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ヴィクトリア時代におけるキーツ受容と 芸術の創造をめぐる有機体論の変遷
ࠗᖺሗ ᆅᇦᩥ◊✲࠘ ➨ 18 ྕ㸦2014 ᖺ㸧 2015 ᖺ 3 ᭶ 31 ᪥Ⓨ⾜ ࣦࢡࢺࣜ௦࠾ࡅࡿ࣮࢟ࢶཷᐜ ⱁ⾡ࡢ㐀ࢆࡵࡄࡿ᭷ᶵయㄽࡢኚ㑄 ࣮̿̿ࣀࣝࢻࠊ࣌ࢱ࣮ࠊ࣡ࣝࢻࢆ୰ᚰ̿̿ ⏫ᮏு ࣐ࣟࣥ⩏ࡢリேࡓࡕࡀே㛫ࡢ⢭⚄ࢆᥥࡍࡿࡢ᳜≀ࡢẚ႘ࢆ⏝࠸ࡿࡇࢆዲࢇࡔࡢࡣࠊ ே㛫ࡢ⢭⚄ࡣእ⏺ࡢ≀ࢆᫎࡋྲྀࡿࡔࡅࡢ㙾࡛࠶ࡿࠊࡲࡗࡉࡽ࡞ᯈ᭩ࡁ㎸ࡲࢀࡓࢹࢱ ࣓ࣛ࡞▱ぬࡢ㞟✚࡛࠶ࡿ࠸࠺Ⓨࢆᙼࡽࡀ᎘࠸ࠊᙼࡽࡢឤࡌ࡚࠸ࡓே㛫ࡢ⢭⚄ࡢᣢࡘ⬟ື ⓗᛶ㉁ࢆ⾲⌧ࡍࡿࡢࠊ᭷ᶵయࡢẚ႘ࡀ㐺ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡼ࠺ᛮ࠼ࡓࡽ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࢽ࣮ࣗࢺࣥຊᏛ ࡢୡ⏺ほࢆ⢭⚄ࡲ࡛ᣑᙇࡍࡿࡇࢆ┠ᣦࡋࡓ⤒㦂ㄽဴᏛᑐࡍࡿࡇ࡛ࠊ࣐ࣟࣥὴࡢリே ࡓࡕࡣ⢭⚄ࡢࡓࡵ≉ᶒⓗ࡞ᆅࢆ☜ಖࡍࡿࡇࢆ┠ᣦࡋࡓ1ࠋ ࡋࡋࠊࡑ࠺ࡋ࡚᳜≀㸭᭷ᶵయࡉࢀࡓ⢭⚄ࡀࠊᶵᲔㄽⓗ⮬↛ほࡢ⥙ࡢ┠⤡ࡵྲྀࡽࢀࡿ ࡢࡣ㛫ࡢၥ㢟࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋࢳ࣮ࣕࣝࢬ࣭ࢲ࣮࢘ࣥࡢࠗ✀ࡢ㉳※࠘ࡀࣦࢡࢺࣜ௦ࡢே㛫 ࡓࡕ࠼ࡓ⾪ᧁࡢ⌮⏤ࢆㄝ᫂ࡍࡿࡓࡵࡣࠊࡇࡢⴭసࡀ㐍࠸࠺ࢺࣆࢵࢡࢆᢅࡗ࡚࠸ࡓ ࡽࡔゝ࠺ࡔࡅ࡛ࡣ༑ศ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋ㐍࠸࠺ࡢࡀすὒᛮྐ࠾࠸࡚ࢲ࣮࢘ࣥ௨๓ࡶ⧞ ࡾ㏉ࡋㄽࡌࡽࢀ࡚ࡁࡓࢸ࣮࣐࡛࠶ࡿ࠸࠺ᐇࡣࠊࣦࢡࢺࣜ௦ࡢேࡓࡕࡶ⌮ゎࡉࢀ࡚ ࠸ࡓ2ࠋࡇࡢ᭩ࡀᙼࡽ⾪ᧁࢆ࠼ࡓࡇࡢᑡ࡞ࡽࡠ⌮⏤ࡣࠊࡑࢀࡀ⮬↛ࡽ┠ⓗ࠸࠺ほᛕ ࢆዣ࠺ࡇ࡛ࠊ✲ᴟⓗࡣே㛫ࡢ⢭⚄ࡢ⬟ືᛶࠊୡ⏺࠾ࡅࡿ⢭⚄ࡢ≉ᶒᛶࠊே㛫ࡢ⏕ࡸṔྐ ࠾ࡅࡿタィࡸ⛛ᗎ࠸࠺ᴫᛕࡢ↓ຠࢆᖐ⤖ࡍࡿ༴ࡉࢀࡓࡇᖐࡍࡿࡇࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࠋ ࡇ࠺ࡋ࡚⢭⚄ࡢᥥ᳜≀ࡢẚ႘ࢆᣢࡕ㎸ࡴ᭷ᶵయ⌮ㄽࢆྲྀࡾᕳࡃၥ㢟⣔ࡣࠊ࣐ࣟࣥὴࡢ ௦ࢆ㉸࠼࡚ࣦࢡࢺࣜ௦ᣢࡕ㉺ࡉࢀࡿࡇ࡞ࡿࠋ᪉࡛ࠊඛゝཬࡋࡓࡼ࠺ࠊ㐍 ㄽ࠸࠺ࡶࡢࢆࠊ19 ୡ⣖ᚋ༙✺ዴࡋ࡚ฟ⌧ࡋࡓ▱ⓗ₻ὶ࡛࠶ࡿࡢࡼ࠺ᐃࡍࡿࡇࡶ チࡉࢀ࡞࠸ࠋ࣐ࣟࣥ⩏௦࠾࠸࡚ࠊ⢭⚄ࢆࡵࡄࡿ᭷ᶵయㄽࡀ㝯┒ࡋࡓࡢࡣࠊᙜࠊ᳜≀ࡸ ⏕≀ࠊ᭷ᶵయࢆࡵࡄࡿከࡃࡢ⛉Ꮫⓗゝㄝࡀὶ㏻ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࡇ㛵ಀࡀ࠶ࡿࠋࡑࡢ࠺ࡕࡣࢳࣕ ࣮ࣝࢬࡢ♽∗ࠊ࢚ࣛࢬ࣐ࢫ࣭ࢲ࣮࢘ࣥࢆึࡵࡍࡿㄽ⪅ࡓࡕࡢ㐍ࡲࡘࢃࡿ⌮ㄽࡶྵࡲࢀ ࡚࠸ࡓࠋࡑ࠺࡛࠶ࡿࡍࢀࡤࠊࢃࢀࢃࢀࡣ࣐ࣟࣥ⩏ᩥᏛ࠾࠸࡚ࡑࡢ᭷ᶵయㄽࢆࠊࣦࢡࢺ ࣜ௦ᩥᏛ࠾࠸࡚㐍ࡲࡘࢃࡿࢺࣆࢵࢡࢆࠊ࠸࠺㢼ࠊ୧⪅ࢆศ㞳ࡋࡓၥ㢟㡿ᇦ࡛࠶ ࡿࡢࡼ࠺ᢅ࠺ࢃࡅࡣ࠸࡞࠸ࠋ ― 135 ― ࡑࡇ࡛ࡇࡢㄽᩥࡣࠊ࣐ࣟࣥ⩏リேࢪ࣭࣮ࣙࣥ࢟ࢶࡢ࠶ࡿ≀ㄒリࣦࢡࢺࣜ௦ࡢⱁ⾡ ᐙࡓࡕࡼࡿࡑࡢཷᐜࡢ㐣⛬↔Ⅼࢆᙜ࡚ࡿࡇ࡛ࠊ࣐ࣟࣥ⩏௦ࡽୡ⣖ᮎࡲ࡛ࡢ୍ୡ⣖ Ώࡿᮇ㛫࠾ࡅࡿ᭷ᶵయ⌮ㄽࡢኚ㑄ࡢ୍ഃ㠃ࢆᥥฟࡍࡿࡇࢆ┠ᣦࡍࠋ࣐ࣟࣥ⩏ⓗ࡞᭷ᶵ యㄽࡀࠗ✀ࡢ㉳※࠘ࡢ⮬↛㑅ᢥㄝฟ࠺ࡁࠊࣦࢡࢺࣜ௦ࡢⱁ⾡ᐙࡓࡕࡣࠊ࣐ࣟࣥὴ ࡢ㑇⏘ࡢ࠺ࡕࡽఱࢆཷࡅ⥅ࡂࠊࡑࡋ࡚ఱࢆཷࡅ⥅ࡄࡇࢆᣄࢇࡔࠋࡑࡢ㝿ࠊ࣮࢟ࢶ࠸ ࡞ࡿ㇟ᚩⓗᙺࡀࡉࢀࡓࠋ ࣮࢟ࢶࡢࠕࢨ࣋ࣛࠊ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣࣂࢪࣝࡢናࠖࡣࠊ᭷ᶵయㄽࡢࣞࢦ࣮ࣜࡋ࡚ㄞࡴࡇࡢ࡛ ࡁࡿ≀ㄒリ࡛࠶ࡾࠊࡑࡇ࡛ࡣᙼࡢྠ௦࠾ࡅࡿ⛉Ꮫⓗゝㄝࡢ㛵ࢃࡾࢆᛕ㢌⨨ࡁ࡞ࡀࡽゎ 㔘ࡍࡿࡇࡀせồࡉࢀࡿࡼ࠺࡞ࠊ⏕ࡢᚠ⎔㛵ࡍࡿ⌮ㄽࡀᥦ♧ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡲࡓࡇࡢリࡣࠊ ࡑࢀࡀ⌧ᅾ࣮࢟ࢶࡢリసရయ࠾࠸࡚༨ࡵࡿ⪃࠼ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ㔜せᛶࡢ⛬ᗘࢆ⪃៖ධࢀࢀ ࡤወጁᛮࢃࢀࡿࠊࣦࢡࢺࣜ௦ࡢⱁ⾡ᐙࠊᢈホᐙࡼࡗ࡚⧞ࡾ㏉ࡋゝཬࠊᢈホࡉ ࢀࡓࠋ࣐ࢩ࣮࣭࣮ࣗࣀࣝࢻࡣ⮬ࡽࡢリ㞟ࡢᗎᩥ࠾࠸࡚࣮࢟ࢶࡢࡼࡾࡼࡗ࡚ࡇࡢリࢆྲྀࡾ ୖࡆ࡚ᢈホࡋࠊࣛࣇ࢚ࣝ๓ὴࡢ⏬ᐙࡓࡕࠊࢪ࣭࢚ࣦࣙࣥࣞࢵࢺ࣭࣑࣒࣭ࣞ࢘ࣜ࣍ ࣐࣭ࣝࣥࣁࣥࢺࡣࡑࢀࡒࢀࡇࡢリ⤮⏬ࡢ㢟ᮦࢆồࡵࡓࠋࢡࣜࢫࢸࢼ࣭ࣟࢭࢵࢸ࢜ࢫ࢝ ࣮࣭࣡ࣝࢻࡣࠊࡑࢀࡒࢀࡢ࣮࢟ࢶᤝࡆࡿࢯࢿࢵࢺ࠾࠸࡚ࠕࢨ࣋ࣛࠖࡢ᫂♧ⓗ࡞ࣜ ࣮ࣗࢪࣙࣥࢆ㓄ࡋࠊࣂ࣮ࢼ࣮ࢻ࣭ࢩ࣮ࣙࡣ⮬ࡽࡢ≉␗࡞♫㸭ᩥⱁᢈホࡢᩥ⬦㛵㐃࡙ࡅࡿᙧ ࡛ࡇࡢリࢆゎ㔘ࡋࡓࠋࡇࡢࣦࢡࢺࣜ௦࠾ࡅࡿࠕࢨ࣋ࣛࠖࡢᏑᅾឤࡢࡁࡉࡣࠊࡇࡢ リᥥࢀࡿ᭷ᶵయ⌮ㄽࡀࠊᙼࡽࡢ᪥ᖖⓗព㆑ࡲ࡛ᾐ㏱ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓ㐍ㄽⓗၥ㢟⣔㛵㐃࡙ࡅ ࡚ㄞࡲࢀࡓࡇࡑࡢ⌮⏤ࡢ୍➃ࢆᖐࡍࡿࡇࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋ 1. ᭷ᶵయㄽࠕࢨ࣋ࣛࠊ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣࣂࢪࣝࡢናࠖ ࠕࢨ࣋ࣛࠖࡣࠊ࣎ࢵ࢝ࢳ࢜ࡢࠗࢹ࣓࢝ࣟࣥ࠘ᥥࢀࡿ୍ࡘࡢᤄヰࢆᇶࡋࡓ≀ㄒリ࡛࠶ ࡿ3ࠋ≀ㄒࡢ๓༙࠾࠸࡚ࡣࠊࢨ࣋ࣛࡑࡢ୍ᐙࡢ⏝ே࡛࠶ࡿࣟࣞࣥࢰࡢ㛫ࡢ㌟ศ㐪࠸ࡢࣟ ࣐ࣥࢫࡀᥥࢀࡿࠋࡋࡋࠊࢨ࣋ࣛࡢேࡢࡀࠊᙼዪࣟࣞࣥࢰࡀឡࡋྜࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡇࢆ ᐹ▱ࡍࡿࠊᙼࡽࡣጒࢆ㈨⏘ᐙࡢ㈗᪘⤖፧ࡉࡏࡿ࠸࠺⮬ࡽࡢ┠ㄽࡳࢆ㐩ᡂࡍࡿࡓࡵࣟࣞ ࣥࢰࡢẅᐖࢆィ⏬ࡍࡿࠋࡑࡋ࡚ᘵࡣ᳃࡛ࣟࣞࣥࢰࢆẅࡋࠊ㑇యࢆᆅᇙࡵ࡚ࡋࡲ࠺ࠋ࠶ࡿᬌࠊ ࢨ࣋ࣛࡢᐷᗋࣟࣞࣥࢰࡢ㟋ࡀࡸࡗ࡚ࡁ࡚ࠊ⮬ࡽࡢẅᐖࡉࢀࡓ⤒⦋ࠊࡑࡋ࡚⮬ࡽࡀᇙࡲࡗ࡚ ࠸ࡿ᳃ࡢ୍⏬ࡘ࠸࡚ᙼዪ࿌ࡆࡿࠋ⩣ᮅࠊᙼዪࡣஙẕࢆక࠸᳃⧞ࡾฟࡋࠊࣟࣞࣥࢰࡢ㑇య ― 136 ― ࣦࢡࢺࣜ௦࠾ࡅࡿ࣮࢟ࢶཷᐜⱁ⾡ࡢ㐀ࢆࡵࡄࡿ᭷ᶵయㄽࡢኚ㑄 ࢆ᥀ࡾ㉳ࡇࡍࡇᡂຌࡍࡿࠋࡑࡇ࡛ᙼዪࡣࣟࣞࣥࢰࡢ㢌㒊ࢆษࡾⴠࡋࠊࡑࢀࢆᐙᣢࡕᖐ ࡾࠊᅵࡶናᇙࡵࠊࡑࡇࣂࢪࣝࢆ᳜࠼ࡿࠋᙼዪࡣናࢆษᢅ࠸ࠊࣂࢪࣝࡣᙼዪࡢᾦ ࣟࣞࣥࢰࡢ㢌㒊ࡽ㣴ศࢆᚓ࡚ࠊࡁࡃࠊ⨾ࡋࡃ⏕㛗ࡍࡿࠋࣂࢪࣝᾦࢆ࠼ࡿࡘࢀࠊᙼ ዪ⮬㌟ࡣᚎࠎ⏕Ẽࢆኻࡗ࡚࠸ࡗࡓࠋᙼዪࡢ⨾ࡢ⾶࠼ࢆᑂᛮ࠺ᘵࡣࠊࣂࢪࣝࡢና⛎ᐦ ࡀ࠶ࡿࡇᛮ࠸ᙜࡓࡾࠊࡑࡢᅵࢆ᥀ࡾ㉳ࡇࡍࠋࡇ࠺ࡋ࡚ࣟࣞࣥࢰࡢ㢌㒊ࢆⓎぢࡋࡓᙼࡽࡣᜍ ᛧくࢃࢀࠊ⮬ࡽࡢၟࢆᤞ࡚ࣇࣞࣥࢶ࢙ࡽ㏨㉮ࡍࡿࠋ⮬ࡽࡢ⏕ࡢ୍㒊ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࣂ ࢪࣝࡢናࢆዣࢃࢀࡓࢨ࣋ࣛࡣࠊ⏕Ẽࢆኻ࠸ࠊ⾶ᙅࡋ࡚Ṛྥ࠺ࠋ ࡇࡢ≀ㄒリࢆࠊリࡢ㐀㛵ࡍࡿ᭷ᶵయ⌮ㄽ㛵㐃࡙ࡅ࡚ゎ㔘ࡋ࡚ࡳࡼ࠺ࠋࡑࢀࡣࡍ࡞ࢃࡕࠊ ࡇࡢリࢆⱁ⾡ࡢ㐀ࡢࣉࣟࢭࢫࡢࣞࢦ࣮ࣜࡋ࡚ゎ㔘ࡍࡿࡇࢆពࡍࡿࠋ࣐ࣟࣥ⩏ࡢ ௦࠾࠸࡚ࠊసရࡣ᳜≀ࡢࡼ࠺⮬↛Ⓨ⏕ⓗ⏘ࡲࢀ࡚ࡃࡿࡇࡀ⌮࡛࠶ࡿ⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡓࠋ ࢚ࢻ࣮࣡ࢻ࣭ࣖࣥࢢࡢࠗ⊂ⓗసရ㛵ࡍࡿ᥎ᐹ࠘ࡼࢀࡤࠊ ࠕ⊂ⓗ࡞ࡶࡢࡣ᳜≀ࡢࡼ࠺࡞ᛶ ㉁ࢆ᭷ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿゝ࠺ࡇࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࠋࡑࢀࡣኳᡯࡢ⏕ຊ‶ࡕࡓ᰿ࡽ⮬↛⏕ࡌ࡚ࡃࡿࠋ 㸬㸬 㸬㸬㸬㸬 ࡑࢀࡣ⫱ࡘࡢ࡛࠶ࡾࠊసࡽࢀࡿࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋࠖ4ࣖࣥࢢࡣ⢭⚄ࡢᥥ᳜≀ࠊ᭷ᶵయࡢẚ႘ࢆᣢࡕ ㎸ࡳࠊே㛫ࡢෆ㠃ࢆⱁ⾡సရࡢ※Ἠ㸦origin㸧ࡋ࡚ᤊ࠼ࡿࡇ࡛ࠊ⊂ᛶ㸦originality㸧ࢆᇶ♏ ࡋࡓಶᛶࢆ㔜どࡍࡿ⨾Ꮫࡢฟᐤࡋࡓ5ࠋ ࣮࢟ࢶࡶࡲࡓࠊⱁ⾡ࡢ㐀㛵ࡍࡿ᭷ᶵయ⌮ㄽចࢀ࡚࠸ࡓࠋᙼࡣ࠶ࡿ᭩⡆ࡢ୰࡛ࠊ⌮ ⓗ࡞ே᱁ࢆⰼࡢࡼ࠺࡞ࡶࡢࡋ࡚ᥥ࠸࡚࠸ࡿࡀࠊࡑࢀࡣᙼࡗ࡚⌮ⓗⱁ⾡ᐙࡢᆺ࡛ࡶ࠶ࡿࠋ ࡲࡓᙼࡣⱁ⾡ᐙࡢᥥ᳜≀ࡢẚ႘ࢆ⏝࠸ࡿࡇ࡛ࠊసရࡢ㐀ࡀ⮬ᡃࡢព㆑ⓗ࡞ពࡼࡿ ࠸࠺ࡼࡾࡣࠊ⮬ᡃࡢ⤫ᚚࢆ㏨ࢀࡿ⮬↛Ⓨ⏕ⓗ࡞ຊᚑ࠺ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࡇࢆ♧၀ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ ࡔࡽࠊᛴ࠸࡛ືࡁᅇࡗ࡚ࠊ⻏ࡢࡼ࠺⻤ࢆ㞟ࡵ࡚ࡲࢃࡿࡇࡢ࡞࠸ࡼ࠺ࡋࡼ࠺ࠋఱ ࡀᚓࡽࢀࡿࡇࢆᮇᚅࡋ࡚ࠊ࠶ࡕࡽࡇࡕࡽ࡛ࡏࢃࡋ࡞ࡃࣈࣥࣈࣥ㣕ࡧᅇࡗࡓࡾࡋ࡞࠸ࡼ࠺ ࠋࡑࢇ࡞ࡇࢆࡋ࡞࠸࡛ࠊⰼࡢࡼ࠺ⴥࢆ㛤ࡁࠊཷືⓗࡘཷᐜⓗ࡛࠸ࡼ࠺ࠋ࣏ࣟࡢ ┠ࡢୗ࡛ࠊᚸ⪏ᙉࡃⱆࢆฟࡋࠊⰼࡢࡶࡸࡗ࡚ࡁ࡚ࢃࢀࢃࢀࢆ႐ࡤࡏࡿࡍ࡚ࡢ㈗࠸᪻ ࡽᬯ♧ࢆᚓࡿࡢࡔ6ࠋ ࣮࢟ࢶࡼࢀࡤࠊඃࢀࡓⱁ⾡ᐙࡣࡑࡢ⮬ᡃࢆ↓㑏ඖࡍࡿࡇࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࠋࡇࢀࡀᙼࡢ࠸ࢃ ࡺࡿࠕᾘᴟⓗ⬟ຊ࡛ࠖ࠶ࡾࠊⱁ⾡ᐙࡣసရࢆ⏕ࡴࡓࡵࠊୡ⏺㠀ே⛠ⓗ㛵ࡋ࡞ࡃ࡚ࡣ࠸ ― 137 ― ࡅ࡞࠸7ࠋ リⓗᛶ᱁ࡑࡢࡶࡢ㛵ࡋ࡚࠸࠼ࡤࠊ㸦ࡣ⮬ࡽࡀࡑࡢ୍ဨ࡛࠶ࡿࡶࡢ㛵ࡋ࡚ゝࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠊ ௬ࡀఱ⪅࡛࠶ࡿࡍࢀࡤࡔࡅࢀࠋࡑࢀࡣ࣮࣡ࢬ࣡ࢫⓗᓫ㧗ࠊ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣ⮬ᡃᛶࡢᙉ ࠸ᓫ㧗ࡣ༊ูࡉࢀࡿࡶࡢࡔࠋࡑࢀࡣࡑࢀࡑࡢࡶࡢࡋ࡚༢⊂࡛ᡂ❧ࡍࡿࡶࡢࡔࡽࠋ㸧ࡑ ࢀࡣࠊࡑࢀࡑࡢࡶࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸̿̿ࡑࢀࡣ⮬ᡃࢆᣢࡓ࡞࠸̿̿ࡑࢀࡣ࡚࡛࠶ࡾࠊྠ↓ ࡛࠶ࡿ̿̿ࡑࢀࡣᛶ᱁ࢆᣢࡓ࡞࠸ࠋ ࠝ␎ࠞリேࡣࠊࡇࡢୡᏑᅾࡍࡿ࠸࡞ࡿࡶࡢࡶቑ ࡋ࡚㠀リⓗ࡞Ꮡᅾ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ࠸࠺ࡢࡶࠊᙼࡣ⮬ᕫྠ୍ᛶࢆᣢࡓ࡞࠸ࡽ̿̿ᙼࡣ⤯࠼㛫࡞ ࡃࡢ≀ࡢ㌟యࡢ୰ධࡗ࡚࠸ࡃ̿̿ኴ㝧ࡢ୰ࠊ᭶ࠊᾏࠊ⏨ࡓࡕࡸዪࡓࡕࡢ୰8ࠋ リேࡣ⮬ᡃࢆ✵ࡋࠊᜌᝮࠊ⮬ኻࡢ≧ែ࡛ࠊ᳜≀ࡢࡼ࠺ཷᐜⓗ࡛࠶ࡽࡡࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ࠋࡇࢀ ࡀ࣮࢟ࢶࡢ⌮ࡢリⓗே᱁㸦࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣ㠀ே᱁㸧࡛࠶ࡿࡍࢀࡤࠊࢨ࣋ࣛࡣࡲࡉࡇࡢ᮲௳ࢆ ‶ࡓࡍリே࡛࠶ࡿࠋᙼዪࡣࣂࢪࣝࡢናࢆᡭࡋ࡚௨᮶ࠊࣟࣞࣥࢰࡀᩥᏐ㏻ࡾ᳜≀ࡍࡿ㸦⏕㛗 ࡍࡿࣂࢪࣝࡢ᳜≀ⓗᚠ⎔ࡢ୍㒊࡞ࡿ㸧ࡢྠࡌࡼ࠺ࠊ᳜≀ⓗᛶ㉁ࢆ᭷ࡍࡿࡶࡢࡋ࡚ᥥ ࢀࡿࠋᘵࡓࡕናࢆዣࢃࢀࡓࢨ࣋ࣛࡣࠊ ࠕ㇏࡞㤶Ἔࡢࡓࡵࣥࢹࣥࡼࡗ࡚ఆ᥇ࡉ ࢀࡓ㸭ࣖࢩࡢࡼ࠺ᯤࢀ࡚࠸ࡃࠋࠖ9 ࢨ࣋ࣛࠊࢃ࠸࠸ࢨ࣋ࣛࡣṚࡠࠋ ࡑࢀࡣ࠶ࡲࡾᏙ⊂࡛࡞Ṛࠊ ᘵࡀᙼዪࡢ࠸ࡋ࠸ࣂࢪࣝࢆዣࡗ࡚࠸ࡗࡓࡽ10ࠋ ࡇࡇ࡛ࠕ࡞㸦incomplete㸧 ࠖ࠸࠺ㄒὀ┠ࡋࡓ࠸ࠋ ࠗ࢜ࢡࢫࣇ࢛࣮ࢻⱥㄒ㎡࠘ࡼࢀࡤࠊ “incomplete flower”ࡣࠕ࠶ࡿࡁ㒊ศ㸦ࡀࡃࠊⰼෙࠊ࠾ࡋࠊࡵࡋ㸧ࡢ࠺ࡕࡢ୍ࡘ࡞࠸ࡋ」 ᩘࢆḞ࠸࡚࠸ࡿⰼࠖࢆពࡍࡿᑓ㛛ⓗ⏝ἲ࡛࠶ࡿࠋඛࡢリ⾜ࢆ࠶ࡽࡓࡵ࡚☜ㄆࡍࡿࠊࢨ࣋ 㸬㸬 ࣛࡣᘵࡀࠕࣂࢪࣝࢆዣࡗ࡚࠸ࡗࡓࡽࠖࠊ࡞㸦incomplete㸧Ṛࢆ㏄࠼ࡿࡇ࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ ࡿࠋ࡛࠶ࡿࡍࢀࡤࠊࣂࢪࣝࡣᙼዪࡢࠕ࠶ࡿࡁ㒊ศࡢ࠺ࡕࡢ୍ࡘࠖࡔࡗࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡾࠊࢨ࣋ ࣛ⮬㌟ࡶ᭷ᶵయࡋ࡚ࠊࣂࢪࣝ㸻ࣟࣞࣥࢰࡢ᳜≀ⓗᚠ⎔⧞ࡾ㎸ࡲࢀ࡚࠸ࡓ⪃࠼࡞ࡃ࡚ࡣ࡞ ࡽ࡞࠸ࠋࢨ࣋ࣛࡣࠊ࣮࢟ࢶࡢ⌮ࡍࡿリⓗே᱁ࡢ᮲௳ࡋ࡚ࡢࠊ᳜≀ⓗᛶ㉁ࢆ࠸࡞ࡃ᭷ ― 138 ― ࣦࢡࢺࣜ௦࠾ࡅࡿ࣮࢟ࢶཷᐜⱁ⾡ࡢ㐀ࢆࡵࡄࡿ᭷ᶵయㄽࡢኚ㑄 ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ ࡑࢀ࡛ࡣࠊ᪉ࡢ᮲௳ࡣ࠺ࠋࣂࢪࣝࡢናࢆᡭࡋࡓࢨ࣋ࣛࡣࠊࡸࡣࡾᛀᡃ㸻ᜌᝮࡢቃ ᆅ⮳ࡿࡢࡔࠋ ࡑ࠺ࡋ࡚ᙼዪࡣᫍࢆᛀࢀࠊ᭶ࢆࠊኴ㝧ࡢࡇࢆᛀࢀࡓࠊ ࡑ࠺ࡋ࡚ᙼዪࡣᮌࠎࡢୖࡢ㟷✵ࡢࡇࢆᛀࢀࡓࠊ ࡑ࠺ࡋ࡚ᙼዪࡣỈࡢ㉮ࡿ㇂㛫ࡢࡇࢆᛀࢀࡓࠊ ࡑ࠺ࡋ࡚ᙼዪࡣ෭ࡓ࠸⛅ࡢࡑࡼࡐࡢࡇࢆᛀࢀࡓ11ࠋ ࡇࡢリྃࡢෆᐜࡢࡳ࡞ࡽࡎࠊࠕࡑ࠺ࡋ࡚ᙼዪࡣ͐ࢆᛀࢀࡓ㸦And she forgot. . .㸧ࠖ࠸࠺ᵓᩥࡢ༢ ⣧࡞ࡢᵓ㐀ࡀࠊࢨ࣋ࣛࡢ࠶ࡿᛀᡃ㸻ᜌᝮࡢ≧ែࢆ⾲⌧ࡍࡿࡢ㈉⊩ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡑ࠺ࡋ࡚ ᙼዪࡢ⫱࡚ࡿࣂࢪࣝࡣࠊࠕᑠ⟽ษಖ⟶ࡉࢀࡓᐆ▼ࡀ㸭ⱆࢆฟࡋࠊᑠࡉ࠸ⴥ࡞ࡾᗈࡀࡗ ࡓࠖ 12ࡢࡼ࠺⨾ࡋࡃ⏕㛗ࡋࠊࡑࢀࡣⱁ⾡సရࡢ㞃႘࡞ࡿ13ࠋ 2. 㠀ே⛠ᛶࡢリᏛゝㄒࡢ㐣 ᳜≀ⓗᛶ㉁ࢆ᭷ࡍࡿࢨ࣋ࣛࠊᛀᡃ㸻ᜌᝮࡢቃᆅ⮳ࡿリேࡋ࡚ࡢࢨ࣋ࣛࠋࡇࢀࡽࡢ≉ ᚩࡣࠊࣦࢡࢺࣜ௦ࡢⱁ⾡ᐙࡓࡕࡼࡗ࡚ࡢࡼ࠺ཷᐜࠊゎ㔘ࡉࢀࡓࠋ௨ୗࡢ࣐ࢩࣗ ࣮࣭࣮ࣀࣝࢻࡢドゝࡣࠊᙼࡀ⮬ࡽࡢリ㞟ࡋࡓᗎᩥ㸦1853 ᖺ㸧࠾࠸࡚ᥦ♧ࡉࢀࡓࡶࡢ࡛ ࠶ࡿࠋ ࠕࢨ࣋ࣛࠖࡣࠊඃ㞞࡛ṇ㭀ࢆᑕࡓゝⴥࡸ࣓࣮ࢪࡢ࡞ࡿᐆᗜࡔࠋࢇࡍ࡚ࡢ ࢫࢱࣥࢨࡢ୰ࠊ㩭࡛᫂⤮⏬ⓗ࡞⾲⌧ࡀ⌧ࢀࠊᑐ㇟ࡀᚰࡢ┠ᾋࡧࠊ✺↛ࡢ႐ࡧࡀㄞ⪅ ࢆく࠺ࠋ ࠝ␎ࠞࡋࡋࠊ⾜Ⅽࡣ࠺ࠊ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣ≀ㄒࡣ㸽⾜Ⅽࡑࡢࡶࡢࡣࡍࡤࡽࡋ࠸ࡶࡢࡔࠋ ࡋࡋ࡞ࡀࡽࠊリே⮬㌟ࡼࡿ⊂࠸࠺Ⅼ࡛ࡣ࠶ࡲࡾᙅ࠸ࡋࠊᵓᡂ࠸࠺Ⅼ࡛ࡶ࠶ࡲ ࡾ⥾ࡲࡾࡀ࡞࠸ࠋ ࠝ␎࣮ࠞ࢟ࢶࡢリࢆㄞࢇࡔ࠶ࠊㄞ⪅ࡣࠗࢹ࣓࢝ࣟࣥ࠘ࡢྠࡌ≀ㄒྥ ࡗ࡚ࡳࡿࡀ࠸࠸ࠋᙼࡣྠࡌ⾜Ⅽࡀࠊ೧࡞ⱁ⾡ᐙࡢᡭࢀࡤࠊࢀࡔࡅከࡃࡢ⯆ ࢆࡣࡽࢇࡔࡶࡢ࡞ࡿࢆᐇឤࡍࡿࡇࡔࢁ࠺ࠋ೧࡞ⱁ⾡ᐙࡣࠊᑐ㇟ࡢ㍯㒌ࢆ㩭᫂ࡍ ࡿࡇࢆ㔜どࡋࠊゝⴥࢆࠊゝⴥࡀ⾲⌧ࡍࡿࡇ࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿᑐ㇟ᚑᒓࡉࡏࡿࡢࡔ14ࠋ ― 139 ― ➨୍ࠊ࣮ࣀࣝࢻࡀࡇࡇ࡛࣮࢟ࢶࡢពࡢ⬤ᙅᛶࡘ࠸࡚ゝཬࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡇὀ┠ࡋࡼ࠺ࠋ ࡑࢀࡣ࣮࢟ࢶࡀ࣎ࢵ࢝ࢳ࢜ࡢ⊂ᛶᐤࡾࡾࠊ⮬ࡽࡢⱁ⾡ᐙࡋ࡚ࡢពᚿⓗ㛵ࡢᗘྜ࠸ ࢆᙅࡵ࡚࠸ࡿࡇᑐࡍࡿᢈุ࡛࠶ࡿࠋඛࡳࡓࡼ࠺ࠊ᭷ᶵయ⌮ㄽ⊂ᛶࡢ᧦ㆤࡢ㛫ࡣ ᙉ࠸㐃㛵ࡀ࠶ࡿࠋ࣮࢟ࢶࡣࠊⱁ⾡ⓗ㐀ࡢ᭷ᶵయㄽࡢࣞࢦ࣮ࣜࢆᥥࡃࡲࡉࡑࡢリ࠾࠸࡚ࠊ ⮬ࡽࡢ⊂ᛶࢆⓎࡍࡿࡇᡂຌࡋ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࠊ࣮ࣀࣝࢻࡣࡑ࠺ឤࡌࡓࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋࡌࡗ ࡉ࠸ࠊ࣮ࣀࣝࢻࡣ๓ࡢᘬ⏝࡛ࠊసࡢ㐣⛬ࢆ᭷ᶵయࡲࡘࢃࡿㄒᙡࢆ⏝࠸࡚ᥥࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ ࠕリே⮬㌟ࡼࡿ⊂࠸࠺Ⅼ࡛ࡣ࠶ࡲࡾᙅ࠸㸦so feebly is it conceived by the poet㸧 ࠖࠊ࠶ࡿ࠸ 㸬㸬㸬㸬 ࡣࠊ ࠕྠࡌ⾜Ⅽࡀࠊ೧࡞ⱁ⾡ᐙࡢᡭࢀࡤࠊࢀࡔࡅከࡃࡢ⯆ࢆࡣࡽࢇࡔࡶࡢ࡞ࡿ 㸦how pregnant and interesting the same action has become in the hands of a great artist㸧ࠖࠝ࠸ࡎࢀࡶᙉ ㄪࡣᘬ⏝⪅ࡼࡿࠞ࠸࠺⾲⌧ࢆ⏝࠸ࡿࡇ࡛ࠊ࣮ࣀࣝࢻࡣ㐀ࢆ⫾㸦conception㸧ࡢẚ႘ ࡛ᤊ࠼ࡿ᭷ᶵయㄽࡢఏ⤫ࢆᘬࡁ⥅࠸࡛࠸ࡿ15ࠋ࣮࢟ࢶࡢリ࠾࠸࡚ࠊࢨ࣋ࣛࣟࣞࣥࢰࡢᥥ ࡣẕᏊ㛵ಀࡢẚ႘ࡀ㢖⦾⏝࠸ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡇࡽࡋ࡚ࠊ࣮ࣀࣝࢻࡢᢈホࡣ࣮࢟ࢶࡢリ ᛅᐇ࡞ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ࠸࠺ࡇࡀ࡛ࡁࡼ࠺16ࠋ ࡇࡢⅬ㛵㐃ࡋ࡚ࠊ➨ὀ┠ࡋ࡞ࡃ࡚ࡣ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ࡢࡣࠊ࣮࢟ࢶࡢリ࠾ࡅࡿ⾲⌧ࡢ㐣 ᑐࡍࡿ࣮ࣀࣝࢻࡢᢈุ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ࣎ࢵ࢝ࢳ࢜ࡣࠕᑐ㇟ࡢ㍯㒌ࢆ㩭᫂ࡍࡿࡇࢆ㔜どࡋࠊゝⴥ ࢆࠊゝⴥࡀ⾲⌧ࡍࡿࡇ࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿᑐ㇟ᚑᒓࡉࡏࡿࠖࡇࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࡀࠊ࣮࢟ࢶࡢリ࠾࠸ ࡚ࡣ⾲⌧ࡉࢀࡿࡶࡢᑐࡋ⾲⌧ࡍࡿࡶࡢࡀ㐣࡛࠶ࡿࠋ⌧௦ࡢࢃࢀࢃࢀࡢ┠ࡣࢼ࣮ࣦᫎ ࡿࡋࢁࠊ࣮ࣀࣝࢻࡣゝㄒࡢእ㒊ࡑࢀࡀᛅᐇᫎࡋྲྀࡿࡁ⌧ᐇࡢᏑᅾࢆᐃࡋࠊⱁ⾡ᐙ ࡣゝㄒࢆ⤫ᚚࡋእⓗ⌧ᐇᚑᒓࡉࡏࡿពᚿࡢᙉࡉࢆࡶࡓ࡞ࡃ࡚ࡣ࠸ࡅ࡞࠸⪃࠼ࡓࠋᙼࡗ ࡚ᢈホⓗ▱ᛶࡢ┠ᣦࡍࡁࡇࡣࠊ ࠕᑐ㇟ࢆ࠶ࡾࡢࡲࡲぢࡿࡇࠖࡔࡗࡓ17ࠋ࣮࢟ࢶࡢリࡀࠕඃ 㞞࡛ṇ㭀ࢆᑕࡓゝⴥࡸ࣓࣮ࢪࡢ࡞ࡿᐆᗜ࡛ࠖ࠶ࡾࠊ ࠕ㩭࡛᫂⤮⏬ⓗ࡞⾲⌧ࠖ‶ࡕ࡚࠸ࡿ ࠸࠺ࡁࠊ࣮ࣀࣝࢻࡣ࣮࢟ࢶࡢリ࠾ࡅࡿゝㄒࡢどぬⓗ㸭≀㉁ⓗᛶ㉁ព㆑ࢆྥࡅ࡚࠸ࡿ ࡢ࡛࠶ࡾࠊ࣮࢟ࢶࡢゝㄒࡣリே⮬㌟ࡀ⤫ᚚࡋࡁࢀࡠ㇏㤨ࡉࢆ᭷ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡼ࠺࣮ࣀࣝࢻࡣ ᛮࢃࢀࡓࡢࡔࠋ᭷ᶵయ⌮ㄽࡢಖドࡋࡓࡣࡎࡢリேࡢ⊂ⓗ㛵ࡀᅾ࡛࠶ࡿࡇ㸻⮬ᡃࡢ⬤ᙅ ᛶࠊゝㄒࡢ≀㉁ᛶࡢ๓ᬒ㸻ゝㄒࡢ㐣ࠊ࣮ࣀࣝࢻࡢ୰࡛ࡇࡢ୧⪅ࡀྍศࡢ㛵ಀࢆ⤖ࢇ ࡛࠸ࡓᐃࡍࡿࡇࡣወጁ࡞ࡇ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋ ࣏࣮࣭ࣝࢻ࣭࣐ࣥࡣࠊ࣮࢟ࢶࡢリ࠾ࡅࡿ༟㉺ᛶ㛵ࡋ࡚࣮࢟ࢶࡢ㠀ே⛠ᛶࡢリᏛࡀᯝࡓࡍ ― 140 ― ࣦࢡࢺࣜ௦࠾ࡅࡿ࣮࢟ࢶཷᐜⱁ⾡ࡢ㐀ࢆࡵࡄࡿ᭷ᶵయㄽࡢኚ㑄 ᙺࢆ㔜せどࡋࡓᢈホᐙࡢ୍ே࡛࠶ࡿࠋᙼࡼࢀࡤࠊ࣮࢟ࢶࠕ⮬ࡽࡢ⮬ᡃ┤᥋ⓗྥ ࠸ྜ࠺ࡇᑐࡍࡿ⃭ࡋ࠸᎘ᝏࠖ18ࢆ⾲᫂ࡋࡓリேࡣ࠸࡞࠸ࠋ ࣮࢟ࢶࡀே㛫ⓗⱞᝎ⫼ࢆྥࡅࠊリࡢᛀᡃࡶఝࡓ⌮ⓗ≧ែ㏨㑊ࡋࡓゝ࠺ࡢࡣ ࡃࡢㄗࡾ࡛࠶ࢁ࠺ࠋࡔࡀࠊࡋࡿࡁὀពࢆᡶ࠺ࡢ࡛࠶ࢀࡤࠊࡇ࠺ᙇࡍࡿࡇࡣ࡛ࡁࡿࠋ ࡍ࡞ࢃࡕࠊ࣮࢟ࢶࡣ⮬ᕫㄆ㆑ࡢ㔜Ⲵࡽ㏨ࢀࠊඹឤⓗീຊࠊリࠊࡑࡋ࡚Ṕྐࡢຊࡀྜࢃ ࡉࡗ࡚ฟࡉࢀࡿୡ⏺ࠊ⌮ⓗ⍗⑅ࡢ࡞ࡃࠊ⮬ᡃࡔࡅࡀ㏣ᨺࡉࢀࡓࡼ࠺࡞ୡ⏺㊊ࢆ ㋃ࡳධࢀࡿࡢࡔࠊ19ࠋ ࢻ࣭࣐ࣥࡣ୍⠍ࡢ࣮࢟ࢶㄽ࠾࠸࡚ࠊ ࠕᾘᴟⓗ⬟ຊࠖࡀࢻ࣭࣐ࣥ⮬㌟ࡢဴᏛⓗ㛵ᚰࡢ㛵㐃࡛࠸ ࡞ࡿពࢆᣢࡕ࠺ࡿࡘ࠸࡚᫂ゝࡋ࡞࠸ࠋࢻ࣭࣐ࣥࡣ࣮࢟ࢶࡢ⢭⚄ᛅᐇᚑ࠺ࡢࡼ࠺ ࠊ⮬ࡽࡢ⮬ᕫࢆᾘཤࡋࠊ࣮࢟ࢶࡢリ᭩⡆ᐤࡾῧ࠸ࠊࡑࡇࡽ❧ࡕ⌧ࢃࢀ࡚ࡃࡿㄽࡀᒎ㛤 ࡉࢀࡿ௵ࡏ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ ࡋࡋࠊࢻ࣭࣐ࣥࡢᛮ⣴࠾࠸࡚ࠊ࣮࢟ࢶⓗ࡞㠀ே⛠ᛶࡢリᏛࡣࠊリேࡢពᅗⓗ࡞ධࢆ㏨ 㸬㸬㸬㸬㸬㸬㸬㸬㸬㸬 ࢀࡿゝㄒࡑࡢࡶࡢࡢពᅗᛶᐦ᥋࡞㐃㛵ࢆ᭷ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓ⪃࠼࡞ࡃ࡚ࡣ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ࠋᅵ⏣▱๎ࡼ ࢀࡤࠊࢻ࣭࣐ࣥࡣࠕពᅗࠖ࠸࠺ᴫᛕࡢྵពࢆ㌿ಽࡉࡏࡿࠋ ᙼࡢゝ࠺ࠕᵓ㐀ⓗ࡞ពᅗᛶ(structural intentionality)ࠖࡸࠕᩥᏛᙧᘧࡢពᅗⓗ࡞ᵓ㐀(intentional structure of literary form)ࠖࡣࠊ࠸ࢃࡤே㛫యࡼࡗ࡚ᢪࢀࡿࠕពᅗࠖ࠸ࡗࡓࡶࡢ ࡣࡲࡗࡓࡃ↓⦕࡛࠶ࡾࠊࡲࡉࠕ㠀ே⛠ⓗ㸻㠀ே᱁ⓗ࡞ࡶࡢ(impersonality)ࠖࢆᣦࡋ♧ࡋ࡚ ࠸ࡿࠋࡘࡲࡾࠊ ࠕពᅗࠖࡘ࠸࡚㆟ㄽࡍࡿᚲせࡀ࠶ࡿࡍࢀࡤࠊࡑࢀࡣࠕே㛫యࠖ࠸࠺ ┦࠾࠸࡚࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊ࠶ࡃࡲ࡛ࡶᩥᏛᙧᘧࠊࡍ࡞ࢃࡕࠕゝㄒࠖ࠸࠺ၥ㢟ࡢഃࡽ࡞ࡉ ࢀ࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ࠊࢻ࣭࣐ࣥࡣᙇࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ20ࠋ ⮬ᡃࢆᾘཤࡍࡿリேࠊリேࡀ⮬ᡃࢆᾘཤࡍࡿࡘࢀ࡚⮬ᚊⓗ㐠ືࡢ㏿ᗘࢆቑࡍゝㄒࠋࡇࢀࡇࡑ ࣮ࣀࣝࢻࡀࡲࡉࠕࢨ࣋ࣛࠖࡢ࠺ࡕὝᐹࡋࡓࡘࡢせ⣲࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋ ᅵ⏣ࡣࢼࢳၥ㢟ࡢ㛵ࢃࡾࡽࢻ࣭࣐ࣥࢆ㠀㞴ࡋࡼ࠺ࡍࡿㄽ⪅ࡀࡑࡢṧᚸᛶࡢᏐ⩏㏻ࡾࡢ ពὀ┠ࡋࡀࡕ࡞௨ୗࡢ୍⠇ࢆࠊゝㄒࡢ≀㉁ᛶࢆ⤫ᚚࡍࡿࡇࡢ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ே㛫యࡀ⤒㦂ࡋ ― 141 ― ࡞ࡃ࡚ࡣ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ẚ႘ⓗⱞᝎࢆᥥࡍࡿࡶࡢࡋ࡚ゎ㔘ࡍࡿ21ࠋ ࢚ࢡࣜࢳ࣮ࣗࣝࠝ᭩ࡃࡇࠞࡣࢩࢽࣇࣥࡢពⓗ࡞ຊࡢస⏝㸻ᡙࢀ┈ࡍࡿࡼ࠺࡞ ዣࠝdispossessionࠞࡢዎᶵࢆᖖෆໟࡍࡿࡀࠊࡑ࠺ࡋࡓዎᶵࡣࠊయ࠸࠺どⅬࡽ═ࡵࡿ ࡞ࡽࠊᅄ⫥ษ᩿ࠊ㤳ࠊ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣཤໃࡋ࡚ࡋ⤒㦂ࡉࢀ࠼࡞࠸22ࠋ ࡇࡇ࡛ࢨ࣋ࣛࡼࡿ㤳ࡀࠊே㛫యࡽ═ࡵࡽࢀࡓゝㄒࡢ㐣ࡢ㞃႘ࡋ࡚ࡢពࢆ⧳࠸ ጞࡵࡿࠋ ゝㄒࡀ⌧ᐇࢆᫎࡋྲྀࡿ㙾࡛࠶ࡿࡍࢀࡤࠊゝㄒࡀእⓗ⌧ᐇࢆ⨨ࡁཤࡾࡋ࡚ࡦࡾ࡛ືࡁ ฟࡍࡇࢆㄆࡵࡿࢃࡅࡣ࠸࡞࠸ࠋ࣮ࣀࣝࢻࡀࠕࢨ࣋ࣛࠖ࠾࠸࡚ゝㄒࡀ㐣࡛࠶ࡿ ឤࡌࡓࡍࢀࡤࠊࡑࢀࡣ࣮࢟ࢶࡢⴠࡕᗘ࡛࠶ࡾࠊゝㄒࡢእ㒊ࡢ㉸㉺ⓗ࡞❧ሙ⨨ࡍࡿࡣࡎࡢ リேࡢ⮬ᡃࡢᙅࡉࡢࡏ࠸࡞ࡢࡔࠋ࣮ࣀࣝࢻࡣࠊᩥᏛࡀዊࡍࡁ⌧ᐇୡ⏺ࢆᐃࡍࡿࡇࡀ ࡛ࡁࡓࠋࡋࡋࠊୡ⣖ᮎྥ࠺ࡘࢀࠊ ࠕ⌧ᐇࠖࡣΰἁࡢᗘྜ࠸ࢆቑࡋࠊᩥᏛࡣࠕ⌧ᐇ࡛ࠖࡣ ࡞ࡃࠕ༳㇟ࠖᐤࡾῧ࠸ฟࡋࠊࡘ࠸ࡣࠕⱁ⾡ࠖࡢୡ⏺࠾࠸࡚እ⏺ࡽ㝸⤯ࡋࡓேᕤᛶࡢࣘ ࣮ࢺࣆࡢᵓ⠏ࡀ┠ᣦࡉࢀࡿࡲ࡛࡞ࡿࠋ 3. እ⏺ࡢ≀ࡽࠊ༳㇟ ⱁ⾡ࡀᢅ࠺ࡢࡣእⓗ࡞ࠕ⌧ᐇ࡛ࠖࡣ࡞ࡃࠕ༳㇟࡛ࠖ࠶ࡿᙇࡋࡓࡢࡣ࢛࢘ࣝࢱ࣮࣭࣌ࢱ ࣮ࡔࠋ ࠗࣝࢿࢧࣥࢫࡢṔྐࡢ◊✲࠘ 㸦1873 ᖺ㸧ࡢᗎᩥࡣࠊ࣮ࣀࣝࢻࡢᢈホཎ⌮ࢆཷࡅධࢀࡿ㢼 ࢆ࠸࡞ࡀࡽࠊࡑࢀࢆ㌿ಽࡉࡏ࡚ࡳࡏࡿࠋ ࠕᑐ㇟ࢆ࠶ࡾࡢࡲࡲぢࡿࡇࠖࡀ࠶ࡽࡺࡿ┿ṇ࡞ࡿᢈホࡢ┠ⓗ࡛࠶ࡿࡇࢀࡲ࡛ᙇࡉ ࢀ࡚ࡁࡓࡇࡣࠊṇᙜ࡞ࡇ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡑࡋ࡚⨾ⓗᢈホ࠾࠸࡚ࡣࠊᢈホᐙࡀᑐ㇟ࢆ࠶ࡾࡢ ࡲࡲぢࡿࡓࡵࡢ➨୍Ṍࡣࠊ⮬ࡽࡢ༳㇟ࢆ࠶ࡾࡢࡲࡲཷࡅṆࡵࠊㄆ㆑ࡋࠊࡑࢀ⾲⌧ࢆ ࠼ࡿࡇ࡛࠶ࡿ23ࠋ ࡇࡇ࡛࣌ࢱ࣮ࡣࠊᢈホࡀᛅᐇ࡞ࡲ࡞ࡊࡋࢆྥࡅࡿࡁᑐ㇟ࡋ࡚ࡢࠕ⌧ᐇࠖࢆᐃࡍࡿࡇ ࢆᣄ⤯ࡋࠊ ࠕ༳㇟ࠖࡢୡ⏺㏥ࡇ࠺ࡍࡿࠋᙼࠕ⌧ᐇࠖࡢಙឤࢆ࠼ࡓࡶࡢࡣࠊ࠸ࡗࡓ ― 142 ― ࣦࢡࢺࣜ௦࠾ࡅࡿ࣮࢟ࢶཷᐜⱁ⾡ࡢ㐀ࢆࡵࡄࡿ᭷ᶵయㄽࡢኚ㑄 ࠸ఱࡔࡗࡓࠋ ࣌ࢱ࣮ࡣࠊ19 ୡ⣖ᚋ༙㝯┒ࢆࡳࡓᐇド⩏⛉Ꮫࡢᖐ⤖ࡋ࡚ࠊே㛫ࡢ⢭⚄ࡀ၏≀ㄽⓗᏱ ᐂྠࠊゎᾘࡉࢀࡘࡘ࠶ࡿࡇẼࡀࡘ࠸࡚࠸ࡓࠋ ࠗࣝࢿࢧࣥࢫ࠘ᡤࡢㄽ⪃ࠕࣦࣥࢣ࣐ࣝ ࣥࠖࡢ⤊┙ࡣࠊḟࡢ୍⠇ࡀ⨨ࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ ⚾ࡓࡕࡗ࡚ࠊᚲ↛ࡣࠊ᫇ࡣ㐪ࡗ࡚ࠊ⚾ࡓࡕࡀᡓ࠸ࢆᣮࡴࡇࡢ࡛ࡁࡿࠊ⚾ࡓࡕࡢ እ㒊Ꮡᅾࡍࡿࠊ࠸ࢃࡤ⚄ヰⓗ࡞ே᱁࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋࡑࢀࡣࡴࡋࢁࠊ⚾ࡓࡕࢆᗄ㔜ࡶࡘࡽࡠ ࠸࡚⦅ࡲࢀࡓ㨱ἲࡢ⥙࡛࠶ࡿࠋ⌧௦⛉Ꮫࡀㄒࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ࠶ࡢ☢Ẽ⤌⧊ࡢࡈࡃࠊࡑࢀࡣࠊ⚾ ࡓࡕࡢ᭱ࡶ⧄⣽࡞⚄⤒ࡼࡾࡶ࠸ࡗࡑ࠺⧄⣽࡛ࡣ࠶ࡿࡶࡢࡢࠊࡑࡢ࡞ୡ⏺ࡢ୰ᯡⓗ࡞ຊ ࢆ࠼࡚࠸ࡿ⥙ࡢ┠࡛⚾ࡓࡕࢆࡘࡽࡠ࠸࡚࠸ࡿࡶࡢ࡞ࡢࡔ24ࠋ ࣌ࢱ࣮ࡣࠊ⌧௦⛉Ꮫࡢๅ᪂ࡋࡓࠕᚲ↛㸦necessity㸧ࠖࡢほᛕࡀே㛫ࡢ⢭⚄ࡢ㡿ᇦࢆࡶそ࠸ᑾࡃ ࡋࠊ⢭⚄ࡢ⮬⏤ࡣ⛉Ꮫⓗᚲ↛ᛶᾐ㣗ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ⪃࠼ࡓࠋ ࠕ⮬↛ἲ๎ࡢᬑ㐢ᛶࠖࡣࠕ㐨ᚨⓗ⛛ ᗎࠖࡲ࡛ཬࢇ࡛࠸ࡓ25ࠋ ࡇࡇ࡛ࢃࢀࢃࢀࡀ㉳ࡍࡿࡢࡣࠊࢲ࣮࢘ࢽࢬ࣒ࡀࣦࢡࢺࣜ௦ࡢேࠎ࠼ࡓ⾪ᧁࡢ ⌮⏤࡛࠶ࡿࠋ⮬↛㑅ᢥࡢཎ⌮ࡣࠊ⮬↛ࡽタィࠊ┠ⓗࡢほᛕࢆዣ࠸ཤࡾࠊࡇࢀࡲ࡛⮬↛ࡢ㛵 ࢃࡾ࡛≉ᶒⓗࠊ㉸㉺ⓗ࡞⨨ࢆ࠼ࡽࢀ࡚ࡁࡓே㛫ࡢ⢭⚄ࡢ㡿ᇦࢆࡶ⮬↛ࡢ㐃⥆ᛶࡢୖ࡛ᤊ ࠼ࡿࡇࢆせồࡍࡿࡼ࠺ᛮࢃࢀࡓࡢࡔࡗࡓࠋࡇࡢࡇࢆᛕ㢌⨨࠸ࡓ࠺࠼࡛ࠊඛࡢ࣌ࢱ࣮ ࡽࡢᘬ⏝┠ࢆྥࡅࢀࡤࠊࡇࡢ୍⠇ࡀࢲ࣮࢘ࢽࢬ࣒ࡢᘬࡁ㉳ࡇࡍᆺⓗᛂࡋ࡚ゎ㔘࡛ ࡁࡿࡇࡀศࡿࡔࢁ࠺ࠋ⮬↛㑅ᢥࡢㄽ⌮ࡢල⌧ⓗ࣓࣮ࢪ࡛࠶ࡿࠕ㨱ἲࡢ⥙ࠖࡣே㛫ࡢෆ㠃 ࢆࡶࠕᗄ㔜ࡶࡘࡽࡠ࠸࡚⦅ࡲࢀ࡚ࠖ࠸ࡿࠋࡑࢀࡣே㛫ࡢពᚿࢆࡶ⮬↛ࡢㄽ⌮ࡢ࠺ࡕゎᾘࡍ ࡿࡢࡔࡽࠊே㛫ࡗ࡚ࠕ㨱ἲࡢ⥙ࠖࡢస⏝ࡣࠕᚲ↛ࠖྠᵝ࡛࠶ࡿ26ࠋ ࣦࢡࢺࣜ௦࠾࠸࡚ពᚿࡢ⮬⏤ᅛᇳࡍࡿேࠎࡣࠊࡶ࠺୍ࡘࡢ㐍ㄽࠊࡍ࡞ࢃࡕ࣐ࣛ ࣝ࢟ࢬ࣒㢗ࡿࡇࡀ࡛ࡁࡓࠋࡓ࠼ࡤࠊ ࠕ♫ࢲ࣮࢘ࢽࢫࢺࠖ࠸࠺ㄗゎࢆᣍࡃ⛠ࢆ࠶࡚ ࡀࢃࢀࡿࡇࡢ࠶ࡿࣁ࣮ࣂ࣮ࢺ࣭ࢫ࣌ࣥࢧ࣮ࡣࠊࢲ࣮࢘ࢽࢫࢺ࠸࠺ࡼࡾ࣐ࣛࣝ࢟ࢫࢺ࡛࠶ ࡗࡓࠋ࣐ࢣ࣭ࣝࢸ࣮ࣛࡼࢀࡤࠊࢫ࣌ࣥࢧ࣮ࡀࣦࢡࢺࣜ௦ᗈࡃㄞࡲࢀࠊཷࡅධࢀ ࡽࢀࡓࡢࡣࠊࢲ࣮࢘ࣥࡢ⮬↛㑅ᢥㄝࡀ⮬⏤ពᚿࡢྰᐃࢆᖐ⤖ࡍࡿࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ᠱᛕࡉࢀࡓ ࡢᑐࡋࠊࢫ࣌ࣥࢧ࣮ࡣ⮬↛㑅ᢥࡼࡾࡣ࣐ࣛࣝࢡⓗ࡞⋓ᚓᙧ㉁ࡢ㑇ఏࡢཎ⌮ࢆ㔜どࡋࠊࣦࢡ ― 143 ― ࢺࣜ௦ࡢ⮬ຓ㸦self-help㸧ࢆ㔜ࢇࡌࡿ࢚࣮ࢺࢫྜ⮴ࡍࡿ㐍ほࢆᥦ♧ࡍࡿࡇࡀ࡛ࡁࡓ ࡽ࡛࠶ࡿ27ࠋ ࡲࡓࠊࢠࣜࢫᛮྐ࠾࠸࡚ࠊ♫ࡢ㐍࠸࠺Ⓨࡣࢲ࣮࢘ࣥ௨๓ࡽᏑᅾࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࠋ ࢲ࣮࢘ࣥ⮬↛㑅ᢥㄝࡢ╔ࢆ࠼ࡓ୍ࡘࡢࢯ࣮ࢫࡀ࣐ࣝࢧࢫࡢࠗேཱྀㄽ࡛࠘࠶ࡿࡇࡣࢲ ࣮࢘ࣥ⮬㌟ㄆࡵࡿࡇࢁ࡛࠶ࡿࡋࠊࢳ࣮ࣕࣝࢬࡢ♽∗࢚ࣛࢬ࣐ࢫ࣭ࢲ࣮࢘ࣥࡶࡲࡓ♫ࡢ 㐍࠸࠺どⅬࢆ᭷ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࠋࡑࡋ࡚ࠊࢫ࣌ࣥࢧ࣮ࡀ⮬ࡽࡢ♫㐍ㄽࢆᙧᡂࡍࡿ࠶ࡓࡗ࡚ࠊ ࢳ࣮ࣕࣝࢬ௨ୖ࢚ࣛࢬ࣐ࢫࡢᙳ㡪ࡢ᪉ࡀ㔜せ࡛࠶ࡗࡓ⪃࠼ࡿࡇࡉ࠼ྍ⬟࡛࠶ࡿ28ࠋ ࡋࡋࠊ࣌ࢱ࣮ࡀࢫ࣌ࣥࢧ࣮㸻࣐ࣛࣝࢡⓗ࡞㐍ㄽࡋ࡞ࡗࡓࡇࡣ᫂ࡽࡔࢁ࠺ࠋ ࢫ࣌ࣥࢧ࣮ࡀ⮬⏤ពᚿࠊே㛫⢭⚄ࡢ⬟ືᛶࠊ⮬↛ෆᅾࡍࡿ┠ⓗࢆ☜ಖࡋࡼ࠺ࡋࡓࡢᑐࡋࠊ ࣌ࢱ࣮ࡀࠗࣝࢿࢧࣥࢫ࡛࠘ᥦ♧ࡍࡿࡢࡣࠊᚲ↛࡛࠶ࡾࠊே㛫⢭⚄ࡢཷືᛶ࡛࠶ࡾࠊཷືⓗ࡞ ⢭⚄ࡢཷࡅྲྀࡿࢹࢱ࣓ࣛ࡞▱ぬࡢ᮰࡛࠶ࡿࠋ ࠗࣝࢿࢧࣥࢫ࠘ࡢ⤖ㄽࡼࢀࡤࠊࢃࢀࢃࢀࡀࠕᛮ⪃ ࡸឤ࠸࠺ෆⓗ࡞ୡ⏺ࠖࡘ࠸࡚⪃࠼ࡿࡁࠊ ᭱ึࡣ⤒㦂ࡀ࠾ࡧࡓࡔࡋ࠸እ⏺ࡢ≀ࡢୗ⚾ࡓࡕࢆᇙࡵࠊཝࡋ࠸ࠊ᭷↓ࢆ࠸ࢃࡏࡠ⌧ᐇ ࢆ⚾ࡓࡕᢲࡋࡘࡅࠊ⚾ࡓࡕࢆࡧ㉳ࡇࡋ࡚↓ᩘࡢ⾜ືᵝᘧࢆྲྀࡽࡏࡿࡼ࠺ぢ࠼ࡿࠋࡋ ࡋࠊ࠸ࡗࡓࢇࡑࢀࡽࡢ≀ࡘ࠸࡚┬ࡋࡣࡌࡵࡿࡁࠊ ࠝ␎ࠞࡑࢀࡒࢀࡢ≀ࡣࠊࡑࢀ ࢆほᐹࡍࡿே㛫ࡢᚰࡢ࡞࡛ࠊ୍⩌ࡢ༳㇟̿̿Ⰽࠊ㤶ࠊឤゐ̿̿ゎయࡉࢀ ࡿ29ࠋ ࠕᚲ↛ࠖᨭ㓄ࡉࢀࡿࠕእ⏺ࡢ≀ࠖࡣࠊே㛫ࡢ⢭⚄ࡢ⮬⏤ࠊ⬟ືᛶࢆዣ࠺ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡾࠊ ࠕ᭷↓ ࢆ࠸ࢃࡏࡠ⌧ᐇࢆ⚾ࡓࡕᢲࡋࡘࡅࠖࡿࠋ ࡋࡋࠊ࣌ࢱ࣮ࡣࠕእ⏺ࡢ≀ࠖࡢᐃࡽฟⓎࡋ࡞ࡀࡽࠊࡑࢀࢆಶࠎேࡢ༳㇟ゎయ ࡋࠊಶேࡢ⢭⚄ࢆࠕ⊂ᡣࠖࡳ࡞ࡍࡇ࡛ࠊእⓗ⌧ᐇࡑࡢࡶࡢࢆᾘཤࡋ࡚ࡋࡲ࠺ࠋ ඛ୍⩌ࡢ༳㇟࠸࠺ࡩ࠺ࡲࡵ࡚࠾࠸ࡓ⤒㦂ࡔࡀࠊࡑࢀࡣ⚾ࡓࡕࡵ࠸ࡵ࠸ࡗ࡚ࠊ ಶᛶ࠸࠺ࡢཌ࠸ቨࡼࡗ࡚ᅖࡲࢀ࡚࠾ࡾࠊࡇࢀࢆ㏻ࡋ࡚ࡘ࡚┿ᐇࡢኌࡀ⚾ࡓࡕࡢ⪥ ᒆ࠸ࡓࡇࡣ࡞ࡃࠊࡲࡓ⚾ࡓࡕࡢኌࡀࠊ⚾ࡓࡕࡢእ㒊࠶ࡿࡓࡔ᥎ ࡋ࠺ࡿࡼ࠺࡞ࡶ ࡢఏ࠼ࡽࢀࡓࡇࡶ࡞࠸30ࠋ ― 144 ― ࣦࢡࢺࣜ௦࠾ࡅࡿ࣮࢟ࢶཷᐜⱁ⾡ࡢ㐀ࢆࡵࡄࡿ᭷ᶵయㄽࡢኚ㑄 ࣌ࢱ࣮ࡣࠊ⌧௦⛉Ꮫࡢᡂᯝ࡞ࡽࡗ࡚ࠊእⓗ≀ࡀᚲ↛ࡢ㡿ᇦᒓࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࡇࢆㄆ ࡵࡓࠋࡲࡓࠊே㛫ࡢෆ㠃ࠊࡓ࠼ࡤ㐨ᚨࡢ㡿ᇦࡶࡲࡓᚲ↛ᛶᨭ㓄ࡉࢀࡊࡿࢆ࠼࡞࠸ࡶㄆࡵ ࡚࠸ࡓࠋࡋࡋ⤖ㄽ࠶ࡓࡗ࡚ࠊᚲ↛ᨭ㓄ࡉࢀࡿእ⏺ࡢ㡿ᇦࡣᾘཤࡉࢀࠊே㛫ࡢ⢭⚄࠾ࡅ ࡿࣛࣥࢲ࣒࡞▱ぬࡢ㞟✚ࡔࡅࡀṧࡉࢀࡓࠋእ⏺ࡣᾘཤࡉࢀࡿࡶࡢࡢࠊ⮬↛㑅ᢥࡢཎ⌮ࡀ┠ⓗࡢ ᴫᛕࢆእⓗ⮬↛ࡽዣࡋࡓ࠸࠺ᐇࡣࠊෆⓗ⮬↛㸦human nature㸧ࡀ┠ⓗᛶࢆ႙ኻࡍࡿࡇ 㸻⢭⚄ࡀ⬟ືᛶࢆኻ࠸ࠊࣛࣥࢲ࣒࡞▱ぬࡢཷࡅ─㑏ඖࡉࢀࡿࡇࡢ࠺ࡕࡑࡢ㊧ࢆ␃ࡵ࡚ ࠸ࡿࠋ 4. ⮬↛ࡢ┠ⓗᛶࢆࡵࡄࡿᶵᲔㄽ᭷ᶵయㄽ ࡇࡇ࡛࣌ࢱ࣮ࡢ฿㐩ࡋࡓ⊂ᡃㄽⓗ༳㇟⩏ࢆ᭷ᶵయ⌮ㄽࡢኚ㑄㛵㐃࡙ࡅ࡚ࡳࡼ࠺ࠋ㹑࣭ 㹒࣭ࢥ࢘ࣝࣜࢵࢪࡣࠊ⢭⚄ࢆ㙾ࡸࢱࣈ࣭ࣛࣛࢧࡋ࡚⌮ゎࡍࡿࡢ࡛࡞ࡃࠊࡑࡢ㐺ษ࡞ẚ႘ⓗᙧ ㇟ࡣἨ࡛࠶ࡾࠊࣛࣥࣉ࡛࠶ࡾࠊ᳜≀࡛࠶ࡿ⪃࠼ࡿ⨾Ꮫࠊࡍ࡞ࢃࡕ࢚ࣈ࣒ࣛࢬࡀࠕ⾲ฟ⌮ㄽ 㸦expressive theory㸧ࠖࡪ❧ሙࡢၐ⪅ࡢ୍ே࡛࠶ࡾࠊࡑࡋ࡚⾲ฟ⌮ㄽࡣ᭷ᶵయ⌮ㄽྍศ ࡢ㛵ಀ࠶ࡿ31ࠋ ࢥ࢘ࣝࣜࢵࢪࢆࡣࡌࡵࡍࡿ࣐ࣟࣥ⩏௦ࡢ⾲ฟㄽ⪅㸭᭷ᶵయㄽ⪅ࡣࠊඛ⾜ࡍࡿࢠࣜࢫ ⤒㦂ㄽဴᏛࡢఏ⤫࠾࠸࡚ࠊ⢭⚄ࡀ㐣ᗘཷືⓗ࡞ࡶࡢࡋ࡚ᢅࢃࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ‶ࢆឤࡌ ࡚࠸ࡓࠋࡲࡓࠊ࢚ࣈ࣒ࣛࢬࡀ᫂ᛌᩚ⌮ࡍࡿࡼ࠺ࠊ⤒㦂ㄽဴᏛࡢᶵᲔㄽⓗ⢭⚄ほ࠾࠸࡚ࠊ ࢱࣈ࣭ࣛࣛࢧࡋ࡚ࡢ⢭⚄ࡣࠊእ⏺ࡽཷࡅࡿ▱ぬࡢ↓⛛ᗎ࡞ᐤࡏ㞟ࡵࡍࡂࡎࠊ⢭⚄ࡀ᭷ࡋ ࡚࠸ࡿࡼ࠺ᛮ࠼ࡿ୍యᛶࡸᩚ↛ᛶࠊయࢆ⤫ྜࡍࡿ⛛ᗎࡸィ⏬ᛶࡢᏑᅾࢆㄝ᫂ࡍࡿࡇᡂ ຌࡋ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࡼ࠺ឤࡌࡽࢀࡓࠋ ࢥ࢘ࣝࣜࢵࢪࡗ࡚ࠊࡑࢀࢆゎỴࡍࡿࡢࡣ᭷ᶵయㄽ࡛࠶ࡾࠊ᳜≀ࡢ㞃႘࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋ᳜≀ࡣࠊ ࡑࡢ✀Ꮚࡢ࠺ࡕⓎᒎࡢⴌⱆࢆจ㞟ࡋ࡚ྵࢇ࡛࠾ࡾࠊࡑࢀࡣෆᅾⓗ࡞┠ⓗᛶࢆᡤᣢࡍࡿࠋ ᡂ㛗ࡍࡿ᭷ᶵయࡢࡇࡢᛶ㉁ࠝ✀Ꮚࡢ࠺ࡕⓎᒎࡢⴌⱆࡀจ㞟ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡇࠞࡢ୰ࠊࢥ ࢘ࣝࣜࢵࢪࡣᶵᲔㄽ⪅㸦እⓗ≀ࡢᶵᲔㄽⓗゎ㔘ࢆࡍࡿ⪅ࠊ⢭⚄ࡢᶵᲔㄽⓗゎ㔘ࢆࡍࡿ⪅ ࡢ᪉㸧ࢆᝎࡲࡏࡓၥ㢟ࡢゎỴ⟇ࢆぢฟࡍࠋࡍ࡞ࢃࡕ⣧⢋ᶵᲔⓗ࡞ἲ๎ࡀసືࡍࡿࡔ ࡅ࡛ࠊ࠸ࡋ࡚⛛ᗎࡸタィࡀฟࡉࢀࡿࡢ࠸࠺ၥ⟅࠼ࡿ᪉ἲࢆ 