ロシアの「強い」大統領制？ - DESK：東京大学 ドイツ・ヨーロッパ研究

ࡠࠪࠕߩ‫ޟ‬ᒝ޿‫ޠ‬ᄢ⛔㗔೙㧫
̆‫ޟ‬㊀ጀ⊛૕೙ォ឵‫ࠆߌ߅ߦޠ‬೙ᐲᒻᚑㆊ⒟ߩౣᬌ⸛̆1
Ḵญୃᐔ
ߪߓ߼ߦ
࠰ㅪ㧛ࡠࠪࠕ2ߩ૕೙ォ឵ㆊ⒟ߦ߅޿ߡ‫ޔ‬1993 ᐕ 12 ᦬ߩࡠࠪࠕㅪ㇌ᙗᴺ೙ቯߪ‫ޔ‬
ߘࠇ߇ᣂߒ޿૕೙ߩ᡽ᴦ⊛࡞࡯࡞ߩᄢᨒࠍቯ߼ߚߣ޿߁ᗧ๧ߢ‫ޔ‬ᄢ߈ߥォ឵ὐࠍߥ
ߒߚ‫ߩߎޔ߼ߚߩߘޕ‬ᙗᴺᚑ┙ߩ⚻✲߿ߎߩᙗᴺߩ․ᓽࠍ᣿ࠄ߆ߦߔࠆߎߣߪ‫⃻ޔ‬
࿷ߩࡠࠪࠕߩ᡽ᴦ૕೙ࠍℂ⸃ߔࠆ਄ߢᦨ߽ၮᧄ⊛ߥ૞ᬺߢ޽ࠅ‫ޔ‬ᣢߦᄙߊߩ⎇ⓥ߇
ߎߩὐࠍ⺰ߓߡ߈ߚ‫ޕ‬
ߘߩਛߢ‫ߦ․ޔ‬⠨ኤߩኻ⽎ߣߐࠇߡ߈ߚߩ߇ᄢ⛔㗔೙ߢ޽ࠅ‫ޔ‬ᄢ⛔㗔ᮭ㒢ߩᒝߐ
ߢ޽ࠆ㧔Huskey 1999; Nichols 1999㧕‫ޔ߫߃଀ޕ‬ᙗᴺߢߪ‫ޔ‬㚂⋧ߩછ๮߿⼏ળߦࠃࠆ
᡽ᐭਇାછߦ㑐ߒ‫ޔ‬ᄢ⛔㗔߇࿖ኅળ⼏㧔ਅ㒮㧕ߦኻߒߡఝ૏ߦ┙ߟߎߣࠍ೙ᐲ⊛ߦ
3
଻㓚ߒߚ ‫┙ޔߚ߹ޕ‬ᴺߦ㑐ߒߡ߽‫⼏ޔ‬ળ߇น᳿ߒߚᴺ᩺ߦኻߔࠆᄢ⛔㗔ߩᜎุᮭ⊒
േࠍⷒߔߦߪ‫ޔ‬ਅ㒮⼏ຬ✚ᢙߩ 3 ಽߩ 2 એ਄߇ᔅⷐߢ޽ࠆߒ‫ޔ‬ᄢ⛔㗔ߪ․ߦ೙㒢ߥ
ߊᄢ⛔㗔઎ࠍ⊒ߔࠆߎߣ߽ߢ߈ࠆ‫ߩࠕࠪࡠޔߦ߁ࠃߩߎޕ‬ᄢ⛔㗔೙ߪ‫ޔ‬
‫⿥ޟ‬ᄢ⛔㗔೙‫ޠ‬
ߣ߽๭߫ࠇࠆ⒟ߩ‫ޟ‬ᒝ޿‫ޠ‬ᄢ⛔㗔ߩሽ࿷߇ᄢ߈ߥ․ᓽߢ޽ࠅ㧔Fish 2000; Ɋɵɠɤɨɜ 1999㧕
‫ޔ‬
ઁ࿖ߣߩᲧセߢ߽‫ߩࠕࠪࡠޔ‬ᄢ⛔㗔ᮭ㒢ߩᄢ߈ߐ߇ᜰ៰ߐࠇߡ޿ࠆ㧔Shugart and
Haggard 2001㧕
‫ޕ‬
ߎߩ‫ޟ‬ᒝ޿‫ޠ‬ᄢ⛔㗔ߩሽ࿷ߪ‫ޔ‬૕೙ォ឵ᦼߦ↢ߓߚỗߒ޿ኻ┙ࠍ෼᧤ߐߖ‫ޔ‬᡽ᴦ
⊛቟ቯߩਅߢᏒ႐⚻ᷣൻࠍታ⃻ߔࠆߣ޿߁⋡⊛ߦࠃߞߡ‫ޔ‬ᱜᒰൻߐࠇߚ‫ޕ‬ታ㓙‫ޔ‬1990
ᐕઍߦߪ᭽‫ߥޘ‬᡽╷߇⼏ળࠍㄤ࿁ߒ‫ޔ‬ᄢ⛔㗔઎ߦࠃߞߡቯ߼ࠄࠇߚ‫ޔߒ߆ߒޕ‬ᙗᴺ
೙ቯᓟ߽␠ળ⚻ᷣߩᷙੂߪ⛮⛯ߒ‫ޔ‬᡽ᴦ⊛ߦ߽ਇ቟ቯߥ⁁ᴫ߇⛯޿ߚ‫ޕ‬1992 ᐕೋ㗡
߆ࠄᧄᩰൻߒߚᏒ႐⚻ᷣൻߪ‫ޔ‬⁴ὓߥࠗࡦࡈ࡟߿↢↥ߩૐਅࠍ᜗߈‫⚻ޔ‬ᷣ⊛ૐㅅߪ
1998 ᐕᄐߩ㊄Ⲣෂᯏߢࡇ࡯ࠢࠍㄫ߃ࠆ߹ߢ⛯޿ߚ‫ޕ‬᡽ᴦ⊛ߦ߽‫ޔ‬ᄢ⛔㗔ߪ‫ޔ‬㊁ౄఝ
૏ߩ⼏ળߩㆇ༡ߦ⧰ߒߺ‫⼏ޔ‬ળߩᮭജ᜛ᄢࠍ⸵ߒߚ㧔Troxel 2003㧕
‫ޔߚ߹ޕ‬ਛᄩ࡮࿾
ᣇ㑐ଥߦߟ޿ߡ߽‫ޔ‬1994 ᐕએ㒠‫ޔ‬ฦㅪ㇌᭴ᚑਥ૕ߪㅪ㇌᡽ᐭߣ୘೎ߦᮭ㒢ಽഀ᧦⚂
ࠍ✦⚿ߒ‫⾗ޔ‬Ḯߩ࿐޿ㄟߺࠍ࿑ߞߚ‫৻ޔߪߺ⹜ߚߒ߁ߘޕ‬ㇱߩㅪ㇌᭴ᚑਥ૕ߩ⥄┙
ᕈࠍᒝ߼‫ߩࠕࠪࡠޔ‬ㅪ㇌೙ߩ㕖ኻ⒓ᕈࠍଦㅴߒߚ㧔Ross 2002; Stoner-Weiss 2001㧕‫ޕ‬
ߎߩࠃ߁ߦ‫ޔ‬ᙗᴺ਄ᒝᄢߥᮭ㒢ࠍᚻߦߒߚߦ߽߆߆ࠊࠄߕ‫ޔ‬ᄢ⛔㗔߇⼏ળߦኻߔࠆ
ఝ૏ࠍ⏕଻ߢ߈ߕ‫ޔ‬ㅪ㇌᭴ᚑਥ૕ߩ⛔೙ߦ߽⧰ᘦߒߚߩߪߥߗߛࠈ߁߆‫޿⸒ޕ‬឵߃
ࠇ߫‫ޔ‬1990 ᐕઍߩࡠࠪࠕߦ߅޿ߡ‫ޔ‬ᄢ⛔㗔߇‫ޟ‬ᒝߐ‫ޟߣޠ‬ᒙߐ‫ࠍޠ‬૬ߖᜬߞߚߩߪ
ߥߗߛࠈ߁߆‫ޕ‬
ᣢሽ⎇ⓥߪ‫ޔ‬ᄢ⛔㗔ߩ‫ޟ‬ᒝߐ‫ޔޠ‬හߜᙗᴺ਄ߩᮭ㒢ߦߟ޿ߡߪ‫ޔ‬ᙗᴺߩᚑ┙ㆊ⒟߆
ࠄ⺑᣿ߒߡ߈ߚ‫ޕ‬ᓟㅀߔࠆࠃ߁ߦ‫ߩߎޔ‬ᙗᴺߪ‫ޔ‬1993 ᐕ⑺ߦᄢ⛔㗔߇⼏ળ߿ᙗᴺⵙ
್ᚲߩᯏ⢻ࠍ஗ᱛߒ‫ߩߘޔ‬ᓟ⊒⴫ߒߚᙗᴺ⨲᩺ࠍ࿖᳃ᛩ␿ߦઃߔߎߣߦࠃࠅ‫ޔ‬ᚑ┙
51 - 51
ߦߎ߉ߟߌߚ߽ߩߢ޽ࠆ‫ޔߡߞ߇ߚߒޕ‬ᙗᴺߩౝኈߪᄢ⛔㗔ߩᗧะࠍᒝߊ෻ᤋߒߚ
߽ߩߛߞߚ‫ઁޕ‬ᣇߢ‫ޔ‬ᄢ⛔㗔ߩ‫ޟ‬ᒙߐ‫ࡦࠖ࠷࡝ࠛޔߪߡ޿ߟߦޠ‬ᄢ⛔㗔ߩ୘ᕈ߿ஜ
ᐽ⁁ᘒߩᖡൻ‫⼏ޔ‬ળߢߩ㊁ౄߩ⋧ኻ⊛ఝ૏╬‫ޔ‬೙ᐲᄖߩⷐ࿃߇ᜰ៰ߐࠇߡ߈ߚ‫ߎޕ‬
ߩࠃ߁ߦ‫ޔ‬ᄢ⛔㗔ߩ‫ޟ‬ᒝߐ‫ޟߣޠ‬ᒙߐ‫ߪޠ‬೎୘ߩ໧㗴ߣߺߥߐࠇ‫ޔ‬ਔ⠪ߩ㑐ଥᕈ߇
⺰ߓࠄࠇࠆߎߣߪߥ߆ߞߚ‫ޕ‬
ߎࠇߦኻߒߡ‫ᧄޔ‬Ⓜߪ‫ޔ‬ᄢ⛔㗔ߩ‫ޟ‬ᒝߐ‫ޟߩߘߊߥߢߌߛޠ‬ᒙߐ‫ޔ߽ޠ‬૕೙ォ឵
ㆊ⒟ߩⶄ㔀ᕈߦ⿠࿃ߔࠆ․ᓽߢ޽ࠅ‫ޔ‬ᄢ⛔㗔߇૬ߖᜬߟ‫ޟ‬ੑ㕙ᕈ‫ߩߎޔߪޠ‬೙ᐲߦ
ౝ࿷ߔࠆ․ᓽߢ޽ߞߚߣਥᒛߔࠆ‫ޔߦ⊛⥸৻ޕ‬ᙗᴺߪ᭽‫ߥޘ‬᡽ᴦ೙ᐲࠍ 1 ߟߦ᧤ߨ
ߚ߽ߩߢ޽ࠆ߆ࠄ‫ߪߦߎߘޔ‬ᄙ᭽ߥ೑ኂ߇ⶄ㔀ߥᒻߢ⚵ߺㄟ߹ࠇߡ޿ࠆ‫ޔ߼ߚߩߘޕ‬
ߘߩⷙቯ߇‫ޔ‬ᙗᴺ╷ቯߦᦨ߽ᓇ㗀ജߩ޽ࠆ᡽ᴦਥ૕ߩ‫ߦࠅ߅ߤޠ⸘⸳ޟ‬ᯏ⢻ߔࠆߣ
ߪ㒢ࠄߥ޿㧔Pierson 2004㧕‫ߩࠕࠪࡠޕ‬᡽ᴦ૕೙ߩ․ᓽࠍℂ⸃ߔࠆߚ߼ߦߪ‫ޔ‬᡽ᴦ೙
㧚㧚㧚㧚㧚㧚
ᐲ㑆ߩ㑐ଥߦᵈᗧࠍᛄ޿ߥ߇ࠄ‫ޔ‬೙ᐲߦᗧ࿑ߐࠇߕߦၒ߼ㄟ߹ࠇߚ․ᓽࠍࠃࠅ✎ኒ
ߦ⠨ኤߔࠆᔅⷐ߇޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬એ਄ߩࠃ߁ߥ໧㗴ᗧ⼂߆ࠄ‫ᧄޔ‬Ⓜߢߪ‫ޔ‬ᣂߒ޿᡽ᴦ૕೙ߩ
㛽ᩰࠍᚑߔᄢ⛔㗔೙ߣㅪ㇌೙ߩ㑐ଥࠍਛᔃߦ‫ޔ‬ᙗᴺߩᚑ┙ㆊ⒟ࠍಽᨆߔࠆ‫ޕ‬
1. ⛔ᴦᯏ᭴ߩᄌኈʊ࠰ㅪ౒↥ౄ߆ࠄᄢ⛔㗔೙ߣㅪ㇌೙߳
ᰴߦ‫ߩࠕࠪࡠޔ‬ᙗᴺ૕೙ߩਛߢ‫ޔ‬ᄢ⛔㗔೙ߣㅪ㇌೙ߣ޿߁ 2 ߟߩ᡽ᴦ೙ᐲߦ⌕⋡
ߔࠆℂ↱ߦߟ޿ߡ⺰ߓࠆ‫ߩߎޕ‬ὐࠍ⠨߃ࠆߦ޽ߚࠅ‫࠰ޔ‬ㅪ㧛ࡠࠪࠕߩ૕೙ォ឵ㆊ⒟
ߦ߅ߌࠆ‫⛔ޔ‬ᴦᯏ᭴ߩᄌኈߩ⚻✲ࠍ᭎ⷰߒߡߺࠃ߁‫ޕ‬
࠰ㅪߩ᡽ᴦ૕೙ߦ߅޿ߡ‫ߩߘޔ‬ਛᩭࠍභ߼ߚߩߪ⸒߁߹ߢ߽ߥߊ౒↥ౄߢ޽ߞߚ‫ޕ‬
౒↥ౄߪ‫ޔ‬ਛᄩߢߩታ⾰⊛ߥᗧᕁ᳿ቯᯏ㑐ߢ޽ߞߚߛߌߢߥߊ‫ޔ‬ౄ⚵❱ࠍ␠ળߩ㓈‫ޘ‬
ߦᎼࠄߔߎߣߢ‫ޔ‬᡽╷ߩㆀⴕ߽ᜂߞߚ‫ߩߎޕ‬૕೙ߩ፣უߪ‫↥౒ޔ‬ౄࡅࠛ࡜࡞ࡅ࡯ߩ
േំߦ┵ࠍ⊒ߒߡ߅ࠅ‫ޔ‬૕೙ォ឵ㆊ⒟ߢߪ‫↥౒ޔ‬ౄߦઍࠊࠆᣂߚߥ⛔ᴦᯏ᭴ߩ᭴▽
߇‫ޔ‬ᄢ߈ߥ᡽ᴦ⊛੎ὐߣߥߞߚ‫ޔߪߢߎߘߡߒߘޕ‬ਛᄩߦ߅ߌࠆᗧᕁ᳿ቯᯏ㑐ߩഃ
4
⸳ߣ‫ޔ‬ਛᄩ࡮࿾ᣇ㑐ଥߩౣ✬߇หᤨߦ໧㗴ߣߥߞߚ ‫ޕ‬1991 ᐕᧃߩ࠰ㅪ⸃૕ࠍ⚻ߡ‫ޔ‬
ߎߩ੎޿ߦ৻ቯߩ᳿⌕ࠍߟߌߚߩ߇‫ޔ‬1993 ᐕ 12 ᦬ߩᙗᴺ೙ቯߢ޽ߞߚ‫ࠃߦࠇߎޕ‬
ࠅ‫ޔ‬ਛᄩߢߩᗧᕁ᳿ቯࠍᜂ߁೙ᐲ㧔ᄢ⛔㗔೙㧕ߣ‫ޔ‬ਛᄩ࡮࿾ᣇ㑐ଥߦ㑐ߔࠆ೙ᐲ㧔ㅪ
5
㇌೙ 㧕ߣ޿߁ 2 ߟߩ᡽ᴦ೙ᐲ߇⏕ቯߒ‫ޔ‬ਔ೙ᐲࠍ㛽ᩰߣߒߡ‫ޔ‬ᣂߚߥ᡽ᴦ૕೙߇ᜂ
ࠊࠇࠆߎߣߦߥߞߚߩߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬
ᣢߦㅀߴߚࠃ߁ߦ‫ޔ‬ᙗᴺߪᄢ⛔㗔ߦᒝᄢߥᮭ㒢ࠍઃਈߒߚ‫ઁޕ‬ᣇߢ‫ޔ‬ㅪ㇌೙ߦ㑐
ߔࠆⷙቯߪ㕖Ᏹߦᦌᤒߢ޽ߞߚ‫ޕ‬ᙗᴺ╙ 11 ᧦╙ 3 㗄ߪ‫ࠕࠪࡠޟޔ‬ㅪ㇌ߩ࿖ኅᮭജᯏ
㑐ߣࡠࠪࠕㅪ㇌ߩㅪ㇌᭴ᚑਥ૕ߩ࿖ኅᮭജᯏ㑐ߩ㑆ߩ▤ロ੐㗄෸߮ᮭ㒢ߩ඙ಽߪ‫ޔ‬
㧚㧚㧚㧚㧚㧚㧚㧚㧚㧚㧚㧚㧚㧚㧚㧚㧚㧚㧚㧚㧚㧚㧚㧚㧚㧚㧚㧚㧚㧚㧚㧚㧚㧚㧚㧚㧚
ߎߩᙗᴺ‫▤ޔ‬ロ੐㗄෸߮ᮭ㒢඙ಽߦ㑐ߔࠆㅪ㇌᧦⚂‫ޔ‬ਗ߮ߦߘߩઁߩ᧦⚂ߦࠃߞߡ
㧚㧚
ⴕ߁‫ޠ‬
㧔றὐᒁ↪⠪㧕ߣߒ‫ޔ‬ਛᄩߣ࿾ᣇߩ㑐ଥߪ‫ޟ‬ᙗᴺ‫ޠ‬
‫ޟ‬ㅪ㇌᧦⚂‫ޠ‬
‫ޠ⚂᧦ߩઁߩߘޟ‬
ߩ 3 ߟ߇ⷙቯߔࠆߣߒߚ‫⋧ߩࠄࠇߎޔߒ߆ߒޕ‬੕㑐ଥߪ᣿⸥ߐࠇߥ߆ߞߚߚ߼ߦ‫ޔ‬
ߘߩᓟㅪ㇌ਛᄩߣㅪ㇌᭴ᚑਥ૕ߩ㑆ߢ୘೎ߦᮭ㒢ಽഀ᧦⚂߇✦⚿ߐࠇࠆߣ‫ޔ‬
‫ઁߩߘޟ‬
52 - 52
ロシアの「強い」大統領制？ ―「重層的体制転換」における制度形成過程の再検討―
ߩ᧦⚂‫ࠆߚ޽ߦޠ‬ᮭ㒢ಽഀ᧦⚂ߣᙗᴺߣߩ㑐ଥ߇໧㗴ߦߥߞߚ‫ߩࠕࠪࡠޔߚ߹ޕ‬ㅪ
㇌೙ߪ‫࠰ޔ‬ㅪᤨઍߩⴕ᡽඙ಽࠍၮᧄ⊛ߦߪᒁ߈⛮߉‫ޔ‬᳃ᣖ⊛඙ಽߢ޽ࠆ౒๺࿖‫⥄ޔ‬
ࠢ࡜ࠗ
ᴦᎺ‫⥄ޔ‬ᴦ▤඙ߣ‫ޔ‬㗔ၞ⊛඙ಽߢ޽ࠆ࿾ᣇ‫ޔ‬Ꮊ‫ޔ‬ㅪ㇌⊛ᗧ⟵ࠍ᦭ߔࠆᏒߣ޿߁ 6 ⒳
㘃߆ࠄߥߞߚ߇‫ߩߘޔ‬ਛߢ౒๺࿖ࠍఝㆄߔࠆᏅ೎⊛᧦㗄߇޽ࠆ৻ᣇ㧔╙ 66 ᧦㧕6‫ޔ‬
ㅪ㇌ਛᄩߣߩ㑐ଥߢߪฦㅪ㇌᭴ᚑਥ૕ߪหᮭߢ޽ࠆߣߐࠇ㧔╙ 5 ᧦㧕‫ޔ‬ㅪ㇌᭴ᚑਥ૕
ߩᮭ㒢ߩ⋧㆑ߦߟ޿ߡ߽‫ޔ‬ᙗᴺⷙቯߪᦌᤒߢ޽ߞߚ‫ޕ‬
ߎߩࠃ߁ߦ‫ޔ‬1990 ᐕઍߩࡠࠪࠕㅪ㇌ߦ߅ߌࠆᄢ⛔㗔೙ߣㅪ㇌೙ߪ‫࠰ޔ‬ㅪᤨઍߩ౒
↥ౄߦઍࠊࠆ᡽ᴦ೙ᐲߣߒߡ‫⛔߫ࠊ⸒ޔ‬ᴦᯏ᭴ߩ❑♻ߣᮮ♻ߩᓎഀࠍᨐߚߔ߽ߩߢ
޽ߞߚ‫ޔߒ߆ߒޕ‬ᄢ⛔㗔೙߇ᄢ⛔㗔ߦࠃࠆ㓸ᮭ⊛⛔ᴦࠍᔒะߔࠆ৻ᣇߢ‫ޔ‬ㅪ㇌೙ߪ
ర᧪ಽᮭ⊛ᕈᩰࠍᜬߟ਄ߦ‫߇ࠇߘߪߢࠕࠪࡠޔ‬㕖ኻ⒓ߥᒻߢ⊒ዷߒߚߚ߼‫ޔ‬ਛᄩߩ
⛔ᴦ⢻ജࠍᄢ߈ߊ㒖ኂߒߚ‫ߩࠕࠪࡠޔߦ߁ࠃߩߎޕ‬ᄢ⛔㗔ߩ‫ޟ‬ੑ㕙ᕈ‫ࠍޠ‬ℂ⸃ߔࠆ
