDGR )LQDOPHQWH ODV
HVWUDWHJLDVGHDXWRLQIRUPHTXHVRQDTXHOODVXVDGDVFRQPiVSURIXVLyQ
EDVDGDV HQ OD LGHQWLILFDFLyQ PHGLDQWH HQWUHYLVWDV R FXHVWLRQDULRV GH
DTXHOODVDFFLRQHVSURDPELHQWDOHVUHDOL]DGDVSODQWHDQHOSUREOHPDGHOD
DOWDGHVHDELOLGDGGHORVFRPSRUWDPLHQWRVHYDOXDGRVORFXDOLQFUHPHQWD
VREUHPDQHUDODVWDVDVGHUHVSXHVWD$GHPiVKD\TXHVHxDODUODVVHULDV
LQFRQVLVWHQFLDV HQWUH GDWRV REMHWLYRV \ FRQGXFWDV GHFODUDGDV FRPR SRU
HMHPSOR HQWUH OD FRQGXFWD LQIRUPDGD GH UHFLFODMH GH YLGULR \ HO YLGULR
HIHFWLYDPHQWH UHFRJLGR HQ FRQWHQHGRUHV R HQWUH HO FRQVXPR GH
SURGXFWRV HFROyJLFRV GHFODUDGR \ HO UHDOL]DGR UHDOPHQWH HQ XQ iUHD
GHWHUPLQDGD
(VWD UHDOLGDG REOLJD D XQD DSUR[LPDFLyQ FDXWHORVD D ORV GDWRV
REWHQLGRV FRQ HVWH WLSR GH HVWUDWHJLDV HYDOXDWLYDV HQ OD FXDO GHEH
108
Ricardo de Castro
FRQVLGHUDUVH OD LQIRUPDFLyQ REWHQLGD FRPR XQ LQGLFDGRU GH LQWHQFLyQ
FRQGXFWXDO PiVFODUDPHQWH HQ HO iPELWR GH ODV DFWLWXGHV TXH HQ HO GH
ODVFRQGXFWDVHMHFXWDGDV
'H KHFKR OD LQWHQFLyQ FRQGXFWXDO HV GHILQLGD FRPR OD GLVSRVLFLyQ D
UHDOL]DUFLHUWDFODVHGHDFFLyQUHOHYDQWHSDUDODDFWLWXG)LVKEHLQ\$M]HQ
\ HVWD KD VLGR DQDOL]DGD FRPR XQ IDFWRU SUHYLR GH OD FRQGXFWD
SURDPELHQWDO +LQHV +XQJHQIRUG \ 7RPHUD &DVWUR 3HUR
DXQTXH XQD SHUVRQD SXHGD WHQHU XQD LQWHQFLyQ SRU DFWXDU
SURDPELHQWDOPHQWHQRVLHPSUHVHFRPSRUWDILQDOPHQWHHQFRQVRQDQFLD
FRQ HVD GLVSRVLFLyQ RWURV IDFWRUHV FRQWH[WXDOHV FXOWXUDOHV
LQIRUPDFLRQDOHV SXHGHQ HVWDU PHGLDQGR HVWD UHODFLyQ (O GHVDUUROOR \
PDQWHQLPLHQWR GH ODV FRQGXFWDV DPELHQWDOHV HVWi IXHUWHPHQWH LQIOXLGR
SRU ORV OXJDUHV GRQGH pVWDV VRQ OOHYDGDV D FDER HQ HO PDUFR GH XQ
SURFHVR LQWHUDFWLYR HQWUH YDULDEOHV FRQWH[WXDOHV \ DFWLWXGLQDOHV TXH
GHWHUPLQDUiODDFFLyQDVHJXLU&RUUDOL]D\%HUHQJXHU
$GHPiV HVWD LQWHQFLyQ HQ OtQHD FRQ OD WHRUtD GH OD DFFLyQ SODQHDGD
$M]HQ GHEH FRQVLGHUDUVH FRPR XQD IXQFLyQ GH YDULDEOHV FRPR
ODVDFWLWXGHVHVSHFtILFDVHO FRQWURO SHUFLELGRGHODFRQGXFWD\ODQRUPD
VXEMHWLYD(QHVWHVHQWLGR\ FRPRKDSRGLGRVHUFRQVWDWDGRHQGLYHUVRV
HVWXGLRV 7D\ORU \ 7RGG SDUHFH TXH HO HIHFWR GH OD QRUPD
VXEMHWLYD HQWHQGLGD FRPR SUHVLyQ VRFLDO SHUFLELGD VREUH OD LQWHQFLyQ D
DFWXDUHVQXORRLQVLJQLILFDQWH
(VWDV YDULDEOHV GH FDUiFWHU LQWHQFLRQDO KDQ H[SOLFDGR HQ FLHUWD
PDQHUD FRPSRUWDPLHQWRV GH FRQVHUYDFLyQ GH ORV UHFXUVRV QDWXUDOHV
FRPR ORV GH HILFLHQFLD HQHUJpWLFD HQFRQWUiQGRVH XQD UHODFLyQ HQWUH OD
LQWHQFLyQ H[SUHVDGD GH UHDOL]DU FRPSRUWDPLHQWRV SURDPELHQWDOHV \ OD
FRQGXFWD UHDOL]DGD &RUUDOL]D 0DUWtQ \ 0XxR] (Q SDODEUDV GH
*ROOZLW]HU UHIRU]DU ODV FRQH[LRQHV HQWUH LQWHQFLyQ \ FRQGXFWD
LPSOLFDTXHODVSHUVRQDVIRUPHQSODQHVHVSHFtILFRVTXHGHWDOOHQFXDQGR
GRQGH\FRPRODFRQGXFWDGHVHDGDYDDVHUGHVDUUROODGD
/DV DFFLRQHV HQ IDYRU GHO PHGLR DPELHQWH SXHGHQ HVWUXFWXUDUVH HQ
IXQFLyQ GH XQD VHULH GH GLPHQVLRQHV FDWHJRUL]DFLyQ TXH SXHGH D\XGDU
WDQWR HQ OD LQYHVWLJDFLyQ GH ODV PLVPDV FRPR HQ HO GHVDUUROOR GH
SURJUDPDV GH PRGLILFDFLyQ GH FRPSRUWDPLHQWRV LPSDFWDQWHV R GH