32ࠋ ― 145 ― ྠࡌၥ㢟ࡀࠊࠕእⓗ≀ࡢᶵᲔㄽⓗゎ㔘ࢆࡍࡿ⪅ࠖࠊࡓ࠼ࡤࢽ࣮ࣗࢺࣥࢆࡶᝎࡲࡏࡓࠋ≀㉁ⓗ ᏱᐂࡀཎᏊࡢศ㞳ࡸ⤖ྜࡼࡾᙧᡂࡉࢀࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࢀࡤࠊࡇࡢୡ⏺࠸࠺ᕧ࡞ᶵᲔࡢ࠺ࡕぢ ฟࡉࢀࡿἲ๎ࠊ⛛ᗎࠊ⨾ࡢᏑᅾࢆ࠸ㄝ᫂ࡍࡿࡇࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࡢࠋࡑࡋ࡚ࢽ࣮ࣗࢺࣥ⮬㌟ࡣࠊ ࠕពᅗࢆ᭷ࡍࡿ⚄ࡼࡿタィࡢᕤࠖࢆ⤖ㄽࡋ࡞ࡃ࡚ࡣ࡞ࡽ࡞ࡗࡓ33ࠋ ࡋࡋࠊࢥ࢘ࣝࣜࢵࢪࡢᐃࡍࡿࡇࢁ࡛ࡣࠊ ᭷ᶵయࡣෆᅾⓗ┠ⓗᛶࢆᡤᣢࡍࡿ̿̿ࡍ࡞ࢃࡕࡑࡢᙧែࡣ⮬ࡽࡢෆཎᅉࢆ᭷ࡋࠊ⮬ᚊⓗ ᡂ㛗ࡋ࡚࠸ࡃ̿̿ࠊࡑࢀࡺ࠼ࠊࡇࡢ᪉ἲ࡛ࠝ⢭⚄ࡢࠞㅦࢆゎỴࡍࡿ࡞ࡽࡤࠊ⢭⚄࠾ࡅࡿ タィ⪅ࡢᏑᅾࠊࡍ࡞ࢃࡕࠝእⓗ⮬↛㛵ࡋ࡚ࠞணഛⓗタィࢆࡋࡓࡾᵓ㐀ࢆࡋࡓࡾࡍ ࡿᐃࡉࢀࡓタィ⪅ࢆࠊ⢭⚄㛵ࡋ࡚๓ᥦࡍࡿᚲせࡣ࡞ࡃ࡞ࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ34ࠋ ࡇ࠺ࡋ࡚⢭⚄ࡣࣛࣥࢲ࣒࡞▱ぬࡢ㞟✚௨ୖࡢࡶࡢࠊෆᅾⓗἲ๎ᚑ࠸ࠊ⬟ືⓗ⛛ᗎࡸタィࢆ ⏕ࡳฟࡍᏑᅾ࡛࠶ࡿࡳ࡞ࡉࢀࡿࡇࡀྍ⬟࡞ࡗࡓࠋ ࡇ࠺ࡋ࡚ࡳࢀࡤࠊ࣌ࢱ࣮ࡢ⢭⚄ほࡀࢥ࢘ࣝࣜࢵࢪࡢࡑࢀྜ⮴ࡋ࡞࠸ࡇࡣ᫂ࡽࡔࢁ࠺ࠋ ࣌ࢱ࣮ࡢ⢭⚄ࡣࠊ ࠕ⤒㦂ࠖࡼࡗ࡚ࠕ࠾ࡧࡓࡔࡋ࠸እ⏺ࡢ≀ࠖࡢୗᇙࡵࡽࢀࠊ ࠕཝࡋ࠸ࠊ᭷ ↓ࢆ࠸ࢃࡏࡠ⌧ᐇࠖࢆᢲࡋࡅࡽࢀࡿཷືⓗ࡞ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ ࠗࣝࢿࢧࣥࢫ࠘ࡢ⤖ㄽ࠾࠸࡚ࠊ⢭ ⚄ࡀእ⏺⬟ືⓗࡣࡓࡽࡁࡅࡿᙺࢆ᭷ࡍࡿࡇࡀ♧၀ࡉࢀࡿࡇࡣࡘ࠸࡞࠸ࠋ▱ぬࡀ ࠕ୍⩌ࡢ༳㇟̿̿Ⰽࠊ㤶ࠊឤゐ̿̿ゎయࠖࡉࢀࡿࡇࢆ⪃࠼ࡿࠊ࣌ࢱ࣮ࡢ ⢭⚄ほࡣࡴࡋࢁࢹࣦࢵࢻ࣭ࣄ࣮࣒ࣗࡢࡑࢀ㏆࠸࠸࠼ࡿࠋࣄ࣮࣒ࣗࡗ࡚ࠊே㛫ࡣ ࠕᛮ࠸ࡶࡘࡠ㏿ࡉ࡛ࡘࡂࡘࡂ⥅㉳ࡋࠊࡓ࠼ࡎኚࡋࠊືࡁ⥆ࡅࡿࡉࡲࡊࡲ࡞▱ぬࡢ᮰࠶ࡿ ࠸ࡣ㞟ྜࠖ࡞ࡽ࡞ࡗࡓ35ࠋ ࣈ࣒ࣟ࢘ࢵࢳࡼࢀࡤࠊ ࣌ࢱ࣮ࡣࠊࣄ࣮࣒ࣗࡢ⩏ࡢព㆑ⓗ⥅ᢎ⪅࡛࠶ࡿࠋᙼࡣᝒほⓗ࡞ࡿࡇࡶ࡞ࡃࠊ ⢭⚄ࡢ▱ぬࡍࡿࡍ࡚ࡢࡶࡢࡣ⢭⚄⮬㌟࡞ࡽࡎࠊࡋࡶ⢭⚄ࡑࡢࡶࡢࡣ⤫୍ᛶࡉ࠼ ᣢࡓ࡞࠸࠸࠺ࡇࢆཷࡅධࢀࡿ36ࠋ ― 146 ― ࣦࢡࢺࣜ௦࠾ࡅࡿ࣮࢟ࢶཷᐜⱁ⾡ࡢ㐀ࢆࡵࡄࡿ᭷ᶵయㄽࡢኚ㑄 ᙼࡀࣄ࣮࣒ࣗࡢࠕព㆑ⓗ⥅ᢎ⪅࡛ࠖ࠶ࡗࡓ࠺ࡣࡶࡃࠊᑡ࡞ࡃࡶᙼࡀࣄ࣮࣒ࣗࢆ┤ ᥋ㄞࢇ࡛࠸ࡓࡇࡣ▱ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ37ࠋࡲࡓࠊࣈ࣒ࣟ࢘ࢵࢳࡢᣦࡍࡿࡼ࠺ࠊ࣌ࢱ࣮ࡣ⢭⚄ ࡀࠕ⤫୍ᛶࡉ࠼ᣢࡓ࡞࠸ࠖࡇࢆཷࡅධࢀࡓࠋࡍ࡞ࢃࡕࠊᙼࡣ⢭⚄ෆᅾࡍࡿタィࠊ┠ⓗᛶࡢ ☜ಖࢆ┠ᣦࡋࡓࢥ࢘ࣝࣜࢵࢪࡢດຊࡶࢃࡽࡎࠊࢥ࢘ࣝࣜࢵࢪࡀࢆ⩻ࡋࡓᙜࡢ┦ᡭ࡛ ࠶ࡿࡇࢁࡢࣄ࣮࣒ࣗࡢࡶᡠࡗ࡚࠸ࡃࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ⢭⚄ࡢ⬟ືᛶࢆ☜ಙࡍࡿࢥ࢘ࣝࣜࢵࢪࡣࠊ ▱ぬࡢࠊ⩦័ࡼࡿほᛕࡢᙧᡂࢆㄝࡃࣄ࣮࣒ࣗࢆࠗᩥᏛⓗ⮬ླྀఏ࠘࠾࠸࡚ᢈุࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ ࣄ࣮࣒ࣗࡀᅉᯝ㛵ಀࡢᴫᛕࢆࠊ㘒ぬ⩦័ࡼࡿ┣┠ࡢ⏘≀㈘ࡵࠊࡑࡋ࡚グ᠈ࡢ୰ࡢ 㸬㸬㸬 ࣓࣮ࢪ⤖ࡧࡘࡅࡽࢀࡓࠊ⏕ࡢ᥎㐍ຊࡢ༢࡞ࡿឤぬ㈘ࡵࡓ᪉ἲࡣࠊᚲ↛ⓗ⧞ࡾ㏉ 㸬㸬㸬㸬 ࡉࢀ࡚ࠊ⌮ࡸ⚄Ꮫࡢ᰿ᮏⓗ࡞ほᛕࡍ࡚ࢆྠᵝ㈘ࡵࡿ⮳ࡿࡢ࡛ࡍ38ࠋ ࣌ࢱ࣮ࡢᶵᲔㄽⓗ⢭⚄ほࡢᅇᖐࡣఱࢆពࡍࡿࠋࡑࢀࡣࠊ᭷ᶵయㄽⓗ⢭⚄ほࡀࠊእ⏺ ࡢ≀ࡢᶵᲔⓗ㐠ືࡽ㝸⤯ࡋࡓࡇࢁ⢭⚄ࡢ≉ᶒⓗᆅࢆ☜ಖࡋࡼ࠺ࡋࠊ⢭⚄㉸㉺ⓗ ᆅࢆ࠶࡚ࡀࡗࡓࡢᑐࡋࠊࢲ࣮࢘ࣥࡢ㐍ㄽࠊࡑࡢ⮬↛㑅ᢥࡢཎ⌮ࡣࠊே㛫ࡢ⢭⚄ࢆࡧ ᶵᲔⓗ⮬↛ࡢ㐠ືࡢ࠺ࡕྲྀࡾ㎸ࡳࡘࡘ࠶ࡗࡓ࠸࠺ࡇࢆ♧၀ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋ ࣮࢟ࢶࡢࠕᾘᴟⓗ⬟ຊࠖࠊࡇࢀࡣࢥ࢘ࣝࣜࢵࢪࡢ᧦ㆤࡋࡼ࠺ࡋࡓ⬟ືⓗ⢭⚄ࡢほᛕ⥭ᙇ㛵 ಀ࠶ࡗࡓ࠸࠼ࡿࡔࢁ࠺ࠋࡌࡗࡉ࠸ࠊ࣮࢟ࢶࡣࡇࡢ᭷ྡ࡞ᴫᛕࢆฟࡍࡿ࠶ࡓࡗ࡚ࠊࡇ ࡢཎ⌮ࡀࢥ࢘ࣝࣜࢵࢪࡢ⢭⚄ࡢࡣࡓࡽࡁྜ⮴ࡋ࡞࠸ࡼ࠺࡞ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࡇࠊࡍ࡞ࢃࡕᙼࡢࠕ ᐇࡸ⌮⏤ࢆࡶࡵ࡚࠸ࡽࡔࡘࠖẼ㉁ࡣ┦ᐜࢀ࡞࠸⬟ຊ࡛࠶ࡿࡇࢆᐃࡋ࡚࠸ࡓ39ࠋ ࡑࡋ࡚ࠊ࣌ࢱ࣮ࡢཷືⓗ⢭⚄ほࡀࠊ ࠕᾘᴟⓗ⬟ຊࠖࢆࡣࡌࡵࡍࡿ࣮࢟ࢶࡢཷືⓗ㸭ཷᐜⓗ ⨾Ꮫࡢᙳ㡪ࡢࡶᙧᡂࡉࢀࡓ௬ᐃࡍࡿࡇࡣྍ⬟࡛࠶ࡿࠋ࣮࢟ࢶࡢ᭩⡆ࡣࠊࣜࢳ࣮ࣕࢻ࣭ࣔ ࣥࢡࢺ࣭࣑ࣥࣝࢬࡢ⦅㞟ࡢࡶࠊ1848 ᖺฟ∧ࡉࢀ࡚࠾ࡾ40ࠊࣦࢡࢺࣜ௦ࡢᩥேࡓࡕࡣࠊ ࣮࢟ࢶࡢసရࡢࡳ࡞ࡽࡎࠊࡑࡢ⏕ᾭࡶ㔜せ࡞㛵ᚰࢆᡶࡗࡓ41ࠋ࣌ࢱ࣮ࡶࡲࡓࠊ࣑ࣝࢬࡢ⦅ⴭ ࢆᡤ᭷ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࡇࡀศࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ42ࠋ ࡑࡋ࡚ࠊ1848 ᖺⓎ⾲ࡉࢀࡓ᭩⡆ࡢ࠺ࡕࡢ࠶ࡿ୍ࡘࡢ୰࡛ࠊ࣌ࢱ࣮ࡣ࣮࢟ࢶࡢリⓗࣦࢪ ࣙࣥࢲ࣮࢘ࣥࡢ⏕Ꮡ➇தࡢ࣓࣮ࢪࢆ㔜ࡡྜࢃࡏࡓࡶࡋࢀ࡞࠸ࠋࡑࡢ᭩⡆࠾࠸࡚ࠊ࢟ ࣮ࢶࡣ⮬↛ࡢṧᚸᛶࠊឿᝒ῝࠸ィ⏬ࡢḞዴゐࢀࡿリࢆṧࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࠋ࣮࢟ࢶࡣࠊேࡢࣞࣀࣝ ࢬᐄ࡚ࠊ⮬ࡽࡢࡳࡓᾏᗏ࠾ࡅࡿ◚ቯࡢࣦࢪࣙࣥࡘ࠸࡚࿌ࡆࡿࠋ ― 147 ― ࡣ࠶ࡲࡾዟ῝ࡃࡲ࡛ ᾏᗏࢆなࡁ㎸ࢇࡔࠋࡑࡇ࡛ࡣ࠶ࡽࡺࡿ⫶⿄ࡀࠊ ᙉ࠸ࡶࡢࡀᙅ࠸ࡶࡢࢆ㣵㣗ࡋ⥆ࡅࡿࠋ ࡛ࡶࡣ࠶ࡲࡾࡶࡣࡗࡁࡾㄆ㆑ࡋ࡚ࡋࡲࡗࡓࠊ Ọஂ⥆ࡃ↓ṧ࡞◚ቯࡢ᰾ᚰࢆࠋ ࠝ␎ࠞ ࠸ࡲࡔࡣࡦࡃ↓ṧ࡞◚ቯࡢගᬒࡀ┠ᫎࡿࠊ ࢧ࣓ࡢ⋑⊛࡞ᤕ㣗ࠊ⋓≀く࠸ࡿ㮚ࠊ ࣄࣙ࢘ᒣ⊧ࡢࡼ࠺ࠊࢆ㈎ࡾ㣗࠺ ࡸࡉࡋ࠸ࢥ࣐ࢻࣜ43ࠋ ࢲ࣮࢘ࣥࡀឿᝒ῝ࡁ⚄ࡢィ⏬ᑐࡍࡿᝨࢆᢪ࠸ࡓ୍ࡘࡢዎᶵࡣࠊẟᐤ⏕ࡍࡿࣄ࣓ࣂ ࢳࠊࢿࢬ࣑ࢆ㏣࠸ࡅࡲࢃࡍࢿࢥࢆࠊ⚄ࡀ⮬↛ࡢ┠ⓗዊࡉࡏࡿࡓࡵタィࡋࡓ ࡣ⪃࠼ࡽࢀ࡞ࡗࡓࡇ࡛࠶ࡿ44ࠋࣦࢡࢺࣜ௦ࡢேࠎࡗ࡚ࠊ⮬↛㑅ᢥࡢཎ⌮ࡣࠊ⮬↛ ࡢෆ㒊࠾ࡅࡿᭀຊࡢගᬒ⤖ࡧࡘ࠸࡚࠸ࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡾࠊ࣌ࢱ࣮ࡀ࣮࢟ࢶࡢᾏᗏࡢࣦࢪࣙࣥ ࢆ⮬↛㑅ᢥࡢㄢࡍࠕཝࡋ࠸ࠊ᭷↓ࢆ࠸ࢃࡏࡠ⌧ᐇࠖ⤖ࡧࡅ࡚⌮ゎࡋࡓᐃࡍࡿࡇࡣ ྍ⬟࡛ࡣ࡞࠸45ࠋࡑࡋ࡚ࠊࡇࡢリࡢ⮬↛࠾ࡅࡿ◚ቯࡢᥥࡣࠊ ࠕࢨ࣋ࣛࠖ࠾ࡅࡿ᭷ᶵయ⌮ ㄽࡢࢢࣟࢸࢫࢡ࡞ᖐ⤖ᐜ᫆᥋⥆ࡉࢀ࠺ࡿ46ࠋ ࡑࢀ࡛ࡣࠊࢥ࢘ࣝࣜࢵࢪࡢ⨾Ꮫ㛵ࡋ࡚ࡣ࠺ࠋ࣌ࢱ࣮ࡣࠗ㚷㈹ᢈホ㞟࠘ 㸦1889 ᖺ㸧ᡤ ࡢࢥ࢘ࣝࣜࢵࢪㄽࡢ୰࡛ࠊࢥ࢘ࣝࣜࢵࢪࡀࡑࡢࢩ࢙ࢡࢫࣆᢈホ࠾࠸࡚ࠊⱁ⾡ᐙࡢኳᡯࢆ ᭷ᶵయࠊ⏕ࡢẚ႘࡛ᥥࡋࠊኳᡯࡀ࠶ࡓࡶ⮬↛ἲ๎ᚑ࠸Ⓨ⌧ࡍࡿࡢࡼ࠺㏙࡚࠸ࡿ ࡇὀពࢆಁࡋࡓ࠶࡛ࠊ௨ୗࡢࡼ࠺ㄽࡌ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ ᙼࡢぢゎࢆ୍᪉ⓗࡔᛮࢃࡏࡿࡢࡣࠊࡇࡇ࡛ࡣⱁ⾡ᐙࡀࢇ୍ಶࡢᶵᲔⓗ⾜Ⅽ⪅࡞ ࡗ࡚ࡋࡲࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ࠸࠺Ⅼ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ⨾⾡ࡸリ࠾ࡅࡿ㐃ࡢാࡁࢆࠊព㆑ࡢ᭱ࡶ㍤ࡋ࠸ ⮬ⓗ࡞㠃ࡋ࡚࡛ࡣ࡞ࡋࠊࡲࡿ࡛࡞┣┠ⓗ࡞⏕ࡢྠస⏝ࡢ୍㐣⛬ࡢࡼ࠺ぢ ࠼ࡉࡏࡿࡢࡔࠋⱁ⾡సရࡣࡲࡿ୍࡛ಶࡢ⏕ࡁࡓ᭷ᶵయࡢࡼ࠺⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿ47ࠋ ― 148 ― ࣦࢡࢺࣜ௦࠾ࡅࡿ࣮࢟ࢶཷᐜⱁ⾡ࡢ㐀ࢆࡵࡄࡿ᭷ᶵయㄽࡢኚ㑄 ࡇࡇࡳࡽࢀࡿࡢࡣࠊ᭷ᶵయㄽࢆᨭᣢࡋࡓࡣࡎࡢࢥ࢘ࣝࣜࢵࢪࢆࠊᶵᲔㄽⓗ࡛࠶ࡿࡋ࡚ᢈุ ࡍࡿ࣌ࢱ࣮ࡢጼ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡢࡡࡌࢀࡣ࠺࠸࠺ࡇࠋࢥ࢘ࣝࣜࢵࢪࡣࠊᶵᲔㄽⓗဴᏛࡢཷ ືⓗ⢭⚄ほⓎࡋࠊ⢭⚄ࢆ᭷ᶵయ࡞ࡒࡽ࠼ࡿࡇࡼࡾࡑࡢ⬟ືᛶࢆ☜ಖࡋࡼ࠺ࡋࡓࡢ ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡗࡓࠋ࣌ࢱ࣮ࡣࠊࣄ࣮࣒ࣗࡢဴᏛࠊࡑࡋ࡚࣮࢟ࢶࡢཷᐜᛶࡢ⨾Ꮫࡢ㑇⏘ࢆཷࡅ⥅ ࡂࠊ⮬↛㑅ᢥࡢཎ⌮ࡢᖐ⤖࡛࠶ࡿࡼ࠺ᛮࢃࢀࡓᶵᲔㄽⓗ⢭⚄ほᡠࡗ࡚࠸ࡗࡓࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡗ ࡓࠋ ࡌࡗࡉ࠸ࡢࡇࢁࠊ࢚ࣈ࣒ࣛࢬࡣ࣌ࢱ࣮ࡢࢥ࢘ࣝࣜࢵࢪㄽࡀ࠸ࡉࡉࠕ㏆ど║ⓗ࡛࠶ࡿࠖ ࡋ࡚ࠊࢥ࢘ࣝࣜࢵࢪࡢពᅗ㸦⢭⚄ࡢ⬟ືⓗ㛵ࡢᕼồ㸧ࢆᙉㄪࡍࡿࡀ48ࠊࡇࡇ࡛ࢃࢀࢃࢀࡀὀ ┠ࡋࡓ࠸ࡢࡣࠊඛࡢᘬ⏝࠾ࡅࡿࠕ⨾⾡ࡸリ࠾ࡅࡿ㐃ࡢാࡁ㸦the associative act in art or poetry㸧ࠖ ࠸࠺⾲⌧࡛࠶ࡿࠋ ࠕ㐃㸦association㸧ࠖࡣࠊᶵᲔㄽⓗ⤒㦂⩏ဴᏛࡢఏ⤫࠾ࡅࡿࠕほᛕ㐃 ྜ㸦association of ideas㸧ࠖゝཬࡍࡿㄒᙡ࡛࠶ࡾࠊࢥ࢘ࣝࣜࢵࢪࡣࡲࡉࣄ࣮࣒ࣗࠊࡑࡋ࡚ࢹ ࣦࢵࢻ࣭ࣁ࣮ࢺ࣮ࣜࡢほᛕ㐃ྜࡳࡽࢀࡿࡼ࠺࡞ཎᏊㄽⓗㄆ㆑ㄽࢆᢈุࡋࡓࡢࡔࡗࡓࠋ⢭⚄ ࡣࠊཎᏊࡢࡼ࠺⤖ྜࡋࡓࡾศ㞳ࡋࡓࡾࡍࡿࡇࡢ࡛ࡁࡿほᛕࡢ㞟✚ࡍࡿሙࡍࡂ࡞࠸ࡢࠋ ࢥ࢘ࣝࣜࢵࢪࡣࡑ࠺ࡣ⪃࠼࡞ࡗࡓࠋࡋࡋ࣌ࢱ࣮ࡣࡇࡇ࡛ࠊࢥ࢘ࣝࣜࢵࢪࡢ᭷ᶵయㄽࡢヨ ࡳࡀࠊࡅࡗࡁࡻࡃࡢࡇࢁᶵᲔㄽⓗほᛕ㐃ྜᖐ⤖ࡏࡊࡿࢆ࠼࡞࠸ࡇࢆ♧၀ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡼ࠺ ᛮࢃࢀࡿࠋ ⮬↛ࡽ┠ⓗᛶࢆዣࡗࡓ⮬↛㑅ᢥࡢཎ⌮ࡣࠊ⢭⚄ࡢ≉ᶒⓗᆅࢆࡶྰᐃࡍࡿࡇࡼࡾࠊ᭷ ᶵయㄽࡢࣉࣟࢪ࢙ࢡࢺࢆ◚ᒁ㏣࠸ࡸࢁ࠺ࡋࡓࠋ࣌ࢱ࣮ࡣࡇࡢṔྐⓗᒎ㛤ࢆ⏑ཷࡋࠊࣛ ࣐ࣝ࢟ࢬ࣒ࡢពᚿࡢ᧦ㆤࡸࠊࢫ࣌ࣥࢧ࣮ⓗ࡞Ṕྐࡢ┠ⓗᛶࡢほᛕᙳ㡪ࡉࢀࡿࡇ࡞ࡃࠊࣄࣗ ࣮࣒ⓗ࡞ཷືⓗ⢭⚄ほᅇᖐࡋ࡚࠸ࡗࡓࠋࡑࡇ࡛⥅ᢎࡍࡿࡇࡢ࡛ࡁࡿ࣐ࣟࣥ⩏ࡢ᭱ࡶ㔜 せ࡞㑇⏘ࡣࠊ࣮࣡ࢬ࣡ࢫࡢ┠ⓗㄽⓗ⮬↛ほ49ࡸࠊࢥ࢘ࣝࣜࢵࢪࡢ⬟ືⓗ⢭⚄ࡢ᧦ㆤ࠸ࡗࡓ㆟ㄽ ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊ⮬↛࠾ࡅࡿᭀຊ◚ቯࡢࣦࢪࣙࣥࢆᥦ♧ࡍࡿࡇࡢ࡛ࡁࡓ࣮࢟ࢶࡢࠕᾘᴟⓗ⬟ ຊࠖࡔࡗࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ50ࠋ 5. ⮬↛ࡢ∼⊹ࠊேᕤᛶࡢ࣮ࣘࢺࣆ ࣮ࣀࣝࢻࡀࠕᑐ㇟ࢆ࠶ࡾࡢࡲࡲぢࡿࡇࠖࢆᢈホࡢ⌮ࡍࡿࡓࡵࠊᐈほⓗ⌧ᐇࡢᏑ ᅾࢆᐃࡋࡓࡢᑐࡋࠊ࣌ࢱ࣮ࡣ⮬↛㑅ᢥࡢཎ⌮ࡼࡾ⛛ᗎࡸタィࢆኻࡗࡓࠕ⌧ᐇࠖࢆ୍⩌ ― 149 ― ࡢ▱ぬゎᾘࡋࠊᑐ㇟ࢆ༳㇟㑏ඖࡍࡿࡇ࡛ࠊእⓗ⌧ᐇࢆᾘཤࡋࡓࠋࡇࡢ࣌ࢱ࣮ࡢ ࢆࡶ࠺୍Ṍඛࡲ࡛᥎ࡋ㐍ࡵࡓࡢࡀ࢜ࢫ࣮࣭࢝࣡ࣝࢻ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡑࡋ࡚ࠊᙼࡶࡲࡓࠊ࣮࢟ࢶࡢ 㛫⊂⮬ࡢ⨾Ꮫⓗ⣣ᖏࢆసࡾฟࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡢࡔࠋ ࣡ࣝࢻࡢᑐヰయࡼࡿᢈホࠊ ࠕბࡢ⾶㏥ࠖ 㸦1891 ᖺ㸧ࡽጞࡵࡼ࠺ࠋࡇࡢᢈホ࠾࠸࡚ࠊᙼ ࡣᑐヰ⪅ࡢ୍᪉࡛࠶ࡿࣦࣦࣥࢆ㏻ࡋ࡚ࠊࣜࣜࢬ࣒ࠊ⮬↛⩏ࡢ❧ሙࢆᥦ♧ࡍࡿࠋ ࣮࣡ࢬ࣡ࢫࡗ࡚ࠊ⮬↛ࡣ㟋ឤࡢ※࡛࠶ࡗࡓࡋࠊࣛࣇ࢚ࣝ๓ὴࡢ⏬ᐙࡓࡕࠊࡑࡋ࡚ࣛࢫ࢟ ࣥࡗ࡚ࡶࠊ⮬↛ࢆᛅᐇほᐹࡍࡿࡇࡀⱁ⾡ᐙࡢ㔜せ࡞ࡢ୍ࡘ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋࡑࡢ㝈ࡾ࡛ ࡣࠊᙼࡽࡣୡ⣖ᮎࡢ⮬↛⩏ඹ㬆ࡋ࡚ࠊⱁ⾡ࡣ⮬↛ࢆࠕᶍೌࠖࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿᙇࡍࡿࡇ ࡀ࡛ࡁࡓࠋ ࣡ࣝࢻࡣࡇࢀࢆ㌿ࡉࡏ࡚ࡳࡏࡿࠋᙼࡢ௦ᘚ⪅࡛࠶ࡿࣦࣦࣥࡼࢀࡤࠊ ୡ㛫࡛ࡣࠊ ࠕⱁ⾡ࠖࡣࢃࢀࢃࢀࡼࡾ࠸ࡗࡑ࠺ࠕ⮬↛ࠖࢆឡࡉࡏࡿゝࢃࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ ࠝ␎ࠞ ࡢ⤒㦂ࡽࡍࡿࠊࢃࢀࢃࢀࡀࠕⱁ⾡ࠖࢆ◊✲ࡍࢀࡤࡍࡿࠊ ࠕ⮬↛ࠖࡢࡇ࡞࠺࡛ ࡶࡼࡃ࡞ࡿࡢࡔࠋࠕⱁ⾡ࠖࡀࢇ࠺ࢃࢀࢃࢀ᫂ࡋ࡚ࡃࢀࡿࡢࡣࠊࠕ⮬↛ࠖࡀࢹࢨ ࣥࢆḞ࠸࡚࠸ࡿࡇࠊࡑࡢወጁ࡞ᮍ⇍ࡉࠊ࠺ࡋࡼ࠺ࡶ࡞࠸༢ㄪࡉࠊࡑࡢ⤯ᑐⓗᮍᡂ ࡞≧ែࡔ51ࠋ ࠕ⮬↛ࠖࡀࠕࢹࢨࣥࢆḞ࠸࡚࠸ࡿࡇࠖ࠸࠺⾲⌧ὀ┠ࡋࡓ࠸ࠋ⮬↛࠾ࡅࡿࢹࢨࣥ ࡣࠊࡴࢁࢇ⚄ࡼࡿタィ࡛࠶ࡾࠊࢲ࣮࢘ࢽࢬ࣒ࠊࡑࡢ㑅ᢥࡢཎ⌮ࡀ⮬↛ࡽዣࡋࡓࡶࡢ࡛ ࠶ࡿࠋ࣡ࣝࢻࡢ⮬↛ᑐࡍࡿᩛពࡀࠊࢲ࣮࢘ࢽࢬ࣒㐃㛵ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡇࡣ᫂ࡽ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ ࡑࡋ࡚ࠊ࣡ࣝࢻࡣࠊ ࠕ⮬↛ࠖ㢮ẚࡉࢀࡿࠕே⏕ࠖヰࢆ㐍ࡵࡿࠋࣜࣜࢬ࣒ᑠㄝ࠾࠸ ࡚ࡣࠊసရࡣࠕே⏕ࠖ㢟ᮦࢆྲྀࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡾࠊⱁ⾡ࡣே⏕ࢆᶍೌࡍࡿࠋࡋࡋࣦࣦࣥ ࡼࢀࡤࠊࠕࠗⱁ⾡࠘ࡀே⏕ࢆᶍೌࡍࡿࡼࡾࡶࡎࡗከࡃࠊࠗே⏕࠘ࡀⱁ⾡ࢆᶍೌࡍࡿࠖࡢࡔ52ࠋࡇ ࢀࢆࡓࡔ࣡ࣝࢻࡀ㍍ཱྀࢆ྇࠸࡚࠸ࡿࡔࡅࡢࡶࡢࡋ࡚㏥ࡅ࡚ࡣ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ࠋᙼࡣࡇࡇ࡛ࠊࣦ ࢡࢺࣜ௦ேࡋ࡚ࡣඛぢⓗࠊࢃࢀࢃࢀࡢࠕ⌧ᐇࠖࡢㄆ㆑ࡀゝㄒ౫Ꮡࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡇࠊゝ ࠸࠼ࢀࡤⱁ⾡ࡢసࡾฟࡍୡ⏺ㄆ㆑ࡢᯟ⤌ࡳᚑࡗ࡚ࠊ⌧ᐇࡑࡢࡶࡢࡀᚋⓗฟࡉࢀࡿࡢ ࡔ࠸࠺Ὕᐹࢆ⾲᫂ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ ⮬↛ࡋ࡚ࡶྠࡌࡇࡔࠋ࣡ࣝࢻࡣ⮬↛ࡶࡲࡓⱁ⾡ࢆᶍೌࡍࡿゝࡗ࡚ࡢࡅࡿࠋࢃࢀࢃࢀ ― 150 ― ࣦࢡࢺࣜ௦࠾ࡅࡿ࣮࢟ࢶཷᐜⱁ⾡ࡢ㐀ࢆࡵࡄࡿ᭷ᶵయㄽࡢኚ㑄 ࡣ║๓ࡢ⮬↛ࢆࠕ࠶ࡾࡢࡲࡲࠖཷࡅྲྀࡿࡇ࡞࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ࠋඛ⾜ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡢࡣࠊ㢌ࡢ୰࠶ ࡿࡓ࠼ࡤ༳㇟ὴࡢᥥ࠸ࡓ㢼ᬒ࡞ࡢ࡛࠶ࡾࠊࢃࢀࢃࢀࡣ༳㇟ὴࡢᕧࡓࡕࡢฟࡋࡓ࣓࣮ࢪ ἢ࠺ࡓࡕ࡛ࠊእⓗ⮬↛ࡢ࠶ࡾ᪉ࢆᤊ࠼ࡿࠋ ࠕࡑࢀࡀࡶࡋ༳㇟ὴࡢ⏕ࡳฟࡋࡓࡶࡢ࡛࡞࠸ࡋ ࡓࡽࠊ࢞ࢫⅉࡾᐙᒇࢆࡅ≀ࡌࡳࡓᙳኚᙧࡉࡏࡿࠊ࠶ࡢ㦫ჃࡍࡁⲔⰍࡢ㟝ࡣࡇ ࡽࡸࡗ࡚ࡁࡓ࠸࠺ࡢࡔ㸽ࠖ53 ࡇࡇ࡛࣡ࣝࢻࡣࠊ ࠕ⮬↛ࠖࠕே⏕ࠖࡀࠕⱁ⾡ࠖࡢᶍೌࡍࡁᑐ㇟࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࡇࢆ♧ࡍࡇ ࡼࡾࠊࠕⱁ⾡ࠖࢆࠊእ㒊ࡢఱ≀ࡶ㢗ࡿᚲせࡢ࡞࠸ࠊ⮬ᚊⓗᏑᅾ❧࡚࠶ࡆࡿࠋࡑࡋ࡚ࠊ ඛࡶ♧၀ࡋࡓ࠾ࡾࠊ㔜せ࡞ࡇࡣࠊ ࠕ⮬↛ࠖࠕே⏕ࠖࡢᣄ⤯ࡢ⫼ᚋࡣࠊࢲ࣮࢘ࣥࡢᙳ ࡀぢ࡚ྲྀࢀࡿࡇࡔࠋูࡢᢈホⓗᑐヰࠊ ࠕⱁ⾡ᐙࡋ࡚ࡢᢈホᐙࠖ 㸦1891 ᖺ㸧ࢆࡳ࡚ࡳࡼ࠺ࠋࡇ ࡇ࡛ࠊ࣡ࣝࢻ㸦ࡢ௦ᘚ⪅࡛࠶ࡿࢠࣝࣂ࣮ࢺ㸧ࡣࠊ᫂♧ⓗ㑇ఏࡢཎ⌮ࡘ࠸࡚ㄒࡿࠋ ࠶ࡽࡺࡿ⾜Ⅽࡢ⤯ᑐⓗ࡞ᶵᵓࢆ᫂ࡽࡍࡿࡇࡼࡗ࡚ࠊࡑࡋ࡚ࢃࢀࢃࢀࡀ⮬ࡽࢆ⦡ࡿ ࡓࡵ⮬ࡽసࡾฟࡋࡓ㐨ᚨⓗ㈐ົ࠸࠺㔜Ⲵࡽࢃࢀࢃࢀࢆゎᨺࡍࡿࡇࡼࡗ࡚ࠊ ࠕ㑇ఏࠖ ࡢ⛉Ꮫⓗཎ⌮ࡣࠊ࠸ࢃࡤほ↷ⓗ⏕άࢆಖドࡋ࡚ࡃࢀࡿࡶࡢ࡞ࡗࡓࠋࡑࢀࡀ♧ࡍࡢࡣࠊࢃ ࢀࢃࢀࡣ⾜Ⅽࡋࡼ࠺ࡍࡿࡁ⮬⏤࡞ࡇࡣ࡞࠸࠸࠺ࡇ࡛࠶ࡿ54ࠋ ࡇࡇࡳࡽࢀࡿࠕ⾜Ⅽࠖࠕほ↷ࠖࡢᑐ❧ࡣࠊ ࠕே⏕ࠖࠕⱁ⾡ࠖࡢᑐ❧ࢆゝ࠸࠼ࡓࡶࡢ࡛࠶ ࡿࠋ࣡ࣝࢻࡀࡇࡇ࡛ᙇࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡢࡣࠊ ࠕ㑇ఏࠖࡢཎ⌮ࡢ࠾ࡆ࡛ࠕே⏕ࠖࡀྲྀࡿ㊊ࡽ࡞࠸ ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࡇࡀ᫂ࡽ࡞ࡗࡓࡢࡔࡽࠊࢃࢀࢃࢀࡣࠕே⏕ࠖࢆᤞ࡚ࠕⱁ⾡ࠖྥ࠺ࡁ ࡔ࠸࠺ࡇ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡇ࡛⾜Ⅽࡢࠕᶵᵓ㸦mechanism㸧ࠖ࠸࠺⾲⌧ࡀ⏝࠸ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ ࡶὀពࡋࡼ࠺ࠋࡍ࡞ࢃࡕࡑࢀࡣࠊ⾜Ⅽࡢࠕཎ⌮㸦principle㸧ࠖࠕἲ๎㸦law㸧࡛ࠖࡣ࡞ࡃࠊ ࠕᶵ ᵓ㸦mechanism㸧࡛ࠖ࡞ࡃ࡚ࡣ࡞ࡽ࡞ࡗࡓࠋ࡞ࡐ࡞ࡽࠊࡇࡇ࡛ࡣ⮬↛ࢆྖࡿつ๎ࡀࠊ᭷ᶵయⓗ ࡞ࡶࡢ࡛࡞ࡃࠊᶵᲔⓗ࡞ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࡇࡀ♧၀ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡽ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡍ࡞ࢃࡕ࣡ࣝࢻࡶࡲ ࡓࠊ࣌ࢱ࣮ྠᵝࠊ⮬↛ࡣ⢭⚄ࢹࢱ࣓ࣛ࡞▱ぬࢆ࠼ࡿࡔࡅ࡛࠶ࡿ⪃࠼࡚ࠊ⮬↛⫼ࢆ ྥࡅࡓࡢࡔࠋ࣌ࢱ࣮ࡀእ⏺ࡽ㝸⤯ࡋࡓࠕ༳㇟ࠖࡢୡ⏺⡲ࡗࡓࡢࡕࡻ࠺ྠࡌࡼ࠺ࠊ ࣡ࣝࢻࡣࠕⱁ⾡ࠖࡢ⮬ᚊⓗୡ⏺ࢆసࡾୖࡆࡼ࠺ࡍࡿࠋ ࣡ࣝࢻࡣࠊᢈホⓗⱁ⾡ࡢ᧦ㆤ⪅࡛࠶ࡾࠊࡲࡓᐇ㊶⪅࡛ࡶ࠶ࡗࡓࡀࠊࡇࡢࡇࡣࠊᙼࡀⱁ⾡ ࡢつ⠊ࡋ࡚ࠕ⮬↛ࠖࠕே⏕ࠖࢆ㏥ࡅࠊ୧⪅ࡽ㝸⤯ࡋࡓᶍೌⓗⱁ⾡ࡢୡ⏺ࢆฟࡋࡼ࠺ ― 151 ― ࡋࡓࡇࡢㄽ⌮ⓗᖐ⤖࡛࠶ࡿࠋࢠࣝࣂ࣮ࢺࡣࠊᢈホࡇࡑⱁ⾡୰ࡢⱁ⾡࡛࠶ࡿᙇࡍࡿࠋ ࠸࠺ࡢࡶࠊ࣓࣍ࣟࢫࡸࢫ࢟ࣗࣟࢫࡽࠊࢩ࢙ࢡࢫࣆࠊ࣮࢟ࢶࡲ࡛ࡢ೧࡞ⱁ⾡ ᐙࡓࡕࡀࠊ㢟ᮦࢆồࡵ࡚┤᥋ே⏕ྥ࠺ࡢ࡛࡞ࡃࠊ⚄ヰࡸఏㄝࠊゝ࠸ఏ࠼ࡢ୰ࡑࢀࢆ ᥈ࡋࡓࡢࡕࡻ࠺ྠࡌࡼ࠺ࠊᢈホᐙ࠸࠺ࡢࡣࠊࡢ⪅ࡓࡕࡀࠊ࠸ࢃࡤᙼࡢࡓࡵί ࡋࠊࡍ࡛ീຊࡼࡗ࡚ᙧែⰍᙬࡀຍ࠼ࡽࢀࡓ㢟ᮦࢆᢅ࠺ࡽ࡛࠶ࡿ55ࠋ ࡍ࡞ࢃࡕࠊ ࠕ⮬↛ࠖࠕே⏕ࠖࡽ㐲ࡃࡣ࡞ࢀࡓⱁ⾡㧗➼࡞ⱁ⾡࡞ࡢࡔࠋࡇࡇ࡛ࡣࠊࢱ࣮ࢼ ࣮ࡢసရࡑࡢࡶࡢࡼࡾࡶࣛࢫ࢟ࣥࡼࡿࢱ࣮ࢼ࣮ㄽࡢ᪉ࡀࠊࣔࢼ࣭ࣜࢨࡼࡾࡶ࣌ࢱ࣮ࡢࣔࢼ࣭ ࣜࢨㄽࡢ᪉ࡀ㧗⣧ᗘࡢⱁ⾡࡛࠶ࡿࡳ࡞ࡉࢀࡿࠋ ࡑࡋ࡚ࠊࡇࡇ࡛࣮࢟ࢶࡢྡࡀᣲࡆࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡇࢆぢ㏨ࡍࢃࡅࡣ࠸࡞࠸ࠋ࣡ࣝࢻ ࡗ࡚ࠊ࣮࢟ࢶࡣࠕ⮬↛ࠖࠕே⏕ࠖࡽ㝸⤯ࡋࡓゝㄒࡢ⮬ᚊⓗୡ⏺ࢆฟࡋࡓⱁ⾡ᐙࡔࡗࡓࠋࡌ ࡗࡉ࠸ࠊ࣮࢟ࢶࡣࢠࣜࢩ⚄ヰࡸ୰ୡࡢẸ㛫ఏᢎྲྀᮦࡋࡓリࢆ⏘ࡳฟࡋࡓࠋ⮬↛ே⏕ ࡽ⚄ヰࡸఏㄝࡀ⏕ࡲࢀࠊ⚄ヰࡸఏㄝࡽḟⓗ࣮࢟ࢶࡢリࡀ⏕ࡲࢀࡿࠋࡇࡇ࡛ࡣࠕḟⓗࠖ ࡛࠶ࡿࡇࡀ⫯ᐃⓗ࡞ពࢆᖏࡧ࡚ࡃࡿࠋ ྠࡌ⌮⏤ࡽࠊ ࠕࢨ࣋ࣛࠖࡣࡁࢃࡵ࡚⣧ᗘࡢ㧗࠸ⱁ⾡సရ࡛࠶ࡿ࠸࠺ࡇࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࠋཎస ࡣ࣎ࢵ࢝ࢳ࢜ࡢࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡾࠊࡑࡋ࡚࣮࢟ࢶࡣ࣎ࢵ࢝ࢳ࢜ࢆཎ࡛┤᥋ㄞࡴࡢ࡛࡞ࡃࠊⱥヂ࡛ㄞ ࢇࡔࠋⱥヂࢆࡉࡽ㡩ᩥࡋࡓࡶࡢࡀࠊ࣮࢟ࢶࡢࠕࢨ࡛࣋ࣛࠖ࠶ࡿ56ࠋࡍ࡞ࢃࡕࠊࡇࡢసရࡣ ࠕ⮬↛ࠖࠕே⏕ࠖࡢ㛫ࡘࡢࢡࢵࢩࣙࣥࢆ⨨࠸࡚࠸ࡿࡢࡔࠋࡑࡋ࡚ࡇࡢࡇࡣࠊከࢀ ᑡ࡞ࢀࠊ࣮࢟ࢶࡢస⯡㛵ࡋ࡚ゝ࠸࠺ࡿࡇ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࣦࣞࣥࢯࣥࡼࢀࡤࠊ࣮࢟ࢶࡣ 㸦࣮࣡ࢬ࣡ࢫࡢࡼ࠺㸧⮬↛ࡢ࠺ࡕ┤᥋ⓗ࡞㟋ឤࡢ※Ἠࢆぢฟࡍࡇ࡛సရࡢ࢜ࣜࢪࢼࣜࢸ ࢆᙇࡍࡿࡢ࡛࡞ࡃࠊඛ⾜ࡍࡿḟⓗ࡞※Ἠࠊࡍ࡞ࢃࡕཎ࡛࡞ࡃ⩻ヂࢆࠊ⌧≀࡛࡞ࡃ∧⏬ ࡢ」〇ࢆࠊ 㸦ᾘࡋ⮬ࡽࡢ࢜ࣜࢪࢼࣝ࡞సࡢ㣴ศࡍࡿ࠸࠺ࡼࡾࠊ 㸧ࣃࢫࢸ࣮ࢩࣗⓗ ⏝ࡍࡿࡇࠊ࠸ࢃࡤࣇ࢙ࢸࢵࢩࣗࡉࢀࡓఏ⤫ࡢ㦵ዣ⫾ࡼࡾ⮬ࡽࡢⱁ⾡ⓗ㡿ศࢆ☜ಖࡋ ࡓ57ࠋ࣡ࣝࢻࡶࡲࡓࠊ࣮࢟ࢶࡢࡇࡢഃ㠃ࢆ⛠ᥭࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ ᭷ᶵయ⌮ㄽࡀⱁ⾡ࡢ㐀࠾ࡅࡿ࢜ࣜࢪࢼࣜࢸࡢほᛕࡢ☜❧ᐤࡋࡓࡇࡣඛࡳࡓ ࠾ࡾ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ⮬↛ࡢほᛕࡀ⊂ᛶࡢᙇࢆྍ⬟ࡋࡓࡢࡔࠋࡑ࠺࡛࠶ࡿࡍࢀࡤࠊ㑇ఏࡢཎ⌮ ࡀ⮬↛ࡽ┠ⓗᛶࢆᾘࡋཤࡗࡓࠊࡑࢀࡺ࠼ⱁ⾡ࡣ⮬↛ࡽ⮬❧ࡋ࡞ࡃ࡚ࡣ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ࠊᙇࡋ ― 152 ― ࣦࢡࢺࣜ௦࠾ࡅࡿ࣮࢟ࢶཷᐜⱁ⾡ࡢ㐀ࢆࡵࡄࡿ᭷ᶵయㄽࡢኚ㑄 ࡓ࣡ࣝࢻࡀࠊ⊂ᛶ࡛࡞ࡃࣃࢫࢸ࣮ࢩࣗᛶ┠ࢆྥࡅࠊḟⓗ࡛࠶ࡿࡇࠊ㉚సⓗ࡛࠶ࡿ ࡇࠊࠕბࢆࡘࡃࡇࠖ✚ᴟⓗ౯್ࢆぢฟࡋࡓࡇࡣ㦫ࡃᙜࡓࡽ࡞࠸58ࠋࡑࡋ࡚ࠊ࣡ࣝࢻ ࡣࡇࡢ⮬ᚊⓗⱁ⾡ฟࡢࣉࣟࢪ࢙ࢡࢺ࣮࢟ࢶࢆᕳࡁ㎸ࢇ࡛࠸ࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ ࣡ࣝࢻࡣ࣮࢟ࢶᤝࡆࡿࢯࢿࢵࢺࢆࠊࠕࢨ࣋ࣛࠖࡢ࣮ࣜࣗࢪ࡛ࣙࣥ⥾ࡵࡃࡃࡿࠋ ࡛ࡶࡓࡕࡢᾦ࡛࠶࡞ࡓࡢグ᠈ࡣ⏕ࡁ⏕ࡁಖࡓࢀ ࡑ࠺ࡋ࡚ࣂࢪࣝࡢᮌࡀࡈࡃࠊࡑࢀࡣ⦾ⱱࡍࡿࡢࡔ59ࠋ ࠕࢨ࣋ࣛࠖ࠾ࡅࡿࣂࢪࣝࡢᮌࡢᥥࢆᛮ࠸ฟࡑ࠺ࠋࡑࢀࡣࠕᑠ⟽ษಖ⟶ࡉࢀࡓᐆ▼ ࡀⱆࢆฟࡋࠊᑠࡉ࠸ⴥ࡞ࡾᗈࡀࡗࡓࠖࡢࡼ࠺࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋ࣡ࣝࢻࡢࢯࢿࢵࢺࢆ࠶ࢃࡏ࡚⪃ ࠼ࡿࠊ࣮࢟ࢶࡢグ᠈㸻సရࡣ᭷ᶵయࡢࡼ࠺࡞⮬ᚊᛶࢆಖࡕ࡞ࡀࡽࠊྠᐆ▼ࡢࡼ࠺࡞ேᕤ ᛶࡢୡ⏺ࢆฟࡍࡿࡢࡔࠋࡑࡋ࡚ࠊࡇࢀࢆຓࡅࡿࡢࡀ࣡ࣝࢻࡽᚋୡࡢⱁ⾡ᐙࡢᾦ࡛࠶ࡾࠊࡍ ࡞ࢃࡕ࣡ࣝࢻ⮬㌟ࡼࡿ⮬ᚊⓗⱁ⾡ฟࡢヨࡳ࣮࢟ࢶࢆྲྀࡾ㎸ࡴࡇ࡞ࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ ࣡ࣝࢻࡼࢀࡤࠊᢈホ࠾࠸࡚㔜せ࡞ࡇࡣࠕᑐ㇟ࢆ࠶ࡾࡢࡲࡲぢ࡞࠸ࡇ࡛ࠖ࠶ࡿ60ࠋ ࣮ࣀࣝࢻࡢࡼ࠺ࠕ⌧ᐇࠖࢆಙ㢗ࡍࡿࡇࡢ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸࣡ࣝࢻࡣࠊࡴࡋࢁ࣮ࣀࣝࢻࡀᢈุ ࡋࡓ࣮࢟ࢶࡢゝㄒࡢ㐣⫪ධࢀࡍࡿࠋࠕඃ㞞࡛ṇ㭀ࢆᑕࡓゝⴥࡸ࣓࣮ࢪࡢ࡞ࡿᐆᗜࠖࠊ ࠕ㩭࡛᫂⤮⏬ⓗ࡞⾲⌧ࠖࠊࡇࡢゝㄒࡢ≀㉁ᛶࡀࠊእⓗ⌧ᐇࡢ↷ᛂࡘ࠸࡚Ẽࢆ↹ࢃࡏࡿࡇ࡞ ࡃ⮬ᚊⓗ㐠ືࡍࡿ̿̿ࡇࢀࡀ࣮ࣀࣝࢻࡼࡿࠕࢨ࣋ࣛࠖᢈุࡢせⅬ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࡀࠊ࣡ࣝ ࢻࡣ࣮ࣀࣝࢻࡃྠࡌ๓ᥦࡽṇᑐࡢ⤖ㄽࢆᑟฟࡍࡿࠋゝㄒࡢ≀㉁ᛶࡀ๓ᬒࡋࠊ ࠕ⮬↛ࠖ ࠕே⏕ࠖࢆ⨨ࡁཤࡾࡋ୍࡚ேṌࡁࢆጞࡵࡿࠋࡇ࠺ࡋ࡚ゝㄒࡼࡿேᕤᛶࡢ⋤ᅜࡀ⠏ࢀࡿ ࡇࠊࡲࡉࡇࢀࡀ࣡ࣝࢻࡢᮃࢇࡔࡇࡔࡗࡓࠋ 6. ࣮࢟ࢶࡢࠕ㝧Ẽ࡞㨦ࠖ̿̿⤖ㄽ࠼࡚ ࣂ࣮ࢼ࣮ࢻ࣭ࢩ࣮ࣙࡶࡲࡓࠊࡑࡢ࣮࢟ࢶㄽ࠾࠸࡚ࠕࢨ࣋ࣛࠖ㔜せ࡞ᙺࢆ࠼࡚࠸ࡿࠋ ࡋࡋࠊ࣌ࢱ࣮࣡ࣝࢻࠊࡑࢀࡒࢀࡢ࣮࢟ࢶほࡢ⫼ᚋࠊே㛫యࡢពᚿࡢኻቒࡲࡘࢃ ࡿᏳࠊ⮬↛࠾ࡅࡿᭀຊ◚ቯࡢࣦࢪࣙࣥࡀ₯ࢇ࡛࠸ࡓࡢࡣᑐ↷ⓗࠊࢩ࣮ࣙࡣᴦほ ⩏ⓗ࡞ࠕࢨ࣋ࣛࠖㄽࢆᥦ♧ࡍࡿࠋ ᙼゝࢃࡏࢀࡤࠊ ࠕࢨ࣋ࣛࠖࡣ࣮࢟ࢶ∧ࡢࠗ㈨ᮏㄽ࡛࠘࠶ࡿࠋ ࠕࠗ㈨ᮏㄽ࠘ࡢࢃࡾリࢆ᭩ ― 153 ― ࡃ࣮࣭࣐࢝ࣝࣝࢡࢫࢆീࡋ࠺ࡿࡋࡓࡽࠊᙼࡣࠗࢨ࣋ࣛ࠘ࢆ᭩࠸ࡓࡇࡔࢁ࠺ࠋ ࠖ61ࢩ࣮ࣙ ࡣࡇࡇ࡛ࠊࢨ࣋ࣛࡢᘵࡓࡕࡢᐩࡀປാ⪅ࡢ㓞ࡼࡾ⏕ࡳฟࡉࢀࡓࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࡇࢆ㠀㞴 ࡍࡿリࡢᥥ㔜ࡁࢆ⨨࠸࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࡀࠊࡑࢀࡔࡅ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋᙼࡗ࡚ࡶࠊࡇࡢリࡳ ࡽࢀࡿ᭷ᶵయࡢᚠ⎔ࠊࠕ㐍ࠖࡢࣦࢪࣙࣥࡀ㔜せ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋ ⮬↛㑅ᢥࡢཎ⌮ࢆཷࡅධࢀࡓ࣌ࢱ࣮࣡ࣝࢻࡣࠊࡶ⮬↛ࡢΰἁ⫼ࢆྥࡅࠊ࣌ࢱ ࣮ࡣࠕ༳㇟ࠖࡢୡ⏺㛢ࡌࡇࡶࡾࠊ࣡ࣝࢻࡣゝㄒࡢ⾲ᒙᛶࡢ⋤ᅜࡢᨭ㓄⪅࡞ࢁ࠺ࡋࡓࠋ ࡇࢀᑐࡋࠊࢩ࣮ࣙࡣ⮬↛ࡢΰἁࡢࣦࢪࣙࣥࡑࡢࡶࡢࢆᣄ⤯ࡋࡓࠋࡍ࡞ࢃࡕࠊࢲ࣮࢘ࣥ ⫼ࡁࠊࢫ࣌ࣥࢧ࣮㸻࣐ࣛࣝࢡⓗ࡞⋓ᚓᙧ㉁ࡢ㑇ఏࡢ⌮ㄽࢆཷࡅධࢀࡿࡇ࡛ࠊே㛫యࡢពᚿ ࡸ⏕ࡢ┠ⓗᛶࡢほᛕ୧❧ࡍࡿ᭷ᶵయㄽࢆࠕࢨ࣋ࣛࠖࡢ࠺ࡕㄞࡳ㎸ࡴࡇࡀ࡛ࡁࡓࡢࡔࠋ ࣟࣞࣥࢰࡣࠊ㈨ᮏᐙ㝵⣭ࡢᘵࡓࡕࡢ≛≅࡞ࡾࠊࢆⴠࡋࡓࠋࡋࡋࢩ࣮ࣙࡣࡑࡇ࡛ᝒほ ⓗ࡞ࡾࡣࡋ࡞࠸ࠋࣟࣞࣥࢰࡢ㨦ࡣ⏕๓✚ࡋࡓຊࢆᦠ࠼ࢨ࣋ࣛࡢࡶᖐ㑏ࡋࠊ᭱⤊ⓗ ࡣᘵࡓࡕࢆ㏣ᨺࡋࠊࡑࡢၟࢆᨺᲠࡉࡏࡿࡇࡀ࡛ࡁࡓ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋே㢮ࡣࡇ࠺ࡋ࡚⏕ ࡢᚠ⎔㸻㐍ࢆ㔜ࡡࡿࡇ࡛ࠊ㐍ⓗ♫ࢆᨵⰋࡋ࡚࠸ࡃࡇࡀ࡛ࡁࡿ62ࠋ ࣮ࣀࣝࢻࡣ࣮࢟ࢶࡢゝㄒࡢ㐣ࢆᢈุࡋࠊࡑࡢཷᐜⓗ⨾Ꮫࢆᣄ⤯ࡋࡓࠋ࣌ࢱ࣮ࡣ࣮ࣀ ࣝࢻࡢᢈุࡍࡿ࣮࢟ࢶࡢཷᐜⓗ⨾Ꮫࠊࡍ࡞ࢃࡕࠕᾘᴟⓗ⬟ຊࠖࡢ㑇⏘ࢆཷࡅ⥅ࡂࠊࣄ࣮࣒ࣗⓗ ࡞ᶵᲔㄽⓗ⢭⚄ほ฿㐩ࡋࡓࠋᑐࡋ࡚ࠊ࣡ࣝࢻࡣࠊ࣮ࣀࣝࢻࡢᢈุࡍࡿ࣮࢟ࢶ࠾ࡅࡿ ゝㄒࡢ㐣ࢆ㏫ᡭྲྀࡾࠊ ࠕ⮬↛ࠖࡸࠕே⏕ࠖࡢΰἁࡋࡓ⌧ᐇࡽ㝸⤯ࡋࡓேᕤᛶࡢ࣮ࣘࢺࣆ ࡢᵓ⠏ࢆ┠ᣦࡍࠋࡑࡋ࡚ࢩ࣮ࣙࡣࠊ࣌ࢱ࣮࣡ࣝࢻࡑࢀࡒࢀࡢ⨾Ꮫࡢ⫼ᚋ࠶ࡿ⮬↛㑅 ᢥࡢཎ⌮ࡑࡢࡶࡢࢆᣄ⤯ࡍࡿࡇࡼࡾࠊ࣮࢟ࢶࡢࠕᾘᴟⓗ⬟ຊ࡛ࠖࡣ࡞ࡃࠊࢫ࣌ࣥࢧ࣮㸻ࣛ ࣐ࣝࢡὶࡢయⓗពᚿࢆ᧦ㆤࡋࠊ᭷ᶵయࡢᚠ⎔ࡢ㡿ᇦே㛫♫ࢆ㐃⥆ⓗᤊ࠼ࠊ ࠕࢨ࣋ࣛࠖ ࡢ࠺ࡕ࣮࢟ࢶࡢࠕ㝧Ẽ࡞㨦ࠖ63ࢆぢ࡚ྲྀࡿࡇࡀ࡛ࡁࡓࠋࡑࢀࡒࢀࡢ࣮࢟ࢶཷᐜࡢ⫼ᚋࡣࠊ ࡑࢀࡒࢀࡢ㐍ࡢࣦࢪࣙࣥࡀ₯ࢇ࡛࠸ࡓࠋ ᮏ◊✲ࡣࠊJSPS ≉ู◊✲ဨዡບ㈝ 26࣭7269 ࡢຓᡂࢆཷࡅࡓࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ 1 ᶵᲔㄽⓗ⤒㦂⩏ࢆࡋࠊ᭷ᶵయㄽࡢᵓ⠏ࢆ┠ᣦࡋࡓ࣐ࣟࣥ⩏ࡢࣉࣟࢪ࢙ࢡࢺ㛵ࡋ࡚ࠊM. H. Abrams, The Mirror and the Lamp: Romantic Theory and the Critical Tradition (New York: Oxford University Press, 1971), ➨ 7-8 ❶ཧ↷ࠋ ― 154 ― ࣦࢡࢺࣜ௦࠾ࡅࡿ࣮࢟ࢶཷᐜⱁ⾡ࡢ㐀ࢆࡵࡄࡿ᭷ᶵయㄽࡢኚ㑄 2 すὒᛮྐ࠾ࡅࡿࢲ࣮࢘ࣥ௨๓ࡢ㐍ㄽࡘ࠸࡚ࠊPeter J. Bowler, Evolution, the History of an Idea (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1984), ➨ 1-5 ❶ཧ↷ࠋࡲࡓࠊࢲ࣮࢘ࣥ௨๓ࡢ㐍ࡢᛮྐ㛵ࡍ ࡿࣦࢡࢺࣜ௦ேࡢ⌮ゎࡘ࠸࡚ࠊBasil Willey, Darwin and Butler: Two Versions of Evolution (London: Chatto and Windus, 1960), ➨ 2 ㅮཧ↷ࠋ 3 ➨ 4 ᪥➨ 5 ヰࠊ࢚ࣜࢨ࣋ࢵࢱࡢ≀ㄒࠋ 4 Edward Young, Conjectures on Original Composition, 2nd ed. (London: Millar and Dodsley, 1759), p. 12. ᙉㄪࡣ ཎᩥࡼࡿࠋ 5 すὒ⨾Ꮫྐୖࠊၨⵚࡢ௦ࡽ࣐ࣟࣥ⩏ࡢ௦ࡅ࡚ࠊᶍೌࡢ⨾Ꮫࡽ⊂ᛶࡢ⨾Ꮫࡢ㌿ࢆ‽ ഛࡋࡓ᭱ࡶ㔜せ࡞ⴭ㏙ᐙࡢ୍ேࡀࣖࣥࢢ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࡇࡘ࠸࡚ࠊᑠ⏣㒊⬍ஂࠗすὒ⨾Ꮫྐ࠘㸦ᮾிᏛฟ ∧ࠊ2009 ᖺ㸧 ࠊ➨ 8 ❶ཧ↷ࠋ 6 John Keats, The Letters of John Keats: 1814-1821, ed. Hyder Edward Rollins (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1958), vol. 1, p. 232. 7 ࣮࢟ࢶࡢ᭩⡆ࡸ⏕ᾭࠊࡑࡢ▱ⓗὶࢆ㎺ࡾ࡞ࡀࡽࠕᾘᴟⓗ⬟ຊࠖ࠸࠺ᴫᛕࡢ⏕ᡂࡢ㐣⛬ࢆ㊧ࡅࡿ◊ ✲ࡋ࡚ࠊWalter Jackson Bate, John Keats (Cambridge: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1963), pp. 23363 ཧ↷ࠋ 8 Keats, The Letters of John Keats , vol. 1, pp. 386-87. 9 “Isabella; or, The Pot of Basil”, ll. 447-48. ௨ୗࠊ࣮࢟ࢶࡢリసရࡽࡢᘬ⏝ࡣࠊJohn Keats, Complete Poems, ed. Jack Stillinger (Cambridge: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1982)ࡼࡿࠋ 10 Ibid., ll. 486-88. 11 Ibid., ll. 417-20. 12 Ibid., ll. 431-32. 13 ࠕࢨ࣋ࣛࠖࢆࠕᾘᴟⓗ⬟ຊࠖ⤖ࡧࡅࡿ◊✲ࡋ࡚ࠊKatey Castellano, “‘Why Linger at the Yawning Tomb So Long?’: The Ethics of Negative Capability in Keats’s Isabella and Hyperion,” Partial Answers: Journal of Literature and the History of Ideas 8.1 (2010), pp. 23-38 ཧ↷ࠋ 14 Matthew Arnold, On the Classical Tradition, ed. R. H. Super (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1960), p. 10. 15 ࡓ࠼ࡤࠊࣃ࣮ࢩ࣮࣭ࣅࢵࢩ࣭ࢩ࢙࣮ࣜࡢࠕリࡢ᧦ㆤࠖࡼࢀࡤࠊ ࠕ༟㉺ࡋࡓ᙮ീࡸ⤮⏬ࡣࠊẕぶࡢᏊ ᐑࡢ୰ࡢᏊ౪ࡢࡼ࠺ࠊⱁ⾡ᐙࡢຊࡢୗ࡛ᡂ㛗ࡍࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡾࠊ㐀ࡍࡿᡭࢆᑟࡃᙜࡢ⢭⚄ࡣࠊ㐀ࡢ㐣⛬ ࡢ㉳※ࠊኚ㑄ࠊ፹యࡘ࠸࡚ࠊ⮬ࡽㄝ᫂ࡍࡿࡇࡀ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ࠋ ࠖ Percy Bysshe Shelley, Shelley’s Poetry and Prose: Authoritative Texts, Criticism, ed. Donald H. Reiman and Neil Fraistat (New York: Norton, 2002), p. 532. 16 ࡓ࠼ࡤࠊ ࠕ࠶ࡽࡺࡿᏊᏲှ࡛㉥ࢇᆓࡢⱞࡋࡳࢆ㸭㙠ࡵࡼ࠺ࡍࡿⱝ࠸ẕぶࡢ㢋ࡢࡼ࠺ࠊࠝࢨ࣋ࣛࡢ 㢋ࡣࠞ⑭ࡏࡇࡅ࡚࠸ࡗࡓࠖ 㸦ll. 35-36㸧࡞ࠋࡑࡢࠊl. 