Comments
Description
Transcript
hit-u.ac.jp のhit-u.ac.jp - HERMES-IR
Title Author(s) ビザンツ継承国家と十字軍国家の貨幣とプロパガンダ (1204∼61年) : 帝国亡命期の政治史より 西村, 道也 Citation Issue Date Type 2007-04 Technical Report Text Version publisher URL http://hdl.handle.net/10086/16025 Right Hitotsubashi University Repository DISCUSSION PAPER SERIES Centre for New European Research 21st Century COE Programme, Hitotsubashi University 026 $' &), * +! # + %"( April 2007 http://cner.law.hit-u.ac.jp Copyright Notice Digital copies of this work may be made and distributed provided no charge is made and no alteration is made to the content. Reproduction in any other format with the exception of a single copy for private study requires the written permission of the author. All enquiries to [email protected] Organ iza tion Name Pro po sa l T itle 1 B5P:»szexÎszÌ~DO@0P9â1204æ61 ã }sYpj%'* S wy w y Ü º y «² g v É ¯ à ÑW # 1204 B5P:}sàÓ3P78P;-?RDM³ 4 rexÎhÞ)1204 &3P78P;-?RDM*àÓ(B5P:}s_Á( 1261 " }sYpo )(Ú}sÞtK;P}s*V (exÎsz¼B5P:»szo )(Yp¼`b))&Ê Yp*Ð3P78P;-?RDMÔ*#X 1 Yp!+1204 \aB5P:}sÌ~]·*I< MÌ~*§ÂI<M)Ì~]·©},N26/7 1 U3H>?7 â1081æ1118 ã%1092/93 Ë|^)$( Ì~]·*?G7FQAJEMCJOPÕÌâ\ÛAJEMCJO PÕ̦ã,7DOPQ=K1J£¡ÕÌ,7DOPQ=K1JdÖÌ;8M;O P×Ìf;8M;OP×Ì 5 °ßâÌ~¹ 4 °ßã3.P( 2 ±ª¨YpB5P:»szexÎsz§Â3.P°ß& DO@0P9Ì~n*½{((B5P:}s3.P !+uk§Â¾(©}Ø©}ÀÍ1L7=QFL,Q¿Zµ * ±±“Propaganda and Denominations of the Byzantine Successor States and the Crusader States (1204-1261): An Essay on the Political History of the Empire in Exile”, Mediterranean World, 18 (2006), pp.197-209.*ÒÆc´QÄ$( 1 [ÈGQ/7=O4M71RB5P:}sjq¥Æ ¬ 2001 545æ609 Ý 2 M. F. Hendy, Coinage and Money in the Byzantine Empire, 1081-1261, Washington D.C., 1969. Idem, Catalogue of the Byzantine Coins in the Dumbarton Oaks Collection and the Whittemore Collection: Vol.4, Alexius I to Michael VIII, 1081-1261, Washington D.C., 1999. C. Morrisson, “Byzantine Money: Its Production and Circulation”, in The Economic History of Byzantium, ed. A. E. Laiou, Washington D.C., 2002, pp.909-966. Ì~]·*3.PSjT l®¢)(±Ï[\ÛiÙy¤Ç )&3.P 12 U¸AJEMCJOPÕÌâæ4.3gÕm æ87áã ä,7DOPQ=K1 J£¡ÕÌâæ4.3gÕm 10æ30áã ä,7DOPQ=K1JdÖÌâæ4.3gÖm 6æ2áã ä;8M;OP×Ìâæ4gã äf;8M;OP×Ìâæ2gãå1:3:48:288 864?:576 1728? Ŷ) Hendy, Catalogue, p.51. Morrisson, “Byzantine Money”, p.924. 