SURPRFLyQ GH DFFLRQHV SURDPELHQWDOHV &DVWUR 8Q SULPHU SROR
HVWDUtD GHILQLGR SRU ODV GLPHQVLRQHV GLUHFWD H LQGLUHFWD HV GHFLU
FRPSRUWDPLHQWRV TXH GLUHFWDPHQWH FRQWULEX\HQ D OD UHVROXFLyQ GH XQ
109
Intención de conducta y comportamiento proambiental
SUREOHPD DPELHQWDO \ DFFLRQHV FX\R SURSyVLWR HV LPSDFWDU VREUH RWUDV
SHUVRQDV SDUD TXH HVWDV D VX YH] DFW~HQ VREUH OD FXHVWLyQ DPELHQWDO
%UXXQ\6FKQDFN
$ FRQWLQXDFLyQ SRGUtDPRV GLIHUHQFLDU HQWUH XQ QLYHO LQGLYLGXDO
FLUFXQVFULWRDODHVIHUDGHOFRPSRUWDPLHQWRSHUVRQDOFRQLPSDFWRGLUHFWR
HQODVSUiFWLFDVGHODYLGDFRWLGLDQD\XQQLYHOS~EOLFRRFROHFWLYRGRQGH
ODDFFLyQSURDPELHQWDOVHSODQWHDHQXQHVFHQDULRIRUPDOL]DGRDWUDYpV
GH DVRFLDFLRQHV JUXSRV SURIHVLRQDOHV R QR IRUPDOL]DGR (Q HVWH
VHQWLGR SDUHFH TXH H[LVWH XQD PD\RU GLVSRVLFLyQ D UHDOL]DU
FRPSRUWDPLHQWRVGHFDUiFWHULQGLYLGXDO\HQHVFHQDULRVFRWLGLDQRVFRPR
UHFLFODU PDWHULDOHV DKRUUDU DJXD XVR GH WUDQVSRUWH S~EOLFR TXH D
FRPSRUWDPLHQWRVTXHLPSOLTXHQXQDDFFLyQFROHFWLYDFRPRSDUWLFLSDUHQ
XQD DVRFLDFLyQ DPELHQWDOLVWD R PDQLIHVWDUVH FRQWUD DOJ~Q SUR\HFWR
LPSDFWDQWHORVFXDOHVSDUHFHTXHLPSOLFDQPD\RUHVFRVWHVSHUFLELGRV
2WUDV GLPHQVLRQHV SXHGHQ D\XGDU D GLVWLQJXLU HQWUH DFFLRQHV
SUHYHQWLYDV GHVDUUROODGDV SDUD LPSHGLU OD DSDULFLyQ GH XQ SUREOHPD
HFROyJLFR \DFFLRQHVFRUUHFWRUDVGHVSOHJDGDVSDUDPLWLJDUHOLPSDFWR H
LQWHQWDU UHVWDXUDU XQD SUREOHPiWLFD DPELHQWDO DFWXDO \ WDPELpQ HQWUH
DFFLRQHV UHODFLRQDGDV FRQ OD FRQVHUYDFLyQ GH ORV UHFXUVRV QDWXUDOHV
SURWHFFLyQ GH OD ELRGLYHUVLGDG FRQVHUYDFLyQ GH KiELWDWV \ DFFLRQHV
GLULJLGDV D OD PHMRUD GH OD FDOLGDG DPELHQWDO UHGXFFLyQ GH OD
FRQWDPLQDFLyQGHODLUHUHGXFFLyQGHORVUHVLGXRVHOUXLGR
8QEXHQQ~PHURGHLQYHVWLJDFLRQHVSRQHQGHPDQLILHVWRTXHVRQODV
SHUVRQDV DGXOWDV MyYHQHV FRQ FLHUWR QLYHO HGXFDWLYR ELHQ LQIRUPDGDV \
WUDEDMDQGR HQ HO VHFWRU VHUYLFLRV ODV TXH VH FRPSRUWDQ GH IRUPD PiV
UHVSRQVDEOH HFROyJLFDPHQWH \ SDUWLFLSDQ PiV DFWLYDPHQWH 9LQLQJ \
(EUHR$VLPLVPRWDPELpQVHKDHQFRQWUDGRXQDPD\RULQWHQFLyQ
GH UHDOL]DU FRQGXFWDV GH SURWHFFLyQ DPELHQWDO HQ VXMHWRV FRQ XQD
RULHQWDFLyQ GH YDORU pWLFRHFRORJLVWD TXH HQ DTXHOORV GH RULHQWDFLyQ
HJRtVWD$PpULJR\*RQ]iOH]
(O SUHVHQWH HVWXGLR SUHWHQGH FRQRFHU ORV SDWURQHV GH LQWHQFLyQ GH
FRPSRUWDPLHQWR SURDPELHQWDO HQ $QGDOXFtD VL HVWRV VH RUJDQL]DQ HQ
GLPHQVLRQHV SULQFLSDOHV \ TXH GLIHUHQFLDV VLJQLILFDWLYDV SXHGHQ
HQFRQWUDUVHHQUHODFLyQDGLIHUHQWHVYDULDEOHVHVWXGLDGDV
110
Ricardo de Castro
Método
Muestra
/D PXHVWUD VH FRPSRQH GH SHUVRQDV UHVLGHQWHV HQ $QGDOXFtD
(VSDxD FRQ HGDGHV LJXDOHV R VXSHULRUHV D DxRV GH ORV TXH XQ
VRQKRPEUHV\VRQPXMHUHV/DGLVWULEXFLyQSRUHGDGHVOD
VLJXLHQWHPHQRVGHDxRVHQWUH\DxRVHQWUH
\DxRV\DxRVRPiV
Procedimiento
(OWLSRGHPXHVWUHRIXHHVWUDWLILFDGR\FRQVHOHFFLyQDOHDWRULDGHQWUR
GH ORV HVWUDWRV 'HQWUR GH FDGD VHFFLyQ VH KDQ VHOHFFLRQDGR ORV
HQWUHYLVWDGRVSRUFXRWDVGHVH[R\HGDG
/RV FXHVWLRQDULRV VH FRPSOHWDURQ PHGLDQWH HQWUHYLVWDV SUHVHQFLDOHV
