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Original Contribution
Original Contribution
Progression of White Matter Disease and Cortical Thinning
Are Not Related in Older Community-Dwelling Subjects
David Alexander Dickie, PhD; Sherif Karama, MD, PhD; Stuart J. Ritchie, PhD;
Simon R. Cox, PhD; Eleni Sakka, MSc; Natalie A. Royle, PhD; Benjamin S. Aribisala, PhD;
Maria Valdés Hernández, PhD; Susana Muñoz Maniega, PhD; Alison Pattie, BSc;
Janie Corley, MA; John M. Starr, PhD/MD; Mark E. Bastin, DPhil; Alan C. Evans, PhD;
Ian J. Deary, PhD/MD*; Joanna M. Wardlaw, MD*
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Background and Purpose—We assessed cross-sectional and longitudinal relationships between whole brain white matter
hyperintensity (WMH) volume and regional cortical thickness.
Methods—We measured WMH volume and regional cortical thickness on magnetic resonance imaging at ≈73 and ≈76 years
in 351 community-dwelling subjects from the Lothian Birth Cohort 1936. We used multiple linear regression to calculate
cross-sectional and longitudinal associations between regional cortical thickness and WMH volume controlling for age,
sex, Mini Mental State Examination, education, intelligence quotient at age 11, and vascular risk factors.
Results—We found cross-sectional associations between WMH volume and cortical thickness within and surrounding the
Sylvian fissure at 73 and 76 years (rho=−0.276, Q=0.004). However, we found no significant longitudinal associations
between (1) baseline WMH volume and change in cortical thickness; (2) baseline cortical thickness and change in WMH
volume; or (3) change in WMH volume and change in cortical thickness.
Conclusions—Our results show that WMH volume and cortical thinning both worsen with age and are associated crosssectionally within and surrounding the Sylvian fissure. However, changes in WMH volume and cortical thinning from
73 to 76 years are not associated longitudinally in these relatively healthy older subjects. The underlying cause(s)
of WMH growth and cortical thinning have yet to be fully determined. (Stroke. 2016;47:00-00. DOI: 10.1161/
STROKEAHA.115.011229.)
Key Words: ageing ◼ brain ◼ cortex ◼ MRI ◼ white matter hyperintensities
B
rain white matter hyperintensity (WMH) growth and
cortical thinning are commonly seen on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in community-dwelling older people.1–5
The incidence of these features is highly variable between
individuals but those with the largest WMH volumes and/or
thinnest cortices are at increased risk of stroke, dementia, and
cognitive and physical impairment.6–8 Effective interventions
are dependent on understanding the mechanisms of WMH
growth and cortical thinning and whether one feature may be
an underlying cause of the other.
Cross-sectional studies have found associations between
larger whole brain WMH volume and reduced gray matter (GM) volume, density, and thickness.3,5,9–12 Those with
larger WMH volumes generally had relatively reduced cortical thickness3 and density5,11 in frontotemporal and inferior
parietal regions. Others have found similar cross-sectional
patterns of negative associations between whole brain WMH
volume and regional GM volume in the default mode network
(which includes medial temporal lobe structures, the inferior
parietal lobe, and cuneus) using a region of interest analysis.10
Larger WMH volume in small vessel disease patients has also
been associated with reduced structural connectivity in frontotemporal and inferior parietal regions.7
These studies were cross-sectional and so cannot ascertain
a direction of causation or effect. Additionally, the regions of
cortical thinning that were associated with WMH volume did
Received August 17, 2015; final revision received November 11, 2015; accepted November 17, 2015.
From the Brain Research Imaging Centre (D.A.D., E.S., N.A.R., B.S.A., M.V.H., S.M.M., M.E.B., J.M.W.), Neuroimaging Sciences, Centre for Clinical
Brain Sciences (D.A.D., E.S., N.A.R., B.S.A., M.V.H., S.M.M., M.E.B., J.M.W.), Department of Psychology (S.J.R., S.R.C., A.P., J.C., I.J.D.), and Centre
for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology (S.J.R., S.R.C., J.M.S., M.E.B., I.J.D., J.M.W.), Alzheimer Scotland Dementia Research Centre (J.M.S.),
The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK; Scottish Imaging Network, a Platform for Scientific Excellence (SINAPSE) Collaboration (D.A.D., E.S.,
N.A.R., B.S.A., M.V.H., S.M.M., M.E.B., J.M.W.); Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McConnell Brain Imaging Center, Montreal Neurological
Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada (S.K., A.C.E.); and Department of Psychiatry, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill
University, Verdun, QC, Canada (S.K.).
*Drs Deary and Wardlaw contributed equally.
Correspondence to Joanna M. Wardlaw, MD, The University of Edinburgh, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, Chancellor’s Bldg, Little France,
Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom. E-mail [email protected]
© 2015 The Authors. Stroke is published on behalf of the American Heart Association, Inc., by Wolters Kluwer. This is an open access article under the
terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided that the original work is
properly cited.
Stroke is available at http://stroke.ahajournals.org
DOI: 10.1161/STROKEAHA.115.011229
1
2 Stroke February 2016
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not overlie regions with the greatest incidence of WMH,4 for
example, centrifugally around the ventricles and superiorly
towards the cranial vertex. Longitudinal studies are required
to determine whether larger WMH volumes at baseline and
larger increases in WMH volume are associated with subsequent regional cortical thinning. A longitudinal study of the
association between cortical morphology and WMH volume
growth has previously been conducted in Cerebral Autosomal
Dominant Arteriopathy with Subcortical Infarcts and
Leucoencephalopathy (CADASIL) patients.13 This study found
that although lacunar lesions were strongly related to worsening cortical morphology, WMH volume was not strongly
related to worsening cortical morphology in CADASIL.
In the present study, we assessed longitudinal associations
between change in WMH volume and change in cortical thickness to determine if the relationship between WMH and regional
cortical thinning could be causal in community-dwelling subjects from ages 73 to 76.3,11 If the relationship between WMH
and the regions of cortex that were thinned was potentially
causal, then we hypothesized that there would be an association between (1) baseline whole WMH volume and change in
cortical thickness over the next few years; (2) baseline cortical
thickness and change in WMH volume; and (3) change in WMH
volume and change in cortical thickness. To test these hypotheses, we measured progression of WMH volume and cortical
thinning from ≈73 to ≈76 years of age in community-dwelling
subjects from the Lothian Birth Cohort 1936 (LBC1936) study.
Methods
Study Approval and Subject Consent
Approval for the LBC1936 study protocol was obtained from the
Multicentre Research Ethics Committee for Scotland (MREC/01/0/56)
and Lothian Research Ethics Committee (LREC/2003/2/29). All subjects gave written, informed consent.
Subjects
In the present study, we assessed 351 (Nmale=202) community-dwelling subjects from the LBC1936 study14,15 that had full brain MRI measures, clinical and cognitive assessments at imaging baseline (mean
age 72.71±0.72 years), and follow-up (mean age 76.40±0.64 years).
These subjects were not deliberately selected, rather they were simply
those who agreed to participate in brain scanning and had complete
data sets at baseline and follow-up (Figure 1).
We recorded Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE) scores at
baseline and follow-up to screen for possible dementia.14,15 We did not
exclude subjects based on MMSE but included MMSE as an adjustment variable. We recorded the following vascular risk factors (VRF)
during a clinical research facility visit: history of hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, diabetes mellitus, smoking, history of cardiovascular disease, and body mass index. History of cardiovascular
disease includes self-reported incidences of coronary heart disease,
stroke, peripheral arterial disease, and aortic disease. We also took
blood samples and measured blood pressure but did not include these
variables (eg, systolic blood pressure and glycated haemoglobin) in
the present analysis to maximize the number of subjects with complete data sets and to be consistent with previous work.3 Further, we
have previously shown that historical variables, for example, history
of hypertension, have greater associations with WMH than measured
variables, for example, systolic blood pressure.4
Brain MRI Acquisition
Brain MRI acquisition parameters were described in detail previously.16 Briefly, all subjects had brain MRI on the same 1.5 tesla GE
Figure 1. Subject recruitment flow chart. WMH indicates white
matter hyperintensity.
Signa Horizon HDx clinical scanner (General Electric, Milwaukee,
WI), maintained on a careful quality assurance programme, at baseline and follow-up. The scanning protocol was the same at baseline
and follow-up and acquired T1-, T2-, T2*-, and fluid-attenuated inversion recovery–weighted images.16
WMH Volume and Cortical Thickness
Measurement
We measured intracranial volume and whole WMH volume in milliliters using a validated multispectral image processing method that
combines T1-, T2-, T2*-, and fluid-attenuated inversion recovery–
weighted MRI sequences for segmentation.17–19
We measured cortical thickness using the fully automated Civet
image processing pipeline developed at the Montreal Neurological
Institute.20,21 Civet measures cortical thickness at 81 924 vertices (the
perpendicular distance between GM and WM surfaces) across the
cortex.20–23 For clarity, we refer to vertex as the perpendicular distance
between GM and WM surfaces, not the cranial vertex.
We manually verified WMH volume masks and cortical thickness
maps as per procedures described previously.17–19,22,23 Specifically, we
followed STRIVE (Standards for Reporting Vascular Changes on
Neuroimaging) guidelines for segmenting WMH, manually removing cortical and subcortical infarcts from WMH masks.19 Finally, the
reliability of cortical thickness20–22 and WMH17–19 measurements were
tested and reported previously.
Statistical Analysis
All statistical analyses were performed in Matrix Laboratory
(MATLAB) R2014a (© 1994–2014 The MathWorks, Inc.). We assessed changes in overall mean cortical thickness (mean thickness
of the whole cortical mantle), whole brain WMH volume, and continuous variables used in adjustment, for example, body mass index,
from 73 years to 76 years using paired t-tests. Log-transforming the
positively skewed WMH distributions had little effect on our results,
and therefore, we maintained their original scale (proportion of intracranial volume) to simplify interpretation. We assessed changes in
binary variables used in adjustment, for example, history of hypertension, using z-tests of proportion.
Cortical vertex-wise regression analyses were performed using the SurfStat MATLAB toolbox (http://www.math.mcgill.ca/
keith/surfstat). We tested 5 vertex-wise regression models where
(1) cortical thickness at 73 years at each vertex was the dependent variable and WMH volume at 73 years was the independent
variable; (2) cortical thickness at 76 years at each vertex was the
dependent variable and WMH volume at 76 years was the independent variable; (3) change in cortical thickness at each vertex
Dickie et al WMH Do Not Predict Cortical Thinning 3
was the dependent variable and WMH volume at 73 years was the
independent variable; (4) cortical thickness at 73 years at each vertex was the dependant variable and change in WMH volume was
the independent variable; and (5) change in cortical thickness at
each vertex was the dependent variable and change in WMH volume was the independent variable. We defined change in WMH and
cortical thickness as individual measurements at 76 years minus
measurements at 73 years.
We used false discovery rate to correct for multiple comparisons
and calculated Q values, that is, false discovery rate–corrected P
values,24 for all vertex-wise regressions thresholded at 0.05. As reported by others,3 all models were controlled for sex, MMSE, age
in days, years of education, body mass index, and VRF. Finally, we
also included childhood (age 11) intelligence quotient as a controlling
variable to test whether any associations between WMH and cortical
thickness were because of the influence of premorbid levels of cognitive ability.
Results
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Baseline Only and Follow-Up Subject Comparisons
There were no significant differences at baseline (73 years)
between subjects who did return for follow-up cortical
thickness measurement and subjects who did not return for
follow-up (at 76 years) in overall mean cortical thickness
(3.11 mm versus 3.10 mm, t=0.75; P=0.46); WMH volume
(0.78% intracranial volume versus 0.84% intracranial volume,
t=−0.78; P=0.43); history of cardiovascular disease (27.3%
versus 26.2%, z=0.29; P=0.39); current smoking (6.5% versus 8.2%, z=−0.76; P=0.22); hypercholesterolemia (40.0%
versus 43.1%, z=−0.71; P=0.24); hypertension (46.5% versus 51.8%, z=−1.2; P=0.11); diabetes mellitus (10.1% versus 11.3%, z=−0.43; P=0.33); body mass index (27.8 versus
27.8, t=−0.21; P=0.84); years of education (10.85 years versus 10.89 years, t=−0.448; P= 0.65); nor age 11 intelligence
quotient (101.9 versus 100.2, t=1.24; P=0.22). However, subjects who did return had higher MMSE scores at baseline than
those who did not return (28.9 versus 28.6, t=2.49; P=0.01).
The remaining results are only for the 351 longitudinal
subjects who had full clinical, cognitive, and brain MRI data
at baseline and follow-up.
Baseline, Follow-Up, and Changes in Cognitive,
VRF, Cortical Thickness, and WMH Measurements
Baseline, follow-up, and changes in cognitive, VRF, cortical
thickness, and WMH measurements are shown in Table 1.
There were significant increases in the proportions of subjects
with hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, and cardiovascular
disease and a decrease in MMSE from baseline (73 years) to
follow-up (76 years). Overall, mean cortical thickness generally decreased (Cohen’s d of change=−0.45) with age, and
WMH volume generally increased (Cohen’s d of change=0.93)
with age (Table 1). The Spearman correlation matrix between
all brain changes and independent variables (Table 2) shows
that cortex thinning was generally more pronounced in older
subjects (ρ=−0.13; P=0.02). All other independent variables
had limited partial effects on WMH and cortical thinning
(beyond the effect of time point; Table 2).
Cross-Sectional and Longitudinal Global
Correlations Between Overall Mean Cortical
Thickness and WMH Volume
Cross-sectional global correlations between overall mean
cortical thickness and WMH volume at 73 years (r=−0.06;
P=0.27) and 76 years (r=−0.08; P=0.12) were not significant.
Pairwise longitudinal global correlations between (1) WMH
volume at 73 years and change in overall mean cortical thickness (r=−0.07; P=0.19); (2) overall mean cortical thickness
at 73 years and change in WMH volume (r=0.01; P= 0.82);
and (3) change in WMH volume and change in overall mean
cortical thickness (r=−0.02; P=0.67) were also not significant.
Cross-Sectional Vertex-Wise Regression Models of
Regional Cortical Thickness and WMH Volume
Cross-sectional vertex-wise regression models of cortical thickness and WMH volume at 76 years are shown in
Figure 2. Cross-sectional data from 73 years are not shown
because the pattern of associations between cortical thickness
and WMH volume was almost identical at 73 and 76 years. All
models are corrected for VRF, MMSE, education level, and
Table 1. Baseline, Follow-Up, and Changes in Cognitive, VRF, Cortical Thickness, and WMH Measurements
N=351
11 Years
73 Years
76 Years
3 Year Change
Childhood IQ
102.21±15.75
…
…
…
Sex (%male)
…
57.39
57.39
…
Education, y
…
10.86±1.18
10.86±1.18
Hypertension (% +ve)
…
46.31%
52.56%
6.25% (z=1.66, P=0.049)*
Hypercholesterolemia (% +ve)
…
39.20%
46.02%
6.82% (z=1.83, P=0.034)*
History of CVD (% +ve)
…
26.14%
32.67%
6.53% (z=1.90, P=0.029)*
Smoking (% current)
…
6.53%
5.97%
−0.85% (z=−0.31, P=0.378)
Diabetes (% +ve)
…
9.09%
12.22%
BMI
…
27.57±4.25
27.56±4.46
−0.02±1.49 (t=−0.24, P=0.812)
MMSE
…
28.97±1.26
28.72±1.46
−0.25±1.48 (t=−3.01, P=0.003)*
Mean overall cortical thickness, mm
…
3.17±0.15
3.12±0.15
−0.05±0.11 (t=−8.18, P<0.001)*
WMH volume (% of ICV)
…
0.76±0.71
1.02±0.91
0.26±0.28 (t=17.50, P<0.001)*
…
3.13% (z=1.34, P=0.090)
BMI indicates body mass index; CVD, cardiovascular disease; ICV, intracranial volume; IQ, intelligence quotient; MMSE, Mini Mental State Examination;
and WMH, white matter hyperintensity.