1 ²ad(¿{ eÁ\§]'Z¹N@-," ¤z»' +¦KTF1U<¿{³ ƹ$ 3½H7U>zq¿{^[email protected]+£µ ´% zq¯±'+Z}'KTF1U<°%(') )[pH7U>s¿{Âw % lukÊ u¥ª¨Ð5.UÑH7U>¯ qxgtÀqx H7U>zq¸qxÃ#ÒrH7U>s° %(' 4$·Î¿{© «b¾¼ µ* ¶ 1 H 7 U> ¯ q x g tÀ qx £µ 5. U ______ ______ ________ _1224_ 46__ _____ ________ _1205_ 24__ _ 2________ ____ ____ ¶ 1 ________ __ _ _ ______ ______ _ _ ______ ______ _ _ ______ __ _ _ _______ __ ___ _ _ _ _ _ ___ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ H7U>zq¿{^+O@S[pH7U>¯ qxgtÀqx£µ5.U' 5!13 X® ,8KTUVAQ2 P¡ Ç¿È¿&,8KTUVAQ2PfÈ¿É¿12 X® ¢'+'¹') 6¶YC0.,zq/IT8?= 6TC4zqÑ1224Ó46 |Ò H7U>¤Ä'xű+ÏH7U>¯ qx'Q?Uzq?=6TC4qÑ1205Ó24 |Ò gtÀqx'12 X®hH7U>zq %«¬ 2 JS1R,zq9SH, qxo"'#$TWB8 3 H7U>¯ ny«1EQ8x' º 'V. Penna, Byzantine Coinage, Medium of Transaction and Manifestation of Imperial Propaganda, Nicosia, 2002. 4 A. M. Stahl, “Coinage and Money in the Latin Empire of Constantinople”, Dumbarton Oaks Papers, 55 (2001), pp.197-206. A. Laiou, “Use and Circulation of Coins in the Despotate of Epiros”, Dumbarton Oaks Papers, 55 (2001), pp.207-215. 5 Hendy, Catalogue, p.52, Table 3 $&_Q?Uzq5U8;U?-DWKS£µ h?;S?TUÉ¿¶ 1 LU@-cÐ ¢'( 5.U ~0;T3jË("'ibid., p.664 +i 6 OR:U 1204Ó1304 |Ìm5.UÍ`+GPMSIPTUÇ¿ (~4.3g, 75~50% Au) : ,8KTUVAQ2PÈ¿(~4.3g, ~95% Ag) : ,8KTUVAQ2PÉ¿ (~4.3g) :?;S?TUÉ¿(~2.2g) = 1 : (12) : (288) : (576)v'Morrisson, “Byzantine Money”, p.925. 2 × 1 .%3 $x3¥§ ,$©µÁÕ@7e Ê 2 $x%UBeJϤ 0Ê 1 $x%5DYcegM_>^çÞ /·5DYcegM_>^æÞ!! 0 7 0O<75!KIAcO?o$©µ- /$UBeJ$ÞtÌ3<Sh0! 0Ê 3 $x%12 jÍ $k»j¿$éÂm¦¢¹$'!!Ä.10T^ZaV^ceåÞ 83O<7 5!Xa=`5ÀÉp_Ke$ 3 $©µÁÕ! "²Ç %@eDGeK6RhYa3+0©º 0 äØ"}3³ "EaU5!chND$@7e#%£2"9*× 1 #% *1"® "UBeJϤ 0MbUFeN%UBeJ$@7e e3ÁÕá0Û±$©º $$@7e#,²Ç ²Ç %"½Ó$@7 äØ"}3³"$+ %£2"!#0 %l±3åÞÁÕw¸¬±!zè$¬±$)#|0 l±$©º3à/11$¨ãÒÁÕ@7e$Æì3Ë´ 0#iÙ$ 3 $x.l±$ÞÁÕ$¡Ð3ÑÎ(# 1. å Þ Á Õ $w ¸ 1204 ï 1230 ê @eDGeK6RhYaëß!f9QJ65n%W_eNas[hN de3Ã!â{ß$¥Ò ]eW9_hMv[OW4H;%à !â&1"1%~$0n¼Ã#"0!3ß$D\eA h f9QJ65°*"+!10·#ß%UBe Jë3Ó|$#|}[OW4H;%Ã[hNde 1 jí1204ï05 î!ȽÓ#¯3ÕKIAcO?