UHDOL]DGDV HQ ORV GRPLFLOLRV GH ODV SHUVRQDV HQFXHVWDGDV (O QLYHO GH
HUURU DEVROXWR HVSHUDGR HV GH SDUD XQ QLYHO GH FRQILDQ]D GHO
Instrumento
/DV YDULDEOHV XWLOL]DGDV HQ HVWH WUDEDMR KDQ VLGR H[WUDtGDV GHO
FXHVWLRQDULR HODERUDGR SDUD OD UHDOL]DFLyQ GH HO (FREDUyPHWUR $QGDOX]
,(6$ LQVWUXPHQWR GHVDUUROODGR SRU HO ,QVWLWXWR GH (VWXGLRV
6RFLDOHV GH $QGDOXFtD &6,& \ OD &RQVHMHUtD GH 0HGLR $PELHQWH GH OD
-XQWDGH$QGDOXFtD(OREMHWLYRGHOLQVWUXPHQWRHVHODQiOLVLVSHULyGLFRGH
OD SHUFHSFLyQ VRFLDO GHO PHGLR DPELHQWH \ GH ODV DFWLWXGHV \
FRPSRUWDPLHQWRVDPELHQWDOHVGHORVDQGDOXFHV
$O REMHWR GH DYDQ]DU HQ HO DQiOLVLV GH OD LQWHQFLyQ SDUD DFWXDU GH
IRUPD SURDPELHQWDO VH GHVDUUROOy OD (VFDOD GH ,QWHQFLyQ GH
&RPSRUWDPLHQWR 3URDPELHQWDO (,&3 OD FXDO VH LQFOX\y HQ HO
FXHVWLRQDULRGHO(FREDUyPHWUR(QGLFKDHVFDODVHDQDOL]DODGLVSRVLFLyQ
SHUVRQDO D UHDOL]DU XQD VHULH GH FRPSRUWDPLHQWRV VLJQLILFDWLYRV HQ
UHODFLyQ D OD FRQVHUYDFLyQ DPELHQWDO (Q WRWDO LQFRUSRUD FRPSRUWDPLHQWRVGHFDUiFWHUJHQHUDOFLQFRFROHFWLYRV\VHLVLQGLYLGXDOHV
/DV DFFLRQHV FROHFWLYDV VH UHILHUHQ D FXHVWLRQHV GLYHUVDV FRPR OD
LPSOLFDFLyQ HQ DVRFLDFLRQHV DPELHQWDOHV OD SDUWLFLSDFLyQ FRPR
YROXQWDULR HO DSR\R HFRQyPLFR D FDPSDxDV OD SDUWLFLSDFLyQ HQ
PDQLIHVWDFLRQHV \ OD ILUPD GH GRFXPHQWRV FRQWUD DFWXDFLRQHV
111
Intención de conducta y comportamiento proambiental
SHUMXGLFLDOHVDOPHGLRDPELHQWHHQFXDQWRDORVFROHFWLYRV3RURWURODGR
VHLQFOX\HQDOJXQDVDFFLRQHVLQGLYLGXDOHVUHODFLRQDGDVFRQHVFHQDULRVGH
OD YLGD FRWLGLDQD UHIHUHQWHV D FXHVWLRQHV FRPR HO DKRUUR GH DJXD \
HQHUJtDODFRPSUDGHSURGXFWRVUHVSHWXRVRVFRQHOPHGLRDPELHQWHROD
FRODERUDFLyQHQHOUHFLFODMHGHSDSHO\YLGULR
/D LQWHQFLyQ FRQGXFWXDO VH KD PHGLGR D WUDYpV GH XQD HVFDOD GH
FXDWUR SXQWRV HQ OD FXDO VH XELFDEDQ ODV GLYHUVDV DFFLRQHV HQ XQ
FRQWLQXRGHILQLGRGHVGHXQSRORGHEDMDGLVSRVLFLyQ1RORKHKHFKRQL
ORKDUtD1RORKHKHFKRSHURHVWDUtDGLVSXHVWRDKDFHUOR/RKH
KHFKR DOJXQD YH] D RWUR GH DOWD GLVSRVLFLyQ /R KDJR VLHPSUH R FDVL
VLHPSUH 'H HVWD IRUPD HO DXWRLQIRUPH VREUH OD FRQGXFWD UHDOL]DGD HV
LQWHUSUHWDGR HQ WpUPLQRV GH GLVSRVLFLyQ D OD DFFLyQ SURDPELHQWDO
FRQVLGHUDQGR TXH HVWDV UHVSXHVWDV GH DXWRLQIRUPH HVWiQ FDUJDGDV GH
GHVHDELOLGDGVRFLDO\FRQVWLWX\HQLQGLFDGRUHVGHLQWHQFLyQ
$ ORV HQFXHVWDGRV VH OHV PRVWUDED XQD WDUMHWD FRQ ORV
FRPSRUWDPLHQWRV SURDPELHQWDOHV DQWHULRUPHQWH FLWDGRV \ VH OH
SODQWHDEDODVLJXLHQWHFXHVWLyQ(QUHODFLyQFRQODVVLJXLHQWHVDFFLRQHV
VREUHHOPHGLRDPELHQWHLQGLTXHSRUIDYRUVLODVKDKHFKRDOJXQDYH]HQ
ORV ~OWLPRV FLQFR DxRV \ HQ FDVR GH TXH QR ODV KD\D KHFKR GtJDPH VL
HVWDUtDGLVSXHVWRDUHDOL]DUODV/RVLQIRUPDFLyQREWHQLGDKDVLGRFUX]DGD
FRQ GLYHUVDV YDULDEOHV VRFLRGHPRJUiILFDV QLYHO GH LQIRUPDFLyQ
FRQFLHQFLD DPELHQWDO DWULEXFLyQ GH QRUPD SURDPELHQWDO FRQRFLPLHQWR
DPELHQWDOYDORUDFLyQGHOFRQWH[WRDPELHQWDO
Resultados
(QSULPHUOXJDUVHFRQFOX\HTXHORVUHVXOWDGRVREWHQLGRVLQGLFDQXQD
PD\RULQWHQFLyQDUHDOL]DUFRPSRUWDPLHQWRVSURDPELHQWDOHVGHFDUiFWHU