*P<0.05.
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sex. Inclusion of age 11 intelligence quotient as a controlling
variable made little difference to the cortical t-maps (data not
shown).
Warm colors in Figure 2 show regions where greater
WMH volume was associated with reduced cortical thickness.
The significance of cross-sectional associations is shown on
the left panel of Figure 3. There were consistent patterns of
negative cross-sectional associations at 73 and 76 years within
and surrounding the Sylvian fissure extending superiorly to
the parietal lobe, posteriorly to the occipital lobe, and anteriorly to the frontal lobe. Therefore, having greater WMH
volume was cross-sectionally associated with reduced cortical
thickness in specific regions only, that is, within and surrounding the Sylvian fissure. Associations between greater WMH
volume and greater cortical thickness in superior regions (cold
colors in Figure 2) were all nonsignificant.
A scatter plot of the peak cross-sectional association in the
Sylvian fissure and surrounding area at 76 years (ρ=−0.276;
Q=0.004) is shown in Figure 3.
Longitudinal Vertex-Wise Regression Models of
Regional Cortical Thickness and WMH Volume
Longitudinal vertex-wise associations between (1) baseline WMH volume and change in cortical thickness (gC-wB
in Figure 2); (2) baseline cortical thickness and change in
WMH volume (wC-gB in Figure 2); and (3) change in WMH
volume and change in cortical thickness (C-C in Figure 2)
were all nonsignificant across the cortex (Q>0.05; Figure 3).
Therefore, having a larger WMH volume at 73 years (or larger
change in WMH volume between 73 and 76 years) did not
predict greater cortical thinning between 73 and 76 years at
any part of the cortex. Neither did a thinner cortex at 73 years
predict greater WMH growth between 73 and 76 years.
The longitudinal association between WMH change and
overall mean cortical thickness change was descriptively
much stronger in subjects with MMSE≤26 (r=−0.220; P=0.41
versus r=−0.003; P=0.96) but this was not statistically significant potentially because of the small number of subjects with
MMSE≤26 (N=16).
Discussion
We have replicated cross-sectional associations between
greater WMH volume and regional cortical thinning around
the Sylvian fissure3,5,9–12; however, we found no longitudinal
associations between (1) baseline WMH volume and change
in cortical thickness; (2) baseline cortical thickness and change
in WMH volume; or (3) change in WMH volume and change
in cortical thickness at any part of the cortex in communitydwelling subjects from 73 to 76 years. The cross-sectional
associations found here between greater WMH volume and
Table 2. Spearman Correlation Matrix of Overall Mean Cortical Thickness and WMH Changes and Independent Variables
rho (PValue)
Cort chng WMH chg
BMI
Sex
CVD
DIAB
HCHL
HBP
SMOK
EDU
IQ11
MMSE
Age
Cort chng
WMH chg
0.029
(0.595)
BMI
−0.056
(0.306)
−0.043
(0.441)
Sex
0.058
(0.292)
0.038
(0.486)
−0.002
(0.964)
CVD
0.017
(0.753)
−0.050
(0.370)
0.088
(0.109)
−0.148
(0.007)*
DIAB
0.058
(0.295)
0.025
(0.652)
0.149
(0.007)*
−0.078
(0.159)
0.098
(0.076)
HCHL
0.050
(0.361)
0.055
(0.317)
0.106
(0.054)
0.003
(0.956)
0.179
(0.001)*
0.220
(<0.001)*
HBP
0.052
(0.350)
−0.010
(0.855)
0.195
(<0.001)*
−0.018
(0.747)
0.216
(<0.001)*
0.150
(0.006)*
0.283
(<0.001)*
SMOK
0.025
(0.648)
0.003
(0.962)
0.045
(0.417)
−0.084
(0.126)
0.115
(0.038)*
0.068
(0.218)
0.068
(0.218)
0.024
(0.658)
EDU
−0.051
(0.355)
0.074
(0.183)
−0.171
(0.002)*
0.039
(0.482)
−0.019
(0.728)
−0.084
(0.126)
0.011
(0.846)
−0.020
(0.717)
−0.086
(0.119)
IQ11
0.060
(0.273)
−0.029
(0.604)
−0.142
(0.010)*
0.073
(0.185)
−0.006
(0.913)
−0.072
(0.191)
0.019
(0.736)
−0.017
(0.756)
−0.121
(0.028)*
0.528
(<0.001)*
MMSE
0.035
(0.529)
0.012
(0.835)
−0.064
(0.250)
0.104
(0.059)
−0.043
(0.432)
−0.061
(0.271)
−0.035
(0.521)
−0.048
(0.386)
−0.107
(0.052)
0.234
0.378
(<0.001)* (<0.001)*
Age
−0.128
(0.020)*
0.039
(0.483)
−0.004
(0.941)
0.086
(0.119)
−0.015
(0.783)
0.022
(0.692)
0.011
(0.849)
−0.003
(0.951)
−0.048
(0.387)
−0.009
(0.864)
−0.014
(0.802)
−0.077
(0.164)
BMI indicates body mass index; Cort chng, change in overall mean cortical thickness from 73 to 76 years; CVD, cardiovascular disease; DIAB, diabetes mellitus; EDU,
education; HCHL, high cholesterol; HBP, high blood pressure; IQ11, intelligence quotient at age 11 years; MMSE, Mini Mental State Examination; SMOK, smoking; and
WMH, white matter hyperintensity.
*P<0.05.
Dickie et al WMH Do Not Predict Cortical Thinning 5
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Figure 2. Cross-sectional (76y panel) and longitudinal (C-C, gC-wB, and wC-gB panels) t-maps of vertex-wise associations between
cortical thickness and whole white matter hyperintensity (WMH) volume. Warm colors show where greater WMH volume is associated
with reduced cortical thickness. The significance of these associations is shown in Figure 3. C-C indicates cortical thickness change and
WMH volume change from 73 to 76 years; gC-wB, cortical thickness change and WMH volume at 73 years; wC-gB, WMH volume change
and cortical thickness at 73 years.
reduced cortical thickness in the region of the Sylvian fissure
are consistent with previous GM volume,10 voxel-based morphometry,5,11 and cortical thickness3 studies. As with previous
studies, the regions of cortical thinning–WMH associations
that we found are not consistent with the most frequent WMH
locations and areas of expansion,4 for example, centrifugally
around the ventricles and superiorly towards the cranial vertex.
Our results suggest that WMH volume and cortical atrophy both worsen with age and that their individual differences
share some causes—thus the cross-sectional associations.