¾!"KIAcO?q$Ø#% Xcdsa7O<75yaO:gNgM`hMW6`I\\`Dy:K6:ePg NgagZaC9W6_LaW65y!.1 10 7 Hendy Catalogue, pp.52-53. u &A. E. Laiou, “Byzantine Trade with Christians and the Muslims and the Crusades”, in The Crusades from the Perspective of Byzantium and the Muslim World, ed. idem, Washington D.C., 2001, pp.157-196. 9 EaU5$@7e#% Hendy, Catalogue, pp.635-638. =S_D$@7e# % ibid., pp.648-650. 10 Ggf6a5aN8de@eDGeHRhYa¯ÙÊ 4 ßrÔª¶Ú ÝÜÅÖ«2003 J. Longnon, L’empire latin de Constantinople et la principauté de Morée, Paris, 1949. A History of the Crusades, vol.2, ed. K. Setton, Madison, 1969. 8 3 R>hH¦ôî+Ì"#ìñ+à "ìR>hHôÃÙ´¬&Ão ÇÝ 2 ÈTd6c-¦%ó¹(1205 § 4 ÂÖ¦X kLgh Ò(ìTd6c-H,k(5f^hõ1197÷1207 §ö -Lc-QkUd½àÆÖ¦XkLgh$N5/-yd/S.bJ dS.-y3I.3hO+!ì Êp NS,F4#Td6c-ì% 1207 §Ë) IG=fN:ÓX bIh¦XkLgh 1 lª-hcjLjSbhLdõ1206÷16 §ö IG=fN:ÓXNS,F4¯ J\Kc1Aõ1207÷24 §ö áµ +·( ì pÅsð#â(«×+ß#) VfYPCA¥-GI.5¿X/4I.-¿79bJAê¥( 11 1205 §8ak[jLj?]hcGK@`SfgjLji.d-dL0-hõ É ÕöVfYPCA¥ux¬&-5/-yô+éä 8ak[ Áy 4KhjLjbjf?_IG=fN:Ó¢ç (-IPôm-GI.5¿X/4I.-¿+à i2PH.-zïèÎ9eD¥+Øíô z 79bJAê¥ÃvqoÇzLk@23hc<jE hLfõ1192÷1205 §öÕZd<j=OkL1207 §i2PH.-ëÀ7 9bJAê¥Ãn'~ð¬M9CAyôõ± ¥Íyôö+é ì ¡R>hH¦ëÀ3 Þ³+¶Ï +® wÖ¦-e9?4A 3 l-h;fAõ1195÷1203 §öåÔ¯I4LfAj bA5cA¤-@-N5/-R>hH +àò1208 §¬ <hADhI.QkUdr*(ãm¾©+N5/-éäÖ¦²|) 1211 §I4LfA 1 lbA5cAõ1205 §÷Ö¦ 1208÷21 §ö{¨Ö¦ t+ÑåÐ-e9?4A 3 l¬+¼»dk[jBd@_k9ÄAdDh( 5/jWAfk1 l+Ú¬åÐ+º&AdDh+}I4 LfA 1 l¤-@-R>hH ¸£æÜ+Û¬ 11 P. Lock, The Franks in the Aegean, 1204-1500, London, 1995. W. Miller, The Latins in the Levant: a history of Frankish Greece (1204-1566), London, 1908. J. Longnon, “The Frankish States in Greece, 1204-1311”, in A History of the Crusades, vol.2, pp.234-275. 4 (p x¤D/*({% 12 hH7Z?¯*60.: 2 _(Z4X:Î1185Ñ95 Ï(W18.: 3 _ %P/-V\5QEF:ÐC+]/:-IX:}(V='`H7Z ?pn'´v%o-IX:¤±$&%¤H7Z?p nS]X>Gf`}P/-V 1 _5QEF:ÐC+]/:Î1204 ÊÑ 15 Ê϶¸bx¡©«ª%Ƽm'¢ 13 ³ 4 zrÁ5Z:=Z@)F]KVsËclH7Z?¯(ZCXD5: 1 _ 5QEF:Î1183Ñ85 Ï %(W18.:2V9(=OV'u BWH<ZC¬²¹À¥µ¯%a %¤ BWH<ZC{% 14bx¡j¡{pn|D/*({ V]Q\;V9R]1 #BWH<ZCwÂkÉ& gpH7Z?¶{T@Z¯(ZU{'#· 1216 '§¦t!N]CYZ 1 _(ZUSTZC I-]V\C\1VBEiT@Z{¶¸ ¯I]VÎ1216 ÏJTZ: $5Z:=Z@)F]KV¾Ã^-IX:¤$ $&¨&T@Z¯dSTZCÎ1216Ñ19 Ï#¶& XM]VÎ1221Ñ28 ÏN]CYZ 2 _Î1228Ñ61 ÏT@Z ¯d¶&T@Z{%°eq » 2 T @ Z { @ >6 X D3 { ÍÅ ® º 5 * Z _____ ________ _1205_ 24__ ________ __ ___ _ ______ ______ _ ______ ______ _ _ _ ______ __ _ _ _______ __ _ _ » 2 T@Z{@>6XD3{ÍÅ®º5*Z% 15 12 r M. Angold, A Byzantine Government in Exile, Oxford, 1975. D. M. Nicol, The Despotate of Epiros, Oxford, 1957. 1267 cÈidem, The Despotate of Epiros, 1267-1479, Cambridge, 1984. 14 W. Miller, Trebizond: The Last Greek Empire, London, 1926. A. Bryer, The Empire of Trebizond and the Pontos, London, 1980. 15 5Z:=Z@)F]KV®º&5*Z Hendy, Catalogue, pp.664-667, pp.673-690. @>6XD3®º&" ibid., pp,668-669, pp.690-694. r Á{®º5*ZÇLZA)T@Z£ÄBT0R½[,E?)( ~BT0R½yÌ'¿%T@Z£ÄBT0R½ ibid., pp.80-88, pp.661-669. [,E?)(~BT0R½ ibid., pp.670-672, pp.694-697. 13 5 Ð:0` ¥&±»¯*+ +)ÔÇ×q$+: 0`µ*[D`i~gÈÏ}:0`,ºÉ¶ µ'p 16 ¹ ¨S`E/(wÐÕÎ|+',Ë%(| [D` .>R_`bF[7ZÖÎ )MZT]OZ_`ÕÎ,º É+*14 eÃP/^`C2i*T;_BD/ ¤u La pratica della mercatura T]T\b[D/cHbGb4c_ perperi latini d’oro ! +ÕÎÍz* 17ÕÎ [D`ºÉ'H50. MZT]OZ_`ÕΦÑÆ)+*18$DB<_H9´ 1224 "*$.>R_`bF[7ZÖÎxD@]D_`ÖÎ,ºÉ+* [D`DB<_H9´ºÉ:0`£± *¯+)wÐ ÔÇ×° N=`CÎlÂ,YE] 'ÄÇ*,¿«»R_L6`Aª:0`,¬¸ ( 3O_>§ V53] 1 e 1215 ©Å*D4G_>b:WJK>Ü G1c5>Ú1215 ØÝ30 Û,ÄD4G_> 1216 [D`¼O3 c],)1224 Á 2 ÓDB<_H9,yÙ 4P\ Gg EXF\4>b:UD/.K>( 1227 ¼o+¢¯ DB<_H9¼D4G_>b:WJK>ÜG1c5>Ú¼ 1227 ØÝ30 Û 3O_> ¡sDB<\.U9GH.f ¡,Ôd 1230 F[7. ¡mÔ,&¼D4G_> Ð 8_:FHBC-0a-` 2 e.?`³*Q]6\.Ð vD4G_>Ù k UI3]b:WJK>ÜG1c5>( Ä+))+D4G_> D4G_> Q]6\.h,j ½,®+'Ì+¾½ DB<_H9,nÒ(tr{ D4G_>UI3]·*V53] 2 e:WJK>ÜG1c5>Ú1236 ØÝ68 ØÛ3O_>²ÀD4G_> 16 #pÊ A. M. Stahl, “Coinage and Money”, pp.197-206. G. Schlumberger, Numismatique de l’Orient latin, Paris, 1878; repr. Graz, 1954, p.274. 17 F. B. Pegolotti, La pratica della mercatura, ed. A. Evans, Cambridge, 1936, pp.288-289. 18 Hendy, Catalogue, p.53, pp.475-477, pp.661-663. 6 19 s 3-1 (;B/fhy$A0jr,&C &CiV gY #cd _t fh, " 20 fh$ /<BCD4@*>{w$/<BCD4@*>|w 2 m~,&C#jr=) (A 2 F 2 m~,&C#jr Iezq$/<BCD4@*>{w 6)&$kZ?97/ 3 F5'E)/=)(A 2 FGOO $/< BCD4@*>|w^Nl?97/ 3 FWS=)(AaUTo #u`31-B6+jr!p! 21 s 3-1 (; B/ f h $ A0 3 1 -B 6 + jr , &C ________ __ ____ 1_ ___________ _1204___ 15___ ______ ___________ _1215___ 30__ _____ ___________ _1230__ 36___ ____ 2_ ___________ _1236___ 68___ __________ 3_ ______ ____ 2_______ ______ 1248__ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ __ _______ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ s 3-2 31 -B 6 +Z P 1242 ] J} XM L P y jr , &C ________ __ ______ ___________ _1225_ 30__ _____ ___________ _1230_ 37__ _____ ___________ _1237_ 44__ _______ ___________ _1244_ 46__ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ __ _______ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ s 3-2 31-B6+ZP1242 ]31-B6+XMLPyjr ,&C 22 31-B6+,C/0C3%8E<AH 12 Fn:.C2 ZP[vx\bbQRK31-B6+ezq$/<BCD4@ 19 20 21 22 Hendy, Catalogue, pp.621-631. Hendy, Catalogue, pp.627-631. Hendy, Catalogue, pp.625-626. pp.630-631. Hendy, Catalogue, pp.543-600. C. Morrisson, “The Emperor”, pp.173-203. 7 7XÅ¿-¬»* 23¯-² $KXS[MX\]Ä¿-Ê 4 ³Ï C4F\=_9THI=ÒF2`5= 91]-¬» k¶-5J`*#C4F\= ¿¬» 91]!}©* ¥ ¢ºiÈ 91] ¬» G51/{ 1246 CA;\G8-tÎ& (*¿¬»!·¦-À o Ç 1230 Í Ó1261 O[6Z/>[L/-y%L<]B{ # ¿ §*,+*C4F\= ¸¹!~ 2 ³Ï 2. Ä ¿ ¬ » L<]B{ |KXS[MX\]Ä¿ o¬» ! 1230 Í+* 24m¾(Ä¿-¬» !w YC]{ÐÁÑG51/{O[6Z/{ O[6Z/{!1204 iÈ £rýp-5\W]! YC]{CA;\G8¨{-±5\W] 1207 CA;\G8 sz Ée¡+iÈO[6Z/! 10 ib ¤fË ¤f!5\ W] ª1^.] 2 d/>]Ð1218Ó41 Ñ*u1^.] 2 d! 1230 CA;\G8¯C4F\=-±*9]=?]C0I`P[-&*£ r´®gn1230 hµ 2 O[6Z/{!°-À 1^.] 2 d O[6Z/!V]:[{ -v Ìq!jc ¼ 4 O [ 6Z / { 4 N ZF Ð C A; \G 8Ñ ? [ I^ 3 ¬ » 91 ] ________ __ ____ 2____ _1218_ 41__ ____________ _1257_ 77__ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ __ _______ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ¼ 4 !O[6Z/{4NZFÐ CA;\G8Ñ?[I^3¬»91] * 25O[6Z/{ Á!1^.] 2 d/>] 23 h!4NZFÐ CA DUEZ4=_9THI=ÒF2`5= ' x+*/=P\]_EY 7XÅ¿!¹ Æ &Q]D0!«*x'*l"R] @`[! /=P\]_EY7XÅ¿-1^.] 2 d/>] ' x*S. Bendall, “A Comment on the Coinage of John Comnenus-Ducas (1237-1244) in the Light of a New Discovery”, Numismatic Circular, 113-5 (2005), pp.312-314. 24 Q]D0!G51/{ 1227 Ä¿-on* Hendy, Catalogue, pp.473-475. a1^.] 2 d! 1230 )* ibid., pp.639-641. 25 Hendy, Catalogue, pp.639-647. O[6Z/ ÁEY7X¿!ibid., pp.67-80, pp.435-443. 8 9\F5í 267]=@]C)]_(>]ì1257ï77 í«j@[H^. £%$*^'] 2 bKVP[MV\]äÛ(=O\]_DY2Vå Û 2 Æé7*]&¿ÕäÛä¼ 18 0YAD$ 27äÛ ä¼7TGH=¯(]6\=¯ÁäÛ¾Àä¼ 20 1/2 0YA Dì=85.42%í"UZ?]