਄ߢ‫ޔ‬ᄢ⛔㗔೙ߣㅪ㇌೙ߩ㑐ଥࠍ⠨ኤߔࠆߎߣߪ㕖Ᏹߦ㊀ⷐߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬
2. ᣢሽ⎇ⓥߣᧄⓂߩⷞⷺ
એ਄ࠍ⏕⹺ߒߚ਄ߢ‫ޔ‬೙ᐲᒻᚑࠍ߼ߋࠆᣢሽ⎇ⓥࠍ߹ߣ߼ߡߺࠃ߁‫ޕ‬ᣢሽ⎇ⓥߪ‫ޔ‬
᡽ᴦࠛ࡝࡯࠻ߦࠃࠆ೙ᐲㆬᛯߩዪ㕙ࠍ㊀ⷞߔࠆ߽ߩ㧔McFaul 1999; Frye 1997㧕ߣ‫ޔ‬
ᣥ૕೙ਅߩ೙ᐲ߿⾗Ḯ㈩ಽ╬ߩ‫ޟ‬ᱧผߩㆮ೙‫ࠍޠ‬㊀ⷞߔࠆ߽ߩ㧔ᄢਠ 2011; Kitschelt
2001; Easter 1997㧕ߦᄢ೎ߢ߈ࠆ‫ߒߛߚޕ‬ਔ⠪ߪ‫ޔ‬᡽ᴦࠛ࡝࡯࠻ߩᜬߟ⾗Ḯ߿ᮭജߩ
ಽᏓ߇೙ᐲᒻᚑࠍ᳿ቯߔࠆߣ޿߁ⷞⷺࠍ౒᦭ߒߡ޿ࠆ‫࠰ޔߚ߹ޕ‬ㅪ⸃૕ᓟߦᄢ⛔㗔
ߣ⼏ળ⼏㐳ߩᮭജ㑵੎߇ỗൻߒߚߎߣࠍฃߌ‫ޔ‬ਔ⠪ߩᮭജ㑐ଥߦὶὐࠍᒰߡߟߟ‫ޔ‬
෺ᣇ߇ߤߩࠃ߁ߥ᡽ᴦ೙ᐲࠍ᳞߼ߚߩ߆߽⹦ߒߊಽᨆߐࠇߡ߈ߚ߇㧔Ɇɨɪɨɡ 2005;
McFaul 2001; Moser 2001; ᵤ↰ 2005; ਄㊁ 2001㧕‫߽ࠇߎޔ‬ห᭽ߩⷞⷺࠍ᦭ߒߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬
એ਄ߩᣢሽ⎇ⓥߦߟ޿ߡ‫ޔ‬2 ߟߩ໧㗴ὐࠍᜰ៰ߢ߈ࠆ‫ޔߦ৻╙ޕ‬਄⸥ߩ⎇ⓥߪ᡽
ᴦਥ૕ߩㆬᅢ߿೑⋉ࠍᚲਈߩ߽ߩߣߒ‫ޔ‬ਥ૕߇ߤߩࠃ߁ߥ೙⚂ࠍฃߌ‫ߩߘޔ‬ㆬᅢ߿
೑⋉߇޿߆ߦᒻᚑߐࠇߚߩ߆ߪಽᨆߩኻ⽎ᄖߣߒߡ޿ࠆ‫ޔ߫߃଀ޕ‬ᣥ૕೙ਅߩ⾗Ḯ
㈩ಽ߇೙ᐲㆬᛯࠍ᳿ቯߒߚߣߔࠆࠠ࠶࠴ࠚ࡞࠻ߩ⼏⺰ߪ‫ޔ‬૗ߩ⠨ኤ߽ߥ޿߹߹ߦࠛ
࡝࡯࠻ߩㅪวࠍ‫ޟ‬૕೙ᵷ‫ޟߣޠ‬෻૕೙ᵷ‫ߦޠ‬ಽ㘃ߒ‫ޔ‬ਔ⠪ߩㆬᅢࠍవ㛎⊛ߦ⸳ቯߒ
ߡ޿ࠆ‫ޔߚ߹ޕ‬ᄙߊߩ⎇ⓥ߇⺰ߓࠆᄢ⛔㗔ߣ⼏ળ⼏㐳ߩᮭജ㑵੎ߪ‫ᤨߩߎߦ߆⏕ޔ‬
ᦼߩ᡽ᴦߩ㊀ⷐߥ஥㕙ߢ޽ߞߚ߇‫⼏ޔ‬ળߪᄢ⛔㗔ߦᛶ᛫ߔࠆ৻ᨎጤߩ൓ജߢߪߥߊ‫ޔ‬
ౝㇱߩ೑ኂ㑐ଥߪᄙ᭽ߢ߆ߟᵹേ⊛ߛߞߚ‫ޔࠅ߹ߟޕ‬૕೙ォ឵ߦࠃࠅ᡽ᴦࠛ࡝࡯࠻
ࠍขࠅᏎߊⅣႺ߇ᕆᄌߔࠆ⁁ᴫߢߪ‫ޔ‬ฦ‫ߩޘ‬೑⋉ߪᵹേ⊛ߢ޽ࠅ‫⚿ߩߘޔ‬ᨐ‫࡝ࠛޔ‬
࡯࠻ߩㅪว߽ᵹേ⊛ߦߥߞߚ‫ޕ‬૕೙ォ឵ㆊ⒟ࠍᱜ⏕ߦᛠីߔࠆߚ߼ߦߪ‫ߩߎޔ‬ὐࠍ
7
ᢛℂߔࠆᔅⷐ߇޽ࠆ ‫ޕ‬
╙ੑߦ‫ޔ‬ᣢሽ⎇ⓥߪ‫ࠆߥ⇣ޔ‬ㆬᅢࠍᜬߟ᡽ᴦࠛ࡝࡯࠻߇‫ޔ‬ᮭജ߿⾗Ḯߩ㈩ಽߦᔕ
ߓߡ‫ޟ‬ᒝ޿‫ޠ‬ᄢ⛔㗔೙ࠍ޿߆ߦ⸳⸘ߒߚߩ߆ࠍ⺑᣿ߒߡ߈ߚ‫ߒ߆ߒޕ‬ታ㓙ߪ‫ߩߘޔ‬
ࠃ߁ߥ‫ޔࠅߥ⇣ߪߣޠ⸘⸳ޟ‬
‫ޟ‬ᒝߐ‫ޟߣޠ‬ᒙߐ‫ࠍޠ‬૬ߖᜬߟᄢ⛔㗔೙߇ᒻᚑߐࠇߚ‫ޕ‬
53 - 53
ᣢሽ⎇ⓥߪ‫ߩߎޔ‬ὐࠍචಽߦ⠨ኤߖߕ‫ߩߘޔ‬ᓟߩ᡽ᴦ⁁ᴫ߆ࠄ੐ᓟ⊛ߦ⺑᣿ࠍട߃
ߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬හߜ‫ޔ‬೙ᐲߩᄖ⷗ߣታ㓙ߩᯏ⢻ߣߩਵ㔌ߪ‫ޔ‬೙ᐲᄖߩⷐ࿃㧔⼏ળߢߩ㊁ౄ
ߩ᜛ᄢ‫ޔ‬ᄢ⛔㗔ߩ୘ᕈ╬㧕ߦࠃߞߡ⺑᣿ߐࠇߡ߈ߚ‫ޕ‬൩⺰‫ⷐߩࠄࠇߎޔ‬࿃ࠍቢోߦ
ߪุቯߢ߈ߥ޿߇‫ޔ‬೙ᐲߩ․ᓽࠍචಽߦℂ⸃ߔࠆߚ߼ߦߪ‫ߩ৻╙ޔ‬໧㗴ὐࠍ⸃᳿ߔ
ࠆߚ߼ߦឭ␜ߒߚࠛ࡝࡯࠻ㅪวߩᄌㆫߩᢛℂߦട߃‫ޔ‬૕೙ォ឵ㆊ⒟ߦᒻᚑߐࠇߚ᡽
ᴦ೙ᐲ㑆ߩ㑐ଥࠍ♖ᩏߔࠆᔅⷐ߇޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬
ߘߎߢ‫ޔ‬એਅߢߪ‫ޔ‬ฦ᡽ᴦਥ૕ߦኻߔࠆ೙⚂ⷐ࿃ࠍᢛℂߒߥ߇ࠄ‫ޔ‬૕೙ォ឵ᦼߩ
᡽ᴦㆊ⒟ࠍౣᬌ⸛ߔࠆ‫ߩࠕࠪࡠޔߦ․ޕ‬૕೙ォ឵ߩ․ᓽߢ޽ࠆ‫ޟ‬㊀ጀ⊛ォ឵‫ޔ߇ޠ‬
ਥ૕ߩⴕേߦਈ߃ߚᓇ㗀ߦᵈ⋡ߔࠆ‫ޕ‬૕೙ォ឵ߩ‫ޟ‬㊀ጀᕈ‫߽ߦߢ߹ࠇߎޔߪޠ‬ᜰ៰
ߐࠇߡ߈ߚ߇㧔McFaul and Stoner-Weiss 2004; ૒‫ ᧁޘ‬1999; ႮᎹ 1999㧕‫ޔ‬ᓥ᧪‫ߩߎޔ‬
໧㗴߇ታ⸽⎇ⓥߩಽᨆᨒ⚵ߦขࠅㄟ߹ࠇߡ߈ߚߣߪᔅߕߒ߽⸒߃ߥ޿‫ᧄޕ‬Ⓜߢߪ‫ޔ‬
ߎߩὐࠍ⠨ᘦߒߥ߇ࠄ‫ޔ‬
‫ޟ‬ੑ㕙ᕈ‫ࠍޠ‬ᜬߟᄢ⛔㗔೙ߩᚑ┙ࠍ⺑᣿ߔࠆ‫ޔ߅ߥޕ‬ਥⷐߥ
ಽᨆኻ⽎ߣߥࠆᤨᦼߪ‫⼏ߢࠕࠪࡠޔ‬ળ೙ᐲᡷ㕟߇ታᣉߐࠇ‫࠰ޔ‬ㅪਛᄩߣߪ⇣ߥࠆࡠ
ࠪࠕ⁛⥄ߩ┙႐߇᣿⏕ߦߥࠅᆎ߼ߚ 1990 ᐕ 5 ᦬߆ࠄ‫ޔ‬ᙗᴺណᛯࠍ໧߁࿖᳃ᛩ␿ߣᣂ
ߚߥㅪ㇌⼏ળߩㆬ᜼߇ታᣉߐࠇ‫ޔ‬ᣂߒ޿᡽ᴦߩ࡞࡯࡞߇⏕ቯߒߚ 1993 ᐕ 12 ᦬߹ߢ
ߢ޽ࠆ‫ߩߘޔߪᦼᤨߩߎޕ‬೨ᓟߣ৻✢ࠍ↹ߔᤨᦼߢ޽ߞߚߩߣหᤨߦ‫ߩߎޔ‬㑆ߩ᡽
ᴦㆊ⒟߇᡽ᴦ೙ᐲߩᒻᚑߦ᳿ቯ⊛ߢ޽ߞߚߣ޿߁ߩ߇‫ᦼߩߎޔ‬㑆ߦಽᨆࠍ㒢ቯߒߚ
ℂ↱ߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬
3. ਥ૕ߩ೙⚂ⷐ࿃
ᧄ▵ߢߪ‫ޔ‬೙ᐲᒻᚑߦነਈߒߚ᡽ᴦਥ૕ߩⴕേߦኻߔࠆ೙⚂ⷐ࿃ࠍᢛℂߔࠆ‫ߎޕ‬
ߎߢߪ‫ޔ‬ਥ૕ߩ೙⚂ⷐ࿃ߣߒߡ‫ߦᦼᤨߩߎޔ‬ㆊᷰ⊛ߦᒻᚑߐࠇߚ᡽ᴦ೙ᐲߦട߃‫ޔ‬
‫ޟ‬᭴ㅧ‫ޟߣޠ‬ⅣႺ‫ ߩޠ‬2 ߟࠍ᜼ߍࠆ‫ޔߡߒߘޕ‬
‫ޟ‬᭴ㅧ‫ޔࠍޠ‬ᣥ૕೙ߩਛߢ࿕ቯൻߐࠇ
ߚ␠ળ㓏ጀߣ࿾ၞ⊛੉ⵚߣቯ⟵ߔࠆ‫ޕ‬೨⠪ߪ‫ޔ‬1990 ᐕߦᡷ✬ߐࠇ‫ޔ‬᡽ᴦ⊛⺰੎ߩਥ
ⷐߥ႐ߣߥߞߚ⼏ળߢߩ⼏ຬߩⴕേߦኻߔࠆ೙⚂ⷐ࿃ߢ޽ࠅ‫ޔ‬ᓟ⠪ߪ‫ᦼᤨߩߎޔ‬ᕆ
ỗߦ᡽ᴦ⊛ᓇ㗀ജࠍ᜛ᄢߐߖߚ࿾ᣇⴕ᡽ᐭߩⴕേࠍ೙⚂ߔࠆⷐ࿃ߢ޽ࠆ‫ޔߚ߹ޕ‬
‫ޟ‬Ⅳ
Ⴚ‫࠰ޔߪߣޠ‬ㅪ⸃૕ߦࠃࠅ↢ߓߚ‫ޟ‬㊀ጀ⊛ォ឵‫⁁ޠ‬ᴫࠍᜰߔߎߣߣߔࠆ‫ߩߎޕ‬ⅣႺ
⊛ⷐ࿃ߪ‫ߩߡోޔ‬᡽ᴦਥ૕ߩⴕേࠍ೙⚂ߒߚߛߌߢߥߊ‫ޔ‬㕖Ᏹߦนᄌ⊛ߢ޽ߞߚߣ
޿߁ᗧ๧ߢ߽‫ޔ‬
‫ޟ‬᭴ㅧ‫ߣޠ‬඙೎ߔߴ߈߽ߩߢ޽ࠆ‫ޔߦ߁ࠃߩߎޕ‬
‫ޟ‬᭴ㅧ‫ޠ‬
‫ޟ‬ⅣႺ‫౒ߪޠ‬
ߦࡑࠢࡠߥⷐ⚛ߢ޽ࠆ߇‫ޔ‬
‫ޟ‬᭴ㅧ‫৻ޔ߇ޠ‬ㇱߩ᡽ᴦਥ૕ߩߺߩⴕേࠍ೙⚂ߔࠆᲧセ⊛
቟ቯ⊛ߥⷐ࿃ߢ޽ࠆߩߦኻߒ‫ޔ‬
‫ޟ‬ⅣႺ‫ߩߡోߪޠ‬ਥ૕ߦᓇ㗀ࠍ෸߷ߔ߽ߩߩ‫ޔ‬૕೙ォ
឵ߣ޿߁․ᱶߥ⁁ᴫߢߩߺ⃻಴ߒߚ߽ߩߣ‫ᧄޔ‬Ⓜߢߪቯ⟵ߔࠆ‫ޕ‬
3.1. ⅣႺ⊛ⷐ࿃ʊౄ㧩࿖ኅ૕೙ߩ፣უߣ‫ޟ‬㊀ጀ⊛ォ឵‫ޠ‬
૕೙ォ឵ࠍℂ⸃ߔࠆߚ߼ߦߪ‫ߕ߹ޔ‬ᣥ૕೙ߩ․ᓽࠍℂ⸃ߔࠆᔅⷐ߇޽ࠆ‫ᧄޕ‬Ⓜߢ
ߪ‫ޔ‬ᣥ૕೙ߢ޽ࠆ࠰ㅪࠍ‫ޟ‬ౄ㧩࿖ኅ૕೙‫ߣޠ‬૏⟎ߠߌ‫ޟࠍࠇߎޔ‬න৻ᡰ㈩᡽ౄ߇㊀
54 - 54
ロシアの「強い」大統領制？ ―「重層的体制転換」における制度形成過程の再検討―
ⷐ⻉᡽╷ࠍឃઁ⊛ߦ᳿ቯߒ‫ߩߘޔ‬᡽╷߇࿖ኅᯏ㑐ߦߣߞߡ⋥ߜߦή᧦ઙߦ⟵ോ⊛ߣ
ߥࠅ‫ߟ߆ޔ‬ౄ⚵❱ߣ࿖ኅᯏ㑐߇ᯏ⢻⊛ߦ߽ታ૕⊛ߦ߽߆ߥࠅߩ⒟ᐲࠝ࡯ࡧࠔ࡯࡜࠶
ࡊߒߡ޿ࠆ‫ޠ‬
㧔ႮᎹ 1993: 36㧕߽ߩߣቯ⟵ߔࠆ‫ߩߎޕ‬ౄ㧩࿖ኅ૕೙ߢߪ‫↥౒ޔ‬ౄ߇ੱ
੐ᮭࠍㅢߓߡ␠ળߩᄢㇱಽࠍᡰ㈩ߒ‫ߩߘޔ‬ᡰ㈩ߪ᡽ᴦߣ⚻ᷣߩ߆ߥࠅߩ㗔ၞߦ෸ࠎ
ߛ‫⊛⋥ုޔߚ߹ޕ‬᭴ㅧࠍ߽ߟౄᯏ᭴ࠍㅢߓߡ࿾ၞ⊛ߦ߽ᐢᄢߥ㗔ၞࠍ൮៨ߒߡ޿ߚ
㧔࿾↰ 2004; Rigby 1990㧕‫ޕ‬
ౄ㧩࿖ኅ૕೙ߩߎߩࠃ߁ߥ․ᓽߪ‫ޔ‬૕೙ォ឵ߩ޽ࠅᣇࠍᒝߊⷙቯߒߚ‫ߩߎޕ‬ㆊᐲ
ߦ㓸ᮭ⊛ߥ૕೙ߪ㕖ല₸ᕈߥߤߩ໧㗴ࠍᣧߊ߆ࠄᛴ߃ߡ޿ߚ߇‫ޔ‬1985 ᐕ 3 ᦬ߦ࠰ㅪ
౒↥ౄᦠ⸥㐳ߦዞછߒߚࠧ࡞ࡃ࠴࡚ࡈߪ‫⚻ߕ߹ޔ‬ᷣᡷ㕟ࠍⴕ߁ߎߣߢ૕೙ߩ೚ᣂࠍ
࿑ߞߚ‫⚻ޔߒ߆ߒޕ‬ᷣᡷ㕟ߪᣢᓧᮭ⋉ࠍᜬߟౄ࡮࿖ኅቭ௥ߩᅹኂࠍฃߌߚߚ߼‫ޔ‬ᜰ
ዉㇱߪ‫⚻ޔ‬ᷣᡷ㕟ߩㅴዷߦߪౄ࡮࿖ኅᯏ᭴ߩᡷ㕟߇ਇนᰳߢ޽ࠆߣ޿߁⹺⼂ࠍᜬߜ‫ޔ‬
1988 ᐕ㗃߆ࠄᣂߚߦ᡽ᴦᡷ㕟ߦਸ਼ࠅ಴ߒߚ‫⚿ߩߘޕ‬ᨐ‫ޔ‬ౄߩု⋥⊛⛔೙߇✭ࠎߢ᡽
ᴦߪᄙరൻߒ‫ޔ‬ฦㅪ㇌᭴ᚑ౒๺࿖ߦ߅޿ߡᣂߚߥ᡽ᴦ൓ജ߇บ㗡ߒᆎ߼ߚ‫ࠄࠇߎޕ‬
౒๺࿖ࠛ࡝࡯࠻ߪ‫ࠍࡓ࠭࡝࠽࡚ࠪ࠽ޔ‬༐⿠ߒߥ߇ࠄㅪ㇌ਛᄩ߆ࠄߩ⥄┙ൻࠍⷐ᳞ߒ‫ޔ‬
࠰ㅪߩਛᄩ࡮࿾ᣇ㑐ଥࠍំߐ߱ߞߚ㧔ࡉ࡜࠙ࡦ 2008; Hough 1997㧕‫ޕ‬
ߎߩࠃ߁ߦ‫ޔ‬ౄ㧩࿖ኅ૕೙߇᡽ᴦߣ⚻ᷣ෺ᣇࠍ൮฽ߒ‫ޔ‬ౄߩု⋥⊛ᯏ᭴ࠍㅢߓߡ
ᐢ▸ߥ࿾ၞࠍᡰ㈩ߒߡ޿ߚ߇᡿ߦ‫⚻ޔ‬ᷣᡷ㕟ߪౄᯏ᭴ߩᡷ㕟߳ߣᵄ෸ߒߚ‫ޔ߽߆ߒޕ‬
ߘߎߢߪ‫ޔ‬නߦⶄᢙߩᡷ㕟߇หᤨㅴⴕߒߚߛߌߢߥߊ‫⋧߇ࠄࠇߘޔ‬੕ߦᓇ㗀ࠍਈ߃
8
ߥ߇ࠄ੤㍲ߒߚߣ޿߁ὐ߇㊀ⷐߢ޽ࠆ ‫ߩࠄࠇߎޔߦࠄߐޕ‬ᡷ㕟⺖㗴ߪ‫⸃ߥ⊛⚳ᦨޔ‬
᳿ߦ⥋ࠆ೨ߦ૕೙፣უߣ࿖ኅߩ⸃૕ࠍ⚻㛎ߒߚߚ߼ߦ‫ޟߩߎޔ‬ᡷ㕟ߩ੤㍲‫⁁ޠ‬ᴫߪ‫ޔ‬
࠰ㅪࠍ᭴ᚑߒߡ޿ߚฦ౒๺࿖ߦᒁ߈⛮߇ࠇߚ‫࠰ޕ‬ㅪߩ⸃૕ߪ‫ޔ‬൩⺰ߘࠇ߹ߢߩ᡽ᴦ