However, their changes from 73 to 76 years do not appear to
be associated, and such correlated change would have been
one indicator of a possible causal association. This conclusion is consistent with a longitudinal study in CADASIL
patients that, although finding strong associations between
lacunar lesions and cortical morphological changes, found a
limited association between cortical morphological changes
and WMH volume.13,25
Strengths of our study include the ability to test longitudinal and cross-sectional associations between WMH volume
and regional cortical thickness in a large sample of community-dwelling subjects. Other strengths include the agehomogeneous subjects with childhood intelligence quotient
assessments and who are now in the eighth decade of life where
the risk of dementia increases substantially.26 As well as the
narrow age range, other novel features of the LBC1936 study
(eg, all subjects are white Caucasian) may have minimized
any potentially strong confounding effects that factors such
as age, mixed ethnicity, and geography might have had in a
less homogeneous sample. We measured WMH volume and
cortical thickness using well-validated quantitative techniques
that we manually checked and quality controlled post-pipeline
for each subject at both time points.17,20,22 The raw brain MRI
from which we measured WMH volume and cortical thickness were obtained using the same protocol on the same carefully maintained scanner at both time points.16
Despite these strengths and our replication of previous
cross-sectional findings,3,5,10,11 our study has limitations. The
follow-up time of 3 years is a major limitation because it
may not have been long enough to detect correlated changes
between WMH and cortical thinning. We chose 3-year follow-up (rather than a longer time) to maximize subject retention and to be consistent with previous studies, for example,
Austrian Stroke Prevention Study.1,27 Further, we have
previously detected cross-sectional differences in WMH
because of age within the narrow age band (<3 years) in the
LBC1936 study.28 We are studying these subjects again at 6
years follow-up, and this may provide better evidence for
any potentially causal relationships not identified here. We
will attempt to ascertain the reasons for subjects lost to follow-up and will use full information maximum likelihood
analyses, checked against analyses of completers, to minimize the effect of loss to follow-up. We defined change as
individual measurements at 76 years minus measurements
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Figure 3. Significance of cross-sectional (X-S) and longitudinal (L) vertex-wise associations between cortical thickness and white matter hyperintensity (WMH) volume. There were consistent patterns of negative cross-sectional associations at 73 (data not shown) and 76
years within and surrounding the Sylvian fissure extending superiorly to the parietal lobe, posteriorly to the occipital lobe, and anteriorly to
the frontal lobe (left). The clear grey Q-map (right) shows that no longitudinal associations between cortical thickness and WMH volume
were significant.
at 73 years. We are aware that there are other ways of
assessing change, for example, those often applied to cognitive variable change.29 However, the approach we used
here is often applied to measure changes in brain morphology.30 Although the homogeneous nature of the LBC1936
cohort may provide increased power from having less need
to control for confounding variables, for example, age and
ethnicity, it limits the generalizability of our results. The
longitudinal subjects we assessed here generally had higher
MMSE than subjects who did not return for follow-up, and
this may also limit the generalizability of our results, for
example, longitudinal associations between WMH, and cortical thinning may be stronger in subjects with lower cognitive scores. We could not adequately test this here because of
the small number of subjects with MMSE≤26 (N=16), and
future work is required to determine whether associations
are stronger in cognitively impaired subjects. Although the
locations of cross-sectional associations that we (and others3,5,9–12) found between WMH and cortical thinning do not
directly reflect common areas for WMH expansion, areas
of associations were proximate to the tapetum of the corpus callosum fiber tracts which extend inferiorly and anteriorly into the temporal lobes.31 Further work is required to
determine whether the locations of cross-sectional WMH
and cortical thinning associations are because of an indirect connection through the perisylvian cortex and tapetum
of the corpus callosum. Finally, it is difficult to prove or
disprove a causal relationship between WMH and cortical
thinning in observational studies. However, we adjusted for
a number of variables known to influence WMH and cortical
thinning, and although correlation is not necessarily causation, correlation is fundamental to causation.32,33 Therefore,
the lack of longitudinal correlations implies the lack of a
causal relationship from 73 to 76 years.
Notwithstanding these limitations, we have shown that
although they both worsen with age, WMH volume progression and regional cortical thinning do not seem to have a correlative/causal longitudinal relationship from 73 to 76 years.
Further longitudinal studies with longer follow-up times and
with more time points at different ages are required to determine whether causal relationships become apparent over
longer periods of time and/or at different stages of life. The
underlying cause(s) of WMH growth and cortical thinning
have yet to be fully determined.
Acknowledgments
We thank the funders, participants, research centers, clinical, and administrative staff who contributed to the LBC1936 study (detailed
fully at http://www.lothianbirthcohort.ed.ac.uk/).
Sources of Funding
This work was funded by a Scottish Funding Council Early Career
Researcher grant to the Scottish Imaging Network—A Platform for
Scientific Excellence (http://www.sinapse.ac.uk; DAD); Research
into Ageing program grant (Drs Deary and Starr) and the Age UKfunded Disconnected Mind project (Drs Deary, Starr, and Wardlaw),
with additional funding from the UK Medical Research Council (Drs
Deary, Starr, and Wardlaw, and M.E. Bastin); and Scottish Funding
Council through the Scottish Imaging Network—A Platform for
Scientific Excellence (Dr Wardlaw).
Dickie et al WMH Do Not Predict Cortical Thinning 7
Disclosures
Dr Wardlaw reports money (grants) paid to The University of
Edinburgh from Medical Research Council, Age UK, Row Fogo
Charitable Trust, and Scottish Funding Council for her efforts on
the LBC1936 study and various imaging projects. Dr Deary reports
money (grants) paid to The University of Edinburgh from Medical
Research Council and Age UK for his efforts on the LBC1936
study. Dr Deary reports money paid to him for board membership
on Medical Research Council. All other authors have no disclosures.
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Progression of White Matter Disease and Cortical Thinning Are Not Related in Older
Community-Dwelling Subjects
David Alexander Dickie, Sherif Karama, Stuart J. Ritchie, Simon R. Cox, Eleni Sakka, Natalie
A. Royle, Benjamin S. Aribisala, Maria Valdés Hernández, Susana Muñoz Maniega, Alison
Pattie, Janie Corley, John M. Starr, Mark E. Bastin, Alan C. Evans, Ian J. Deary and Joanna M.
Wardlaw
Stroke. published online December 22, 2015;
Stroke is published by the American Heart Association, 7272 Greenville Avenue, Dallas, TX 75231
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2
Stroke 日本語版 Vol. 11, No. 1
Full Article
地域在住の高齢者において白質病変の進行と皮質の菲薄化
は関連しない
Progression of White Matter Disease and Cortical Thinning Are Not Related in Older
Community-Dwelling Subjects
David Alexander Dickie, PhD1,2,6; Sherif Karama, MD, PhD7,8; Stuart J. Ritchie, PhD3,4;
Simon R. Cox, PhD3,4; Eleni Sakka, MSc1,2,6; Natalie A. Royle, PhD1,2,6; Benjamin S. Aribisala, PhD1,2,6;
Maria Valdés Hernández, PhD1,2,6; Susana Muñoz Maniega, PhD1,2,6; Alison Pattie, BSc3;
Janie Corley, MA3; John M. Starr, MD4,5; Mark E. Bastin, DPhil1,2,4,6; Alan C. Evans, PhD7;
Ian J. Deary, PhD3,4; Joanna M. Wardlaw, MD1,2,4,6
1
Brain Research Imaging Centre, 2Neuroimaging Sciences, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, 3Department of Psychology, and 4Centre
for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, 5Alzheimer Scotland Dementia Research Centre, 6The University of Edinburgh,
Edinburgh, UK; Scottish Imaging Network, a Platform for Scientific Excellence (SINAPSE) Collaboration; 7Department of Neurology
and Neurosurgery, McConnell Brain Imaging Center, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada; and
8
Department of Psychiatry, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Verdun, QC, Canada
背景および目的:脳全体の白質高信号病変( WMH )の容
積と局所皮質厚との間の横断的および縦断的関連を評価
した。
方法:Lothian Birth Cohort 1936 研究の地域在住の被験
者 351 例において,約 73 歳および約 76 歳の時点で WMH
容積と局所皮質厚を MRI により測定した。局所皮質厚と
WMH 容積の横断的および縦断的関連について,年齢,性
別,ミニメンタルステート検査,学歴,11 歳時の知能指数,
心血管危険因子で調整した重線形回帰分析により評価し
た。
結果:73 歳時および 76 歳時において,WMH 容積とシル
ビウス裂の内部および周辺部の皮質厚との間に横断的関
連が認められた( rho =− 0.276,Q = 0.004 )。しかし,
(1)
ベースラインの WMH 容積と皮質厚の変化,( 2 )ベース
ラインの皮質厚と WMH 容積の変化,( 3 )WMH 容積の
変化と皮質厚の変化,との間に有意な縦断的関連は認め
られなかった。
結論: 本研究の結果,WMH 容積と皮質の菲薄化はとも
に加齢により悪化し,シルビウス裂の内部および周辺部
で横断的関連がみられることが明らかになった。しかし,
これらの比較的健康な高齢被験者において,73 歳時から
76 歳時の WMH 容積の変化と皮質の菲薄化との間に縦断
的関連はみられなかった。WMH の拡大と皮質の菲薄化の
根本的原因は,まだ完全には解明されていない。
Stroke . 2016; 47: 410-416. DOI: 10.1161/STROKEAHA.115.011229.