É x² 1204 kzÙ° 83.23%ì=20 0 YADí 28!# n½$*^'] 2 bäÛ´ *^'] 2 b¨äÛ&pØ¿ÕÑ"%$i* ^'] 2 b7]=@]C)]_(>]v(=O\]_DY2VåÛ&¿Õ$ %g°Û¿ÕÈ 1 taÓ$ F0*( C/E\= 1 bY=0Z= 1221 ¸Ð¾ XIG =_E+`0=_^'@B,= &ΩÁXIG= 3 bì1221ï54 í1225 Q*RGH]YC] &Ä#(<("YC]|{&ëÞF0*( X`\AJrq¥yCA9\F5ÁC/E\=!æ·% C/E\=¹ÔͳF0*( 1230 jX`\AJrq¥13 b Ëfl$U]8[ !$×W`Y;(q¥ç ¶ N[1Z( [`T_>[<V`3¯ U]8[®o} $1246 F0*( CA9\F5&èC/E\=_7TGH=îE+ `0=aª&ݦ-M\=¤áÒS0-[ 2 b XIG= 3 b dµ&ÚF0*( 1240 j~L:]B§¬|{ XIG= 3 b 1254 ¸ C/E\= 2 bY=0Z=ì1254ï58 í F0*(Á ºbÂ&Î XIG= 4 bY =0Z=ì1258ï61 íF0*(ܪÈahÒS0-[_JY*/\8=su S0-[vÁS0-[ 8 bJY*/\8=ì1258ï82 í#Á m&Ê»ec F0*( |{&"¢ Ö 5-1 F0*( êàw Ï%R4G;(¿Õ7*]$ 29 1210 1211 ï12 F0*( ß¡êà"R4G;(Å 26 Morrisson, “The Emperor”, p.188. Hendy, Catalogue, p.641. ±Ç$0YADÃâãmÌä& 24 0YAD$äÌm$ 28 C. Morrisson, C. Brenot, J-P. Callu, J-N. Barrandon, J. Poirier, R. Halleux, L’or monnayé I: purification et altérations de Rome à Byzance, Paris, 1985. 29 Hendy, Catalogue, pp.447-540. 27 9 #" 307*9O2 1 S%2BOPQ8K,I%2BOPQ8K ,I{ J=;2 3 SX:+'%|h4 .'P${ 3 .'Pq}s7*9O2Q.F;<29(R+2a :+'% 4 ~.'P^74M7OP?ICMAIOP :+'%n { .'PUov!ze" d w${ ]# im"i{ xl" 5-1 :+ '% h c D- ; 1% { .' P ________ __ _____ 1______ _1205_ 21__ ____ 3______ _1221_ 54__ _____ 2______ _1254_ 58__ ____ 8________ _1258_ 61__ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ __ _______ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 5-2 :+ '% h c [ @ 0P 6 hc br y ______ ____ ______ ____ 3______ _1221_ 54__ _____ 2______ _1254_ 58__ ____ 8________ _1258_ 82__ 16 ______ ____ ______ __ perperi ingiallati perperi latini perperi comunali perperi buoni perperi d’un’ altra ragione perperi d’un’ altra ragione _ 15 18 16 1/2 16 3/4 +16 2/3 -16 2/3 -16 2/3 Morrisson et al. "Proton" ________ ___ ______ _ perperi paglialoccati 15 1/2 70.2 16.85 71.4 17.1 65.1 15.6 5-2 :+'%hc[@0P6hc{ ?ICMAIOP bry" 31# bry@0P6jWYg>,IGN2Z TC/O57&_#">,IGN2bry$ J=;2 3 SX 16 +K58E+)M 8 SpW 15 +K58"_ "C/O57&"J=;2 3 S?ICMAIOP-16 2/3 +K58 18 +K58E+)M 8 S 15 1/2 +K58" k _W`f"\tuV 30 #"HL3P " Hendy, Catalogue, pp.133-134. G. Pachymeres, De