LQGLYLGXDO \ UHODFLRQDGRV FRQ OD FRQVHUYDFLyQ GH UHFXUVRV QDWXUDOHV
DJXD HQHUJtD FRQVXPR \ WUDQVSRUWH \ OD UHFXSHUDFLyQ GH UHVLGXRV
SDSHO \ YLGULR VXSHUDQGR HVWDV FRQGXFWDV OD PHGLD GH ODV HVFDOD
VLWXDGD HQ SXQWRV (Q VHQWLGR FRQWUDULR VH HQFXHQWUD XQD PHQRU
GLVSRVLFLyQHQORVDQGDOXFHVDUHDOL]DUDFFLRQHVDIDYRUGHODPELHQWHHQ
HVFHQDULRVFROHFWLYRVFRPRPDQLIHVWDUVHDSRUWDUGLQHURDFDPSDxDVVHU
YROXQWDULRVFRODERUDUFRQDVRFLDFLRQHVRILUPDUPDQLILHVWRV7DEOD
112
Ricardo de Castro
Tabla 1. Intenciones de comportamiento proambiental
Intención de comportamiento proambiental
Participar en una manifestación contra un proyecto que dañe el
medio ambiente
Dar dinero para una campaña de conservación de la naturaleza
Participar como voluntario en alguna actuación para conservar el
medio ambiente
Colaborar con una organización de defensa del medio ambiente
Firmar contra una actuación que perjudique al medio ambiente
Comprar productos respetuosos con el medio ambiente
Usar sistemas eficientes de energía (como bombillas de bajo
consumo)
Ir a pie, bicicleta o transporte público para desplazarme en mi
localidad
Depositar papel usado en contenedores para su reciclaje
Depositar vidrio usado en contenedores para su reciclaje
Hacer un uso ahorrador del agua en mi casa (por ejemplo en las
tareas domésticas o en el aseo personal)
Media
1,86
Dv. típica
0,64
1,88
1,89
0,69
0,60
1,93
2,04
2,80
2,81
0,59
0,71
0,89
0,93
3,25
0,89
3,35
3,36
3,50
0,86
0,86
0,75
$OREMHWRGHSRGHUREWHQHULQIRUPDFLyQFDWHJRUL]DGDGHODVGLIHUHQWHV
LQWHQFLRQHV GH FRPSRUWDPLHQWR SURDPELHQWDO VH UHDOL]y XQ DQiOLVLV GH
FRPSRQHQWHVSULQFLSDOHVSDUDGDWRVFDWHJyULFRV
Tabla 2. Dimensiones extraídas del análisis de componentes principales
(saturaciones en componentes)
Intenciones de conducta
Firmar contra actuación que perjudique medio ambiente
Dar dinero para campaña de conservación de naturaleza
Participar en manifestación contra proyectos que dañen el
medio
Colaborar con organización de defensa de medio ambiente
Voluntario/ a en actuación para conservar medio ambiente
Usar sistemas eficientes de energía
Ir a pie, bicicleta o transporte público en mi localidad
Comprar productos respetuosos con medio ambiente
Ahorrar agua en casa
Reciclar papel usado
Reciclar vidrio
Normalización principal por variable
1
Dimensión
2
-,409
-,292
-,410
3
-,384
-,395
,392
,283
,482
,416
,509
,509
(QIXQFLyQGHODVDWXUDFLyQGHFRPSRQHQWHVVHKDSRGLGRH[WUDHUWUHV
GLPHQVLRQHVSULQFLSDOHVODSULPHUDUHVDOWDODVDFFLRQHVSURDPELHQWDOHV
GH FDUiFWHU FROHFWLYR OD VHJXQGD GLPHQVLyQ VH UHILHUH D
113
Intención de conducta y comportamiento proambiental
FRPSRUWDPLHQWRVDVRFLDGRVDODFRQVHUYDFLyQGHUHFXUVRVQDWXUDOHV\D
VHD GH IRUPD GLUHFWD FRQVHUYDFLyQ GH DJXD \ HQHUJtD R GH IRUPD
LQGLUHFWD DFWLYLGDGHV UHODFLRQDGDV FRQ HO FRQVXPR GH SURGXFWRV
HFROyJLFRVRHOWUDQVSRUWHVRVWHQLEOH\ILQDOPHQWHHQODWHUFHUDGLPHQVLyQ