地域在住の高齢者では,MRI により,脳白質高信号
病変( WMH )の拡大と皮質の菲薄化を認めることが多
い
1-5
。このような所見の発現には顕著な個人差があるが,
頭葉構造,頭頂葉下部,楔部を含む )との間に,同様の
横断的な負の関連パターンが認められている 10。また,
小血管病の患者では,WMH 容積の増加が前頭側頭葉お
WMH 容積の増加や皮質厚の減少が非常に高度にみられ
よび頭頂葉下部領域の構造的な連絡性の低下に関連す
る人は,脳卒中,認知症,認知機能障害および身体機能
る 7。
6-8
。こうした状況に効果的に介入す
ただし,これらの研究は横断的であり,原因または結
るためには,WMH の拡大と皮質の菲薄化に関する機序
果の方向性を確認することはできない。また,WMH 容
と,両者がお互いの原因となっているか否かを理解する
積との関連が認められた皮質の菲薄化領域は,WMH が
ことが非常に重要である。
最も多く発生する領域( 例えば,脳室から遠心状に広が
障害のリスクが高い
全脳の WMH 容積の拡大と,
灰白質
(GM)の容積,
密度,
る領域,頭頂へと向かう上方の領域など )とは重なって
厚さの減少との間に関連があることは,横断的研究で明
いなかった 4。ベースラインで大きな WMH 容積および
らかにされている 3,5,9-12。WMH 容積が大きい人は,一般
WMH 容積の顕著な拡大が,その後の局所的な皮質の菲
的に,前頭側頭葉および頭頂葉下部領域における皮質の
薄化に関連するか否かを明らかにするには,縦断的研究
厚さ 3 および密度 5,11 が比較的減少している。その他の
が必要である。以前には,皮質下梗塞および白質脳症を
関心領域解析による研究でも,デフォルトモードネット
伴う常染色体優性遺伝性脳動脈症( CADASIL)患者を対
ワークにおいて全脳 WMH 容積と局所 GM 容積( 内側側
象に,皮質の形態と WMH 容積の増加との関連性を検討
PDLQLQGG
30
3
地域在住の高齢者において白質病変の進行と皮質の菲薄化は関連しない
する縦断的研究が実施された 13。その結果,CADASIL
において,ラクナ病変は皮質の形態学的悪化に強く関連
N=1091 (男性のN=548)
初期登録数
していたが,WMH 容積と皮質の形態学的悪化との間に
強い関連はみられなかった。
本研究では,WMH と局所皮質の菲薄化との因果関係
を明らかにするため,地域住民を対象に,WMH 容積の
変化と皮質厚の変化との関連を 73 歳から 76 歳において
N=569 (男性のN=312)
ベースラインで皮質厚,
WMH,臨床評価,
認知機能評価を完了
縦断的に評価した 3,11。WMH と菲薄化した皮質領域との
間に因果関係があるとすれば,( 1 )ベースラインの全脳
WMH 容積と数年後の皮質厚の変化,( 2 )ベースライン
の皮質厚と WMH 容積の変化,(3)WMH 容積の変化と
皮質厚の変化,との間に関連が検出されると仮定した。
N=351 (男性のN=202)
ベースラインおよび
追跡調査で皮質厚,
WMH,臨床評価,
認知機能評価を完了
N=351 (男性のN=202)
本研究で解析
上記の仮説を検証するため,Lothian Birth Cohort 1936
( LBC1936 )研究の地域在住の被験者において,約 73 歳
図1
被験者登録のフローチャート。WMH:白質高信号病変。
から約 76 歳の時点において WMH 容積と皮質の菲薄化
の経過を評価した。
去の研究との一貫性を保つため 3,これらの変数( 収縮
期血圧,糖化ヘモグロビンなど )は解析に含めなかった。
方 法
高血圧などの既往歴の変数が,収縮期血圧などの測定値
研究の承認および被験者の同意
LBC1936 研究のプロトコルは,Multicentre Research
の変数よりも WMH と強く関連することは既報の通りで
ある 4。
Ethics Committee for Scotland
( MREC/01/0/56 )および
Lothian Research Ethics Committee
( LREC/2003/2/29 )
の承認を受けた。すべての被験者から書面でインフォー
脳 MRI 画像
脳 MRI の 撮 像 パ ラ メ ー タ ー に つ い て は 以 前 に 詳 し
く報告した 16。簡単に述べると,厳密な品質保証プロ
ムド・コンセントを得た。
グラムで管理されている 1.5 テスラの同一の GE Signa
被験者
Horizon HDx 臨 床 画 像 診 断 装 置( General Electric,
LBC1936 研究 14,15 の地域在住の被験者 351 例( 男性
Milwaukee,WI )を用い,ベースラインと追跡調査の
の N = 202)を評価した。この研究では,
全脳 MRI 検査,
時点においてすべての被験者で脳 MRI 検査を実施し
臨床評価,認知機能評価がベースラインの画像検査の時
た。ベースラインと追跡調査の撮像プロトコルは同じで
点(平均年齢:72.71 ± 0.72 歳)
および追跡調査の時点
(平
あ り,T1,T2,T2* 強 調 画 像 お よ び FLAIR 画 像 を 得
均年齢:76.40 ± 0.64 歳 )で実施された。これらの被験
た 16。
者は意図的に選択されておらず,単純に,脳画像の撮像
に同意し,ベースラインおよび追跡調査時点における完
全なデータセットが揃っていた被験者である( 図 1 )
。
WMH 容積と皮質厚の測定
MRI の T1,T2,T2* 強調画像および FLAIR 画像を
認知症の可能性をスクリーニングするため,ベース
結合してセグメント化する,検証済みのマルチスペクト
ラインと追跡調査の時点でミニメンタルステート検査
ル画像処理方法により,頭蓋内容積および全脳 WMH 容
( MMSE )のスコアを記録した
14,15
。MMSE に基づく被
積を mL 単位で測定した 17-19。
験者の除外は行わず,MMSE は補正のための変数とし
皮質の厚さは,Montreal Neurological Institute で開発
て取り入れた。臨床研究施設への来院時,心血管危険因
された完全自動 Civet 画像処理パイプラインにより測定
子( VRF )として,高血圧の既往,高コレステロール血症,
した 20,21。Civet は,皮質全体で 81,924 ヵ所の頂点( GM
糖尿病,喫煙状況,心血管疾患の既往,肥満指数( BMI )
と WM の表面の垂直距離 )において,その厚みを測定す
を記録した。心血管疾患の既往には,自己申告による冠
る 20-23。我々は明確性を期して,この頂点を頭頂(cranial
動脈疾患,脳卒中,末梢動脈疾患,大動脈疾患も含まれ
vertex )ではなく,GM と WM 表面の垂直距離と呼んで
る。血液検体の採取と血圧測定も実施したが,完全なデー
いる。
タセットが揃った被験者数をできるだけ増やし,かつ過
PDLQLQGG
過去に報告された方法に従い,手作業により WMH
30
4
Stroke 日本語版 Vol. 11, No. 1
容積マスクと皮質厚マップを検証した 17-19,22,23。具体
頂点における皮質の厚さの変化=従属変数,WMH 容積
的 に は,STRIVE( Standards for Reporting Vascular
の変化=独立変数,とするモデルである。「 76 歳時の各
Changes on Neuroimaging )ガイドラインに従い,WMH
測定値 」−「 73 歳時の各測定値 」を,WMH および皮質
をセグメント化し,WMH マスクから皮質および皮質下
厚の変化量と定義した。
19
梗塞を手作業で除去した 。さらに,皮質厚
WMH
17-19
20-22
多重比較の補正には偽の発見率を用い,Q 値,すなわ
および
ち偽の発見率で補正した P 値を算出し,すべての頂点に
の測定値の信頼性を検証したが,その結果に
関する回帰分析で閾値を 0.05 とした 24。他の研究者ら
ついては以前に報告している。
の報告に従い 3,すべてのモデルにおいて性別,MMSE,
日齢,学歴( 教育年数 )
,BMI,VRF で調整した。さら
統計解析
統 計 解 析 は す べ て Matrix Laboratory( MATLAB )
に,小児期( 11 歳時 )の知能指数を調整変数として加え,