⁁ᴫ߇ᄌൻߔࠆᄢ߈ߥォᯏߣߥߞߚ߇‫ߩߘࠅࠃߦࠇߘޔ‬೨ᓟ߇ోߡᢿ⛘ߒߚࠊߌߢ
ߪߥߊ‫ࠈߒ߻ޔ‬ᄙߊߩ໧㗴ߪᱷሽߒߚ‫ޕ‬
․ߦ‫ޔ‬એਅߩ 2 ߟߩ໧㗴߇ᄢ߈ߥ੎ὐߣߥߞߚ‫⚻ޔߦ৻╙ޕ‬ᷣࠪࠬ࠹ࡓߩォ឵ߦ
㧚
߅޿ߡ‫ޔ‬࿖᦭ડᬺࠍ޿߆ߦ⑳᦭ൻߔࠆ߆ߣ޿߁໧㗴ߢ޽ࠆ‫ޔߪࠇߘޕ‬ਥߦડᬺߩ⚻
㧚㧚㧚
㧚㧚
༡ᒻᘒࠍ߼ߋࠆ໧㗴ߣ޿߁ࠃࠅߪ‫ߩߘޔ‬ᚲ᦭ࠍ߼ߋࠆ੎޿ߢ޽ࠅ‫⩨ޔ‬ᄢߥ࿖ኅ⾗↥
ࠍ߼ߋࠆ੎޿ߪᭂ߼ߡ᡽ᴦൻߒ߿ߔ޿߽ߩߢ޽ߞߚ‫╙ޕ‬ੑߦߪ‫↥౒ޔ‬ౄߩജ߇ᒙ߹
ࠆਛߢ‫ޔ‬ᣂߚߦߤߩࠃ߁ߥᮭജᯏ᭴ࠍ⏕┙ߔࠆ߆‫ߥ߁ࠃߩߤޔߡߒߘޔ‬ਛᄩ࡮࿾ᣇ
㑐ଥࠍ᭴▽ߔࠆߩ߆ߣ޿߁໧㗴ߢ޽ࠆ‫↥౒ޕ‬ౄߪ‫ޔ‬ਛᄩߢߩᗧᕁ᳿ቯࠍᜂ߁ߩߣห
ᤨߦ‫ޔ‬ᄙ᭽ߥ࿾ၞ߿᳃ᣖࠍ 1 ߟߩ࿖ኅౝߦ߹ߣ߼਄ߍࠆᯏ⢻߽ᨐߚߒߡ޿ߚߩߢ‫ޔ‬
ߘߩᮭജߩᓟㅌߪ‫ޔ‬ਛᄩߩᮭജᯏ᭴ߩ⏕┙ߣਛᄩ࡮࿾ᣇ㑐ଥߩౣ✬ߣ޿߁ 2 ߟࠍห
ᤨߦ᡽ᴦ⊛⺰੎ὐߦߒߚ‫࠰ޔߦ߁ࠃߩߎޕ‬ㅪ㧛ࡠࠪࠕߩ૕೙ォ឵ߢߪ‫ޔ‬᡽ᴦ࡮⚻ᷣ
ࠍ൮฽ߒߡᡰ㈩ߒߡ޿ߚౄ㧩࿖ኅ૕೙߇⴮ㅌߔࠆਛߢ‫⚻ޔ‬ᷣ૕೙ߩォ឵ߣ᡽ᴦ૕೙
ߩォ឵߇੤㍲ߔࠆ‫ޟ‬㊀ጀ⊛ォ឵‫߇ߣߎߚߓ↢߇ޠ‬ᄢ߈ߥ․ᓽߢ޽ߞߚ‫ޕ‬
3.2. ㆊᷰᦼߩ᡽ᴦ೙ᐲʊ૕೙ォ឵ᦼߩ᡽ᴦᡷ㕟
ᰴߦ‫ޔ‬૕೙ォ឵ᦼߩ᡽ᴦ೙ᐲࠍᢛℂߔࠆ‫ޕ‬᡽ᴦ೙ᐲߪ‫ޔ‬᡽ᴦਥ૕߇ⴕേߔࠆ਄ߢ
55 - 55
ߩ࡞࡯࡞ߣߥߞߚ߇‫ޔ‬ౄ㧩࿖ኅ૕೙ߩ፣უㆊ⒟ߦ޽ߞߚߎߩᤨᦼߪ‫ޔ‬᡽ᴦ೙ᐲ⥄૕
߇ਇ቟ቯߢ޽ߞߚߚ߼‫ޔ‬ฦਥ૕߇⥄ࠄߦ᦭೑ߥᒻߦ೙ᐲࠍᄌᦝߔࠆ૛࿾߇ᄢ޿ߦ޽
ߞߚὐߦߪ⇐ᗧ߇ᔅⷐߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬
1988 ᐕએ㒠ߦㅴࠎߛ᡽ᴦ೙ᐲᡷ㕟ߩᗧ⟵ߪ‫ޟޔ‬ᮭജࠍ⁛භ⊛ߦីߞߡ޿ࠆ౒↥ౄ
ߩᚻ߆ࠄ‫ޔ‬ᙗᴺߢߘߩᚲ᦭⠪ߣⷙቯߐࠇߡ޿ࠆฦ࠰ࡧࠚ࠻ߩᚻߦ‫ੱߥ↱⥄ޔ‬᳃ઍ⼏
ຬㆬ᜼ߩᚻࠍㅢߓߡᒁ߈ᷰߔߎߣ‫ޠ‬㧔ࠧ࡞ࡃ࠴࡚ࡈ 1996: ਄Ꮞ, 531㧕ߦ޽ࠅ‫ޔ‬ᡷ㕟
ߪ౒↥ౄᡷ㕟ߣ࠰ࡧࠚ࠻㧔⼏ળ㧕ᡷ㕟ࠍਛᔃߦㅴࠎߛ‫ޕ‬ᓟ⠪ߪ‫ࠍ࠻ࠚࡧ࠰ޔ‬ታ⾰⊛
ߥᗧᕁ᳿ቯᯏ㑐ߦᄌ㕟ߒ‫↥౒ޔ‬ౄᮭജߩ⋧ኻൻࠍ⋡ᜰߔ߽ߩߢ޽ࠅ‫ޔ‬1988 ᐕᧃߩᙗ
࠰ࡧࠚ࠻
ᴺᡷᱜߦࠃࠅ‫࠰ޔ‬ㅪੱ᳃ઍ⼏ຬᄢળ߇ᣂ⸳ߐࠇ‫ੱޔ‬᳃ઍ⼏ຬ߇੕ㆬߔࠆᦨ㜞ળ⼏ߣ
ߩੑጀ᭴ㅧߩ⼏ળ೙ᐲ߇↢߹ࠇߚ9‫ޕ‬
࠰ㅪߩᡷ㕟ߦᒁ߈⛯߈‫࠻ࠚࡧ࠰ߩߢࠕࠪࡠޔ‬ᡷ㕟߽ㅴࠎߛ‫ޕ‬ฦㅪ㇌᭴ᚑ౒๺࿖߇
ណ↪ߔࠆ⼏ળ೙ᐲߩᒻᘒߪ‫౒ߩߘޔ‬๺࿖ߩ್ᢿߦછߐࠇߚ߇‫࠰ߪࠕࠪࡠޔ‬ㅪߣ㘃ૃ
ߒߚੑጀ᭴ㅧߩ⼏ળ೙ᐲࠍណ↪ߒߚ‫ޔߡߒߘޕ‬1990 ᐕ 3 ᦬ߦੱ᳃ઍ⼏ຬㆬ᜼߇ⴕࠊ
ࠇ‫ޔ‬5 ᦬ߦᦨೋߩੱ᳃ઍ⼏ຬᄢળ߇㐿௅ߐࠇߚ‫ੱޕ‬᳃ઍ⼏ຬᄢળߪ‫ޔ‬
‫ޟ‬࿖ኅᮭജߩᦨ
㜞ᯏ㑐‫ޔߡߒߣޠ‬ᙗᴺߩណᛯ࡮ᡷᱜ‫ޔ‬㚂⋧ߩᛚ⹺╬‫ޔ‬࿖᡽ߩ㊀ⷐ⺖㗴ࠍክ⼏ߔࠆᯏ
㑐ߢ޽ߞߚ‫ߩߘޔߒߛߚޕ‬ᵴേߪᐕߦ 1 ᐲߩቯᦼᄢળߣ⥃ᤨᄢળߩߺߢ޽ࠆߚ߼‫ޔ‬
Ᏹ⸳ᯏ㑐ߢ޽ࠆᦨ㜞ળ⼏߇‫ޔ‬ㅢᏱߩ┙ᴺ૞ᬺࠍᜂߞߚ‫ޕ‬
10
߹ߚ‫࠻ࠚࡧ࠰ޔ‬ᡷ㕟ߣ౒ߦ‫↥౒ޔ‬ౄᡷ㕟߽ታᣉߐࠇߚ ‫ߩߎޕ‬ᡷ㕟ߦࠃߞߡ౒↥
ౄߩᮭജ⁛භߪ፣ࠇ‫ޔ‬ᓥ᧪ߩု⋥⊛ߥਛᄩ࡮࿾ᣇ㑐ଥ߇ᒆ✭ߒߚߚ߼‫ޔ‬ᜰዉㇱߩᒰ
ೋߩᗧ࿑ࠍߎ߃ߡ‫ޔ‬ฦ౒๺࿖ߦ⥄┙⊛ߥ൓ജ߇િ㐳ߔࠆࠃ߁ߦߥߞߚ㧔ႮᎹ 2007a:
156-157㧕‫ߩᦼᤨߩߎޔߦ߁ࠃߩߎޕ‬᡽ᴦᡷ㕟ߪ‫⊹ޔ‬⡺ߦ߽ߘߩᡷ㕟ࠍਥዉߒߚㅪ㇌
ਛᄩߩᮭജࠍᅓ߁⚿ᨐߦߥߞߚ‫ޔߡߒߊ߆ޕ‬1990 ᐕ߆ࠄ 1991 ᐕߦ߆ߌߡ‫ޔ‬ฦ౒๺
࿖ߪᮭ㒢᜛ᄢࠍㅪ㇌ਛᄩߦ᳞߼ᆎ߼‫ޔ‬ㅪ㇌ౣ✬ߩേ߈߇ଧ߆ߦᵴ⊒ߦߥߞߚ‫ޕ‬
ߐࠄߦ‫ࠕࠪࡠޔ‬࿕᦭ߩ੐ᖱ߇‫ޔ‬੐ᘒࠍ৻ጀⶄ㔀ߦߒߚ‫࠰ޔߪࠕࠪࡠޕ‬ㅪߣ޿߁ㅪ
㇌࿖ኅߩ᭴ᚑ౒๺࿖ߣߒߡ‫ޔ‬ㅪ㇌ਛᄩߦኻߔࠆᮭ㒢᜛ᄢࠍⷐ᳞ߒߚ߇‫ޔ‬หᤨߦߘࠇ
⥄り߽ㅪ㇌೙ࠍណ↪ߒߡ޿ߚߚ߼ߦ‫ࠕࠪࡠޔ‬ౝㇱߩ⥄ᴦ࿾ၞ㧔ᓟߩㅪ㇌᭴ᚑਥ૕㧕
ߩᮭ㒢᜛ᄢⷐ᳞ߦ߽ኻᔕߒߥߌࠇ߫ߥࠄߥ߆ߞߚ‫࠰ޔ߼ߚߩߘޕ‬ㅪ‫ࠪࡠޔࠕࠪࡠޔ‬
ࠕౝㇱߩ⥄ᴦ࿾ၞߣ޿߁ਃߟᏉߩኻ᛫㑐ଥߩਅߢ‫ޔ‬ฦ‫⥄߇ޘ‬Ꮖ೑⋉ߩᦨᄢൻࠍ⋡ᜰ
ߔߣ޿߁⁁ᴫ߇↢߹ࠇߚ11‫ߩࠕࠪࡠޔߡߒߘޕ‬࿾ᣇ൓ജߪ‫ޔ‬ਥߦ᡽ᐭ㑆㑐ଥ㧔ࡠࠪࠕ
᡽ᐭߣ࿾ᣇⴕ᡽ᐭߣߩ㑐ଥ㧕ࠍㅢߓߡ‫ߩࠄ⥄ޔ‬೑⋉ታ⃻ࠍ⋡ᜰߒߚ‫ޕ‬
ߎߩࠃ߁ߦ‫ޔ‬ౄ㧩࿖ኅ૕೙ߩ⸃૕ㆊ⒟ߢⴕࠊࠇߚ᡽ᴦᡷ㕟ߪ‫⼏ߩ⥄⁛ߦࠕࠪࡠޔ‬
ળ೙ᐲࠍ߽ߚࠄߔߣหᤨߦ‫ࠕࠪࡠޔ‬ౝㇱߩਛᄩ࡮࿾ᣇ㑐ଥࠍਇ቟ቯߦ߽ߒߚ‫ࠇߎޕ‬
ࠄߪ౒ߦ‫ޔ‬ฦ᡽ᴦਥ૕ߩⴕേࠍ೙⚂ߔࠆᯏ⢻ࠍᨐߚߒߚ‫ޕ‬
3.3. ᭴ㅧߣਥ૕ߩ㑐ଥ
࠰ㅪᧃᦼߩ᡽ᴦᡷ㕟ߦࠃߞߡᒻᚑߐࠇߚ⼏ળߣ‫ޔ‬ᵹേൻߔࠆਛᄩ࡮࿾ᣇ㑐ଥࠍㅢ
ߓߡ‫ޔ‬᭽‫ߥޘ‬೑⋉ࠍ᦭ߔࠆ᡽ᴦਥ૕߇บ㗡ߒߡ߈ߚ‫ޕ‬ᓐࠄߪฦ‫ޘ‬᡽ᴦ⊛࡮⚻ᷣ⊛ᮭ
56 - 56
ロシアの「強い」大統領制？ ―「重層的体制転換」における制度形成過程の再検討―
㒢ߩ᜛ᄢࠍ⋡ᜰߒߚ߇‫ߩߘޔ‬೑⋉ߪ‫ޔ‬
‫ޟ‬㊀ጀ⊛ォ឵‫߁޿ߣޠ‬ⅣႺߩਛߢᕆㅦߦ㗼࿷ൻ
ߒߚ᭴ㅧ߇ⷙቯߒߡ޿ߚ‫ޕ‬
߹ߕ‫⚻ޔ‬ᷣ૕೙ߩォ឵ߦ߅޿ߡ࿖᦭ડᬺߩ⑳᦭ൻ߇੎ὐߣߥࠆਛߢ‫␠ޔ‬ળ㓏ጀ㑆
12
ߩ೑⋉ߩ㆑޿߇ᓢ‫ߦޘ‬㗼࿷ൻߒ‫⼏ߪࠇߘޔ‬ળౝߩࡉࡠ࠶ࠢ ߦォൻߒߚ‫ ╙ޕ‬1 ࿁ੱ
᳃ઍ⼏ຬᄢળ㧔1990 ᐕ 5 ᦬߆ࠄ 6 ᦬㧕ߦ߅޿ߡ‫⼏ޔ‬ຬߩ␠ળ᭴ᚑߣ᡽ᴦ⊛ᔒะᕈߦ
ߪኒធߥ㑐ଥ߇޽ߞߚ‫ߩߎޕ‬ᄢળߢߪ‫ޔ‬
‫ޟ‬᳃ਥࡠࠪࠕ‫↥౒ࠕࠪࡠޟߣޠ‬ਥ⟵⠪‫޿ߣޠ‬
߁ 2 ߟߩࡉࡠ࠶ࠢ߇ᒻᚑߐࠇ‫ߩߘޔ‬൓ജߪ෺ᣇ౒ߦో૕ߩ 4 ഀ⒟ᐲࠍභ߼ߚ‫ ⴫ޕ‬1
ߦ᣿ࠄ߆ߥࠃ߁ߦ‫ޔ‬ౄ㧩࿖ኅ૕೙ߦ߅޿ߡ㜞޿࿾૏ߦዞ޿ߡ޿ߚ⠪߶ߤ‫ޔ‬
‫౒ࠕࠪࡠޟ‬
↥ਥ⟵⠪‫ߩޠ‬ਥᒛࠍᡰᜬߒߡ޿ߚߩߦኻߒ‫ߩߢߎߘޔ‬࿾૏߇ૐ޿⠪‫ޔ‬ഭ௛⠪‫ޔ‬⍮⊛
ഭ௛⠪ߪ‫ޟ‬᳃ਥࡠࠪࠕ‫ߩߣޠ‬ㄭⷫᕈ߇㜞߆ߞߚ‫ޕ‬ᓟㅀߔࠆࠃ߁ߦ‫ޔ‬ਔ⠪ߪ᳿ߒߡ㜞
޿ಝ㓸ᕈࠍᜬߞߚ㓸࿅ߢߪߥߊ‫ޔ‬ᰴ╙ߦ 3 ߟߩࡉࡠ࠶ࠢߦౣ✬ߐࠇߡ޿ߊ߇‫ࠇߘޔ‬
ࠄ߽␠ળ㓏ጀߦၮߠߊ߽ߩߢ޽ࠅ‫⼏ޔ‬ળౝࡉࡠ࠶ࠢߪਥߦ␠ળ㓏ጀߦᔕߓߡᒻᚑߐ
ࠇߡ޿ߚ‫ޕ‬
߹ߚ‫↥౒ޔ‬ౄᮭജߩ⋧ኻൻߣ‫ޔ‬ਛᄩ࡮࿾ᣇ㑐ଥߩᵹേൻ߇‫ޔ‬࿾ᣇ㧔ㅪ㇌᭴ᚑਥ૕㧕
ߦ߅ߌࠆ᡽ᴦਥ૕ߩบ㗡ࠍଦߒߚ‫ޕ‬࿾ᣇߦ߅޿ߡ߽‫ޔ‬೨㗄ߢㅀߴߚ࠰ࡧࠚ࠻ᡷ㕟‫ޔ‬
౒↥ౄᡷ㕟߇ㅴ߼ࠄࠇ‫ޔ‬࿾ᣇ࡟ࡌ࡞ߩ࠰ࡧࠚ࠻߿ߘߩၫⴕᆔຬળ߇ജࠍઃߌߡ޿ߚ
߇‫ߩߎޔ‬ၫⴕᆔຬળ߆ࠄ⚵❱ߐࠇߚ࿾ᣇⴕ᡽ᐭ߇‫᦭⑳ޔ‬ൻㆊ⒟ߢบ㗡ߒᆎ߼ߚ⚻ᷣ
ࠛ࡝࡯࠻ߣ⋧੕ᶐㅘߒߥ߇ࠄ‫ޔ‬࿾ᣇߦ߅ߌࠆ᦭ജߥ᡽ᴦਥ૕ߣߥߞߚ㧔Stoner-Weiss
2004: 161-164㧕
‫ᤨ࠻ࠚࡧ࠰ޕ‬ઍ‫ޔ‬࿾ᣇߩౄ࡮࿖ኅቭ௥ߪ‫ޔ‬਄⚖ᯏ㑐߆ࠄߢ߈ࠆߛߌᄙ
ߊߩ⾗᧚ࠍ₪ᓧߔࠆߣ޿߁ὐߦ߅޿ߡ‫ޔ‬ડᬺߣ೑⋉ࠍ౒᦭ߒ‫ޔ‬ડᬺߣߩࡀ࠶࠻ࡢ࡯
ࠢࠍㅢߓߡᮭജࠍⴕ૶ߒߡ߈ߚ߇㧔Rutland 1993; Hough 1971: 60-64㧕‫ޔ‬
‫ޟ‬㊀ጀ⊛ォ឵‫ޠ‬
߇ㅴ߻⁁ᴫߢ߽‫ޔ‬᡽ᴦ⊛࡮⚻ᷣ⊛ߥᣢᓧᮭ⋉ࠍ቞ࠆߣ޿߁ὐߢਔ⠪ߩ೑ኂߪ৻⥌ߒ
ߡ޿ߚ‫᦭⑳ޔߦ․ޕ‬ൻߪ࿾ᣇߩ᡽ᴦ࡮⚻ᷣࠛ࡝࡯࠻ߦߣߞߡ⢿ᆭߣߥࠅ߃ߚ‫ߩߘޕ‬
ߚ߼‫ޔ‬ᓐࠄߪ࠰ㅪᤨઍߦᒻᚑߐࠇߚࠛ࡝࡯࠻࡮ࡀ࠶࠻ࡢ࡯ࠢࠍᵴ↪ߒߡ‫ޔ‬ᕆỗߥᄌ
ൻߦኻᔕߒࠃ߁ߣߒߚ㧔Slider 1997㧕‫ޕ‬൩⺰‫ޔ‬ᐢᄢߥ㗔ၞߦ෸߱ࡠࠪࠕߪ࿾ၞ⊛ᄙ᭽
ᕈ߇ᄢ߈߆ߞߚߒ‫ޔ‬6 ⒳㘃ߩⴕ᡽඙ಽ߆ࠄᚑࠆㅪ㇌೙ߢ޽ߞߚߚ߼‫ߩߡోޔ‬ㅪ㇌᭴
ᚑਥ૕߇೑⋉ࠍ౒᦭ߒߡ޿ߚࠊߌߢߪߥ޿‫ࠇߘޔߚ߹ޕ‬᡿ߦ‫ޔ‬ਛᄩߦኻߔࠆⷐ᳞ߩ
⒟ᐲ߽‫ޔ‬ㅪ㇌᭴ᚑਥ૕ߦࠃࠅ㆑޿߇޽ߞߚ‫ޔߒߛߚޕ‬ฦㅪ㇌᭴ᚑਥ૕߇‫ࡢࠢࠬࡕޔ‬
ߢߩ᡽ᴦ⊛ኻ┙ߦ㑐ᔃࠍᛴ޿ߡ޿ߚߣ޿߁ὐߢߪ┙႐ߪ౒ㅢߒߡ޿ߚ‫ޕ‬
57 - 57
⴫ 1 ╙ 1 ࿁ੱ᳃ઍ⼏ຬᄢળ(1990 ᐕ 5 ᦬㧙6 ᦬)ߦ߅ߌࠆ⼏ຬߩ᡽ᴦ⊛ᔒะᕈ
ᛩ␿ⴕേ㧔㧑㧕
␠ળ᭴ᚑ㧔⡯⒳㧕
‫ޟ‬᳃ਥࡠࠪࠕ‫ޠ‬
‫↥౒ࠕࠪࡠޟ‬ਥ⟵⠪‫ޠ‬
ᦨ㜞᡽ᴦᜰዉㇱ
4
96
㜞⚖▤ℂ⡯
8
90
ਛ⚖▤ℂ⡯
45
51
ਅ⚖▤ℂ⡯
74
23
ഭ௛⠪‫࠭࡯ࡎ࡞ࠦޔ‬ຬ
74
24
⍮⊛ഭ௛⠪
87
11
಴ౖ㧦ɒɟɣɧɢɫ 2005: Ɍ.1, 277-279.