Michaele et Andronico Palaeologis, ed. I. Bekker, Bonn, 1835, 2 vols, II, pp.493-494. Pegolotti, La pratica, pp.288-289. Hendy, Studies, p.527, Table 23. C. Morrison, J. N. Barrandon, and S. Bendall, “Proton Activation and XRF Analysis: An Application to the Study of the Alloy of Nicaean and Palaiologan Hyperpyra Issues”, in Metallurgy in Numismatics, vol.2, ed. W. A. Oddy, London, 1988, pp.23-39. 31 10 l§THF< 3 _Å¿Åy¥« 70.2%Ï16.85 3U>AÐ@2BX< 2 _ 71.4%Ï17.1 3U>AÐO31W 8 _ 65.1%Ï15.6 3U>AÐ ')®'THF< 3 _³¶ ºÅ¿Åy¥«. Z+Y 2 _Å¿x¨12 _±Å¿$&"fO31W 8 _Å¿Åy¥« THF< 3 _$&"f O31W 8 _³¶¤d%f^ » 5-3 D3 ., } @ >: XD 8 º 9. Y ________ __ ____ 3______ _1246_ 54__ _____ 2______ _1254_ 58__ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ __ _______ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ » 5-3 D3.,} @>:XD8º9.Y' 32@>:XD8vÍ $}1246 eÈN7F;,o",<JXY[AU4SÆ ¿,<JXY[AU4SÇ¿ 2 ¯Î9.Y)º@2BX<[9PF G<ÑB/\3< 4 ¯Î¿)º)µ'Á ļ D3.,}É("$ D3.,}U@Yqngr 1240 dt%,3.,k5 T\P 2 _B[Z-W,WB/,YÏ1246Ò78 Ð KXMF=<t)`Ìn) !@>:XD8¬} ,3.,kU@Y}° 1 ·& ¸%C6=<k#,@FÍa1L.,Z0F?-,cÍa)· 1249 5T\PÃQFYZ+;,)ʹKXMF=<tj)¦ x5T\PIUY<¬W. 9 _Ï1226Ò70 Ð ´° 7 {sÀw o14 _±d½hNVG[:E\B$'1250 5T\P IUY< x9.Y)º'©m)W. 9 _%¾!%( 33 1255 5T\PZ0F?-,c ª*1L.,)! Z0F?-,²b 1258 bpm x Z0F?-,z£,@FÍa5\1 _B[U[X;SÏ1225Ò63 Ð)¦ 5T\P5V;RuÂ'¸%a©)$&]| D3.,} 5T\Pqn~Ë¡'@>:V,i¢ 32 Hendy, Catalogue, pp.601-617. Marino Sanudo Torsello, Istoria del Regno di Romania, ed. C. Hopf, Chroniques gréco-romanes, Berlin, 1873, p.102. D. M. Metcalf, “Frankish Petty Currency from the Areopagus at Athens”, Hesperia, vol.34 no.3 (1965), pp.203-223. Stahl, “Coinage and Money”, p.203. 33 11 N:753ü¼/)#ÔàehZÍWbhMbT 2 ką1220Ĉ50 Ć$ BGb5ÇZfWdhK6ą1258Ĉ66 Ć 9VeC$[:9c 2 k>\PQCćM8h :C Ï3Ü4=`h\%ZfWdhK6 [:9c 2 k$ï¬í *# ñí N:75ðí%1259 #Ya?N5$¥ ±0N:75í #,=`h\%ª--09VeC°»$ăö5cE%ā0=`h\% 1262 ]HBN5³3ëÃ/o2.#æ¯0$·Î¸%ò ì°Ù %ZbQg@OhM$éçÓ,#=`h\ 2 k%WafC $>7f3Ëä=`h\$Ák%n¸pý*Ý)#!