R2014a
( ©1994‒2014 The MathWorks,Inc )で実施した。
WMH と皮質厚との関連が,発症前の認知機能レベルの
73 歳から 76 歳における全体の平均皮質厚( 全皮質外套
影響によるものか否かを検証した。
の平均厚),
全脳 WMH 容積,
補正に用いた連続変数
( BMI
など )の変化は,対応のある t 検定で評価した。正の歪
結 果
みがみられた WMH 分布の対数変換により,結果への
影響はほとんどみられなかったため,解釈を簡略化する
ベースラインのみ来院した被験者群と追跡調査
にも来院した被験者群との比較
ために最初の尺度(頭蓋内容積の比率)のまま検討した。
高血圧の既往など,補正に用いた二値変数の変化は,比
皮質厚測定の追跡調査( 76 歳時 )のために再来院し
率の z 検定を評価した。
た被験者と再来院しなかった被験者とを比較したとこ
皮 質 を 頂 点 と す る 回 帰 分 析 は SurfStat MATLAB
ろ,ベースラインの時点( 73 歳 )において,全体の平均
ツールボックスで実施した( http://www.math.mcgill.ca/
,
皮 質 厚( 3.11 mm vs. 3.10 mm,t = 0.75,P = 0.46 )
keith/surfstat )
。皮質を頂点とする回帰モデルとして次
WMH 容積( 頭蓋内容積の 0.78% vs. 0.84%,t =− 0.78,
の 5 つを検証した。すなわち,( 1 )各頂点における 73
P = 0.43 ),心血管疾患の既往( 27.3% vs. 26.2%,z =
歳時の皮質の厚さ=従属変数,73 歳時の WMH 容積=
P = 0.39 ),現在の喫煙( 6.5% vs. 8.2%,
z =− 0.76,
0.29,
独立変数,( 2 )各頂点における 76 歳時の皮質の厚さ=
P = 0.22 ),高コレステロール血症( 40.0% vs. 43.1%,
従属変数,76 歳時の WMH 容積=独立変数,
( 3)各頂点
z = − 0.71,P = 0.24 ), 高 血 圧( 46.5 % vs. 51.8 %,
における皮質の厚さの変化=従属変数,73 歳時の WMH
z =− 1.2,P = 0.11 ),糖尿病( 10.1% vs. 11.3%,z =
容積=独立変数,( 4 )各頂点における 73 歳時の皮質の
− 0.43,P = 0.33 )
,BMI( 27.8 vs. 27.8,t = − 0.21,
厚さ=従属変数,WMH 容積の変化=独立変数,( 5 )各
P = 0.84 ), 学 歴( 教 育 年 数,10.85 年 vs. 10.89 年,
表 1 ベースラインおよび追跡調査における認知機能,VRF,皮質厚,WMH のデータとその変化
N = 351
11 歳
小児期 IQ
73 歳
76 歳
3 年間の変化
102.21 ± 15.75
…
…
…
性別(%,男性)
…
57.39
57.39
…
学歴,教育年数
…
10.86 ± 1.18
10.86 ± 1.18
高血圧(%,陽性者)
…
46.31%
52.56%
*
6.25%( z = 1.66, P = 0.049 )
高コレステロール血症(%,陽性者)
…
39.20%
46.02%
*
6.82%( z = 1.83, P = 0.034 )
CVD の既往(%,陽性者)
…
26.14%
32.67%
6.53%( z = 1.90, P = 0.029 )
*
喫煙(%,現喫煙者)
…
6.53%
5.97%
糖尿病(%,陽性者)
…
9.09%
12.22%
…
− 0.85%( z = − 0.31, P = 0.378 )
3.13%( z = 1.34, P = 0.090 )
BMI
…
27.57 ± 4.25
27.56 ± 4.46
− 0.02 ± 1.49( t = − 0.24, P = 0.812)
MMSE
…
28.97 ± 1.26
28.72 ± 1.46
*
− 0.25 ± 1.48( t = − 3.01, P = 0.003)
全体の平均皮質厚,mm
…
3.17 ± 0.15
3.12 ± 0.15
*
− 0.05 ± 0.11( t = − 8.18, P < 0.001)
WMH 容積( ICV に対する%)
…
0.76 ± 0.71
10.2 ± 0.91
*
0.26 ± 0.28( t = 17.50, P < 0.001 )
BMI:肥満指数,CVD:心血管疾患,ICV:頭蓋内容積,IQ:知能指数,MMSE:ミニメンタルステート検査,WMH:白質高信号病変。
*P < 0.05。
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地域在住の高齢者において白質病変の進行と皮質の菲薄化は関連しない
t =− 0.448,P = 0.65 ),11 歳時の知能指数( 101.9 vs.
(表 1)
。全脳の変化と独
化に関する Cohen の d = 0.93 )
t = 1.24,
P = 0.22)に有意差は認められなかった。
100.2,
立変数との関係を示す Spearman 相関マトリックス( 表
しかし,再来院した被験者群のベースラインの MMSE
2 )から,一般に高齢の被験者ほど,皮質の菲薄化がよ
ス コ ア は, 再 来 院 し な か っ た 被 験 者 群 よ り 高 か っ た
り顕著であることが明らかになった( ρ=− 0.13,P =
。
( 28.9 vs. 28.6,t = 2.49,P = 0.01)
0.02 )
。その他の独立変数ではいずれにおいても,WMH
以降の結果は,ベースラインと追跡調査の臨床データ,
認知機能データ,脳 MRI 検査データが揃っている縦断
および皮質菲薄化に対する効果( 時点の効果を超越 )は
限定的で部分的であった( 表 2 )
。
的評価の対象被験者 351 例のみに関するものである。
ベースラインおよび追跡調査における認知機能,
VRF,皮質厚,WMH のデータとその変化量
ベ ー ス ラ イ ン お よ び 追 跡 調 査 に お け る 認 知 機 能,
全体の平均皮質厚と WMH 容積との横断的およ
び縦断的な総合相関性( global correlation)
全体の平均皮質厚と WMH 容積の横断的な総合相関性
( global correlation )は,73 歳時( r =− 0.06,P = 0.27)
VRF,皮質厚,WMH のデータおよびその変化を表 1 に
および 76 歳時( r =− 0.08,P = 0.12 )ともに有意では
示す。高血圧,高コレステロール血症,心血管疾患の
なかった。
( 1 )73 歳時の WMH 容積と全体の平均皮質
ある被験者の比率は有意に増加し,MMSE についても
,( 2 )73 歳時の全体
厚の変化( r =− 0.07,P = 0.19 )
ベースライン( 73 歳時 )から追跡調査( 76 歳時 )までに
の平均皮質厚と WMH 容積の変化( r = 0.01,
P = 0.82),
有意な低下がみられた。全体において,平均皮質厚は
( 3 )WMH 容積の変化と全体の平均皮質厚の変化( r =
一般に加齢とともに減少し( 変化に関する Cohen の d =
− 0.02,P = 0.67 )の対による縦断的な総合相関性に関
− 0.45 )
,WMH 容積は一般に加齢とともに増加した( 変
しても,有意ではなかった。
表 2 全体の平均皮質厚の変化,WMH の変化,独立変数に関する Spearman 相関マトリックス
rho
( P 値)
Cort chng
WMH chg
BMI
性別
CVD
DIAB
HCHL
HBP
SMOK
EDU
IQ11
MMSE
年齢
Cort chng
WMH chg
0.029
(0.595)
BMI
性別
CVD
− 0.056
− 0.043
(0.306)
(0.441)
0.058
0.038
(0.292)
(0.486)
0.017
(0.753)
DIAB
HCHL
HBP
EDU
0.058
0.025
(0.652)
0.050
0.055
(0.361)
(0.317)
0.052
0.003
(0.962)
− 0.051
0.060
年齢
0.074
− 0.148
0.149
− 0.078
