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Transcript
W．ペイリーとJ．プリーストリ：神学的功利主義に関する一考察 （ver. 6.6）
2008/06/14 ா㜨⤊ῥ◂✪ఌ@ඹᗔ┬❟ኬᏕ࣬♼ᡖ࢞ࣔࣤࣂࢪ 㹌㸣࣭࡛࣋ࣛ㸿㸣ࣈ࣭ࣛࢪࢹࣛ㸯♼ᏕⓏຉฺ⩇࡞㛭ࡌࡾୌ⩻ᐳ 㸝ver. 6.6㸞 ᮿᮇူெ ඹᗔ┬❟ኬᏕ⤊ῥᏕ◂✪⛁ E-mail: [email protected] 㸦㸣ࡢࡋࡴ࡞ ࠔ⚶ࡢࡐࡿࡼ㹐࣭࣋ࣛࡡⴥష㹒ࢅㄖࡲࠉ㟸ᖏ࡞ኬࡀ㊂ࢅᚋࡒࠊࠕࣈ࣭ࣛࢪࢹࣛ㸝Joseph Priestley, 1733-1804㸞ࡢ࣭࣋ࣛ㸝William Paley, 1743-1805㸞ࡡࠖ࢞ࣛࢪࢹᩅࡡッ Evidences of Christianity ࠗ ࢅ ㄖ ࡲ ࠉ ࡆ ࡡ ࡻ ࠹ ࡞ ࣛ ࣤ ࢭ 㸝 Theophilus Lindsey, 1723-1808㸞࡞ᡥ⣤ࢅ࡙࡙࠷ࡾࠊ࣭࣋ࣛࡢྜྷⴥࡡ୯࡚࢞ࣛࢪࢹᩅࡡಘ௭ᚨࢅ㟸㞬ࡊ ࡙࠷ࡒࠊࣈ࣭ࣛࢪࢹࣛࡢࡐࡡࡻ࠹࣭࣋ࣛࡡឺᗐ࡞භវࡊࠉ㈳㈰ࢅ⾪᪺ࡊ࡙࠷ࡾࠊࡐࡊ ࡙ࠉ࣭࣋ࣛࡡⴥష࠾ࡼᙫ㡢ࢅུࡄࠉࣈ࣭ࣛࢪࢹࣛࡢࠔಘᚨࡡཋᅄ࡞ࡗ࠷࡙ࡡふᐳࢅᣉ ኬࠕࡌࡾࡆ࡛ࢅᐃゕࡊ࡙࠷ࡾ 1 ࠊ᭩⤂Ⓩ࡞ࡐࡡ⩻ᐳࡢࠉࠖಘᚨࡡቌຊ࡞ࡗ࠷࡙ࡡふᐳ Obserbations on the Increase of Infidelityࠗ࡞⤎ᐁࡊࡒࡡ࡚࠵ࡖࡒ2ࠊ ࡾࠉᙴࡼࡢ࡛ࡵ࡞࢞ࣛࢪࢹᩅ࡚࠵ࡖࡒࠊࡓࠉࣈ࣭ࣛࢪࢹࣛࡢࣗࢼࢷ࡚ࣛࣤ࠵ ࡖࡒࡊࠉ࣭࣋ࣛࡢࣤࢡࣚࣤࢺᅗᩅὬ࡚࠵ࡖࡒࠊࣗࢼࢷ࡛ࣛࣤࡢࠉࣈࣞࢷࢪࢰࣤࢹࡡ ୌὬ࡚࠵ࡽࠉనୌమࡡᩅ⩇ࢅヾࡴࡍࠉ♼ࢅ။ୌࡽ࡛ࡊࠉ࢞ࣛࢪࢹࡡ♼ᛮࢅྫྷᏽࡊࠉ࢞ ࣛࢪࢹࢅᏺᩅⓏ࡞ኬ࣒ࢴࢬࣤࢩ࣭࡛ࣔࡊ࡙ぜࡌ❟ሔ࡚࠵ࡾࠊనୌమ Trinity ࡛ࡢࠉ ㏸࡛ࡊ࡙ࡡ∏ࡾ♼ࠉ㉚⨝⩽࢞ࣛࢪࢹ࡛ࡊ࡙ୠ࡞⌟ࡿࡒᏄࡾ♼ࠉಘ௭⤊㥺࡞㢟♟ࡈ ࡿࡒ♼⪯ࡾ♼။ୌࡾ♼ࡡࡗࡡ࣋ࣜࢮࢻ࡚࠵ࡾ࠷࠹ㄕࢅᣞࡌࠊࣗࢼࢷ࡛ࣛࣤ࠷࠹ ྞ⛘ࡢࠉࡆࡡనୌమ㸝ࢹࣛࢼࢷ㸞ㄕࢅᢼྫྷࡊࠉ။ୌమ㸝ࣗࢼࢷ㸞ㄕࢅಘዅࡊࡒࡆ࡛ ࡞⏜ᮮࡊ࡙࠷ࡾ3ࠊ᪁ࠉࣤࢡࣚࣤࢺᅗᩅఌࡢࠉ1534 ᖳࠉࣤࢡࣚࣤࢺᅗ⋜ࣉ࣭ࣤࣛ㸭 ୠࡡ࣭࣏ࣞᩅⓒᨥ㒼࠾ࡼฦ㞫ࠉ≺❟࡞ࡻࡖ࡙ᠺ❟ࡊࡒࠊࣤࢡࣚࣤࢺᅗ⋜ࡡᩅⓒᶊࢅヾࡴ Priestley[1832], p.294-296. 㸝௧ୖࠉᘤ⏕[]හࡢ➱⩽࡞ࡻࡾථ࡚࠵ࡾ㸞 ࡐࡡⴥషࡡ୯࡚ࣈ࣭ࣛࢪࢹࣛࡢࠉ࣭࣋ࣛࡡⴥషࢅெࠍ⏕ࡊ࡙࠷ࡾ࡛㟸㞬ࡊࡼ ࡵ࣭࣋ࣛࡡⴥషࡐࡡࡵࡡࡢ㈳㈰ࡊ࡙࠷ࡾࠊ ࠔ࣭࣋ࣛẮࡡࡻ࠹⌦ᛮⓏ࡚⣪ᬍࡼࡊ࠷࢞ࣛ ࢪࢹᩅࡡ᧞㆜ࡢࠉ ࡛࣬࣬࣬ࢆᑛᩐࡡெࠍ࡞ࡻࡖ࡙ࡊ࠾ㄖࡱࡿ࠾ࡖࡒࡊࠉ࠷ࡂࡗ࠾ࡡ࢞ ࣛࢪࢹᩅࡡ┷ᐁࢅโ㝀ࡌࡾࡒࡴ࡞ࡊ࠾⏕࠷ࡼࡿ࠾ࡖࡒࠊࠕPriestley[1797b], p.41-42. 3 Priestley[1815], p.189. 1 2 1 ࠷ࠉࣤࢡࣚࣤࢺᅗ⋜ࢅ။ୌࡡ㤫㛏࡛ࡌࡾࠊࡱࡒࠉᩅࠉྒྷ⚅ࠉᇮࡡ⫃నࢅ㡨Ꮼࡊࠉ ᵕࠍࣈࣞࢷࢪࢰࣤࢹࡡ୯࡚ࡵࡖ࡛ࡵ࣭࣏ࣞᩅఌ࡞㎾࠷ᏺὬ࡚࠵ࡾ4ࠊ ࡆࡡࡻ࠹ᏺὬࡡ㐢࠷ࡢெࡡ࢞ࣔࣛ࡞ኬࡀ┞㐢ࢅࡵࡒࡼࡊࡒࠊᙔࠉࣤࢡࣚࣤ ࢺᅗහ࡞ࡢࠉࣤࢡࣚࣤࢺᅗᩅఌ࡞ᒌࡈ࠷㟸ᅗᩅᚈࢅโ㝀ࡌࡾᵕࠍἪᚂ࠵ࡖࡒࠊࡆ ࡿࡼࡡἪᚂࡡโᏽࠉ᪃⾔ࡡ┘Ⓩࡢࠉ࣭࣏ࣞ࣬࢜ࢹࣛࢴࢠᩅᚈ࡛ཬనୌమㄵ⩽ࡡᤴ㝎࡚࠵ ࡖࡒ5ࠊࡐࡡ୯࡚ࡵࡖ࡛ࡵ᭯ྞἪᚂࡢࠉᐼᰕ࣬⮤మἪ࡚࠵ࡖࡒࠊᐼᰕἪ Test Act ࡛ࡢࠉ 1673 ᖳ࡞᪃⾔ࡈࡿࠉᅗᩅᚈ௧አࡡெ∸ප⫃࡞ᑯࡂࡆ࡛ࢅ⚏ḾࡊࡒἪᚂ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ⮤మἪ Corporation Act ࡛ࡢࠉ1661 ᖳ࡞᪃⾔ࡈࡿࠉᅗᩅఌ௧አࡡெ∸ᆀ᪁⮤మࡡᏻ⫃࡞ᑯࡂ ࡆ࡛ࢅ⚏ḾࡊࡒἪᚂ࡚࠵ࡽࠉࡆࡿࡼࡡἪᚂࡢࠉ1828 ᖳࡱ࡚⥌ᣚࡈࡿࡒࠊࡱࡒࠉᐼᰕἪࡢ㟸 ᅗᩅᚈ࢛ࢴࢠࢪࣆ࢚࣭ࢺࡷࢢࣤࣇࣛࢴࢩ࡛࠷ࡖࡒᅗ❟ኬᏕ࡞ථᏕࡌࡾࡆ࡛ࢅヾࡴ࠾ࡖ ࡒࠊࡐࡿࡹ࠻ࠉࣈ࣭ࣛࢪࢹࣛࡢࠉ㟸ᅗᩅᚈࡡ㧏➴ᩅ⫩ᶭ㛭࡚࠵ࡾ࢜ࢸ࣐࣭࡞㐅Ꮥࡊࠉ々 ᩐࡡ࢜ࢸ࣐࣭࡚ᩅ㠬ࢅ࡛ࡾࡆ࡛࡛ࡾࡡ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ᪁ࠉ࣭࣋ࣛࡢࠉࢢࣤࣇࣛࢴࢩࢅ༛ ᴏࡊࠉࡐࡡᚃࠉࡐࡡሔ࡚ᩅ㠬ࢅ࡛ࡾࡆ࡛࡛ࡾࡡ࡚࠵ࡾࠊࡆࡡࡻ࠹࡞ࣈ࣭ࣛࢪࢹ࡛ࣛ࣋ ࣭ࣛࡢࠉᏺᩅⓏ࡞ྜྷㄢࡌࡾሔ㟻ࡵ࠵ࡖࡒࠉᒌࡊ࡙࠷ࡒᏺὬࡷ⤊Ṍࡢࡱࡖࡒࡂ␏ࡖ࡙࠷ ࡒࠊ ᮇㄵࡡ┘Ⓩࡢࠉࡐࡡࡻ࠹⫴ᬊࢅᣚࡗெࡡᛦࡡྜྷ㈻ᛮ࠽ࡻࡦ␏㈻ᛮ࡞ࡗ࠷࡙⩻ᐳࡌ ࡾࡆ࡛࡚࠵ࡾࠊ㆗ㄵࡡᡥ⤾ࡀࡢ௧ୖࡡ㏳ࡽ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ➠㸧⟿࡞࠽࠷࡙ࡢࠉ୦⩽ࡡ࢞ࣛࢪࢹᩅ ᛦࡡ㢦జᛮࢅ᪺ࡼ࠾࡞ࡌࡾࠊ➠㸨⟿࠽ࡻࡦ➠㸩⟿ࡢࠉᨾ㈃࠽ࡻࡦᡜ᭯࡞ᑊࡊ࡙୦⩽ᣚ ࡖ࡙࠷ࡒᛦࢅ᪺ࡼ࠾࡞ࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡞ࡻࡽࠉ୦⩽ࡡ❟ሔࡡ㐢࠷ࢅ᪺☔ࡌࡾࠊ 㸧㸣♼ᏕⓏຉฺ⩇⩽ ♼ᏕⓏຉฺ⩇࡛ࡢࠉᖶ⚗ࢅቌ㐅ࡌࡾ⾔ິၻ࡚࠵ࡽࠉࡐࡡ㏣ᝇ࡚࠵ࡾ࡛ࡊ࡙ࠉᖶ⚗ ࢅቌ㐅ࡌࡾࡆ࡛⮤మࠉ♼ࡡၤ♟ࡷ♼ࡡណᛦ࡞ᚉ࠹ࡆ࡛࡚࠵ࡽࠉࡐࡿ࡞ࡻࡖ࡙᭩ኬࡡᖶ⚗ ᚋࡼࡿࡾ࡛࠷࠹⩻࠻᪁ࢅᣞࡌ6ࠊࡌࢂࡔࠉᏺᩅ㸝࢞ࣛࢪࢹᩅ㸞ಘ௭࡛ᖶ⚗ࢅᐠ࡞⤎ࡦ ࡗࡄࡒࡡ࡚࠵ࡖࡒࠊ⌟ᅹࡡ々㞟ຉฺ⩇ࡡమ⣌࡛␏ࡽࠉ♼ᏕⓏຉฺ⩇࡞࠽࠷࡙ࡢࠉ ࠔ᭩ኬኣᩐࡡ᭩ኬᖶ⚗ࠕࢅࡡࡻ࠹࡞㐡ᠺࡌࡾࡡ࠾࡛࠷࠹ࡆ࡛ၡ㢗࡚࠵ࡖࡒ7ࠊ♼ᏕⓏຉ ฺ⩇࡞㛭ࡌࡾ⾔◂✪ࡡ୯࡚ࠉࢪ࣭࢜ࣜࡡ◂✪ࡢ♟ြ࡞ᐣࡳࠊࢪ࣭࢜ࣜ࡞ࡻࡿࡣࠉࡆࡡ ⣌ㆍࡢࠉࣛࢲ࣭ࣔࢺ࣬࢜ࣤࣁ࣭ࣚࣤࢺ㸝Richard Cumberland, 1631̺1718㸞 ࠉࢩࣘࣤ࣬ࢣ 㸝John Gay, 1685̺1732㸞ࠉࣈ࣭ࣛࢪࢹࣛࠉ࣭࡛࣋ࣛὮࡿࡾຉฺ⩇ࡡఎ⤣ࢅᣞࡌࠊ 4 ࢞ࣛࢪࢹᩅࡡᏺὬࡡ┞㐢࡞ࡗ࠷࡙ࡢࠉඳᮄㆺᾬᏄ[2001]レ⣵࠾ࡗᖲ᪾࡞ㄵࡋ࡙࠷ࡾࠊ see Dickinson[1977], p.84㸝⩳ゼࠉ82 㡣㸞. 6 ᮿỄಆ⏠[1996]࡞࠽࠷࡙ࡵ㢦జࡊࡒᏽ⩇⾔ࢂࡿ࡙࠷ࡾ㸝48 㡣㸞 ࠊ 7 ࢬࣤ࡞ࡻࡿࡣࠉ⌟ࡡຉฺ⩇ࡢࠉ ࠔཉ⏍⩇ welfarismࠕ ࠉࠔຝ⏕ࡡ⥪ࠕࠉ ࠔ⤎ᯕ⩇ sonsequentialismࠕࡡࡗࡡᇱᮇⓏ᮪௲ࡡ⤄ࡲྙࢂࡎ࡚࠵ࡾ㸝Sen[1987], p.39. ⩳ゼ 66-67 㡣㸞ࠊ 5 2 ࢪ࣭࢜ࣜࡢࠉ ࠔධ⯙Ⓩᖶ⚗ࢅ⫩ࡳࡆ࡛ࠉ♼࡞ࡻࡖ࡙⚶ࡒࡔ࡞ㄚࡈࡿࡒ⩇ຸ࡚࠵ࡾࠕ࡛࠷ ࠹ࡆ࡛ࢅ࢜ࣤࣁ࣭ࣚࣤࢺ࠽ࡻࡦࢣ㏑࡙࠽ࡽࠉࡐࡡࡻ࠹⩻࠻ࡡࠔ18 ୠ⣎ᚃࡡࡵࡖ ࡛ࡵ㔔さ㜭⾠⩽ࠕ࡛ࡊ࡙ࣈ࣭ࣛࢪࢹ࡛࣭ࣛ࣋ࣛࢅన⨠ࡘࡄ࡙࠷ࡾ8ࠊ᪁ࠉ࣊ࣤࢦ࣑ࡡ ຉฺ⩇ࡢࠔୠಐⓏࠕࡌࢂࡔ㟸♼ᏕⓏຉฺ⩇࡛ࡊ࡙ࡆࡡఎ⤣࡛༇ืࡈࡿ࡙࠷ࡾ9ࠊ௧ୖࠉ ᮇ⟿࡚ࡢࣈ࣭ࣛࢪࢹ࡛࣭ࣛ࣋ࣛࡡ♼ᏕⓏຉฺ⩇మ⣌ࡡ㢦జᛮ࡞㆗ㄵࢅ㝀ᏽࡊࠉᙴࡼࡡ ♼ᏕⓏຉฺ⩇మ⣌ࡡᴣふࢅㄵࡋࡾࡆ࡛࡞ࡌࡾ10ࠊ 㸧㸣㸦 ࣈ࣭ࣛࢪࢹࣛ ࣈ࣭ࣛࢪࢹࣛࡢࠉெࢅយࡊࠉຐࡄࡾ࡛࠷࠹ெ㛣ࡡẴ㈻ࢅࠔ♣ఌⓏཋ⌦ࠕ࡛ぜࡊ࡙࠷ ࡾ11ࠊࡆࡡ♣ఌⓏཋ⌦ࡢࠉெࢅḗࡡࡗࡡ⾔ິཋ⌦࡛ᑙࡂࠊ ࠔ⮤↓ࡡක࡞ࡻࡿࡣࠉெ㛣⾔ິ࡞㛭ࡊ࡙ࡢࠉࡗࡡḿᙔ࠾ࡗ≺❟ࡊࡒཋ⌦௧୕ࡡࡵࡡ ࡢరࡵ࠷ࠊୌࡗࡢࠉ♼ࡡណᚷ࡞ᑊࡌࡾ᭱ᚉ࡚࠵ࡽࠉࡵ࠹ୌࡗࡢ⚶ࡒࡔࡡ⌟ᐁࡡᖶ⚗ ࡡ⩻៎࡚࠵ࡾࠊࡏࡼࠉ⩽ࡡᖶ⚗࡞ᑊࡌࡾ⩻៎࡚࠵ࡾืࡡぞ⠂ࡢࠉḿ☔࡞࠷ࡖ ࡙ࠉ♼ࡡណᚷࡡ⩻៎࡛ୌ⮬ࡊ࡙࠷ࡾࠊ⚶ࡒࡔ♼ࡡណᚷ࡞ࡗ࠷࡙▩ࡖ࡙࠷ࡾࡆ࡛ࡡ ࡌ࡙ࡢࠉ⮤↓ࡡක࡞ࡻࡿࡣࠉᙴࡡ⿍㏸∸ᖶࡎ࡞ࡾࡀ࡚࠵ࡽࠉࡐࡿࡹ࠻ࠉ࠽ப ࠷ࡡᖶ⚗࡞㈁⊡ࡌࡀ࡚࠵ࡾ࡛࠷࠹ᙴࡡ㢢᭻࡚࠵ࡾ12ࠊࠕ ࣈ࣭ࣛࢪࢹࣛࡢࡆࡿࡼࡡ⾔ິཋ⌦⾢✲ࡊ࠷࡛ࡵ⩻࠻࡙࠷ࡒࠊ ࠔࡏࡼࠉ⚶ࡒࡔࡢ♣ఌⓏᏋᅹ࡛ࡊ࡙షࡼࡿ࡙࠷ࡾࠊࡓ࠾ࡼࠉᙴࡆࡿࡼࡡវ ࢅ⫩࡙ࠉࡐࡡ⾔Ⅵࢅ㏛ཀྵࡊࡒ࡛ࡀࠉ࠵ࡼࡹࡾெࠍࡢ᭩ࡵຝᯕⓏ࡞ᙴ⮤㌗ࡡᖶ⚗ࢅ࠵ࡒ ࠻ࡾࡊࠉࡐࡿ࡛ྜྷ࡞᭩ࡵⴥࡊࡂᙴ⤎ࡦࡗ࠷࡙࠷ࡾࡆࡿࡼࡡ⚗ฺ࡞ᑙࡂ࠾ࡼ࡚࠵ࡾ 13ࠊ ࠕ Scarre[1995],p.60. ಕ⏛㢟[2005]㸝135̺137 㡣㸞࡞ࡻࡿࡣࠔ♼ᏕⓏຉฺ⩇࡛ࡢࠉ ࢣࠉࢰࢴ࣭࢜[㸝Abraham Tucker, 1705̺1774㸞]ࠉ࣭࣋ࣛࡼ࡞⾪ࡈࡿࡾิᙟឺ ࡡຉฺ⩇࡚࠵ࠕࡽࠉ ࠔᏺᩅⓏಘ௭ࢅ๑ᥞ࡛ࡊࡒຉฺㄕࠕࢅᣞࡌࠊࡐࡊ࡙ࠉࡐࡡ≁ᚡ࡛ࡊ࡙ ಕ⏛㢟ࡢ㸧ࡗࡡⅤࢅᙁㄢࡌࡾࠊࡌࢂࡔࠉ ࠔᙴࡼࠉరᚠ࡚࠵ࡾ࠾ࡡỬᏽ࡞㝷ࡊ࡙ࡢ ♼ࡡᶊጸ࡞ソ࠻࡙࠷ࡼࡵࠉࡐࡿ࡛ྜྷ࡞ࠉெ㛣ᮇᛮࢅฺᕤⓏࡵࡡ࡛ࡲࡊ࡙ࠕ࠷ࡾ ࡛࠷࠹ࡆ࡛ࠉ࠽ࡻࡦࠉ ࠔࠔୌ⯙ぞ์ࠕ࡛࠷࠹ࡵࡡ࡞Ἰ┘ࡊࠉࡐࡡណ⩇ࢅᙁㄢࡊ࡙࠷ࡾࡆ࡛࡚ ࠵ࡾࠊ ࣬࣬࣬ୌ⯙ぞ์ࢅ㔔っࡌࡾ࡛ࡢࠉ⾔Ⅵ࠾ࡼ⏍ࡍࡾࠔ⤎ᯕࠕࢅࠉୌᅂࡇ࡛ࡡืⓏ⾔ Ⅵ࡞༳ࡊ࡙ၡ㢗࡞ࡌࡾࡡ࡚ࡢࡂࠉୌ⯙Ⓩぞ์ࡡ㐺Ꮼ࡞༳ࡊ࡙ၡ㢗࡞ࡌࡾࠉ࡛࠷࠹ࡆ࡛ ࡚࠵ࡾࠊࠕ 9 ྜྷࡋࡻ࠹ᩒ⌦ࡢ Waterman[2004]࡞ࡵぜࡼࡿࡾࠉWaterman ࡢࠔ♼ᏕⓏຉฺ⩇⩽ࠕ ࡡⓇሔெ∸࡛ࡊ࡙࣭࣋ࣛ࡞ࡗ࠷࡙ࡡ⩻ᐳࡓࡄࢅ⾔ࡖ࡙࠽ࡽࠉࡐࡡ≁ᚡ࡛ࡊ࡙ࠉ♼ᏕⓏຉ ฺ⩇ࡢࠔࡐࡡḿᙔᛮࢅ⪯᭡ࡡ୯࡞Ⓠぜࡊࡒࠕ࡛ࡓࡄㄵࡋ࡙࠷ࡾ㸝p.6㸞 ࠊ 10 ♼ᏕⓏຉฺ⩇࡛ୠಐⓏຉฺ⩇㸝ࡐࡡ୯࡚ࡵ≁࡞࣭࡛࣋ࣛ࣊ࣤࢦ࣑㸞ࡡᑊ❟㛭౿࡞ ࡗ࠷࡙ࡢࠉCrimmins[1989]レࡊࡂㄵࡋ࡙࠷ࡾࠊ 11 Priestley[1772̺1774], p.43. 