ߐࠄߦ‫ޔ‬1991 ᐕ 6 ᦬ߦᄢ⛔㗔೙߇ᣂ⸳ߐࠇࠆߣ13‫ࠇߘޔ‬એ㒠ᄢ⛔㗔ߪᦨ߽㊀ⷐߥ
᡽ᴦਥ૕ߣߥߞߚ‫ޕ‬ೋઍᄢ⛔㗔ߦዞછߒߚࠛ࡝࠷ࠖࡦߪ‫․ޔ‬ቯߩ␠ળ㓸࿅߿࿾ၞߦ
ଐ᜚ߔࠆߩߢߪߥߊ‫ޔ‬࿖᳃ో૕ߩᜰዉ⠪ߢ޽ࠆߎߣࠍṶ಴ߒࠃ߁ߣߒߚ‫ߣߎߩߎޕ‬
ߪᄢ⛔㗔ߦߣߞߡᒝߺߢ޽ࠆߣหᤨߦ‫ޔ‬ᒙὐߣ߽ߥߞߚ‫ޕ‬ᄢ⛔㗔ߪ‫ޔ‬࿖᳃ߩ⋥ធㆬ
᜼ߢㆬ߫ࠇߚߣ޿߁⥄ࠄߩ‫ޟ‬᳃ਥ⊛ᱜ⛔ᕈ‫ࠍޠ‬ᒝ⺞ߔࠆߎߣߢ‫⥄ޔ‬ಽ߇ࡠࠪࠕ࿖᳃
ߦᦨ߽⋧ᔕߒ޿ᜰዉ⠪ߢ޽ࠆߣ༗વߒ‫ޔ‬ታ㓙ߎߩᚢⴚߪ߆ߥࠅᚑഞߒߚ‫ઁߒ߆ߒޕ‬
ᣇߢ‫⏕ޔ‬࿕ߚࠆ᡽ᴦၮ⋚ࠍᰳ޿ߚߚ߼ߦ‫ઁޔ‬൓ജߣߩㅪวࠍᏱߦᮨ⚝ߔࠆᔅⷐ߽޽
ߞߚ‫ߦ߼ߚߩߘޕ‬ᄢ⛔㗔ߪ‫ઁޔ‬൓ജߣߩ㑐ଥᕈߦ⥄ࠄߩ┙႐ࠍⷙቯߐࠇࠆᐲว߇㜞
ߊ‫ޔ‬᭴ㅧ⊛ၮ␆ࠍᜬߟઁߩ᡽ᴦਥ૕㧔⼏ળౝࡉࡠ࠶ࠢ‫ޔ‬࿾ᣇⴕ᡽ᐭ㧕ߣߪ⇣⾰ߥሽ
࿷ߢ޽ߞߚ‫ޕ‬
એ਄ߩࠃ߁ߦ‫ޔ‬૕೙ォ឵ᦼߩࡠࠪࠕߢߪ‫␠ޔ‬ળ㓏ጀ㑆ߩ੉ⵚߣਛᄩ࡮࿾ᣇ㑆ߩ੉
ⵚ߇‫⼏ࠇߙࠇߘޔ‬ળౝࡉࡠ࠶ࠢߣㅪ㇌᭴ᚑਥ૕ߩⴕ᡽ᐭߣ޿߁᡽ᴦਥ૕ߦ⚿߮ߟ޿
㧚㧚
ߚ‫ޔߪⵚ੉ߩߎޕ‬ᣢߦ࠰ㅪᤨઍߦౄ㧩࿖ኅ૕೙ߩౝㇱߢሽ࿷ߒߡ޿ߚ߇‫ޔ‬ᒰᤨߪߘ
ࠇ߇᡽ᴦ⊛ኻ┙ゲߣߪߥࠅ߃ߥ߆ߞߚ‫ޔߒ߆ߒޕ‬
‫ޟ‬㊀ጀ⊛ォ឵‫߁޿ߣޠ‬ⅣႺߩᄌൻߦ
ࠃߞߡ‫ߚߒ߁ߎޔ‬᭴ㅧ⊛ⷐ࿃ߪᕆỗߦ᡽ᴦൻߒߚ‫․ޔߦࠄߐޕ‬ቯߩ␠ળ㓸࿅ߦଐ᜚
ߒߥ޿ᄢ⛔㗔߇‫⻉ࠄࠇߎޔ‬൓ജߣߩ㑐ଥࠍ㗫❥ߦᡷ߼ߥ߇ࠄ‫ߩࠄ⥄ޔ‬ᮭ㒢᜛ᄢࠍᮨ
⚝ߒߚ‫ޕ‬
4. ᡽ᴦਥ૕㑆ߩ⋧੕૞↪
೨▵ߢߩᢛℂࠍ〯߹߃‫ޟߪߢ▵ᧄޔ‬㊀ጀ⊛ォ឵‫⁁ޠ‬ᴫߦ߅ߌࠆ᡽ᴦਥ૕㑆ߩ⋧੕
૞↪ࠍ⠨ኤߒ‫ޔ‬᡽ᴦ૕೙ߩਛᩭࠍᜂ߁ᄢ⛔㗔೙ߣㅪ㇌೙߇ᒻᚑߐࠇࠆㆊ⒟ߣ‫ߩߘޔ‬
೙ᐲߩ․ᓽࠍ᣿ࠄ߆ߦߔࠆ‫ޔߪߢߎߎޕ‬૕೙ォ឵ㆊ⒟ߩਥⷐߥ੎ὐࠍోߡߪ✂⟜ߢ
߈ߥ޿߇‫ޔ‬㊀ⷐߥォᯏߣߥߞߚ޿ߊߟ߆ߩ໧㗴ࠍ⠨ኤߒ‫߇ࠄࠇߘޔ‬੤㍲ߔࠆㆊ⒟ࠍ
⺰ℂ⊛ߦ᣿ࠄ߆ߦߔࠆ‫ޕ‬
58 - 58
ロシアの「強い」大統領制？ ―「重層的体制転換」における制度形成過程の再検討―
4.1. ࡠࠪࠕߩ⥄┙ൻ
1990 ᐕ 5 ᦬ߦࡠࠪࠕߢᣂߚߥ⼏ળ೙ᐲ߇⊒⿷ߔࠆߣ‫࠰ߢߎߘޔ‬ㅪਛᄩߣ⇣ߥࠆ᳿
ቯ߇ߥߐࠇࠆࠃ߁ߦߥࠅ‫࠰ޔ‬ㅪਛᄩ߇ਥዉߒߡ޿ߚᡷ㕟ߪ‫ޔ‬ᓢ‫߽ߩ⥄⁛ࠕࠪࡠߦޘ‬
ߩߣߒߡ⥄Ꮖㆇേࠍᆎ߼ߚ‫⚿ߩߘޕ‬ᨐ‫ ߦ․ޔ‬1990 ᐕᓟඨ߆ࠄ 1991 ᐕඨ߫ߦ߆ߌߡ‫ޔ‬
࠰ㅪࠍ೚ᣂߒߟߟㅪ㇌ߩ⛽ᜬࠍ⋡ᜰߔㅪ㇌ਛᄩߣ‫┙⥄ޔ‬ൻࠍⷐ᳞ߔࠆࡠࠪࠕߣߩኻ
┙߇㗼⪺ߦߥߞߚ‫ ⴫ޕ‬1 ߢ⷗ߚࠃ߁ߦ‫⼏ࠕࠪࡠߩᦼᤨߩߎޔ‬ળߢߪ‫␠ޔ‬ળ㓏ጀߦᔕ
ߓߡᒻᚑߐࠇߚ‫ޟ‬᳃ਥࡠࠪࠕ‫↥౒ࠕࠪࡠޟߣޠ‬ਥ⟵⠪‫ ߁޿ߣޠ‬2 ߟߩ൓ജ߇ᜟ᛫ߒ
ߡ޿ߚ߇‫࠰ޔ‬ㅪߣߩኻ┙߇᣿⏕ߥ໧㗴ߦኻߒߡߪ‫ޔ‬
‫┙⥄ߩࠕࠪࡠޟ‬ൻ‫┙߁޿ߣޠ‬႐ߢ
ਔ⠪ߪද⺞ⴕേࠍߣߞߚ‫ޕ‬2 ߟߩࡉࡠ࠶ࠢ߇৻ᤨ⊛ߢߪ޽ࠇද⺞ߒߚ⢛᥊ߦߪ‫߹ޔ‬
ߕ‫ߛ߹ߪᦼᤨߩߎޔ‬ᄢⷙᮨߥ⑳᦭ൻ߇ᆎ߹ߞߡ޿ߥ߆ߞߚߚ߼‫␠ޔ‬ળ㓏ጀ㑆ߩ೑ኂ
ኻ┙߇ߘࠇ߶ߤ᣿⏕ߢߥ߆ߞߚߣ޿߁੐ᖱ߇޽ߞߚ‫ޔߚ߹ޕ‬ਔࡉࡠ࠶ࠢߩਥᒛߦߪ
⋧㆑߇޽ߞߚ߇‫ޔ‬
‫┙⥄ߩࠕࠪࡠޟ‬ൻ‫ޔߪޠ‬෺ᣇߦߣߞߡᡰᜬ᜛ᄢߩߚ߼ߦᒝ⺞ߔߴ߈
㊀ⷐߥ໧㗴ߢ޽ߞߚ‫ޕ‬
࠰ㅪߣࡠࠪࠕߩኻ᛫㑐ଥߪ‫ޔ‬ਥߦ᡽ᴦ⊛ᮭ㒢߿ᄤὼ⾗Ḯߩ▤ロ໧㗴ࠍ߼ߋߞߡ↢
ߓߚ‫ޕ‬ᄤὼ⾗Ḯߩ▤ロࠍ⏕଻ߢ߈ࠇ߫‫ޔ‬೑↪น⢻ߥ⾗Ḯ߇Ⴧᄢߒ‫ޔ‬᡽ᴦ⊛ᓇ㗀ജ߽
િᒛߔࠆ‫ޕ‬෻ኻߦ‫ޔ‬᡽ᴦ⊛ᮭ㒢ࠍ᜛ᄢߢ߈ࠇ߫‫⚻ޔ‬ᷣ᡽╷ࠍ᦭೑ߦㅴ߼ࠄࠇࠆ‫ߎޕ‬
ߩࠃ߁ߦ‫ޔ‬᡽ᴦ⊛໧㗴ߣ⚻ᷣ⊛໧㗴߇੤㍲ߔࠆਛߢ‫࠰ޔ‬ㅪߣࡠࠪࠕߩኻ᛫㑐ଥߪዷ
14
㐿ߒߚ‫ޔ߫߃଀ޕ‬1990 ᐕ 6 ᦬ߦណᛯߐࠇߚ‫ޟ‬࿖ኅਥᮭት⸒ ‫ޔ߿ޠ‬10 ᦬એ㒠ߦ㗼࿷
15
ൻߒߚ‫ޟ‬ᴺᓞᚢ੎ ‫ߩ╬ޠ‬໧㗴ߪ‫ߩߘޔ‬ઍ⴫଀ߢ޽ࠆ‫ߩࠇߕ޿ޕ‬໧㗴ߦߟ޿ߡ߽ਔ
ࡉࡠ࠶ࠢߩਥᒛߦߪ⋧㆑߇޽ߞߚ߇‫ߦ⊛⚳ᦨޔ‬ฦᵷߪ‫┙⥄ߩࠕࠪࡠޟ‬ൻ‫߁޿ߣޠ‬ὐ
ߢวᗧߒߚ㧔ႮᎹ 2007a: 231-241; Remington 2001: 92-93㧕
‫ޕ‬
1991 ᐕߦ౉ߞߡ߽ߎߩ⁁ᴫߪ⛯߈‫⼏ޔ‬ળߪࡠࠪࠕ⁛⥄ߩ᡽ᴦᡷ㕟㧔ᄢ⛔㗔೙ዉ౉㧕
߿⚻ᷣᡷ㕟㧔⑳᦭ൻ㑐ㅪᴺߩណᛯ㧕ࠍㅴ߼ߚ‫ޕ‬೨⠪ߪ‫ߦࠕࠪࡠޔ‬ᮭജߩਛᔃࠍ߽ߚ
ࠄߒ‫ޔ‬ᓟ⠪ߪ⑳᦭ൻㆊ⒟ࠍ൮᜝⊛ߦⷙቯߒߚᦨೋߩᴺᓞߢ޽ߞߚߚ߼‫ߘ߽ࠄߜߤޔ‬
ߩᓟߩዷ㐿ߦᄢ߈ߥᗧ๧ࠍᜬߞߚ‫ޕ‬
ࡠࠪࠕߩᄢ⛔㗔೙ߪ‫ޔ‬1991 ᐕ 3 ᦬ߩ࿖᳃ᛩ␿ߢߘߩዉ౉߇ណᛯߐࠇߚᓟߦ‫⋥ޔ‬ᓟ
16
ߩ╙ 3 ࿁㧔⥃ᤨ㧕ੱ᳃ઍ⼏ຬᄢળߢᄢ⛔㗔ㆬ᜼ߩᣣ⒟ࠍ᳿ቯߒ ‫ޔ‬4 ᦬ߦᦨ㜞ળ⼏ߢ
ᄢ⛔㗔ᴺ‫ޔ‬ᄢ⛔㗔ㆬ᜼ᴺ߇೙ቯߐࠇ‫ ޿઻ߦࠇߘޔ‬5 ᦬ߩ╙ 4 ࿁ੱ᳃ઍ⼏ຬᄢળߢᙗ
ᴺ߇ᡷᱜߐࠇࠆߣ޿߁ㆊ⒟ࠍ⚻ߡ‫ޔ‬ᚑ┙ߒߚ‫ޕ‬3 ᦬ߩ࿖᳃ᛩ␿ߪߘ߽ߘ߽࠰ㅪߩ⛽
ᜬࠍ࿖᳃ߦ໧߁߽ߩߣߒߡ࠰ㅪో࿯ߢḰ஻ߐࠇߚ߽ߩߢ޽ߞߚ߇‫ߩߎޔ‬ᯏળࠍ೑↪
ߒߡ‫ޔ‬ᄢ⛔㗔೙ዉ౉ࠍ໧߁ࡠࠪࠕ⁛⥄ߩ࿖᳃ᛩ␿ࠍታᣉߔࠆߎߣ߇‫ᦨࠕࠪࡠޔ‬㜞ળ
17
⼏ߦឭ᩺ߐࠇߚ‫ߩߘޕ‬ㆊ⒟ߢߪỗߒ޿෻ኻ߽޽ߞߚ߇ ‫⚿ޔ‬ዪᄢ⛔㗔೙ዉ౉ߦ㑐ߔ
18
ࠆ࿖᳃ᛩ␿ߪ੍ቯㅢࠅታᣉߐࠇ‫ޔ‬ᴺ᩺ߪክ⼏߇ᆎ߹ࠆߣᲧセ⊛౞Ṗߦน᳿ߐࠇߚ ‫ޕ‬
ߎߩࠃ߁ߦ‫ޔ‬ᄢ⛔㗔೙ߩዉ౉ߪ‫࠰ޔ‬ㅪߣߩኻ᛫਄‫ߦࠕࠪࡠޔ‬ᒝജߥၫⴕᮭജࠍᒻᚑ
ߒߚ޿ߣ޿߁ࠛ࡝࠷ࠖࡦߩᗧ࿑ࠍᒝߊ෻ᤋߒߡ޿ߚ߇‫࠰ޔ‬ㅪߩ⛽ᜬࠍ໧߁࿖᳃ᛩ␿
ߩᯏળࠍ‫┙⥄ߩࠕࠪࡠޟ‬ൻ‫ߦޠ‬೑↪ߒߚߎߣ߇‫ߩߘޔ‬ᚑ┙ࠍଦㅴߒߚ‫ޔߡߒߘޕ‬1991
ᐕ 6 ᦬ߩᄢ⛔㗔ㆬ᜼ߢ‫ᦨޔ‬㜞ળ⼏⼏㐳ߢ޽ߞߚࠛ࡝࠷ࠖࡦ߇ൎ೑ߒߚ‫ޕ‬
59 - 59
⠉ 7 ᦬ߦᚑ┙ߒߚ 2 ߟߩᴺᓞ㧔࿖ኅ࡮౏᦭ડᬺ⑳᦭ൻᴺ‫⸥ޔ‬ฬ⑳᦭ൻญᐳ෸߮㗍
㊄ᴺ㧕߽ห᭽ߦ‫࠰ޔ‬ㅪߣߩኻ᛫㑐ଥ߇ߘߩ೙ቯࠍଦㅴߒߚߣ⸒߃ࠆ‫ࡈ࡚࠴ࡃ࡞ࠧޕ‬
߇ਥዉߒߚ⚻ᷣᡷ㕟ߩ⚿ᨐ‫᦭⑳ޔ‬ડᬺߩഃ⸳ߪᲑ㓏⊛ߦኈ⹺ߐࠇࠆࠃ߁ߦߥߞߚ߇‫ޔ‬
ᧄᩰ⊛ߥ⑳᦭ൻߦߪ‫ߩߘޔ‬ㆊ⒟ࠍ൮᜝⊛ߦⷙቯߔࠆᴺᓞ߇ᔅⷐߢ޽ߞߚ‫ޔ߼ߚߩߘޕ‬
࠰ㅪᦨ㜞ળ⼏ߪ⑳᦭ൻ㑐ㅪᴺࠍḰ஻ߒߡ޿ߚ߇‫ߦࠇߎޔ‬ኻ᛫ߒߡ‫ᦨࠕࠪࡠޔ‬㜞ળ⼏
߽⑳᦭ൻᴺߩᣧᦼណᛯࠍ⋡ᜰߒߚ‫ᤨߩߎޕ‬ὐߢ‫ޔ‬ਔࡉࡠ࠶ࠢߪ⑳᦭ൻࠍㅴ߼ࠆߎߣ
⥄૕ߦߪวᗧߒߡ߅ࠅ‫ߩ⺰⼏ޔ‬ὶὐߪ‫▤ߩߘ߇ࠕࠪࡠޔ‬ロࠍ⏕଻ߒߥ߇ࠄ‫᦭⑳ޔ‬ൻ
ࠍ޿߆ߦㅴ߼ࠆ߆ߦ޽ߞߚ19‫ޕ‬
એ਄ߩࠃ߁ߦ‫ޔ‬1990 ᐕᓟඨ߆ࠄ 1991 ᐕᧃߩ࠰ㅪ⸃૕߹ߢ‫࠰ޔ‬ㅪߣࡠࠪࠕߩኻ᛫
㑐ଥ߇ỗൻߒ‫ߪࠇߘޔ‬᡽ᴦᡷ㕟ߣ⚻ᷣᡷ㕟ࠍ੤㍲ߐߖߥ߇ࠄㅴⴕߒߚ‫ࡠޔߡߒߘޕ‬
ࠪࠕߢߪ‫␠ޔ‬ળ㓏ጀߦᔕߓߡ⼏ળౝߦᚑ┙ߒߚ 2 ߟߩࡉࡠ࠶ࠢ߇‫ޔ‬੕޿ߦ⇣ߥࠆਥ
ᒛࠍᜬߜߟߟ߽‫┙⥄ߩࠕࠪࡠޟޔ‬ൻ‫ߦ߼ߚߩޠ‬Ყセ⊛৻⥌ߒߚⴕേࠍߣߞߚ‫ޕ‬
4.2. ࠰ㅪ⸃૕ᓟߩ⼏ળౝࡉࡠ࠶ࠢߩᄌㆫ
1991 ᐕᧃߩ࠰ㅪ⸃૕ߪ‫⁁ߩߢ߹ࠇߘޔ‬ᴫࠍᄢ߈ߊᄌൻߐߖߚ‫ޔߦ৻╙ޕ‬
‫ޟ‬ᢜ‫ߣޠ‬
ߒߡߩ࠰ㅪߩ⸃૕ߪ‫⻉ޔ‬൓ജࠍ᧤ߨߡ޿ߚಝ㓸ജߩᶖᄬࠍᗧ๧ߒߚ‫ޔ߽ߘ߽ߘޕ‬ฦ
൓ജߪᒝ࿕ߥ⚵❱ߢߪߥߊ‫ߥ߆߿✭ޔ‬ㅪวߣ޿߁ᕈᩰ߇ᒝ߆ߞߚߩߢ‫࠰ޔ‬ㅪ⸃૕ߩ
ࠗࡦࡄࠢ࠻ߪ㕖Ᏹߦᄢ߈߆ߞߚ‫╙ޕ‬ੑߦ‫ޔ‬1992 ᐕೋ㗡߆ࠄᧄᩰ⊛ߥ⚻ᷣᡷ㕟߇ᆎ߹
ߞߚߎߣߦࠃࠅ‫␠ޔ‬ળ㓏ጀ㑆ߩ೑ኂኻ┙߇㗼⪺ߦߥࠅ‫⼏ޔ‬ળౝࡉࡠ࠶ࠢߩᵹേᕈ߇
㜞߹ߞߚ‫࠰ޔߡߒߊ߆ޕ‬ㅪ⸃૕ᓟᦨೋߩੱ᳃ઍ⼏ຬᄢળߢ޽ࠆ╙ 6 ࿁ᄢળ㧔1992 ᐕ
4 ᦬㧕ߢߪ‫ޔ‬એ೨ߩ 2 ߟߩࡉࡠ࠶ࠢ߇‫ޔ‬
‫ޟ‬ᡷ㕟ㅪว‫ޟޠ‬ᑪ⸳⊛൓ജ‫ޠ‬
‫ޠ৻⛔ߩࠕࠪࡠޟ‬
ߣ޿߁ 3 ߟߩࡉࡠ࠶ࠢߦౣ✬ߐࠇߚ‫ޕ‬ฦࡉࡠ࠶ࠢߣ‫ᧂߪߦࠢ࠶ࡠࡉޔ‬ෳടߛߞߚ߇
⋧ᒰ⒟ᐲߩ൓ജࠍ᦭ߒߚ‫ޟ‬ਥᮭߣᐔ╬‫ޠ‬ળᵷߩᦨ㜞ળ⼏ߦ߅ߌࠆ⼏ຬᢙߪ‫ޔ‬࿑ 1 ߩ
ߣ߅ࠅߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬
‫ޟ‬ᡷ㕟ㅪว‫ޔߪޠ‬
‫ޟ‬᳃ਥࡠࠪࠕ‫ࠍޠ‬ਛᔃߣߒߡ‫ޔ‬ᕆㅴ⊛ߥᏒ႐⚻ᷣൻࠍ᳞߼ࠆ൓ജ
ߢ޽ࠅ‫ޔ‬ᄢ⛔㗔ߣ⦟ᅢߥ㑐ଥࠍ଻ᜬߒߡ޿ߚ‫ߦࠇߘޕ‬ኻߒ‫ޔ‬
‫ޔߪޠ৻⛔ߩࠕࠪࡠޟ‬
‫ࡠޟ‬
ࠪࠕ౒↥ਥ⟵⠪‫ࠍޠ‬ਛᔃߣߒߡ‫ޔ‬ᕆㅦߥᏒ႐⚻ᷣൻߦ෻ኻߒߚ‫ޕ‬ਔ⠪ߩਛ㑆ߦ૏⟎
20
ߔࠆ‫ޟ‬ᑪ⸳⊛൓ജ‫ޟߣޠ‬ਥᮭߣᐔ╬‫ޠ‬ળᵷߪ‫ޔ‬ਛ㆏ᵷߣ૏⟎ߠߌࠄࠇࠆߎߣ߇ᄙߊ ‫ޔ‬
‫ޟ‬ᑪ⸳⊛൓ജ‫ߪޠ‬ਥߦડᬺ⚻༡⠪ߩ೑⋉ࠍઍ⴫ߒߡ޿ߚ‫ᦨޕ‬㜞ળ⼏ߪቯᢙ߇ 252 ฬ
ߢ޽ࠆߚ߼‫ޔ߽ࠢ࠶ࡠࡉߩߤޔ‬ㆊඨᢙࠍ₪ᓧߔࠆߚ߼ߦߪ⻉ᵷ߿ήᚲዻߩ⼏ຬ㧔࿑
1 ߢߪ‫ߦޠઁߩߘޟ‬ಽ㘃㧕ࠍขࠅㄟ߻ߛߌߢߪਇචಽߢ޽ࠅ‫ߩߣࠢ࠶ࡠࡉߩઁޔ‬ද
ജ߇ਇนᰳߢ޽ߞߚ‫ޕ‬
60 - 60
ロシアの「強い」大統領制？ ―「重層的体制転換」における制度形成過程の再検討―
࿑ 1 ᦨ㜞ળ⼏ౝߩࡉࡠ࠶ࠢ࡮ળᵷಽᏓ㧔1992 ᐕ 5 ᦬-6 ᦬㧕
その他
56
21
改革連合
70
ロシアの統一
58
建設的勢力
41
主権と平等
23
಴ౖ㧦ɑɟɬɜɟɪɬɚɹ ɫɟɫɫɢɹ ȼɟɪɯɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɋɨɜɟɬɚ ɊɎ. Ȼɸɥɥɟɬɟɧɶ ʋ 64. 29 ɦɚɹ 1992 ɝ. ɋ.47.