47, ll. 372-74, l.G 425, ll. 469-72 ཧ↷ࠋ 17 Matthew Arnold, Culture and Anarchy and Other Writings, ed. Stefan Collini (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993), p. 26. 18 Paul de Man, “The Negative Road,” John Keats, ed. Harold Bloom (New York: Chelsea House Publishers, 1985), p. 39. 19 Ibid., p. 40. 20 ᅵ⏣▱๎࣏࣮࣭ࠗࣝࢻ࣭࣐ࣥ̿̿ゝㄒࡢྍ⬟ᛶࠊ⌮ࡢྍ⬟ᛶ࠘ 㸦ᒾἼ᭩ᗑࠊ2012 ᖺ㸧 ࠊ41 ࣮࣌ࢪࠋ 21 ྠࠊ41-42 ࣮࣌ࢪࠊ129-30 ࣮࣌ࢪཧ↷ࠋ ― 155 ― 22 Paul de Man, Allegories of Reading: Figural Language in Rousseau, Nietzsche, Rilke, and Proust (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1979), p. 296. ᘬ⏝ࡣḟࡢ㑥ヂ᭩ࢆ⏝ࡋࡓࠋ࡞࠾ࠊᘬ⏝୰ࡢᤄධࡣヂ⪅ࡢᅵ⏣ࡼࡿࠋ ࣏࣮࣭ࣝࢻ࣭࣐ࣥࠗㄞࡴࡇࡢࣞࢦ࣮ࣜ࠘ᅵ⏣▱๎ヂ㸦ᒾἼ᭩ᗑࠊ2012 ᖺ㸧 ࠊ383-84 ࣮࣌ࢪࠋ 23 Walter Pater, Studies in the History of the Renaissance, ed. Matthew Beaumont (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010), p. 3. 24 Ibid., p. 117. ᘬ⏝ࡣḟࡢ㑥ヂ᭩ࢆ⏝ࡋࡓࠋ ࢛࢘ࣝࢱ࣮࣭࣌ࢱ࣮ࠗࣝࢿࢧࣥࢫ̿̿⨾⾡リࡢ◊✲࠘ᐩኈᕝ⩏அヂ㸦ⓑỈ♫ࠊ2004 ᖺ㸧 ࠊ228 ࣮࣌ ࢪࠋ 25 Ibid., p. 117. 26 ࢲ࣮࢘ࣥࡣࠊ ࠗ✀ࡢ㉳※࠘㸦1859 ᖺ㸧࠾࠸࡚ே㛫ࡢ㐍ࢆ᫂♧ⓗᢅࢃ࡞ࡗࡓࡀࠊ ࠗே㛫ࡢ㐍 ᛶῈử࠘࠾࠸࡚ࡣࠊ㐨ᚨឤࢆྵࡴே㛫ࡢᚰⓗ⬟ຊࢆࠊື≀ࡢࡑࢀ㐃⥆ⓗᤊ࠼ࡿ❧ሙࢆ᫂☜ࡋ࡚ ࠸ࡿࠋ࠸ࢃࡤࢲ࣮࢘ࣥࡼࡾࠊ ࠕ⮬↛ἲ๎ࡢᬑ㐢ᛶࠖࡀࠕ㐨ᚨⓗ⛛ᗎࠖࡲ࡛ཬࢇ࡛࠸ࡿࡇࡀ♧ࡉࢀ ࡼ࠺ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࠋࡇࡢⴭసࡀබหࡉࢀࡓࡢࡀ 1871 ᖺࠊ ࠗࣝࢿࢧࣥࢫ࠘ึ∧ห⾜ࡢ 2 ᖺ๓ࡢࡇ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ 27 Michael W. Taylor, The Philosophy of Herbert Spencer (London: Continuum, 2007), pp. 108-109. 28 J. W. Burrow, Evolution and Society: A Study in Victorian Social Theory (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1966); Paul Elliott, “Erasmus Darwin, Herbert Spencer, and the Origins of the Evolutionary Worldview in British Provincial Scientific Culture, 1770-1850,” Isis 94 (2003), pp. 1-29. 29 Pater, Studies in the History of the Renaissance, pp. 118-19. ᘬ⏝ࡣᐩኈᕝヂ㸦232 ࣮࣌ࢪ㸧ࡼࡿࠋ 30 Ibid., p. 119. ᘬ⏝ࡣᐩኈᕝヂ㸦232 ࣮࣌ࢪ㸧ࡼࡿࠋ 31 ࢚ࣈ࣒ࣛࢬࡢࠕ⾲ฟ⌮ㄽࠖࡘ࠸࡚ࠊAbrams, The Mirror and the Lamp, pp. 21-25 ཧ↷ࠋ 32 Ibid., p. 173. ᤄධࡣᘬ⏝⪅ࡼࡿࠋ 33 Ibid., p. 164. 34 Ibid., p. 173. ᤄධࡣᘬ⏝⪅ࡼࡿࠋ 35 David Hume, A Treatise of Human Nature, ed. David Fate Norton and Mary J. Norton (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000), p. 165. ᘬ⏝ࡣḟࡢ㑥ヂ᭩ࢆ⏝ࡋࡓࠋ ࣄ࣮࣒ࣗࠗேᛶㄽ࠘ᅵᒱ㑥ኵࠊᑠすᅄ㑻ヂ㸦୰ኸබㄽ᪂♫ࠊ2010 ᖺ㸧ࠊ110 ࣮࣌ࢪࠋ 36 David Bromwich, “The Genealogy of Disinterestedness,” A Choice of Inheritance: Self and Community from Edmund Burke to Robert Frost (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1989), p. 118. 37 Billie Andrew Inman, “The Intellectual Context of Walter Pater’s ‘Conclusion,’” Prose Studies: History, Theory, Criticism 4.1 (1981), p.18. 38 Samuel Taylor Coleridge, Biographia Literaria, or, Biographical Sketches of My Literary Life and Opinion, ed. James Engell and W. Jackson Bate (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1983), vol. 1, p. 121. ᙉㄪࡣཎᩥࡼࡿࠋᘬ⏝ࡣḟࡢ㑥ヂ᭩ࢆ⏝ࡋࡓࠋ ࢧ࣑࢚࣭ࣗࣝࢸ࣮࣭ࣛࢥ࢘ࣝࣜࢵࢪࠗᩥᏛⓗ⮬ླྀఏ̿̿ᩥᏛ⪅ࡋ࡚ࡢᡃࡀே⏕ពぢࡢఏグⓗ⣲ ᥥ࠘ᮾிࢥ࢘ࣝࣜࢵࢪ◊✲ヂ㸦ἲᨻᏛฟ∧ᒁࠊ2013 ᖺ㸧 ࠊ111 ࣮࣌ࢪࠋ 39 Keats, The Letters of John Keats, vol. 1, p. 193. 40 Life, Letters, and Literary Remains of John Keats, ed. Richard Monckton Milnes, 2 vols. (London: Edward Moxon, ― 156 ― ࣦࢡࢺࣜ௦࠾ࡅࡿ࣮࢟ࢶཷᐜⱁ⾡ࡢ㐀ࢆࡵࡄࡿ᭷ᶵయㄽࡢኚ㑄 1848). 41 ࢼࢪࣕࣜࣥࡣࠊ࣮࢟ࢶࡢリ᭩⡆ࡀࠊࣦࢡࢺࣜ௦࠾ࡅࡿ⏨ྠኈࡢ࢚࣍ࣔࣟࢸࢩࢬ࣒㸭࣍ࣔ ࢭࢡࢩࣗࣜࢸࡢゝㄝࡢฟ㈉⊩ࡋࡓࡇࢆᙇࡍࡿࠋࢼࢪࣕࣜࣥࡣࠊ࣮ࣀࣝࢻࠊࢸࢽࢫࣥࠊ࣌ ࢱ࣮ࡽࡢⴭసࢆ࣮࢟ࢶࡢࢸࢡࢫࢺ㛵㐃࡙ࡅ࡞ࡀࡽࠊࣦࢡࢺࣜ௦࠾࠸࡚࣮࢟ࢶࡢཷᐜᛶࡢ⨾Ꮫ 㸦ࡑࢀࡣ࣑ࣝࢬࡢ⦅ⴭࡼࡗ࡚▱ࡽࢀࡓ㸧ࡀࠊᙼࡢዪᛶᛶࠊᛶⓗཷືᛶࡢ࣓࣮ࢪ⤖ࡧࡘ࠸ࡓゎ㔘ࡍ ࡿࠋᙼࡢ◊✲ࡀᙜㄽᩥࡗ࡚㔜せ࡞ࡢࡣࠊࡑࢀࡀ࣮࢟ࢶࡢཷᐜᛶࡢ⨾Ꮫᑐࡍࡿࣦࢡࢺࣜ௦ேࡢ ࢜ࣈࢭࢵࢩࣙࣥࢆᢅࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡽ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡑࢀࢆࢼࢪࣕࣜࣥࡢ◊✲ࡣᛶⓗཷືᛶ⤖ࡧࡘࡅࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ ࡀࠊᙜㄽᩥࡣࠊ࣐ࣟࣥ⩏ࡢ᭷ᶵయㄽࡢࣉࣟࢪ࢙ࢡࢺࡀ⮬↛㑅ᢥࡢཎ⌮ࡼࡾᢡࡋࡾࠊ๓ୡ⣖ࡢᶵ Ეㄽⓗ⢭⚄ほࡀ⯙࠸ᡠࡗ࡚ࡁࡓࡇ㛵㐃࡙ࡅ࡚ゎ㔘ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ James Najarian, Victorian Keats: Manliness, Sexuality, and Desire (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2002). 42 Billie Andrew Inman, Walter Pater’s Reading: A Bibliography of His Library Borrowings and Literary References, 1858-1873 (New York: Garland Pub., 1981), p. 46. 43 “Dear Reynolds, as last night I lay in bed,” ll. 93-97, ll. 102-105. 44 The Life and Letters of Charles Darwin, ed. Francis Darwin (London: J. Murray, 1887), vol. 2, p. 312. 45 ࣦࢡࢺࣜ௦ࡢே㛫ࡀ࣮࢟ࢶࢆ㐍ㄽ⤖ࡧࡅ࡚⌮ゎࡋࡓࡋ࡚ࠊࡑࢀࡀពⓗ࡛ⓗእࢀ࡞ゎ㔘 ࡔ⪃࠼࡚ࡣ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ࠋࢻ࣭࣓ࣝࢲࡼࢀࡤࠊ࣮࢟ࢶࡢ᭩⡆ࡣࠊ࣮࢟ࢶ⮬㌟ࡀࠕᙼࡢୡ௦ࡢࢡࢭࢫ ࡛ࡁࡿ㝈ࡾ࠾࠸࡚ࠊ㐍ࡲࡘࢃࡿ࠶ࡽࡺࡿᇶᮏⓗ࡞ᴫᛕࢆ⇍▱ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࡇࠖ 㸦p. 231㸧ࢆ♧ࡋ࡚࠸ ࡿࠋ ࡑࡋ࡚ࠊᙼࡢ௦⾲ⓗ࡞リసရࠊࡓ࠼ࡤࠗࣁࣆࣜ࢜ࣥࡢἐⴠ࠘ࡣࠊ㐍ࠊ᭷ᶵయࡢᚠ⎔ࡲࡘࢃࡿ࢟ ࣮ࢶࡢ⌮ゎ㛵㐃࡙ࡅ࡚ゎ㔘ࡍࡿࡇࡀྍ⬟࡛࠶ࡿࠋࢻ࣭࣓ࣝࢲࡼࡿ◊✲ࠊࡾࢃࡅࡑࡢ➨ 4 㒊ࢆ ཧ↷ࠋ Hermione de Almeida, Romantic Medicine and John Keats (New York: Oxford University Press, 1991). 