12 Priestley[1772̺1774], p.25. 13 Priestley[1772̺1774], p.27. 8 3 ெ㛣ࡢࠉ⮤ฦࡒࡔࢅᖶ⚗࡞ࡌࡾࡻ࠹࡞⾔ິࡊࡄࡿࡣࡼ࠷ࡡ࡚࠵ࡾࠊࡐࡡࡻ࠹⾔ິ ࡢ♼࠾ࡼࡵヾࡈࡿࡾཋ⌦࡚࠵ࡾࠊ ࣈ࣭ࣛࢪࢹࣛ࡞ࡻࡿࡣࠉ♼ࡢࠉࠔ⚶ࡒࡔࢅᖶ⚗࡞ࡌࡾࡒࡴ࡞⚶ࡒࡔࢅషࡖࡒࠕࡡ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ ࡓࠉࡐࡿࡢฺᕤⓏ࡞⮤ฦࡡᖶ⚗ࢅ㏛ịࡊࡒࡽࠉெࡡᖶ⚗ࢅ↋っࡊࡒࡽࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡚ࡢ ࠷ࠊ ࠔ♼ࡡၻᛮࡢࠉධ⯙Ⓩࡵࡡ࡚࠵ࡽࠉ೩ぜࡡ࠷ࡵࡡ࡚࠵ࡾࠊࡐࡡ⤎ᯕࠉᙴࡢ࠵ࡼࡹ ࡾெࡡᖶ⚗ࡻࡽࡵධమࡡᖶ⚗ࢅይࡳ࡞㐢࠷࠷ࠊࡓ࠾ࡼࠉெࡡᖶ⚗ࢅ≓∽࡞ࡊ࡙ࠉ ⚶ࡒࡔ⚶ࡒࡔࡡฺ─ࢅ⩻៎࡞ථࡿࡾࡆ࡛ࡢᙴࡡႌࡦ࡚࠵ࡾࡢࡍ࠷ࠊࡐࡿࡹ࠻ࠉ ฦ㞫ࡊࡒெ࡛ࡊ࡙࡚ࡢࡂࠉ♣ఌࡡᵋᠺဤ࡛ࡊ࡙⚶ࡒࡔࢅ⩻࠻ࡿࡣࠉ⚶ࡒࡔ⩻៎ ࡊࡄࡿࡣࡼ࠷ࡡ┘Ⓩࡢࠉධమ࡛ࡊ࡙ࡡࠉ⚶ࡒࡔࡡྜྷ⬂࠽ࡻࡦெ㢦ࡡ⦶ᰜ࡚࠵ ࡾ14ࠊ ࠕ ࣈ࣭ࣛࢪࢹࣛ࡞ࡻࡿࡣࠉ♼ࡡ㐠ᚠⓏ௦ࡢࠉධమࡡᖶ⚗ࢅಀ㐅ࡌࡾࡒࡴࡡຉฺ⩇Ⓩᣞ㔢 ࡛ࡊ࡙さ⣑ࡈࡿࡾࡆ࡛࡚ࡀࡾࡡ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ ࣈ࣭ࣛࢪࢹࣛࡢࠉ⌟ୠ࡛ᮮୠࡡᖶ⚗ࢅ᪺☔࡞༇ืࡊ࡙࠷ࡾࠊࣈ࣭ࣛࢪࢹࣛ࡞ࡻࡿࡣࠉ⌟ ୠ࡞࠽ࡄࡾ᭩୕ࡡࠔᖶ⚗ࠕࡢࠉ♼ࢅយࡌࡾᚨ࠽ࡻࡦ㝼ெយࠉࡌࢂࡔ᭩㧏ᗐࡡិយᚨࡡⓆ ᥱ࡛ࡊ࡙ᏽ⩇ࡈࡿࡾࠊࡐࡿࡢࠉ ࣏ࠖࢰ᭡ࠗ➠ 22 ❮ 37 ⟿ࠔᚨࢅࡗࡂࡊࠉ⢥♼ࢅࡗࡂࡊࠉ ᛦ࠷ࢅࡗࡂࡊ࡙ࠉࡾ࠵ࡒࡡ♼ࢅយࡎࡻࠕ࠽ࡻࡦ 39 ⟿ࠔ⮤ฦࢅយࡌࡾࡻ࠹࡞࠵ࡒ ࡡ㝼ெࢅយࡎࡻࠕࢅᘤ⏕ࡌࡾᙟ࡚ᏽ⩇ࡈࡿ࡙࠷ࡾࠊࡆࡡࡻ࠹ᖶ⚗ࢅࣈ࣭ࣛࢪࢹࣛࡢࠔࡵ ࡖ࡛ࡵᏰධᖶ⚗ࡡ≟ឺࠕ࡚࠵ࡾ࡛ㄵࡋࠉࡱࡒࠉ ࠔࡵࡖ࡛ࡵᙁᅖ࠾ࡗỄ⤾Ⓩᖶ⚗ࠕ࡚࠵ࡽࠉ ࡵࡖ࡛ࡵࠔᐁ⏕ᛮ practical usesࠕ࠵ࡽ15ࠉᐁ㝷࡞⏍Ὡࡌࡾ㝷ࡡࡌࡣࡼࡊ࠷ぞ⠂࡚࠵ࡾ࡛ ㄵࡋ࡙࠷ࡾࠊ ࠔࡆࡡᩅ⩇ࡢࠉ㟸ᖏ࡞ඁࡿࡒᐁ⏕ᛮࢅᣚࡔྙࢂࡎ࡙࠽ࡽࠉ├Ⓩ࡞ࡢࠉ⏍Ὡࡡ ኬぞ⠂࡛ᖶ⚗ࡡ㉫″ࢅᣞࡊ♟ࡌࡵࡡ࡚࠵ࡾ16ࠊ ࠕ ᪁ࠉࣈ࣭ࣛࢪࢹࣛࡢࠉ⌟ୠ࡛ࡢื࡞ࠉᮮୠ࡚㐡ᠺࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡚ࡀࡾᖶ⚗࡛ࡊ࡙ࠉ௧ୖ ࡡⅤࢅ⪯᭡࠾ࡼᘤࡀฝࡊ࡙࠷ࡾࠊࡌࢂࡔձఆ≟ឺࠉղ↋㝀࠾ࡗ⤧ᑊⓏᖶ⚗ࠉճᰜ කࡡ≟ឺ࡚࠵ࡾ17ࠊḿࡊ࠷⾔Ⅵࢅ㏳ࡊ࡙ࠉᚠࡡሒዜࢅᚋࡒெࠍࡓࡄ࡚࠵ࡽࠉᮮୠ࡞࠽࠷࡙ Priestley[1772̺1774], p.26̺27. Priestley[1787b], p.134-135, p.121. 16 Priestley[1787b], p.140. 17 Priestley [1772-1774], p.347-348. ᮮୠ࡚ࡡ≟ឺ࡞㛭ࡌࡾ⪯᭡࠾ࡼࡡᘤ⏕ࡢ௧ୖࡡ㏳ࡽ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ㸝௧ୖࠉᩝ❮හࠔ / ࠕࡢᨭ⾔ ࢅ♟ࡊ࡙࠷ࡾ㸞 ձ࡞࠵ࡖ࡙ṒṒெࡢᖶ࠷࡚࠵ࡾࠊࡊ࠾ࡽࠉᙴࡼࡢࡐࡡຘⱖࢅよ࠾ࡿ࡙ఆࡲࠉ ࡐࡡᚒᴏࡢᙴࡼ࡞ࡗ࠷࡙࠷ࡂ㸝ࠖࣙࣀࢾࡡ㯪♟㘋ࠗ➠ 14 ❮➠ 13 ⟿㸞ࠊ ղᙴࡼࡢࡵࡢࡷ㣒࠻ࡾࡆ࡛ࡂࠉῤࡂࡆ࡛ࡵ࠷ࠊኯ㝟ࡵⅎᬤࡵࠉᙴࡼࢅᾈࡌ ࡆ࡛࠷ࠊ/ ᚒᗑࡡḿ㟻࡞࠷ࡱࡌᏄ⨲ࡢࠉᙴࡼࡡ∶⩽࡛ࡖ࡙ࠉࡡỀࡡἠ࡞ᑙ࠷࡙ࡂ ࡓࡈࡾ࡚࠵ࢀ࠹ࠊࡱࡒ♼ࡢࠉᙴࡼࡡ┘࠾ࡼᾞࢅࡆ࡛ࡇ࡛ࡂࡃ࠷࡛ࡖ࡙ୖࡈࡾ࡚࠵ࢀ࠹㸝ྜྷ ୕ࠉ➠ 7 ❮➠ 16̺17 ⟿㸞ࠊ ࡱࡒᚒᗑ࠾ࡼኬࡀኇ྆ࡩࡡࢅ⪲࠷ࡒࠉ ࠔぜࡻࠉ♼ࡡᖞᒁெ࡛࡛ࡵ࡞࠵ࡽࠉ♼ 14 15 4 ኮᅗ Heaven ࡞ᑙᙴࠉࡆࡿࡼࡡᖶ⚗ࢅུࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡚ࡀࡾࠊ᪁ࠉḿࡊࡂ࠷㑟ᝇ⾔ Ⅵࢅ⾔ࡖ࡙ࡀࡒெࠍࡢࠉᝇᚠ࡛࠷࠹ฬ⨡ࢅུࡄࠉᆀ⊱ Hell ࡛ᑙᙴࠉࡆࡿࡼࡡᖶ⚗ࢅུ ࡌࡾࡆ࡛ࡢ࡚ࡀ࠷18ࠊࡈࡼ࡞ࠉࣈ࣭ࣛࢪࢹࣛࡢࠉ⌟ୠ࡚ࡡᖶ⚗࡞ᑙࡂḿࡊ࠷⾔Ⅵࡡ⤎ᯕ ⏍ࡋࡾᚠࠉᮮୠ࡞ࡐࡡࡱࡱᣚࡔ㉲ࡈࡿࡾࡵࡡ࡛⌦よࡊ࡙࠷ࡒࠊࡆࡡᮮୠࡡᖶ⚗࡞㛭ࡊ࡙ ࡢ⪯᭡࡚ࡊ࠾▩ࡾࡆ࡛ࡢ࡚ࡀ࠷ࡄࡿࡵࠉ⌟ୠ࡞࠽ࡄࡾᖶ⚗ࡢࠉ ࠔ⌦ᛮ࡛ふᐳ࡞ࡻࡽ☔ヾ ࡌࡾ19ࠕࡆ࡛࡚ࡀࡾࠊࡌࢂࡔࠉ♼ெ㛣࡞࠻ࡒ⌦ᛮࢅ⾔ࡊ࡙ࠉ♼షࡽฝࡊࡒ⮤ ↓Ἢࢅ☔ヾࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡞ࡻࡽࠉ⌟ୠ࡚㐡ᠺྊ⬗ᖶ⚗ࢅ⌦よࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡚ࡀࠉࡐࡡࡻ࠹ᖶ ⚗࡞㎾ࡘࡂࡆ࡛࡚ࡀࡾࡡ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ ࡆࡡࡻ࠹࡞ࠉࣈ࣭ࣛࢪࢹࣛࡢධᏫᏼិᝊ࠷ᦜ⌦࡞ࡻࡖ࡙⟮⌦ࡈࡿࡒㄢࡡ࡛ࡿࡒᵋ ㏸∸ࠉゕ࠷ᥦ࠻ࡿࡣ♼࡞ࡻࡽషࡽ୕ࡅࡼࡿࡒ㐠ᚠⓏ⛓ᗆᏋᅹࡌࡾᵋ㏸∸࡚࠵ࡾ࡛ヾㆉࡊ ࡙࠷ࡒࠊࡌࢂࡔࠉࡆࡡୠ⏲ࡢᶭⓏ⮤↓ࡡἪ์࡛ࠉ♼ெ㛣࡞࠻࡙࠷ࡾ㐠ᚠⓏἪ ์࡞ࡻࡖ࡙ᨥ㒼ࡈࡿ࡙࠷ࡾୠ⏲࡛ࡲࡊ࡙࠷ࡒࡡ࡚࠵ࡖࡒࠊࡱࡒࠉࡆࡿࡼࡡἪ์ࡢࠉិᝊ ࠷♼࡞ࡻࡽࠉࡌ࡙ࡡ⿍㏸∸ࡡᖶ⚗ࢅಀ㐅ࡌࡾࡒࡴ࡞ฝࡈࡿࠉࡐࡡἪ์ࢅヾㆉࡌࡾࡒ ࡴ࡞⌦ᛮࢅெ㛣ࡢ⾔ࡊࡄࡿࡣࡼࡍࠉࡐࡿ࡞ࡻࡽெ㛣ࡢᖶ⚗࡞㎾ࡘࡂࡆ࡛࡚ࡀࡾࡡ ࡚࠵ࡾ20ࠊࡐࡡࡻ࠹ெ㛣ࡡ⾔ິࢅ㏳ࡊ࡙ࠉࠔࡻࡽኬࡀᖶ⚗ a greater sum of happiness ࡻࡽኣᩐࡡெࠍa greater number21ࠕ࡞ࡵࡒࡼࡈࡿࡾࡓࢀ࠹࡛ࣈ࣭ࣛࢪࢹࣛࡢ⤎ㄵࢅୖ ࡊ࡙࠷ࡾࡡ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ 㸧㸣㸧 ࣭࣋ࣛ ௧୕ࡡࡻ࠹ࣈ࣭ࣛࢪࢹࣛࡡ㆗ㄵ࡛ྜྷࡋࡻ࠹࡞ࠉ࣭࣋ࣛࡵࡱࡒ࡞ࠖ㐠ᚠ࣬ᨳူᏕ ཋ⌦ࠗ࡞࠽࠷࡙♼ᏕⓏຉฺ⩇ㄵࢅᒈ㛜ࡊ࡙࠷ࡾࠊ ࠖ㐠ᚠ࣬ᨳူᏕཋ⌦ࠗࡢ㛏ᖳࠉࢢࣤࣇ ࣛࢴࢩኬᏕ࡚㐠ᚠူᏕࡡᩅ⛁᭡࡛ࡊ࡙⏕࠷ࡼࡿ࡙࠷ࡒࡆ࡛࡚ࡻࡂ▩ࡼࡿ࡙࠷ࡾ22ࠊ ெ࡛භ࡞࠵ࡽࠉ♼ெ࡛භ࡞పࡲࠉெࡢ♼ࡡẰ࡛ࡽࠉ♼⮤ࡼெ࡛භ࡞࠷ࡱࡊ࡙ࠉ/ ெ ࡡ┘࠾ࡼᾞࢅࡌ࡙ࡃ࠷࡛ࡖ࡙ୖࡈࡾࠊࡵࡢࡷࠉṒࡵࡂࠉᝊࡊࡲࡵࠉ྆ࡦࡵࡲࡵ ࠷ࠊࡡࡵࡡࠉࡌ࡚࡞㐛ࡁཡࡖࡒ࠾ࡼ࡚࠵ࡾࠕ㸝ྜྷ୕ࠉ➠ 21 ❮➠㸨㸢㸩⟿㸞ࠊ ճኣࡂࡡ⩽ᆀࡡሶࡡ୯ࡡ┸ࡽ࠾ࡼ┘てࡴࡾࠊ࠵ࡾ⩽ࡢỄ㐪ࡡ⏍࡞ථࡽࠉ/ ࠵ ࡾ⩽ࡢỄ㐪࡞⤾ࡂ᜕࡛៦ᝇࡡⓏ࡛ࡾࠊ┘てࡴࡒெࠍࡢኬ✭ࡡ✭ࡡࡻ࠹࡞㍜ࡀ/ ኣࡂࡡ⩽ ࡡᨾ࠷࡛ࡖࡒெࠍࡢࠉ/ ࡛ࡆࡊ࠻࡞࡛᫅㍜ࡂ㸝ࠖࢱࢼ࢙ࣜ᭡ࠗ➠ 12 ⟿➠㸧̺3 ❮㸞ࠊ ࡐࡡ࡛ࡀḿࡊ࠷ெࠍࡢࠉࡐࡡ∏ࡡᅗ࡚ኯ㝟ࡡࡻ࠹࡞㍜ࡂ㸝࣏ࠖࢰ᭡ࠗ➠ 13 ❮➠ 43 ⟿㸞ࠊ 18 Priestley[1772-1774],p.28, p.348. 19 Priestley[1787b], p.142. 20 also see Canovan[1984]. 21 Priestley[1772-1774], p.18. 