1992 ᐕߪ‫ޔ‬Ꮢ႐⚻ᷣൻ߇ᧄᩰ⊛ߦᆎ߹ࠅ‫⚻ޔ‬ᷣ᡽╷ࠍ߼ߋࠆኻ┙߇ỗൻߔࠆߦߟ
ࠇ‫ࠅࠃޔ‬ᩮḮ⊛ߥ໧㗴ߣߒߡ‫ޔ‬᡽ᴦ⊛ᮭ㒢ࠍ߼ߋࠆ੎޿߇⊒ዷߒߚᤨᦼߢ޽ߞߚ‫ޕ‬
ߟ߹ࠅ‫⚻ޔ‬ᷣ᡽╷ࠍೋ߼ߣߔࠆ⻉᡽╷ߩᗧᕁ᳿ቯߩ࿷ࠅᣇ㧔ࠥ࡯ࡓߩ࡞࡯࡞㧕⥄૕
߇੎ὐൻߒߚߩߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬ኻᾖ⊛ߦ‫ޔ‬ਛᄩ࡮࿾ᣇ㑐ଥࠍ߼ߋࠆ⺰੎ߪᓟ᥊ߦㅌ޿ߚ‫ޕ‬
1990 ᐕએ㒠ߩ࠰ㅪߣࡠࠪࠕߩᮭ㒢඙ಽ੎޿ߣਗⴕߒߡ‫ߩࠕࠪࡠޔ‬ਛᄩ࡮࿾ᣇ㑐ଥࠍ
ⷙቯߔࠆㅪ㇌᧦⚂㧔Ɏɟɞɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪ㧕߇Ḱ஻ߐࠇߡ޿ߚ߇‫ߩߎޔ‬ㅪ㇌᧦⚂ߪ
22
1992 ᐕ 3 ᦬ߦ⺞ශߐࠇ‫৻߇ࠇߎޔ‬ቯߩ඙ಾࠅߣߥߞߚߩߢ޽ࠆ ‫ޕ‬
એਅߢߪ‫⚻ޔ‬ᷣ᡽╷ߣ᡽ᴦ೙ᐲᒻᚑߩ໧㗴߇੤㍲ߒߡ޿ߊ਄ߢ▵⋡ߣߥߞߚ 3 ߟ
23
ߩ໧㗴ࠍᬌ⸛ߒ‫ᦨޔ‬㜞ળ⼏⼏ຬߩㅪวᄌኈߩ޽ࠅᣇࠍ⠨ኤߔࠆ ‫ ߩߘޕ‬3 ߟߩ໧㗴
ߣߪ‫ ߦ৻╙ޔ‬1991 ᐕߦ೙ቯߐࠇߚ⑳᦭ൻ㑐ㅪᴺߩᡷᱜࠍ߼ߋࠆ໧㗴㧔Ԙ㧕ߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬
1992 ᐕ 5 ᦬߆ࠄ 6 ᦬ߦ߆ߌߡ‫ᦨޔ‬㜞ળ⼏ߪ‫ᧄޔ‬ᩰ⊛ߥ⑳᦭ൻࠍḰ஻ߔࠆߚ߼ߦ‫ޔ‬ᴺ
ᓞߩᡷᱜߣ⑳᦭ൻࡊࡠࠣ࡜ࡓߩ╷ቯࠍⴕߞߚ‫ޕ‬1992 ᐕೋ㗡߆ࠄᕆㅴ⊛ߥᏒ႐⚻ᷣൻ
߇ᆎ߹ߞߚߎߣߢ‫᦭⑳ޔ‬ൻࠍ߼ߋࠆ໧㗴ߪ‫ࠃ޿ࠃ޿ޔ‬ฦ᡽ᴦਥ૕ߦߣߞߡᭂ߼ߡ㊀
ⷐߣߥߞߡ޿ߚ‫╙ޕ‬ੑߩ໧㗴ߪ‫ޔ‬1992 ᐕ 10 ᦬ߦᦨ㜞ળ⼏߇᡽ᐭߩ⚻ᷣ᡽╷ࠍ෩ߒ
ߊᛕ್ߒ‫ୃߩߘޔ‬ᱜࠍ᳞߼ࠆ᳿⼏ࠍណᛯߒߚߎߣ㧔ԙ㧕ߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬หᐕ 7 ᦬ߦ‫ޔ‬᡽ᐭ
ߪᓥ᧪ߩᕆㅴ⊛᡽╷ࠍ〯ⷅߒߚਛ㐳ᦼ⊛⸘↹ࠍ╷ቯߒߡ޿ߚ߇‫ߩߎޔ‬᳿⼏ߪߘߩ⸘
↹ࠍ᫜਄ߍߦߒ‫⚻ޔ‬ᷣ቟ቯൻኻ╷ࠍᣧᕆߦ૞ᚑߒ‫ᦨޔ‬㜞ળ⼏ߦឭ಴ߔࠆࠃ߁᡽ᐭߦ
᳞߼ߚ‫ޔߪࠇߎޕ‬᡽ᐭߩ⚻ᷣ᡽╷ߩୃᱜࠍ᳞߼ࠆ߽ߩߢ޽ߞߚ߆ࠄ‫ᦨޔ‬㜞ળ⼏ߢߪ
⼏⺰߇⊕ᾲߒߚ‫╙ߡߒߘޕ‬ਃߦ‫ޔ‬1992 ᐕ 10 ᦬߆ࠄ 12 ᦬ߦ㓸ਛ⊛ߦክ⼏ߐࠇߚ㑑௥
ળ⼏㧔᡽ᐭ㧕ᴺࠍ߼ߋࠆ໧㗴㧔Ԛ㧕ߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬1991 ᐕ 11 ᦬ߩ╙ 5 ࿁ੱ᳃ઍ⼏ຬᄢળ
61 - 61
ߦ߅޿ߡ‫ޔ‬ᄢ⛔㗔߇ᕆㅴ⊛⚻ᷣᡷ㕟ࠍ౞Ṗߦታⴕߢ߈ࠆࠃ߁‫ޔ‬ᄢ⛔㗔ߦ⚂ 1 ᐕ㑆ߩ
24
․೎ᮭ㒢ࠍઃਈߔࠆ᳿⼏߇ណᛯߐࠇߚ߇ ‫ᦼߩߘޔ‬㒢߇ㄭߠߊߦߟࠇ‫ᦨޔ‬㜞ળ⼏ߪ
੹ᓟߩ᡽╷ታⴕߩਥዉᮭࠍ⏕ቯߔࠆᔅⷐߦㄼࠄࠇߡ޿ߚ‫⚻ޔߡߞ⥋ߦߎߎޕ‬ᷣ᡽╷
ࠍਥዉߔࠆ᡽ᐭߪ‫ޔ‬ᄢ⛔㗔ߣᦨ㜞ળ⼏ߩߤߜࠄߦ⽿છࠍ⽶߁ߩ߆ߣ޿߁ᮭ㒢඙ಽߩ
໧㗴߇ᄢ߈ߥὶὐߦߥߞߚ‫ޕ‬
ߎߩ 3 ߟߩ໧㗴ߩክ⼏ߦ߅ߌࠆฦࡉࡠ࠶ࠢߩᛩ␿ⴕേࠍ߹ߣ߼ߚߩ߇‫ ⴫ޔ‬2 ߢ޽
ࠆ‫ޕ‬᭎ߒߡ⸒߃߫‫ޔ‬Ԙߪ‫ޔ‬
‫ޟ‬ᡷ㕟ㅪว‫ޔࠅߣࠍࡧ࠴ࡖࠪ࠾ࠗ߇ޠ‬ᛩ␿ⴕേߦ߅޿ߡ߽
25
㜞޿ಝ㓸ᐲ ࠍ␜ߒߚ߇‫ޔ‬น᳿ߐࠇߚୃᱜ᩺ߪోߡ 3 ࡉࡠ࠶ࠢߩᄢඨ߇⾥ᚑߦ࿁ߞ
ߚߣ޿߁․ᓽ߇޽ࠆ‫ޔߜࠊߥߔޕ‬
‫ޟ‬ᡷ㕟ㅪว‫ ߩઁޔߪޠ‬2 ࡉࡠ࠶ࠢߩⷐ᳞ࠍୃᱜ᩺ߣ
ߒߡขࠅㄟ߻ߎߣߢ‫ޔ‬ㄦㅦߥᴺᡷᱜࠍน⢻ߦߒߚ‫ޕ‬ᰴߦԙߪ‫ޔ‬
‫ޟ‬ᑪ⸳⊛൓ജ‫߇ޠ‬᳿⼏
᩺ߩ૞ᚑࠍਥዉߒ‫ޔ‬
‫ߩߣޠ৻⛔ߩࠕࠪࡠޟ‬ㅪวߦࠃߞߡ᳿⼏ߪᚑ┙ߒߚ‫ ߩߎޕ‬2 ߟߩ
ࡉࡠ࠶ࠢߩಝ㓸ᐲߪߘࠇ߶ߤ㜞޿߽ߩߢߪߥ߆ߞߚ߇‫ޔ‬
‫ޟ‬ᡷ㕟ㅪว‫ߩޠ‬ಝ㓸ᐲߩૐਅ
ߪ⪺ߒߊ‫߇ߣߎߩߘޔ‬೨⠪ߩㅪวࠍᓟ᛼ߒߒߚ‫ߦࠇߘޕ‬ኻߒߡԚߩ᡽ᐭᴺߢߪ‫ޔ‬ᴺ
᩺ߩ⿠⨲ߪฦᵷߩဋⴧࠍ⠨ᘦߒߡ⚵❱ߐࠇߚ૞ᬺࠣ࡞࡯ࡊ߇ⴕߞߚ߇‫ୃޔ‬ᱜ᩺ߩክ
⼏߇ᆎ߹ࠆߣ‫ޔ‬Ԙ‫ޔ‬ԙߣߪ⇣ߥࠅ‫߽ࠢ࠶ࡠࡉߩߤޔ‬ᚲዻ⼏ຬߩᛩ␿ⴕേࠍ⛔೙ߢ߈
ߥ޿੐ᘒߦ㒱ߞߚ‫ߦࠇߘޕ‬ട߃‫ޔ‬᡽ᐭᴺߩክ⼏ㆊ⒟ߢߪ‫ޔ‬100 એ਄ߩୃᱜ᩺߇ክ⼏
ߦઃߐࠇߚߚ߼‫ޔ‬ክ⼏ߪ㕖Ᏹߦᷙੂߒߚ‫ᦨޔ߼ߚߩߘޕ‬ೋߩ 2 ߟߩ੐଀ߢ⷗ࠄࠇߚ
ࡉࡠ࠶ࠢ㑆ߩදജ㑐ଥ߇ᄬࠊࠇߚߛߌߢߥߊ‫ޔ‬ฦࡉࡠ࠶ࠢౝߩಝ㓸ᐲ߽ૐਅߒߚ‫ޕ‬
1992 ᐕࠍㅢߓߡ‫ޔ‬ᄢ⛔㗔࡮᡽ᐭߦኻߔࠆᛕ್ߪ㜞߹ߞߡ߅ࠅ‫ޔ߫ࠇ⷗ߡߓ✚ޔ‬ᣢሽ
⎇ⓥߩᜰ៰ߔࠆ‫ޟ‬ᄢ⛔㗔ߣ⼏ળߩኻ┙ߩỗൻ‫ࠆࠇࠄ߃ᝒߣޠ‬㕙߽޽ࠆ߇‫ߣࠇߘޔ‬ห
ᤨߦฦࡉࡠ࠶ࠢ߇ಽⵚ௑ะߦ޽ࠅ‫⼏ޔ‬ળౝߩ⎕ ൻ߇ㅴࠎߢ޿ߚߎߣ߽ᵈ⋡ߔߴ߈
ߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬
⴫ 2 ᛩ␿ߦ߅ߌࠆฦࡉࡠ࠶ࠢߩಝ㓸ᐲ
Ԙ⑳᦭ൻ
ԙ᳿⼏
Ԛ᡽ᐭᴺ
ᴺ᩺૞ᚑ
‫ޟ‬ᡷ㕟ㅪว‫ޠ‬
‫ޟ‬ᑪ⸳⊛൓ജ‫ޠ‬
‫ޠ৻⛔ߩࠕࠪࡠޟ‬
ᡷ㕟ㅪว
83.7%
65.3%
65.1%
ᑪ⸳⊛൓ജ
62.4%
62.1%
70.0%
ਃᵷวห
58.3%
64.1%
63.9%
಴ౖ㧦ɑɟɬɜɟɪɬɚɹ ɫɟɫɫɢɹ ȼɟɪɯɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɋɨɜɟɬɚ ɊɎ. Ȼɸɥɥɟɬɟɧɶ ʋ 65, ɋ.50-64; ɉɹɬɚɹ ɫɟɫɫɢɹ ȼɟɪɯɨɜɧɨɝɨ
ɋɨɜɟɬɚ ɊɎ. ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɤ ɛɸɥɥɟɬɟɧɹɦ ʋ 7, 8; ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɤ ɛɸɥɥɟɬɟɧɹɦ ʋ 15, ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɤ
ɛɸɥɥɟɬɟɧɹɦ ʋ 16 ࠍ㓸⸘ߒߡ૞ᚑ‫ޕ‬
ߎߩࠃ߁ߦ‫⼏ޔ‬ળౝࡉࡠ࠶ࠢߦォൻߐࠇߚ␠ળ㓏ጀ߇‫ޔ‬ᜬ⛯⊛ߦ᡽ᴦਥ૕ߩⴕേ
ࠍ೙⚂ߢ߈ߥ߆ߞߚℂ↱ߣߒߡߪ‫ޔ‬ᰴߩ 2 ߟ߇⠨߃ࠄࠇࠆ‫ޔߦ৻╙ޕ‬Ꮢ႐⚻ᷣൻߩ
ㅴⴕߦ઻޿‫ޔ‬ฦ㓏ጀౝߢᡷ㕟ߦࠃࠅ೑⋉ࠍ੨ฃߔࠆ⠪ߣߘ߁ߢߥ޿⠪ߣߩ㆑޿߇↢
ߓߪߓ߼‫␠ޔ‬ળ㓏ጀౝߩ৻૕ᕈ߇፣ࠇߚ‫ᦼᤨߩߎޔ߫߃଀ޕ‬ᄙߊߩડᬺߪ᡽ᐭߩ⵬
62 - 62
ロシアの「強い」大統領制？ ―「重層的体制転換」における制度形成過程の再検討―
ഥ㊄ߦଐሽߒߡ޿ߚ߇‫ޔ‬Ꮢ႐⚻ᷣൻߢ೑⋉ࠍ޽ߍߚડᬺߪ‫⺃ࠍ࡟ࡈࡦࠗޔ‬ᒁߔࠆ⵬
ഥ㊄ߦ෻ኻߒߚߩߦኻߒ‫ޔ‬ᣂߒ޿ⅣႺߦㆡᔕߢ߈ߥ޿ડᬺߪ‫⵬ޔ‬ഥ㊄ߩ⛮⛯ࠍ᳞߼
ߚ‫ޕ‬1992 ᐕᓟඨߦߪ‫⚻ޔ‬༡⠪ߩ೑⋉଻⼔ࠍឝߍߚ‫ޟ‬Ꮢ᳃ห⋖‫␠߁޿ߣޠ‬ળ࿅૕߇ᒻ
ᚑߐࠇ26‫ޔ‬᡽╷᳿ቯߦᄢ߈ߥᓇ㗀ജࠍ෸߷ߒߚ߇‫ޟޔ‬Ꮢ᳃ห⋖‫ߩ❱⚵ߪޠ‬⢈ᄢൻߣኻ
ᾖ⊛ߦ‫ޔ‬ౝㇱߩ৻૕ᕈࠍᄬߞߡ޿ߞߚ㧔Ḵญ 2005:64-66㧕‫╙ޕ‬ੑߦ‫ⶄޔ‬ᢙ᡽ౄ೙߇⹺
߼ࠄࠇߡ㑆߽ߥ߆ߞߚߎߩᤨᦼߦߪ‫ߦ⊛❱⚵ޔ‬⣀ᒙߢ޽ߞߚฦࡉࡠ࠶ࠢߪ‫ޔ‬ౝㇱߦ
೑ኂߩਇ৻⥌߇↢ߓࠆߣ‫ޔ‬ᚲዻ⼏ຬߩⴕേࠍචಽߦ᜔᧤ߢ߈ߥ߆ߞߚ‫ޕ‬ታ㓙‫ޔ‬หߓ
ࡉࡠ࠶ࠢߦᚲዻߔࠆ⼏ຬߩᛩ␿ⴕേ߇ࠗࠪࡘ࡯ߏߣߦ⇣ߥࠆ੐଀ߪᄙ‫․ޕߚߞ޽ޘ‬
ߦ᡽ᐭᴺ᩺ߩክ⼏ߢߪ‫ޔ‬ฦ⼏ຬߩᛩ␿ⴕേߦ߅ߌࠆ৻⽾ᕈߩᰳᅤ߇㗼⪺ߢ޽ࠅ‫߶ޔ‬
߷หߓౝኈߩୃᱜ᩺ߦኻߒߡ߽⼏ຬߩᛩ␿ⴕേߪࡃ࡜ࡃ࡜ߢ޽ߞߚ‫ޕ‬
߆ߊߒߡ‫␠ޔ‬ળ㓏ጀߣ޿߁᭴ㅧߦࠃࠆ೙⚂ߪᒙ߹ࠅ‫ޔ‬ᄢ⛔㗔࡮᡽ᐭ࡮⼏ળߩᮭ㒢
඙ಽ߇໧㗴ߣߥߞߚ᡽ᐭᴺ᩺ߩክ⼏ߦ߅޿ߡߪ‫ޔ‬ฦࡉࡠ࠶ࠢߪಝ㓸ജࠍᄬ޿‫⼏ޔ‬ળ
ߪ⎕ ൻߒߚ‫ޔߪߣߎߩߎޕ‬2 ߟߩᗧ๧ߢ㊀ⷐߢ޽ࠆ‫ޔߦ৻╙ޕ‬ᣢሽ⎇ⓥߪ‫⼏ޔ‬ળ
ߪ෻ᄢ⛔㗔ߩ┙႐ࠍᒝ߼‫ޔ‬ਔ⠪ߩኻ┙㑐ଥ߇వ㍈ൻߒߡ޿ߞߚߣ⺰ߓߡ߈ߚ߇‫߻ޔ‬
ߒࠈ⼏ળߪಽⵚ௑ะߦ޽ߞߚ‫৻ߦ߆⏕ޕ‬ㇱߩ൓ജߪ‫ޔ‬ᄢ⛔㗔ߣߩኻ┙ᆫ൓ࠍ᣿⏕ߦ
ߒߡ޿ߊ߇‫ߪࠇߘޔ‬ᔅߕߒ߽⼏ળߩᄢ൓ߢߪߥ߆ߞߚ‫ߩߎߡߒߘޕ‬௑ะߪߘߩᓟ߽
⛮⛯ߒߚ‫ ߪࠇߘޔ߫߃଀ޕ‬1993 ᐕ 3 ᦬ߩ‫․ޟ‬೎⛔ᴦ⒎ᐨ‫ޠ‬Ṷ⺑ࠍ߼ߋࠆᷙੂߦ߽⷗
಴ߖࠆ‫ࡦࠖ࠷࡝ࠛޕ‬ᄢ⛔㗔ߪ‫ޔ‬3 ᦬ 20 ᣣߩ࠹࡟ࡆṶ⺑ߦ߅޿ߡ‫ޔ‬ᄢ⛔㗔઎‫ޔ‬ᄢ⛔㗔
๮઎‫ޔ‬᡽ᐭ᳿ቯߩขᶖ߿ၫⴕ஗ᱛߪ‫ࠆߥ߆޿ޔ‬ᯏ㑐ߦࠃࠆ߽ߩߢ޽ࠇᴺ⊛ലജࠍᜬ
ߚߥ޿╬ߣߔࠆ‫․ޟ‬೎⛔ᴦ⒎ᐨ‫ࠍޠ‬ቯ߼ߚᄢ⛔㗔઎ߦ⟑ฬߒߚߣ⊒⴫ߒߚ‫ޕ‬ᄢ⛔㗔
ߪߎࠇࠍߔߋߦ᠗࿁ߒߚ߽ߩߩ‫⋥ޔ‬ᓟߦᆎ߹ߞߚ╙ 9 ࿁ੱ᳃ઍ⼏ຬᄢળߢߪ‫ޔ‬ᄢ⛔
㗔ߦኻߔࠆ㕖㔍߇ߎࠇ߹ߢߦߥ޿߶ߤ㜞߹ࠅ‫ࡦࠖ࠷࡝ࠛޔ‬ᄢ⛔㗔‫ࡈ࠻࡯࡜ࡉ࠭ࡂޔ‬
ᦨ㜞ળ⼏⼏㐳෺ᣇߩ⸃છ໧㗴߇ឭ⿠ߐࠇߚ‫⚿ߒ߆ߒޕ‬ዪ‫ุߦ౒ߪࠄࠇߘޔ‬᳿ߐࠇߚ‫ޕ‬
ᄢ⛔㗔ߩ⸃છ໧㗴ߪ‫ޔ‬617 ␿ߩ⾥ᚑ㧔෻ኻߪ 268 ␿㧕ࠍ㓸߼ߚ߇‫ޔ‬น᳿ߦߪੱ᳃ઍ
⼏ຬ✚ᢙߩ 3 ಽߩ 2㧔689 ␿㧕એ਄߇ᔅⷐߢ޽ߞߚ‫⼏ޔߚ߹ޕ‬㐳ߩ⸃છߦߪ‫ੱޔ‬᳃ઍ
27
⼏ຬ✚ᢙߩㆊඨᢙ߇ᔅⷐߢ޽ߞߚ߇‫⾥ޔ‬ᚑߪ 339 ␿㧔෻ኻߪ 558 ␿㧕ߦ⇐߹ߞߚ ‫ޕ‬
ࠛ࡝࠷ࠖࡦߩ⸃છ໧㗴ߦߪ‫ߦ߆⏕ޔ‬ㆊඨᢙߩ⼏ຬ߇⾥ᚑߒߚ߇‫ޔ‬
‫․ޟ‬೎⛔ᴦ⒎ᐨ‫߇ޠ‬
⼏ળࠍήജൻߒ߁ࠆౝኈߛߞߚߎߣࠍ⠨߃ࠆߣ‫ุ߇ࠇߎޔ‬᳿ߐࠇߚߎߣߪ‫ޔ‬
‫ޟ‬෻ࠛ࡝
࠷ࠖࡦ‫ޠ‬൓ജ߽ߘࠇ߶ߤߩᓇ㗀ജࠍᜬߚߥ߆ߞߚߎߣࠍ␜ߒߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬
╙ੑߦ‫ޔ‬ᄢ⛔㗔ࠍᡰᜬߒߡ޿ߚ‫ޟ‬ᡷ㕟ㅪว‫ߩޠ‬ಽⵚ௑ะߪ․ߦ㗼⪺ߛߞߚߩߢ‫ޔ‬
ᄢ⛔㗔߇⼏ળౝߦᡰᜬၮ⋚ࠍ⷗಴ߔߎߣߪ⪺ߒߊ࿎㔍ߦߥߞߚ‫ޔߚ߹ޕ‬1992 ᐕᓟඨ‫ޔ‬
ࠛ࡝࠷ࠖࡦᄢ⛔㗔ߪ‫ޟ‬ᑪ⸳⊛൓ജ‫ߦޠ‬ㄭ޿ੱ᧚ࠍ㑑ౝߦⓍᭂ⊛ߦ⊓↪ߒߡ޿ߚ߇‫ޔ‬
หࡉࡠ࠶ࠢߣߩ㑐ଥ߽቟ቯ⊛ߢߪߥ߆ߞߚ‫ޕ‬ᄢ⛔㗔ߪ․ቯߩ␠ળ㓸࿅ߦଐ᜚ߖߕߦ‫ޔ‬
Ᏹߦઁ൓ജߣߩㅪวࠍᮨ⚝ߔࠆሽ࿷ߢ޽ߞߚ߇‫⼏ޔ‬ળߩ⎕ ൻ߇ᒝ߹ࠆߣ‫ޔ‬ᄢ⛔㗔
ߪᣂߚߥ൓ജߣߩㅪวࠍ⼏ળᄖߢᮨ⚝ߔࠆࠃ߁ߦߥߞߚ‫ޕ‬
63 - 63
4.3. ᙗᴺද⼏ળߩ⊒⿷
ࠛ࡝࠷ࠖࡦᄢ⛔㗔ߪ‫ޔ‬1992 ᐕ 12 ᦬ߩ╙ 7 ࿁ੱ᳃ઍ⼏ຬᄢળߦ߅޿ߡ‫ޔ‬ᣂᙗᴺߩ
ၮᧄⷙቯߦ㑐ߔࠆ࿖᳃ᛩ␿ߩታᣉࠍឭ᩺ߒߚ‫ߩߘޕ‬ᓟ‫ᦨࡈ࠻࡯࡜ࡉ࠭ࡂޔ‬㜞ળ⼏⼏
㐳ߣߩ੤ᷤࠍ⚻ߡ‫ޔ‬࿖᳃ᛩ␿ߪ‫ޔ‬Ԙᄢ⛔㗔ߩାછ‫ޔ‬ԙᄢ⛔㗔࡮᡽ᐭߩ␠ળ࡮⚻ᷣ᡽
╷ߩᛚ⹺‫ޔ‬Ԛᄢ⛔㗔ߩ➅਄ߍㆬ᜼ታᣉߩᤚ㕖‫ޔ‬ԛੱ᳃ઍ⼏ຬᄢળߩ➅਄ߍㆬ᜼ታᣉ
ߩᤚ㕖‫ ߩޔ‬4 ߟࠍ໧߁߽ߩߦᄌᦝߐࠇߚ‫ޕ‬1993 ᐕ 4 ᦬ߦታᣉߐࠇߚߎߩ࿖᳃ᛩ␿ߩ
28
⚿ᨐߪ‫ޔ‬᭎ߒߡᄢ⛔㗔ࠍᡰᜬߔࠆ߽ߩߢ޽ߞߚ߆ࠄ ‫ޔ‬ᄢ⛔㗔ߪᣂߚߦᙗᴺද⼏ળ
ࠍ⚵❱ߒ‫ޔ‬ᣂᙗᴺ⨲᩺ߩ╷ቯߦਸ਼ࠅ಴ߒߚ‫ޕ‬ᓥ᧪‫ޔ‬ᙗᴺ⨲᩺ߩ╷ቯ߿ᙗᴺᡷᱜߩḰ
29
஻ߪ‫ᦨޔ‬㜞ળ⼏ߦઃዻߔࠆᙗᴺᆔຬળ߇ᜂߞߡ޿ߚߚ߼ ‫ޔ‬ᙗᴺද⼏ળߩഃ⸳ߪ‫ޔ‬
ᄢ⛔㗔ਥዉߢߩᣂᙗᴺ╷ቯߦ߻ߌߚ᣿⏕ߥࠪࠣ࠽࡞ߢ޽ߞߚ‫ޕ‬
ᙗᴺද⼏ળߩ᭴ᚑߪ‫ ⴫ޔ‬3 ߩߣ߅ࠅߢ޽ࠆ‫ోޕ‬૕ߢ 762 ฬ߆ࠄߥࠆᙗᴺද⼏ળߪ‫ޔ‬
Ԙㅪ㇌࿖ኅᮭജᯏ㑐‫ޔ‬ԙㅪ㇌᭴ᚑਥ૕࿖ኅᮭജᯏ㑐‫ޔ‬Ԛ࿾ᣇ⥄ᴦ૕‫ޔ‬ԛ᡽ౄ࡮ഭ௛
⚵ว╬ߩ␠ળ࿅૕‫ޔ‬Ԝ໡ຠ↢↥⠪࡮ડᬺኅߣ޿߁ 5 ߟߩઍ⴫⠪ߏߣߦળ⼏ࠍ㐿௅ߒ‫ޔ‬
ฦળ⼏ߢᙗᴺ⨲᩺෸߮ߘߩୃᱜ᩺ࠍክ⼏ߒߚ‫ోޔߚ߹ޕ‬૕ߩ૞ᬺࠍขࠅ߹ߣ߼ࠆ૞
ᬺᆔຬળ߇‫ޔ‬ᙗᴺද⼏ળߦ߅ߌࠆਛᔃ⊛ߥᯏ⢻ࠍᨐߚߒߚ‫ޕ‬૞ᬺᆔຬળߩ᭴ᚑߪ⴫
4 ߩߣ߅ࠅߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬
⴫ 3 ᙗᴺද⼏ળߩ᭴ᚑ
ᚲዻ
ౝ⸶
ੱᢙ
ㅪ㇌࿖ኅᮭജᯏ㑐
162
ㅪ㇌᭴ᚑਥ૕࿖ኅᮭജ
352
ᙗᴺᆔຬળ 95 ฬ‫ޔ‬ᄢ⛔㗔࡮᡽ᐭ 50 ฬ‫⼏ޔ‬ળળᵷ 14 ฬ‫ޔ‬
⑼ቇࠕࠞ࠺ࡒ࡯3 ฬ
ฦㅪ㇌᭴ᚑਥ૕ߦߟ߈‫ⴕޔ‬᡽ᯏ㑐 1 ฬ‫┙ޔ‬ᴺᯏ㑐 1 ฬ‫ޔ‬
ኾ㐷ኅ 2 ฬ
ᯏ㑐
࿾ᣇ⥄ᴦ૕
26
᡽ౄ‫ޔ‬ഭ⚵‫ޔ‬ቬᢎ࿅૕╬
172
໡ຠ↢↥⠪‫ޔ‬ડᬺኅ
ว⸘
᡽ౄ෸߮␠ળ࿅૕ 100 ฬ‫ޔ‬ഭ⚵ 58 ฬ‫ޔ‬ቬᢎ࿅૕ 18 ฬ
46
762
಴ౖ㧦Ʉɨɧɫɬɢɬɭɰɢɨɧɧɨɟ ɋɨɜɟɳɚɧɢɟ 1995: Ɍ.1, 465.