VHXELFDQORVFRPSRUWDPLHQWRVUHODFLRQDGRVFRQHOUHFLFODMHGHUHVLGXRV
7DEOD
,8
Reciclar papel
Transporte
,4
D
i
m
e
n
s
i
ó
n
2
Reciclar vidrio
Ahorrar agua
,6
Conservación de energía
,2
Consumo sostenible.
-,0
-,2
Apoyo económico
Asociación
-,4
Firma
Voluntariado
Manifestación
-,6
-,6
-,4
-,2
-,0
,2
,4
,6
Dimensión 3
Figura 1. Gráfico de saturación de componentes.
(VWD FODUD DJUXSDFLyQ SXHGH REVHUYDUVH WDPELpQ HQ HO JUiILFR GH
VDWXUDFLyQGHFRPSRQHQWHV)LJXUDHQHOFXDOVHRUJDQL]DQGRVJUXSRV
GH LQWHQFLRQHV FRPSRUWDPHQWDOHV GH FDUiFWHU LQGLYLGXDO \ XQ JUXSR GH
GLVSRVLFLRQHV GH FDUiFWHU FROHFWLYR $VLPLVPR SRGUtDQ VHxDODUVH FLHUWRV
FRPSRUWDPLHQWRV GH WLSR SHUVRQDO FRQ FLHUWD FDUDFWHUL]DFLyQ FROHFWLYD
114
Ricardo de Castro
FRPRVRQODVDFFLRQHVGHFRQVXPRVRVWHQLEOH\FRQVHUYDFLyQGHHQHUJtD
FRPR SXHGH YHULILFDUVH HQ OD )LJXUD 3XGLHQGR GHFLUVH TXH HVWDV VRQ
ODVDFFLRQHVLQGLYLGXDOHVFRQVLGHUDGDVPiV´FROHFWLYDVµ
Diferencias significativas
/D GLVSRVLFLyQ D GHVDUUROODU FRPSRUWDPLHQWRV SURDPELHQWDOHV WLHQH
XQD GLVWULEXFLyQ HVSHFtILFD HQ IXQFLyQ GH GLIHUHQWHV YDULDEOHV 3DUD HOOR
VHKDQUHDOL]DGRSUXHEDVGHVLJQLILFDWLYLGDGHQODVGLIHUHQFLDVGHPHGLD
SDUDGLVWLQWDVYDULDEOHVGHFUXFH)VLJQ
(Q FXDQWR D ODV YDULDEOHV VRFLRGHPRJUiILFDV VH KDQ HQFRQWUDGR
HVFDVDV GLIHUHQFLDV VLJQLILFDWLYDV HQ YDULDEOHV FRPR VH[R GRQGH
~QLFDPHQWH GHVWDFDQ ORV FRPSRUWDPLHQWRV GH YROXQWDULDGR DPELHQWDO
ORV KRPEUHV HVWiQ PiV GLVSXHVWRV TXH ODV PXMHUHV \ GH WUDQVSRUWH
VRVWHQLEOHPiVODVPXMHUHVTXHORVKRPEUHV
(QUHODFLyQDODHGDGKD\TXHGHFLUTXHODVSHUVRQDVPHQRUHVGH
DxRV VH PXHVWUDQ PiV SURFOLYHV TXH HO UHVWR D GHVDUUROODU DFFLRQHV
SURDPELHQWDOHV GH WLSR FROHFWLYR H[FHSWR OD GH DSR\R HFRQyPLFR D
FDPSDxDVXELFDGDHQXQVHJPHQWRGHPiVHGDGDxRVGHLJXDO
IRUPD ODV SHUVRQDV GH HVWH VHJPHQWR SUHVHQWDQ WDPELpQ XQD PD\RU
LQWHQFLyQHQFXDQWRDORVFRPSRUWDPLHQWRVGHFRQVXPRVRVWHQLEOH
/DVFRQGXFWDVGHUHFLFODMHVHHQFXHQWUDQPiVIiFLOPHQWHHQORVPiV
MyYHQHVVLELHQHOGHSDSHOHQORVPHQRUHVGHDxRV\HOGHYLGULRHQ
ORVPHQRUHVGHDxRV
3RURWURODGRORVPD\RUHVGHDxRVHVWiQPHQRVGLVSXHVWRVDXVDU
VLVWHPDV HQHUJpWLFRV HILFLHQWHV &XULRVDPHQWH WDPELpQ HV HQ HVWDV
SHUVRQDVGHPiVHGDGVXPDGRVDORVPiVMyYHQHVPHQRVGHDxRV
GRQGHHVPiVIiFLO HQFRQWUDUODLQWHQFLyQDPRGHORVGHWUDQVSRUWHPiV
UHVSHWXRVRVFRQHOPHGLR
6RODPHQWH HO FRPSRUWDPLHQWR GH DKRUUR GRPpVWLFR GH DJXD QR
SUHVHQWDGLIHUHQFLDVVLJQLILFDWLYDVHQIXQFLyQGHODHGDG
(O QLYHO GH HVWXGLRV UHDOL]DGRV HV XQD YDULDEOH LPSRUWDQWH SDUD
GHWHUPLQDUODLQWHQFLyQGHFRQGXFWDSURDPELHQWDOHQFRQWUiQGRVHPD\RU
LQWHQFLyQ HQ WRGRV ORV FRPSRUWDPLHQWRV HQ ODV SHUVRQDV FRQ HVWXGLRV
VXSHULRUHVFRQODH[FHSFLyQGHODVDFFLRQHVUHODFLRQDGDVFRQHODKRUUR
GHDJXD\HOWUDQVSRUWHTXHSUHVHQWDQXQDGLVWULEXFLyQVLPLODUHQWRGRV
ORVJUXSRV
115
Intención de conducta y comportamiento proambiental
/D PLVPD FRQFOXVLyQ SXHGH DGRSWDUVH HQ UHODFLyQ D ORV QLYHOHV GH
FRQFLHQFLD HFROyJLFD GRQGH VH HQFXHQWUD XQD PD\RU GLVSRVLFLyQ D
UHDOL]DU DFFLRQHV SURDPELHQWDOHV \D VHDQ LQGLYLGXDOHV R FROHFWLYDV HQ
ODVSHUVRQDVTXHVHFRQVLGHUDQDVLPLVPRVFRPR´PX\HFRORJLVWDVµ
'H OD PLVPD IRUPD VH HQFXHQWUD VLJQLILFDWLYDPHQWH XQD PD\RU
LQWHQFLyQ SURDPELHQWDO HQ ODV SHUVRQDV TXH WLHQHQ PD\RU QLYHO GH
FRQRFLPLHQWR DPELHQWDO PHGLGR PHGLDQWH OD UHVSXHVWD FRUUHFWD D
GLIHUHQWHVFXHVWLRQHVDPELHQWDOHVGHFDUiFWHUJOREDO\ORFDO
$TXHOODV SHUVRQDV TXH VH FRQVLGHUDQ D Vt PLVPDV ELHQ LQIRUPDGDV
VREUH DVXQWRV UHODFLRQDGRV FRQ HO PHGLR DPELHQWH SUHVHQWDQ WDPELpQ
XQDPD\RUGLVSRVLFLyQDFRQGXFWDVHFROyJLFDVUHVSRQVDEOHVHQHVSHFLDO
D DTXHOODV GH FDUiFWHU FROHFWLYR 8QLFDPHQWH QR VH HQFXHQWUDQ
GLIHUHQFLDV VLJQLILFDWLYDV HQ OD YDULDEOH GH JUDGR GH LQIRUPDFLyQ
DPELHQWDOHQUHODFLyQDORVFRPSRUWDPLHQWRVGHWUDQVSRUWHVRVWHQLEOH
(QUHODFLyQDODDWULEXFLyQGHOQLYHOGHSUHRFXSDFLyQDPELHQWDOGHOD
VRFLHGDG FRPR PHGLGD LQGLUHFWD GH QRUPD VXEMHWLYD KD\ TXH VHxDODU
TXH pVWD QR LQIOX\H HQ QLQJ~Q VHQWLGR HQ ODV LQWHQFLRQHV GH
FRPSRUWDPLHQWRDPELHQWDO
)LQDOPHQWHHQUHODFLyQDDOJXQDVYDULDEOHVGHWLSRVLWXDFLRQDOFRPR
OD H[LVWHQFLD FHUFD GHO GRPLFLOLR GH FRQWHQHGRUHV SDUD OD UHFRJLGD
VHOHFWLYDGHYLGULR\SDSHOVHKDHQFRQWUDGRFRPRHUDGHHVSHUDUPD\RU
LQWHQFLyQ DO UHFLFODMH GH HVWRV UHVLGXRV HQ DTXHOODV SHUVRQDV TXH
GHFODUDQWHQHUHQODFHUFDQtDGHVXGRPLFLOLRHVWRVVLVWHPDV
Discusión
/D LQWHQFLyQ FRQGXFWXDO HV XQ SDVR SUHYLR \ QHFHVDULR SDUD OD
DGRSFLyQGHHVWLORVGHYLGDVRVWHQLEOH'HPDQHUDTXHFRQRFHUKDVWDTXH
SXQWR ODV SHUVRQDV HVWiQ GLVSXHVWDV D DVXPLU FRPSRUWDPLHQWRV
SURDPELHQWDOHV \ FXDOHV VRQ ORV FRQGLFLRQDQWHV TXH UHJXODQ OD UHODFLyQ
HQWUHLQWHQFLyQ\FRQGXFWDVRQDFWLYLGDGHVIXQGDPHQWDOHVSDUDHOGLVHxR
GH SURJUDPDV GH LQWHUYHQFLyQ VRFLRDPELHQWDO (Q HO FDVR GHO HVWXGLR
SUHVHQWDGRVHKDFRQWDGRFRQXQDDPSOLDPXHVWUDUHSUHVHQWDWLYDGHXQD
FRPXQLGDGFRPRODDQGDOX]D
(QFRQVRQDQFLDFRQRWURVHVWXGLRVVLPLODUHVUHDOL]DGRVVHKDSRGLGR
FRQVWDWDU OD SUHHPLQHQFLD GH OD LQWHQFLyQ D UHDOL]DU FRPSRUWDPLHQWRV
VRVWHQLEOHV LQGLYLGXDOHV JHQHUDOPHQWH FHQWUDGRV HQ HO iPELWR
116
Ricardo de Castro
GRPpVWLFR IUHQWH D RWURV GH FDUiFWHU FROHFWLYR TXL]iV SHUFLELGRV FRPR
FRQXQPD\RUFRVWHSHUVRQDO
'H KHFKR ORV WUHV FRPSRUWDPLHQWRV TXH PiV QLYHO GH LQWHQFLyQ
SUHVHQWDQ DTXHOORV UHODFLRQDGRV FRQ HO DKRUUR GRPpVWLFR GH DJXD HO
UHFLFODMH GH YLGULR \ HO GH SDSHO HVWiQ \D LQFRUSRUDGRV DO LPDJLQDULR
FROHFWLYR UHDOL]iQGRVH D PHQXGR FRPR KiELWRV FRQ XQ FLHUWR QLYHO GH
DXWRPDWLVPR
,JXDOPHQWHVHKDQREWHQLGRFLHUWDVGLPHQVLRQHVTXHKDQVHUYLGRSDUD
DJUXSDU FRKHUHQWHPHQWH HVWDV GLVSRVLFLRQHV XQ SULPHU JUXSR
UHODFLRQDGR FRQ ORV FRPSRUWDPLHQWRV HQ HVFHQDULRV FROHFWLYRV \ GRV
VXEJUXSRVGHDFFLRQHVGHWLSRLQGLYLGXDOVREUHHOFRQVXPRGHUHFXUVRV
QDWXUDOHV\HOFRPSRUWDPLHQWRGHUHFLFODMHGHUHVLGXRVUHVSHFWLYDPHQWH
(Q HVWH VHQWLGR SRGUtD DILUPDUVH TXH SDUD TXH XQD LQWHUYHQFLyQ SDUD
LQIOXLU VREUH DFFLRQHV DPELHQWDOHV WHQJD PD\RU RSRUWXQLGDG GH p[LWR