22 ࠖ㐠ᚠ࣬ᨳူᏕཋ⌦ࠗࡢࠉ㸫⥽ 88 ❮࠾ࡼࡾኬⴥ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ௧ୖࠉ⥽ืᵋᠺࢅาᣪࡊ ࡙࠽ࡂࠊ㸝ᶣᮇẒⓇᚷ[1989]ࢅཤ↯ࡊࡒ㸞 ➠ୌ⥽ࠔങⓏ⩻ᐳࠕἪࠉ⌦࡞㛭ࡌࡾ㸬❮ࠊ 5 ࣭࣋ࣛ࡞ࡻࡿࡣࠉ ࠔ⮤↓ࡡකࠕ࡞ᑙ࠾ࡿࡾ♼ࡡណᛦࡢࠉࠔධమⓏᖶ⚗ࢅಀ㐅࠷ࡊ΅ ᑛࡈࡎࡾ⾔Ⅵࡡലྡྷࠕࢅ᥀ịࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡞ࡻࡽࠉ⌦よࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡚ࡀࡾࡻ࠹࡞ࡾࠊࡐࡡ◂ ✪࡞ࡻࡽࠔධ⬗ࡡ♼ God Almighty ᙴࡡ⿍㏸∸ࡡᖶ⚗ࢅ᭻ࡲࠉ㢢࠷ࠉ⤎ᯕⓏ࡞ࠉࡐࡡ᭻ ࡲࡷ㢢࠷ࢅಀ㐅ࡌࡾ⾔Ⅵ♼࡞ୌ⮬ࡌࡾ࡞㐢࠷࠷࡛☔ಘࡌࡾࡻ࠹࡞ྡྷࡄࡈࡎ࡙࠷ࡾࠊࡐ ࡡཬᑊࡵࡊ࠾ࡽ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ ࣬࣬࣬ࡆࡡ☔ಘࡢ⚶ࡒࡔࡡධ࡙ࡡโᗐࡡᇱ┑࡚࠵ࡾ23ࠕ࡛࣭࣋ࣛ ࡢ⤎ㄵࢅୖࡊ࡙࠷ࡾࠊ ࣭࣋ࣛࡢࡐࡡᘿࡡ⤊㥺⩇Ⓩッᣈࢅࠉ ࠔ♼ࡡិយᚨࠕ࡛࠷࠹⟿࡚レ⣵࠾ࡗᢀึⓏ࡞ ㄵࡋ࡙࠷ࡾࠊ ࠔⱖ࡛Ẵࢅᘤࡀ㉫ࡆࡌࡻ࠹࡞ណᅒࡈࡿ࡙࠷ࡾ⤄⧂మࡡโᗐࢅࡱ࡚ࠉよ๕Ꮥ⩽ࡢ ぜࡗࡄࡼࡿ࠾ࡖࡒࠊࡱ࡚ࡐࡿࡢࠉ⫏మࡡୌ㒂ࢅㄕ᪺ࡌࡾ࡛ࡀ࡞ㄵࡋࡼࡿࡒࠊࡆࡿ ࡢ࠷ࡼࡓࡔࡷ⃥៵ࢅᘤࡀ㉫ࡆࡌࠉࡆࡡ⟮ duct ࡢ⭀⮒ᑺ▹ࢅ㐘ࢆ࡚࠷ࡾࠉ ࡆࡡ⭚ gland ࡢ㢴ࢅᘤࡀ㉫ࡆࡌ⬾ humour ࢅฦἢࡊ࡙࠷ࡾࠉ࡚࠵ࡾࠊࡵࡊഃ↓࡞ࠉᙴ⏕㏭ ࢅ▩ࡼ࠷ୌ㒂ࢅ⌦よࡌࡿࡣࠉࡐࡿᙲ❟ࡒ࠷࡛ᙴࡢ࠷࠹ࡆ࡛࡚ࡀࡾࡓࢀ࠹ࠊ ౼ࢅ⏍ࡋࡈࡎ࡙࠷ࡾࡆ࡛ࡷࠉᝆࡱࡎ࡙࠷ࡾࡆ࡛ࠉᅏࡼࡎ࡙࠷ࡾࡆ࡛ࡐࡆ࡞࠵ࡾ࡛࠷ ࠹ࡆ࡛ࢅࡱ࡚ㄙࡵࢂ࠾ࡖࡒ24ࠊࠕ ♼ୠ⏲࡞షࡽฝࡊࡒࡐࡿࡑࡿࡡ᤻ࡄࡢࠉ⿍㏸∸ࢅഭࡗࡄࡾࡒࡴ࡞షࡽฝࡈࡿࡒࡵࡡ࡚ ࡢ࠷ࠊ୕࡚ࡡ࣭࣋ࣛࡡ㆗ㄵࡢࠔྫྷᏽ negativeࠕ๑ᥞ࡛ࡊ࡙࠵ࡖࡒ25ࠊࡌࢂࡔࠉᝇ ࡐࡡࡵࡡࡢ♼షࡽฝࡊࡒ┘Ⓩ࡚ࡢࡂࠉධ࡙ࡡ⮤↓⌟㇗ࡢࠉ⿍㏸∸ࡡᖶ⚗ࢅಀ㐅ࡌࡾࡒ ࡴ࡞᭯⏕┘Ⓩࢅᣚࡖ࡙࠷ࡾ࡛࠷࠹ࡆ࡛ࡐࡡࠔྫྷᏽࠕࡡ⫴ᬊ࡞ࡢ࠵ࡖࡒࡡ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ࣋ ࣭ࣛࡢࠉධ࡙ࡡ∸ࢅషࡽฝࡊࡒ♼ិᝊ࠷Ꮛᅹ࡚࠵ࡾ࡛ぜࡊ࡙࠷ࡒࠊࡓ࠾ࡼࠉࡆࡡ ࡻ࠹࡞ᘿࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡚ࡀࡒࠊ ࣭࣋ࣛࡢ㐠ᚠⓏᚠࢅࠔ♼ࡡណᛦ࡞ᚉ࠷ࠉỄ⤾Ⓩᖶ⚗ࡡࡒࡴ࡞ࠉெ㢦࡞࡛ࡖ࡙Ⰳ࠷ࡆ ࡛ࢅࡌࡾࡆ࡛ࠕ࡛ᏽ⩇ࡊ࡙࠷ࡾࠊࡐࡡᏽ⩇ࡢࠉ㐠ᚠⓏ⏍Ὡࡡ㢗㸝ࠔெ㢦ࡡၻࠕ㸞 ࠉぞ์㸝ࠔ♼ ➠⥽ࠔ㐠ᚠⓏ⩇ຸࠕዉ⣑ࠉᶊฺ࡞㛭ࡌࡾ 11 ❮ࠊ ➠⥽ࠔ┞㛭Ⓩ⩇ຸࠕ ➠ୌ㒂ࠔ☔ᏽⓏ┞㛭Ⓩ⩇ຸࠕ⚶᭯㈀⏐ᶊࠉຘ഼ዉ⣑ࠉ⣑ࠉ㐿ゕ࡞㛭ࡌࡾ 23 ❮ ➠㒂ࠔᮅ☔ᏽ┞㛭Ⓩ⩇ຸ࡛ࡐࡡ㐢ཬ࡞ࡗ࠷࡙ࠕொយࠉᛛࡽࠉᚗㆮࠉ⾉⤣ࠉソ ギࠉវㅨࠉ୯ഭ࡞㛭ࡌࡾ 12 ❮ࠊ ➠㒂ࠔ⤎፡โᗐ࡞⏜ᮮࡌࡾ┞㛭Ⓩ⩇ຸ࠽ࡻࡦࡐࡡ㐢ཬ࡞ࡗ࠷࡙ࠕ⤎፡โᗐࠉጩ ㏳ࠉㄇᝠࠉ㎾ば┞ጩࠉ㔔፡ࠉ㞫፡ࠉばࡡ⩇ຸ࡛ᶊฺࠉᏄࡡ⩇ຸ࡞㛭 ࡌࡾ 11 ❮ࠊ ➠ᄿ⥽ࠔ⮤ᕤ࡞ᑊࡌࡾ⩇ຸࠕ⮤ᕤ㜭⾠ࠉ㣟㒿ࠉ⮤ṽ࡞㛭ࡌࡾ㸨❮ࠊ ➠⥽ࠔ♼࡞ᑊࡌࡾ⩇ຸࠕ♫ࡽࠉ♡ᣇࠉ⪯࡞㛭ࡌࡾ㸮❮ࠊ ➠ඵ⥽ࠔᨳᏕᴣㄵࠕᨳᗋࠉᨳᙟឺࠉ⤊ῥࠉ❟ἪࠉྒྷἪࠉ㌱㝪࡞㛭ࡌࡾ 12 ❮ࠊ 23 Paley[1785], p.39. 24 Paley[1785], p.41. 25 LeMahieu[1976], p.122. 6 ࡡណᚷࠕ㸞࠽ࡻࡦິᶭ㸝ࠔỄ⤾Ⓩᖶ⚗ࠕ 㸞ࢅໜྱࡊ࡙࠷ࡒࠊࡐࡡ୯࡚ࡵ࣭࣋ࣛࡢࠉ ࠔᖶ⚗ࠕ ࡞ᑊࡊ࡙ࡻࡽཚᐠᏽ⩇ࢅࡄຊ࠻࡙࠷ࡾࠊ ࣭࣋ࣛࡢࠉᖶ⚗ࢅᄿࡗࡡ༟ㄊ࡚ᏽ⩇ࡊࡒࠊ➠ୌࡢࠉெ㛣ࡡិយᚨࡡふᛍࢅᚪさ࡛ࡌࡾ ࠔ⮫⚗ felicityࠕ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ➠࡞ࠉ⏍Ὡࡡ㔔さ┘Ⓩࢅ㏛ịࡊࠉධ࡙ࡡெࠍࡐࡡ┘Ⓩ࡞ᑊ ࡊ࡙Ὡງ࡛⬗ງࢅᤕࡅࡾࡆ࡛࡚࠵ࡾࠊ࣭࣋ࣛ࡞ࡻࡿࡣࠉெࡢ⏍Ὡࡌࡾ୕࡚ࠍெࠉ≁ื ర࠾ࢅࡵࡒࡄࡿࡣࡼ࠷ࠊ࣭࣋ࣛࠔ⪇࠻ࡼࡿ࠷⢥♼ࡡᅹࠕࢅ᎒ࡖ࡙࠷ࡒࡆ ࡛࠾ࡼࡵࡐࡡࡆ࡛ࡢ┫ཱིࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡚ࡀࡾࠊࡆࡆ࠾ࡼ࣭࣋ࣛࡡᖶ⚗ࡡ➠ࡡᏽ⩇࡚࠵ࡾ ࠔ⩞ៈࡡฦื࠵ࡾᵋᠺࠕᑙࡀฝࡈࡿࡾࠊ┘ᵾ࡞㐡ࡊࡒ࡛ࡀெࠍࡢࠉᵕࠍᴞࡡࡒࡴ࡞ ࠍࡡᏽࢅἸណࡂㄢᩒࡌࡾࡓࢀ࠹ࠊ ࠔࡐࡡฺⅤࡢࠉ⩞ៈ࡛࡛ࡵ࡞࠵ࡽࠉࡐࡡ⩞ៈࡢࠉࡐ ࡿ࠾ࡼࡡ㐋⬲࡛࠷࠹Ⅴ࡚ᨲ⦢ࢅᐖヾࡌࡾ26ࠊࠕࡊ࠾ࡊࡼࠉᗛ࡚ࡄࡿࡣࡐࡡ┘Ⓩ࡞㐡 ࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡚ࡀ࠷ࠊࡐࡿࡹ࠻࡞࣭࣋ࣛࡢ➠ᄿࡡᏽ⩇࡛ࡊ࡙ᗛ࡚࠵ࡾࡆ࡛࡛ࡊࡒࠊ ࡆࡡࡻ࠹࡞ࠉᖶ⚗ࡢࠉ⮤ࡼ㐅ࢆ࡚ࠉ⮤ᕤᐁ⌟ࡌࡾ࡛࠷࠹ᇱ‵࡞ࡻࡖ࡙⏍Ὡࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡞ᮇ ㈻࠵ࡾࠊࠍெࡢࠉ⮤ฦࠔ㊂ࢅᚋࡾࡆ࡛࡚ࡀࡾ⣑27ࠕࢅ㐽ᢝࡌࡾ㈈௴ࢅㇿࡖ࡙ ࠷ࡾࡡ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ ࠔࡆࡿ࡞ࡢࡗࡡࡆ࡛ࢅᚪさ࡛ࡌࡾࠊࡗࡱࡽࠉ┘Ⓩࡡ㐽ᢝ࡞࠽࠷࡙⚶ࡒࡔࡡᶭఌ࡞㐲 ࣬ ࣬ ᚺࡈࡿࡾึ࡛᩷ࠉࡐࡡึ᩷┘Ⓩࡡ㐽ᢝࢅ⾔ࡖࡒ࡛ࡀࠉᛄᴞࢅᡥṹ ࡛ንᐖࡈࡎࡾࡆ ࡛࡚ࡀࡾࡻ࠹ാງࡡ⾔࡚࠵ࡾࠊࡐࡡᚃࠉ┘Ⓩࡢ⚶ࡒࡔ㐡ᠺࡌࡿࡣࡌࡃ࡞ᚸ ࡿࡼࡿࡾ࡚࠵ࢀ࠹28ࠊࠕ ♼ࡢ⮤↓⌟㇗ࢅ≁ื┘Ⓩ࡛࡛ࡵ࡞షࡽ୕ࡅࡒࠊࡊ࠾ࡊࡼࠉࠍெࡢࠉ⏍Ὡࡌࡾ୯࡚ ⮤ฦࡌࡀࡆ࡛ࢅ㐽ᢝࡌࡾ㈈௴ࢅㇿࡖ࡙࠷ࡾࠊ♼ふᐳྊ⬗࣒࢜ࢼࢫ࣑࡛⮤↓ࢅ ንᐖࡈࡎࡒࡡ࡛ྜྷࡋࡻ࠹࡞ࠉࠍெࡢ⮤ࡼࡡᡧ⬗࡛㝀⏲ࢅぜᴗࡴࠉ⮤ฦࡡ㐽ᢝࡊࡒ┘Ⓩࢅ 㐡ᠺࡌࡾ㈈௴ࢅㇿࡖ࡙࠷ࡒࡡ࡚࠵ࡖࡒ29ࠊ ࣭࣋ࣛ࡞ࡻࡿࡣࠉ࢞ࣛࢪࢹᩅࡢࠔᙴࡡ┘ࡡ๑࡞᭩㧏ࡡ㔔さᛮࢅࡵࡗᑊ㇗ࢅỄ⤾Ⓩ࡞ᣚ ࡖ࡙࠷ࡾࠊ࣬࣬࣬ࡐࡡ㏛ịࡢࠉ 㸝ࡐࡡࡡ㏛ịࡢࡐࡡࡻ࠹࡞ゕࢂࡿ࠷㸞ᙴࡡெ⏍ࡡ᭩ᚃ 26 27 Paley[1785], p.22. ࣭࣋ࣛࡢᖶ⚗ࢅᏽ⩇ࡌࡾ㝷ࠉ ࠔ⣑ engagementࠕࡡᴣᛍࢅᙁㄢࡊ࡙࠷ࡾࠊ ࠔ⣑ࠕࡡ ᴣᛍࡢᵕࠍ࡛ࡆࢀ࡚ᣚࡔฝࡈࡿࡾࠊ ࠔெ㛣ࡡ㊂ࡡኬཋ⌦ࡢ⣑࡚࠵ࡾࠊࠕ㸝c.w. 5:349㸞 ࠔࠉࡆ࡚࣬࣬⏍Ὡࡡ㊂ᑛࡊ࡚ࡵ࠵ࡾࡡ࠾ࠊெ㛣ᮇᛮࢅふᐳࡊ࡙࠷ࡾெࠍࡢࡵ ࡖ࡛ࡵཚᐠ࡞࠵ࡾኇ࡛࡛ࡵ࡞࠵ࡒ࡞ゕ࠹ࡓࢀ࠹ࠊࡐࡿࡢࠉ㐘ິ࡛ఆࡡ㏻⤾ࠉరࡼ ࠾ࡡ㏛ị࡞࠽࠷࡙ࡐࡿࡼ࡞㛭ᚨࢅᣚࡗ⚶ࡒࡔࡡ⬗ງࡡ㦭ᢙࡽࠉࡐࡊ࡙ࠉࡐࡡࡻ࠹㦭 ᢙࡽࡡᚃࡡࡆࡿࡼࡡ⬗ງࡡཬᚺ࡞ࡐࡡᮇ㈻࠵ࡾࠊࠕ㸝c.w. 7:132㸞 28 29 Paley[1785], p.21. LeMahieu[1976], p.119-120. 7 ࡱ࡚⤽⤾ࡌࡾ30ࠊࠕࡐࡿࡢ⌟ୠࡓࡄ࡞࡛ࡱࡼࡍࠉᮮୠ࡞ࡵᐠ࡞㛭౿ࡊ࡙࠷ࡒࠊࠔࡈࡼ࡞ ࡐࡡỄ⤾Ⓩ↋୕ࡡᖶ⚗ bliss ࡢࠉᚽᐁᨥᣚ⩽ࠉ᚜ዼን࡞ࡵ࠾࠾ࢂࡼࡍࠉᛄᴞࢅ ⏻ࡴࠉቌኬࡌࡾ᭩Ⰳࡡ᭻ࡲࢅ࠻ࡾࡻ࠹ಕッࠕࡌࡾࡆ࡛ࢅ࣭࣋ࣛࡢណᅒࡊ࡙࠷ࡒࡡ࡚࠵ ࡾ31ࠊ 㐠ᚠⓏᚠࡡᏽ⩇࠾ࡼࡵ᪺ࡼ࠾ࡻ࠹࡞ࠉ࣭࣋ࣛ࡞࡛ࡖ࡙ࠉฺᕤᚨ࡛♣ఌࡢ⾢✲ࡌࡾࡻ ࡽࡵࡳࡊࢀୌ⮬ࡊࡒࠊெࡢࠉᮮୠ࡚ࡡኮᅗ࡞࠽ࡄࡾᖶ⚗ࢅ㐡ᠺࡊࠉᆀ⊱ࡡⱖ㞬ࢅ㑂ࡄࡾ࡛ ࠷࠹ฺᕤⓏ┘Ⓩࡡࡒࡴ࡞ࠉ⤎ᯕⓏ࡞⌟ୠ࡚භ㏳ၻࢅᐁ⌟ࡊࡻ࠹࡛㟸ฺᕤⓏ࡞㈁⊡ࡌࡾࡡ ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ♼ᏕⓏᯗ⤄ࡲࡡ୯࡚ெࠍࠔ᭩ኬኣᩐࡡ᭩ኬᖶ⚗ࠕࢅ㐡ᠺࡌࡾࡆ࡛࣭࣋ࣛ ࡡណᅒࡊࡒࡆ࡛࡚࠵ࡖࡒࠊࡊࡒࡖ࡙ࠉ࣭࣋ࣛࡢࠉᚃ࡞♼ᏕⓏຉฺ⩇⩽࡛ࡣࡿࡒࡡ ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ 㸨㸣ᨾ㈃ᛦ ࣭࡛࣋ࣛࣈ࣭ࣛࢪࢹࣛࡡ୦⩽ࡢࠉ♼ᏕⓏຉฺ⩇࡛࠷࠹භ㏳ࡌࡾᛦⓏᇱ┑ࢅࡵࡔ ࡼࡵࠉ⌟ᐁࡡᨳ➿ㄚ㢗࡞├㟻ࡊࡒ࡛ࡀࠉᙴࡼࡡ❟ሔࡢ㟸ᖏ࡞␏ࡾࠊୌ⯙Ⓩ࡞ࠉ࣋ࣛ ࣭ࡢಕᏬ⩇⩽࡛ࡲࡈࡿࠉࣈ࣭ࣛࢪࢹࣛࡢ᛬㐅⩇⩽࡛ࡲࡈࡿ࡙࠷ࡾ࡛࠷࠹ᐁࡐ ࡡࡆ࡛ࢅ㢟ⴥ࡞⌟ࡊ࡙࠷ࡾࠊࡐࡿ㟸ᖏ࡞㝷❟ࡖࡒᙟ࡚ጶࢅ⾪ࡌࡡࡢࠉᙴࡼࡡᨾ㈃Ἢ࡞ᑊ ࡌࡾ㆗ㄵ࡞࠽࠷࡙࡚࠵ࡾࠊ ᨾ㈃Ἢࡡ㆗ㄵࡢ࢙ࣛࢧ࣊ࢪ 1 ୠࡡ࡞ࡱ࡚ࡈ࠾ࡡࡾࠊ1601 ᖳࡡ࢙ࣛࢧ࣊ࢪᨾ㈃Ἢ ᱄ࡢࠉᴏ⩽ࡡ㞘⏕ࠉᏄࡵ࡞ᑊࡌࡾᩅ⫩ࠉᘽெࠍ࡞ᑊࡌࡾᨾῥ࡛ຘ഼ྊ⬗࡚࠵ࡾ ࡞ࡵ㛭ࢂࡼࡍ഼࠾࠷ெࠍ࡞ᑊࡌࡾᠤ⨡ࢅᥞ၌ࡊ࡙࠷ࡒࠊࡊ࠾ࡊࡼࠉ⋜ࡡᶊጸࡡ ⴘࠉᩅ༇࡞ࡻࡾ㈃ẰᨾῥࡡᨲᲘ 17 ୠ⣎ࢅ㏳ࡊ࡙࠽ࡆࡖࡒࠊࡐࡆ࡚ࠉ1722 ᖳ࡞ᨾ㈃Ἢ Ἢ᱄ࡈࡿࡒࠊࡐࡡᨾ㈃Ἢࡢࠉᩅ༇ࡡ࣭࣠ࢠࣀࢪᘋス࠽ࡻࡦ㈃Ằ࣭࣠ࢠࣀࢪ࡞ථࡾ ࡆ࡛ࢅᢼࢆࡓሔྙ࡞ࡢᨾῥࢅࡌࡾᚪさ࠷ࡆ࡛ࢅᐖヾࡊࡒࠉᩅ༇ࡢ࣭࣠ࢠࣀࢪᘋス ࢅᨲᲘࡊࠉ㈃Ằᨾῥࡢ࠽ࡉࡽ࡞ࡖࡒࠊࡐࡡࡻ࠹⫴ᬊࡡୖࠉ18 ୠ⣎ᚃ༖ࡡᑚࣅࢴࢹࡡ ࡞ࡢ㈃Ằࢅᨾῥࡌࡾࡒࡴ࡞ᵕࠍᥞ᱄ࡈࡿࡒ32ࠊ ࡱࡒࠉῳ᭫ົ⩇࡞ࡻࡿࡣࠉ ࠔ18 ୠ⣎ᚃ༖࠾ࡼ 19 ୠ⣎๑༖࡞࠾ࡄ࡙⏐ᴏ㠁ࡡ㐅ᒈ࡛࡛ࡵ ࡞ᐣࡡ᛬⃥ቌຊ࠵ࡖࡒࠊ ࠕᐣࡡ᛬⃥ቌຊࡢࠉࡐࡡୌ᪁࡚ࠉᅏ❋ࡡቌຊࢅࡵࡒࡼࡊࠉᨾ ㈃⛧ࡡቌኬࢅࡵࡒࡼࡊࡒࠊࡐࡡ୯࡚ࡵ≁࡞࣭ࣛ࢜ࢺ࡛࣏ࣜࢦࢪࡢࠉ ࠔᨾ㈃⛧ࡡ᛬ቌࢅ⫴ᬊ ࡛ࡊ࡙ྜྷ࡞ᅏ❋ࡡၡ㢗ࢅཱིࡽ୕ࡅࠉよỬ➿ࢅ㏛ཀྵࡊࡒࠕெ∸࡛ࡊ࡙ࡻࡂཱིࡽ୕ࡅࡼࡿࡾࠊ ࡻࡂ▩ࡼࡿ࡙࠷ࡾࡻ࠹࡞࣭ࣛ࢜ࢺ࡛࣏ࣜࢦࢪࡢᨾ㈃Ἢࡡᗣࢅㄵࡋࡒࠊᑊ↯Ⓩ࡞࣋ࣛ 30 31 32 Paley[1785], p.21. LeMahieu[1976], p.120. see Cowherd[1977], p.1-2. 