⴫ 4 ૞ᬺᆔຬળߩ᭴ᚑ
ᚲዻ
ᄢ⛔㗔ᐭ
ㅪ㇌᡽ᐭ
ᦨ㜞ળ⼏
ㅪ㇌᭴ᚑਥ૕
ߘߩઁ
ว⸘
ੱᢙ
4
10
6
19
3
42
಴ౖ㧦Ʉɨɧɫɬɢɬɭɰɢɨɧɧɨɟ ɋɨɜɟɳɚɧɢɟ 1995: Ɍ.1, 69-71.
64 - 64
ロシアの「強い」大統領制？ ―「重層的体制転換」における制度形成過程の再検討―
ߎߩ 2 ߟߩ⴫߆ࠄಽ߆ࠆߎߣߪ‫ޔߦ৻╙ޔ‬ᙗᴺද⼏ળߪ‫ߢ߹ࠇߘޔ‬ᣂᙗᴺ⨲᩺ࠍ
╷ቯߒߡ޿ߚᙗᴺᆔຬળᆔຬࠍೋ߼ߣߒߚ‫ᦨޔ‬㜞ળ⼏⼏ຬࠍឃ㒰ߒߡ޿ߥ޿ߣ޿߁
ߎߣߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬వⴕ⎇ⓥߢߪ‫ޔ‬ᄢ⛔㗔ߣ⼏ળߩኻ┙వ㍈ൻࠍᒝ⺞ߔࠆ޽߹ࠅ‫ޔ‬ᙗᴺද
⼏ળࠍ‫ޟ‬ᄢ⛔㗔߇⁛ᢿߢᙗᴺ೙ቯࠍㅴ߼ࠆߚ߼ߩ⚵❱‫߇ߚߞ޽߽ߩ߽ߔߥߺߣޠ‬
㧔Ɇɨɪɨɡ 2007: 465-468; Frye 1997: 544㧕‫ߪࠇߘޔ‬ᔅߕߒ߽ᱜߒߊߥ޿‫ޔߦ߆⏕ޕ‬100
ฬߢ᭴ᚑߐࠇߚᙗᴺᆔຬળߣᲧߴ‫ੱޔ‬ᢙ߽ᄙߊ‫ޔ‬ᄙ᭽ߥઍ⴫߇㓸߹ࠆᙗᴺද⼏ળߪ‫ޔ‬
ᙗᴺᆔຬળ߿ᦨ㜞ળ⼏⼏ຬߩ┙႐ࠍ⋧ኻൻߒߡ‫ޔ‬ᄢ⛔㗔ߩᗧะࠍᒝߊ෻ᤋߒߡ޿ߚ
30
߇‫ᦨޔ‬㜞ળ⼏⼏ຬߩෳട߇⏕଻ߐࠇߚߎߣߪ‫ޔ‬ᜰ៰ߦ୯ߔࠆ ‫ޕ‬1992 ᐕᧃߦ߆ߌߡ
⼏ળߪ⎕ ൻ௑ะߦ޽ࠅ‫ޔ‬ᄢ⛔㗔ࠍᡰᜬߔࠆ࿖᳃ᛩ␿ߩ⚿ᨐࠍฃߌߡ‫ޔ‬ᄢ⛔㗔߇ਥ
ቿߔࠆᙗᴺද⼏ળ߳ෳടߔࠆᣇ߇⾫᣿ߢ޽ࠆߣ⠨߃ࠆ⼏ຬ߇޿ߚߎߣ߽ᒰὼߢ޽ߞ
31
ߚ ‫ޔߚ߹ޕ‬ታ㓙ߩክ⼏ߦ߅޿ߡ߽‫ޔ‬ᄢ⛔㗔߇ឭ಴ߒߚᙗᴺ⨲᩺ߣ‫ޔ‬ᙗᴺᆔຬળߩ
⨲᩺ߩ෺ᣇ߇ᬌ⸛ኻ⽎ߣߐࠇߚ‫ߩߎޕ‬ਔ⨲᩺߇ᬌ⸛ߐࠇߡ޿ࠆߎߣ‫ޔߡߒߘޔ‬ᙗᴺ
ද⼏ળ߇ᄙ᭽ߥਥ૕ߢ᭴ᚑߐࠇߡ޿ࠆߎߣߪ‫ޔ‬ᙗᴺද⼏ળߢ߽ߚ߮ߚ߮ᜰ៰ߐࠇ‫ޔ‬
ࠛ࡝࠷ࠖࡦᄢ⛔㗔ߪ‫ߢ⊛৻⛔ߡߒߦ߁ࠃߩߎޔ‬วᗧߦၮߠߊᙗᴺ⨲᩺ߩ╷ቯ߇น⢻
ߦߥߞߚߣߒߡ‫ޔ‬ᙗᴺද⼏ળߩᱜᒰᕈࠍ⸷߃ߚ㧔Ʉɨɧɫɬɢɬɭɰɢɨɧɧɨɟ ɋɨɜɟɳɚɧɢɟ 1995:
Ɍ.10, 305, 307㧕
‫ޕ‬
╙ੑߦ‫ࠅࠃޔ‬㊀ⷐߥߩߪ‫ޔ‬ᙗᴺද⼏ળో૕ߦ߅޿ߡ߽‫ޔ‬૞ᬺᆔຬળߦ߅޿ߡ߽‫ޔ‬
ㅪ㇌᭴ᚑਥ૕ߩઍ⴫߇ඨᢙㄭߊࠍභ߼ߚߣ޿߁ὐߢ޽ࠆ32‫ޔࠄ߆ߣߎߩߎޕ‬ᄢ⛔㗔ߪ‫ޔ‬
⎕ ൻߒߚ⼏ળߢߩᡰᜬ₪ᓧࠍඨ߫᡼᫈ߒ‫ޔ‬ㅪ㇌᭴ᚑਥ૕ઍ⴫⠪ߩᡰᜬࠍ₪ᓧߔࠆ
ߎߣߦࠃߞߡ‫ޔ‬ᣂᙗᴺ╷ቯࠍ⋡ᜰߒߚߎߣ߇┍߃ࠆ‫ޕ‬ታ㓙‫ޔ‬૞ᬺᆔຬળ߿ో૕ክ⼏
ࠍⴕ߁✚ળߦ߅޿ߡ‫ޔ‬ㅪ㇌᭴ᚑਥ૕ߩઍ⴫߇ᄢ⛔㗔⨲᩺ߣᙗᴺᆔຬળ⨲᩺ߩ⛔วߦ
Ⓧᭂ⊛ߦ੺౉ߔࠆ╬‫⸒⊒ߩߘޔ‬ജߩᄢ߈ߐ߇⋡┙ߞߚ‫ߣࠇߘޔߚ߹ޕ‬หᤨߦ‫ޔ‬1992
ᐕ 3 ᦬ߦ✦⚿ߐࠇߚㅪ㇌᧦⚂ߦࠃߞߡ৻ᤨ⊛ߦ᳿⌕ߒߡ޿ߚਛᄩ࡮࿾ᣇ㑐ଥ߇‫ޔ‬ౣ
߮㊀ⷐߥ᡽ᴦ⊛ὶὐߣߒߡᵈ⋡ߐࠇࠆࠃ߁ߦߥߞߚ‫ޕ‬ㅪ㇌᭴ᚑਥ૕࿖ኅᮭജᯏ㑐ࠣ
࡞࡯ࡊߪ‫ޔ‬ᄢ⛔㗔⨲᩺ߩ⿠⨲⠪ߩ 1 ੱߢ޽ࠆࠪࡖࡈ࡜ࠗ೽㚂⋧߇ઍ⴫ࠍോ߼ߡ޿ߚ
߇‫ޔ‬ᓐߪ‫ޔ‬หࠣ࡞࡯ࡊ߇ᙗᴺද⼏ળߩਛߢ⷗⸃ߩ⋧㆑߇ᦨ߽㗼⪺ߢ޽ࠅ‫ޔ‬࿎㔍ߥࠣ
࡞࡯ࡊߢ޽ࠆߣᜰ៰ߒߡ޿ࠆ㧔Ʉɨɧɫɬɢɬɭɰɢɨɧɧɨɟ ɋɨɜɟɳɚɧɢɟ 1995: Ɍ.2, 474㧕‫ޕ‬
ᙗᴺද⼏ળߪ‫ޔ‬1993 ᐕ 6 ᦬ 4 ᣣ߆ࠄ㓸ਛ⊛ߦክ⼏ࠍⴕ޿‫ޔ‬7 ᦬ 12 ᣣߦᣂᙗᴺ⨲᩺
ࠍណᛯߒߚ㧔Ʉɨɧɫɬɢɬɭɰɢɨɧɧɨɟ ɋɨɜɟɳɚɧɢɟ 1995: Ɍ.17, 361-412㧕‫⨲ߩߎޕ‬᩺ߪ‫ޔ‬ᄢ⛔
㗔 ᮭ 㒢 ߦ 㑐 ߒ ߡ ߪ ‫ ޔ‬࿖ ᳃ ᛩ ␿ ⋥ ᓟ ߩ 1993 ᐕ 4 ᦬ ߦ ౏ ⴫ ߐ ࠇ ߚ ᄢ ⛔ 㗔 ⨲ ᩺
㧔Ʉɨɧɫɬɢɬɭɰɢɨɧɧɨɟ ɋɨɜɟɳɚɧɢɟ 1995: Ɍ.1, 12-68㧕ࠍㇱಽ⊛ߦୃᱜߒߟߟ‫ߩߘޔ‬ᄙߊ
ࠍ〯ⷅߔࠆ߽ߩߣߥߞߚ‫ઁޕ‬ᣇߢ‫ޔ‬ㅪ㇌೙ߩⷙቯߦ㑐ߒߡߪỗߒ޿⼏⺰߇੤ࠊߐࠇ
ࠢ࡜ࠗ
ߚ‫ޔߦ․ޕ‬ㅪ㇌᧦⚂ߦᓥߞߡ౒๺࿖ߣ࿾ᣇ࡮Ꮊࠍ඙೎ߔࠆߩ߆㧔౒๺࿖ߦ․೎ߩ࿾
૏ࠍ⹺߼ࠆߩ߆㧕‫߽ߣࠇߘޔ‬ㅪ㇌᭴ᚑਥ૕ߩหᮭࠍᙗᴺߦ⋓ࠅㄟ߻ߩ߆ߣ޿߁ὐ߇‫ޔ‬
㊀ⷐߥὶὐߦߥߞߚ‫ߪࡦࠖ࠷࡝ࠛޕ‬ᒰೋ‫ޔ‬ㅪ㇌᭴ᚑਥ૕ߩหᮭࠍၮ␆ߣߒߡ‫౒ޔ‬๺
࿖ߩ⥄┙ൻࠍ᛼ߐ߃ߎ߽߁ߣߒߚ‫⚿ޔߒ߆ߒޕ‬ዪ‫ޔ‬ㅪ㇌᭴ᚑਥ૕࿖ኅᮭജᯏ㑐ࠣ࡞
࡯ࡊߦ߅޿ߡ‫ޔ‬
‫౒ޟ‬๺࿖ߪਥᮭ࿖ኅߢ޽ࠆ‫ⷙ߁޿ߣޠ‬ቯࠍᱷߒߟߟ‫ޟޔ‬ㅪ㇌ᮭജᯏ㑐
65 - 65
ߣߩ㑐ଥߦ߅޿ߡߪ‫ޔ‬ㅪ㇌᭴ᚑਥ૕ߪ੕޿ߦหᮭߢ޽ࠆ‫ߦߣߎޠ‬วᗧߒ
㧔Ʉɨɧɫɬɢɬɭɰɢɨɧɧɨɟ ɋɨɜɟɳɚɧɢɟ 1995: Ɍ.7, 284㧕‫ߩߎޔ‬ὐ߇ 7 ᦬⨲᩺ߦ⋓ࠅㄟ߹ࠇߚ‫ޕ‬
ߎࠇߪ‫ޔ‬ฦㅪ㇌᭴ᚑਥ૕ౝߩ⛔ᴦᯏ᭴╬ߦߟ޿ߡߪ‫౒ޔ‬๺࿖ߪઁߩㅪ㇌᭴ᚑਥ૕ࠃ
ࠅᄢ߈ߥᮭ㒢ࠍ᦭ߔࠆ߇‫ޔ‬
‫ޟ‬ㅪ㇌ᮭജᯏ㑐ߣߩ㑐ଥߦ߅޿ߡߪ‫ޠ‬หᮭߢ޽ࠆߣ޿߁ߎ
33
ߣࠍᗧ๧ߒߚ ‫ߪࠇߎޔߒ߆ߒޕ‬໧㗴ߩ⸃᳿ߦߪ⒟㆙ߊ‫ޔ‬ౝኈࠍᦌᤒߦߔࠆߎߣߢ
໧㗴⸃᳿ߩᑧᒁߦวᗧߒߚߣ޿߁஥㕙߇ᒝ޿‫ޕ‬ಽ㔌ਥ⟵߇ᒝ޿࠲࠲࡞ࠬ࠲ࡦ౒๺࿖
ߪ‫ޔ‬ᣢߦㅪ㇌᡽ᐭߣᮭ㒢ಽഀ᧦⚂ߩ੤ᷤࠍߒߡ޿ߚߎߣ߽޽ࠅ‫ޔ‬ᙗᴺߢߪ⸃㉼ߩ૛
࿾߇޽ࠆਇ᣿⍎ߥౝኈߦߖߑࠆࠍ߃ߥ߆ߞߚߣ⸒߃ࠃ߁‫ޕ‬
એ਄ߩࠃ߁ߦ‫ޔ‬ᄢ⛔㗔߇ഃ⸳ߒߚᙗᴺද⼏ળߪ‫ޔ‬ᄙ᭽ߥ൓ജࠍ㓸߼ߚᏂᄢߥ⚵❱
ߢ޽ߞߚ߇‫ߩߘޔ‬ਛߢㅪ㇌᭴ᚑਥ૕ઍ⴫ߩሽ࿷ᗵ߇ᄢ߈߆ߞߚ‫␠ޕ‬ળ㓏ጀߦᔕߓߡ
ᒻᚑߐࠇߚ߽ߩߩ‫ߥ⊛❱⚵ޔ‬⣀ᒙߐࠍ㔺๒ߒߚ⼏ળౝࡉࡠ࠶ࠢߣᲧߴ‫ޔ‬ㅪ㇌᭴ᚑਥ
૕ߩઍ⴫⠪ߪ࠰ㅪᤨઍߩࠛ࡝࡯࠻࡮ࡀ࠶࠻ࡢ࡯ࠢࠍᵴ߆ߒߡ‫ⴕߚߒ⽾৻ޔ‬േࠍߣࠆ
ߎߣ߇น⢻ߢ޽ߞߚ‫ޕ‬ᄢ⛔㗔ߪ‫ߥ߁ࠃߩߘޔ‬ㅪ㇌᭴ᚑਥ૕ߩઍ⴫⠪ࠍᣂߚߥ੤ᷤ⋧
ᚻߣߒߡᙗᴺද⼏ળߦ㓸߼‫ޔ‬ᒝ޿ᄢ⛔㗔ᮭ㒢ࠍᙗᴺߦ฽߼ࠆߎߣߦ৻ቯߩᡰᜬࠍᓧ
ߚ‫ޔߪߦࠄߐޕ‬ᣂᙗᴺߩណᛯᚻ⛯߈ߦ߽ᓐࠄߩදജࠍᓧࠃ߁ߣߒߚ‫ޕ‬ㅪ㇌᭴ᚑਥ૕
34
ߩઍ⴫߆ࠄ᭴ᚑߐࠇࠆㅪ㇌ળ⼏ ࠍᣂߚߦ⚵❱ߒ‫ߩߢߎߘޔ‬ᙗᴺណᛯࠍ⸘↹ߒߚߩ
ߢ޽ࠆ㧔਄㊁ 2001: 127-129 ; ਅ᢯☨ 1999: 170-174㧕‫ઁޕ‬ᣇ‫ޔ‬ᄢ⛔㗔ߦ᦭೑ߥᙗᴺࠍ
೙ቯߔࠆߚ߼ߦߪ‫ޔ‬ᓐࠄߦ߽৻ቯߩ೑⋉ࠍଏਈߔࠆᔅⷐ߇޽ߞߚ߇‫ޔߪߢߎߘޔ‬ㅪ
㇌᭴ᚑਥ૕㑆ߩ⷗⸃ߩ⋧㆑߇ᣂߚߦ໧㗴ߣߥߞߚ‫ޔ߼ߚߩߘޕ‬7 ᦬ߦណᛯߐࠇߚᙗ
ᴺ⨲᩺ߪ‫ޔ‬ਛᄩ࡮࿾ᣇ㑐ଥߦߟ޿ߡ㕖Ᏹߦᦌᤒߥ߽ߩߦߥߞߚ‫ޕ‬
4.4. ‫ޟ‬10 ᦬᡽ᄌ‫ߩߘߣޠ‬ᓟ
ᙗᴺ೙ቯࠍ߼ߋࠆ੎޿ߪ‫ޔ‬1993 ᐕߩ⑺ߦᦨ㜞ầߦ㆐ߒߚ‫ޕ‬ᄢ⛔㗔߇‫ޔ‬9 ᦬ 21 ᣣߦ
ᦨ㜞ળ⼏ߣੱ᳃ઍ⼏ຬᄢળߩᯏ⢻஗ᱛࠍቯ߼ࠆᄢ⛔㗔઎ߦ⟑ฬߒ‫ߦࠇߘޔ‬෻⊒ߒߚ
ࡂ࠭ࡉ࡜࡯࠻ࡈᦨ㜞ળ⼏⼏㐳߿࡞࠷ࠦࠗ೽ᄢ⛔㗔╬ߪ‫ᦨޔ‬㜞ળ⼏ࡆ࡞ߦ┙ߡ◐߽ࠅ‫ޔ‬
ᄢ⛔㗔஥ߪࡆ࡞ࠍኽ㎮ߒߚ‫ޕ‬෻ᄢ⛔㗔൓ജߩᄖㇱදജ⠪߇ߎߩኽ㎮ࠍ⸃ߎ߁ߣߒߚ
ߎߣ߆ࠄ‫ޔ‬10 ᦬ 3 ᣣߦਔ⠪߇ⴣ⓭ߒ‫ޔ‬ァࠍ಴േߐߖߚᄢ⛔㗔஥߇ߎࠇࠍ㎾࿶ߒߚ‫ޕ‬
ߎߩ޿ࠊࠁࠆ‫ޟ‬10 ᦬᡽ᄌ‫ߡߞࠃߦޠ‬㕖Ᏹ੐ᘒߦㄭ޿⁁ᴫ߇↢ߓߚߚ߼‫ޔ‬ㅪ㇌ળ⼏
ࠍㅢߓߚᙗᴺណᛯߩ⹜ߺ߽‫⚿ޔ‬ዪ㗐ᝂߒߚ‫ޕ‬ᄢ⛔㗔ߪ 11 ᦬ 10 ᣣߦᣂߚߥᙗᴺ⨲᩺
ࠍ⊒⴫ߒ㧔Ʉɨɧɫɬɢɬɭɰɢɨɧɧɨɟ ɋɨɜɟɳɚɧɢɟ 1995: Ɍ.20, 545-589㧕‫ ߪࠇߎޔ‬12 ᦬ 12 ᣣߩ
࿖᳃ᛩ␿ߢណᛯߐࠇߚ‫ޕ‬ណᛯߐࠇߚᙗᴺߢߪ‫ޔ‬ᄢ⛔㗔ᮭ㒢ߩㇱಽ⊛ᒝൻ‫౒ޔ‬๺࿖ߩ
‫ޟ‬ਥᮭ‫᧦ޠ‬㗄ߩ೥㒰╬߇ߥߐࠇߚ߶߆‫ޔ‬7 ᦬⨲᩺ߢߪᙗᴺߩ৻ㇱߦ฽߹ࠇߡ޿ߚㅪ
㇌᧦⚂߇‫ࠄ߆ߎߘޔ‬ឃ㒰ߐࠇߚ‫⨲⚳ᦨߩߎޔߦ߁ࠃߩߎޕ‬᩺ߪ‫ޔ‬ᄢ⛔㗔ߩ⼏ળߦኻ
ߔࠆఝ૏ߛߌߢߥߊ‫ޔ‬ਛᄩߩ࿾ᣇߦኻߔࠆఝ૏߽⏕଻ߒࠃ߁ߣߒߚߎߣ߇┍߃ࠆ‫ޕ‬
ߘߩᗧ๧ߢ‫ޟߦ߆⏕ޔ‬10 ᦬᡽ᄌ‫ߩࠕࠪࡠߪޠ‬ᙗᴺ೙ቯㆊ⒟ߦ߅ߌࠆᄢ߈ߥォᯏߢ޽
ߞߚ‫ޕ‬
ߒ߆ߒઁᣇߢ‫ ╙ޔ‬1 ▵ߢᒁ↪ߒߚ╙ 11 ᧦╙ 3 㗄߇ᣂߚߦᙗᴺߦㅊടߐࠇߚ‫ߩߎޕ‬
66 - 66
ロシアの「強い」大統領制？ ―「重層的体制転換」における制度形成過程の再検討―
ⷙቯ߇‫ޟޔ‬ᙗᴺ‫ޟޠ‬ㅪ㇌᧦⚂‫ޠ‬
‫ࠍޠ⚂᧦ߩઁߩߘޟ‬ਗ೉ߒߚߎߣߦࠃࠅ‫ޔ‬1994 ᐕ߆ࠄ
1998 ᐕߦ߆ߌߡㅪ㇌᡽ᐭߣㅪ㇌᭴ᚑਥ૕᡽ᐭߩ㑆ߢ୘೎ߦ⚿߫ࠇߚᮭ㒢ಽഀ᧦⚂߇‫ޔ‬
ᙗᴺߣห╬ߩ߽ߩߣߺߥߐࠇࠆน⢻ᕈࠍਈ߃ߚ‫ߡߒߘޕ‬ታ㓙ߦ‫ޔ‬ᮭ㒢ಽഀ᧦⚂ߪ‫ޔ‬