pVWDGHEDFRQFHELUVH\GHVDUUROODUVHFRQHOPD\RUJUDGRGHHVSHFLILFLGDG
SRVLEOH HV GHFLU GHEH VHU GLULJLGD D FRPSRUWDPLHQWRV FRQFUHWRV \ HQ
iPELWRV ELHQ GHILQLGRV $VLPLVPR SRGUtD WUDEDMDUVH FRQ ORV JUXSRV GH
LQWHQFLyQ FRPSRUWDPHQWDO DTXt SUHVHQWDGRV ORV FXDOHV LQFOX\HQ
FRQGXFWDVTXHSRGUtDQUHIRU]DUVHHQWUHVt
(OFRQRFLPLHQWRGHODVYDULDEOHVTXHDIHFWDQDODLQWHQFLyQGHDFWXDU
DIDYRUGHOHQWRUQRHVWDPELpQXQDQHFHVLGDGSUHYLD\GHWHUPLQDQWHSDUD
HO GHVDUUROOR GH SURJUDPDV GH LQWHUYHQFLyQ H[LWRVRV \D TXH WDQWR ODV
LQIRUPDFLRQHV FRPR ORV DUJXPHQWRV LQFOXLGRV HQ HVWDV HVWUDWHJLDV
GHEHUtDQ VHU DGDSWDGRV D HVWDV VLQJXODULGDGHV $Vt VH KDQ HQFRQWUDGR
LPSRUWDQWHV GLIHUHQFLDV VLJQLILFDWLYDV HQ FXDQWR D OD GLVWULEXFLyQ GH ODV
LQWHQFLRQHVHQUHODFLyQDODVYDULDEOHVVRFLRGHPRJUiILFDVHVSHFLDOPHQWH
HGDG \ QLYHO GH HVWXGLRV &RQ OD H[FHSFLyQ GH FRPSRUWDPLHQWRV TXH
WLHQHQXQDGLVWULEXFLyQVLPLODUFRPRHOGHDKRUURGHDJXD\HOGHXVRGH
PHGLRVVRVWHQLEOHVGHWUDQVSRUWH
(V LPSRUWDQWH UHPDUFDU OD UHODFLyQ HQFRQWUDGD HQWUH QLYHOHV GH
LQIRUPDFLyQ \ GH FRQRFLPLHQWR VREUH FXHVWLRQHV DPELHQWDOHV \ OD
LQWHQFLyQ GH FRPSRUWDPLHQWR SURDPELHQWDO DVt FRPR FRQ YDULDEOHV GH
FDUiFWHUVLWXDFLRQDOFRPRHQHOFDVRGHFRPSRUWDPLHQWRGHUHFLFODMHGH
UHVLGXRV 3RU RWUR VH KD HQFRQWUDGR XQD HVFDVD UHODFLyQ HQWUH OD
SHUFHSFLyQGHODQRUPDVXEMHWLYDHQWHQGLGDFRPRODDWULEXFLyQGHOQLYHO
GHFRQFLHQFLDHFROyJLFDGHODVRFLHGDG\HVWDVGLVSRVLFLRQHV)LQDOPHQWH
SXHGH FRQFOXLUVH TXH ORV GDWRV REWHQLGRV HQ HO SUHVHQWH HVWXGLR
117
Intención de conducta y comportamiento proambiental
UHIXHU]DQ OD LPSRUWDQFLD GHO XVR GH ORV LQGLFDGRUHV GH LQWHQFLyQ GH
FRPSRUWDPLHQWR SURDPELHQWDO FRPR HOHPHQWR FHQWUDO TXH FRQHFWD HO
iPELWRGHODDFWLWXG\ODFRJQLFLyQFRQODJDOD[LDGHORVFRPSRUWDPLHQWRV
DPELHQWDOHV UHDOL]DGRV ,QIRUPDFLyQ QHFHVDULD WDQWR SDUD DYDQ]DU HQ HO
FRQRFLPLHQWRGHORVHVWLORVGHYLGDVRVWHQLEOHVFRPRHQHOGLVHxRGHGH
HVWUDWHJLDVHILFLHQWHVGHLQWHUYHQFLyQVRFLRDPELHQWDO
Bibliografía
pq rsQtJuwv xDy z {;{az | xI}Q~*s€<~*s*Q‚ ƒ„2…‡† ˆ ‰
t t*sJŠ
‹*sQ~2‰*Œ* Q‚ Ž€" ‘ ’ “Q” •’
– ” —*“ ’Q˜„™;šJ›J’
œ” —*’ “Qž
Ÿ *¡¢’Q“¢£ašJ¤” ¥” —*“X¦  —J¤š2¥¥š*¥§ ¨"©"u z
ª {Q« ¬az;z
x
p"­V®Q‚  ¯2 uDp"x°ƒ€±aQt2r1²
ˆ s*ruGp"x³y ¬;´
´az | xAµ2¶
Œ‰
ˆ Q‚ s2¶·ƒ\ˆ ‰*¶I¸2‚ sJsQt*¸2 ‰*¶N­VsJŠ
 *‰Q­X‹  sQt ‰
ˆ s2¶
sQt¹‚ sQˆ ‰ ¸2 ºQt»¸Qt¹ˆ ‰*¶¼Š sJ¸2 ¶J Qt*s2¶½¶2Q‹ ‚ s
Š
 ˆ sQ­Y‰*¶
sJ¸Qˆ º*¯  ¸2¶*x¿¾J¥2– *ž ” —*¥
žš
¦J¥” ¤—J˜ —‘QÀ ’;uÁ;Á ÃJÄ"Å;ÆQ« ª Çax
È"‚ É É tJuCÈ"xNÈ"x¢ƒËÊ"¸2~ t2‰ ¸2Ìu°Íx\y z {
{ªQ| x¢}Q~*s
‰ ¸< Qt
¸Q­¢†*s sQt*¸s
‰Q† † ‚ *‰ ¸~
t
sQtŒ* ‚ Qt ­VsQt ‰
ˆCsJŠ
É*¸‰*< QtJxD¾ “
œ”  —J“ ¡XšJ“Q– ’Q˜
¾ ž
*¤’
– ” —J“¢Îš*¥š2’Q ¤›
uÏ"Â*ÁQÄ9z Å
Ð
« z
ª;ª;x
Ñ ‰*¶<‚  uNÒ"x·Š s„y z {;{
Ç"| xIµ‰Ó¸Qt¶2sQ‚ Œ‰ ¸2 ºQtԃ
¯*s2¶< ºQtՊJsֈ 2¶×‚ sJ¸2É ‚ ¶2¶×t2‰*kÉ ‚ ‰
ˆ s2¶Jx
p ¶J†*sJ¸ 2¶Ë†¶J ¸Qˆ º*¯  ¸2¶wƒG¶2J¸2 ‰
ˆ s2¶JxVØ tÚÙVx u
p"­V®Q‚  ¯2 uÛxv x up"‚ ‰J¯2Qt*®2¶*uƒ\Û1xap"x u Ñ Q‚ ‚ ‰
ˆ  r1‰
y Ñ  ­X†¶*x |8¾ ˜¤—*¡¢ÜQ—*k– ’ ¡X” š*“
– —DšJ“wšJ˜a¡XšJž ” —
“ ’
– 2 ’Q˜ÞÝߤ—*“ ¥– < *” ž —