8 ࣭ࡢᨾ㈃Ἢࡡ᧞㆜ㄵࢅᒈ㛜ࡊ࡙࠷ࡒ 33ࠊࡆࡡࡻ࠹࡞ᨾ㈃Ἢ࡞ᑊࡌࡾࠍெࡡ㆗ㄵࡡ⫴ᬊ࡞ ࡢࠉិၻ࡞ᑊࡌࡾ⩻࠻ࡡ┞㐢࠵ࡖࡒࠊᮇ⟿࡚ࡢࠉ࣭࡛࣋ࣛࣈ࣭ࣛࢪࢹࣛࡡិၻふ࠽ࡻ ࡦࡐࡆ࠾ࡼᘤࡀฝࡈࡿࡾᨾ㈃Ἢ࡞ᑊࡌࡾឺᗐࢅ᪺ࡼ࠾࡞ࡌࡾࠊ 㸨㸣㸦 ࣈ࣭ࣛࢪࢹࣛ ࣈ࣭ࣛࢪࢹࣛࡢᨾ㈃⛧࡞ᑊࡊ࡙ᙁງ࡞ᢀึࡊࡒࠊࡏࡼࠉᐣ⩽࡞ᑊࡊ࡙ᨾ㈃⛧ࢅᨥᡮ ࠹ࡻ࠹⩇ຸࡄࡾࡆ࡛ࡢࠉெࡡិၻ⾔Ⅵࢅጄࡅࡾࡆ࡛࡞ࡾ࠾ࡼ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ ࠔ㈃ẰපⓏຐࢅᚋࡾᶊฺࢅཱིᚋࡌࡾࡻ࠹࡞ࡖࡒ࡛ࡀࠉ㈃Ằࡐࡿࡱ࡚⏍ゝࢅ❟ ࡙࡙࠷ࡒិၻࡢࠉࡐࡿ௧ᚃᤴᩲࡈࡿࡒࠊࡐࡿ࡞ࡻࡽࠉ⮤ࡼࡡᡜ᭯ࢅᣚࡔฝࡊ࡙᪃ࡊࢅ ⾔࠹ெ࠷ࡂࡖࡒ34ࠊࠕ ࣈ࣭ࣛࢪࢹࣛࡢࠉெࡡិၻ⾔Ⅵࡢ࠻ࡾ⩽࡛࠻ࡼࡿࡾ⩽୦⩽ࡡ㐠ᚠⓏᨭⰃࢅಀࡌຝᯕ ࠵ࡽࠉࡆࡿࡓࡄ㈃Ằᨾῥࡡ။ୌセࡈࡿࡾ᪁Ἢࡓ࡛⩻࠻࡙࠷ࡒࠊᨾ㈃⛧࡞ᇱࡘࡂᨳᗋ࡞ ࡻࡾ↋โ㝀ᥴຐࡢࠉ㈃Ằࢅ↋ᛦ៎࡞ࡊࠉ㉍Ἁࢅዜທࡊࠉ௺ᴏᚨ࡛⮤ຐࢅጄࡅࡾࡆ࡛࡞ ࡾࠊ㈃Ằࡢ᭩⤂Ⓩ࡞⌟ᅹࡡࡆ࡛࡞ࡊ࠾⮾ࢅ♟ࡈࡂࡾࡡ࡚ࠉ㔕⊿ࡻࡽࡵ࠷≟ឺ࡞㝏 ࡖ࡙ࡊࡱ࠹35ࠊ ࠔࡵࡊࠉ㈃ᅏࡡ≟ឺ࡞࠵ࡾ࠵ࡼࡹࡾெࠍࠉࡡࡻ࠹ᡥṹ࡞ࡻࡖ࡙ࡵࠉ⏍Ꮛࡡࡒࡴ ࡞ᬉ㏳ࡡ࠻ࢅᣚࡗ࡛࠷࠹さịヾࡴࡼࡿࡿࡣࠉ༟ࡾ⏍Ꮛᡥṹ௧୕ࡡ࠵ࡼࡹࡾࡵࡡ ࡞⮾ࢅᣚࡖ࡙࠷࠷࡛ࢆࡡெ㹐ࡡ≟Ἓ㹒ࡢࠉ↋ᛦ៎࡞ࡾ࡚࠵ࢀ࠹ࠊ࡛࠷࠹ࡡ ࡢࠉᙴࡼࡢࠉἪᚂᙴࡼࡡࡒࡴ࡞⾔࠹‵ങ࡞ࡻࡽࠉ☔࠾㈀″ࢅᣚࡖ࡙࠷ࡾ࡛▩ࡾࡻ ࠹࡞ࡾࡡ࡚ࠉࡵࡖ࡛ࡵ㐛ᗐ᪁Ἢ࡚ᡥ࡞ථࡿࡾࡆ࡛࡚ࡀࡾ࠵ࡼࡹࡾࡵࡡ࡞㔘ࢅ㈕ ࡷࡌ࠾ࡼ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ㈃Ằ࡞ᑊࡊ࡙ࡈࡿࡾ‵ങኬࡀࡂࡿࡣࡾࠉ㈃Ằࡢࡻࡽࡐ ࡡ‵ങ࡞ࡋࡾࡻ࠹࡞ࡾ࡚࠵ࢀ࠹ࠊࡐࡿࡢࠉࡵࡊࠉெࠍࡢຘ഼ࡊ࡞⏍Ὡࡌࡾࡆ࡛ ࡚ࡀࡿࡣࠉୌ⯙Ⓩ࡞ຘ഼࡞ᚉࢂ࠷ࡓࢀ࠹࡛࠷࠹ࡡ࡛ྜྷࡋ࡚࠵ࡾࠊࡆࡡࡻ࠹࡞ࠉெ ࡢᮇᮮࠉິ∸ࡡ୯࡚᭩ࡵぜࡡ᪺࠵ࡾࡡࡓࠉࡐ࠹࡚ࡢ࠷ெࡢࠉິ∸ࡌ࡙ࡡ୯ ࡚ࡵࡖ࡛ࡵ↋ᛦ៎࡚࠵ࡾࠊぜࡡ᪺ࢅࡵࡗᶭఌ࠷ࡡ࡚ࠉᙴࡢࠉ⌟ᅹࡡࡆ࡛ࡊ࠾⩻ ࠻࡙࠷࠷ࡊࠉࡐࡿࡹ࠻࡞ࠉ㔕⊿ࡡ≟ឺࡻࡽࡵ࠷≟ឺ࡞ࡖ࡙࠷ࡾ36ࠊࠕ ࡐࡿࡹ࠻࡞ᨳᗋࡢᖱῦࡊ࠷ࡆ࡛᭻ࡱࡊ࠷ࠊ ࠔࡵࡊࠉ ࣬࣬࣬ᨳᗋ㈃Ằၡ㢗࡞రࡼᖱῦࡊ࠾ࡖࡒࡼࡣࠉ࠽ࡐࡼࡂࡐࡿࡢࡻࡽࡻ࠷ ῳ᭫ົ⩇[2008], 156 㡣ࠊࡊ࠾ࡊࡼࠉ࣭ࣛ࢜ࢺࠉ࣏ࣜࢦࢪ࡛࣭࣋ࣛࠉࣈ࣭ࣛࢪ ࢹࣛゕཀྵࡊ࡙࠷ࡾࠔᨾ㈃Ἢࠕโᗐ࡞ࡢ┞㐢࠵ࡾࡆ࡛ࡵἸណᚪさ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ๑⩽ࡢࠔࢪ ࣅ࣭ࢻ࣑ࣚࣤࢺโᗐࠕࢅ⩻ᐳᑊ㇗࡛ࡊ࡙࠽ࡽࠉᚃ⩽ࡢࡐࡿ௧๑ࢅ㆗ㄵࡡᑊ㇗࡛ࡊ࡙࠷ࡾ࠾ ࡼ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ 34 Priestley[1768], p.85. 35 Kramnick[1977]ࡵࡱࡒࠉࡆࡡࡻ࠹ࣈ࣭ࣛࢪࢹࣛࡡᨾ㈃ᛦࢅᙁㄢࡊ࡙࠷ࡾ㸝p.14㸞 ࠊ 36 Priestley[1803], p.226. 33 9 ≟ឺ࡞ࡾ࡚࠵ࢀ࠹37ࠊ ࠕ Ἢᚂ࡞ࡻࡽᨾῥࢅ‵ങࡊࡒሔྙࠉໂຫெ∸࡚࠵ࡾࠉࡐࡡἪᚂ࠾ࡼࡡᥴຐࢅ᩷ࡾࡓࢀ ࠹ࡊࠉ ࠔᛨெࠉࡍ࠹ࡍ࠹ࡊ࠷ெࠉࡷ࠾ࡱࡊࡂさịࡊ࡙㥹ࡃெࡢࠉࡐࡡᨾῥࢅᚋࡾࡓࢀ࠹ࠕ ࡛ࣈ࣭ࣛࢪࢹࣛࡢ⩻࠻ࡒࠊ ࠔࡵࡊࠉἪᚂ࡞ࡻࡖ࡙㈃Ằࡡࡒࡴࡡ‵ങࡈࡿ࠾ࡖࡒࡼࡣࠉࡵࡖ࡛ࡵ┷࡞ᨾῥ ࡞ೋࡌࡾெࡒࡔࡢࠉᙴࡼࠉ⾔ࡖ࡙࠷ࡾࡻࡽࡵ᪡ࡂࠉばวெࠍࡡិၻ࡞ࡻࡖ࡙ᨾ ῥࡈࡿࡾࡆ࡛ࢅぜฝࡌ࡚࠵ࢀ࠹38ࠊࠕ ࡊ࠾ࡊࡼࠉࣈ࣭ࣛࢪࢹࣛࡡᨾ㈃᱄ࡢᅗᐓථࡡ⤧ᑊⓏᨲᲘࢅ࠹ࡒࡖࡒࡵࡡ࡚ࡢ ࠾ࡖࡒࠊࣈ࣭ࣛࢪࢹࣛࡢපᩅ⫩࠽ࡻࡦཪយ༝ఌࡡࡗࡡโᗐࢅ㏳ࡊ࡙㈃Ằࢅᨾῥࡊࡻ࠹࡛ ࡊࡒࠊࣈ࣭ࣛࢪࢹࣛࡢࡆࡡࡻ࠹ഁ㟻࠾ࡼ࠵ࡾ⛤ᗐࡡᅗᐓථࢅᐖヾࡊࡒࡡ࡚࠵ࡖࡒࠊ ெࡡិၻ࡞⤧ᑊⓏඁ㉲ࢅ࠽ࡀࡼࡵࠉࣈ࣭ࣛࢪࢹࣛࡢ⌟ᐁⓏ࡞ጂ༝ࡌࡾᚪさ࠵ࡖࡒ ࡡ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ ࣈ࣭ࣛࢪࢹࣛࡢࠉໂຫຘ഼⩽ࢅషࡽฝࡌࡒࡴ࡞㈃Ằ࡞ㄖࡲ᭡ࡀࢅᩅ࠻ࡾ࡛࠷࠹පᩅ⫩ โᗐᚪさ࡚࠵ࡾ࡛⩻࠻ࡒࠊỄ⩇㞕࡞ࡻࡿࡣࠉࣈ࣭ࣛࢪࢹࣛࡡᩅ⫩ㄵࡢࠉ ࠔྞヽ㠁మโ ࡡୌᏽࡡᠺᯕ࡛ࡊ࡙⏍ࡲฝࡈࡿࡾ⛁Ꮥ࡛⏐ᴏࡡ᩺ࡊ࠷ṹ㝭ࢅཬ᫆ࡊ࡙ࠉ᩺ࡊ࠷⏐ᴏ ࡡ᩺ࡊ࠷㎾Ⓩெ㛣ാ࡛㎾Ⓩᩅ⫩ふ࡛ࢅᚪさ࡛ࡊ࡙࠷ࡾ࡛࠷࠹ヾㆉ࡞ࡒࡖ࡙࠷ࡒࠕࡡ࡚ ࠵ࡾ39ࠊࡆࡡࡻ࠹ࣈ࣭ࣛࢪࢹࣛࡡᩅ⫩ㄵࡡᴣふࡢࠉ㈃Ằᩅ⫩࡞ᑊࡊ࡙ࡵ㐲⏕ࡈࡿࡒࠊ ࣈ࣭ࣛࢪࢹࣛපᩅ⫩โᗐࢅᨥᣚࡊࡒ⌦⏜ࡢࠉ㈃Ằࡡໂຘ⢥♼ࢅႋ㉫ࡊࠉᙴࡼࢅࡻࡽ⢥ ♼Ⓩࠉ㔘㖱Ⓩ࡞≺❟ࡈࡎࡾࡆ࡛࡚ࡀࡾ࡛⩻࠻ࡒ࠾ࡼ࡚࠵ࡖࡒࠊ ࠔరࡼ࠾ࡡපⓏ㜭➿࡞ࡻࡖ࡙ࡌ࡙ࡡ㈃Ằㄖࡲ᭡ࡀࢅᩅ࠻ࡼࡿࡾࡀ࡛᭻ࡳࡆ࡛ ࡢ⣪ᬍࡼࡊ࠷ࡆ࡛࡚࠵ࡾࠊࡐࡿࡢࠉᙴࡼࡡ⢥♼ࢅᨭⰃࡊࠉ㈃Ằࢅᙴࡼࡡ⌟ᅹࡡ≟ឺࡻ ࡽࡵᑕᩏࡌࡀ㔕᭻ࡡᙫ㡢ୖ࡞⨠ࡂࡓࢀ࠹ࡊࠉໂຫࡡ⢥♼ࢅๆ⃥ࡌࡾࡆ࡛ࢅྊ⬗࡞ࡊࠉ ࡐࡿ࡞ࡻࡖ࡙ᙴࡼ≺❟ࡌࡾࡡ࡞㈁⊡ࡌࡾࡡ࡚࠵ࡾࠊୖᒒ㝭⣥ࡡெࠍᑛࡊ࡚ࡵㄖࡲ ᭡ࡀ࡚ࡀࡾࡆࡡᅗࡡୌ㒂࡞࠽࠷࡙ࡢࠉᑕᩏࡡᛍ࡛ໂຫࡡ⢥♼ᖏ࡞Ꮛᅹࡌࡾࠊࡐࡊ࡙ࠉ ⩽ࡡㇿᢰ࡛ࡾࡆ࡛ࡊ࡞ᙴࡼࡡ≟Ἓࡢࡱࡌࡱࡌࡻࡂࡖ࡙࠷ࡾࠊ᪁ࠉࡌ࡙ࡡ ெࠍㄖࡲ᭡ࡀ࡚ࡀ࠷ሔᡜ࡞࠽࠷࡙ࡢࠉᙴࡼࡡ⢥♼ࡢࠉࡂࠉ⢊㔕࡚࠵ࡽࠉᙴࡼࡢ ࡛ࢆໂຫ࠷ࡊ⤊ῥງࢅࡵࡒ࠷ࡊࠉ⩽࡞ࡻࡖ࡙ᨥ࠻ࡼࡿ࡙࠷ࡾ࡛࠷࠹᜕ࡡᛍ ࢅវࡋ࠷ࡊࠉᙴࡼࡢᬸງ࡞ࡻࡖ࡙ዞ࠹ࡡኬ⫱ࡈࢅࡊࡣࡊࡣᣚࡖ࡙࠷࠷࡛ࡊ࡙ ࡵࠉᶭఌ࠵ࡿࡣ࠷ࡗ࡚ࡵ┈ࢆ࡚ࡊࡱ࠹⏕ណ࠵ࡾࡓࢀ࠹40ࠊࠕ ࣈ࣭ࣛࢪࢹࣛࡢฦᴏࡡ㐅ᒈᩅ⫩ࢅࡱࡌࡱࡌᚪさ࡛ࡌࡾ࡚࠵ࢀ࠹࡛࠷࠹⌟≟ヾㆉ࠾ࡼࠉ ࢪࢤࢴࢹࣚࣤࢺࡷ࣒ࣛ࢜ࡡᩅ༇Ꮥᰧโᗐࢅ㈳㈰ࡊ࡙࠷ࡾࠊ ࠔࢪࢤࢴࢹࣚࣤࢺࡷ࣒ࣛ Priestley[1803], p.226. Priestley[1803], p.226. 39 Ễ⩇㞕[1983]ࠉ290 㡣ࠊࣈ࣭ࣛࢪࢹࣛࡢࠉ㈃Ằ௧አ࡞ᑊࡊ࡙ࡢࠉᐓᗖᩅ⫩࡛Ꮥᰧᩅ⫩ ࢅ୦❟ࡈࡎࡾ᱄ࢅᥞ♟ࡊ࡙࠷ࡒ㸝Ễ⩇㞕[1983]ࠉ292-294 㡣ࠊ㸞ࠊ 40 Priestley[1787a], p.319. 37 38 10 ࢜࡞࠵ࡾᩅ༇Ꮥᰧࡡ㈶᪺ス❟ࡢࠉධ࡙ࡡୌ⯙ெㄖ᭡ࡊࠉࡐࡡ࡛ࢆࡡெࠍ᭡࠷ࡒ ࡽࠉゝ⟤ࡊࡒࡽࡌࡾࡆ࡛ࢅྊ⬗࡞ࡊ࡙࠷ࡾࠊ ࠕࡏࡼࠉ ࠔெࠍࡢᏕၡ letters ࡡ▩ㆉࡷࠉㄖ ᭡࡞ࡻࡖ࡙⮤ฦ⮤㌗ࢅᨭⰃࡌࡾᶭఌࢅࡵࡒ࠾ࡖࡒࡼࡣࠉᶭ࡞ࡌࡁࡂࡾ࡚࠵ࢀ࠹ࠕ ࠾ࡼ࡚࠵ࡾ41ࠊ ࣈ࣭ࣛࢪࢹࣛࡢࣤࢡࣚࣤࢺᅗᩅఌࠉ㈃Ằࢅᩅ⫩ࡎࡍࠉࡱࡌࡱࡌ㈃Ằࢅቌຊࡈࡎ࡙࠷ ࡾࡊࠉࡱࡒࠉࡐࡡ㈈௴࠾ࡼ㏠ࡿ࡙࠷ࡾ࡛⩻࠻࡙࠷ࡒࠊ1790 ᖳࡡࣂࣤࣆࣝࢴࢹ࡞࠽࠷࡙ࣈࣛ ࣭ࢪࢹࣛࡢࠉࣤࢡࣚࣤࢺᅗᩅఌ࡞ᨥᡮࢂࡿࡾᇱ㔘ࡡ࠷ࡂࡼ࠾ࠉ㈃Ằᩅ⫩࡞⏕࠷ࡼࡿࡾ ࡀ࡚࠵ࡾ࡛ᥞ᱄ࡊࡒࠊ ࠔࡵࡊᨳᗋࡌ࡙ࡡ㈃Ằ࡞ᑊࡊ࡙ㄖࡲ᭡ࡀࢅᩅ࠻ࡾࡻ࠹㜭➿ࢅ⾔࠻ࡣࠉࡐࡿࡢ ࣬ ࣬ ࣬ ࡻࡽࡻࡂࡼ࠷ࡓࢀ࠹࠾ࠊࡆࡡᡥṹ࡞ࡻࡖ࡙ᙴࡼᩝ᪺࡛⮤ࡼరḖࡄ࡙࠷ࡾ ࠾ࢅึ᩷ࡌࡾ⬗ງࢅ⋋ᚋࡊࡒ࡛ࡀࠉ⮤ࡼึ᩷ࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡚ࡀ࠷ࡵࡡࢅᙁโⓏ࡞ㄚ ࡈࡿࡾࡻࡽࡵࠉᙴࡼࡢ⮤ฦࡒࡔࡡࡒࡴ࡞ᏺᩅࢅ㐽ᢝࡌࡾࡓࢀ࠹ࠊධ⯙Ⓩ▩ㆉࢅఎ㐡 ࡌࡾゝ⏤ࡢࠉ ࣬࣬࣬ᙴࡼ࡞ᏺᩅࢅᩅ࠻ࡾሔྙࡡ 10 ฦࡡ㸦ࡡ㈕⏕࡚ῥࡳ࡚࠵ࢀ࠹42ࠊࠕ ࣈ࣭ࣛࢪࢹࣛࡢࡱࡒࠉཪយ༝ఌࡡࡈࡼࡾᣉኬ࡞ࡻࡽໂຘ㈃Ằࢅᨾῥࡊࡻ࠹࡛モࡲࡒࠊ ࢜ࢿࣥࣤ࡞ࡻࡿࡣࠉຘ഼⩽㝭⣥ࡡ୯࠾ࡼ⮤ⓆⓏ࡞⏍ࡋࡒཪយ༝ఌࡢࠉ ࠔୌ㐄㛣ࡡ㈁⊡ࡡぜ ㏁ࡽ࡛ࡊ࡙Ẵࡷ㧏㱃ࡡெ࡞ᑊࡊ࡙ಕッࢅ࠻ࡾࠕ⤄⧂࡚࠵ࡾࠊ ࠔࡆࡿࡼࡡ༝ఌࡢࠉࡐࡡᆀ ᪁⛧ rates ࡞ㄚࡈࡿࡒㇿᢰ㔘ࢅ΅ᑛࡈࡎࠉୖᒒ㝭⣥࡚ࡡ⣑⢥♼ࢅຐ㛏ࡊࡒࡡ࡚ࠕࠉᙔࡡ ୯୕Ὦ㝭⣥࠾ࡼࠔெẴࢅ༡ࡊ࡙࠷ࡒࠊࡐࡊ࡙ࠉ 㹐ᙔࡡ㹒ኣࡂࡡⴥ㏑ᐓࡒࡔࡢࠉධ࡙ࡡຘ഼ ⩽ᅗẰಕ㝜โᗐࡡ㥉ࡄ࡚࠵ࡾපⓏཪយ༝ఌ࡞ᙁโⓏ࡞ຊථࡌࡀ࡚࠵ࡾ࡛ㄵࡋ࡙࠷ ࡒࠊெࡡᴏࡢࠉࠍࠉ⮤ฦࡒࡔ࡚ࡐࡡ⤄⧂ࢅషࡖࡒ43ࠊࠕ ࣈ࣭ࣛࢪࢹࣛࡢ 1787 ᖳ࡞ࠖໂຘ㈃Ằࢅዜທࡌࡾ༝ఌࡡ㔔さᛮࠗࢅ࣒࣭࣭ࣞࣤ࣬࢜ ࡚࠵ࡾࣜ࢞ࣤࢮࣤࡡ౪㢏࡞ࡻࡽฝ∟ࡊࡒࠊࡆࡡⴥషࡡࣤࢹࣞࢱࢠࢨ࡚ࣘࣤࣈ࣭ࣛࢪ ࢹࣛࡢࠉ㈃Ằၡ㢗࡞㛭ࡊ࡙⠾₡࡞ㄵࡋ࡙࠷ࡾࠊ ࠔ㈃Ằࡢࡡࡻ࠹≟ឺ࡞࠵ࢀ࠹࡛ࡵ㣬ࡈࡿࡾࡆ࡛ࢅ☔ಘࡊ࡙࠷ࡾࠊࡐࡿ௧୕ࡡࡆ ࡛ࢅ㈃Ằࡢࡱ࡚ᙽࡊ࡙ࡆ࠾ࡖࡒࡊࠉ⮤ฦࡒࡔ࡞ࡒࡴ࡞ຑງࡌࡾ༎ฦິᶭࢅᣚ ࡔྙࢂࡎ࡙࠷࠾ࡖࡒ44ࠊࠕ ࡓ࠾ࡼࠉ㈃ẰࡢࠔᮅᮮࡡḖஇࠕࢅῼࡎࡍࠉᛦ៎࡞Ḗࡄࡾ⾔Ⅵ࡞ࡨࡄࡾࡻ࠹࡞ࡾࡡ࡚࠵ ࡾࠊ ࠔࡵࡊࠉᙴࡼ⮣ථࢅᡥ࡞ථࡿࡿࡣࠉࣄ࣭࡚࣌ࣜࡐࡡථࢅᾁ㈕ࡌࡾࠊࣄ࣌ ࣭࡚ࣜᙴࡼࡢᝇ⩞ࢅᡥ࡞ථࡿࠉ࠽ப࠷࡞࠵ࡼࡹࡾ⛸㢦ࡡᝇᚠ࡛ᨲⷑࡈࢅࡊࡣࡊࡣዜທ 41 42 43 44 Priestley[1803], p.223-224. Priestley[1790], p.290㸝ᙁㄢࡢࣈ࣭ࣛࢪࢹࣛ࡞ࡻࡾ㸞. Canovan[1983], p.31. Priestley[1787a], p.315. 