* (0.159)
(0.007)
0.106
0.003
(0.054) (0.956)
0.195
− 0.018
0.098
( 0.076 )
0.179
0.045
− 0.084
0.220
* ( < 0.001)
*
( 0.001 )
0.216
0.150
0.115
0.068
(0.417) (0.126)
*
( 0.038 )
( 0.218 )
− 0.171
0.068
0.024
( 0.218 ) ( 0.658 )
− 0.019
− 0.084
( 0.728 )
( 0.126 )
− 0.029
− 0.142
− 0.006
− 0.072
(0.604)
* (0.185)
(0.010)
( 0.913 )
( 0.191 )
( 0.736 ) ( 0.756 )
( 0.028 )* (< 0.001)
*
− 0.064
− 0.107
0.012
(0.835)
0.039
(0.483)
0.039
0.283
( 0.006 )
* (< 0.001)
*
* (0.482)
(0.002)
0.035
*
(0.020)
0.088
*
(0.109) (0.007)
(0.183)
(0.529)
− 0.128
(0.964)
* (0.747) (< 0.001)
*
(0.855) (< 0.001)
0.025
(0.273)
MMSE
− 0.010
(0.648)
(0.355)
IQ11
(0.370)
(0.295)
(0.350)
SMOK
− 0.050
− 0.002
0.073
0.104
0.011
− 0.020
( 0.846 ) ( 0.717 )
0.019
− 0.017
− 0.043
− 0.061
− 0.035
(0.250) (0.059)
( 0.432 )
( 0.271 )
( 0.521 ) ( 0.386 )
− 0.004
− 0.015
0.086
(0.941) (0.119)
( 0.783 )
0.022
( 0.692 )
0.011
− 0.048
− 0.003
( 0.849 ) ( 0.951 )
− 0.086
( 0.119 )
− 0.121
0.528
0.234
0.378
* (< 0.001)
*
( 0.052 ) ( < 0.001)
− 0.048
− 0.009
− 0.014
( 0.387 )
( 0.864)
( 0.802 ) ( 0.164 )
− 0.077
BMI:肥満指数,Cort chng:73 歳から 76 歳における全体の平均皮質厚の変化,CVD:心血管疾患,DIAB:糖尿病,EDU:学歴,HCHL:高コレステロール,HBP:高血圧,
IQ11:11 歳時の知能指数,MMSE:ミニメンタルステート検査,SMOK:喫煙,WMH chng:73 歳から 76 歳における白質高信号病変の変化。
*P < 0.05。
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Stroke 日本語版 Vol. 11, No. 1
76 歳
C-C
‒2
0
2
4
gC-wB
‒2
0
2
4
‒2
0
2
4
wC-gB
‒2
0
2
4
皮質厚と全体の白質高信号病変( WMH )容積との皮質頂点による関連性を示す横断的( 76 歳 )および縦断的( C-C,gC-wB,
wC-gB )t マップ。暖色は,WMH 容積の増加が皮質厚の減少に関連する領域を示す。これらの関連の有意性は図 3 に示す。C-C:
図2
73 歳から 76 歳における皮質厚の変化と WMH 容積の変化,gC-wB:皮質厚の変化と 73 歳時の WMH 容積,wC-gB:WMH 容
積の変化と 73 歳時の皮質厚。
局所の皮質厚および WMH 容積の横断的な皮質
を頂点とする回帰モデル
76 歳時の皮質厚と WMH 容積に関する横断的な皮質
76 歳時のシルビウス裂と周辺部における最大の横断
的関連を表した散布図( ρ=− 0.276,Q = 0.004 )を図
3 に示す。
頂点回帰モデルを図 2 に示す。皮質厚と WMH 容積との
関連性のパターンは 73 歳時と 76 歳時でほぼ同じであっ
たため,73 歳時の横断データは示していない。すべて
局所の皮質厚および WMH 容積の縦断的な皮質
を頂点とする回帰モデル
のモデルにおいて VRF,MMSE,学歴,性別による補
( 1 )ベースラインの WMH 容積と皮質厚の変化( 図 2
正を行った。11 歳時の知能指数を調整変数に追加した
の gC-wB )
,( 2 )ベースラインの皮質厚と WMH 容積の
ほとんどみられなかっ
ことによる皮質の t マップの差は,
変化( 図 2 の wC-gB )
,( 3 )WMH 容積の変化と皮質厚
た( データ非表示)。
の変化( 図 2 の C-C )について,皮質頂点の縦断的関連
図 2 の暖色表示は,WMH 容積の増加に関連して皮質
Q > 0.05)。したがっ
性はすべて有意ではなかった( 図 3,
厚の減少が認められた領域を示す。横断的関連の有意性
て,73 歳時の WMH 容積( または 73 歳時から 76 歳時の
を図 3 の左側に示す。73 歳および 76 歳の時点において,
WMH 容積の変化量 )が大きいことにより,73 歳から 76
シルビウス裂の内部から周辺部で頭頂葉,後頭葉,前頭
歳におけるいずれかの皮質領域の菲薄化が顕著であるこ
葉方向へと広がる負の横断的関連性の一定パターンが認
とは予測されなかった。また,73 歳時の皮質がより薄
められた。したがって,WMH 容積の増加が特定領域,
いことにより,73 歳から 76 歳までにおける WMH の拡
すなわちシルビウス裂の内部および周辺部の皮質厚減少
大は予測されなかった。
と横断的に関連していた。上方領域( 図 2 の寒色 )では,
WMH の変化と全体の平均皮質厚の変化との間の縦断
WMH 容積の増加と皮質厚の増加との関連はすべて有意
的関連は,記述上,MMSE 26 以下の被験者で大幅に顕
ではなかった。
著であったが( r =− 0.220,P = 0.41 vs. r =− 0.003,
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地域在住の高齢者において白質病変の進行と皮質の菲薄化は関連しない
X-S
L
0.05 0.04 0.03 0.02 0.01 0
0.05 0.04 0.03 0.02 0.01 0
Q
Q
L
4
t =4.74
rho=‒0.276
Q=0.004
3.5
3
2.5
皮質厚の変化(mm)
76 歳時の皮質厚(mm)
X-S
7
1
t =3.85
rho=‒0.133
Q=0.465
0.5
0
‒0.5
‒1
‒1.5
2
0.01
0
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
76 歳時のWMH 容積(/ICV)
‒2
‒0.005
0
0.005
0.01 0.015 0.02 0.025
WMH 容積(/ICV)の変化
皮質厚と白質高信号病変( WMH )容積との皮質頂点による横断的( X-S )および縦断的( L )関連の有意性。73 歳(データ非表示)と
図 3 76 歳の時点において,シルビウス裂の内部および周辺部で頭頂葉,後頭葉,前頭葉方向へと広がる負の横断的関連の一定パターンが
認められた( 左 )
。無着色のグレーの Q マップ(右)は,皮質厚と WMH 容積との間に有意な縦断的関連がみられないことを示す。
P = 0.96 ),MMSE 26 以下の被験者が少なかったこと
る原因が関与しており,それが横断的関連をもたらして
が潜在的理由となり( N = 16 )
,統計学的な有意差は認
いることが示唆される。一方,73 歳から 76 歳に生じる
められなかった。
これらの変化には関連がないとみられ,もし,こうした
相関的な変化があるとすれば,因果関係を示す 1 つの指
標として認められたはずである。この結論は CADASIL
考 察
患者の縦断的研究と一致し,この以前の研究では,ラク
本研究では,73 ∼ 76 歳の地域在住の被験者において,
ナ病変と皮質の形態の変化に強い関連を認めながらも,
WMH 容積の増加とシルビウス裂周辺領域の皮質菲薄化
皮質の形態の変化と WMH 容積との間にはわずかな関連