ࡠࠪࠕߩㅪ㇌೙ߩ㕖ኻ⒓ᕈࠍჇ᏷ߒ‫ޔ‬ㅪ㇌᭴ᚑਥ૕߇ 1990 ᐕઍࠍㅢߓߡ৻ጀ⥄┙ൻ
ߒߡ޿ߊᄾᯏߣߥߞߚ㧔Kahn 2002: chap.6㧕
‫ޕ‬
߅ࠊࠅߦ
ᧄⓂߪ‫ߩࠕࠪࡠޔ‬૕೙ォ឵ㆊ⒟ࠍౣᬌ⸛ߔࠆߎߣߦࠃࠅ‫ޔ‬
‫ޟ‬ᒝߐ‫ޟߣޠ‬ᒙߐ‫ࠍޠ‬૬
ߖᜬߟᄢ⛔㗔೙߇޿߆ߦ↢߹ࠇߚߩ߆ࠍ᣿ࠄ߆ߦߒߚ‫ޔߪࠇߎޕ‬࿕ቯ⊛ߥ೑⋉߿ㆬ
ᅢࠍᜬߟ᡽ᴦਥ૕㑆ߩ੎޿ߩ⚿ᨐߣߒߡ‫ޟ‬ᒝ޿‫ޠ‬ᄢ⛔㗔೙߇ᚑ┙ߒߚߣߔࠆᣢሽ⎇
ⓥߩℂ⸃ࠍୃᱜߔࠆ߽ߩߢ޽ࠆ‫ߩߘޕ‬㓙ߦ‫ᧄޔ‬Ⓜ߇ណ↪ߒߚಽᨆⷞⷺߪ‫ޔߦ৻╙ޔ‬
૕೙ォ឵ߩ‫ޟ‬㊀ጀᕈ‫ߦޠ‬ᵈ⋡ߒ‫ޔ‬ᡷ㕟ߩ੤㍲ߩ⚻✲㧔․ߦᄢ⛔㗔೙ߣㅪ㇌೙ߩ㑐ଥ㧕
ࠍ᣿⏕ߦߔࠆߎߣ‫╙ޔ‬ੑߦ‫ޔ‬᡽ᴦਥ૕ߩⴕേࠍ೙⚂ߔࠆⷐ࿃ࠍᢛℂߔࠆߎߣߢ޽ߞ
ߚ‫ޕ‬
ߘߒߡ‫ ߩߎޔ‬2 ὐߩਅߢ‫ⶄޔ‬㔀ߥᙗᴺ೙ቯㆊ⒟ࠍ⸃߈߶ߋߒ‫ޔ‬
‫ޟ‬ᡷ㕟ߩ੤㍲‫⁁ޠ‬ᴫ
ߩዷ㐿ࠍ⺰ℂ⊛ߦ⠨ኤߒߚ⚿ᨐ‫ޔ‬એਅߩߎߣ߇᣿ࠄ߆ߦߥߞߚ‫␠ޕ‬ળ㓏ጀࠍ෻ᤋߒ
ߚ⼏ળౝࡉࡠ࠶ࠢߪ‫ߦ⊛❱⚵ޔ‬⣀ᒙߢ‫ޔ‬ᡷ㕟ߩㅴⴕߦ઻޿ಽⵚߒߚߚ߼ߦ‫ޔ‬ᄢ⛔㗔
ߪ⼏ળ൓ജߣߩㅪวᒻᚑ߇࿎㔍ߦߥߞߚ‫ߦࠇߎޕ‬ኻߒ‫࠰ޔ‬ㅪᤨઍߩࡀ࠶࠻ࡢ࡯ࠢࠍ
ᵴ↪ߒߚ࿾ᣇߩ೑⋉㓸⚂ᯏ⢻ߪ⋧ኻ⊛ߦ㜞߆ߞߚ‫߼ߚߩߘޕ‬ᄢ⛔㗔ߪ‫⼏ޔ‬ળౝ൓ജ
߆ࠄ࿾ᣇᜰዉ⠪߳ߣ੤ᷤ⋧ᚻࠍࠪࡈ࠻ߒ‫ޔ‬
‫ޟ‬ᒝ޿‫ޠ‬ᄢ⛔㗔೙ࠍᙗᴺߦ⋓ࠅㄟ߻ߎߣ߳
ᡰᜬࠍᓧߚ‫ޕ‬ᙗᴺߩណᛯᣇᴺࠍ߼ߋࠆ໧㗴ߦᦨ⚳⊛ߥ᳿⌕߇ߟߊ೨ߦ‫ޟ‬10 ᦬᡽ᄌ‫ޠ‬
߇⿠߈ߚߚ߼ߦ‫ޔ‬෺ᣇߩวᗧߩਅߦᙗᴺ߇೙ቯߐࠇߚߣߪ⸒߃ߥ޿߇‫ߩߎޔ‬ㆊ⒟ߢ
‫ޟ‬ᒝ޿‫ޠ‬ᄢ⛔㗔߇⹺߼ࠄࠇࠆߣหᤨߦ‫ޔ‬ᄢ⛔㗔ߪ࿾ᣇߦኻߔࠆ‫ޟ‬ᒙߐ‫߽ޠ‬ౝ൮ߔࠆ
ߎߣߦߥߞߚ‫ޕ‬
1990 ᐕઍࠍㅢߓߡࠛ࡝࠷ࠖࡦᄢ⛔㗔ߦઃ߈߹ߣߞߚ⛔ᴦ⢻ജߩ㒢⇇ߪ‫ߦ߆⏕ޔ‬ᓐ
ߩ⾗⾰߿ஜᐽ⁁ᘒߦଐሽߔࠆ㕙߽޽ࠆߛࠈ߁‫ޔߒ߆ߒޕ‬ᄢ⛔㗔ߩ‫ޟ‬ੑ㕙ᕈ‫ޔߪޠ‬૕
೙ォ឵ᦼߩⶄ㔀ߥㆊ⒟ࠍ⚻ࠆਛߢ೙ᐲߦᗧ࿑ߐࠇߕߦၒ߼ㄟ߹ࠇߚ߽ߩߢ޽ࠅ‫ࡠޔ‬
ࠪࠕߩᄢ⛔㗔೙߇ᜬߟౝ࿷⊛ߥ․ᓽߢ޽ߞߚߎߣ߇╙৻ߦ㊀ⷐߢ޽ࠆ‫ޔߪߣߎߩߎޕ‬
ࡊ࡯࠴ࡦ᡽ᮭ߇‫ޔ‬ㅪ㇌೙ߩᡷ㕟߿ਈౄ‫ࠍ┙⏕ߩޠࠕࠪࡠ৻⛔ޟ‬ㅢߓߡ‫⛔ޔ‬ᴦᯏ᭴ߩ
ਇ቟ቯᕈߩస᦯ߦⓍᭂ⊛ߦขࠅ⚵ࠎߛߣ޿߁ߎߣࠍ⠨߃ࠆ਄ߢ߽ᄢ޿ߦ␜ໂ⊛ߢ޽
35
ࠆ ‫ޕ‬
1
ᧄⓂߪ‫⽷ޔ‬࿅ᴺੱ᧻ਅ࿖㓙⽷࿅‫⎇ޟ‬ⓥഥᚑ‫ޠ‬㧔ഥᚑ⇟ภ 06-001㧕෸߮᧲੩ᄢቇ࠼ࠗ࠷࡮࡛࡯ࡠ࠶ࡄ
⎇ⓥ࠮ࡦ࠲࡯ZSP ᅑቇഥᚑ㊄ߩᚑᨐߩ৻ㇱߢ޽ࠅ‫᧲ޔ‬੩ᄢቇ␠ળ⑼ቇ⎇ⓥᚲ⎇ⓥࠪ࡝࡯࠭ No.35‫ޡ‬᭴
ㅧߣਥ૕ʊᲧセ᡽ᴦቇ߆ࠄߩ⠨ኤ‫ޢ‬㧔㜞ᯅ⋥᮸࡮ጟㇱᕶା✬㧕ߦᚲ෼ߐࠇߚ⺰ᢥࠍᄢ᏷ߦട╩࡮ୃ
ᱜߒߚ߽ߩߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬
67 - 67
2
ᧄⓂߦ߅޿ߡ‫ߔ⸥ߣޠࠕࠪࡠޟޔ‬႐ว‫ޔ‬1991 ᐕ 12 ᦬ߩ࠰ㅪ⸃૕એ೨ߦߟ޿ߡߪ࠰ㅪࠍ᭴ᚑߔࠆ౒
๺࿖ߢ޽ߞߚ‫࠻ࠚࡧ࠰ࠕࠪࡠޟ‬ㅪ㇌␠ળਥ⟵౒๺࿖‫ࠍޠ‬ᜰߒ‫ࠇߘޔ‬એ㒠ߦߟ޿ߡߪ‫ࠕࠪࡠޟ‬ㅪ㇌‫ࠍޠ‬
ᜰߔ߽ߩߣߔࠆ‫ޕ‬
3
ᙗᴺ╙ 111 ᧦ߦࠃࠇ߫‫ޔ‬ᄢ⛔㗔ߩឭ᩺ߒߚ㚂⋧୥⵬ࠍਅ㒮߇ 3 ᐲᜎุߒߚ႐ว‫ޔ‬ᄢ⛔㗔ߪ㚂⋧ࠍછ
๮ߒ‫ޔ‬ਅ㒮ࠍ⸃ᢔߒ‫ޔ‬ᣂߒ޿ㆬ᜼ࠍ౏␜ߔࠆ‫ ╙ޔߚ߹ޕ‬117 ᧦ߦࠃࠇ߫‫ޔ‬ਅ㒮߇᡽ᐭਇାછࠍណᛯߒ
ߚ႐ว‫ޔ‬ᄢ⛔㗔ߪ᡽ᐭߩ✚ㄉ⡯ࠍ౏␜ߔࠆ߆‫ߪߚ߹ޔ‬ਅ㒮ߩ᳿ቯߦหᗧߒߥ޿ߎߣ߇ߢ߈ࠆ‫ޕ‬ਅ㒮߇
3 ࡩ᦬એౝߦ᡽ᐭਇାછࠍౣᐲណᛯߒߚ႐วߦߪ‫ޔ‬ᄢ⛔㗔ߪ᡽ᐭߩ✚ㄉ⡯ࠍ౏␜ߔࠆ߆‫ޔ‬ਅ㒮ࠍ⸃ᢔ
ߔࠆ‫ޔߦ߁ࠃߩߎޕ‬㚂⋧ߩછ๮෸߮᡽ᐭਇାછߦߟ޿ߡ‫ޔ‬ᄢ⛔㗔ߣਅ㒮ߩ⷗⸃߇ኻ┙ߒߚ႐ว‫ޔ‬ᄢ⛔
㗔ߦਅ㒮ࠍ⸃ᢔߔࠆᮭ㒢߇ᜂ଻ߐࠇߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬
4
ߚߛߒ‫࠰ޔ‬ㅪ⸃૕ߩ೨ᓟߢߪ‫ޔ‬ਛᄩ࡮࿾ᣇ㑐ଥߩౝኈ⥄૕߇ᄢ߈ߊᄌࠊߞߚ‫ޔ߼ߚߩߘޕ‬໧㗴ߪන
ߦ౒↥ౄࠍઍᦧߔࠆᯏ᭴ߩᣂ⸳ߦ⇐߹ࠄߕ‫ޔ‬࿖ኅߩᨒ⚵ࠍߤߩࠃ߁ߦߔߴ߈߆‫ⴕߥ߁ࠃߩߤޔ‬᡽න૏
߇‫ޟ‬࿾ᣇ‫ࠅࠃߚߞ޿ߣ߆ߩࠆ߁ࠅߥߦޠ‬ᩮᧄ⊛ߥ໧㗴ࠍሺࠎߢ޿ߚ‫ޕ‬
5
࠰ㅪߪ౒↥ౄࠍၮ⋚ߣߒߚ㓸ᮭ⊛࿖ኅߢ޽ߞߚ߇‫ޔ‬࿖ኅ೙ᐲߣߒߡߪㅪ㇌೙ࠍណ↪ߒߡ߅ࠅ‫ߩߘޔ‬
᭴ᚑ౒๺࿖ߢ޽ߞߚࡠࠪࠕ౒๺࿖߽߹ߚㅪ㇌೙ߢ޽ߞߚ‫ࠕࠪࡠޕ‬ㅪ㇌ߩㅪ㇌೙ߪ‫ޔ‬೙ᐲߩታ૕ߪ⇣ߥ
ࠆ߽ߩߩ‫࠰ޔ‬ㅪᤨઍߩⴕ᡽඙ಽࠍ߶߷ᒁ߈⛮޿ߢ߅ࠅ‫࠰ޔ‬ㅪ⸃૕ᓟߦߢ߈ߚᣂߒ޿೙ᐲߢߪᔅߕߒ߽
ߥ޿‫ޕ‬
6
౒๺࿖ߪᙗᴺࠍ೙ቯߢ߈ࠆߩߦኻߒ‫ߩઁߩߘޔ‬ㅪ㇌᭴ᚑਥ૕ߩ࿾૏ߪ‫ޔ‬ᙗ┨ߦࠃߞߡቯ߼ࠄࠇࠆ‫ޕ‬
7
ᄢ⛔㗔ߣ⼏ળߦട߃‫ޔ‬࿾ᣇᜰዉ⠪ࠍ฽߼ߚ 3 ⠪㑆㑐ଥߩⓨ㑆ࡕ࠺࡞߆ࠄߎߩᤨᦼߩ᡽ᴦߩⴕ߈⹣߹
ࠅࠍᜰ៰ߒߚ࡟ࡒࡦࠣ࠻ࡦߩಽᨆߪ‫ᧄޔ‬Ⓜߩ⷗࿾߆ࠄ߽␜ໂߩᄙ޿⎇ⓥߛ߇㧔Remington 2001: chap.6㧕‫ޔ‬
ߎࠇ߽㕒ᘒ⊛ࡕ࠺࡞ߢ޽ࠆߣ޿߁ὐߦ㒢⇇߇޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬
8
ࡉ࡜࠙ࡦߦࠃࠇ߫‫ߩࠄࠇߎޟޔ‬ᡷ㕟ߪ޿ߕࠇ߽‫ޔ‬ᱷࠅߩ߭ߣߟ߇ᄌൻߒߥ޿㒢ࠅⴕ߈⹣ࠆน⢻ᕈ߇
㜞‫ߩࠇߙࠇߘޔߡ޿ߢࠇߘޟޔߊޠ‬ᄌൻ߇ታ⃻ߔࠆߣ‫੹ޔ‬ᐲߪߘߩ೽૞↪ߩߖ޿ߢઁߩಽ㊁ߩᡷ㕟߇
ⶄ㔀ൻ‫ߚߒޠ‬㧔ࡉ࡜࠙ࡦ 2008: 320-321㧕‫ޕ‬
9
ߐࠄߦ‫ޔ‬1990 ᐕߦߪᄢ⛔㗔೙㧔ᮭജಽ┙ේೣ㧕ߩዉ౉‫↥౒ޔ‬ౄߩᜰዉ⊛ᓎഀߩุቯ㧔ⶄᢙ᡽ౄ೙
ߩኈ⹺㧕╬ࠍⷙቯߔࠆᙗᴺᡷᱜ߽ⴕࠊࠇ‫࠰ޔ‬ㅪߩ᡽ᴦ೙ᐲߪᄢ߈ߊᄌ⽩ߒߚ‫ޕ‬
10
౒↥ౄᡷ㕟ߩ⹦⚦ߪ Ogushi (2008: chap.3,4), ࡉ࡜࠙ࡦ(2008: ╙ 6 ┨)ࠍෳᾖߖࠃ‫ޕ‬
11
ߎߎߢߪߎߩ 3 ⠪㑆ߩ㑐ଥߦߪᷓߊ┙ߜ౉ࠄߕ‫ߩߘߣࠕࠪࡠޔ‬ㅪ㇌᭴ᚑਥ૕㑆ߩ㑐ଥߩߺࠍ⠨ኤ
ߩኻ⽎ߣߔࠆ‫ߩߎޕ‬໧㗴ߩో૕௝ߦߟ޿ߡߪ‫ޔ‬ႮᎹ(2007a, 2007b)ࠍෳᾖߖࠃ‫ޕ‬
12
ߎߩᤨᦼߩ⼏ળߢߪ‫⼏ޔ‬ળⷙೣ߇㗫❥ߦᄌᦝߐࠇߚߚ߼‫⼏ޔ‬ຬ߇⚵❱ߔࠆㅪวߩᒻᘒ߽ᄙ᭽ߢ޽
ߞߚ߇‫ޔ‬1991 ᐕ 10 ᦬એ㒠‫ޔ‬᡽ᴦ⊛ℂᔨߦၮߠ߈ 50 ฬએ਄ߩ⼏ຬ߇ᒻᚑߔࠆㅪวࠍ‫ޟ‬ળᵷ‫ߣޠ‬๭߮‫ޔ‬
3 ߟએ਄ߩળᵷ߇㓸วߒߡᒻᚑߔࠆ߽ߩࠍ‫ߣޠࠢ࠶ࡠࡉޟ‬๭߱ࠃ߁ߦߥߞߚ㧔ȼɟɞɨɦɨɫɬɢ ɋɴɟɡɞɚ
ɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɞɟɩɭɬɚɬɨɜ ɊɋɎɋɊ ɢ ȼɟɪɯɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɋɨɜɟɬɚ ɊɋɎɋɊ㧔એਅ‫ޔ‬ȼɟɞɨɦɨɫɬɢ ɋɇȾ ɢ ȼɋ ɊɋɎɋɊ ߣߔࠆ㧕
1991. ʋ 44. ɋɬ. 1438.㧕‫ޔߒߛߚޕ‬ᾘ㔀ߐ࿁ㆱߩߚ߼ߦ‫ޔ‬એਅߢߪ․ߦᵈ⸥ߒߥ޿㒢ࠅ‫ޔ‬ಽᨆኻ⽎ߣߔ
ࠆ⼏ຬㅪวࠍోߡ‫ޕߔ⸥ߣޠࠢ࠶ࡠࡉޟ‬
13
ᄢ⛔㗔೙ߩഃ⸳ㆊ⒟ߦߟ޿ߡߪ‫ޔ‬ᰴ▵ߢㅀߴࠆ‫ޕ‬
14
‫ޟ‬࿖ኅਥᮭት⸒‫ޔߪޠ‬1990 ᐕ 6 ᦬ 12 ᣣ‫ ╙ޔ‬1 ࿁ੱ᳃ઍ⼏ຬᄢળߢណᛯߐࠇߚ‫࠰ޔߪࠇߘޕ‬ㅪߩ⸃
૕ࠍᗧ࿑ߒߚ߽ߩߢߪߥ޿߇‫߇ࠕࠪࡠޔ‬ਥᮭ࿖ኅߢ޽ࠆߎߣࠍት⸒ߒ‫ߩࠕࠪࡠޔ‬ᙗᴺ߿ᴺᓞߩ࠰ㅪᴺ
ߦኻߔࠆఝ૏ࠍቯ߼ߚ㧔ȼɟɞɨɦɨɫɬɢ ɋɇȾ ɢ ȼɋ ɊɋɎɋɊ. 1990. ʋ 2. ɋɬ. 22㧕‫ޕ‬
15
‫ޟ‬ᴺᓞᚢ੎‫࠰ޔߪߣޠ‬ㅪߣࡠࠪࠕߩ෺ᣇ߇‫ߩࠄ⥄ޔ‬ᴺᓞߩઁᣇߩᴺᓞߦኻߔࠆఝ૏ࠍਥᒛߒว޿‫ޔ‬
ߎࠇࠍᱜᒰൻߔࠆࠃ߁ߥᴺᓞࠍ೙ቯߒ޽ߞߚߎߣࠍᜰߔ‫ޕ‬
16
Ɍɪɟɬɢɣ (ȼɧɟɨɱɟɪɟɞɧɨɣ) ɋɴɟɡɞ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɞɟɩɭɬɚɬɨɜ ɊɋɎɋɊ. 28 ɦɚɪɬɚ-5 ɚɩɪɟɥɹ 1991 ɝɨɞɚ.
ɋɬɟɧɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɨɬɱɟɬ. Ɍ. 5. Ɇ., 1991. ɋ. 154-155.