$µ¸->7f3 Ëä$%2-" ú$Ò×#,/ n¸$û#´#>7f3Ëä ) - (5JPām=h1 k*n¸p}#WafC>7f3Ëä 34=bB^õ3÷WafCÚêrUAfI3«É" %0(#åê°»$ìËä°Ù 5:75x3l£ ¿'Æ¢Ì1 N:75ð#|N:75# CEfJ6QhXcô%Ð} >f " 1261 tl$N:75$iÿ uÄaJfíj>fCEfJ6QhXc3[:9c 8 k%>f CEfJ6QhXc#w®)Í >fCEfJ6QhXc3ăö R=5gDW65à¦z0 /UAfI%yâ[:9c 8 k%aJfyâ3ЩBGb5Ç$á#ÑĀ/ "/ 35 Ü & # %)#î' 3 $v3²Èn¸#/ìËä$¤Þ3XeS; fF$¨¾ $ì$ ~3l£#ß/ ¹Ö$Ü&# Ø 1 # n¸#$°»Ëä>7f%5CXefgLa<_ùì <_øìì3XeS;fF$¨¾ ß/ 5CXefgLa "JEcJefùì+ JEcJefùì$,"qĂ$>7f,.*ĄĂ$*$ó0$1 0%-ê°»# 5CXefgLa<_ùì 34 5CXefgLa<_øì Metcalf, “Frankish Petty Currency”. Idem, Coinage of the Crusades and the Latin East in the Ashmolean Museum, Oxford, 2nd ed., London, 1995, pp.252-257. 35 D. J. Geanakoplos, Emperor Michael Palaeologus and the West, 1258-1282: A study in Byzantine-Latin Relations, Cambridge-Harvard, 1959. SgafBZfBGb5$¶Õ13 kÛ¡$lÂkÊ$½ºgãÀ§sèþ{Å2002 12 ¡ó®§¥Â 36ćó'/ õ¬.# ¯¾0äª-' ü!|ďè.+!=4a0eîÓj¬¥Â¸1~ê¢- &,ù¯¾ Û2 û¯ÓcßÉÓ Ï¢-=4aă.* Ô0Ù´¹!I8J`Cc=YLMC=J5d9C\NLC 3 fmċ !K943Ô"!R@aHÒòüqÝ09Od ."12 fÞ R@aHď !U`P:aE·x/ . ëÿ0ÔÀáz-' Ã%Ô0ÙR@aHâ ¨!®Ćè"!üqÝ0åæ+ K<Í!=4a ]IaIG?` ì"®Ćè!ĉ.+!¯¾"U`P:aE! ¥Âü0·xÅÏË ]IaIG?`K<Í"sÅÏ -/ k³3943t;\dY 2 f)3ILďh;d1 fë +!ĉ0ªT]aC!=4a0Òò"íÈ!Ê"+;^AZ {Ą0¼©R@aHÓ"®Ć¾0ÕÚ* 0Ö-/ &T]aCÍ_4 9 f!3aB[doAZ__ĐAF^3Í9_` 1 f 1266Ē82 đ ¶ *- gƯÜ!ĊĂ(«-/ 37 \NLC 3 fmċ!K943Ô4b2a 2 f3Da"ë+!ĉ0¦ vĈü0Òò12 fÞ! gÆfÑ Q[V_S[`aĈü"čÓj ¬¥Â!$!Ĉü0āi¹!®Ćè"R@aHÔ! ëÿ!Àá¢0 gÆfÑ h-/ 4b2a 2 f"ČÓ Ĉü0Òò!âè"Ĉü0Òòe³\NLC 3 f mċ!K943Ô"âãÓ !Ĉü0ÒòĈü0Òò- K943Ô"čÓU`P:aE ¥ÂĈü0·x * ¤w4b2a 2 f"U`P:aE! ÅÏ* Ĉ·Ì!ÊK943!Q[V_S[`aĈü" 12 fÞ!(!*,p !Ê"U`P:aE!x»0'-u 36 čÓ "ïþĈü!rà !®§¥Â"ßÉ -j¬¥Â*,(ÁÓ }ÒÎ. -ĎÓü!¿ê-KcW]aKd *-×nÓýy!ôÇ-®§ ¥Â)Mc67dOd *-àlçyôÇ!'!üàl-®§¥Â Ā ¿ê0£-Äñ¤üú &ð±1994 37 _4 9 f3aB[doAZ__! gÆ¯Ü "Jc_c>TéÍ_4 °cÐąc½ºñö²÷ø2001 ]aAXaAF^3!µØ 13 E~#b"{>CA05|dg 1252 \K,<@@;C3=^vx eJoz!}oz#N 38QW3(&$ }RfmLDT#i 1252 \KRfm }GMux&.?$|ZUX!Y3(&$[ UNy7+B1[Uq[}Rfm#kw 3(&$[U *B-.B2%4C9@#VS `PUpIcah 6=:@8=AB}eJtlH]_j 38 R. S. Lopez, “Back to Gold, 1252”, Economic History Review, ser. ii. 9 (1956-7), pp.219-40. A. Watson, “Back to Gold-and Silver”, Economic History Review, ser. ii. 20 (1967), pp.1-34. ,/?$nU.?}11 FsK$')-.?-}1231 \K 2 r}!KOoz!Ph. Grierson and L.Travaini, Medieval European Coinage: With a Catalogue of the Coins in the Fitzwilliam Museum, Cambridge, vol.14: Italy (III) (South Italy, Sicily, Sardinia), Cambridge, 1998. 14