との間に横断的関連が再現された 3,5,9-12。しかし,皮質
しか認められなかった 13,25。
のどの部分においても,( 1 )ベースラインの WMH 容積
本研究の強みは,地域在住の大規模な被験者集団にお
と皮質厚の変化,( 2 )ベースラインの皮質厚と WMH 容
いて,WMH 容積と局所皮質厚との縦断的および横断的
積の変化,(3)WMH 容積の変化と皮質厚の変化につい
関連を検証できたことである。もう 1 つの強みは,小
て,縦断的関連は認められなかった。本研究で認められ
児期に知能指数検査を受けており,本研究時点で認知症
た,WMH 容積の増加とシルビウス裂領域の皮質厚の減
リスクが大きく高まる 70 代に入った同年齢の被験者を
10
少との横断的関連は,以前に行われた GM 容積 ,ボク
セルベースの形態計測
5,11
3
対象としたことである 26。年齢範囲が狭いこと以外に,
,皮質厚 に関する研究の結果
LBC1936 研究の他の目新しい特徴( 全被験者が白人な
と一致する。過去の研究と同様に,本研究で皮質の菲薄
ど )も,潜在的な強い交絡因子を最小限に抑えたと考え
化と WMH との関連が確認された領域は,WMH の多発
られる( 均質性の低い被験者集団では,年齢,民族の混
4
部位およびその拡大範囲 ( 脳室から遠心状に広がる領
合,地理といった因子が影響を及ぼした可能性がある )
。
域や頭頂方向など )とは異なる。
WMH 容積と皮質厚の測定には十分に検証された定量方
本研究の結果から,WMH 容積と皮質萎縮はいずれも
法を使用し,手作業で確認の上,パイプライン処理後に
加齢とともに悪化し,これらの個人差には一部の共通す
両時点および各被験者で品質管理を行った 17,20,22。WMH
PDLQLQGG
30
8
Stroke 日本語版 Vol. 11, No. 1
容積と皮質厚の測定に用いた脳 MRI の元画像は,両時
よるものか否かを評価する必要がある。最後に,WMH
点で同じプロトコルに従い,厳密に管理されている同じ
と皮質の菲薄化との因果関係の有無を,観察研究で証明
画像診断装置で撮像した 16。
するのは困難である。しかし,本研究では,WMH と皮
以上の強みに加え,これまでの横断的研究結果を再現
したとはいえ
3,5,10,11
質の菲薄化に影響することが知られている多くの変数に
,本研究にも限界がある。3 年間の
ついて補正した。また,相関は必ずしも因果関係を意味
追跡調査期間は WMH と皮質の菲薄化との相関的な変
しないが,因果関係の基礎である 32,33。したがって,73
化を検出するのに十分でなかった可能性があり,これ
歳から 76 歳において縦断的関連が認められなかったこ
が大きな限界の 1 つである。被験者をできるだけ維持
とは,因果関係が存在しないことを示唆している。
し,Austrian Stroke Prevention Study などの過去の研
以上の限界はあるものの,両者について加齢による悪
究 1,27 との一致性もできるだけ高めるため,本研究では
化がみられ,一方,73 歳から 76 歳において WMH 容積
追跡調査期間を( より長期ではなく )3 年間とした。ま
の進行と局所皮質の菲薄化に関し,相関性/因果関係を
た,我々は以前に,WMH LBC1936 研究の狭い年齢範
示す縦断的関連はないと考えられた。さらに長い期間や
28
囲により( 3 歳未満 ) ,WMH に横断的な差を検出し
異なるライフステージでの因果関係の有無を明らかにす
ている。現在再びこれらの被験者を対象に 6 年後時点
るためには,追跡調査期間を延ばし,評価時点の年齢を
の追跡調査を実施中であるが,これによって,本研究で
より多く設定した縦断的研究が必要である。WMH の拡
特定されなかった潜在的な因果関係の良好なエビデン
大と皮質の菲薄化の根本原因はまだ完全には解明されて
スが明らかになる可能性がある。今後は,追跡不能例の
いない。
理由を確認の上,完全な情報による最大尤度の解析法を
使用し,試験完了例の解析と照らし合わせることで,追
謝辞
跡不能例の影響を最小限に抑える予定である。本研究で
LBC1936 研 究( 詳 細:http://www.lothianbirthcohort.
は,「 76 歳時の各測定値」−「73 歳時の各測定値 」を「 変
ed.ac.uk/ )にご協力いただいた資金提供者,被験者,研
化 」と定義した。我々は,これ以外にも変化の評価方法
究施設,臨床スタッフおよび運営スタッフに感謝する。
は,認知機能の変数の変化によく使用されるもの
29
を
含め,複数あることを認識している。しかし,本研究で
使用したアプローチは,脳の形態変化の測定にしばし
30
研究費の財源
本 研 究 は Scottish Funding Council Early Career
ば使用されている 。LBC1936 研究のコホートは均質
Researcher か ら Scottish Imaging Network̶A Platform
性が高く,年齢や民族などの交絡変数を調整する必要性
for Scientific Excellence( http: / / www. sinapse. ac. uk,
が低いため,検出力は高いが,本研究結果の一般化でき
DAD )への助成金,Research into Ageing プログラム助
る可能性は制限されている。本研究で縦断的に評価し
成金( Dr Deary および Dr Starr )
,Age UK の支援する
た被験者は全般に,追跡調査のため再来院しなかった
Disconnected Mind プロジェクト( Dr Deary,Dr Starr,
被験者に比べ,MMSE が高かった。例えば,認知機能
Dr Wardlaw )による支援を受けた。また,UK Medical
スコアが低い被験者では,WMH と皮質の菲薄化との間
Research Council( Dr Deary,Dr Starr,Dr Wardlaw,
に,より強い縦断的関連を認める可能性があり,これも
Dr M.E. Bastin)
,Scottish Funding Council から Scottish
本研究結果を一般化できる可能性を低下させていること
Imaging Network̶A Platform for Scientific Excellence
が考えられる。本研究では,MMSE 26 以下の被験者数
への助成金(Dr Wardlaw)による支援を受けた。
( N = 16 )が少なかったため,この点を十分に検証する
ことはできなかった。今後の研究では,認知機能が低
情報開示
下した被験者で関連がより強くなるか否かを確認する
Dr Wardlaw は,LBC1936 研究およびさまざまな画
必要がある。本研究(および他の研究 3,5,9-12 )で WMH と
像研究プロジェクトへの協力に対し,Medical Research
皮質の菲薄化との間に横断的関連が認められた位置は,
Council, Age UK, Row Fogo Charitable Trust,
WMH の拡大がよくみられる領域を直接反映していな
Scottish Funding Council か ら エ ジ ン バ ラ 大 学 へ の 金
いが,関連が示された位置は,側頭葉へと下方および
銭( 助成金 )の支払いがあったことを報告している。Dr
前方に延びる脳梁神経束の壁板( tapetum )に最も近かっ
Deary は,LBC1936 研 究 へ の 協 力 に 対 し,Medical
31
た 。今後の研究により,WMH と皮質の菲薄化との間
Research Council および Age UK からエジンバラ大学へ
に横断的関連が認められた位置について,その理由がシ
の金銭(助成金 )の支払いがあったことを報告している。
ルビウス裂周囲の皮質および脳梁の壁板の間接的連絡に
Dr Deary は,Medical Research Council の委員としての
PDLQLQGG
30
地域在住の高齢者において白質病変の進行と皮質の菲薄化は関連しない
活動に対し,本人への金銭の支払いがあったことを報告
している。その他の著者からの情報開示はない。
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