17
଀߃߫‫ࡈࠛࠨࠗޔࡢࠚ࠴ࡖ࡝ࠧޔ‬ਔᦨ㜞ળ⼏೽⼏㐳╬ᦨ㜞ળ⼏ߩᐙㇱ߇ࠛ࡝࠷ࠖࡦࠍ㕖㔍ߔࠆ᡽
ᴦჿ᣿ࠍ⊒⴫ߒߚ‫ޕ‬
㧔Ɍɪɟɬɶɹ ɫɟɫɫɢɹ ȼɟɪɯɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɋɨɜɟɬɚ ɊɋɎɋɊ. Ȼɸɥɥɟɬɟɧɶ ʋ 13 ɋɨɜɦɟɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɡɚɫɟɞɚɧɢɹ
ɋɨɜɟɬɚ Ɋɟɫɩɭɛɥɢɤɢ ɢ ɋɨɜɟɬɚ ɇɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɟɣ. 21 ɮɟɜɪɚɥɹ 1991 ɝ. ɋ. 3-5.㧕 ਄㊁(2001: 16-20)߽ෳᾖ‫ޕ‬
18
ᄢ⛔㗔ᴺ‫ޔ‬ᄢ⛔㗔ㆬ᜼ᴺߪ‫ޔ‬หᣣߦᦨ㜞ળ⼏ߢክ⼏ߐࠇ‫ޔ‬1 ᣣߢน᳿ߐࠇߚ‫ޕ‬㧔Ɍɪɟɬɶɹ ɫɟɫɫɢɹ
ȼɟɪɯɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɋɨɜɟɬɚ ɊɋɎɋɊ. Ȼɸɥɥɟɬɟɧɶ ʋ 23. 24 ɚɩɪɟɥɹ 1991 ɝ.㧕
68 - 68
ロシアの「強い」大統領制？ ―「重層的体制転換」における制度形成過程の再検討―
19
ࡠࠪࠕᦨ㜞ળ⼏ߢߪ‫࠰ޔ‬ㅪ⑳᦭ൻᴺ᩺߇ክ⼏ਛߢ޽ࠆߎߣ߆ࠄ‫ᦨޔ‬㜞ળ⼏ߢߩክ⼏ࠍᕆߋߴ߈ߛ
ߣ޿߁⊒⸒߿‫᦭⑳ޔ‬ൻታᣉߦ㑐ߔࠆࠦࡦ࠮ࡦࠨࠬߪᣢߦ޽ࠆߣ޿߁⊒⸒߇ߥߐࠇߚ‫ޕ‬㧔Ɍɪɟɬɶɹ ɫɟɫɫɢɹ
ȼɟɪɯɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɋɨɜɟɬɚ ɊɋɎɋɊ. Ȼɸɥɥɟɬɟɧɶ ʋ 27. 7 ɦɚɹ 1991 ɝ. ɋ. 8-16.㧕 ᴺ᩺ክ⼏ㆊ⒟ߦߟ޿ߡߪ‫ޔ‬
Barnes(2006, 2001)߽ෳᾖ‫ޕ‬
20
એਅߢߪ‫ޟޔ‬ਥᮭߣᐔ╬‫ޠ‬ળᵷ߽‫ޟ‬ᑪ⸳⊛൓ജ‫ߡ߼ߣ߹ߦޠ‬ᛒ߁‫ޕ‬
21
ᦨ㜞ળ⼏ࡔࡦࡃ࡯ߪቯᦼ⊛ߦ⧯ᐓߩᄌᦝ߇޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬1992 ᐕ 10 ᦬ߦߪ‫ߪࠢ࠶ࡠࡉޠ৻⛔ߩࠕࠪࡠޟ‬
59 ฬ‫ߦޠઁߩߘޟޔ‬ಽ㘃ߐࠇࠆ⼏ຬߪ 54 ฬߢ޽ߞߚ‫ޕ‬
22
ߚߛߒ‫ޔ‬ㅪ㇌᧦⚂ߩᚑ┙ߪ‫ޔ‬ਛᄩ࡮࿾ᣇ㑐ଥౣ✬ߩᦨ⚳⊛ߥ⸃᳿ߢߪߥߊ‫ޔ‬1993 ᐕߦ໧㗴ߪౣ߮
ㆊᾲߔࠆߎߣߦߥࠆ㧔ᰴ㗄ෳᾖ㧕‫ޕ‬
23
ߎࠇࠄࠍขࠅ਄ߍࠆߩߪ‫ߩߘޔ‬਎੐⊛㊀ⷐᕈߩߚ߼ߢ޽ࠆߣหᤨߦ‫⸥ޔ‬ฬᛩ␿߇⛮⛯⊛ߦⴕࠊࠇ‫ޔ‬
⼏ຬߩᛩ␿ⴕേ߇ㅊ〔น⢻ߥߚ߼ߢ߽޽ࠆ‫⾗ޔߚ߹ޕ‬ᢱߩ೙⚂߆ࠄ‫ޔ‬ฦ⼏ຬ߇ 1992 ᐕࠍㅢߓߡታ㓙
ߦߤߩળᵷ࡮ࡉࡠ࠶ࠢߦᚲዻߒߡ޿ߚ߆ࠍ᣿ࠄ߆ߦߪߢ߈ߥ޿‫ޔߪߢߎߎޕ‬ɇɚɪɨɞɧɵɟ ɞɟɩɭɬɚɬɵ
Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ, 1990-1993(1998)ߦ⸥ߐࠇߚฦ⼏ຬߩ 1991 ᐕ 10 ᦬ߦ߅ߌࠆᚲዻળᵷ࡮ࡉࡠ࠶ࠢߦၮߠ߈‫⼏ޔ‬
ຬߩᛩ␿ⴕേࠍಽᨆߒߡ޿ࠆ‫ޔߪ⊛⋡ߩߘޕ‬ળᵷߩ൓ജ㑐ଥࠍ᣿ࠄ߆ߦߔࠆߎߣߢߪߥߊ‫ޔ‬ฦ⼏ຬߩ
ᛩ␿ⴕേ߆ࠄ‫⼏ޔ‬ຬߩㅪวᒻᘒߩᄌㆫࠍ᣿ࠄ߆ߦߔࠆߎߣߦ޽ࠆߚ߼‫ߩߎޔ‬ᚻᴺߩᅷᒰᕈߪḩߚߐࠇ
ࠆߣ⠨߃ࠆ‫ޕ‬
24
ɉɹɬɵɣ (ɜɧɟɨɱɟɪɟɞɧɨɣ) ɋɴɟɡɞ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɞɟɩɭɬɚɬɨɜ ɊɋɎɋɊ, 10-17 ɢɸɥɹ, 28 ɨɤɬɹɛɪɹ-2 ɧɨɹɛɪɹ 1991
ɝɨɞɚ: ɋɬɟɧɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɨɬɱɟɬ. Ɇ., 1992. Ɍ. 3. ɋ. 264-267.
25
ߎߎߢ‫ޟ‬ಝ㓸ᐲ‫ࠆ޽ޔߪߣޠ‬ᛩ␿ߦ߅ߌࠆ޽ࠆࡉࡠ࠶ࠢߩㆊඨᢙߩᛩ␿ⴕേࠍ‫ߩࠢ࠶ࡠࡉߩߘޔ‬
ၮᧄ⊛ߥᛩ␿ࡄ࠲࡯ࡦߣߺߥߒ‫ߩߤޔ‬⒟ᐲߩ⼏ຬ߇ߘߩᛩ␿ࡄ࠲࡯ࡦߣหߓⴕേࠍขߞߚ߆ࠍ␜ߔ୯
㧔50㧑㨪100㧑㧕ߣߔࠆ‫⼏ޔߚ߹ޕ‬੐ߩน᳿ߦߪ‫ޔ‬ᛩ␿⠪ߩㆊඨᢙߢߪߥߊ‫⼏ޔ‬ຬ✚ᢙߩㆊඨᢙ߇ᔅ
ⷐߥߚ߼‫ޔ‬
‫ޟ‬᫈ᮭ‫ޟ߿ޠ‬ᛩ␿ߖߕ‫ޠ‬
㧔ᰳᏨ⠪߽฽߹ࠇࠆ߇‫⾗ޔ‬ᢱ߆ࠄߪ඙೎ߢ߈ߥ޿㧕߽‫ޟ‬෻ኻ‫ߣޠ‬ห
৻ⷞߒߚ‫ޕ‬
26
ߎߎߦߪ‫ޟޔ‬ᑪ⸳⊛൓ജ‫ߩޠ‬ᚲዻ⼏ຬ߇ᄙߊෳടߒߡ޿ߚ‫ޕ‬
27
Ⱦɟɜɹɬɵɣ (ɜɧɟɨɱɟɪɟɞɧɨɣ) ɋɴɟɡɞ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɞɟɩɭɬɚɬɨɜ Ɋɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɨɣ Ɏɟɞɟɪɚɰɢɢ, 26-29 ɦɚɪɬɚ 1993 ɝɨɞɚ:
ɋɬɟɧɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɨɬɱɟɬ. Ɇ., 1994. ɋ. 311-313.
28
࿖᳃ᛩ␿ߩ⚿ᨐߦߟ޿ߡߪ‫ޔ‬਄㊁(2001: 91-94)‫ޔ‬ਅ᢯☨(1999: 163-165)ࠍෳᾖ‫ޕ‬
29
ᙗᴺᆔຬળߪ‫ ╙ޔ‬1 ࿁ੱ᳃ઍ⼏ຬᄢળߦ߅޿ߡ⸳┙ߐࠇ㧔ȼɟɞɨɦɨɫɬɢ ɋɇȾ ɢ ȼɋ ɊɋɎɋɊ. 1990. ʋ 3.
ɋɬ. 24.㧕‫ޔ‬ᒰᤨᦨ㜞ળ⼏⼏㐳ߛߞߚࠛ࡝࠷ࠖࡦ߇ᆔຬ㐳ࠍോ߼ߚ‫ߪࡦࠖ࠷࡝ࠛޕ‬ᄢ⛔㗔ዞછએ㒠߽ᆔ
ຬ㐳ߦ⇐߹ࠅ⛯ߌߚ߇‫ޔ‬ᙗᴺᆔຬળߣߩḴߪᐢ߇ߞߡ޿ߞߚ‫ޕ‬
30
ᦨ㜞ળ⼏⼏ຬߩ㑆ߢ߽‫ޔ‬ᙗᴺද⼏ળߦኻߔࠆኻᔕߪಽ߆ࠇߚ‫ᦨޔ߽ߣߎߩߎޕ‬㜞ળ⼏߇৻ᨎጤߢ
ߪߥߊ‫ޔ‬ᄙ᭽ߥ┙႐߇ᷙ࿷ߒߡ޿ߚߎߣࠍ␜ߔ৻଀ߢ޽ࠈ߁‫ޕ‬
31
ߘߩౖဳ⊛ੱ‛߇‫ᦨࡈࡏࡖ࡝ޔ‬㜞ળ⼏೽⼏㐳ߢ޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬ᓐߪ‫ޔ‬࿖᳃ᛩ␿એ೨ߪࡂ࠭ࡉ࡜࡯࠻ࡈ⼏㐳
ߣ⦟ᅢߥ㑐ଥߦ޽ߞߚ߇‫ޔ‬ᙗᴺද⼏ળ߳ߩෳട⴫᣿ᓟߦਔ⠪ߩ㑐ଥߪᕆỗߦᖡൻߒߚ㧔Ḵญ 2005: 66㧕‫ޕ‬
32
ㅪ㇌᭴ᚑਥ૕ߩઍ⴫ߪ‫ޔ‬ᒰೋ 2 ฬ㧔ㅪ㇌᭴ᚑਥ૕ߩⴕ᡽ᯏ㑐‫┙ޔ‬ᴺᯏ㑐߆ࠄฦ 1 ฬ㧕ߣߐࠇߡ޿
ߚ߇‫ޔ‬ኾ㐷ኅ 2 ฬ߇ᣂߚߦㅊടߐࠇ‫ޔ‬ว⸘ 4 ฬߣߥߞߚ㧔Ʉɨɧɫɬɢɬɭɰɢɨɧɧɨɟ ɋɨɜɟɳɚɧɢɟ 1995: Ɍ.1, 72-73,
75㧕‫ޕ‬
33
଀߃߫‫ޔ‬ㅪ㇌⼏ળ߳ߩฦㅪ㇌᭴ᚑਥ૕ߩઍ⴫ߪหᢙߣߐࠇߚ‫ޕ‬
34
7 ᦬ߩᙗᴺ⨲᩺ߢ߽‫ޔ‬ㅪ㇌᭴ᚑਥ૕ߩઍ⴫߆ࠄ᭴ᚑߐࠇࠆหฬߩળ⼏߇‫ޔ‬ᣂ⼏ળߩ਄㒮ߣߥࠆߣߐ
ࠇߡ޿ߚ‫ޕ‬
35
ߎߩ໧㗴ߦߟ޿ߡ‫ޔ‬᡽ౄࠪࠬ࠹ࡓࠍਛᔃߦ⺰ߓߚ߽ߩߣߒߡ‫ޔ‬Ḵญ㧔2011㧕ࠍෳᾖ‫ޕ‬
69 - 69
‫ޣ‬ෳ⠨ᢥ₂‫ޤ‬
਄㊁ବᒾ㧔2001㧕
‫↥౒࠻ࠬࡐޡ‬ਥ⟵ࡠࠪࠕߩ᡽ᴦʊࠛ࡝࠷ࠖࡦ߆ࠄࡊ࡯࠴ࡦ߳‫ޢ‬ᣣ
ᧄ࿖㓙໧㗴⎇ⓥᚲ.
ᄢਠᢕ 㧔2011㧕‫࠰ޟ‬ㅪ౒↥ౄਛᄩᆔຬળ߆ࠄࡠࠪࠕᄢ⛔㗔ᐭ߳ʊࡠࠪࠕߦ߅ߌࠆ
ඨᄢ⛔㗔೙ߩ⊒ዷ‫ޠ‬ᨋᔘⴕ࡮઄⍹ቇ✬‫␠࠻ࠬࡐޡ‬ળਥ⟵ᦼߩ᡽ᴦߣ⚻ᷣʊᣥ
࠰ㅪ࡮ਛ᧲᰷ߩᲧセ‫ޢ‬ർᶏ㆏ᄢቇ಴ ળ‫ޔ‬ㄭೀ.
ࠧ࡞ࡃ࠴࡚ࡈ‫࡞ࠗࡂࡒޔ‬㧔1996㧕㧔Ꮏ⮮♖৻࡮㋈ᧁᐽ㓶⸶㧕‫ࡈ࡚࠴ࡃ࡞ࠧޡ‬࿁㘈㍳‫ޢ‬
ᣂầ␠.
૒‫ߟࠅᧁޘ‬ሶ㧔1999㧕
‫࠻ࠚࡧ࠰ޡ‬૕೙ߩ፣უʊ⚻ᷣ⾗Ḯࠦࡦ࠻ࡠ࡯࡞࿖ኅ⸃૕ߩ᡽
ᴦജቇ‫ᧁޢ‬㐇␠.
ႮᎹિ᣿㧔1993㧕‫⚳ޡ‬Ὣߩਛߩ࠰ㅪผ‫ᦺޢ‬ᣣᣂ⡞␠.
ႮᎹિ᣿㧔1999㧕‫⃻ޡ‬ሽߒߚ␠ળਥ⟵ʊ࡝ࡧࠔࠗࠕࠨࡦߩ⚛㗻‫ޢ‬ഹ⨲ᦠᚱ.
ႮᎹિ᣿㧔2007a㧕‫ޡ‬ᄙ᳃ᣖ࿖ኅ࠰ㅪߩ⥝੢Τ ࿖ኅߩ᭴▽ߣ⸃૕‫ޢ‬ጤᵄᦠᐫ.
ႮᎹિ᣿㧔2007b㧕‫ޡ‬ᄙ᳃ᣖ࿖ኅ࠰ㅪߩ⥝੢Υ ࡠࠪࠕߩㅪ㇌೙ߣ᳃ᣖ໧㗴‫ޢ‬ጤᵄᦠ
ᐫ.
ਅ᢯☨િᄦ㧔1999㧕‫ࠕࠪࡠޡ‬਎⇇‫ᦠ៺╳ޢ‬ᚱ.
࿾↰ᔀᦶ㧔2004㧕
‫࠰ޟ‬ㅪᤨઍߩ౒๺࿖᡽ᴦʊ౒↥ౄ૕೙ߣ᳃ᣖࠛ࡝࡯࠻ߩᚑ㐳‫ޠ‬ጤ
ፒ৻㇢‫ޔ‬ቝጊᥓᒾ‫ޔ‬ዊ᧻ਭ↵✬‫⃻ޡ‬ઍਛᄩࠕࠫࠕ⺰ʊᄌ⽩ߔࠆ᡽ᴦ࡮⚻ᷣߩ
ᷓጀ‫ޢ‬ᣣᧄ⹏⺰␠: 29-52.
ᵤ↰ᘷሶ㧔2005㧕‫ޟ‬ᄢ⛔㗔೙ߣ⼏㒮ౝ㑑೙ߩㆬᛯʊ1990 ᐕ㨪1993 ᐕߩ࠰ㅪ࡮ࡠࠪ
ࠕ‫᧲࡮ࠕࠪࡠޡޠ‬᰷⎇ⓥ‫ޢ‬34: 109-121.
ࡉ࡜࠙ࡦ‫࡯࠴࡯ࠕޔ‬㧔2008㧕
㧔ዊᴰ⋥⟤࡮ⷺ↰቟ᱜ⸶㧕
‫ޢ࡯࠲ࠢࠔࡈ࡮ࡈ࡚࠴ࡃ࡞ࠧޡ‬
⮮ේᦠᐫ.
Ḵญୃᐔ㧔2005㧕‫࠰ޟ‬ㅪ፣უᓟߩ᡽ᴦෂᯏߦ߅ߌࠆ‫ޡ‬Ꮢ᳃ห⋖‫ߩޢ‬ᓎഀ‫ࠕࠪࡠޡޠ‬ผ
⎇ⓥ‫ޢ‬77: 61-68.
Ḵญୃᐔ㧔2011㧕
‫ޟ‬᡽ౄࠪࠬ࠹ࡓߩಽጘὐʊࡠࠪࠕ‫ࠆߌ߅ߦ࠽ࠗ࡜ࠢ࠙ޔ‬᡽ᴦࠛ࡝
࡯࠻ߩㅪวౣ✬ㆊ⒟ߩᲧセಽᨆ‫ޠ‬ᨋᔘⴕ‫ޔ‬઄⍹ቇ✬‫␠࠻ࠬࡐޡ‬ળਥ⟵ᦼߩ᡽ᴦ
ߣ⚻ᷣʊᣥ࠰ㅪ࡮ਛ᧲᰷ߩᲧセ‫ޢ‬
‫ޔ‬ർᶏ㆏ᄢቇ಴ ળ‫ޔ‬ㄭೀ.
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ロシアの「強い」大統領制？ ―「重層的体制転換」における制度形成過程の再検討―
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Ʉɨɧɫɬɢɬɭɰɢɨɧɧɨɟ ɋɨɜɟɳɚɧɢɟ 29 ɚɩɪɟɥɹ – 4 ɧɨɹɛɪɹ 1993 ɝ. ɋɬɟɧɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ. Ɇɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ.
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ɇɚɪɨɞɧɵɟ ɞɟɩɭɬɚɬɵ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ, 1990-1993. (1998) Ɇ. ɂɡɞɚɧɢɟ Ƚɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ Ⱦɭɦɵ.
Ɋɵɠɤɨɜ, ȼ.Ⱥ. (1999) ɑɟɬɜɟɪɬɚɹ ɪɟɫɩɭɛɥɢɤɚ: Ɉɱɟɪɤ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ
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ɒɟɣɧɢɫ, ȼ. (2005) ȼɡɥɟɬ ɢ ɩɚɞɟɧɢɟ ɩɚɪɥɚɦɟɧɬɚ : ɉɟɪɟɥɨɦɧɵɟ ɝɨɞɵ ɜ ɪɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɨɣ
ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɟ (1985-1993), Ɇ. ɐɟɧɬɪ Ʉɚɪɧɟɝɢ ; Ɏɨɧɞ ɂɇȾȿɆ.
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ロシアの「強い」大統領制？ ―「重層的体制転換」における制度形成過程の再検討―
Is Russia’s President Strong?
An Analysis of Multidimensional Regime Change and Institution
Building in Post-Soviet Russia
Shuhei Mizoguchi
This paper analyzes the political process of institution building in post-Soviet
Russia, and aims at demonstrating that the problems of forming the executive
authority (presidency) and building up the center-regional relationships were so
tangled in Russia that these two political institutions affected each other and
characterized its unstable political situation in the 1990s.
The Russian Constitution, which was adopted in December 1993, grants the
president strong power, but, throughout the 1990s, President Yeltsin had much
difficulty in implementing his policies and stabilizing the whole country. It is
mainly because the regions acquired de facto autonomy and eroded the central
state’s ability. Why was the “strong” president unable to control the regions? In
order to solve this puzzle, this paper focuses on reviewing the process of institution
building and assessing the character of political institutions newly established.
With the above in mind, the author brings into analysis two points of view:
structural constraint on political actors and the multidimensionality of Russia’s
regime change. Firstly, institution building is usually regarded as the choice of the
actors who are the most powerful, but they do not always have freedom to choose
what they want. In order to understand why certain institutions were selected, it is
of much use to sort out what kind of institutional alternatives each actor had and
what kind of constraint limited each actor’s decision. Secondly, Russia’s regime
change is looked upon as multidimensional, not only because political and
economic transformations were simultaneously developing, but because they were
intertwined with each other. Thus, with the aim of comprehensive understanding of
the regime change in Russia, it is necessary to consider how they were intertwined.
These two factors can help to explain institution building more thoroughly.
During and after the Perestroika period, as the economic reform Gorbachev
initiated was developing into the political one, three kinds of actors came to the
forefront in Russia’s political arena and started the political struggle to gain
political and economic power. The first one was parliamentary blocs, which were
formed according to the social stratum. The second one was regional governments,
which were usually connected with regional economic elites, and these
governments tried to gain political and economic power. And the third was the
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president. Installed in July 1991, the president was the most powerful actor in this
period, but at the same time he was suffering from the lack of his own political
base and continuously looking for an alliance with other actors.
From 1990 till 1991, when the Soviet Union still existed, parliamentary blocs
were able to reach agreements on the expansion of Russia’s competence against the
Soviet Union and they even succeeded in starting privatization and installing
presidency very quickly. After the collapse of the Soviet Union, however, as the
radical “shock therapy”, which introduced the market mechanism at the beginning
of 1992, caused the social disarray and diversified their economic interests, these
blocs were getting more and more opposed to one another, and were also faced
with internal disunity. As a result, it was impossible for the president to make a
stable majority in the parliament (Supreme Soviet), so he tried to win over regional
leaders to his side. After the referendum held in April 1993, President Yeltsin
convened the Constitutional Conference, where a lot of regional leaders took part
and played a great role in working on a new draft constitution. This draft not only
gave the president strong power, but also had very ambiguous provisions about
center-regional relationships. This was the result of negotiations between the
president and the regional leaders.
Although the “October Crisis” in 1993 made the final draft constitution a little
different from the Constitution Conference draft, the Russian Constitution holds
both strong presidency and ambiguous center-regional relationships. This is chiefly
because the president tried to make an alliance with regional governments rather
than parliamentary blocs. In contrast with parliamentary blocs, which were
organizationally too weak to keep their unity during the days of radical economic
change, regional governments were getting more powerful by making use of elite
networks set up in the Soviet period. Since 1994, as some regions had the
opportunities to sign bilateral treaties with the federal government and enjoyed de
facto autonomy, they caused the “strong” president a great deal of trouble in ruling
the whole country.
As multidimensional regime change went along and terrific social change
happened, political actors’ interests were reshaped again and again. Such
circumstances restrained each actor, but, in Russia’s case, regional leaders had
more freedom to act than parliamentary blocs. Therefore, President Yeltsin decided
to negotiate with regional leaders about the new constitution. This process resulted
in a strange mixture of “strong” president and centrifugal regions in the 1990s.
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