46 ࣞࣀࣝࢬᐄ᭩⡆リ࠾ࡅࡿ◚ቯࡢࣦࢪࣙࣥࢆࠊ ࠕࢨ࣋ࣛࠖࡢࢢࣟࢸࢫࢡ࡞᭷ᶵయ⌮ㄽ⤖ࡧࡘࡅࡿ どⅬࢆᥦ♧ࡍࡿ◊✲ࡋ࡚ࠊStacey McDowell, “Grotesque Organicism in Keats’s Isabella; or, the Pot of Basil,” The Keats-Shelley Review 24 (2010), pp. 22-28 ཧ↷ࠋ 47 Walter Pater, Appreciations: With an Essay on Style (London: Macmillan, 1910), pp. 80-81. ᘬ⏝ࡣࠊḟࡢ㑥ヂࢆ⏝ࡋࡓࠋ ࢛࢘ࣝࢱ࣮࣭࣌ࢱ࣮ࠕࢥ࣮ࣝࣜࢵࢪࠖ๓ᕝ♸୍ヂࠊ449-50 ࣮࣌ࢪࠊ࢛ࠗ࢘ࣝࢱ࣮࣭࣌ࢱ࣮㞟࠘➨ 2 ᕳࠊᐩኈᕝ⩏அ⦅㸦⟃ᦶ᭩ᡣࠊ2002 ᖺ㸧ࠊ440-471 ࣮࣌ࢪࠋ 48 Abrams, The Mirror and the Lamp, p. 224. 49 ࣮࣡ࢬ࣡ࢫࡢ┠ⓗㄽⓗ⮬↛ほࠊ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣୡࡉࢀࡓᘚ⚄ㄽࡘ࠸࡚ࠊM. H. Abrams, Natural Supernaturalism (New York: Norton, 1971), pp. 74-80, pp. 278-92 ཧ↷ࠋ 50 ࡇࡇ࡛ࡣヲ㏙ࡍࡿవ⿱ࡀ࡞࠸ࡀࠊࣛࣇ࢚ࣝ๓ὴࡢᑟⓗⱁ⾡ᐙࡢ୍ே࡛࠶ࡿࢪ࣭࢚ࣦࣙࣥࣞࢵࢺ࣭ ࣑ࣞࡣࠊ࣮࢟ࢶࡢసရ㟋ឤࢆᚓ࡚ࠕࣟࣞࣥࢰࢨ࣋ࣛࠖࢆᥥ࠸ࡓࠋࡇࡢ⤮⏬࠾࠸࡚ࠊ࣑ࣞࡣࣟ ࣞࣥࢰࡢ㐀ᙧ㝿ࡋ࡚㦵┦Ꮫ㸦phrenology㸧ࡢ▱㆑ࢆ⏝࠸࡚࠸ࡿ㸦Codell ཧ↷㸧 ࠋ㦵┦Ꮫࡣ࣐ࣟࣥὴࡢ௦ ࡽࣦࢡࢺࣜ௦ࡅ࡚ὶ⾜ࡋࡓఝ⛉Ꮫ࡛࠶ࡾࠊ㢌ࡢᙧࡢ࠺ࡕᙜேࡢ⬟ຊࡸẼ㉁ࠊᛶ᱁ࢆㄞ ࡳྲྀࡿࡇࡀ࡛ࡁࡿ⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡓ㸦Parssinen ཧ↷㸧 ࠋࡇࡢᙇࡣỴᐃㄽⓗୡ⏺ほ⤖ࡧࡘࡁࠊ⮬⏤ព ᚿࢆྰᐃࡍࡿࡶࡢࡋ࡚ᢈุࢆཷࡅࡓࠋ࣑ࣞࡀࡑࡢ▱㆑ࢆࣟࣞࣥࢰࡢ㐀ᙧ⏝࠸࡚࠸ࡿࡍࢀࡤࠊࡇࡢ ⤮⏬࠾࠸࡚ࣟࣞࣥࢰࡢཷືᛶእⓗ⮬↛ࡢᚲ↛ᛶࡀᥥࢀ࡚࠸ࡿゎ㔘ࡍࡿࡇࡶྍ⬟࡛࠶ࡿࠋࣇࣛࣥ ࢶ࣭࢞ࣝࡢ㦵┦Ꮫࡀᥦ♧ࡍࡿ⢭⚄ほࡣࠊᮏ᮶࣐ࣟࣥ⩏ࡢࡑࢀྜ⮴ࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡾ㸦Hall ཧ↷㸧 ࠊ࣮࢟ࢶ ― 157 ― ࡶࡑࡢ▱㆑ࢆ᭷ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࡋ㸦de Almeida, Romantic Medicine and John Keats, p. 55 ཧ↷㸧 ࠊࣁ࣮ࣂ࣮ࢺ࣭ࢫ࣌ ࣥࢧ࣮ࡣࠊ㦵┦Ꮫᙳ㡪ࢆཷࡅࠊ⮬ࡽࡢ㐍⌮ㄽࢆ⦎ࡾୖࡆࡓ㸦Taylor, The Philosophy of Herbert Spencer, p.G 76 ཧ↷㸧 ࠋࡑࢀࡺ࠼ࠊ㦵┦Ꮫࡣ࣮࢟ࢶࡢࠕࢨ࣋ࣛࠖ 㸦ࡑࢀࡣᩥᏐ㏻ࡾࠕ㢌㒊ࠖࢆࡵࡄࡿ≀ㄒ࡛࠶ࡿ㸧 ࣦࢡࢺࣜ௦ࡢ㐍ㄽࡢ⤖⠇Ⅼࡢ୍ࡘ࡛࠶ࡿ⪃࠼ࡿࡇࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࠋ Julie F Codell, “The Dilemma of the Artist in Millais’s Lorenzo and Isabella: Phrenology, the Gaze and the Social Discourse,” Art History 14.1 (1991), pp. 51-66; Jason Y. Hall, “Gall’s Phrenology: A Romantic Psychology,” Studies in Romanticism 16.3 (1977), pp. 305-17; T. M. Parssinen, “Popular Science and Society: The Phrenology Movement in Early Victorian Britain,” Journal of Social History 8.1 (1974), pp. 1-20. 51 Oscar Wilde, Criticism: Historical Criticism, Intentions, The Soul of Man, ed. Josephine M. Guy (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007), p.73. 52 Ibid., p. 90. 53 Ibid., p. 95. 54 Ibid., p. 177. 55 Ibid., p. 154. 56 ࣮࢟ࢶࡢㄞࢇࡔ࣎ࢵ࢝ࢳ࢜ࡢⱥヂ∧ࡘ࠸࡚ࠊHerbert G. Wright, Boccaccio in England: From Chaucer to Tennyson (London: Athlone Press, 1957), pp. 397-407 ཧ↷ࠋ 57 Marjorie Levinson, “Keats and His Readers: A Question of Taste,” Subject to History: Ideology, Class, Gender, ed. David Simpson (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1991), pp. 143-62. 58 ࣡ࣝࢻࡢ▷⦅ࠕ㹕࣭㹆Ặࡢ⫝̸ീࠖࡣࠕ㉚సࠖࡢࢸ࣮࣐ࢆᢅ࠸ࠊ ࠕბࡢ⾶㏥ࠖࡣࠊணࡉࢀࡿ㏻ࡾࠊす ὒᩥ᫂࠾ࡅࡿბࡢ⾶㏥ࢆჃࡁࠊბࡢ⯆ࢆၐ࠼ࡿࠋ 59 “The Grave of Keats,” ll. 13-14. Oscar Wilde, Poems and Poems in Prose, ed. Bobby Fong and Karl Beckson (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000). 60 Wilde, Criticism: Historical Criticism, Intentions, The Soul of Man, p. 159. 61 Bernard Shaw, “Keats,” The John Keats Memorial Volume, issued by the Keats Home Committee, Hampstead (London: John Lane, 1921), p. 175. 62 ࢩ࣮ࣙࡢ㐍ᛮ㛵ࡋ࡚ࠊEric Bentley, Bernard Shaw (London: R. Hale, 1950), ➨ 2 ❶ཧ↷ࠋ 63 Shaw, “Keats,” p. 176. ― 158 ― The Komaba Journal of Area Studies, Vol. 18 (2014) Organic Theory of Literary Invention and Reception of Keats in Victorian Era: Arnold, Pater, and Wilde Akihiro MACHIMOTO When it encountered the Darwinian theory of natural selection, the Romantic theory of organic creation underwent a certain obstacle in its way. Victorian artists had to decide what to inherit from Romanticism, insofar as it was not in discord with the Darwinian principle. This study addresses the reception of John Keats and his poem “Isabella; or, The Pot of Basil” in the Victorian era, focusing especially on the writings of Arnold, Pater, and Wilde and examines what symbolic roles they imposed on the Romantic poet with regard to their understanding of the theory of evolution. Matthew Arnold attacked Keats’s passive and receptive poetics and the materiality of language or the excess of expression in his poetry, both of which interested the critic Paul de Man. In later years, however, the poetics of impersonality or Negative Capability, deeply influenced Walter Pater, who dismissed S. T. Coleridge’s project of the defense of the mind’s capacity to actively participate in perceiving the material world and retired to the world of passive impressions in favor of David Hume’s mechanical vision of the self lacking unity. Oscar Wilde, like Pater, accepted the inevitable result of the principle of natural selection, praised the abundance of language or the excess of signifier in Keats’s poetry, and made Keats allied to his project of creating the world of Art, the realm of autonomy and free will, far removed from the world of Life and Nature, which was revealed as chaotic and contingent by the Darwinian concept of selection. ― 159 ―