11 ࡌࡾࡡ࡚࠵ࡾ45ࠊࠕ ࣈ࣭ࣛࢪࢹࣛࡢ㈃Ằࡆࡡࡻ࠹⾔Ⅵࢅ⾔࠹ິᶭ⏍ᚋⓏ࡞Ꮛᅹࡌࡾࡡ࡚ࡢࡂࠉ㈃Ằ ᨾ㈃Ἢࡡᗂ㆜ୖ࡞࠽࠾ࡿ࡙࠷ࡾࡡ࡚ெⅥⓏ࡞షࡽฝࡈࡿࡒ࡛ࡲࡊ࡙࠷ࡒࠊᨾ㈃Ἢ㈃ Ằ࠾ࡼᕵ᭻࡛Ꮽࡡ୦᪁ࢅዞࡖ࡙࠷ࡾࡡ࡚࠵ࡾࠊࡵࡊࠉ㈃Ằࡆࡡࡻ࠹≟Ἓ࡞࠵ࡿࡣࠉ ࡲࡍ࠾ࡼࢅࡻࡽࡻࡂࡊࡻ࠹࡛ࡢᛦࢂ࠷ࡓࢀ࠹ࠊࡐࡡ୕ࠉᩅ༇࡞ࡻࡾᨾῥᏋᅹࡌࡾࡡࡓ ࠾ࡼࠉᙴᛦ៎ࡂ⾔ິࡊ࠾ࡖࡒ࡛ࡊ࡙ࡵరࡼ⨡ࡎࡼࡿࡾࡆ࡛ࡢ࠷ࡡ࡚࠵ࡾࠊࡆࡿࡼ ࡡ≟Ἓࡢዦ㞌ࡡሔྙ࡛ྜྷࡋࡻ࠹࡞ࠉ ࠔ᪺ࡼ࠾⮤↓ࡡᦜ⌦ࡡ⤊㐛ࠕ࡞ཬࡌࡾࠊࣈ࣭ࣛࢪࢹࣛ ࡞ࡻࡿࡣࠉࡆࡡࡻ࠹≟ឺ࡞⨠ᙴ࠷ࡻ࠹࡞ࠉெࡢᑑᮮ࡞ങ࠻࡙⩻࠻ࠉ㈈௴ࢅᣚࡖ࡙⾔Ⅵ ࡌࡾ⩇ຸࢅㇿࡖ࡙࠷ࡾࡡ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ ࣈ࣭ࣛࢪࢹࣛࡢࠉཪយ༝ఌス❟᱄ࢅᐖヾࡊࡼࡵࠉࡐࡿࡢጂ༝ࡡ⏐∸࡚࠵ࡾ࡛ࡲࡊ ࡙࠷ࡒࠊࣈ࣭ࣛࢪࢹࣛࡢࠉ㈃Ằᨾῥࡢᐣ⩽ࡡិၻ⾔Ⅵ࡞௴ࡎࡾࡀ࡛࠷࠹ࡆ࡛࠷ࡔࡣࢆ ࡻࡽࡻ࠷࡛⩻࠻࡙࠷ࡒ࠾ࡼ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ ࠔ∸ࡡ⮤↓Ⓩ≟Ἓ࡞࠽࠷࡙ࠉெࡡ༡យᚨࡢࠉᐖ᪾࠾ ࡗႌࢆ࡚ぜࡈࡿࡾࡆ࡛࡚ࡀ࠷Ḗஇࡡᨾῥࢅᘤࡀུࡄࡾࡓࢀ࠹ࠊࡐࡊ࡙ࠉ㈃⩽࡛ᐣ⩽ ࡡ୦⩽ࡢࠉᖲ➴࡞ᛄ㐲࠾ࡗᖶ⚗ࠕ࡞ࡾࡆ࡛࡚ࡀࡾ࠾ࡼ࡚࠵ࡾ46ࠊ ࡱࡒࠉࣈ࣭ࣛࢪࢹࣛࡢ⌟≟ࡡ♣ఌࢅḗࡡࡻ࠹࡞ࡲࡊ࡙࠷ࡒࠊ ࠔໂຫ࡞ࡊ࡙࠷ࡾ࠵ࡼࡹࡾெࠍࡡ㛭ᚨࢅ┘࡞ぜ࠻ࡾࡵࡡ࡞ࡌࡾ㹐ᚪさ࠵ࡾ㹒ࠊࡐࡊ࡙ࠉ ࠵ࡼࡹࡾெࠍ࡞ࠉໂຫ࡞Ẓౚࡊ࡙ᙴ࡛ᙴࡡᐓ᪐ࡡ≟Ἓࢅ࠵ࡾ⛤ᗐࡻࡽࡻࡂࡌࡾぜ㎲ࡲ ࢅ࠻ࡾࠊ ࣬࣬࣬ࡏࡼࠉኬ㒂ฦࡡໂຘ㈃Ằࡢࠉࡆࡡࡻ࠹⾔Ⅵࢅ⾔࠹ࡆ࡛࡞ᑊࡊ ࡙㟸ᖏ࡞ኬࡀ࠵ࡀࡼࡴࢅࡵࡖ࡙࠷ࡾࡡ࡚ࠉᮅᮮ࡞ࡗ࠷࡙㟸ᖏ࡞↋㛭ᚨ࡚࠵ࡾࠊࡐࡡ ⤎ᯕࠉࡻࡽࡻ࠷ぜ㎲ࡲࡢࠉໂຫ࡛⤊ῥࢅࡻࡽๆ⃥ࡌࡾ࡚࠵ࢀ࠹47ࠊ ࠕ ࡐࡿࡹ࠻࡞ࠉ㈃Ằᮅᮮ࡞ࡗ࠷࡙㛭ᚨࢅᣚࡗࡆ࡛࡚ࡀࡾࡻ࠹࡞ࠉ㈃Ằࡡ⤝ࢅᙁโⓏ࡞ ᚡࡊࠉᮅᮮ࡚㒼ฦࡌࡾࡆ࡛ࡢ㐠ᚠⓏ࡞ࡵ⤊ῥⓏ࡞ࡵࣈ࣭ࣛࢪࢹࣛࡢᐖヾࡊ࡙࠷ࡒࠊࡊ࠾ ࡊࡼࠉࡐࡡ᱄ࡢࠉ㈃Ằࡲࡍ࠾ࡼࡡᮅᮮࡡࡒࡴ࡞㈋ࡊ࡙࠽ࡂ࡛࠷࠹ࡆ࡛╉࡚࠵ ࡽࠉධᅗẰᙁโຊථࡡᅗẰಕ㝜โᗐ࡛ࡢ␏ࡾᛮ㈻ࡡࡵࡡ࡚࠵ࡾࠊࣈ࣭ࣛࢪࢹࣛࡢࡐࡡࡻ ࠹Ἢᅗᐓ࡞ࡻࡖ࡙ᩒങࡈࡿࠉ㈃Ằᮅᮮ࡞ᑊࡊ࡙ᒈ᭻ࢅ㛜ࡂࡆ࡛࡚ࡀࡾࡻ࠹♣ఌ โᗐࢅషࡽ୕ࡅࡾࡀ࡚࠵ࡾ࡛⩻࠻࡙࠷ࡒࡡ࡚࠵ࡖࡒ48ࠊࡆࡿࡢࠉࣈ࣭ࣛࢪࢹࣛ♣ఌᨭ Ⰳࢅᠺࡊ㐑ࡅࡾࡒࡴ࡞ᛄࡂࠉᅗᐓࡡථࢅᐖヾࡊࡒᆵⓏࢢ࣭ࢪ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ 㸨㸣㸧 ࣭࣋ࣛ ࣭࣋ࣛ࡞ࡻࡿࡣࠉិၻ࡛ࡢࠔࡾெ inferiors ࡡᖶ⚗ࢅቌ㐅ࡌࡾࡆ࡛ࠕ࡚࠵ࡾࠊࠔඁࡿ 45 46 47 48 Priestley[1787a], Priestley[1787a], Priestley[1787a], Priestley[1787a], p.315. p.316. p.316. p.318. also see Fitzpatrick[2007], p.126. 12 ࡒெ superiorsࠕࡢࠉࡾெࢅᨾῥࡌࡾ⩇ຸࢅㇿࡖ࡙࠷ࡾࠊࡐࡡ⩇ຸࡢࠉ♼ࡡណᅒ̺ධ࡙ ࡡெࠍࡡ⏍Ꮛࡡಕッ࡛ᖶ⚗ࡡቌኬ̺࡞㐲ࡖ࡙࠷ࡾࠊࡓ࠾ࡼࠉெࡢ♼ࡡណᛦ࡞ᚉࢂࡄࡿࡣ ࡼ࠷ࠊࡐࡊ࡙ࠉᐁ㝷࡞ඁࡿࡒெࡢࡾெ࡞ᑊࡊ࡙ࠉ ࠔ㐲ว⾔Ⅵࠕࢅ᪃ࡊࠉࡾெࡡᖶ ⚗ࢅಀ㐅ࡌࡾᚪさ࠵ࡾ49ࠊ ࣭࣋ࣛࡢࠉࡐࡡࠔ㐲ว⾔Ⅵࠕࢅ⛸㢦࡞ฦࡄ࡙㆗ㄵࡌࡾࠊ➠ୌ࡞ࠉඁࡿࡒெࡾ ெ∸ࢅ㞘⏕ࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡚࠵ࡾࠊࡆࡡሔྙࠉඁࡿࡒெ࡛ࡢࠉᐣ⩽࡚࠵ࡽࠉࡾெ࡛ࡢ㈃⩽ࢅᣞ ࡌࠊᐣ⩽ࡢ㈃⩽࡞ຘ഼ࢅᥞ౩ࡌࡾࠊࡊ࠾ࡊࡼࠉᐣ⩽ࡢᙴࡼషࡽฝࡊࡒࡵࡡࢅฦ㒼ࡊ ࡙࠷ࡾ࡞㐛ࡁ࠷ࡡ࡚࠵ࡖ࡙ࠉ ㈃⩽࡞ࡻࡽᐣ⩽㣬ࢂࡿ࡙࠷ࡾ࡛࠷࠹ࡡᐁࡡ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ ㈃⩽ࠉᐣ⩽ࡡ୦⩽ࡢࠔฺ─ benefitsࠕ࡞ࡻࡽᙫ㡢ࢅུࡄࡾࡡࡓ࠾ࡼࠉᐣ⩽ࡢ㈃⩽࡞ࠔ㐅ࢆ ࡚ሒ࠷ࡾࡆ࡛ࡢᙔ↓ࠕ࡚࠵ࡾࠊࡱࡒࠉᖶ⚗ࡡ⥪㔖ࢅୖࡅ࠷ࡒࡴ࡞ࡵࠉඁࡿࡒெࡢࠉࡾ ெ࡞ᑊࡊ࡙௧ୖࡡࡗࡡ⾔Ⅵࢅࡊ࡙ࡢ࠷ࡄ࠷ࠊ ࠔ㸦㸣 ༟ࡾᨥ㒼࡞ᑊࡌࡾយ࡛ࡀࡱࡃࡿ࠾ࡼᚪさຘ഼࠷ࡊ┐⚏ࢅㄚࡌࡆ࡛ࠊ 㸧㸣㎘㎟ࠉ㍇ⶔ࠷ࡊ㎧Ⓩゕⴝ࡞ࡻࡖ࡙྇࠷ servants ࢅ㎧ࡌࡾࡆ࡛ࠊ 㸨㸣ᙴࡼ࡞రࡼᐐࡡ࠷ᛄᴞࡈ࠻࠻࠷ࡆ࡛ࠊࠕ ࣭࣋ࣛ࡞ࡻࡿࡣࠉࡆࡿࡼࡡ⾔Ⅵࡢࠉ⮤↓Ἢ࡞ྙ⮬ࡌࡾࠊ ࠔࡵࡊࡐࡡࡆ࡛ᐁ㝷࡞ࡢࡐ࠹࡚ ࠷ࡼࡣࠉࡱࡈ࡞ࡐࡡࡆ࡛ࡢㄕ᪺࡚ࡀ࠷⮤↓Ἢ࡚࠵ࡾࡓࢀ࠹ࠕ࡛࣭࣋ࣛࡢㄵࡋࡾࡡ ࡚࠵ࡾ50ࠊ ➠࡞ࠉ ࠔᑍ㛓Ⓩᥴຐ professional assistanceࠕ࡞ࡻࡾᨾῥ࡚࠵ࡾࠊࡆࡆ࡚࣭࣋ࣛ ᛍ㢄࡞࠽࠷࡙࠷ࡒࡡࡢࠉ ࠔ❟Ἢ㹐ᅗఌ㆗ဤ㹒ࠉ⾔ᨳ㹐Ꮽึ㹒ࠉ༈⒢ࠉἪᚂࠉ⪯⫃ࠕࡡᑍ㛓 ᐓ࡚࠵ࡖࡒࠊ࣭࣋ࣛ࡞ࡻࡿࡣࠉ㈃ẰࡢἪᚂ࡞ࡻࡽಕ㆜ࡈࡿࡾᚪさ࠵ࡾࡊࠉ⌟⾔ࡡᨾ㈃ Ἢ࡚ࡐࡡ┘Ⓩࢅ㐡ࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡚ࡀࡾࡡ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ ࠔᐣ⩽ࡢ⮤ฦ⮤㌗ࢅୠリࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡚ࡀࡾ࡛࠷࠹᪺Ⓣ⌦⏜࠾ࡼࠉ㈃Ằࡡಕ㆜ࡢࠉධ ࡙ࡡἪᚂࡡ᭩ࡵ㔔さᑊ㇗࡚ࡄࡿࡣࡼ࠷ࠊ/↋ງெࠍࡡᨾῥࡷໂຘ㈃Ằࡡಕ㆜ ࡷທࡱࡊ࡞ᑊࡊ࡙ࠉࡆࡡᅗࡡἪᚂ࡞ࡻࡖ࡙ࠉᵕࠍࡆ࡛⾔ࢂࡿ࡙ࡀࡒࡊࠉ⾔ࢂ ࡿࡾ࡚࠵ࢀ࠹51ࠊࠕ ࡌࢂࡔࠉ࣭࣋ࣛࡢᨾ㈃Ἢ࡞ᑊࡊ࡙ᙁງ࡞᧞㆜ࡊ࡙࠷ࡾࡊࠉ⥌ᣚࡈࡿࡾࡀ࡚࠵ࡾ࡛࠷ ࠹ࡆ࡛ࢅ᪺Ⓣ࡞ࡊ࡙࠷ࡾࡡ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ࣭࣋ࣛࡢᅗఌ㆗ဤࡆࡡࡻ࠹ᨾ㈃Ἢࢅྨࡊࡒ୕ ࡚షࡽ୕ࡅࡒࡆ࡛ࡐࡡࡵࡡិၻࡡ⾔Ⅵ࡚࠵ࡾ࡛ㄵࡋࡾࠊᐁ㝷࡞ិၻ⾔Ⅵࢅ⾔࠹ࡡࡢࠉ ᅗఌ㆗ဤࢅ㝎ࡂᑍ㛓ᐓࡒࡔ࡞ࡻࡖ࡙ࡈࡿࡾࡡ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ ࣭࣋ࣛ࡞ࡻࡿࡣࠉᏭึࡢࠉࠔ㟸ᖏ࡞✔ᩅ⫩ࢅུࡄࠉ ࣬࣬࣬ᨾ㈃Ἢ࡞ࡗ࠷࡙ኣࡂ ࡡࡆ࡛ࢅᏕࡦࠉᐓ᪐ࡡ⥥᛬ឺ࡛ໂຫ࠾ࡼᙽࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡚ࡀࡾࡵࡡࢅ᠀ῼࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡚ ࡀࡾࡻ࠹࡞ຘ഼࡛㣏⣂ࡡ౮࡞㛭ࡌࡾ▩ㆉࢅങ࠻࡙࠷ࡾࠕࡡ࡚㈀⏐ࢅ㈃Ằ࡞ฦࡄ࠻ࡾࡆ 49 50 51 Paley[1785], p.133 Paley [1785], p.134-135 (Book3, Part2, chapter2). Paley[1785] ,p.138. 13 ࡛࡚ࡀࡾ࡚࠵ࢀ࠹ࠊࡆࡡ㝷ࠉ࣭࣋ࣛ⏕࠷ࡾࠔᐓ᪐ࠕ࡛࠷࠹⏕ㄊࡢࠉ༟ୌᐓゝ࡛࠷࠹ ណ࡚ࡡࠔᐓ᪐ࠕ࡛࠷࠹ࡻࡽࡵࡳࡊࢀୌࡗࡡᩅ༇࡛ࡊ࡙⩻࠻ࡾࡆ࡛ᨾ㈃Ἢࡡᐁ㝷ࡡぞᏽ ࠾ࡼጂᙔ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ༈⩽ࡢࠉ ࠔධ࡙ࡡ⚶Ⓩ⫃ᴏࡡ୯࡚᭩ࡵᑛ࠷㈕⏕࡚᭩ኬࡡၻࢅ⾔࠹ࡆ ࡛࡚ࡀࡾࠊධ࡙ࡡெ࡞࡛ࡖ࡙ࡵ㈏㔔࡚࠵ࡾࠉ㈃⩽࡞࡛ࡖ࡙ᗛࡢ㟸ᖏ࡞㈏㔔ࠕࡓ࠾ࡼ ࡚࠵ࡾࠊἪᚂᐓࡢࠉ㈃⩽ࡡᶊฺࢅ᧞㆜ࡌࡾࡒࡴ࡞ᚪさ࡚࠵ࡽࠉソギ㈕⏕ࢅ࠾ࡄ࠷࡚ࠔㄵ ணࢅㄢೳࡌࡾ༎ฦึ᩷ງࢅᣚࡖ࡙࠷ࡾࠊࠕ࠵ࡾ㈃⩽ࠉソギ࡚ົࡔࠉ⌟㔘ࢅᡥ࡞ථࡿࡒ࡛ ࡀࠉἪᚂᐓࡢ㈃⩽࡞ᑊࡊ࡙ࠔࡐࡿࢅᾁ㈕ࡊ࠷ࡻ࠹࡞Ἢ࡞ࡡࡖ࡛ࡖ࡙㜭ࠕࡠࡣࡼ࠷ࠊ ࡱࡒࠉἪᚂᐓࡢࠉ㐲วຐゕ࡞ࡻࡽࠉࠔኬንᅏ❋ࡡ୯࠾ࡼ㍇⋙ࡈ࡛↋▩ࢅ㜭Ḿࠕࡊࠉࠔᅸ โ࡞ࡻࡾᙁዞ࠷ࡊ㏍ᐐ࠾ࡼ㈃⩽ࢅᏬࡾࠕ࡛࠷࠹ិၻ⾔Ⅵࢅ㏳ࡊ࡙㈃Ằࡡᖶ⚗࡞㈁⊡ࡌࡾ ࡆ࡛࡚ࡀࡾࠊ⪯⫃⩽ࡢࠉ ࠔெ㢦ࡡୖᒒ㝭⣥ࡡ୯࡚ࠉᙴࡼࡡ⾔Ⅵࢅぞโࡊࡒࡽࠉᙴࡼࡡᚨࢅ ୖࠉࡽࡻ࡞࡛ࡆࠕ࠹⾔ࢅ࠾࡞ࡡࡴࡒࡌࡒᒒ㝭⣥ࡡெࡒࡔ⮤ฦࡒࡔ࡞ࡨࡈࢂࡊ࠷⏍ Ὡࢅ㏞ࡾࡻ࠹㒼៎ࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡚ࡀࡾࡡ࡚࠵ࡾ52ࠊ ࡐࡊ࡙ࠉ➠࡞ࠉ ࠔ㔘㖱Ⓩ᪃ࡊ pecuniary bountyࠕ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ࣭࣋ࣛ࡞ࡻࡿࡣࠉ ࠔ㈃Ằ ࡞ᨾῥࢅἸࡃ⩇ຸࠕࢅெࡢᣚࡖ࡙࠷ࡾࡡ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ࣭࣋ࣛࡢࡆࡆ࡚ࠉ㏸ࡡⱝ▩࡛⿍㏸ ∸࡞ᑊࡌࡾဖࡿࡲࡡវ࡞ᑙ࠾ࡿ࡙ិၻெࠍࡡ୯࡞⏍ࡱࡿࡾࡆ࡛ࢅㄵࡋ࡙࠷ࡾࠊ ࠔ⾢ິ࡚࠵ࢀ࠹ࠉ⩞ៈ࡚࠵ࢀ࠹ࠉ♼ᏽࡴࡒࡵࡡࡢᐁ㝷࡞ࡢ⚶ࡒࡔࡡᮇᛮ࡞ങࢂ ࡖ࡙࠷ࡾࠊࡐࡊ࡙ࠉᏽࡴࡼࡿࡒ᭩⤂Ⓩཋᅄࡢࠉྜྷ⬂ࡡྜྷ࡞࠽࠷࡙ဖࡿெ࡞ᑊࡊ ࡙᪃ࡊࢅ࠻ࡾࡆ࡛࡚࠵ࡾࠊࡌࢂࡔࡐࡿࡢࠉ♼ゕࡊࡒࡻ࠹ᡜ᭯ᶊࡡฦ㒼ࡡ࠵ ࡼࡹࡾୌ⯙ぞ์ࡡୖ࡚ࠉኣᩐࡡெࠍࡈࡼࡈࡿࡾ࡞㐢࠷࠷ᖲ➴ࡷⱖ㞬ࢅᨾῥࡌࡾ ࡆ࡛࡚࠵ࡾ53ࠊ ࠕ ධ࡙ࡡᅰᆀࡢࠉୌெࡡெ࠷ࡊᅗᐓ࡞ࡻࡽᡜ᭯ࡈࡿ࡙࠷ࡒࡡ࡚ࡢࡂࠉ࠾ࡗ࡙ࡢභ᭯ᆀ ࡚࠵ࡖࡒࠊࡊ࠾ࡊࡼࠉ࣭࣋ࣛࡢࠉิ࢞ࣛࢪࢹᩅࡡཋጙභ⏐⩇Ⓩ⩻࠻ࢅࠔᶅೊ ࡡ๑ౚࠕ࡛ࡲࡊ࡙࠷࠾ࡖࡒࠊࡆࡡࡻ࠹ᴗ❻⩻࠻࡞㉦ࡼࡂ࡙ࡵࠉ㈃Ằࢅᨾ࠹ᡥ❟ ࡙ࢅᶅ⣬ࡊ࡙࠷ࡒࡡ࡚࠵ࡖࡒࠊ≁࡞࣭࣋ࣛࡢࠔெࠍ㈃Ằ࡞∸ࢅ࠻ࡾࡆ࡛ࢅඞࡿࡾࡒ ࡴࡡཾᐁࠕ࡞⃥ᛛࡊࠉ12 ࡡୌ⯙Ⓩᘒ᪺ࡐࡿࡑࡿ࡞ᑊࡊ࡙㟸㞬ࢅ⾪᪺ࡊ࡙࠷ࡾࠊౚ࠻ࡣࠉ ࠔ㈃Ằࡢ⚶ࡒࡔാࡊ࡙࠷ࡾ௧୕࡞ⱖࡊࢆ࡚࠷࠷ࠉᩅ⫩࡛⩞ៈࡢᙴࡼࡡሾ㐕ࡡᝇ࡛ୌ ⮬ࡊ࡙࠷ࡾ࡛࠷࠹ࠕཾᐁ࡞ᑊࡊ࡙ࠉ࣭࣋ࣛࡢ៵់ࡊ࡙ᚺ➽ࡊࡒࠊ ࠔ⩞ៈ࡞ࡻࡖ࡙ெ㛣ᮇᛮ ᐨࡈࠉ㣒࠻ࠉῤࡀ࡛࠷ࡖࡒᴗ❻≟ឺ࡞ࡿࡾࡆ࡛ࡢỬࡊ࡙࠷ࠊࡐࡿࡢᡥ࡚┷ࡖ㉝ 㕪࡞りࡿࡾࡆ࡛࡚ࡀ࠷ࡡ࡛ྜྷࡋ࡚࠵ࡾࠊࠕ࣭࣋ࣛࡢ⌟ᐁࢅᢀึࡊࠉ ࠔ⮤ᑕᚨࠉ୕ဗࡈࠉ ඁ㞖ࡈࠉᏭࡼࡁ࡞ᑊࡌࡾយ࠾ࡼࠉୠ⏲ࡡ༖ฦࡡெࠍࡢࠉṟࡽࡡ༖ฦࡡெࠍࡆ࠹ࡳࡖ࡙࠷ ࡾࡵࡡࢅふᐳࡊ࠷ࡻ࠹࡞ࡊ࡙࠷ࡾࠕ࡛ㄵࡋࡒࡡ࡚࠵ࡖࡒ54ࠊ 52 53 54 Paley[1785], p.138-140. Paley[1785], p.141. Paley[1785], p.140-149 (Book3 part2 chapter5). 14 㸩㸣 ⚶Ⓩᡜ᭯ ࣈ࣭ࣛࢪࢹ࡛࣭ࣛ࣋ࣛࡡ୦⩽ࡡិၻふ㸝㈃Ằᨾῥࡡᛦふ㸞ࡢࠉᙴࡼࡡᡜ᭯࡞ᑊࡌࡾ ឺᗐ࠾ࡼᑙ࠾ࡿ࡙࠷ࡾࠊ୦⩽ࡢ࡛ࡵ࡞ࢩࣘࣤ࣬ࣞࢴࢠࡡᡜ᭯ᴣᛍࢅ✒ᴗⓏ࠷ࡊྫྷᏽⓏ࡞ ⤽ᢆࡊ࡙࠷ࡒࠊࣞࢴࢠ࡞ࡻࡿࡣࠉᡜ᭯ࡢᮇᮮࠉ⮤↓Ἢ࡞ࡻࡽโ㝀ࡈࡿ࡙࠷ࡒࠉ㈄ᖨⓆ ᪺ࡈࡿࡾࡆ࡛࡞ࡻࡽெࡡ↋㝀ᡜ᭯࠽ࡻࡦᡜ᭯ࡡᖲ➴ヾࡴࡼࡿࡒ55ࠊࣈ࣭ࣛࢪࢹࣛࡢ ࣞࢴࢠࡡᚃ⩽ࡡ❟ሔ࡞ࡒࡔࠉ࣭࣋ࣛࡢ๑⩽ࡡ❟ሔ࡞ࡒࡖ࡙࠷ࡒࠊ 㸩㸣㸦 ࣈ࣭ࣛࢪࢹࣛ ࣈ࣭ࣛࢪࢹࣛࡢࡻࡂ▩ࡼࡿ࡙࠷ࡾࡻ࠹࡞ࣞࢴࢠࡡᚽᐁ⤽ᢆ⩽࡚࠵ࡖࡒࠊࡐࡿࡢࣈ࣭ࣛ ࢪࢹࣛ⮤㌗ࡵ⮤ヾࡊ࡙࠷ࡒࠊࣈ࣭ࣛࢪࢹࣛࡢࠖᨳᗋࡡ➠ୌཋ⌦࡞㛭ࡌࡾୌㄵ࡚ࠗ௧ୖࡡࡻ ࠹࡞ㄵࡋ࡙࠷ࡾࠊ ࢂࡒࡂࡊࡢெ㛣࡞࡛ࡖ࡙౮ೋࡡ࠵ࡾၡ㢗ࢅᇱ♇ࡄࡒࠊࡐࡊ࡙ࡱࡒࠉࣞࢴࢠẮࡷࡆࡡၡ㢗 ࡞ࡗ࠷࡙௧๑࡞ㄵࡋ࡙ࡀࡒࡡெࠍࡻࡽࡵᗀ⠂࠾ࡗࠉࡻࡽ☔ᅖ࡛ࡊ࡙ࠉெ㛣࡞ࡗ࠷࡙ࡡ᭩ ࡵ౮ೋࡡ࠵ࡾㅎ㛭ᚨࡡ࠷ࡂࡗ࠾ࢅᇱ♇ࡄࡒ56ࠊ ࡆࡡᘤ⏕࠾ࡼࢂ࠾ࡾࡻ࠹࡞ࠉࣈ࣭ࣛࢪࢹࣛࡢࣞࢴࢠ࠾ࡼெ㛣◂✪ࡡᇱ♇Ⓩ⩻࠻ࢅུࡄ⤽ ࠷࡚࠷ࡒࡆ࡛ࢂ࠾ࡾ57ࠊ ࣈ࣭ࣛࢪࢹࣛࡡᡜ᭯࡞ᑊࡌࡾ⩻࠻ࡵࠉࣞࢴࢠࢅ㟸ᖏ࡞ណㆉࡊ࡙࠷ࡾࠊࣈ࣭ࣛࢪࢹࣛࡢࠉ ⴥ᭡ࡡ୯࡚ᡜ᭯࡞ࡗ࠷࡙༟≺࡚ㄵࡋ࡙࠽ࡼࡍࠉ᩷∞Ⓩ࡞ㄵࡋ࡙࠷ࡾ࡞㐛ࡁ࠷ࠊࡊࡊ ࡼࠉࣈ࣭ࣛࢪࢹࣛᥞ♟ࡊ࡙࠷ࡒᡜ᭯ᛦࡢࠉ⤊ῥࡡ㐅ᒈࢅᙁງ࡞ᚃᢪࡊࡌࡾ㐠ර࡛ࡊ ࡙⏕࠷ࡼࡿࡾࡆ࡛࡚ࡀࡒࠊ ࣈ࣭ࣛࢪࢹࣛࡢᡜ᭯ᶊࢅࣞࢴࢠ࡛ྜྷࡋࡻ࠹࡞⮤↓ᶊ࡛ぜࡊࡒࠊࣈ࣭ࣛࢪࢹࣛ࡞ࡻࡿࡣࠉ 55 ࠔࣞࢴࢠࡡᒈ㛜ࡊࡒ⮤↓≟ឺ࡞࠽ࡄࡾ㈄ᖨ⏕ࡡᬧ㯪ࡡྜྷណࡡ⌦ㄵࡢࠉ ࣬࣬࣬ຘ഼࡞ࡻ ࡾᡜ᭯ࡡ⮤↓ᶊࢅ↋โ㝀✒ࡡ⮤↓ᶊ࡞ࡱ࡚㌹ࡎࡊࡴࡾࡒࡴࡡ፳మ࠷ࡊᏰ∸࡛ࡊ࡙ ࡡᛮࢅࡵࡗࡵࡡ࡚࠵ࡖࡒࠕࠊ 㸝⏛୯ḿྒྷ[2005]ࠉ309-310 㡣㸞 ࠔࣞࢴࢠࡡᡜ᭯ㄵࡢࠉெࡡ ࠔຘ഼࡞ࡻࡾᡜ᭯ᶊࠕ࡛࠷࠹ᖲ➴ཋ์࠾ࡼฝⓆࡊࡼࠉᖲ➴ࢅḿᙔࡌࡾࠔᐣࡡ ㄵ⌦ࠕࢅᥞ♟ࡊ࡙࠷ࡾࡡ࡚࠵ࡾࠊࠕ㸝see ⏍㉲ฺ[1991]ࠉ➠㸨❮ࠉ≁࡞ 163 㡣ࠊ㸞ࡱࡒࠉ ࣞࢴࢠࡡᡜ᭯ࡡࠔ⮤↓Ἢࠕโ㝀࡛ࡢࠉձ༎ฦᛮ᮪௲㸝ࠔ㈀⏐⋋ᚋ௧๑࡛ྜྷᵕ࡞㹐ࡐࡿ௧ᚃࡵ㹒ࠉ 㝼ெ࡞ࡢኣࡂࡡⰃ࠷ࡱࡒ༎ฦ㈀⏐ࡡఴᆀ࠵ࡖࡒ࡞㐢࠷࠷ࠕ ࠉLocke[1690], §36㸞 ࠉղ ⏕โ㝀㸝ࠔᡜ᭯ᶊ࡞ࡗ࠷࡙๑㏑ࡊࡒࡡ࡛ྜྷࡋἪ์ࠉࡌࢂࡔெࡢ⮤ฦࡡฺ⏕ࡊ࠹ࡾࡓࡄ ࡡࡵࡡࢅࡵࡗࡊ࡛࠷࠹Ἢ์ࠉ࠽㏳⏕ࡊ࡙࠷ࡾࠕࠉIbid, §36㸞ࠉճ⭁ᩃ࠷ࡊ⁓ โ㝀㸝ࠔᙴ⏕ࡌࡾ๑࡞ᯕᐁ⭁ࡖࡒࡽࠉ㮭ࡡ⫏⭁ᩃࡊࡒࡽࡌࡾࡼࡣࠉᙴࡢெ࡞භ ㏳⮤↓ࡡἪ࡞㐢ཬࡊࡒࡡ࡚࠵ࡽࠉฌ⨡ࡈࡿࡄࡿࡣࡼ࠷ࠕ ࠉIbid, §37㸞ࠉմ⪌షโ㝀 㸝ࠔྜྷࡋᇱ‵ᅰᆀࡡᡜ᭯࡞ࡵ㏳⏕ࡊࡒࠊ࣬࣬࣬ࡆࡡࡻ࠹࡞ࡊ࡙ิࡴ࢜ࣤࡢ⮤ฦࡡ⪌షࡊ ᚋࡾࡓࡄࡡᅰᆀࢅ࡛ࡽࠉࡐࡿࢅ⮤ฦࡡᅰᆀ࡛ࡊ࡙ࡵࡻ࠾ࡖࡒࠊࠕ ࠉIbid, §38㸞࡚࠵ࡾࠊ 56 Priestley㹐1768㹒 㸡p.㸨㸣 57 ࡆࡡレࡊ࠷よㄕࡢ༖⃕Ꮟ㯚㹐1961㹒ࢅぜࡻࠊ 15 ⮤↓ᶊ࡛ࡢࠔெࠍ⏍ࡱࡿࡼ࡞ࡵࡖ࡙࠷ࡾ⏍ࠉ⮤⏜ࠉᡜ࡛᭯࠷ࡖࡒࡊࡣࡊࡣ⮤↓Ⓩ ࡛⛘ࡈࡿ࡙࠷ࡾฺⅤ࠷ࡊᶊฺ58ࠕ࡚࠵ࡽࠉࡐࡡ୯࡚ࡵᡜ᭯ᶊࡢࠉ ࠔ♣ఌධమࡡၻࡡ⩻៎ ࡞ᇱࡘ59ࠕࡂᶊฺ࡚࠵ࡾࠊࡵࡊᡜ᭯ࡡᏭධ☔ಕࡈࡿࡿࡣࠉ㎨ᴏ࡛⿿㏸ᴏࡢ࡛ࡵ࡞⦶ᰜࡌ ࡾࡓࢀ࠹ࠊࡐ࠹࡚ࡄࡿࡣࠉᅰᆀࡢᨭⰃࡈࡿ࠷ࡓࢀ࠹ࡊࠉ ࠔெࠍࡢᡜ᭯Ꮽධ࡚࠵ࡾ࡛࠷ ࠹☔ッࡄࡿࡣࠉ᭩㝀ᗐࡡ⏍Ὡ௧୕ࡡࡵࡡࢅ⋋ᚋࡌࡾຑງࢅࡊࡂࡾ࡚࠵ࢀ࠹60ࠊࠕ ࣈ࣭ࣛࢪࢹࣛࡢࠉ⚶Ⓩᡜ᭯ᶊࢅெࠍᖲ➴࡞ಕᣚࡊࡒ⤎ᯕࡡ㈀⏐ࡡᖲ➴ࢅḿᙔࡊࠉ භྜྷᡜ᭯ⓏⓆࢅᏰධ࡞ᢼ⤧ࡊࡒࠊ ࠔ⚶ࡒࡔࡡᩓ㹐ཬẰ⩇⩽㹒ࡢࠉẰ⩇࡞ࡻࡖ࡙ࠉ⚶ࡒࡔ↋ᨳᗋࡷΊࡡ≟ឺࠉ ᬸᚈ࡞ࡻࡾ⤣ࠉධ࡙ࡡᡜ᭯ࡡᖲ➴ࢅណࡊ࡙࠷ࡾ࡛࠵ࡒ᪁࡞ゕ࠹ࡓࢀ࠹61ࠊࠕ ࡆࡡࡻ࠹࡞ࣈ࣭ࣛࢪࢹࣛࡢ᪺☔࡞ࠔᡜ᭯ࡡᖲ➴ࠕࢅᢼ⤧ࡊ࡙࠷ࡾࠊ ืࡡ࡛ࡆࢀ࡚ࡢ̺㈃ࡊ࠷⛛ప⩽ࡡࡒࡴ࡞ិၻࢅさịࡊ࡙࠷ࡒ࣒ࣛ࢜ࡡࣆࣚࢸࣜࣆ ࡚⾔ࢂࡿࡒㄕᩅ࡞࠽࠷࡙̺ࠉࣈ࣭ࣛࢪࢹࣛࡢ᪺☔࡞㈀⏐ࡡᖲ➴ࢅḿᙔࡌࡾ㆗ㄵࢅ ᒈ㛜ࡊ࡙࠷ࡾࠊ ࠔࡐࡿ㹐㈃ࡊ࠷⛛ప⩽࡞ᑊࡌࡾិၻ㹒ࡢࠉ♼ࡡ⣪ᬍࡼࡊ࠷ゝ⏤࡞ྜྷណࡊ࡙࠷ࡾࠊ♼ࡡ ᦜ⌦ࡢࠉ⌟ୠࢅ⚶ࡒࡔධ࡙ࡡಞ⦆ࡡሔ࡛㈶᪺࡞ࡵᏽࡴ࡙࠷ࡾࡊࠉெࠍࡡᨭⰃࡡࡒࡴࡡ ࡆࡡಞ⦆ࡡโᗐ࡛ࡊ࡙ࡡᖲ➴ⱝ▩࡞࠽࠷࡙ࠉெ࡞ᑊࡊ࡙㟸ᖏ࡞ኬࡀ᭯⏕ᛮࢅషࡽ ฝࡊ࡙࠷ࡾࠊࡆࡡ⌦⏜࡞ࡻࡖ࡙ࠉ࠵ࡾெࡢᐣ⩽࡞ࡽࠉืࡡெࡢ㈃⩽࡞ࡾࠊ࠵ࡾெ ࡢ∸▩ࡽ࡞ࡽࠉืࡡெࡢ↋▩࡞ࡾࠊࡱࡒࠉ࠵ࡾெࡢᙁࡂࡽࠉืࡡெࡢᘽࡂࡾࠊ ♼ Supreme Beingࠉࡌࢂࡔࠉ⚶ࡒࡔභ㏳ࡡばࡢࠉୌࡗࡡࡵࡡ࡞ᑊࡊ࡙೩យࢅ♟ࡊ࡙ ࠷࠷ࠊ♼ࡡណᅒࡢ᪺ࡼ࠾࡞ࡆࡿࡼࡡฺ─ࡐࡡ㞗ᅆࡐࡡࡵࡡ࡞ࡻࡖ࡙ࡻࡽᖲ➴࡞ฦ 㒼ࡈࡿࡾࡀ࡚࠵ࡾ࡛࠷࠹ࡆ࡛࡚࠵ࡾࠊࡏࡼࠉࡐࡿ♼࡞ࡻࡖ࡙├⾔ࢂࡿࡾ ࡻࡽࡵࡻࡽࡻ࠷⤎ᯕࢅᣚࡗࡓࢀ࠹࠾ࡼ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ/ ࡐࡿࡹ࠻࡞ᐣ⩽ࡢᦜ⌦ࡡ㈶᪺โᗐ ࢅཬ᫆ࡊ࡙࠷ࡾࡡ࡚ࠉᙴࡼࡢఴ∸࡞ᑊࡊ࡙Ᏸධ࡞ᤴⓏᶊฺࢅᣚࡖ࡙࠷ࡾ࡛ᥞ᱄ ࡌࡀ࡚ࡢ࠷ࠊ ࣬࣬࣬⚶ࡒࡔභ㏳ࡡばࡢࡆࡡᖲ➴ࢅᏽࡴࡒ࡛ࡀࠉࡢࡾ࠾࡞ࡻࡽ㐛ᗐ ぜ᪁ࢅ⏕ࡊ࡙࠷ࡒࠊ࠵ࡾெெ࡞ࡻࡽ㢏ࡖ࡙⏍Ὡࡌࡾࡆ࡛ࡢࠉࡆࡡኬࡀ㒂ฦ ࡡධ࡙ࡡ㒂ฦࠉࡌࢂࡔࠉࡻࡽཚᐠ⤎ࡦࡗࡀࢅᙁࡴࡾࡆ࡛࡛࠽ࡋ࡚࠵ࡾ62ࠊࠕ ࡆࡡ⟿ࡢୌぜࡌࡿࡣࠉ ᡜ᭯ࡡᖲ➴ࢅᨯᦹࡊ࡙࠷ࡾࡻ࠹࡞ᛦࢂࡿࡾࡓࢀ࠹ࠊࡊ࠾ࡊࡼࠉ ࣈ࣭ࣛࢪࢹࣛࡢិၻࡢெࡡ᪃ࡊ࡞㝀ᏽࡈࡿࡾࡀ࡚࠵ࡾ࡛࠷࠹㆗ㄵ࠾ࡼࡵࢂ࠾ࡾࡻ࠹࡞ࠉ ᖲ➴ฦ㒼ࡌࡼࡵெ࡞ጟࡠࡼࡿ࡙࠷ࡾ࡛⩻࠻ࡾࡆ࡛ጂᙔ࡚࠵ࡾࠊࣈ࣭ࣛࢪࢹࣛࡢࡆࡡ ୌ⟿࡞࠽࠷࡙ࠉ࣒ࣛ࢜࡞⛛ప├ᚃࡡࡒࡴ㈀⏐࠷㈃Ằ࡞ᑊࡊ࡙ិၻࢅ⾔࠷ࠉิ≟ឺ Priestley[1791], p.167. Priestley[1768], p.26. 60 Priestley[1803], p.307. also see Priestley[1768], p.37-38, Priestley[1803], p.228, and Mudroch[2001] (especially p.75). 61 Priestley[1801], p.121. 62 Priestley[1797a], p.501. 