x·ÈQ‰ ŠJ‰q *ràYÛÉJt ‰áŠ s
Øâ1<‚ s ­Y‰ Š
É ‚ ‰
x2y † † xÅ;ÆQ« ã;Ð"|
Ñ ‰*¶<‚  uÒ"x;Š sCy ¬;´;´;´
| xaØ*Š
É*¸‰ ¸2 ºQt\‰
­X‹  sQt ‰
ˆ x
Ø t¢Ûx v x u p;‚ ‰J¯*Qt*®2¶*u ƒXÙYxJp"­Y®Q‚  ¯*QxQ¦J¥” ¤—J˜ —‘QÀ ’
’Q¡Xä ” š*“
– ’Q˜ xGÙމ Š
‚  Š
àGå  ‚ ²
­X Š sQx y † †JxNÐ"ƪJ«
ÐaªQ{;|
Ñ ‰*¶<‚  u Ò;xŠ sVy ¬;´;´az | xJæ"‰*<É ‚ ‰
ˆ s*r1‰çƒ…kÉ t*¸2 Qt*s2¶
Š sCˆ ‰*¶X‰ ¸< <É*Š s2¶X‰
­X‹  sQt ‰
ˆ s2¶Jx
¾J¥2– 2ž ” —*¥Xž š
¦J¥” ¤—J˜ —‘QÀ ’;uÁ;ÁI Ã*Ä9z;z*« ¬;¬x
Ñ Q‚ ‚ ‰
ˆ uéè"xêy ¬;´;´az |ìë —J¡¢Ü —J – ’Q¡X” šJ“Q– —
ÜQ —*’ ¡Xä ” š*“
– ’Q˜ x³Ê;‰
t ‰ Ñ ‚ É2ríŠ s½}*sQt*sQ‚  … sQà
Ò
s2¶J­Y‰
x
Ñ Q‚ ‚ ‰
ˆ  r1‰QuwÛx³p;x³ƒîÈQsQ‚ sQt2¯ É*sQ‚ uwÛ1xïy ¬;´;´;´;| x
Ø tŒ* ‚ Qt ­VsQt ‰
ˆ"Œ‰
ˆ É*s2¶*u‹*sQˆ  s2…Þ‰
t*Š³‰ ¸< Qt¶Jà
pA¶J <É2‰*< Qt2‰
ˆ‰
† † ‚ *‰ ¸2~2Ž6¾ “
œ”  —J“ ¡Xš*“
–Þ’Q“ ž
™"šJ›J’
œ” —JkuÏ
Á\Â ð*Ä"ã;Ð"¬Q« ã;Ç;ãax
118
Ñ J‚ ‚ ‰Qˆ  r0‰JuJÛ0x*p
x u"Ù8‰ ‚ kñ t2u"Ò
x*ƒ¢ÙYÉ*ò2r1u"óxQy z*{Q{ ã
| x
µ0‰Dsâ†*ˆ  ¸‰*¸ ºJt°Š*s³ˆ ‰G¸JtŠQɸ0 ‰DŠJs°¸ t¶2É*­ç
Š*sԂ s2¸É*‚ ¶¶Út‰ É*‚ ‰ ˆ s¶2à¢ó
sôˆ ‰ô t sJt2¸ ºJtˉQˆ
¸J­V†J‚  ‰ ­V sJt Jx„Ø*t¹Û0x ÙçxßÊQ‰ ‹Jɸs*Š**u„Ò
x
±"‰ ‚ ¸ñ ‰« ÙY ‚ ‰Ju\Ø*xçp
‚ s¶‡ƒßó"x\å*‚ ‰*Š*‰áy Ñ J­V†¶2x |
õYš2ž*” —X’J¡Vä*” š2“ – šVÝV š¥ÜJ—2“*¥’JäJ” ˜ ” ž2’JžI›Q ¡Y’J“*’JŽ
ö
¥ÜJš2¤– —¥N¥—2¤” ’ ˜ š¥\Ý°š2¤—2˜ ÷‘ ” ¤—¥2xµ1‰ Ñ J‚ É*ò‰ à
}2ºJ‚ ¸É*ˆ Jxy †*†*x ¬QÅz« ¬QÅ"ªJ| x
ø2 ¶J~ ‹*sQ tJußÙVx³ƒípq rsQtJuËv xPy z {ªQÆ;| xï™"šJ˜ ” šJù §
öa– – ” – *ž š2§ûú “
– š*“
– ” —*“ü’ “Qžý™;šJ›J’
œ” —J þíö“
” “
–  —*ž
*¤2– ” —*“ÿ– — – › šJ—J Ý ’Q“Qž  š2¥š*’Q ¤›;x
Ò
s*‰ Š
 t2¯¢Ù6p"àp
Š Š
 ¶2Qt« \s2¶Jˆ s2ƒx
±Qˆ ˆ 6  rsQ‚ u³å xGÙVx°y z {;{;{;| xGv ­X† ˆ s ­YsQt ‰*< Qt
 t sQt< Qt¶JxQÊ
<‚ Qt2¯Is2… … sJ¸ ¶\2…9¶J ­X† ˆ sC† ˆ ‰
t¶Jx
ö¡Xš* ” ¤’ “X¦J¥1ݤ› —J˜ —‘Q” ¥2– u¨ Q§ Ç"{
Ð
« Æ;´QÐax
Q ts1¶u Ûkx0Ù8x u QÉt1¯s‚ … ‚ Šu Qx0Ò*x ƒ }­8s‚ ‰u pJx4æ
x<y z{2ãQª| x
pJt1‰2ˆ ƒ ¶ ¶Þ‰2tŠY¶ t0 ~s1¶ ¶ç1…a‚ s1¶0s‰2‚ ¸1~Yt¢‚ s1¶†t0¶ ‹ˆ s
st0Œ ‚ t­8st0 ‰2ˆk‹1s~1‰Œ ‚ x p8­s1 ‰« ‰2t1‰2ˆ ƒ ¶ ¶x —  “’˜ —ù
¾“2œk”  —“¡Þš“2– ’˜ ¾ž2 ¤4’– ” —“2u à §z1« zãQx
v ØÊ
p€y ¬;´;´az |°¾ ¤—Jä*’Q ÷*¡XšJ–  —„ž šÚö"“QžJ’Q˜ *¤À ’"x
v t¶< <É  Š s ض<É*Š
 2¶ Ê"J¸2 ‰
ˆ s¶ Š s
p"t*ŠJ‰
ˆ É*¸2ñ ‰
xJv t… Q‚ ­Vs x
ÊaÉ2²
‚ s*ru;Ø x y ¬;´;´;´;| x
å ‚ Q‹ ˆ s ­Y‰*¶Y‰
­X‹  sQt ‰
ˆ s2¶çƒ
¶2Qˆ É*¸2 Qt*s2¶¢¸Qt*Š
É*¸<É2‰
ˆ s2¶Jx;Ø tVp"‚ ‰J¯* t*®2¶*uJÛx v x
ƒ p;­V®Q‚  ¯*Ju»ÙYx½¦J¥” ¤—J˜ —‘QÀ ’ÿö¡¢ä ” šJ“
– ’Q˜ x
Ùމ Š
‚  Š
àJå  ‚ ²
­X Š s u*y † †JxÐ;Ðz*« Ð"Æ;Å;|
}*‰*ƒˆ Q‚ u;Êax
ƒV}*JŠ ŠQu9å xy z {;{ªQ| x t*ŠJsQ‚ ¶ ‰
t*Š
 t2¯
<~*s¢Š s2 sQ‚ ­X t2‰
t ¶Y2…¸Qt¶JÉJ­VsQ‚;¸ ­¢†*2¶< t2¯
‹*sQ~2‰*Œ* Q‚ x —Q 2 “ ’Q˜¹—Jù ö"ÜJÜQ˜ ” šJ
ž ;—J¤” ’Q˜
¦J¥1ݤ› —J˜ —‘2Ý*uÁ §QÅ;´;¬Q« Å;¬
ãx
è" t  t2¯JuNÛxIƒÓØ ‹ ‚ s* uNp;x°y z {;{;¬;| xGå ‚ sJŠ
 ¸< t2¯
‚ sJ¸ƒ¸2ˆ  t2¯X‹*sQ~2‰*Œ* Q‚Q…k‚  ­ß¯ ˆ Q‹2‰
ˆ‰
t*ŠV¶*†*sJ¸2 …k ¸
sQtŒ* ‚ Qt ­VsQt ‰
ˆç‰* < <É*Š s2¶Ë‰
t*Šá¸2~2‰
t2¯*s2¶ô t
‚ sJ¸ƒ¸2ˆ  t2¯NQ† †* ‚ <É t  < s2¶Ž —Q * “ ’Q˜"—Jùö"Ü ÜQ˜ ” šJž
;—J¤” ’Q˜2¦J¥1ݤ› —J˜ —‘2Ý*uÁ;Á
§JÁ© §;z Æ
ã"´Q« z Å;´ª;x
Fly UP