58 59 16 ࢅᖲ➴࡞ࡌࡾࡆ࡛ࡢࠔ♼ࡡᦜ⌦ࠕ࡞ୌ⮬ࡊ࡙࠷ࡾࡡ࡚ḿᙔ࡚ࡀࡾ࡛࠷࠹ࡆ࡛࡚࠵ࡖࡒࠊ ࣈ࣭ࣛࢪࢹࣛࡡさịࡢࠉᶊฺࡡᖲ➴࡚࠵ࡖ࡙ࠉ⤎ᯕࡡᖲ➴࡚ࡢ࠾ࡖࡒࠊࡐࡿࡹ࠻࡞ࠉ ᡜ᭯ᶊࡵࡱࡒᖲ➴࡞ུࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡚ࡀࡾࡻ࠹โᗐࢅషࡽฝࡌࡻ࠹ịࡴࡒࠊࣈ࣭ࣛࢪࢹ ࣛࡢ࣒ࣛ࢜࡞࠽࠷࡙ࡐࡡࡻ࠹โᗐࡢ࡞ฝᮮ୕ࡖ࡙࠽ࡽࠉ㈳㈰࡞ೋࡌࡾᅗᐓ࡛ࡊ࡙ ཱིࡽࡖ࡙࠷ࡾࠊ ࠔẰ⩇࡞ࡻࡖ࡙⚶ࡒࡔࡢᬸᚈ࡚ࡢࡂெẰࡡᨳᗋࢅណࡊ࡙࠷ࡾࡡ࡛࠽ࡋࡻ ࠹࡞ࠉᖲ➴࡞ࡻࡖ࡙⚶ࡒࡔࡢࠉᡜ᭯ࢅ⋋ᚋࡊࠉ⥌ᣚࡌࡾᶊฺ࡛ງࡡᖲ➴ࢅណࡊ࡙࠷ ࡾࡡ࡚࠵ࡾࠊࡐࡡᖲ➴ࡢࠉࡆࡡᅗ㹐࣒ࣛ࢜㹒࡞࠽࠷࡙⌟ᐁ࡞Ꮛᅹࡊ࡙࠷ࡾ63ࠊࠕ ࡱࡒࠉࣈ࣭ࣛࢪࢹࣛ࡞ࡻࡿࡣࠉெ⚶᭯㈀⏐ࢅࡡࡻ࠹࡞ཱིࡽ࠽࠹࡛ࡵࠉ⩽ࡷᅗ ᐓ࠾ࡼᖱῦࡈࡿࡾࡀ࡚ࡢ࠷ࡊࠉࡐࡡࡻ࠹โᗐᩒങࡈࡿࡾࡀ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ ࠔᡜ᭯ࡡᏭධ༥᭯ࡓࡄ࡚ࡂᏭධ⛛㌹ࡢࠉ⚶ࡒࡔ♣ఌ࠾ࡼᘤࡀฝࡊ࡙࠷ࡾ≁ᶊ ࡚࠵ࡾࠊࡓࠉࡆࡡ≁ᶊࡡ⛤ᗐࠉᣉኬࡈࡿࡾ࠾ࡢᨳᐓࡡ୯࡚ࡡၡ㢗࡚࠵ࡾࠊධ ࡙ࡡெࠍࡢࠉ⮤ฦ⏍ࡀ࡙࠷ࡾ㛣ࠉᡜ᭯ࡡᏰධฌฦᶊࢅᣚࡗࡀ࡚࠵ࡾ࡛࠷࠹ࡆ࡛ ࡢࠉỬࡊ࡙ཬㄵࡈࡿ࠷64ࠊࠕ ࡐࡡࡻ࠹ᩒങࡈࡿࡒ࡛ࡀࠉᡜ᭯࡞ᑊࡌࡾࣤࢬࣤࢷࣇ⏍ࡋࠉ⤊ῥ࡛ໂຫࢅๆ⃥ ࡌࡾష⏕ࢅᣚࡔ࠻ࡾࡡ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ ࠔᡜ᭯ࡡ༥᭯ࠉࡐࡿ㹐ᖲ➴Ἢ࡞ࡻࡖ࡙༎ฦ࡞࠻ࡼࡿࡾ⌟ᐁࡡฺ─㹒࡞ࡄຊ࠻ ࡼࡿࡒ≁ᶊࢅᣚࡗ࡛ࡀࠉໂຫ࡛⤊ῥ࡞ᑊࡌࡾິᶭ࡛ࡊ഼࡙ࡂࡓࢀ࠹65ࠊࠕ ࡐࡊ࡙ࠉࡆࡡࡻ࠹ࣈ࣭ࣛࢪࢹࣛࡡᡜ᭯ᛦࡢᙴࡡຘ഼ふ࡛⤎ࡦࡗ࠷ࡒ࡛ࡀࠉ㈠ᮇ⩇ ࡡᙁງཋິງࢅᵋᠺࡌࡾࡡ࡚࠵ࡾࠊࣈ࣭ࣛࢪࢹࣛ࡞ࡻࡿࡣࠉຘ഼ࡢࠔᐣࡡ။ୌࡡ″ἠࠕ ࡚࠵ࡽࠉຘ഼࡞ࡻࡽࠔெࠍࡢࠉᆀ⌣࠷ࡊᾇ࠾ࡼࠉ㣏ᩩࠉ⾨᭱ࡷపᑽࡡཋᩩࠉ࠽ࡻࡦࡡ ࠵ࡼࡹࡾⅤ࡚ᛄ㐲⏍Ὡࢅᡥ࡞ථࡿࡾࡆ࡛࡚ࡀࡾࠊ ࠕࡱࡒࠉࣈ࣭ࣛࢪࢹࣛࡢࠉ⫃ᴏ㝭ᒒࢅ ᄿࡗ࡞ฦࡌࡾࠊ ࠔຘ഼⩽ labourersࠉ⩽࡞ᅰᆀ࠷ࡊ㈄ᖨ࡞⏕ࢅ࠻ࡾࡆ࡛࡞ࡻࡖ࡙ ⏍ゝࢅ❟࡙࡙࠷ࡾᆀ࠷ࡊ㈄ᖨಕᣚ⩽ࠉᚪ㞺ဗࡡஹᥦ࡞ࡻࡖ࡙⏍ゝࢅࡒ࡙࡙࠷ࡾࢹࣝ ࢱ࣭tradersࠉࡐࡊ࡙᭩ᚃ࡞ࠉⅥᨳ⩽ࠉᏺᩅࠉ⛁Ꮥࠉහ⛁༈ࠉἪ᭢ࠉඹኃࠉಢඁ player ࡛࠷ࡖࡒࡻ࠹྇ servantsࠕࡡᄿࡗ࡚࠵ࡾࠊࡐࡡ୯࡚ࡵࠉࣈ࣭ࣛࢪࢹࣛࡢຘ഼⩽ࡓࡄ ᅗᐣࢅషࡽฝࡌࡆ࡛࡚ࡀࡾ࡛᪺ゕࡊ࡙࠷ࡾࠊ ࠔᙴࡼ㹐㎨ᴏ⩽ farmer ࡛⿿㏸ᴏ⩽㹒ࡡ ࡓࡄ࠽ࡐࡼࡂ⏍⏐Ⓩࡵࡡ࡚࠵ࡽࠉᅗᐓࡡᐣ࡞ࡄຊ࠻ࡾࡆ࡛࡚ࡀࡾ66ࠕࡡ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ ࣈ࣭ࣛࢪࢹࣛ࡞ࡻࡿࡣࠉᙴࡼࡢࠉ ࠔ࠾ࡽࡡ⛤ᗐࡡᏭධ࡛≺❟ࡊ࡞ࡢ⏍ゝࢅ❟࡙ࡾࡆ࡛ ࡚ࡀ࠷ࠕࡊࠉ ࠔᡜ᭯ࡡᏭධ࡞ࡗ࠷࡙ㄕᚋࡊ࠾ࡖࡒࡼࡣࠉ᭩㝀⏍Ꮛࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡚ࡀࡾ Priestley[1801], p.121. Priestley[1803], p.225. 65 Priestley[1808], p.245. ࣈ࣭ࣛࢪࢹࣛࡢᚃ࡞ḗࡡࡻ࠹࡞ࡵࡄຊ࠻࡙࠷ࡾࠊ ࠔᡜ᭯ࡡ⋋ ᚋ࡞రࡼ࠾ࡡ≁ᶊࢅࡄຊ࠻ࡾࡆ࡛ࡢࠉໂຫࡡິᶭ࡛ࡊ࡙ష⏕ࡊࠉໂຫ࡞ࡻࡖ࡙ᡜ᭯ࡢ ⋋ᚋࡈࡿࠉᡜ᭯ࡢ࠵ࡼࡹࡾᅗࠍࡡἪᚂ࡞ࡻࡖ࡙ዜທࡈࡿࡄࡿࡣࡼ࠷ࠊࠕ 㸝Ibid., p.258.㸞 66 Priestley[1803], Lecture50. 63 64 17 ௧୕ࡡࡵࡡࢅ⋋ᚋࡊࡻ࠹࡛ຑງࡊ࠷ࠕࡓࢀ࠹ࠊ ࡆࡡࡻ࠹࡞ຘ഼࡞ᇱࡘ࠷ࡒ⚶Ⓩᡜ᭯โᗐ࡛ࡊ࡙ᠺ❟ࡊࡒ࡛ࡀࠉᅗᐓࡡฺ─ࡢቌຊࡌࡾ ࡛ࣈ࣭ࣛࢪࢹࣛࡢ⩻࠻࡙࠷ࡒࡡ࡚࠵ࡖࡒࠊ ࠔ࠵ࡼࡹࡾᅗᐓࡡ┷ࡡฺ─ࡡふᛍࡢࠉ࠽ࡐࡼࡂࠉࡐࡿ࠵ࡾெ∸ࡡᡜ᭯࡞࠵ࡾ࡛ᏽ ࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡞ࡻࡖ࡙ࡻࡽᐖ᪾࡞ᙟᠺࡈࡿࡾ67ࠊࠕ ࣈ࣭ࣛࢪࢹࣛࡢࠉ⤊ῥⓆᒈࢅᠺࡊ㐑ࡅࡾࡒࡴ࡞ࠉຘ഼࡞ᇱࡘࡂᡜ࡛᭯࠷࠹ᖲ➴ཋ์࠾ࡼฝ Ⓠࡊࡼࠉᖲ➴ࢅḿᙔࡌࡾࠔᐣࡡㄵ⌦ࠕࢅᥞ♟ࡊ࡙࠷ࡒࡡ࡚࠵ࡾࠊࡆࡡណ࡚ࠉ ࣈ࣭ࣛࢪࢹࣛࡢࣞࢴࢠࢅ⤽ᢆࡊ࡙࠷ࡒ࡛ゕ࠻ࡾ68ࠊ 㸩㸣㸧 ࣭࣋ࣛ ࣭࣋ࣛࡡᡜ᭯ࡡ㆗ㄵࡢࠉ ࠖཋ⌦ࠗ➠⠅➠ୌ❮ࠔᡜ᭯࡞ࡗ࠷࡙ࠕࡡ୯࡚ᒈ㛜ࡈࡿ࡙࠷ࡾࠊ ᡜ᭯࡞㛭ࡌࡾ㆗ㄵࢅ࣭࣋ࣛࡢ㫸ࡡ᥆ㄵ࠾ࡼጙࡴ࡙࠷ࡾࠊ ࠔࡵࡊࠉ࠵ࡒ✈∸ᕰሔ࡚㫸ࡡୌ⩄ࢅぜࠉምࡡ୯࡞ࡐࡡ 99 ⩒ᚋࡒධ࡙ࡡࡵࡡࢅ 㞗ࡴ࡙࠷ࡾ̺࢜ࢪࡷࢠࢫ௧አࠉᙴࡼࡢ⮤ฦࡒࡔࡡࡒࡴ࡞ర࡞ࡵ⨠࠷࡙࠽ࡼࡍࠉୌ⩒ࡡ ࡒࡴ࡞ࡆࡡምࢅ⥌ᣚࡊ࡙࠷ࡾ̺ࡡࢅぜࡒ࡛ࡌࡿࡣࠉࡆࡡୌ⩒ࡐࡡምࢅ㈆ࡽ㣏࠷ࠉᾁ ㈕ࡊࠉ↋㥇࡞ࡖ࡙࠷ࡾࡡ㛣ࡍࡖ࡛ࠉ㫸ࡡୌ⩄ࡡ୯࡚ࡵࡖ࡛ࡵᘽࡂࠉ࠽ࡐࡼࡂࡵࡖ ࡛ࡵࢂࡾ࠷㫸ࡢࡐࡡ࿔ࡽ࡞ᗑࡖ࡙ࠉࡐࡿࢅぜ࡙࠷ࡾࡓࡄ࡚࠵ࢀ࠹ࠊࡵࡊࠉṟࡽࡡ㫸ࡻ ࡽࡵ㡱࠷ࡊ㣒࠻ࡒ㫸ࠉࡒࡂࢂ࠻ࡡᑛࡊ࡞ᡥࢅࡗࡄࡒࡼࡣࠉṟࡽࡡ㫸ࡢࡌࡃ࡞ ࡐࡿ࡞㣍ࡦࡗࡀࠉࡍࡒࡍࡒ࡞ᘤࡀࡂࡓࢀ࠹ࠊࡵࡊࠉ࠵ࡒࡆࡡ≟ឺࢅぜࡿࡣࠉẎ ࠉெࠍࡡ୯࡚⾔ࢂࡿࠉషࡽ୕ࡅࡼࡿ࡙࠷ࡾࡵࡡ௧୕ࢅぜࡾࡆ࡛ࡢ࠷࡚࠵ࢀ࠹ࠊெࠍ ࡡ୯࡚ࠉ࠵ࡒࡢ 99 ெୌெࡡࡒࡴ࡞ࡒࡂࡈࢆࡡఴࢅషࡽฝࡌࡆ࡛ࢅ㛣᩷ࡂࡷ ࡽ㐑ࡅࠉ❿ணࡊ࡙࠷ࡾࡡࢅぜࡾࠊࡐࡡ㛣ࠉᙴࡼࡢ⮤ฦࡒࡔࡡࡒࡴ࡞రࡵᚋ࠷ࠊࡓࠉ ᙴࡼࡡໂຫషࡽฝࡊ࡙࠷ࡾ㈋ⶮဗࡡࡵࡖ࡛ࡵ⢊ᝇࡵࡡࡡᑛ㔖ࢅᡥ࡞ථࡿࡾࡡ࡚࠵ ࡾࠊධ࡙ࡡຘ഼ࡡᠺᯕᾁ㈕ࡈࡿࠉዞࢂࡿ࡙࠷ࡾ㛣ࠉᙴࡼࡢࡐࡿࢅࡐࡖ࡛ぜ࡙࠷ࡾࠊ ࡐࡊ࡙ࠉᙴࡼࡡୌெ㈋ⶮဗࡡୌ㒂ࢅዞ࠽࠹࡛ࡊࡒࡽࠉ ᡥࢅࡗࡄࡻ࠹࡛ࡊࡒࡽࡌࡿࡣࠉ ࡡெࠍࡢࠉᙴ࡞ᩓᑊࡌࡾ⾔ິࢅ࡛ࡾ࡚࠵ࢀ࠹ࡊࠉᙴࢅ✴┈ࡡ⨝࡚⤘㤫ฬ࡞ࡌࡾ࡚࠵ ࢀ࠹69ࠊࠕ ࣭࣋ࣛࡡ㫸ࡡ᥆ㄵࡢࠉ⌟≟ࢅヾㆉࡌࡾࡒࡴࡡᡥṹ࠷ࡊࣝࢹࣛࢴࢠ࡛ࡊ࡙⏕࠷ࡼࡿ࡙࠷ ࡒࠊ࣭࣋ࣛࡢ㫸ࡡ᥆ㄵࡡ├ᚃ࡞ࠔ㟸ᖏ࡞㏣ㄕⓏ࡚㟸⮤↓Ⓩ࡚࠵ࡾ࣬࣬࣬โᗐࢅレࡊࡂㄵ ࡋࡾ࠷ࡂࡗ࠾ࡡ㟸ᖏ࡞㔔さฺⅤ࠵ࡾ࡞㐢࠷࠷ࠕ࡛ㄵࡋࠉ⌟≟ࡡโᗐࢅྨࡌࡾᚪさ 67 68 69 Priestley[1801], p.175. ࣞࢴࢠࡡࠔᐣࡡㄵ⌦ࠕ࡞ࡗ࠷࡙ࡢࠉ⏍㉲ฺ[1991]ࠉ144̺163 㡣ࢅཤ↯ࠊ Paley[1785], p.63-64. 18 ᛮࢅㄕ࠷ࡒ70ࠊ ࣭࣋ࣛࡢ⚶Ⓩᡜ᭯ࢅḿᙔࡌࡾㄵ⌦ࢅᥞ౩ࡊ࡙࠷ࡒࡆ࡛ࡢᐁ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ⚶Ⓩᡜ᭯ࡢࠉ ᅰᆀࡡ⏍⏐ᛮࢅ୕᪴ࡈࡎࠉୌ⯙࡞ᅰᆀᡜ᭯⩽㛣ࡡண࠷ࢅ㝎ཡࡊࠉฦᴏࢅ㏳ࡊ࡙ࡡࠔ⏍Ὡࡡ ᛄ㐲ࡈࠕࢅᨭⰃࡌࡾ⨠࡚࠵ࡾࠊᵕࠍโᗐࡡ୯࡚ࠉ ࠔ᪺ࡼ࠾࠾ࡗ㟸ᖏ࡞ኬࡀ㐛ࢅࡵࡗ ᡜ᭯ᶊࡡይࡲ࡞ົࡾ࡞㐢࠷࠷ࠕ࡛࣭࣋ࣛࡢ⤎ㄵࢅୖࡊ࡙࠷ࡾࠊᐁ୕ࠉ࣭࣋ࣛࡢ♣ ఌࡡ౼ᛮ࡞ᇱࡘ࠷࡙ࡐࡡโᗐࢅḿᙔࡊ࡙࠷ࡾࡡ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ ࡊ࠾ࡊࡼࠉ⚶Ⓩᡜ᭯ࡢ౼ᛮ࠾ࡼࡡࡲḿᙔࡈࡿ࡙࠷ࡾࢂࡄ࡚ࡢ࠾ࡖࡒࠊ ࠔᆀ⌣ࡡ ⏍⏐∸ெࠍࡡ⏕࡞⏕࠷ࡼࡿࡾࡆ࡛ࡢ♼ࡡណᅒ࡚࠵ࡾࠕ࡛࣭࣋ࣛࡢㄵࡋࡒࠊࡐࡊ࡙ࠉ ࡆࡡ♼ࡡណᅒࢅ࠾࠻ࡾࡒࡴ࡞ࡢࠔᡜ᭯ᶊࢅโᏽࡌࡾࡆ࡛ࡊ࡞㐡ᠺࡈࡿࡾࡆ࡛ࡢ࡚ࡀ ࠷ࠊࡐࡿࡹ࠻ࠉᡜ᭯ᶊࡡスࡢ♼ࡡណᅒ࡛□┢ࡊ࠷71ࠊ ࠕᡜ᭯ᶊࡢ⤎ᯕⓏ࡞⮤↓Ἢ࡞ࡻࡖ ࡙ಕ㆜ࡈࡿࡾࠊࡓ࠾ࡼࠉ ࠔெࡢἪ⥌ᣚࡊࡒࡽࠉᣚࡖࡒࡽࡌࡾࡆ࡛ࢅᐖヾࡌࡾ࠵ࡼࡹࡾࡵࡡ ࢅ⥌ᣚࡊࡒࡽࠉᣚࡖࡒࡽࡌࡾᶊฺࢅᣚࡖ࡙࠷ࡾࠊᵕࠍሔྙ࡞࠽࠷࡙ࠉࡐࡿࡢࡵࡖ࡛ࡵᴗ ᝇ㟸㐠ョᘒࢅᶊጸࡄࡾࡓࢀ࠹ࠊࠕࡆࡡࡻ࠹࡞ࠉ࣭࣋ࣛࡢ↋㝀ᡜ᭯ࢅᢀึࡊࠉ⚶Ⓩᡜ᭯ ࢅโ㝀ࡊࡒࡡ࡚࠵ࡾࠊࡐࡿ࡞ࡻࡖ࡙ࠉ ࠔධୌ᪐ධ࡙ࡡ୯࡚ࡵࡖ࡛ࡵᘽࡂࠉࡥ࠷ࡥ࡛ࡽࡡெ 72ࠕ࡞≁ืᆀన࡛ࠉࡡ 99 ெࡎࡖࡎ഼࡛ࡂࡆ࡛ࢅヾࡴࡒࠊ࣭࣋ࣛࡢ⚶Ⓩᡜ᭯ࢅḿᙔ ࡊࡼࡵࠉ⮤↓Ἢ࡞ࡻࡾᡜ᭯ࡡโ㝀࠵ࡽࠉᡜ᭯ࡡఴ㒂ฦࡢභྜྷమ࠷ࡊᩅ༇ࡡ୯ ࡚ḿᙔ࡞ฦ㒼ࡈࡿࡾࡆ࡛ࢅ᭻ࢆ࡚࠷ࡒࡡ࡚࠵ࡖࡒࠊ 㸪㸣ࡳࡌࡦ ̿̿ ⤎ㄵ࡞࠾࠻࡙ ࡆࡿࡱ࡚ぜ࡙ࡀࡒࡻ࠹࡞ࠉࣈ࣭ࣛࢪࢹ࡛࣭ࣛ࣋ࣛࡡ୦⩽ࡢ࢞ࣛࢪࢹᩅಘ௭ࢅ㔔ࢆࡋࠉ ಘ௭࡞ࡻࡽᖶ⚗ࢅ㐡ᠺࡌࡾࡆ࡛ࢅ┘ᣞࡊ࡙࠷ࡒࠊࡐࡡᖶ⚗ࡢࠉ⌟ୠ࡞࠽࠷࡙ࡓࡄ࡚ࡂࠉ ᮮୠ࡞࠽࠷࡙ࡵ㐡ᠺࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡚ࡀࡾ࡛୦⩽ࡢಘࡋ࡙࠷ࡒࠊ♣ఌࡡᖶ⚗ࢅ㏛ịࡊࡒ࡛࠷࠹ ណ࡞࠽࠷࡙ᙴࡼࡢྜྷࡋ❟ሔࢅ⏕ࡊ࡙࠷ࡒࡡ࡚࠵ࡾࠊࡊ࠾ࡊࡼࠉ♣ఌධమࢅᖶ⚗࡞ ࡌࡾ⤊㊪␏ࡖ࡙࠷ࡒࡡ࡚࠵ࡾࠊࣈ࣭ࣛࢪࢹࣛࡢࠉெࡡ⮤ᚂ࠷ࡊ⮤❟ࢅࠉ࣭࣋ࣛ ࡢᩅ༇ࡡࢤ࣐ࣖࢼࢷ࣭ࢅᙁㄢࡊ࡙࠷ࡒࡡ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ≁࡞㈃Ằᨾῥࡷᡜ᭯ࡡഁ㟻࡞୦⩽ ࡡᆵⓏ㐢࠷ࢅぜฝࡌࡆ࡛࡚ࡀࡾࡡࡢࠉᮇㄵ࡚♟ࡊࡒ㏳ࡽ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ ௧୕ࡡࡻ࠹࡞ࠉࣗࢼࢷࣛࣤࡡ∶ᖅ࡚࠵ࡽࠉ࢜ࢸ࣐࣭ࡡᩅቨ࡞❟ࡖࡒࣈ࣭ࣛࢪࢹ࡛ࣛ ᅗᩅఌࡡ⪯⫃⩽࡚࠵ࡽࠉࢢࣤࣇࣛࢴࢩ࣬ࣗࢼࣁ࣭ࢨࢷࡡᩅቨ࡞❟ࡖࡒ࣭࣋ࣛࡡ❟ሔࡢ ࠾ࡽ␏ࡾᵕ┞ࢅᖈࡦ࡙࠷ࡾࠊࡆࡡၡ㢗ࢅ࣏ࣜࢦࢪ࡞ࡱ࡚ᣉኬࡊ࡙ᒈ᭻ࡌࡿࡣࠉ௧ୖࡡ ࡻ࠹っⅤྊ⬗࡞ࡾࡻ࠹࡞ᛦࢂࡿࡾࠊ࿔▩ࡡࡻ࠹࡞ࠉ࣏ࣜࢦࢪࡢᖺᑛ࡞ࣗࢼࢷࣛ ࣤᩅ⫩ࢅུࡄࠉᚃ࡞ᅗᩅఌࡡ⪯⫃⩽࡛ࡽࠉࢢࣤࣇࣛࢴࢩኬᏕࡡᩅቨ࡞❟ࡗࡆ࡛࡛ࡾࠊ 70 71 72 Paley[1785], p.64. Paley[1785], p.70. Paley[1785], p.63. 19 ࡆࡡ␏ࡾᏺὬࡡ୯ུ࡚ࡄࡒᛦⓏᙫ㡢ᙴࡡᛦ࡞࠷࠾ࡾᙟ࡚ཬ᫆ࡈࡿ࡙࠷ࡾ࠾ࠉࡱ ࡒࠉᙴࡡ⤊ῥᏕ࡞ࡡࡻ࠹ᙫࢅⴘ࡛ࡊ࡙࠷ࡾࡡ࠾ࠉࡐࡡ㛭౿ࢅࡒࡾࡆ࡛ࡢ㟸ᖏ࡞⮾ ࠵ࡾၡ㢗࡚࠵ࡾࠊࡔࡲ࡞ࠉࣤࢲࡢ࣏ࣜࢦࢪࢅ♼ᏕⓏຉฺ⩇⩽࡛᪺☔࡞ぞᏽࡊ࡙࠷ ࡾ73ࠊࡊ࠾ࡊࠉ࣏ࣜࢦࢪࣈ࣭ࣛࢪࢹࣛࡷ࣭࣋ࣛࡡࡻ࠹♼ᏕⓏຉฺ⩇⩽࠾ࡼࡡࡻ ࠹ᙫ㡢ࢅུࡄࡒࡡ࠾ࡢࡱࡓ᪺ࡼ࠾࡞ࡈࡿ࡙࠷࠷ࡻ࠹࡞ᛦࢂࡿࡾࠊࡈࡼ࡞ࠉ࣏ࣜࢦࢪࡡ ᛦࡡ୯࡞ࣗࢼࢷ࡛ࣛࣤᅗᩅఌࡡᏺᩅⓏᑊ❟ࡡࡻ࠹࡞ᙫ㡢ࢅ࠻࡙࠷ࡾ࠾࡛࠷࠹ ၡ㢗ࡵ࢚࣭ࢰ࣭࣏ࣤᥞ၌ࡌࡾࠔ࢞ࣛࢪࢹᩅ⤊ῥᏕࠕ࡛࠷࠹ふⅤ࠾ࡼぜ࡙⮾࠵ࡾၡ㢗 ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ 73 ࣤࢲ[1992]ࠉ51-53 㡣ࠊ 20 ཤ⩻ᩝ⊡ Paley, William [1785] The Principles of Moral and Political Philosophy, Liberty Fund(rep. 2002).㸝࠽ࠉྜྷ᭡ࡢ http://oll.libertyfund.org/index.php ࠾ࡼࡱࡖࡒ ࡂྜྷࡋࡵࡡࢅࢱ࣭ࣤࣞࢺࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡚ࡀࡾ㸞 Priestley, Joseph㹐1768㹒An Essay on the First Principles of Government;, 2nd ed.1771, in Theological and Miscellaneous Works of Joseph Priestley , ed. with notes by Rutt. J. T., Bristol, 1831(rep. 1999), vol.22. Priestley, Joseph[1772̺1774]Institutes of Natural and Revealed Religion, the Edition of 1782, in Ibid, vol.2. Priestley, Joseph[1787a] An Account of a Society for Encouraging the Industrious Poor, in Ibid, vol.25. Priestley, Joseph[1787b]“The Duty of Not Living to Ourselves” in Discourses on Various Subjects, Including Several on Particular Occasions, in Ibid, vol.15. Priestley, Joseph[1790] Familiar Letters, Addressed to the Inhabitants of Birmingham, in Ibid, vol. 19. Priestley, Joseph [1797a] The Case of Poor Emigrans, Recommended, in Ibid, vol.16. Priestley, Joseph [1797b] Obserbations on the Increase of Infidelity, 3rd ed., in Ibid, vol.17. Priestley, Joseph [1801] Letters to The Inhabitants of Northumberland And Its Neighbourhood, 2nd ed., in Ibid, vol.25. 㸝ᙔル᭡ࡢࠖ➠ୌཋ⌦ࠗ࠽ࡻࡦࠖㅦ⩇ࠗࢅᩔ⾕ࡊ࡙࠷ࡾ࡛ࣈ࣭ࣛࢪࢹࣛࡢㄵࡋ࡙ ࠷ࡾࠊp. 124.㸞 Priestley, Joseph [1803] Lectures on History and General Policy, in Ibid, vol.24. 㸝ิ∟ࡢ 1788 ᖳࣁ࣭࣐࣑࡚ࣤ࢝ฝ∟ࡈࡿࡒࠊྜྷᖳࠉࢱࣇ࡚ࣛࣤࡵฝ∟ࡈࡿࡾࠊ㸞 Priestley, Joseph [1805] Letters to the Bishops upon the Subject of the Controversy with Dr. Horsley, in Ibid, vol.25. Priestley, Joseph [1832] Life and Correspondence, 1787-1804; in Ibid, vol.1, part2. Locke, John [1690] Two Treatises of Government, ed. by Laslett, P., Cambridge, 1960. Canovan, Margaret[1983] “Paternalistic Liberalism – Joseph Priestley on Rank and Inequality” in Enlightenment and Dissent, 2. Canovan, Margaret [1984] “The Un-Benthamite Utilitarianism of Joseph Priestley” in Journal of the History of Ideas, 45. Cowherd, Raymond G. [1977] Political Economists and English Poor Laws, Ohio 21 University Press: Athens. Crimmins, J. E. [1989] “Religion, Utility and Politics: Bentham versus Paley” in Religion, Secularization and Political Thought, ed. by J. E. Crimmins, Routledge: London and New York. Dickinson, H. T. [1977㹒Liberty and Property: Political Ideology in Eighteenth-Century Britain, Methuen.⏛୯⚵ኰ┐ゼࠉ୯⃕ಘᙢゼࠖ⮤⏜࡛ᡜ̺᭯ⱝᅗࡡ⮤⏜ᅗโ ࡢ࠷࠾࡞ࡊ࡙ฝࡈࡿࡒ࠾ࠗࢻ࢜ࢼࢨࣕฝ∟ࠉ2006 ᖳࠊ Fitzpatrick, Martin [2007] “Joseph Priestley, Political Philosopher” in Joseph Priestley, Scientist, Philosopher, and Theologian, ed. by Isabel Rivers and David L. Wykes, Oxford University Press. 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[2004] Political Economy and Christian Theology Since the Enlightenment, Palgrave Macmillan. ࣤࢲ[1992]࣏ࠖࣜࢦࢪࠗ㸝ಕⰶ࣬ᶣᮇẒⓇᚷゼ㸞ᮇ⤊ῥフㄵ♣ࠊ ⏍㉲ฺ[1991]ࠖࢩࣘࣤ࣬ࣞࢴࢠࡡ⤊ῥᛦࠗὊ᭡ᡛࠊ ಕ⏛㢟[2005]ࠔ➠Ϯ❮ ຉฺ⩇ࡡྋ㢄ࠕᑈ୯ᖲ࣬ኬಕḿ⥽ࠖ࢟ࣛࢪူᏕ ࡡᇱᮇၡ㢗ࠗᡜࠉ◂✪♣ࠊ ⏛୯ḿྒྷ[2005]ࠖ᩺ቌ ࢩࣘࣤ࣬ࣞࢴࢠ◂✪ࠗᚒⲌࡡỀ᭡ᡛࠊ Ễ⩇㞕[1983]ࠔ࢟ࣛࢪ᛬㐅⩇ࡡᩅ⫩⌦ㄵ࡛ᐁ㊰ࠕࠉ ᐋᮇୌ࠾⥽ࠖᕰẰ♣ఌࡡᛦ Ề⏛Ὂᩅ㏝ᏻオᛍㄵ㞗ࠗᚒⲌࡡỀ᭡ᡛᡜࠊ ᶣᮇẒⓇᚷ[1989]ࠔ㹌㸣࣭࣋ࣛࡡெཾㄵ࡛⤊ῥᛦࠕಕⰶࠉ┷ᐁୌ⏠ࠉථỜዠ⥽ⴥ ࠖࢪ࣐ࢪࠉ࣭ࣛ࢜ࢺࠉ࣏ࣜࢦࢪ̺ࡐࡡධమാ⌦よࡡࡒࡴ࡞ࠗᡜࠉඔ♣ࠊ ༖⃕Ꮟ㯚[1961]ࠔࣆࣚࣤࢪ㠁ࡡ࢟ࣛࢪ᛬㐅⩇ᨳᛦ̺୕̺ࠕ ࠖᅢᐓᏟ᭫㞟ヽࠗ➠ 74 ᕬ➠ 3࣬4 ྒᡜࠉᅢᐓᏟຸ᭫ᡜࠊ ᮿỄಆ⏠[1996]ࠖࢱ࣭ࣤࡡ̺⛁Ꮥ࡛ᏺᩅࠗྞཿᒁኬᏕฝ∟ఌࠊ ඳᮄㆺᾬᏄ[2001]ࠖ▩ࡖ࡙ᙲ❟ࡗ࢞ࣛࢪࢹᩅኬ◂✪ࠗ᩺₳ OH!ᩝᗔࠊ 22 ῳ᭫ົ⩇[2008]࣏ࠖࣜࢦࢪࠉ࣭ࣛ࢜ࢺ࡛ྜྷࡡᨾ㈃ᛦࠗ⤊ῥᏕྍᏕఌኬఌሒ࿈㞗 ➠ 72 ᅂධᅗኬఌᡜࠊ 23